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Rugby World Cup - wikipedia Rugby World Cup Jump to : navigation , search `` RWC '' redirects here . For other uses , see RWC ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the rugby union tournament . For the rugby league tournament , see Rugby League World Cup . Rugby World Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is awarded to the winner of the Rugby World Cup Sport Rugby union Instituted Number of teams 20 Regions Worldwide ( World Rugby ) Holders New Zealand ( 2015 ) Most titles New Zealand ( 3 titles ) Website www.rugbyworldcup.com The opening ceremony of the 2007 tournament Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The Rugby World Cup is a men 's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams . The tournament was first held in 1987 , when the tournament was co-hosted by New Zealand and Australia . New Zealand are the current champions , having defeated Australia in the final of the 2015 tournament in England . The winners are awarded the William Webb Ellis Cup , named after William Webb Ellis , the Rugby School pupil who -- according to a popular legend -- invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game . Four countries have won the trophy ; New Zealand have won it three times , two teams have won twice , Australia and South Africa , while England have won it once . The tournament is administered by World Rugby , the sport 's international governing body . Sixteen teams were invited to participate in the inaugural tournament in 1987 , however since 1999 twenty teams have taken part . Japan will host the next event in 2019 and France will host in 2023 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 1.1 Qualification 1.2 Tournament 2 History 3 Trophy 4 Selection of hosts 5 Tournament growth 5.1 Media coverage 5.2 Attendance 5.3 Revenue 6 Results 6.1 Tournaments 6.2 Performance of nations 6.3 Team records 7 Records and statistics 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Printed sources 9.2 Notes 9.3 Citations 10 External links Format Qualification Main article : Rugby World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second tournament , where eight of the sixteen places were contested in a twenty - four - nation tournament . The inaugural World Cup in 1987 , did not involve any qualifying process ; instead , the 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB , now World Rugby ) member nations , and the rest by invitation . In 2003 and 2007 , the qualifying format allowed for eight of the twenty available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the eight quarter finalists of the previous tournament enter its successor . The remaining twelve positions were filled by continental qualifying tournaments . Positions were filled by three teams from the Americas , one from Asia , one from Africa , three from Europe and two from Oceania . Another two places were allocated for repechage . The first repechage place was determined by a match between the runners - up from the Africa and Europe qualifying tournaments , with that winner then playing the Americas runner - up to determine the place . The second repechage position was determined between the runners - up from the Asia and Oceania qualifiers . The current format allows for 12 of the 20 available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the teams who finish third or better in the group ( pool ) stages of the previous tournament enter its successor ( where they will be seeded ) . The qualification system for the remaining eight places is region - based , with a total eight teams allocated for Europe , five for Oceania , three for the Americas , two for Africa , and one for Asia . The last place is determined by an intercontinental play - off . Tournament The 2015 tournament involved twenty nations competing over six weeks . There were two stages , a pool and a knockout . Nations were divided into four pools , A through to D , of five nations each . The teams were seeded before the start of the tournament , with the seedings taken from the World Rankings in December 2012 . The four highest - ranked teams were drawn into pools A to D . The next four highest - ranked teams were then drawn into pools A to D , followed by the next four . The remaining positions in each pool were filled by the qualifiers . Nations play four pool games , playing their respective pool members once each . A bonus points system is used during pool play . If two or more teams are level on points , a system of criteria is used to determine the higher ranked ; the sixth and final criterion decides the higher rank through the official World Rankings . The winner and runner - up of each pool enter the knockout stage . The knockout stage consists of quarter - and semi-finals , and then the final . The winner of each pool is placed against a runner - up of a different pool in a quarter - final . The winner of each quarter - final goes on to the semi-finals , and the respective winners proceed to the final . Losers of the semi-finals contest for third place , called the ' Bronze Final ' . If a match in the knockout stages ends in a draw , the winner is determined through extra time . If that fails , the match goes into sudden death and the next team to score any points is the winner . As a last resort , a kicking competition is used . History Main article : History of the Rugby World Cup A scrum between Samoa ( in blue ) and Wales ( in red ) during the 2011 World Cup Prior to the Rugby World Cup , there was no truly global rugby union competition , but there were a number of other tournaments . One of the oldest is the annual Six Nations Championship , which started in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship , a tournament between England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . It expanded to the Five Nations in 1910 , when France joined the tournament . France did not participate from 1931 to 1939 , during which period it reverted to a Home Nations championship . In 2000 , Italy joined the competition , which became the Six Nations . Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympic Games , first appearing at the 1900 Paris games and subsequently at London in 1908 , Antwerp in 1920 , and Paris again in 1924 . France won the first gold medal , then Australasia , with the last two being won by the United States . However rugby union ceased to be on Olympic program after 1924 . The idea of a Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions going back to the 1950s , but met with opposition from most unions in the IRFB . The idea resurfaced several times in the early 1980s , with the Australian Rugby Union ( ARU ) in 1983 , and the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) in 1984 independently proposing the establishment of a world cup . A proposal was again put to the IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10 -- 6 . The delegates from Australia , France , New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal , and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against ; the English and Welsh delegates were split , with one from each country for and one against . The inaugural tournament , jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand , was held in May and June 1987 , with sixteen nations taking part . New Zealand became the first ever champions , defeating France 29 -- 9 in the final . The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England , with matches played throughout Britain , Ireland and France . This tournament saw the introduction of a qualifying tournament ; eight places were allocated to the quarter - finalists from 1987 , and the remaining eight decided by a thirty - five nation qualifying tournament . Australia won the second tournament , defeating England 12 -- 6 in the final . In 1992 , eight years after their last official series , South Africa hosted New Zealand in a one - off test match . The resumption of international rugby in South Africa came after the dismantling of the apartheid system , and was only done with permission of the African National Congress . With their return to test rugby , South Africa were selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup . After upsetting Australia in the opening match , South Africa continued to advance through the tournament until they met New Zealand in the final . After a tense final that went into extra time , South Africa emerged 15 -- 12 winners , with then President Nelson Mandela , wearing a Springbok jersey , presenting the trophy to South Africa 's captain , Francois Pienaar . The tournament in 1999 was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom , Ireland and France . The tournament included a repechage system , alongside specific regional qualifying places , and an increase from sixteen to twenty participating nations . Australia claimed their second title , defeating France in the final . The 2003 event was hosted by Australia , although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand . England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time . England 's win was unique in that it broke the southern hemisphere 's dominance in the event . Such was the celebration of England 's victory , that an estimated 750,000 people gathered in central London to greet the team , making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in the United Kingdom . The 2007 competition was hosted by France , with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland . South Africa claimed their second title by defeating defending champions England 15 -- 6 . The 2011 tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005 , ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa . The All Blacks reclaimed their place atop the rugby world with a narrow 8 -- 7 win over France in the 2011 final . In the 2015 edition of tournament , hosted by England , New Zealand once again won the final , this time against established rivals , Australia . In doing so , they became the first team in World Cup history to win three titles , as well as the first to successfully defend a title . It was also New Zealand 's first title victory on foreign soil . Trophy Main article : Webb Ellis Cup The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup , named after William Webb Ellis . The trophy is also referred to simply as the Rugby World Cup . The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition , and was created in 1906 by Garrard 's Crown Jewellers . The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte . The words ' The International Rugby Football Board ' and ' The Webb Ellis Cup ' are engraved on the face of the cup . It stands thirty - eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold , and supported by two cast scroll handles , one with the head of a satyr , and the other a head of a nymph . In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as `` Bill '' -- a reference to William Webb Ellis . Selection of hosts Main article : Rugby World Cup hosts Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd ( RWCL ) , which is itself owned by World Rugby . The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members . The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors , and the voting kept secret . The allocation of a tournament to a host nation is now made five or six years prior to the commencement of the event , for example New Zealand were awarded the 2011 event in late 2005 . The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations . For example , the 1987 tournament was co-hosted by Australia and New Zealand . World Rugby requires that the hosts must have a venue with a capacity of at least 60,000 spectators for the final . Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup , such as Millennium Stadium -- purpose built for the 1999 tournament -- and Eden Park , upgraded for 2011 . The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was Japan , who will host the 2019 tournament . France will host the 2023 tournament . Tournament growth Media coverage Organizers of the Rugby World Cup , as well as the Global Sports Impact , state that the Rugby World Cup is the third largest sporting event in the World , behind only the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics , although other sources question whether this is accurate . Reports emanating from World Rugby and its business partners have frequently touted the tournament 's media growth , with cumulative worldwide television audiences of 300 million for the inaugural 1987 tournament , 1.75 billion in 1991 , 2.67 billion in 1995 , 3 billion in 1999 , 3.5 billion in 2003 , and 4 billion in 2007 . The 4 billion figure was widely dismissed as the global audience for television is estimated to be about 4.2 billion . However , independent reviews have called into question the methodology of those growth estimates , pointing to factual inconsistencies . The event 's supposed drawing power outside of a handful of rugby strongholds was also downplayed significantly , with an estimated 97 percent of the 33 million average audience produced by the 2007 final coming from Australasia , South Africa , the British Isles and France . Other sports have been accused of exaggerating their television reach over the years ; such claims are not exclusive to the Rugby World Cup . While the event 's global popularity remains a matter of dispute , high interest in traditional rugby nations is well documented . The 2003 final , between Australia and England , became the most watched rugby union match in the history of Australian television . Attendance See also : List of sports attendance figures Attendance figures Year Host ( s ) Total attendance Matches Avg attendance % change in avg att . Stadium capacity Attendance as % of capacity Australia New Zealand 604,500 32 20,156 -- 1,006,350 60 % 1991 England Wales France Ireland Scotland 1,007,760 32 31,493 + 56 % 1,212,800 79 % 1995 South Africa 1,100,000 32 34,375 + 9 % 1,423,850 77 % 1999 Wales 1,750,000 41 42,683 + 24 % 2,104,500 83 % 2003 Australia 1,837,547 48 38,282 -- 10 % 2,208,529 83 % 2007 France 2,263,223 48 47,150 + 23 % 2,470,660 92 % 2011 New Zealand 1,477,294 48 30,777 -- 35 % 1,732,000 85 % 2015 England 2,477,805 48 51,621 + 68 % 2,600,741 95 % 2019 Japan To be determined 48 To be determined Revenue Revenue for Rugby World Cup tournaments Source 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Gate receipts ( M £ ) -- -- 15 55 81 147 131 - Broadcasting ( M £ ) -- -- 19 44 60 82 93 - Sponsorship ( M £ ) -- -- 8 18 16 28 29 - Notes : The host union keeps revenue from gate receipts . World Rugby , through RWCL , receive revenue from sources including broadcasting rights , sponsorship and tournament fees . Results Tournaments Year Host ( s ) Final Bronze Final Number of teams Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place Australia & New Zealand New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Wales 22 -- 21 Australia 16 1991 Europe Australia 12 -- 6 England New Zealand 13 -- 6 Scotland 16 1995 South Africa South Africa 15 -- 12 ( aet ) New Zealand France 19 -- 9 England 16 1999 Wales Australia 35 -- 12 France South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand 20 2003 Australia England 20 -- 17 ( aet ) Australia New Zealand 40 -- 13 France 20 2007 France South Africa 15 -- 6 England Argentina 34 -- 10 France 20 2011 New Zealand New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Australia 21 -- 18 Wales 20 2015 England New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia South Africa 24 -- 13 Argentina 20 2019 Japan To be determined To be determined 20 2023 France Performance of nations Map of nations ' best results ( excluding qualifying tournaments ) . See also : National team appearances in the Rugby World Cup Twenty - five nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup ( excluding qualifying tournaments ) . Of the eight tournaments that have been held , all but one have been won by a national team from the southern hemisphere . The southern hemisphere 's dominance has been broken only in 2003 , when England beat Australia in the final . Thus far the only nations to host and win a tournament are New Zealand ( 1987 and 2011 ) and South Africa ( 1995 ) . The performance of other host nations includes England ( 1991 final hosts ) and Australia ( 2003 hosts ) finishing runners - up . France ( 2007 hosts ) finished fourth , while Wales ( 1999 hosts ) failed to reach the semi-finals . Wales became the first host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 1991 , while , England became the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015 . Of the twenty - five nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament , twelve of them have never missed a tournament . Team records Team Champions Runners - up Third Fourth Quarter - finals Top 8 Apps New Zealand 3 ( 1987 , 2011 , 2015 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2003 ) 1 ( 1999 ) 1 ( 2007 ) 8 Australia 2 ( 1991 , 1999 ) 2 ( 2003 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 1987 ) 2 ( 1995 , 2007 ) 8 South Africa 2 ( 1995 , 2007 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2015 ) -- 2 ( 2003 , 2011 ) 6 England 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2007 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 3 ( 1987 , 1999 , 2011 ) 7 France -- 3 ( 1987 , 1999 , 2011 ) 1 ( 1995 ) 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 8 Wales -- -- 1 ( 1987 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2015 ) 5 Argentina -- -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 2015 ) 2 ( 1999 , 2011 ) Scotland -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) 6 ( details ) 7 Ireland -- -- -- -- 6 ( details ) 6 Fiji -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1987 , 2007 ) Samoa -- -- -- -- 2 ( 1991 , 1995 ) Canada -- -- -- -- 1 ( 1991 ) Records and Statistics Gavin Hastings is one of four players to have kicked a record eight penalties in a single World Cup match . Main articles : Records and statistics of the Rugby World Cup , Rugby World Cup try scorers , and List of Rugby World Cup hat - tricks The record for most points overall is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson , who scored 277 over his World Cup career . Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition , with 126 in 1987 ; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches : 22 between 1991 and 2003 . Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in a match by one player , 45 , as well as the record for most conversions in a match , 20 . Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match , six , which he scored against Japan in 1995 . All Black Jonah Lomu is the youngest player to appear in a final -- aged 20 years and 43 days at the 1995 Final . Lomu shares 2 records with South African Bryan Habana . Most tries in a tournament ( 8 ) : Lomu in 1999 and Habana in 2007 and total world cup tournament tries , both scored 15 . The record for most penalties in a match is 8 , held by Matt Burke , Gonzalo Quesada , Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix , and the record for most penalties in a tournament , 31 , is held by Gonzalo Quesada . South Africa 's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop - goals against England in 1999 -- an individual record for a single World Cup match . The most points scored in a game is 145 -- by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995 , while the widest winning margin is 142 , held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003 . A total of 16 players have been sent off ( red carded ) in the tournament . Welsh lock Huw Richards was the first , while playing against New Zealand in 1987 . No player has been red carded more than once . See also Rugby union portal Women 's Rugby World Cup Rugby World Cup Sevens References Printed sources Collins , Tony ( 2008 ) . `` ' The First Principle of Our Game ' : The rise and fall of amateurism : 1886 -- 1995 '' . In Ryan , Greg . The Changing Face of Rugby : The Union Game and Professionalism since 1995 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84718 - 530 - 4 . Davies , Gerald ( 2004 ) . The History of the Rugby World Cup Sanctuary Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 86074 - 602 - 0 . Farr - Jones , Nick , ( 2003 ) . Story of the Rugby World Cup , Australian Post Corporation . ISBN 0 - 642 - 36811 - 2 . Harding , Grant ; Williams , David ( 2000 ) . The Toughest of Them All : New Zealand and South Africa : The Struggle for Rugby Supremacy . Auckland , New Zealand : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 029577 - 1 . Martin , Gerard John ( 2005 ) . The Game is not the Same -- a History of Professional Rugby in New Zealand ( Thesis ) . Auckland University of Technology . Peatey , Lance ( 2011 ) . In Pursuit of Bill : A Complete History of the Rugby World Cup . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74257 - 191 - 1 . Phillpots , Kyle ( 2000 ) . The Professionalisation of Rugby Union ( Thesis ) . University of Warwick . Williams , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Battle Lines on Three Fronts : The RFU and the Lost War Against Professionalism '' . The International Journal of the History of Sport . Routledge. 19 ( 4 ) : 114 -- 136 . doi : 10.1080 / 714001793 . Notes Jump up ^ However an exhibition tournament did take place at the 1936 Games . Rugby will be reintroduced to the Olympics in 2016 , but as men 's and women 's seven - a-side rugby ( Rugby Sevens ) . Jump up ^ Against England in 1984 . Jump up ^ Argentina , Australia , Canada , England , France , Ireland , Italy , Japan , New Zealand , Romania , Scotland and Wales are the nations that have never missed a tournament , playing in all seven thus far . South Africa has played in all five in the post-apartheid era . Citations ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 59 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doin ' it the Hard Way '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` Rankings to determine RWC pools '' . BBC News . 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` AB boost as World Cup seedings confirmed '' . stuff.co.nz . NZPA. 22 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean kick off for RWC 2011 qualifying '' . irb.com. 3 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 September 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fixtures '' . World Rugby . Archived from the original on 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament Rules '' . World Rugby . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Rugby World Cup seedings take shape '' . tvnz.co.nz . AAP. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Six Nations rugby tournament '' . 6 Nations Rugby . Archived from the original on 8 November 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Rugby in the Olympics '' . World Rugby. 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Huw ( 26 July 2012 ) . `` Rugby and the Olympics '' . ESPN . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History of RWC '' . worldcupweb.com . Archived from the original on 14 April 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Collins ( 2008 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 31 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 42 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ) , p. 137 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 78 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 82 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Harding ( 2000 ) , pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 99 . Jump up ^ Harding ( 2000 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ `` England honours World Cup stars '' . bbc.co.uk. 2003 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Second World Cup exists , Snedden confirms '' . New Zealand Herald . 18 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Keith ( 30 August 2011 ) . `` Keith Quinn : Back - history of RWC -- part three '' . TVNZ . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Boss : Kevin Baker of silversmiths Thomas Lyte '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Lyte '' . royalwarrant.org . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Webb Ellis Cup '' . Sky Sport New Zealand . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the Rugby World Cup '' . rugbyworldcup.com . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded 2015 Rugby World Cup '' . ABC News Australia . AFP . 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand came close to losing Rugby World Cup 2011 '' . Rugby Week . 12 December 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Stadium , Cardiff '' . Virtual Tourist . Retrieved 23 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2015 Official Hospitality '' . RWC Ltd . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/sport/30326825 Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup : Logic debunks outrageous numbers game '' . New Zealand Herald . 2011 - 10 - 23 . ISSN 1170 - 0777 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2003 '' . sevencorporate.com.au . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Visa International Renews Rugby World Cup Partnership '' . corporate.visa.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Potential Impact of the Rugby World Cup on a Host Nation '' ( PDF ) . Deloitte & Touche . 2008 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Divide : Global Household Penetration Rates for Technology '' . VRWorld . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Nippert , Matt ( 2010 - 05 - 02 ) . `` Filling the Cup -- cost $500 m and climbing '' . New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Burgess , Michael ( 2011 - 10 - 23 ) . `` Logic debunks outrageous numbers game '' . New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Derriman , Phillip ( 2006 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Rivals must assess impact of Cup fever '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : International Rugby Board Year in Review 2012 . International Rugby Board . p. 62 . Retrieved 21 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Only the Strong Survive '' . Rugby News . 38 ( 9 ) . 2007 . pp. 32 -- 33 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 243 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time RWC Statistics '' . International Rugby Board . Archived from the original on 2 December 2014 . Retrieved 12 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 245 . Jump up ^ Peatey ( 2011 ) p. 242 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rugby World Cup . 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when was the last time australia won the rugby world cup

Year Host ( s ) Final Bronze Final Number of teams Winner Score Runner - up 3rd place Score 4th place Australia & New Zealand New Zealand 29 -- 9 France Wales 22 -- 21 Australia 16 1991 Europe Australia 12 -- 6 England New Zealand 13 -- 6 Scotland 16 1995 South Africa South Africa 15 -- 12 ( aet ) New Zealand France 19 -- 9 England 16 1999 Wales Australia 35 -- 12 France South Africa 22 -- 18 New Zealand 20 2003 Australia England 20 -- 17 ( aet ) Australia New Zealand 40 -- 13 France 20 2007 France South Africa 15 -- 6 England Argentina 34 -- 10 France 20 2011 New Zealand New Zealand 8 -- 7 France Australia 21 -- 18 Wales 20 2015 England New Zealand 34 -- 17 Australia South Africa 24 -- 13 Argentina 20 2019 Japan To be determined To be determined 20 2023 France

Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations - wikipedia Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Current Commonwealth members ( dark blue ) , current suspended members ( green ) , former members ( orange ) , and British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies ( light blue ) The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of 53 sovereign states . Nearly all of them are former British colonies or dependencies of those colonies . No one government in the Commonwealth exercises power over the others , as is the case in a political union . Rather , the Commonwealth is an international organisation in which countries with diverse social , political , and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status , and cooperate within a framework of common values and goals , as outlined in the Singapore Declaration issued in 1971 . Such common values and goals include the promotion of democracy , human rights , good governance , the rule of law , individual liberty , egalitarianism , free trade , multilateralism , and world peace , which are promoted through multilateral projects and meetings , such as the Commonwealth Games , held once every four years . The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II , who serves as the Head of the Commonwealth . This position , however , does not imbue her with any political or executive power over any Commonwealth member states ; the position is purely symbolic , and it is the Commonwealth Secretary - General who is the chief executive of the Commonwealth . The Commonwealth was first officially formed in 1931 when the Statute of Westminster gave legal recognition to the sovereignty of dominions . Known as the `` British Commonwealth '' , the original members were the United Kingdom , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Irish Free State , and Newfoundland , although Australia and New Zealand did not adopt the statute until 1942 and 1947 respectively . In 1949 , the London Declaration was signed and marked the birth of the modern Commonwealth and the adoption of its present name . The newest member is Rwanda , which joined on 29 November 2009 . The most recent departure was the Maldives , which severed its connection with the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016 . As at April 2017 , of the states that are members of the Commonwealth of Nations , three are in Europe , twelve in North America and the Caribbean , one in South America , nineteen in Africa , seven in Asia , and eleven in Oceania . There are seven former members , four of which no longer exist as independent entities ( but form part of current member states ) . The members have a combined population of 2.4 billion , almost a third of the world population , of whom 1.21 billion live in India , and 95 % live in Asia and Africa combined . Currently sixteen of the member states are Commonwealth realms , with the Head of the Commonwealth as their head of state . Five others are monarchies with their own individual monarchs ( Brunei , Lesotho , Malaysia , Swaziland , Tonga ) and the rest are republics . Republic of Ireland ( from 1949 ) , Zimbabwe ( 2003 ) , and Maldives ( 2016 ) are former members of the Commonwealth . South Africa , Pakistan and The Gambia left and later rejoined the Commonwealth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current members 2 Former members 3 Dissolved members 4 Prospective members 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Current members ( edit ) All dates below are provided by the Commonwealth of Nations Secretariat members list , and population figures are as of 1 January 2018 . Country Joined Continent Population Notes Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - 11 - 01 1 November 1981 Caribbean 94,195 Australia 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Australia 24,772,247 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 January 1901 . Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , although the statute was not adopted in Australia until 1942 ( with retroactive effect from 1939 ) . The Australia Act 1986 established specifically , only the State Premier could now advise the Queen on appointment or removal of a State Governor . Nonetheless , the Queen could still exercise any of her powers with respect to the State if she was `` personally present '' in the State . Bahamas 1973 - 07 - 10 10 July 1973 Caribbean 402,576 Bangladesh 1972 - 04 - 18 18 April 1972 Asia 165,867,307 Declared independence from Pakistan in 1971 . Barbados 1966 - 11 - 30 30 November 1966 Caribbean 286,618 Belize 1981 - 09 - 21 21 September 1981 North America 379,636 Botswana 1966 - 09 - 30 30 September 1966 Africa 2,377,831 Brunei 1984 - 01 - 01 1 January 1984 Asia 439,022 Cameroon 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 24,836,674 Most of the country was the formerly French mandate territory ( later UN trust territory ) of Cameroun and gained independence from France on 1 January 1960 , uniting with the much smaller former British mandate / trust territory of Southern Cameroons on its gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1961 . Canada 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 North America 36,885,861 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 July 1867 . Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Incorporated another original Dominion , Newfoundland , on 31 March 1949 . The Canada Act 1982 formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada , whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request . Cyprus 1961 - 03 - 13 13 March 1961 Eurasia 1,197,667 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 16 August 1960 . Dominica 1978 - 11 - 03 3 November 1978 Caribbean 72,975 Fiji 1970 - 10 - 10 10 October 1970 Oceania 909,024 Left in 1987 ; rejoined in 1997 ; suspended on 6 June 2000 ; suspension lifted on 20 December 2001 ; again suspended on 8 December 2006 because of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état . Suspension lifted on 26 September 2014 . The Gambia 1965 - 02 - 18 18 February 1965 Africa 2,155,958 Withdrew on 3 October 2013 citing `` neo-colonialism '' . Following the election of Adama Barrow as President of Gambia in 2016 , it submitted an application to re-join the Commonwealth on 22 January 2018 , and rejoined on 8 February 2018 . Ghana 1957 - 03 - 06 6 March 1957 Africa 29,088,849 Grenada 1974 - 02 - 07 7 February 1974 Caribbean 107,894 Guyana 1966 - 05 - 26 26 May 1966 South America 773,808 India 1947 - 08 - 15 15 August 1947 Asia 1,353,014,094 Incorporated former French India ( Chandannagar from 2 May 1950 and Puducherry , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé from 1 November 1954 ) , former Portuguese India ( Goa , Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli formally from 1961 ) and Sikkim ( from 16 May 1975 ) . Jamaica 1962 - 08 - 06 6 August 1962 Caribbean 2,819,888 Kenya 1963 - 12 - 12 12 December 1963 Africa 49,167,382 Kiribati 1979 - 07 - 12 12 July 1979 Oceania 117,636 Lesotho 1966 - 10 - 04 4 October 1966 Africa 2,199,492 Malawi 1964 - 07 - 06 6 July 1964 Africa 18,558,768 Malaysia 1957 - 08 - 31 31 August 1957 Asia 31,505,208 Joined as the Federation of Malaya in 1957 ; reformed as Malaysia on 16 September 1963 with its federation with Singapore ( which became a separate state on 9 August 1965 ) , North Borneo , and Sarawak . Malta 1964 - 09 - 21 21 September 1964 Europe 422,212 Mauritius 1968 - 03 - 12 12 March 1968 Africa 1,286,240 Mozambique 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 29,977,238 Gained independence from Portugal on 26 June 1975 . The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom . Namibia 1990 - 03 - 21 21 March 1990 Africa 2,600,857 Gained independence from South Africa . Includes Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands transferred by South Africa at midnight 28 February 1994 . Nauru 1968 - 11 - 01 † 1 November 1968 Oceania 10,387 Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of Australia , New Zealand and United Kingdom . A special member from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999 , when it became a full member , before reverting to special status in January 2006 . A full member again since June 2011 . New Zealand 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Oceania 4,609,755 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 26 September 1907 . One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947 . Removed final links with the British Parliament in 1986 . Nigeria 1960 - 10 - 01 1 October 1960 Africa 194,615,054 Incorporated the former British mandate / trust territory of Northern Cameroons on 31 May 1961 . Suspended in 1995 , suspension lifted in 1999 . Pakistan 1947 - 08 - 14 14 August 1947 Asia 199,031,265 Includes the city of Gwadar , transferred from Muscat and Oman on 8 September 1958 . Included Bangladesh ( then known as East Pakistan ) until 1971 . Left Commonwealth in 1972 , rejoined 1989 ; suspended in 1999 , suspension lifted in 2004 ; again suspended in 2007 , suspension lifted in 2008 . Papua New Guinea 1975 - 09 - 16 16 September 1975 Australia 8,034,630 Gained independence from Australia . Rwanda 2009 - 11 - 29 29 November 2009 Africa 12,322,920 Gained independence from Belgium on 1 July 1962 . The second country ( after Mozambique ) to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom . Unlike Mozambique , has adopted English as an official language since joining . Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983 - 09 - 19 19 September 1983 Caribbean 56,632 Saint Lucia 1979 - 02 - 22 22 February 1979 Caribbean 189,000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 - 10 - 27 27 October 1979 Caribbean 109,501 A special member from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985 . Samoa 1970 - 08 - 28 28 August 1970 Oceania 196,954 Gained independence from New Zealand on 1 January 1962 . Joined as Western Samoa , subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997 . Seychelles 1976 - 06 - 29 29 June 1976 Africa 98,248 Sierra Leone 1961 - 04 - 27 27 April 1961 Africa 6,818,117 Singapore 1965 - 10 - 15 † 9 August 1966 ( effective from 9 August 1965 ) Asia 5,889,117 Gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 . Became independent on 9 August 1965 . Solomon Islands 1978 - 07 - 07 7 July 1978 Oceania 614,497 South Africa 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Africa 56,007,479 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 31 May 1910 . One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Left on 31 May 1961 ; rejoined 1 June 1994 . Sri Lanka 1948 - 02 - 04 4 February 1948 Asia 20,979,811 Joined as the Dominion of Ceylon , subsequently changing its name in 1972 . Became a republic in 1972 and gained independence from Britain Swaziland 1968 - 09 - 06 6 September 1968 Africa 1,336,933 Tanzania 1961 - 12 - 09 9 December 1961 Africa 57,790,062 Joined as Tanganyika and later Zanzibar , which subsequently merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964 . Tonga 1970 - 06 - 04 4 June 1970 Oceania 107,228 Trinidad and Tobago 1962 - 08 - 31 31 August 1962 Caribbean 1,376,801 Tuvalu 1978 - 10 - 01 1 October 1978 Oceania 10,116 A special member from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000 . Uganda 1962 - 10 - 09 9 October 1962 Africa 42,288,962 United Kingdom 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Europe 65,746,853 The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Vanuatu 1980 - 07 - 30 30 July 1980 Oceania 279,953 Gained independence from joint rule of France and United Kingdom . Zambia 1964 - 10 - 24 24 October 1964 Africa 17,470,471 ^ A. Unless otherwise noted , independence was gained from the United Kingdom on the date ( shown in column 2 ) of joining the Commonwealth . ^ B. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation . ^ C. Though Pakistan celebrates 14 August 1947 as its independence day , independence was officially granted at midnight , 15 August 1947 . Therefore , its date of joining the Commonwealth would be 15 August 1947 . ^ D. Commonwealth realms , recognising Queen Elizabeth II as their head of state since the day of their independence , distinctly from her being the sovereign of the United Kingdom . ^ E. Geopolitically part of Europe , but geographically part of Asia . Former members ( edit ) Country Joined Continent Left Notes Ireland 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Europe 1949 - 04 - 18 18 April 1949 One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Withdrew after passing the Republic of Ireland Act in 1948 , accepted by the United Kingdom in 1949 Ireland Act 1949 . Maldives 1982 - 07 - 09 9 July 1982 Asia 2016 - 10 - 13 13 October 2016 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 July 1965 . A special member from 9 July 1982 until 20 July 1985 . Announced on 13 October 2016 that it has withdrawn from the Commonwealth . Zimbabwe 1980 - 10 - 01 1 October 1980 Africa 2003 - 12 - 07 7 December 2003 Suspended on 19 March 2002 . Withdrew voluntarily on 7 December 2003 . Dissolved members ( edit ) Former country Joined Continent Dissolved Rejoined as part of Notes Malaya 1957 - 08 - 31 31 August 1957 Asia 1963 - 07 - 31 31 July 1963 Malaysia Reformed as the Federation of Malaysia with Singapore ( became a separate member in 1965 ) , Sabah , and Sarawak . Newfoundland 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 North America 1934 - 02 - 16 31 March 1949 Canada One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Government suspended on 16 February 1934 , merged into Canada on 31 March 1949 . Tanganyika 1961 - 12 - 09 9 December 1961 Africa 1964 - 04 - 26 26 April 1964 Tanzania The two countries merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964 . Zanzibar 1963 - 12 - 10 10 December 1963 Prospective members ( edit ) Country Applied Continent Population Notes Somaliland 2009 Africa ~ 3,500,000 Somaliland is an unrecognised self - declared sovereign state internationally recognised as part of Somalia . It has applied to join the Commonwealth under observer status . Its borders approximate to those of British Somaliland , which was a protectorate from 1884 to 1960 . South Sudan 2011 Africa 13,670,642 Gained independence from Britain as part of Sudan in 1956 . Gained independence from Sudan in 2011 . Sudan 2009 Africa 42,425,989 Sudan was a condominium of the United Kingdom and Egypt known as Anglo - Egyptian Sudan , but in practice the structure of the Condominium ensured full British control over the Sudan until its independence in 1956 . Sudan has expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth . Suriname 2012 South America 555,934 English colony of Willoughbyland from 1650 to 1667 and controlled by the British from 1799 to 1816 . Subsequently , a Dutch colony . In 2012 , Suriname announced plans to join the Commonwealth and the British government has made it a priority to provide guidance to Suriname in applying for Commonwealth membership . Burundi 2013 Africa 10,524,117 ^ F. The population figure is based on 2014 estimates . Other states which have expressed an interest in joining the Commonwealth over the years or states which may be eligible to join the Commonwealth include Algeria , Bahrain , Cambodia , Egypt , Eritrea , Israel , Libya , Madagascar , Palestine , United States and Yemen . See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria List of countries by English - speaking population List of countries where English is an official language Prospective members of the Commonwealth of Nations Representatives of the Commonwealth of Nations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FAQs '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Singapore Declaration of Commonwealth Principles 1971 '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 12 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Head of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 30 September 2006 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth -- History -- Dominion Status '' . Commonwealth of Nations . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Commonwealth -- History -- Modern Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Josh Kron ( 29 November 2009 ) . `` Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparisons -- Population '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 22 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Members '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` World population - Countrymeters '' . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ There is no equivalent provision as to the Commonwealth . However , for both the Commonwealth and the States , constitutional convention effectively excludes the monarch from any personal exercise of governmental power . The 1986 proclamation was an exception , approved by Australian ministers . Jump up ^ Kohen , Marcelo G. ( 2006 ) . Secession . London : Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84928 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wind of Change '' . Commonwealth of Nations . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Pondi , Jean - Emmanuel ( October 1997 ) . `` Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations '' . The Round Table . 86 ( 344 ) : 563 -- 570 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358539708454389 . Jump up ^ `` Canada -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 18 April 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dominion Status '' . Commonwealth of Nations . 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , W. David ( January 2000 ) . `` Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat '' . Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 158 . doi : 10.1080 / 03086530008583082 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Derek ( July 2000 ) . `` Commonwealth Update '' . The Round Table . 89 ( 355 ) : 311 -- 55 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530050083406 . ^ Jump up to : Ingram , Derek ( April 2002 ) . `` Commonwealth Update '' . The Round Table . 91 ( 364 ) : 131 -- 59 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530220144148 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Derek ; Soal , Judith ( February 2007 ) . `` Commonwealth Update '' . The Round Table . 96 ( 388 ) : 2 -- 28 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358530701189734 . Jump up ^ Fiji suspended from the Commonwealth Archived 2011 - 04 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Commonwealth Secretariat , 1 September 2009 ; retrieved 11 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statement by Commonwealth Secretary - General Kamalesh Sharma on The Gambia '' . The Commonwealth . 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gambia quits the Commonwealth '' . The Guardian . 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Gambia presents formal application to re-join the Commonwealth '' ( Media Release ) . The Commonwealth . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Gambia rejoins the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 ^ Jump up to : Malaysia Act 1963 Jump up ^ `` Malaysia -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 3 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Ingram , Derek ( April 1996 ) . `` Commonwealth Update '' . The Round Table . 85 ( 338 ) : 153 -- 165 . doi : 10.1080 / 00358539608454302 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth '' . BBC News . 29 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Chronology of Namibian Independence Jump up ^ `` Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 April 1999 . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nauru back as full Commonwealth member '' . Radio New Zealand International . 26 June 2011 . Retrieved 23 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria The Commonwealth '' . thecommonwealth.org . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan suspended from the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 22 November 2007 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth lifts Pakistan suspension '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 12 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution Amendment Act ( No 2 ) 1997 '' . Retrieved 27 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Singapore Act 1966 Jump up ^ `` Road to Independence '' . AsiaOne . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tanzania -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth '' . Commonwealth Secretariat. 14 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives -- History '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Maldives and the Commonwealth '' . Republic of Maldives . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Secretariat '' . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives quits Commonwealth over alleged rights abuses '' . The Guardian . 13 October 2016 . `` The Maldives has announced it will leave the Commonwealth after mounting pressure from the 53 - nation group over corruption and deteriorating human rights in the Indian Ocean state . The country 's government , which has been fending off rumours of an impending coup and allegations of money laundering , said the decision on Thursday to cancel its membership was ' difficult but inevitable ' . Its foreign ministry said in a statement it had been treated ' unjustly and unfairly ' by the organisation 's Commonwealth ministerial action group ( CMAG ) , which has been scrutinising the government since the former president , Mohamed Nasheed , was ousted in 2012 in what his supporters say was a coup . ' The CMAG and the Commonwealth secretariat seem to be convinced that the Maldives , because of the high and favourable reputation that the country enjoys internationally , and also perhaps because it is a small state that lacks material power , would be an easy object that can be used , ' the statement said . It added that it was being targeted ' in the name of democracy promotion , to increase the ( Commonwealth 's ) own relevance and leverage in international politics ' . '' Jump up ^ `` Editorial : CHOGM 2003 , Abuja , Nigeria '' . The Round Table . 93 ( 373 ) : 3 -- 6 . January 2004 . doi : 10.1080 / 0035853042000188139 . ^ Jump up to : Somaliland on verge of observer status in the Commonwealth . Qaran News , 16 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` South Sudan Launches Bid to Join Commonwealth '' . gurtong.net . Jump up ^ South Sudan on Track to Join Commonwealth . Jump up ^ Howden , Daniel ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` The Big Question : What is the Commonwealth 's role , and is it relevant to global politics ? '' . The Independent . London . ^ Jump up to : te Velde - Ashworth , Victoria ( 10 October 2005 ) . `` The future of the modern Commonwealth : Widening vs. deepening ? '' . Commonwealth Policy Studies Unit . Archived from the original ( doc ) on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Allvoices '' . allvoices.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Suriname eying membership of Commonwealth '' . Stabroek News . Jump up ^ `` Strengthening Guyana 's participation in the Commonwealth and providing guidance to Suriname as it considers applying for membership '' . www.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Burundi Applies to Join Commonwealth to Bolster Angolophone Ties '' . Bloomberg.com. 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israelis and Palestinians could join Commonwealth '' . The Telegraph . 17 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Howden , Daniel ( 26 November 2009 ) . `` The Big Question : What is the Commonwealth 's role , and is it relevant to global politics ? '' . The Independent . London . Jump up ^ Osike , Felix ( 24 November 2007 ) . `` Rwanda membership delayed '' . New Vision . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 29 November 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commonwealth of Nations . Wikisource has original text related to this article : British Nationality Act ( 1981 c 61 ) Annex B -- The territories forming part of the Commonwealth Commonwealth timeline `` Members '' . Commonwealth Secretariat . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . `` Commonwealth of Nations '' . Commonwealth of Nations . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . `` The Commonwealth '' . Directgov . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Commonwealth of Nations topics History British Empire Key documents Timeline Governance Head of the Commonwealth ( Elizabeth II ) Secretariat Secretary - General ( Patricia Scotland ) Deputy Secretaries - General Marlborough House Commonwealth Youth Programme Heads of government Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting Chair - in - Office ( Theresa May ) Ministerial Action Group Commonwealth Family Association of Commonwealth Universities Commonwealth Business Council Commonwealth Foundation Commonwealth Games Federation Commonwealth Parliamentary Association Commonwealth War Graves Commission BECM CAP CBA CET CHRI CJIA CoL CLA CLGF CPSU CPU CSFP ESU ICS RCEL RCS ROSL SSI Members Membership criteria Special membership Suspension Commonwealth realm Commonwealth republic High Commissioner Culture English language Commonwealth Games Symbols Commonwealth Flag Commonwealth Day Commonwealth Writers ' Prize Round Table movement The Round Table Journal Commonwealth citizenship LGBT rights Queen 's Baton Relay Lists Extreme points Prime ministers Tallest structures Visits by Queen Elizabeth II Members of the Commonwealth of Nations Sovereign states ( Members ) Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Bangladesh Barbados Belize Botswana Brunei Cameroon Canada Cyprus Dominica Fiji Ghana Grenada Guyana India Jamaica Kenya Kiribati Lesotho Malawi Malaysia Malta Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nauru New Zealand Nigeria Pakistan Papua New Guinea Rwanda St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Solomon Islands South Africa Sri Lanka Swaziland Tanzania The Gambia Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tuvalu Uganda United Kingdom Vanuatu Zambia Dependencies of Members Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency Tokelau United Kingdom Akrotiri and Dhekelia Anguilla Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Montserrat Pitcairn Islands St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations&oldid=845886385 '' Categories : Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations Commonwealth of Nations - related lists History of the Commonwealth of Nations Countries by international organization Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from July 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Malti Bahasa Melayu Português Русский Suomi தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย اردو 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 20 : 06 ( UTC ) . 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what are the commonwealth countries of the united kingdom

Country Joined Continent Population Notes Antigua and Barbuda 1981 - 11 - 01 1 November 1981 Caribbean 94,195 Australia 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Australia 24,772,247 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 January 1901 . Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , although the statute was not adopted in Australia until 1942 ( with retroactive effect from 1939 ) . The Australia Act 1986 established specifically , only the State Premier could now advise the Queen on appointment or removal of a State Governor . Nonetheless , the Queen could still exercise any of her powers with respect to the State if she was `` personally present '' in the State . Bahamas 1973 - 07 - 10 10 July 1973 Caribbean 402,576 Bangladesh 1972 - 04 - 18 18 April 1972 Asia 165,867,307 Declared independence from Pakistan in 1971 . Barbados 1966 - 11 - 30 30 November 1966 Caribbean 286,618 Belize 1981 - 09 - 21 21 September 1981 North America 379,636 Botswana 1966 - 09 - 30 30 September 1966 Africa 2,377,831 Brunei 1984 - 01 - 01 1 January 1984 Asia 439,022 Cameroon 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 24,836,674 Most of the country was the formerly French mandate territory ( later UN trust territory ) of Cameroun and gained independence from France on 1 January 1960 , uniting with the much smaller former British mandate / trust territory of Southern Cameroons on its gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1961 . Canada 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 North America 36,885,861 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 1 July 1867 . Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Incorporated another original Dominion , Newfoundland , on 31 March 1949 . The Canada Act 1982 formally ended the `` request and consent '' provisions of the Statute of Westminster 1931 in relation to Canada , whereby the British parliament had a general power to pass laws extending to Canada at its own request . Cyprus 1961 - 03 - 13 13 March 1961 Eurasia 1,197,667 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 16 August 1960 . Dominica 1978 - 11 - 03 3 November 1978 Caribbean 72,975 Fiji 1970 - 10 - 10 10 October 1970 Oceania 909,024 Left in 1987 ; rejoined in 1997 ; suspended on 6 June 2000 ; suspension lifted on 20 December 2001 ; again suspended on 8 December 2006 because of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état . Suspension lifted on 26 September 2014 . The Gambia 1965 - 02 - 18 18 February 1965 Africa 2,155,958 Withdrew on 3 October 2013 citing `` neo-colonialism '' . Following the election of Adama Barrow as President of Gambia in 2016 , it submitted an application to re-join the Commonwealth on 22 January 2018 , and rejoined on 8 February 2018 . Ghana 1957 - 03 - 06 6 March 1957 Africa 29,088,849 Grenada 1974 - 02 - 07 7 February 1974 Caribbean 107,894 Guyana 1966 - 05 - 26 26 May 1966 South America 773,808 India 1947 - 08 - 15 15 August 1947 Asia 1,353,014,094 Incorporated former French India ( Chandannagar from 2 May 1950 and Puducherry , Karaikal , Yanam and Mahé from 1 November 1954 ) , former Portuguese India ( Goa , Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli formally from 1961 ) and Sikkim ( from 16 May 1975 ) . Jamaica 1962 - 08 - 06 6 August 1962 Caribbean 2,819,888 Kenya 1963 - 12 - 12 12 December 1963 Africa 49,167,382 Kiribati 1979 - 07 - 12 12 July 1979 Oceania 117,636 Lesotho 1966 - 10 - 04 4 October 1966 Africa 2,199,492 Malawi 1964 - 07 - 06 6 July 1964 Africa 18,558,768 Malaysia 1957 - 08 - 31 31 August 1957 Asia 31,505,208 Joined as the Federation of Malaya in 1957 ; reformed as Malaysia on 16 September 1963 with its federation with Singapore ( which became a separate state on 9 August 1965 ) , North Borneo , and Sarawak . Malta 1964 - 09 - 21 21 September 1964 Europe 422,212 Mauritius 1968 - 03 - 12 12 March 1968 Africa 1,286,240 Mozambique 1995 - 11 - 13 13 November 1995 Africa 29,977,238 Gained independence from Portugal on 26 June 1975 . The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom . Namibia 1990 - 03 - 21 21 March 1990 Africa 2,600,857 Gained independence from South Africa . Includes Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands transferred by South Africa at midnight 28 February 1994 . Nauru 1968 - 11 - 01 † 1 November 1968 Oceania 10,387 Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of Australia , New Zealand and United Kingdom . A special member from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999 , when it became a full member , before reverting to special status in January 2006 . A full member again since June 2011 . New Zealand 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Oceania 4,609,755 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 26 September 1907 . One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947 . Removed final links with the British Parliament in 1986 . Nigeria 1960 - 10 - 01 1 October 1960 Africa 194,615,054 Incorporated the former British mandate / trust territory of Northern Cameroons on 31 May 1961 . Suspended in 1995 , suspension lifted in 1999 . Pakistan 1947 - 08 - 14 14 August 1947 Asia 199,031,265 Includes the city of Gwadar , transferred from Muscat and Oman on 8 September 1958 . Included Bangladesh ( then known as East Pakistan ) until 1971 . Left Commonwealth in 1972 , rejoined 1989 ; suspended in 1999 , suspension lifted in 2004 ; again suspended in 2007 , suspension lifted in 2008 . Papua New Guinea 1975 - 09 - 16 16 September 1975 Australia 8,034,630 Gained independence from Australia . Rwanda 2009 - 11 - 29 29 November 2009 Africa 12,322,920 Gained independence from Belgium on 1 July 1962 . The second country ( after Mozambique ) to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom . Unlike Mozambique , has adopted English as an official language since joining . Saint Kitts and Nevis 1983 - 09 - 19 19 September 1983 Caribbean 56,632 Saint Lucia 1979 - 02 - 22 22 February 1979 Caribbean 189,000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1979 - 10 - 27 27 October 1979 Caribbean 109,501 A special member from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985 . Samoa 1970 - 08 - 28 28 August 1970 Oceania 196,954 Gained independence from New Zealand on 1 January 1962 . Joined as Western Samoa , subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997 . Seychelles 1976 - 06 - 29 29 June 1976 Africa 98,248 Sierra Leone 1961 - 04 - 27 27 April 1961 Africa 6,818,117 Singapore 1965 - 10 - 15 † 9 August 1966 ( effective from 9 August 1965 ) Asia 5,889,117 Gained independence from the United Kingdom and joined Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 . Became independent on 9 August 1965 . Solomon Islands 1978 - 07 - 07 7 July 1978 Oceania 614,497 South Africa 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Africa 56,007,479 Granted nominal independence ( Dominion status ) on 31 May 1910 . One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Left on 31 May 1961 ; rejoined 1 June 1994 . Sri Lanka 1948 - 02 - 04 4 February 1948 Asia 20,979,811 Joined as the Dominion of Ceylon , subsequently changing its name in 1972 . Became a republic in 1972 and gained independence from Britain Swaziland 1968 - 09 - 06 6 September 1968 Africa 1,336,933 Tanzania 1961 - 12 - 09 9 December 1961 Africa 57,790,062 Joined as Tanganyika and later Zanzibar , which subsequently merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964 . Tonga 1970 - 06 - 04 4 June 1970 Oceania 107,228 Trinidad and Tobago 1962 - 08 - 31 31 August 1962 Caribbean 1,376,801 Tuvalu 1978 - 10 - 01 1 October 1978 Oceania 10,116 A special member from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000 . Uganda 1962 - 10 - 09 9 October 1962 Africa 42,288,962 United Kingdom 1931 - 12 - 11 11 December 1931 Europe 65,746,853 The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931 . Vanuatu 1980 - 07 - 30 30 July 1980 Oceania 279,953 Gained independence from joint rule of France and United Kingdom . Zambia 1964 - 10 - 24 24 October 1964 Africa 17,470,471

King James Version - wikipedia King James Version `` KJB '' redirects here . For other uses , see KJB ( disambiguation ) and King James Version ( disambiguation ) . King James Version The title page to the 1611 first edition of the Authorized Version of the Bible by Cornelis Boel shows the Apostles Peter and Paul seated centrally above the central text , which is flanked by Moses and Aaron . In the four corners sit Matthew , Mark , Luke and John , authors of the four gospels , with their symbolic animals . The rest of the Apostles ( with Judas facing away ) stand around Peter and Paul . At the very top is the Tetragrammaton `` יְהֹוָה '' written with Hebrew diacritics . Abbreviation KJV , KJB , or AV Complete Bible published 1611 Online as King James Version at Wikisource Textual basis OT : Masoretic Text , some LXX and Vulgate influence . NT : Textus Receptus , similar to the Byzantine text - type ; some readings derived from the Vulgate . Apocrypha : Greek Septuagint and Latin Vulgate . Reading level US and Canada Grade 8 -- 10 Copyright Public domain due to age , publication restrictions in the United Kingdom ( See Copyright status ) Genesis 1 : 1 -- 3 In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth . And the earth was without form , and void ; and darkness was upon the face of the deep . And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters . And God said , Let there be light : and there was light . Genesis 1 : 1 in other translations John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . John 3 : 16 in other translations The Bible in English Title page to the King James Version List of English Bible translations Old English ( pre-1066 ) Middle English ( 1066 -- 1500 ) Early Modern English ( 1500 -- 1800 ) Modern Christian ( 1800 -- ) Modern Jewish ( 1853 -- ) Miscellaneous Main category : Bible translations into English Bible portal The King James Version ( KJV ) , also known as the King James Bible ( KJB ) or simply the Authorized Version ( AV ) , is an English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England , begun in 1604 and completed in 1611 . The books of the King James Version include the 39 books of the Old Testament , an intertestamental section containing 14 books of the Apocrypha , and the 27 books of the New Testament . It was first printed by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities : The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible , commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( 1568 ) . In January 1604 , King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world . James gave the translators instructions intended to ensure that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of , and reflect the episcopal structure of , the Church of England and its belief in an ordained clergy . The translation was done by 47 scholars , all of whom were members of the Church of England . In common with most other translations of the period , the New Testament was translated from Greek , the Old Testament from Hebrew and Aramaic , and the Apocrypha from Greek and Latin . In the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , the text of the Authorized Version replaced the text of the Great Bible for Epistle and Gospel readings ( but not for the Psalter , which substantially retained Coverdale 's Great Bible version ) , and as such was authorised by Act of Parliament . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version had become effectively unchallenged as the English translation used in Anglican and English Protestant churches , except for the Psalms and some short passages in the Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English - speaking scholars . With the development of stereotype printing at the beginning of the 19th century , this version of the Bible became the most widely printed book in history , almost all such printings presenting the standard text of 1769 extensively re-edited by Benjamin Blayney at Oxford , and nearly always omitting the books of the Apocrypha . Today the unqualified title `` King James Version '' usually indicates this Oxford standard text . Contents 1 Name 2 History 2.1 Earlier English translations 2.2 Considerations for a new version 2.3 Translation committees 2.4 Printing 2.5 Authorized Version 2.6 Standard text of 1769 2.7 Editorial criticism 3 Literary attributes 3.1 Translation 3.1. 1 Old Testament 3.1. 2 New Testament 3.1. 3 Apocrypha 3.1. 4 Sources 3.2 Variations from recent translations 3.3 Style and criticism 3.4 Mistranslations 4 Influence 4.1 Copyright status 4.1. 1 Permission 4.2 Apocrypha 4.3 King James Only movement 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Name ( edit ) 1612 First KJV bible in quarto size The title of the first edition of the translation , in Early Modern English , was `` THE HOLY BIBLE , Conteyning the Old Testament , AND THE NEW : Newly Translated out of the Originall tongues : & with the former Translations diligently compared and reuised , by his Maiesties speciall Comandement '' . The title page carries the words `` Appointed to be read in Churches '' , and F.F. Bruce suggests it was `` probably authorised by order in council '' but no record of the authorisation survives `` because the Privy Council registers from 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 '' . For many years it was common not to give the translation any specific name . In his Leviathan of 1651 , Thomas Hobbes referred to it as the English Translation made in the beginning of the Reign of King James . A 1761 `` Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' refers to the 1611 version merely as a new , compleat , and more accurate Translation , despite referring to the Great Bible by its name , and despite using the name `` Rhemish Testament '' for the Douay - Rheims Bible version . Similarly , a `` History of England '' , whose fifth edition was published in 1775 , writes merely that ( a ) new translation of the Bible , viz. , that now in Use , was begun in 1607 , and published in 1611 . King James 's Bible is used as the name for the 1611 translation ( on a par with the `` Genevan Bible '' or the `` Rhemish Testament '' ) in Charles Butler 's Horae Biblicae ( first published 1797 ) . Other works from the early 19th century confirm the widespread use of this name on both sides of the Atlantic : it is found both in a `` Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' published in Massachusetts in 1815 , and in an English publication from 1818 , which explicitly states that the 1611 version is `` generally known by the name of King James 's Bible '' . This name was also found as King James ' Bible ( without the final `` s '' ) : for example in a book review from 1811 . The phrase `` King James 's Bible '' is used as far back as 1715 , although in this case it is not clear whether this is a name or merely a description . The use of Authorized Version or Authorised Version , capitalized and used as a name , is found as early as 1814 . For some time before this , descriptive phrases such as `` our present , and only publicly authorised version '' ( 1783 ) , `` our Authorised version '' ( 1792 ) , and `` the authorized version '' ( 1801 , uncapitalized ) are found . The Oxford English Dictionary records a usage in 1824 . In Britain , the 1611 translation is generally known as the `` Authorised Version '' today . As early as 1814 , we find King James ' version , evidently a descriptive phrase , being used . `` The King James Version '' is found , unequivocally used as a name , in a letter from 1855 . The next year King James Bible , with no possessive , appears as a name in a Scottish source . In the United States , the `` 1611 translation '' ( actually editions following the standard text of 1769 , see below ) is generally known as the King James Version today . History ( edit ) Earlier English translations ( edit ) See also : English translations of the Bible The followers of John Wycliffe undertook the first complete English translations of the Christian scriptures in the 14th century . These translations were banned in 1409 due to their association with the Lollards . The Wycliffe Bible pre-dated the printing press but was circulated very widely in manuscript form , often inscribed with a date earlier than 1409 to avoid the legal ban . As the text translated in the various versions of the Wycliffe Bible was the Latin Vulgate , and as it contained no heterodox readings , there was in practice no way by which the ecclesiastical authorities could distinguish the banned version ; consequently many Catholic commentators of the 15th and 16th centuries ( such as Thomas More ) took these manuscript English Bibles to represent an anonymous earlier orthodox translation . William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English in 1525 . In 1525 , William Tyndale , an English contemporary of Martin Luther , undertook a translation of the New Testament . Tyndale 's translation was the first printed Bible in English . Over the next ten years , Tyndale revised his New Testament in the light of rapidly advancing biblical scholarship , and embarked on a translation of the Old Testament . Despite some controversial translation choices , and in spite of Tyndale 's execution on charges of heresy for having made the translated bible , the merits of Tyndale 's work and prose style made his translation the ultimate basis for all subsequent renditions into Early Modern English . With these translations lightly edited and adapted by Myles Coverdale , in 1539 , Tyndale 's New Testament and his incomplete work on the Old Testament became the basis for the Great Bible . This was the first `` authorised version '' issued by the Church of England during the reign of King Henry VIII . When Mary I succeeded to the throne in 1553 , she returned the Church of England to the communion of the Roman Catholic faith and many English religious reformers fled the country , some establishing an English - speaking colony at Geneva . Under the leadership of John Calvin , Geneva became the chief international centre of Reformed Protestantism and Latin biblical scholarship . These English expatriates undertook a translation that became known as the Geneva Bible . This translation , dated to 1560 , was a revision of Tyndale 's Bible and the Great Bible on the basis of the original languages . Soon after Elizabeth I took the throne in 1558 , the flaws of both the Great Bible and the Geneva Bible ( namely , that the Geneva Bible did not `` conform to the ecclesiology and reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and its beliefs about an ordained clergy '' ) became painfully apparent . In 1568 , the Church of England responded with the Bishops ' Bible , a revision of the Great Bible in the light of the Geneva version . While officially approved , this new version failed to displace the Geneva translation as the most popular English Bible of the age -- in part because the full Bible was only printed in lectern editions of prodigious size and at a cost of several pounds . Accordingly , Elizabethan lay people overwhelmingly read the Bible in the Geneva Version -- small editions were available at a relatively low cost . At the same time , there was a substantial clandestine importation of the rival Douay -- Rheims New Testament of 1582 , undertaken by exiled Roman Catholics . This translation , though still derived from Tyndale , claimed to represent the text of the Latin Vulgate . In May 1601 , King James VI of Scotland attended the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland at St Columba 's Church in Burntisland , Fife , at which proposals were put forward for a new translation of the Bible into English . Two years later , he ascended to the throne of England as James I . Considerations for a New Version ( edit ) The newly crowned King James convened the Hampton Court Conference in 1604 . That gathering proposed a new English version in response to the perceived problems of earlier translations as detected by the Puritan faction of the Church of England . Here are three examples of problems the Puritans perceived with the Bishops and Great Bibles : First , Galatians iv. 25 ( from the Bishops ' Bible ) . The Greek word susoichei is not well translated as now it is , bordereth neither expressing the force of the word , nor the apostle 's sense , nor the situation of the place . Secondly , psalm cv. 28 ( from the Great Bible ) , ' They were not obedient ; ' the original being , ' They were not disobedient . ' Thirdly , psalm cvi. 30 ( also from the Great Bible ) , ' Then stood up Phinees and prayed , ' the Hebrew hath , ' executed judgment . ' Instructions were given to the translators that were intended to limit the Puritan influence on this new translation . The Bishop of London added a qualification that the translators would add no marginal notes ( which had been an issue in the Geneva Bible ) . King James cited two passages in the Geneva translation where he found the marginal notes offensive to the principles of divinely ordained royal supremacy : Exodus 1 : 19 , where the Geneva Bible notes had commended the example of civil disobedience to the Egyptian Pharaoh showed by the Hebrew midwives , and also II Chronicles 15 : 16 , where the Geneva Bible had criticized King Asa for not having executed his idolatrous ' mother ' , Queen Maachah ( Maachah had actually been Asa 's grandmother , but James considered the Geneva Bible reference as sanctioning the execution of his own mother Mary , Queen of Scots ) . Further , the King gave the translators instructions designed to guarantee that the new version would conform to the ecclesiology of the Church of England . Certain Greek and Hebrew words were to be translated in a manner that reflected the traditional usage of the church . For example , old ecclesiastical words such as the word `` church '' were to be retained and not to be translated as `` congregation '' . The new translation would reflect the episcopal structure of the Church of England and traditional beliefs about ordained clergy . James ' instructions included several requirements that kept the new translation familiar to its listeners and readers . The text of the Bishops ' Bible would serve as the primary guide for the translators , and the familiar proper names of the biblical characters would all be retained . If the Bishops ' Bible was deemed problematic in any situation , the translators were permitted to consult other translations from a pre-approved list : the Tyndale Bible , the Coverdale Bible , Matthew 's Bible , the Great Bible , and the Geneva Bible . In addition , later scholars have detected an influence on the Authorized Version from the translations of Taverner 's Bible and the New Testament of the Douay -- Rheims Bible . It is for this reason that the flyleaf of most printings of the Authorized Version observes that the text had been `` translated out of the original tongues , and with the former translations diligently compared and revised , by His Majesty 's special commandment . '' As the work proceeded , more detailed rules were adopted as to how variant and uncertain readings in the Hebrew and Greek source texts should be indicated , including the requirement that words supplied in English to ' complete the meaning ' of the originals should be printed in a different type face . The task of translation was undertaken by 47 scholars , although 54 were originally approved . All were members of the Church of England and all except Sir Henry Savile were clergy . The scholars worked in six committees , two based in each of the University of Oxford , the University of Cambridge , and Westminster . The committees included scholars with Puritan sympathies , as well as High Churchmen . Forty unbound copies of the 1602 edition of the Bishops ' Bible were specially printed so that the agreed changes of each committee could be recorded in the margins . The committees worked on certain parts separately and the drafts produced by each committee were then compared and revised for harmony with each other . The scholars were not paid directly for their translation work , instead a circular letter was sent to bishops encouraging them to consider the translators for appointment to well - paid livings as these fell vacant . Several were supported by the various colleges at Oxford and Cambridge , while others were promoted to bishoprics , deaneries and prebends through royal patronage . The committees started work towards the end of 1604 . King James I of England , on 22 July 1604 , sent a letter to Archbishop Bancroft asking him to contact all English churchmen requesting that they make donations to his project . Right trusty and well beloved , we greet you well . Whereas we have appointed certain learned men , to the number of 4 and 50 , for the translating of the Bible , and in this number , divers of them have either no ecclesiastical preferment at all , or else so very small , as the same is far unmeet for men of their deserts and yet we in ourself in any convenient time can not well remedy it , therefor we do hereby require you , that presently you write in our name as well to the Archbishop of York , as to the rest of the bishops of the province of Cant. ( erbury ) signifying unto them , that we do well and straitly charge everyone of them ... that ( all excuses set apart ) when a prebend or parsonage ... shall next upon any occasion happen to be void ... we may commend for the same some such of the learned men , as we shall think fit to be preferred unto it ... Given unto our signet at our palace of West. ( minister ) on 2 and 20 July , in the 2nd year of our reign of England , France , and of Ireland , and of Scotland xxxvii . '' They had all completed their sections by 1608 , the Apocrypha committee finishing first . From January 1609 , a General Committee of Review met at Stationers ' Hall , London to review the completed marked texts from each of the six committees . The General Committee included John Bois , Andrew Downes and John Harmar , and others known only by their initials , including `` AL '' ( who may be Arthur Lake ) , and were paid for their attendance by the Stationers ' Company . John Bois prepared a note of their deliberations ( in Latin ) -- which has partly survived in two later transcripts . Also surviving of the translators ' working papers are a bound - together set of marked - up corrections to one of the forty Bishops ' Bibles -- covering the Old Testament and Gospels , and also a manuscript translation of the text of the Epistles , excepting those verses where no change was being recommended to the readings in the Bishops ' Bible . Archbishop Bancroft insisted on having a final say making fourteen further changes , of which one was the term `` bishopricke '' at Acts 1 : 20 . Translation committees ( edit ) First Westminster Company , translated Genesis to 2 Kings : Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell ; First Cambridge Company , translated 1 Chronicles to the Song of Solomon : Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing ; First Oxford Company , translated Isaiah to Malachi : John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne ; Second Oxford Company , translated the Gospels , Acts of the Apostles , and the Book of Revelation : Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten ; Second Westminster Company , translated the Epistles : William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) ; Second Cambridge Company , translated the Apocrypha : John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft . Printing ( edit ) Archbishop Richard Bancroft was the `` chief overseer '' of the production of the Authorized Version . The original printing of the Authorized Version was published by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , in 1611 as a complete folio Bible . It was sold looseleaf for ten shillings , or bound for twelve . Robert Barker 's father , Christopher , had , in 1589 , been granted by Elizabeth I the title of royal Printer , with the perpetual Royal Privilege to print Bibles in England . Robert Barker invested very large sums in printing the new edition , and consequently ran into serious debt , such that he was compelled to sub-lease the privilege to two rival London printers , Bonham Norton and John Bill . It appears that it was initially intended that each printer would print a portion of the text , share printed sheets with the others , and split the proceeds . Bitter financial disputes broke out , as Barker accused Norton and Bill of concealing their profits , while Norton and Bill accused Barker of selling sheets properly due to them as partial Bibles for ready money . There followed decades of continual litigation , and consequent imprisonment for debt for members of the Barker and Norton printing dynasties , while each issued rival editions of the whole Bible . In 1629 the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge successfully managed to assert separate and prior royal licences for Bible printing , for their own university presses -- and Cambridge University took the opportunity to print revised editions of the Authorized Version in 1629 , and 1638 . The editors of these editions included John Bois and John Ward from the original translators . This did not , however , impede the commercial rivalries of the London printers , especially as the Barker family refused to allow any other printers access to the authoritative manuscript of the Authorized Version . Two editions of the whole Bible are recognized as having been produced in 1611 , which may be distinguished by their rendering of Ruth 3 : 15 ; the first edition reading `` he went into the city '' , where the second reads `` she went into the city . '' ; these are known colloquially as the `` He '' and `` She '' Bibles . The opening of the Epistle to the Hebrews of the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version shows the original typeface . Marginal notes reference variant translations and cross references to other Bible passages . Each chapter is headed by a précis of contents . There are decorative initial letters for each Chapter , and a decorated headpiece to each Biblical Book , but no illustrations in the text . The original printing was made before English spelling was standardized , and when printers , as a matter of course , expanded and contracted the spelling of the same words in different places , so as to achieve an even column of text . They set v for initial u and v , and u for u and v everywhere else . They used long s for non-final s . The glyph j occurs only after i , as in the final letter in a Roman numeral . Punctuation was relatively heavy , and differed from current practice . When space needed to be saved , the printers sometimes used ye for the , ( replacing the Middle English thorn with the continental y ) , set ã for an or am ( in the style of scribe 's shorthand ) , and set & for and . On the contrary , on a few occasions , they appear to have inserted these words when they thought a line needed to be padded . Later printings regularized these spellings ; the punctuation has also been standardized , but still varies from current usage norms . The first printing used a black letter typeface instead of a roman typeface , which itself made a political and a religious statement . Like the Great Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , the Authorized Version was `` appointed to be read in churches '' . It was a large folio volume meant for public use , not private devotion ; the weight of the type mirrored the weight of establishment authority behind it . However , smaller editions and roman - type editions followed rapidly , e.g. quarto roman - type editions of the Bible in 1612 . This contrasted with the Geneva Bible , which was the first English Bible printed in a roman typeface ( although black - letter editions , particularly in folio format , were issued later ) . In contrast to the Geneva Bible and the Bishops ' Bible , which had both been extensively illustrated , there were no illustrations at all in the 1611 edition of the Authorized Version , the main form of decoration being the historiated initial letters provided for books and chapters -- together with the decorative title pages to the Bible itself , and to the New Testament . In the Great Bible , readings derived from the Vulgate but not found in published Hebrew and Greek texts had been distinguished by being printed in smaller roman type . In the Geneva Bible , a distinct typeface had instead been applied to distinguish text supplied by translators , or thought needful for English grammar but not present in the Greek or Hebrew ; and the original printing of the Authorized Version used roman type for this purposed , albeit sparsely and inconsistently . This results in perhaps the most significant difference between the original printed text of the King James Bible and the current text . When , from the later 17th century onwards , the Authorized Version began to be printed in roman type , the typeface for supplied words was changed to italics , this application being regularised and greatly expanded . This was intended to de-emphasise the words . The original printing contained two prefatory texts ; the first was a formal Epistle Dedicatory to `` the most high and mighty Prince '' King James . Many British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . The second preface was called Translators to the Reader , a long and learned essay that defends the undertaking of the new version . It observes the translators ' stated goal , that they , `` never thought from the beginning that ( they ) should need to make a new translation , nor yet to make of a bad one a good one , ... but to make a good one better , or out of many good ones , one principal good one , not justly to be excepted against ; that hath been our endeavour , that our mark . '' They also give their opinion of previous English Bible translations , stating , `` We do not deny , nay , we affirm and avow , that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English , set forth by men of our profession , ( for we have seen none of theirs ( Roman Catholics ) of the whole Bible as yet ) containeth the word of God , nay , is the word of God . '' As with the first preface , some British printings reproduce this , while most non-British printings do not . Almost every printing that includes the second preface also includes the first . The first printing contained a number of other apparatus , including a table for the reading of the Psalms at matins and evensong , and a calendar , an almanac , and a table of holy days and observances . Much of this material became obsolete with the adoption of the Gregorian Calendar by Britain and its colonies in 1752 , and thus modern editions invariably omit it . So as to make it easier to locate a particular passage , each chapter was headed by a brief precis of its contents with verse numbers . Later editors freely substituted their own chapter summaries , or omitted such material entirely . Pilcrow marks are used to indicate the beginnings of paragraphs except after the book of Acts . Authorized Version ( edit ) The Authorized Version was meant to replace the Bishops ' Bible as the official version for readings in the Church of England . No record of its authorization exists ; it was probably effected by an order of the Privy Council but the records for the years 1600 to 1613 were destroyed by fire in January 1618 / 19 and it is commonly known as the Authorized Version in the United Kingdom . The King 's Printer issued no further editions of the Bishops ' Bible , so necessarily the Authorized Version replaced it as the standard lectern Bible in parish church use in England . In the 1662 Book of Common Prayer , the text of the Authorized Version finally supplanted that of the Great Bible in the Epistle and Gospel readings -- though the Prayer Book Psalter nevertheless continues in the Great Bible version . The case was different in Scotland , where the Geneva Bible had long been the standard church bible . It was not until 1633 that a Scottish edition of the Authorized Version was printed -- in conjunction with the Scots coronation in that year of Charles I . The inclusion of illustrations in the edition raised accusations of Popery from opponents of the religious policies of Charles and William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury . However , official policy favoured the Authorized Version , and this favour returned during the Commonwealth -- as London printers succeeded in re-asserting their monopoly on Bible printing with support from Oliver Cromwell -- and the `` New Translation '' was the only edition on the market . F.F. Bruce reports that the last recorded instance of a Scots parish continuing to use the `` Old Translation '' ( i.e. Geneva ) as being in 1674 . The Authorized Version 's acceptance by the general public took longer . The Geneva Bible continued to be popular , and large numbers were imported from Amsterdam , where printing continued up to 1644 in editions carrying a false London imprint . However , few if any genuine Geneva editions appear to have been printed in London after 1616 , and in 1637 Archbishop Laud prohibited their printing or importation . In the period of the English Civil War , soldiers of the New Model Army were issued a book of Geneva selections called `` The Soldiers ' Bible '' . In the first half of the 17th century the Authorized Version is most commonly referred to as `` The Bible without notes '' , thereby distinguishing it from the Geneva `` Bible with notes '' . There were several printings of the Authorized Version in Amsterdam -- one as late as 1715 which combined the Authorized Version translation text with the Geneva marginal notes ; one such edition was printed in London in 1649 . During the Commonwealth a commission was established by Parliament to recommend a revision of the Authorized Version with acceptably Protestant explanatory notes , but the project was abandoned when it became clear that these would nearly double the bulk of the Bible text . After the English Restoration , the Geneva Bible was held to be politically suspect and a reminder of the repudiated Puritan era . Furthermore , disputes over the lucrative rights to print the Authorized Version dragged on through the 17th century , so none of the printers involved saw any commercial advantage in marketing a rival translation . The Authorized Version became the only current version circulating among English - speaking people . A small minority of critical scholars were slow to accept the latest translation . Hugh Broughton , the most highly regarded English Hebraist of his time ( but who had been excluded from the panel of translators because of his utterly uncongenial temperament ) , issued in 1611 a total condemnation of the new version , criticizing especially the translators ' rejection of word - for - word equivalence and stated that `` he would rather be torn in pieces by wild horses than that this abominable translation ( KJV ) should ever be foisted upon the English people '' . Walton 's London Polyglot of 1657 disregards the Authorized Version ( and indeed the English language ) entirely . Walton 's reference text throughout is the Vulgate . The Vulgate Latin is also found as the standard text of scripture in Thomas Hobbes 's Leviathan of 1651 , indeed Hobbes gives Vulgate chapter and verse numbers ( e.g. , Job 41 : 24 , not Job 41 : 33 ) for his head text . In Chapter 35 : ' The Signification in Scripture of Kingdom of God ' , Hobbes discusses Exodus 19 : 5 , first in his own translation of the ' Vulgar Latin ' , and then subsequently as found in the versions he terms `` ... the English translation made in the beginning of the reign of King James '' , and `` The Geneva French '' ( i.e. Olivétan ) . Hobbes advances detailed critical arguments why the Vulgate rendering is to be preferred . For most of the 17th century the assumption remained that , while it had been of vital importance to provide the scriptures in the vernacular for ordinary people , nevertheless for those with sufficient education to do so , Biblical study was best undertaken within the international common medium of Latin . It was only in 1700 that modern bilingual Bibles appeared in which the Authorized Version was compared with counterpart Dutch and French Protestant vernacular Bibles . In consequence of the continual disputes over printing privileges , successive printings of the Authorized Version were notably less careful than the 1611 edition had been -- compositors freely varying spelling , capitalization and punctuation -- and also , over the years , introducing about 1,500 misprints ( some of which , like the omission of `` not '' from the commandment `` Thou shalt not commit adultery '' in the `` Wicked Bible '' , became notorious ) . The two Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 attempted to restore the proper text -- while introducing over 200 revisions of the original translators ' work , chiefly by incorporating into the main text a more literal reading originally presented as a marginal note . A more thoroughly corrected edition was proposed following the Restoration , in conjunction with the revised 1662 Book of Common Prayer , but Parliament then decided against it . By the first half of the 18th century , the Authorized Version was effectively unchallenged as the sole English translation in current use in Protestant churches , and was so dominant that the Roman Catholic Church in England issued in 1750 a revision of the 1610 Douay - Rheims Bible by Richard Challoner that was very much closer to the Authorized Version than to the original . However , general standards of spelling , punctuation , typesetting , capitalization and grammar had changed radically in the 100 years since the first edition of the Authorized Version , and all printers in the market were introducing continual piecemeal changes to their Bible texts to bring them into line with current practice -- and with public expectations of standardized spelling and grammatical construction . Over the course of the 18th century , the Authorized Version supplanted the Hebrew , Greek and the Latin Vulgate as the standard version of scripture for English speaking scholars and divines , and indeed came to be regarded by some as an inspired text in itself -- so much so that any challenge to its readings or textual base came to be regarded by many as an assault on Holy Scripture . This has been contemptuously labelled `` AVolatry '' , a play on the name `` Authorized Version '' ( AV ) and idolatry . Standard text of 1769 ( edit ) Title page of the 1760 Cambridge edition By the mid-18th century the wide variation in the various modernized printed texts of the Authorized Version , combined with the notorious accumulation of misprints , had reached the proportion of a scandal , and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge both sought to produce an updated standard text . First of the two was the Cambridge edition of 1760 , the culmination of 20 - years work by Francis Sawyer Parris , who died in May of that year . This 1760 edition was reprinted without change in 1762 and in John Baskerville 's fine folio edition of 1763 . This was effectively superseded by the 1769 Oxford edition , edited by Benjamin Blayney , though with comparatively few changes from Parris 's edition ; but which became the Oxford standard text , and is reproduced almost unchanged in most current printings . Parris and Blayney sought consistently to remove those elements of the 1611 and subsequent editions that they believed were due to the vagaries of printers , while incorporating most of the revised readings of the Cambridge editions of 1629 and 1638 , and each also introducing a few improved readings of their own . They undertook the mammoth task of standardizing the wide variation in punctuation and spelling of the original , making many thousands of minor changes to the text . In addition , Blayney and Parris thoroughly revised and greatly extended the italicization of `` supplied '' words not found in the original languages by cross-checking against the presumed source texts . Blayney seems to have worked from the 1550 Stephanus edition of the Textus Receptus , rather than the later editions of Beza that the translators of the 1611 New Testament had favoured ; accordingly the current Oxford standard text alters around a dozen italicizations where Beza and Stephanus differ . Like the 1611 edition , the 1769 Oxford edition included the Apocrypha , although Blayney tended to remove cross-references to the Books of the Apocrypha from the margins of their Old and New Testaments wherever these had been provided by the original translators . Altogether , the standardization of spelling and punctuation caused Blayney 's 1769 text to differ from the 1611 text in around 24,000 places . Since that date , a few further changes have been introduced to the Oxford standard text . The Oxford University Press paperback edition of the `` Authorized King James Version '' provides Oxford 's standard text , and also includes the prefatory section `` The Translators to the Reader '' . The 1611 and 1769 texts of the first three verses from I Corinthians 13 are given below . ( 1611 ) 1 . Though I speake with the tongues of men & of Angels , and haue not charity , I am become as sounding brasse or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I haue the gift of prophesie , and vnderstand all mysteries and all knowledge : and though I haue all faith , so that I could remooue mountaines , and haue no charitie , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestowe all my goods to feede the poore , and though I giue my body to bee burned , and haue not charitie , it profiteth me nothing . ( 1769 ) 1 . Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels , and have not charity , I am become as sounding brass , or a tinkling cymbal. 2 And though I have the gift of prophecy , and understand all mysteries , and all knowledge ; and though I have all faith , so that I could remove mountains , and have not charity , I am nothing . 3 And though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor , and though I give my body to be burned , and have not charity , it profiteth me nothing . There are a number of superficial edits in these three verses : 11 changes of spelling , 16 changes of typesetting ( including the changed conventions for the use of u and v ) , three changes of punctuation , and one variant text -- where `` not charity '' is substituted for `` no charity '' in verse two , in the erroneous belief that the original reading was a misprint . A particular verse for which Blayney 's 1769 text differs from Parris 's 1760 version is Matthew 5 : 13 , where Parris ( 1760 ) has Ye are the salt of the earth : but if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing but to be cast out , and to be troden under foot of men . Blayney ( 1769 ) changes ' lost his savour ' to ' lost its savour ' , and troden to trodden . For a period , Cambridge continued to issue Bibles using the Parris text , but the market demand for absolute standardization was now such that they eventually adapted Blayney 's work , but omitted some of the idiosyncratic Oxford spellings . By the mid-19th century , almost all printings of the Authorized Version were derived from the 1769 Oxford text -- increasingly without Blayney 's variant notes and cross references , and commonly excluding the Apocrypha . One exception to this was a scrupulous original - spelling , page - for - page , and line - for - line reprint of the 1611 edition ( including all chapter headings , marginalia , and original italicization , but with Roman type substituted for the black letter of the original ) , published by Oxford in 1833 . Another important exception was the 1873 Cambridge Paragraph Bible , thoroughly revised , modernized and re-edited by F.H.A. Scrivener , who for the first time consistently identified the source texts underlying the 1611 translation and its marginal notes . Scrivener , like Blayney , opted to revise the translation where he considered the judgement of the 1611 translators had been faulty . In 2005 , Cambridge University Press released its New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with Apocrypha , edited by David Norton , which followed in the spirit of Scrivener 's work , attempting to bring spelling to present - day standards . Norton also innovated with the introduction of quotation marks , while returning to a hypothetical 1611 text , so far as possible , to the wording used by its translators , especially in the light of the re-emphasis on some of their draft documents . This text has been issued in paperback by Penguin books . From the early 19th century the Authorized Version has remained almost completely unchanged -- and since , due to advances in printing technology , it could now be produced in very large editions for mass sale , it established complete dominance in public and ecclesiastical use in the English - speaking Protestant world . Academic debate through that century , however , increasingly reflected concerns about the Authorized Version shared by some scholars : ( a ) that subsequent study in oriental languages suggested a need to revise the translation of the Hebrew Bible -- both in terms of specific vocabulary , and also in distinguishing descriptive terms from proper names ; ( b ) that the Authorized Version was unsatisfactory in translating the same Greek words and phrases into different English , especially where parallel passages are found in the synoptic gospels ; and ( c ) in the light of subsequent ancient manuscript discoveries , the New Testament translation base of the Greek Textus Receptus could no longer be considered to be the best representation of the original text . Responding to these concerns , the Convocation of Canterbury resolved in 1870 to undertake a revision of the text of the Authorized Version , intending to retain the original text `` except where in the judgement of competent scholars such a change is necessary '' . The resulting revision was issued as the Revised Version in 1881 ( New Testament ) , 1885 ( Old Testament ) and 1894 ( Apocrypha ) ; but , although it sold widely , the revision did not find popular favour , and it was only reluctantly in 1899 that Convocation approved it for reading in churches . By the early 20th century , editing had been completed in Cambridge 's text , with at least 6 new changes since 1769 , and the reversing of at least 30 of the standard Oxford readings . The distinct Cambridge text was printed in the millions , and after the Second World War `` the unchanging steadiness of the KJB was a huge asset . '' The Cambridge edition is preferred by scholars . The Authorized Version maintained its effective dominance throughout the first half of the 20th century . New translations in the second half of the 20th century displaced its 250 years of dominance ( roughly 1700 to 1950 ) , but groups do exist -- sometimes termed the King James Only movement -- that distrust anything not in agreement with the Authorized Version . Editorial criticism ( edit ) F.H.A. Scrivener and D. Norton have both written in detail on editorial variations which have occurred through the history of the publishing of the Authorized Version from 1611 to 1769 . In the 19th century , there were effectively three main guardians of the text . Norton identified five variations among the Oxford , Cambridge and London ( Eyre and Spottiswoode ) texts of 1857 , such as the spelling of `` farther '' or `` further '' at Matthew 26 : 39 . In the 20th century , variation between the editions was reduced to comparing the Cambridge to the Oxford . Distinctly identified Cambridge readings included `` or Sheba '' ( Joshua 19 : 2 ) , `` sin '' ( 2 Chronicles 33 : 19 ) , `` clifts '' ( Job 30 : 6 ) , `` vapour '' ( Psalm 148 : 8 ) , `` flieth '' ( Nahum 3 : 16 ) , `` further '' ( Matthew 26 : 39 ) and a number of other references . In effect the Cambridge was considered the current text in comparison to the Oxford . These are instances where both Oxford and Cambridge have now diverged from Blayney 's 1769 Edition . The distinctions between the Oxford and Cambridge editions have been a major point in the Bible version debate , and a potential theological issue , particularly in regard to the identification of the Pure Cambridge Edition . Cambridge University Press introduced a change at 1 John 5 : 8 in 1985 , reversing its longstanding tradition of printing the word `` spirit '' in lower case by using a capital letter `` S '' . A Rev. Hardin of Bedford , Pennsylvania , wrote a letter to Cambridge inquiring about this verse , and subsequently received a reply from Dr. Cooper on June 3 , 1985 , admitting that it was a `` matter of some embarrassment regarding the lower case ' s ' in Spirit '' . Literary attributes ( edit ) Translation ( edit ) Like Tyndale 's translation and the Geneva Bible , the Authorized Version was translated primarily from Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic texts , although with secondary reference both to the Latin Vulgate , and to more recent scholarly Latin versions ; two books of the Apocrypha were translated from a Latin source . Following the example of the Geneva Bible , words implied but not actually in the original source were distinguished by being printed in distinct type ( albeit inconsistently ) , but otherwise the translators explicitly rejected word - for - word equivalence . F.F Bruce gives an example from Romans Chapter 5 : 2 By whom also wee have accesse by faith , into this grace wherein wee stand , and rejoyce in hope of the glory of God . 3 And not onely so , but we glory in tribulations also , knowing that tribulation worketh patience : The English terms `` rejoice '' and `` glory '' stand for the same word in the Greek original . In Tyndale , Geneva and the Bishops ' Bibles , both instances are translated `` rejoice '' . In the Douay -- Rheims New Testament , both are translated `` glory '' . Only in the Authorized Version does the translation vary between the two verses . In obedience to their instructions , the translators provided no marginal interpretation of the text , but in some 8,500 places a marginal note offers an alternative English wording . The majority of these notes offer a more literal rendering of the original ( introduced as `` Heb '' , `` Chal '' , `` Gr '' or `` Lat '' ) , but others indicate a variant reading of the source text ( introduced by `` or '' ) . Some of the annotated variants derive from alternative editions in the original languages , or from variant forms quoted in the fathers . More commonly , though , they indicate a difference between the literal original language reading and that in the translators ' preferred recent Latin versions : Tremellius for the Old Testament , Junius for the Apocrypha , and Beza for the New Testament . At thirteen places in the New Testament ( e.g. Luke 17 : 36 and Acts 25 : 6 ) a marginal note records a variant reading found in some Greek manuscript copies ; in almost all cases reproducing a counterpart textual note at the same place in Beza 's editions . A few more extensive notes clarify Biblical names and units of measurement or currency . Modern reprintings rarely reproduce these annotated variants -- although they are to be found in the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible . In addition , there were originally some 9,000 scriptural cross-references , in which one text was related to another . Such cross-references had long been common in Latin Bibles , and most of those in the Authorized Version were copied unaltered from this Latin tradition . Consequently the early editions of the KJV retain many Vulgate verse references -- e.g. in the numbering of the Psalms . At the head of each chapter , the translators provided a short précis of its contents , with verse numbers ; these are rarely included in complete form in modern editions . Also in obedience to their instructions , the translators indicated ' supplied ' words in a different typeface ; but there was no attempt to regularise the instances where this practice had been applied across the different companies ; and especially in the New Testament , it was used much less frequently in the 1611 edition than would later be the case . In one verse , 1 John 2 : 23 , an entire clause was printed in roman type ( as it had also been in the Great Bible and Bishop 's Bible ) ; indicating a reading then primarily derived from the Vulgate , albeit one for which the later editions of Beza had provided a Greek text . In the Old Testament the translators render the Tetragrammaton YHWH by `` the LORD '' ( in later editions in small capitals as LORD ) , or `` the LORD God '' ( for YHWH Elohim , יהוה אלהים ) , except in four places by `` IEHOVAH '' ( Exodus 6 : 3 , Psalm 83 : 18 , Isaiah 12 : 2 and Isaiah 26 : 4 ) and three times in a combination form . ( Genesis 22 : 14 , Exodus 17 : 15 , Judges 6 : 24 ) However , if the Tetragrammaton occurs with the Hebrew word adonai ( Lord ) then it is rendered not as the `` Lord LORD '' but as the `` Lord God '' . ( Psalm 73 : 28 , etc . ) In later editions as `` Lord GOD '' with `` GOD '' in small capitals indicating to the reader that God 's name appears in the original Hebrew . Old Testament ( edit ) For their Old Testament , the translators used a text originating in the editions of the Hebrew Rabbinic Bible by Daniel Bomberg ( 1524 / 5 ) , but adjusted this to conform to the Greek LXX or Latin Vulgate in passages to which Christian tradition had attached a Christological interpretation . For example , the Septuagint reading `` They pierced my hands and my feet '' was used in Psalm 22 : 16 ( vs. the Masoretes ' reading of the Hebrew `` like lions my hands and feet '' ) . Otherwise , however , the Authorized Version is closer to the Hebrew tradition than any previous English translation -- especially in making use of the rabbinic commentaries , such as Kimhi , in elucidating obscure passages in the Masoretic Text ; earlier versions had been more likely to adopt LXX or Vulgate readings in such places . Following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the books of 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras in the medieval Vulgate Old Testament were renamed ' Ezra ' and ' Nehemiah ' ; 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras in the Apocrypha being renamed ' 1 Esdras ' and ' 2 Esdras ' . New Testament ( edit ) For their New Testament , the translators chiefly used the 1598 and 1588 / 89 Greek editions of Theodore Beza , which also present Beza 's Latin version of the Greek and Stephanus 's edition of the Latin Vulgate . Both of these versions were extensively referred to , as the translators conducted all discussions amongst themselves in Latin . F.H.A. Scrivener identifies 190 readings where the Authorized Version translators depart from Beza 's Greek text , generally in maintaining the wording of the Bishop 's Bible and other earlier English translations . In about half of these instances , the Authorized Version translators appear to follow the earlier 1550 Greek Textus Receptus of Stephanus . For the other half , Scrivener was usually able to find corresponding Greek readings in the editions of Erasmus , or in the Complutensian Polyglot . However , in several dozen readings he notes that no printed Greek text corresponds to the English of the Authorized Version , which in these places derives directly from the Vulgate . For example , at John 10 : 16 , the Authorized Version reads `` one fold '' ( as did the Bishops ' Bible , and the 16th - century vernacular versions produced in Geneva ) , following the Latin Vulgate `` unum ovile '' , whereas Tyndale had agreed more closely with the Greek , `` one flocke '' ( μία ποίμνη ) . The Authorized Version New Testament owes much more to the Vulgate than does the Old Testament ; still , at least 80 % of the text is unaltered from Tyndale 's translation . Apocrypha ( edit ) Unlike the rest of the Bible , the translators of the Apocrypha identified their source texts in their marginal notes . From these it can be determined that the books of the Apocrypha were translated from the Septuagint -- primarily , from the Greek Old Testament column in the Antwerp Polyglot -- but with extensive reference to the counterpart Latin Vulgate text , and to Junius 's Latin translation . The translators record references to the Sixtine Septuagint of 1587 , which is substantially a printing of the Old Testament text from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , and also to the 1518 Greek Septuagint edition of Aldus Manutius . They had , however , no Greek texts for 2 Esdras , or for the Prayer of Manasses , and Scrivener found that they here used an unidentified Latin manuscript . Sources ( edit ) The translators appear to have otherwise made no first - hand study of ancient manuscript sources , even those that -- like the Codex Bezae -- would have been readily available to them . In addition to all previous English versions ( including , and contrary to their instructions , the Rheimish New Testament which in their preface they criticized ) ; they made wide and eclectic use of all printed editions in the original languages then available , including the ancient Syriac New Testament printed with an interlinear Latin gloss in the Antwerp Polyglot of 1573 . In the preface the translators acknowledge consulting translations and commentaries in Chaldee , Hebrew , Syrian , Greek , Latin , Spanish , French , Italian , and German . The translators took the Bishop 's Bible as their source text , and where they departed from that in favour of another translation , this was most commonly the Geneva Bible . However , the degree to which readings from the Bishop 's Bible survived into final text of the King James Bible varies greatly from company to company , as did the propensity of the King James translators to coin phrases of their own . John Bois 's notes of the General Committee of Review show that they discussed readings derived from a wide variety of versions and patristic sources ; including explicitly both Henry Savile 's 1610 edition of the works of John Chrysostom and the Rheims New Testament , which was the primary source for many of the literal alternative readings provided for the marginal notes . Variations from recent translations ( edit ) Main article : List of major textual variants in the New Testament See also : List of Bible verses not included in modern translations A number of Bible verses in the King James Version of the New Testament are not found in more recent Bible translations , where these are based on modern critical texts . In the early seventeenth century , the source Greek texts of the New Testament used for the production of Protestant bible versions depended mainly on manuscripts of the late Byzantine text - type , and with minor variations contained what became known as the Textus Receptus . With the subsequent identification of much earlier manuscripts , most modern textual scholars value the evidence of manuscripts belonging to the Alexandrian family as better witnesses to the original text of the biblical authors , without giving it , or any family , automatic preference . Style and criticism ( edit ) A primary concern of the translators was to produce an appropriate Bible , dignified and resonant in public reading . Although the Authorized Version 's written style is an important part of its influence on English , research has found only one verse -- Hebrews 13 : 8 -- for which translators debated the wording 's literary merits . While they stated in the preface that they used stylistic variation , finding multiple English words or verbal forms in places where the original language employed repetition , in practice they also did the opposite ; for example , 14 different Hebrew words were translated into the single English word `` prince '' . In a period of rapid linguistic change the translators avoided contemporary idioms , tending instead towards forms that were already slightly archaic , like verily and it came to pass . The pronouns thou / thee and ye / you are consistently used as singular and plural respectively , even though by this time you was often found as the singular in general English usage , especially when addressing a social superior ( as is evidenced , for example , in Shakespeare ) . For the possessive of the third person pronoun , the word its , first recorded in the Oxford English Dictionary in 1598 , is avoided . The older his is usually employed , as for example at Matthew 5 : 13 : `` if the salt have lost his savour , wherewith shall it be salted ? '' ; in other places of it , thereof or bare it are found . Another sign of linguistic conservativism is the invariable use of - eth for the third person singular present form of the verb , as at Matthew 2 : 13 : `` the Angel of the Lord appeareth to Joseph in a dreame '' . The rival ending - ( e ) s , as found in present - day English , was already widely used by this time ( for example , it predominates over - eth in the plays of Shakespeare and Marlowe ) . Furthermore , the translators preferred which to who or whom as the relative pronoun for persons , as in Genesis 13 : 5 : `` And Lot also which went with Abram , had flocks and heards , & tents '' although who ( m ) is also found . The Authorized Version is notably more Latinate than previous English versions , especially the Geneva Bible . This results in part from the academic stylistic preferences of a number of the translators -- several of whom admitted to being more comfortable writing in Latin than in English -- but was also , in part , a consequence of the royal proscription against explanatory notes . Hence , where the Geneva Bible might use a common English word -- and gloss its particular application in a marginal note -- the Authorized Version tends rather to prefer a technical term , frequently in Anglicized Latin . Consequently , although the King had instructed the translators to use the Bishops ' Bible as a base text , the New Testament in particular owes much stylistically to the Catholic Rheims New Testament , whose translators had also been concerned to find English equivalents for Latin terminology . In addition , the translators of the New Testament books transliterate names found in the Old Testament in their Greek forms rather than in the forms closer to the Old Testament Hebrew ( e.g. `` Elias '' and `` Noe '' for `` Elijah '' and `` Noah '' , respectively ) . While the Authorized Version remains among the most widely sold , modern critical New Testament translations differ substantially from it in a number of passages , primarily because they rely on source manuscripts not then accessible to ( or not then highly regarded by ) early 17th - century Biblical scholarship . In the Old Testament , there are also many differences from modern translations that are based not on manuscript differences , but on a different understanding of Ancient Hebrew vocabulary or grammar by the translators . For example , in modern translations it is clear that Job 28 : 1 -- 11 is referring throughout to mining operations , which is not at all apparent from the text of the Authorized Version . Mistranslations ( edit ) The King James version contains several mistranslations ; especially in the Old Testament where the knowledge of Hebrew and cognate languages was uncertain at the time . Most of these are minor and do not significantly change the meaning compared to the source material . Among the most commonly cited errors is in the Hebrew of Job and Deuteronomy , where רֶאֵם `` Re'em '' with the probable meaning of `` wild - ox , aurochs '' , is translated in the KJV as `` unicorn '' ; following in this the Vulgate unicornis and several medieval rabbinic commentators . The translators of the KJV note the alternative rendering , `` rhinocerots '' ( sic ) in the margin at Isaiah 34 : 7 . On a similar note Martin Luther 's German translation had also relied on the Vulgate Latin on this point , consistently translating רֶאֵם using the German word for unicorn , `` Einhorn . '' Otherwise , the translators on several occasions mistakenly interpreted a Hebrew descriptive phrase as a proper name ( or vice versa ) ; as at 2 Samuel 1 : 18 where ' the Book of Jasher ' סֵפֶר הַיׇּשׇׁר properly refers not to a work by an author of that name , but should rather be rendered as `` the Book of the Upright . '' Influence ( edit ) Despite royal patronage and encouragement , there was never any overt mandate to use the new translation . It was not until 1661 that the Authorized Version replaced the Bishops Bible in the Epistle and Gospel lessons of the Book of Common Prayer , and it never did replace the older translation in the Psalter . In 1763 The Critical Review complained that `` many false interpretations , ambiguous phrases , obsolete words and indelicate expressions ... excite the derision of the scorner '' . Blayney 's 1769 version , with its revised spelling and punctuation , helped change the public perception of the Authorized Version to a masterpiece of the English language . By the 19th century , F.W. Faber could say of the translation , `` It lives on the ear , like music that can never be forgotten , like the sound of church bells , which the convert hardly knows how he can forego . '' The Authorized Version has been called `` the most influential version of the most influential book in the world , in what is now its most influential language '' , `` the most important book in English religion and culture '' , and `` the most celebrated book in the English - speaking world '' . David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English , examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind . Furthermore , prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being `` a giant step in the maturing of English literature '' and `` a great work of literature '' , respectively , with Dawkins then adding , `` A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian '' . Although the Authorized Version 's former monopoly in the English - speaking world has diminished -- for example , the Church of England recommends six other versions in addition to it -- it is still the most used translation in the United States , especially as the Scofield Reference Bible for Evangelicals . In addition , in the Orthodox Church in America , the King James Version is used liturgically , and was made `` the ' official ' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox '' . The later Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , in vogue today , also uses the King James Version . The King James Version is also one of the versions authorized to be used in the services of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion , as it is the historical Bible of this Church . Copyright status ( edit ) The Authorized Version is in the public domain in most of the world . However , in the United Kingdom , the right to print , publish and distribute it is a Royal prerogative and the Crown licenses publishers to reproduce it under letters patent . In England , Wales and Northern Ireland the letters patent are held by the Queen 's Printer , and in Scotland by the Scottish Bible Board . The office of Queen 's Printer has been associated with the right to reproduce the Bible for centuries , the earliest known reference coming in 1577 . In the 18th century all surviving interests in the monopoly were bought out by John Baskett . The Baskett rights descended through a number of printers and , in England , Wales and Northern Ireland , the Queen 's Printer is now Cambridge University Press , who inherited the right when they took over the firm of Eyre & Spottiswoode in 1990 . Other royal charters of similar antiquity grant Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press the right to produce the Authorized Version independently of the Queen 's Printer . In Scotland the Authorized Version is published by Collins under licence from the Scottish Bible Board . The terms of the letters patent prohibit any other than the holders , or those authorized by the holders , from printing , publishing or importing the Authorized Version into the United Kingdom . The protection that the Authorized Version , and also the Book of Common Prayer , enjoy is the last remnant of the time when the Crown held a monopoly over all printing and publishing in the United Kingdom . Almost all provisions granting copyright in perpetuity were abolished by the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 , but because the Authorized Version is protected by royal prerogative rather than copyright , it will remain protected , as specified in CDPA s171 ( 1 ) ( b ) . Permission ( edit ) Cambridge University Press permits the reproduction of at most 500 verses for `` liturgical and non-commercial educational use '' if their prescribed acknowledgement is included , the quoted verses do not exceed 25 % of the publication quoting them and do not include a complete Bible book . For use beyond this , the Press is willing to consider permission requested on a case - by - case basis and in 2011 a spokesman said the Press generally does not charge a fee but tries to ensure that a reputable source text is used . Apocrypha ( edit ) Further information on the Apocrypha : Biblical canon Translations of the books of the Biblical apocrypha were necessary for the King James version , as readings from these books were included in the daily Old Testament lectionary of the Book of Common Prayer . Protestant Bibles in the 16th century included the books of the Apocrypha -- generally , following the Luther Bible , in a separate section between the Old and New Testaments to indicate they were not considered part of the Old Testament text -- and there is evidence that these were widely read as popular literature , especially in Puritan circles ; The Apocrypha of the King James Version has the same 14 books as had been found in the Apocrypha of the Bishop 's Bible ; however , following the practice of the Geneva Bible , the first two books of the Apocrypha were renamed 1 Esdras and 2 Esdras , as compared to the names in the Thirty - nine Articles , with the corresponding Old Testament books being renamed Ezra and Nehemiah . Starting in 1630 , volumes of the Geneva Bible were occasionally bound with the pages of the Apocrypha section excluded . In 1644 the Long Parliament forbade the reading of the Apocrypha in Church and in 1666 the first editions of the King James Bible without the Apocrypha were bound . The standardization of the text of the Authorized Version after 1769 together with the technological development of stereotype printing made it possible to produce Bibles in large print - runs at very low unit prices . For commercial and charitable publishers , editions of the Authorized Version without the Apocrypha reduced the cost , while having increased market appeal to non-Anglican Protestant readers . With the rise of the Bible societies , most editions have omitted the whole section of Apocryphal books . The British and Foreign Bible Society withdrew subsidies for bible printing and dissemination in 1826 , under the following resolution : That the funds of the Society be applied to the printing and circulation of the Canonical Books of Scripture , to the exclusion of those Books and parts of Books usually termed Apocryphal ; The American Bible Society adopted a similar policy . Both societies eventually reversed these policies in light of 20th - century ecumenical efforts on translations , the ABS doing so in 1964 and the BFBS in 1966 . King James only movement ( edit ) Main article : King James Only movement The King James Only movement advocates the superiority of the King James Version over all other English translations . Most adherents of the movement believe that the Textus Receptus is very close , if not identical , to the original autographs thereby making it the ideal Greek source for the translation . They argue that most modern English translations are based on a corrupted New Testament text that relies primarily on the Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus manuscripts . See also ( edit ) Anglicanism portal Bible errata Bible translations Bishop 's Bible Dynamic and formal equivalence List of books of the King James Version Modern English Bible translations § King James Versions and derivatives Red letter edition Tyndale Bible Young 's Literal Translation Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ `` And now at last , ... it being brought unto such a conclusion , as that we have great hope that the Church of England ( sic ) shall reape good fruit thereby ... '' Jump up ^ The Royal Privilege was a virtual monopoly . Jump up ^ The Holy Bible , an Exact Reprint Page for Page of the Authorized Version Published in the Year MDCXI . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1833 ( reprints , ISBN 0 - 8407 - 0041 - 5 , 1565631625 ) . According to J.R. Dore , the edition `` so far as it goes , represents the edition of 1611 so completely that it may be consulted with as much confidence as an original . The spelling , punctuation , italics , capitals , and distribution into lines and pages are all followed with the most scrupulous care . It is , however , printed in Roman instead of black letter type . '' Jump up ^ Genesis 4 : 1 Jump up ^ Genesis 2 : 4 `` אלה תולדות השמים והארץ בהבראם ביום עשות יהוה אלהים ארץ ושמים '' Jump up ^ e.g. Matthew 7 : 27 : `` great was the fall of it . '' , Matthew 2 : 16 : `` in Bethlehem , and in all the coasts thereof '' , Leviticus 25 : 5 : `` That which groweth of it owne accord of thy harvest '' . ( Leviticus 25 : 5 is changed to its in many modern printings ) . Jump up ^ e.g. at Genesis 3 : 12 : `` The woman whom thou gavest to be with mee '' Jump up ^ That which is most used liturgically is the King James Version . It has a long and honorable tradition in our Church in America . Professor Orloff used it for his translations at the end of the last century , and Isabel Hapgood 's Service Book of 1906 and 1922 made it the `` official '' translation for a whole generation of American Orthodox . Unfortunately , both Orloff and Hapgood used a different version for the Psalms ( that of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer ) , thereby giving us two translations in the same services . This was rectified in 1949 by the Service Book of the Antiochian Archdiocese , which replaced the Prayer Book psalms with those from the King James Version and made some other corrections . This beautiful translation , reproducing the stately prose of 1611 , was the work of Fathers Upson and Nicholas . It is still in widespread use to this day , and has familiarized thousands of believers with the KJV . Jump up ^ The only other perpetual copyright grants Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children `` a right to a royalty in respect of the public performance , commercial publication or communication to the public of the play ' Peter Pan ' by Sir James Matthew Barrie , or of any adaptation of that work , notwithstanding that copyright in the work expired on 31st December 1987 '' . See CDPA 1988 s301 Citations Jump up ^ Cloud 2006 . Jump up ^ KJV Dedicatorie 1611 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 435 . Jump up ^ Hill 1997 , pp. 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` 400 years of the King James Bible '' . The Times Literary Supplement. 9 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 8 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The King James Bible : The Book That Changed the World - BBC Two '' . BBC . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 436 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Cross & Livingstone 1974 , Authorised Version of the Bible . ^ Jump up to : Douglas 1974 , Bible ( English Versions ) . Jump up ^ Hobbes 2010 , Chapter XXXV . Jump up ^ Pearse 1761 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kimber 1775 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Butler 1807 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Holmes 1815 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Horne 1818 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams , Thacher & Emerson 1811 , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Hacket 1715 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Anon 1814 , p. 356 . Jump up ^ Anon 1783 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Newcome 1792 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Anon 1801 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Authorized Version '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 1989 . Jump up ^ Smith 1814 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Chapman 1856 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Anon 1856 , pp. 530 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 292 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 304 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 344 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Valpy , Michael ( 5 February 2011 ) . `` How the mighty has fallen : The King James Bible turns 400 '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 433 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 442 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Wallechinsky & Wallace 1975 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 257 . Jump up ^ DeCoursey 2003 , pp. 331 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , pp. 223 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 309 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 310 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 451 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 455 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 520 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 4557 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Anon 1996 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , pp. 313 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Procter & Frere 1902 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hague 1948 , p. 353 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 459 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Hill 1993 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 936 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 457 . ^ Jump up to : Bobrick 2001 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 489 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 147 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 619 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1142 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Herbert 1968 , p. 1196 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Prickett & Carroll 2008 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dore 1888 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 691 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Norton 2006 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 685 . Jump up ^ Chadwick 1970 , pp. 40 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , pp. 115 , 126 . ^ Jump up to : White 2009 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 765 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Norton 2005 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Settings of the King James Bible '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ tbsbibles.org ( 2013 ) . `` Editorial Report '' ( PDF ) . Quarterly Record . Trinitarian Bible Society . 603 ( 2nd Quarter ) : 10 -- 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CUP letter '' ( PDF ) . ourkjv.com . Retrieved 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 792 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce ( 1968 ) . Historical and Literary Studies . Brill . p. 144 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ The Jewish Publication Society Tanakh , copyright 1985 Jump up ^ Daiches 1968 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , pp. 243 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 448 . ^ Jump up to : Scrivener 1884 , p. 47 . Jump up ^ Scrivener 1884 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Daniell 2003 , p. 440 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. xxv . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ KJV Translators to the Reader 1611 . Jump up ^ Bois , Allen & Walker 1969 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , pp. 103 -- 06 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 216 . Jump up ^ Metzger 1964 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 153 -- 54 . ^ Jump up to : Barber 1997 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 150 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , pp. 166 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Barber 1997 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Bobrick 2001 , p. 252 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Bruce 2002 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the King James Version ? by William W. Combs '' ( PDF ) . DBSJ. 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BibleGateway - : Einhorn '' . www.biblegateway.com . Jump up ^ Hall 1881 . Jump up ^ `` When the King Saved God '' . Vanity Fair . 2011 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why I want all our children to read the King James Bible '' . The Guardian . 20 May 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Biblical Studies '' . Department of Christian Education -- Orthodox Church in America . 2014 . Retrieved 28 April 2014 . Jump up ^ The Canons of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church : Canon 2 : Of Translations of the Bible Archived 24 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Metzger & Coogan 1993 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ `` Bibles '' . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shakespeare 's Globe takes issue with the Queen over Bible royalties - The Daily Telegraph '' . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Queen 's Printer 's Patent '' . Cambridge University Press . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . We grant permission to use the text , and license printing or the importation for sale within the UK , as long as we are assured of acceptable quality and accuracy . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Hill 1993 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Kenyon 1909 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Daniell 2003 , p. 622 . Jump up ^ Browne 1859 , pp. 362 -- . Jump up ^ Melton 2005 , p. 38 . References ( edit ) Adams , David Phineas ; Thacher , Samuel Cooper ; Emerson , William ( 1811 ) . The Monthly Anthology , and Boston Review . Munroe and Francis . Anon ( 1783 ) . A call to the Jews . J. Johnson . Anon ( 1801 ) . The Anti-Jacobin Review and Magazine . J. Whittle . Anon ( 1814 ) . Missionary Register . Seeley , Jackson , & Halliday for the Church Missionary Society . Anon ( 1856 ) . The Original Secession Magazine . vol . ii . Edinburgh : Moodie and Lothian . Anon ( 1996 ) . The Elizabeth Perkins Prothro Bible Collection : A Checklist . Bridwell Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 941881 - 19 - 7 . Barber , Charles Laurence ( 1997 ) . Early modern English ( second ed . ) . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 0 - 7486 - 0835 - 4 . Bobrick , Benson ( 2001 ) . Wide as the waters : the story of the English Bible and the revolution it inspired . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84747 - 7 . Bois , John ; Allen , Ward ; Walker , Anthony ( 1969 ) . Translating for King James ; being a true copy of the only notes made by a translator of King James 's Bible , the Authorized Version , as the Final Committee of Review revised the translation of Romans through Revelation at Stationers ' Hall in London in 1610 -- 1611 . Taken by John Bois ... these notes were for three centuries lost , and only now are come to light , through a copy made by the hand of William Fulman . Here translated and edited by Ward Allen . Nashville : Vanderbilt University Press . OCLC 607818272 . Browne , George ( 1859 ) . History of the British and Foreign Bible Society . Bruce , Frederick Fyvie ( 2002 ) . History of the Bible in English . Cambridge : Lutterworth Press . ISBN 0 - 7188 - 9032 - 9 . Butler , Charles ( 1807 ) . Horae Biblicae . Vol 1 ( fourth ed . ) . London : J. White . OCLC 64048851 . Chadwick , Owen ( 1970 ) . The Victorian Church Part II . Edinburgh : A&C Black . ISBN 0 - 334 - 02410 - 2 . Chapman , James L. ( 1856 ) . Americanism versus Romanism : or the cis - Atlantic battle between Sam and the pope . Nashville , TN : the author . OCLC 1848388 . Cloud , David ( 2006 ) . `` Is n't the King James Bible too Antiquated and Difficult to Understand ? '' . Way of Life Literature . Archived from the original on 14 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Daiches , David ( 1968 ) . The King James Version of the English Bible : An Account of the Development and Sources of the English Bible of 1611 With Special Reference to the Hebrew Tradition . Hamden , Conn : Archon Books . ISBN 0 - 208 - 00493 - 9 . Daniell , David ( 2003 ) . The Bible in English : its history and influence . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09930 - 4 . DeCoursey , Matthew ( 2003 ) . Edward A. Malone , ed . British Rhetoricians and Logicians , 1500 - 1660 : Second series . Gale Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 6025 - 3 . Dore , John Read ( 1888 ) . Old Bibles : An Account of the Early Versions of the English Bible . 2nd edition . Eyre and Spottiswoode . Douglas , James Dixon , ed. ( 1974 ) . New International Dictionary of the Christian Church . Zondervan . Melton , J. Gordon ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6983 - 5 . Hacket , John ( 1715 ) . Bishop Hacket 's Memoirs of the Life of Archbishop Williams ... Abridg 'd : With the Most Remarkable Occurrences and Transactions in Church and State . Sam . Briscoe . Hague , Dyson ( 1948 ) . Through the Prayer Book . Church Book Room Press . Hall , Isaac Hollister ( 1881 ) . The Revised New Testament and History of Revisions . Hubbard Bros . Herbert , A.S. ( 1968 ) . Historical Catalogue of Printed Editions of the English Bible , 1525 - 1961 , Etc . British and Foreign Bible Society . Hill , Christopher ( 1993 ) . The English Bible and the seventeenth - century revolution . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 0 - 7139 - 9078 - 3 . Hill , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Society and Puritanism in pre-revolutionary England . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17432 - 2 . Hobbes , Thomas ( 2010 ) . Leviathan . Broadview Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55481 - 003 - 1 . Holmes , A. ( 1815 ) . `` An Historical sketch of the English translations of the Bible '' . In Worcester , Noah . The Christian Disciple . Vol . iii . Boston , MA : Cummings & Hilliard . Horne , Thomas Hartwell ( 1818 ) . An introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy Scriptures , Volume 2 . London : T. Cadell and A Davies . Kenyon , Sir Frederic G. ( 1909 ) . `` English Versions '' . In James Hastings . Hastings ' Dictionary of the Bible . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56563 - 915 - 7 . Kimber , Isaac ( 1775 ) . The history of England , from the earliest accounts , to the accession of his present Majesty King George III ( fifth ed . ) . London : J. Buckland . OCLC 14263883 . `` Epistle Dedicatorie '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . `` Translators to the Reader '' . The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible . Wikisource. 1611 . Metzger , Bruce M. ( 1964 ) . The Text of the New Testament . Clarendon . Metzger , Bruce M. ; Coogan , Michael D. , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Bible . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 504645 - 5 . Procter , Francis ; Frere , Walter Howard ( 1902 ) . A New History of the Book of Common Prayer . MacMillan & Co . Newcome , William ( 1792 ) . Historical View of the English Biblical Translations . Norton , David ( 2005 ) . A Textual History of the King James Bible . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77100 - 5 . Norton , David , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Bible . Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 144151 - 8 . Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1974 ) . Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church . Oxford University Press . Pearse , Salem ( 1761 ) . `` A Brief Account of the various Translations of the Bible into English '' . The Second Part of the Celestial Diary . London : Robert Brown . p. 79 . Prickett , Stephen ; Carroll , Robert P. , eds. ( 2008 ) . The Bible : Authorized King James Version . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 953594 - 9 . Scrivener , Frederick Henry Ambrose ( 1884 ) . The Authorized Edition of the English Bible , 1611 , its subsequent reprints and modern representatives . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Smith , William ( 1814 ) . The reasonableness of setting forth the most worthy praise of Almighty God : according to the usage of the primitive church . New York : T. and J. Swords . OCLC 3512140 . Story , G.M. ( 1967 ) . Lancelot Andrewes Sermons . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1975 ) . The People 's Almanac . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 04186 - 7 . White , James R. ( 2009 ) . The King James Only Controversy : Can You Trust Modern Translations ? . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7642 - 0605 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Chronological order of publication ( newest first ) Burke , David G. , John F. Kutsko , and Philip H. Towner , eds . The King James Version at 400 : Assessing Its Genius as Bible Translation and Its Literary Influence ( Society of Biblical Literature ; 2013 ) 553 pages ; scholars examine such topics as the KJV and 17th - century religious lyric , the KJV and the language of liturgy , and the KJV in Christian Orthodox perspective . McGrath , Alister E. ( 2002 ) . In the beginning : the story of the King James Bible and how it changed a nation , a language and a culture . New York : Anchor Books , a Division of Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 385 - 72216 - 8 . Nicolson , Adam ( 2003 ) . Power and Glory : Jacobean England and the Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 710893 - 1 . In US : ( 2003 ) . God 's secretaries : the making of the King James Bible . London : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 018516 - 3 . Paperback : ( 2011 ) . When God Spoke English : The Making of the King James Bible . London : HarperPress . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 743100 - 7 . The Diary Of Samuel Ward : A Translator Of The 1611 King James Bible , edited by John Wilson Cowart and M.M. Knappen , contains surviving pages of Samuel Ward 's diary from 11 May 1595 to 1 July 1632 . Ward , Thomas ( 1903 ) . Errata of the Protestant Bible ( i.e. mostly of the Authorized `` King James '' Version ) ; or , The Truth of the English Translations Examined , in a Treatise Showing Some of the Errors That Are to Be Found in the English Translations of the Sacred Scriptures , Used by Protestants ... A new ed. , carefully rev. and corr. , in which are add ( itions ) ... New York : P.J. Kennedy and Sons . N.B. : A polemical Roman Catholic work , first published in the late 17th century . Keay , Julia ( 2005 ) . Alexander the Corrector : the tormented genius who unwrote the Bible . London : Harper Perennial . ISBN 0 - 00 - 713196 - 8 . Hallihan , C.P. ( 2010 ) . Authorized Version : A Wonderful and Unfinished History . Trinitarian Bible Society . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86228 - 049 - 6 . Published to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the initial publication , in 1611 , of the Authorized ( `` King James '' ) Version of the Bible Ehrman , Bart D. ( 2005 ) . Misquoting Jesus : the story behind who changed the Bible and why . San Francisco : HarperSanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . Collection of English Almanacs for the Years 1702 -- 1835 . 1761 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : King James Version Wikisource has original text related to this article : Authorized King James Version Wikimedia Commons has media related to King James Bible . `` King James Version ( text of original 1611 Bible ) '' . kingjamesbibleonline.org . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Online searchable database of the original 1611 text , including the Apocrypha and introductory text . It also contains the 1769 standard edition . `` Online gallery : Sacred texts : King James Bible '' . British Library . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line image of a page ( beginning of St John 's gospel ) with a written description by the British Library . `` The Holy Bible , conteyning the Old Testament , and the New . Imprinted at London : By Robert Barker ... , 1611 '' . Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Imaging , University of Pennsylvania Library . Archived from the original on 11 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2007 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible , `` He '' Bible variant . `` King James Version ( facsimile of alternative 1611 edition , `` She '' Bible ) `` . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . On - line facsimile ( page images ) of the 1611 printing of the King James Bible . `` King James Version of the Bible : Alexander Scourby , narrator ( 1966 ) -- Essay by Cary O'Dell '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Brief history of Alexander Scourby 's narration of King James Bible on the Library of Congress website . `` King James Bible in EPUB and MOBI formats '' . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . The King James Bible in EPUB e MOBI formats for Amazon Kindle and other eBook readers . King James Version Accessible reading online . King James Version Text Source Masoretic Text ( OT ) Textus Receptus ( NT ) Derivative New King James Version ( NKJV ) 21st Century King James Version ( KJ21 ) Third Millennium Bible ( TMB ) Divine Name King James Bible ( DNKJB ) Translators Westminster Lancelot Andrewes , John Overall , Hadrian à Saravia , Richard Clarke , John Layfield , Robert Tighe , Francis Burleigh , Geoffrey King , Richard Thomson , William Bedwell William Barlow , John Spenser , Roger Fenton , Ralph Hutchinson , William Dakins , Michael Rabbet , Thomas Sanderson ( who probably had already become Archdeacon of Rochester ) Oxford John Harding , John Rainolds ( or Reynolds ) , Thomas Holland , Richard Kilby , Miles Smith , Richard Brett , Daniel Fairclough , William Thorne , Thomas Ravis , George Abbot , Richard Eedes , Giles Tomson , Sir Henry Savile , John Peryn , Ralph Ravens , John Harmar , John Aglionby , Leonard Hutten Cambridge Edward Lively , John Richardson , Lawrence Chaderton , Francis Dillingham , Roger Andrewes , Thomas Harrison , Robert Spaulding , Andrew Bing , John Duport , William Branthwaite , Jeremiah Radcliffe , Samuel Ward , Andrew Downes , John Bois , Robert Ward , Thomas Bilson , Richard Bancroft Technique Formal equivalence Theology King James Only movement Verbal plenary preservation English - language translations of the Bible 5th -- 11th century Wessex Gospels Hatton gospels Old English Hexateuch Old English Bible translations Middle English Wycliffe Middle English Bible translations 16th -- 17th century Tyndale Coverdale Matthew Great Bible Taverner Geneva Bishops ' Douay -- Rheims ( DRV ) King James ( KJV ) 18th -- 19th century Challoner Brenton 's Septuagint Webster 's Young 's Literal ( YLT ) Revised ( RV ) Living Oracles Darby Emphatic Diaglott Joseph Smith Quaker Julia E. 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why is the bible called the king james version

It was first printed by Robert Barker , the King 's Printer , and was the third translation into English approved by the English Church authorities : The first had been the Great Bible , commissioned in the reign of King Henry VIII ( 1535 ) , and the second had been the Bishops ' Bible , commissioned in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I ( 1568 ) . In January 1604 , King James I convened the Hampton Court Conference , where a new English version was conceived in response to the problems of the earlier translations perceived by the Puritans , a faction of the Church of England . The translation is noted for its `` majesty of style '' , and has been described as one of the most important books in English culture and a driving force in the shaping of the English - speaking world .

It 's Complicated ( film ) - wikipedia It 's Complicated ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search It 's Complicated Theatrical release poster Directed by Nancy Meyers Produced by Nancy Meyers Scott Rudin Written by Nancy Meyers Starring Meryl Streep Steve Martin Alec Baldwin John Krasinski Music by Hans Zimmer Heitor Pereira Cinematography John Toll Edited by Joe Hutshing David Moritz Production company Relativity Media Waverly Films Scott Rudin Productions Dentsu Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date December 25 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $219.1 million It 's Complicated is a 2009 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Nancy Meyers . It stars Meryl Streep as a successful bakery owner and single mother of three who starts a secret affair with her former husband , played by Alec Baldwin , ten years after their divorce -- only to find herself drawn to another man : her architect Adam ( portrayed by Steve Martin ) . The film also features supporting performances by Lake Bell , Hunter Parrish , Zoe Kazan , John Krasinski , Mary Kay Place , Robert Curtis Brown and Rita Wilson , among others . The film was met with average reviews from critics , who praised the acting of its ensemble cast but declared its story rather predictable . It became another commercial hit for Meyers , however , upon its Christmas Day 2009 opening release in the United States and Canada . It played well through the holidays and in to January 2010 , ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million . Worldwide , It 's Complicated eventually grossed $219.1 million , and surpassed The Holiday ( 2006 ) to become Meyer 's third highest - grossing project to date . For their performances , the cast was awarded a National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Award for Best Ensemble Cast the same year . In addition , the film was nominated at both the Critics ' Choice Awards and the Satellite Awards and garnered Meyers two Golden Globe nominations , including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and Best Screenplay . Streep and Baldwin each were individually recognized with Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor nominations at the Golden Globe and BAFTA award ceremonies , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Jane ( Meryl Streep ) , who owns a successful bakery in Santa Barbara , California , and Jake Adler ( Alec Baldwin ) , a successful attorney , divorced ten years earlier . They had three children together , two girls and a boy , who are grown . Jake , who was cheating on Jane , married the much younger Agness ( Lake Bell ) . Jane and Jake attend their son Luke 's graduation from college in New York City . After a dinner together , the two begin an affair , which continues in Santa Barbara . Jane is torn about the affair ; Jake is not . While Agness has Jake scheduled for regular sessions at a fertility clinic , Jake is secretly taking medication to increase sperm count for fertility , a side effect of which can cause dizziness . After one of his sessions he has a lunchtime rendezvous with Jane at a hotel . Jake collapses in the hotel room and a doctor is called . The doctor speculates that the reason for Jake 's distress may be the medication and says he should stop taking it . Jake and Jane 's children know nothing of the affair , but Harley ( John Krasinski ) , who is engaged to their daughter Lauren , spots the pair and the doctor in the hotel , but keeps silent . Adam ( Steve Martin ) is an architect hired to remodel Jane 's home . Still healing from a divorce of his own , he begins to fall in love with Jane . On the night of Luke 's graduation party in Santa Barbara , Jane invites Adam to the party . She is stoned when he picks her up because she has smoked a marijuana joint that Jake had given her earlier . Before going into the party , Adam smokes some of the joint with Jane . Once inside , they are laughing and happily high , Jake becomes jealous observing them , and after pressing Jane , smokes some with her also . Agness then observes Jake and Jane dancing together and realizes they are having an affair . When they leave the party , Adam asks Jane if they could have something to eat . Jane takes him to her bakery and they make chocolate croissants together . Jake and Agness separate , although it is not clear who leaves whom . Eventually by a webcam in Jane 's bedroom , Adam sees Jake naked and realizes that the two have been having an affair . Adam tells Jane he can not continue seeing her because it will only lead to heartbreak . Jane 's kids also find out , and they are not happy about Mom and Dad getting together again because they are still recovering from the divorce . Jane tells them she is not getting back with Jake . Jane and Jake talk and end their affair on amicable terms . The film ends with Adam at Jane 's house ready to commence the remodeling . Before the credits roll , Jane and Adam are seen laughing about the chocolate croissants while walking into her house . Cast ( edit ) Meryl Streep as Jane Adler , a successful bakery owner . Steve Martin as Adam Schaffer , Jane 's architect . Alec Baldwin as Jacob `` Jake '' Adler , Jane 's ex-husband . Lake Bell as Agness Adler , Jake 's wife . Hunter Parrish as Luke David Adler , Jane and Jake 's son . Zoe Kazan as Gabby Adler , Jane and Jake 's younger daughter . Caitlin Fitzgerald as Lauren Adler , Jane and Jake 's older daughter . John Krasinski as Harley , Lauren 's fiancé . Mary Kay Place as Joanne Rita Wilson as Trisha Alexandra Wentworth as Diane James Patrick Stuart as Dr. Moss , the plastic surgeon Blanchard Ryan as Annalise Michael Rivera as Eddie Robert Curtis Brown as Peter Peter Mackenzie as Dr. Alan , Jane 's therapist . Rosalie Ward as Alex Jimmy Clabots as Chase Emjay Anthony as Pedro Adler Emily Kinney as Waitress . Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) It 's Complicated marked Steve Martin 's third collaboration with director Nancy Meyers . In May 2008 , Nancy Meyers agreed to a project for Universal Studios that she would write and direct , to be co-produced with Scott Rudin . The project was referred to as The Untitled Nancy Meyers Project during its inception and early production . Establishing commitments from the principals began in 2008 , with Meryl Streep and Alec Baldwin entering discussions in August , and Steve Martin joining the cast in October . Casting continued through 2009 , with Zoe Kazan , Lake Bell , and Hunter Parrish joining in January , John Krasinski in February , Rita Wilson in March , and Caitlin Fitzgerald in June . Filming ( edit ) While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara , California , most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City . Principal photography began on February 18 , 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough , where the interior scenes of Jane 's house were shot . Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York , including Picnic House , a large , studio - sized structure in Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , where Jane 's bakery was built inside ; the facilities at Sarabeth 's Bakery in the Chelsea Market ; and a commercial loft building in New York 's Chelsea district , where scenes at Adam 's architecture office were filmed in . As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow : New Songs for the Five - String Banjo ( 2009 ) , his schedule required the team to complete shooting his scenes during the first two months of filming . Though set in Santa Barbara , the film was primarily shot in New York City . In April 2009 , the company relocated to Los Angeles , where cast and crew started filming scenes taking place outside Jane 's house , for which a ranch house located in Thousand Oaks in the north of Los Angeles was used . In mid-April , the crew spent a few days filming exteriors in Montecito and Santa Barbara -- just days before wildfires took a heavy toll on the area . Additional scenes were taken in front of numerous downtown landmarks , including the Santa Barbara County Courthouse and the El Paseo section . Afterwards , the team returned to Los Angeles for completion of the scenes at Jane 's house and for the filming at the Bel - Air Bay Club in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood . In early May , principal photography returned to Brooklyn for completion . For Luke 's graduation scenes , shooting took place at St. John 's University in Queens and on Park Avenue in Manhattan . Several different locations stood in for the fictional Park Regent hotel : While a Donald Trump - owned residence building on Park Avenue and 59th Street was used for exterior shots , the lobby and Jane 's hotel room were in the JW Marriott Essex House . The hotel bar was the interior of a restaurant on Tenth Avenue . Filming eventually completed in August 2009 . The sets were easy to design . Most scenes take place in the protagonist 's home and interior courtyard , and as such the architectural details had to be fastidiously worked out , but the rooms were kept bare to reflect the character 's functional tastes and limited budget . There are relatively few decorations , just `` a bunch of thrift - store things haphazardly thrown together '' , in the words of production designer Jon Hutman . The building itself is a traditional 1920s Spanish - ranch - style adobe - mud house which `` epitomised the Santa Barbara area . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) It 's Complicated received mixed reviews from film critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 57 % based on 172 reviews , with an average score of 5.8 / 10 . According to the website , the critical consensus is : `` Despite fine work by an appealing cast , It 's Complicated is predictable romantic comedy fare , going for broad laughs instead of subtlety and nuance . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , gave the film a score of 57 out of 100 , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Baldwin and Streep received generally positive reviews from critics for their performances in It 's Complicated . Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe called the film `` the most emotionally sophisticated of all Meyers 's fantasies '' and praised the acting performances in it . He noted that the film felt like `` a made - for - Meryl film ( in which ) Streep deploys all her best moves ( ... ) in movie star mode , and she 's irresistible , '' and declared Baldwin a worthy match to her , writing : `` It 's Complicated unleashes an unabashedly , desperately romantic side of Baldwin that we have n't seen before . He does n't steal this movie so much as grant all Streep 's fluttering and twirling and hand - fanning an exuberant counterweight . '' In his review for the Washington Post , Michael O'Sullivan called the film a `` very grown - up -- and very funny -- love story ( which ) manages to be both light on its feet and heavy enough to deliver something of a message . '' He concluded : `` Food Network porn , hot , middle - age sex and a happy , if slightly bittersweet , ending . For a particular audience -- but not just for that audience -- what 's not to love ? '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the film an `` unapologetic chick flick '' and wrote that `` you do n't have to feel guilty for lapping up this froth . Just do n't expect nourishment . '' He rated the film two and a half stars out of four . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times also gave it the same rating and called the film a prime example of Meyer 's established `` cottage industry of movies about romantically inclined middle - aged people . '' He found praise for the cast of both Baldwin and Streep , the latter of which he felt `` inspires as so often our belief that she 's good at everything she does , '' but noted that while the film contained `` funny stuff '' and likeable characters , It 's Complicated was more of `` a rearrangement of the goods in Nancy Meyers ' bakery , and some of them belong on the day - old shelf . '' Writing for Time magazine , Mary Pols complimented Streep 's `` radiant , funny and endearingly vulnerable '' performance and Meyers ' `` clever and fresh ( ... ) intent in showing the reality of the fantasy coming true . '' She , however , felt that It 's Complicated `` is positioned more as a which - guy - will - she - choose story '' which misses `` dramatic tension to feed that plot line . '' Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - rating and declared the film a `` middle - aged porn , the specialty of Meyers , who also set ladies and interior decorators drooling over homes and gardens in 2006 's The Holiday . '' Lou Lumenick from New York Post stated that it `` coulda had more laughs , but in the spirit of seasonal good cheer , let me predict that the best - chocolate - croissant - making montage in Hollywood history is going to help this one clean up at the box office . '' He found that Martin seemed `` uncomfortable in his thankless role , '' while `` Streep and Baldwin , though , seem to be thoroughly enjoying themselves '' and compared the film to Noël Coward 's classic farce Private Lives . Salon.com writer Stephanie Zacharek dismissed the film as `` another missive from romantic - comedy hell , '' and felt that `` Alec Baldwin -- in his undershorts , no less -- saves Nancy Meyers ' latest midlife whingefest . '' Box office ( edit ) Released on December 25 , 2009 in the United States , the film opened in 2,887 locations and placed fourth on the US box office after its first weekend . It charted behind Avatar , Sherlock Holmes , and Alvin and the Chipmunks : The Squeakquel with $22,100,820 , scoring a $7,655 average income per theatre . It played well through the holidays and into January 2010 , ultimately closing on April 1 with $112.7 million in North America and a total of $214,727,200 worldwide . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards Award Recipient ( s ) Outcome Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Film Film Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Meryl Streep Nominated Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy Nancy Meyers Nominated Best Screenplay Nancy Meyers Nominated National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Awards Best Ensemble Cast Film Won Satellite Awards Best Film -- Musical or Comedy Film Nominated BAFTA Awards Best Supporting Actor Alec Baldwin Nominated Home Media ( edit ) It 's Complicated became available on DVD and Blu - ray Tuesday , April 27 , 2010. . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Meryl Streep 's got legs '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . With the exception of `` It 's Complicated '' , with a budget of $75 million ( ... ) Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( December 28 , 2009 ) . `` Holiday box - office take is highest in recent history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 3 , 2010 . ( ... ) `` It 's Complicated '' , which stars Meryl Streep , was n't particularly impressive given its budget of about $85 million . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 7 , 2009 ) . `` Meryl Streep on the prowl in ' Its Complicated '' trailer `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nancy Meyers Filmography '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 7 , 2008 ) . `` Universal woos next Meyers movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Streep in deep with Meyers '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` Baldwin flirts with romantic comedy '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 13 , 2008 ) . `` Steve Martin joins Nancy Meyers film '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` Meyers casts Kazan , Bell , Parrish '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` John Krasinski Boards Untitled Nancy Meyers Project '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Stuart ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Wilson in demand '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Players '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : `` It 's Complicated - Production Notes '' . Universal Studios . Writingstudio.co.za . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Reuters , Thomas ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Still the love interest '' . Screen . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Penny ( 2010 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Home movies '' . Herald Sun . p . Home magazine , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Wesley ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) . `` It 's Complicated '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` bg '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 2009 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Movie review : ' It 's Complicated , ' with Meryl Streep , is funny food for thought '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 - 12 - 23 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( Review ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Pols , Mary ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Time . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 2009 - 12 - 30 ) . `` It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Lumenick , Lou ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Status update : It 's cheesy '' . New York Post . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Another missive from romantic - comedy hell '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Universal takes a public spanking for its movie flops '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Pictures ' Fall / Holiday 2009 Sneak Preview ! '' . Movieweb . August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations and Winners '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . December 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Universal Store '' . External links ( edit ) Official website It 's Complicated on IMDb It 's Complicated at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Nancy Meyers The Parent Trap ( 1998 ) What Women Want ( 2000 ) Something 's Gotta Give ( 2003 ) The Holiday ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated ( 2009 ) The Intern ( 2015 ) Films produced by Scott Rudin Revenge of the Stepford Wives I 'm Dancing as Fast as I Can Reckless Mrs. Soffel Pacific Heights Regarding Henry Little Man Tate The Addams Family White Sands Life with Mikey The Firm Searching for Bobby Fischer Addams Family Values Sister Act 2 : Back in the Habit Nobody 's Fool Clueless Sabrina Mother The First Wives Club Ransom Marvin 's Room In & Out Twilight The Truman Show A Civil Action Bringing Out the Dead Sleepy Hollow Angela 's Ashes Wonder Boys Rules of Engagement Shaft Zoolander The Royal Tenenbaums Iris Orange County Changing Lanes The Hours Marci X School of Rock The Stepford Wives The Manchurian Candidate The Village I Heart Huckabees Team America : World Police The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou Freedomland Failure to Launch Notes on a Scandal No Country for Old Men The Darjeeling Limited Margot at the Wedding Stop - Loss Doubt Revolutionary Road Fantastic Mr. Fox It 's Complicated Greenberg The Social Network True Grit Margaret Moneyball The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close Moonrise Kingdom The Dictator Frances Ha Captain Phillips Inside Llewyn Davis The Grand Budapest Hotel Rosewater Top Five While We 're Young Aloha Steve Jobs Zoolander 2 Fences The Meyerowitz Stories Lady Bird The Legacy of a Whitetail Deer Hunter Isle of Dogs Mid-90s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Complicated_(film)&oldid=799278246 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films Films directed by Nancy Meyers 2000s romantic comedy films Universal Pictures films Relativity Media films American sex comedy films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American films Comedy of remarriage films Films set in Santa Barbara , California Films set in California Films set in New York City Film scores by Hans Zimmer Films produced by Scott Rudin Screenplays by Nancy Meyers Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote አማርኛ Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 19 : 00 . 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where was the movie it's complicated filmed

While the majority of the film is set in Santa Barbara , California , most of the filming -- including nearly all of the interiors -- took place in New York City . Principal photography began on February 18 , 2009 at the Broadway Stages in the Brooklyn borough , where the interior scenes of Jane 's house were shot . Several other key locations were used during the first portion of filming in New York , including Picnic House , a large , studio - sized structure in Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , where Jane 's bakery was built inside ; the facilities at Sarabeth 's Bakery in the Chelsea Market ; and a commercial loft building in New York 's Chelsea district , where scenes at Adam 's architecture office were filmed in . As Martin was soon to embark on a concert tour to promote The Crow : New Songs for the Five - String Banjo ( 2009 ) , his schedule required the team to complete shooting his scenes during the first two months of filming .

Eiffel tower - wikipedia Eiffel tower This article is about the landmark in Paris , France . For Other uses , see Eiffel Tower ( disambiguation ) . The Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel Seen from the Champ de Mars Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap Record height Tallest in the world from 1889 to 1930 General information Type Observation tower Broadcasting tower Location 7th arrondissement , Paris , France Coordinates 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E  /  48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E  / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Coordinates : 48 ° 51 ′ 29.6 '' N 2 ° 17 ′ 40.2 '' E  /  48.858222 ° N 2.294500 ° E  / 48.858222 ; 2.294500 Construction started 28 January 1887 Completed 15 March 1889 Opening 31 March 1889 ( 129 years ago ) Owner City of Paris , France Management Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) Height Architectural 300 m ( 984 ft ) Tip 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) Top floor 276 m ( 906 ft ) Technical details Floor count Lifts / elevators 8 Design and construction Architect Stephen Sauvestre Structural engineer Maurice Koechlin Émile Nouguier Main contractor Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel Website toureiffel. paris / en References I. ^ Eiffel Tower at Emporis The Eiffel Tower ( / ˈaɪfəl / EYE - fəl ; French : Tour Eiffel ( tuʁ ‿ ɛfɛl ) ( listen ) ) is a wrought iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris , France . It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel , whose company designed and built the tower . Constructed from 1887 -- 1889 as the entrance to the 1889 World 's Fair , it was initially criticized by some of France 's leading artists and intellectuals for its design , but it has become a global cultural icon of France and one of the most recognisable structures in the world . The Eiffel Tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world ; 6.91 million people ascended it in 2015 . The tower is 324 metres ( 1,063 ft ) tall , about the same height as an 81 - storey building , and the tallest structure in Paris . Its base is square , measuring 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side . During its construction , the Eiffel Tower surpassed the Washington Monument to become the tallest man - made structure in the world , a title it held for 41 years until the Chrysler Building in New York City was finished in 1930 . Due to the addition of a broadcasting aerial at the top of the tower in 1957 , it is now taller than the Chrysler Building by 5.2 metres ( 17 ft ) . Excluding transmitters , the Eiffel Tower is the second tallest free - standing structure in France after the Millau Viaduct . The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origin 1.2 Artists ' protest 1.3 Construction 1.3. 1 Lifts 1.4 Inauguration and the 1889 exposition 1.5 Subsequent events 2 Design 2.1 Material 2.2 Wind considerations 2.3 Accommodation 2.4 Passenger lifts 2.5 Engraved names 2.6 Aesthetics 2.7 Maintenance 3 Tourism 3.1 Transport 3.2 Popularity 3.3 Restaurants 4 Replicas 5 Communications 5.1 FM radio 5.2 Digital television 6 Illumination copyright 7 Taller structures 7.1 Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower 7.2 Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links History Origin The design of the Eiffel Tower is attributed to Maurice Koechlin and Émile Nouguier , two senior engineers working for the Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel . It was envisioned after discussion about a suitable centrepiece for the proposed 1889 Exposition Universelle , a world 's fair to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution . Eiffel openly acknowledged that inspiration for a tower came from the Latting Observatory built in New York City in 1853 . In May 1884 , working at home , Koechlin made a sketch of their idea , described by him as `` a great pylon , consisting of four lattice girders standing apart at the base and coming together at the top , joined together by metal trusses at regular intervals '' . Eiffel initially showed little enthusiasm , but he did approve further study , and the two engineers then asked Stephen Sauvestre , the head of company 's architectural department , to contribute to the design . Sauvestre added decorative arches to the base of the tower , a glass pavilion to the first level , and other embellishments . First drawing of the Eiffel Tower by Maurice Koechlin including size comparison with other Parisian landmarks such as Notre Dame de Paris , the Statue of Liberty and the Vendôme Column The new version gained Eiffel 's support : he bought the rights to the patent on the design which Koechlin , Nougier , and Sauvestre had taken out , and the design was exhibited at the Exhibition of Decorative Arts in the autumn of 1884 under the company name . On 30 March 1885 , Eiffel presented his plans to the Société des Ingénieurs Civils ; after discussing the technical problems and emphasising the practical uses of the tower , he finished his talk by saying the tower would symbolise , Not only the art of the modern engineer , but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living , and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789 , to which this monument will be built as an expression of France 's gratitude . Little progress was made until 1886 , when Jules Grévy was re-elected as president of France and Édouard Lockroy was appointed as minister for trade . A budget for the exposition was passed and , on 1 May , Lockroy announced an alteration to the terms of the open competition being held for a centrepiece to the exposition , which effectively made the selection of Eiffel 's design a foregone conclusion , as entries had to include a study for a 300 m ( 980 ft ) four - sided metal tower on the Champ de Mars . ( A 300 - meter tower was then considered a herculean engineering effort ) . On 12 May , a commission was set up to examine Eiffel 's scheme and its rivals , which , a month later , decided that all the proposals except Eiffel 's were either impractical or lacking in details . After some debate about the exact location of the tower , a contract was signed on 8 January 1887 . This was signed by Eiffel acting in his own capacity rather than as the representative of his company , and granted him 1.5 million francs toward the construction costs : less than a quarter of the estimated 6.5 million francs . Eiffel was to receive all income from the commercial exploitation of the tower during the exhibition and for the next 20 years . He later established a separate company to manage the tower , putting up half the necessary capital himself . Artists ' protest Caricature of Gustave Eiffel comparing the Eiffel tower to the Pyramids The proposed tower had been a subject of controversy , drawing criticism from those who did not believe it was feasible and those who objected on artistic grounds . These objections were an expression of a long - standing debate in France about the relationship between architecture and engineering . It came to a head as work began at the Champ de Mars : a `` Committee of Three Hundred '' ( one member for each metre of the tower 's height ) was formed , led by the prominent architect Charles Garnier and including some of the most important figures of the arts , such as Adolphe Bouguereau , Guy de Maupassant , Charles Gounod and Jules Massenet . A petition called `` Artists against the Eiffel Tower '' was sent to the Minister of Works and Commissioner for the Exposition , Charles Alphand , and it was published by Le Temps on 14 February 1887 : We , writers , painters , sculptors , architects and passionate devotees of the hitherto untouched beauty of Paris , protest with all our strength , with all our indignation in the name of slighted French taste , against the erection ... of this useless and monstrous Eiffel Tower ... To bring our arguments home , imagine for a moment a giddy , ridiculous tower dominating Paris like a gigantic black smokestack , crushing under its barbaric bulk Notre Dame , the Tour Saint - Jacques , the Louvre , the Dome of les Invalides , the Arc de Triomphe , all of our humiliated monuments will disappear in this ghastly dream . And for twenty years ... we shall see stretching like a blot of ink the hateful shadow of the hateful column of bolted sheet metal . A calligram by Guillaume Apollinaire Gustave Eiffel responded to these criticisms by comparing his tower to the Egyptian pyramids : `` My tower will be the tallest edifice ever erected by man . Will it not also be grandiose in its way ? And why would something admirable in Egypt become hideous and ridiculous in Paris ? '' These criticisms were also dealt with by Édouard Lockroy in a letter of support written to Alphand , ironically saying , `` Judging by the stately swell of the rhythms , the beauty of the metaphors , the elegance of its delicate and precise style , one can tell this protest is the result of collaboration of the most famous writers and poets of our time '' , and he explained that the protest was irrelevant since the project had been decided upon months before , and construction on the tower was already under way . Indeed , Garnier was a member of the Tower Commission that had examined the various proposals , and had raised no objection . Eiffel was similarly unworried , pointing out to a journalist that it was premature to judge the effect of the tower solely on the basis of the drawings , that the Champ de Mars was distant enough from the monuments mentioned in the protest for there to be little risk of the tower overwhelming them , and putting the aesthetic argument for the tower : `` Do not the laws of natural forces always conform to the secret laws of harmony ? '' Some of the protesters changed their minds when the tower was built ; others remained unconvinced . Guy de Maupassant supposedly ate lunch in the tower 's restaurant every day because it was the one place in Paris where the tower was not visible . By 1918 , it had become a symbol of Paris and of France after Guillaume Apollinaire wrote a nationalist poem in the shape of the tower ( a calligram ) to express his feelings about the war against Germany . Today , it is widely considered to be a remarkable piece of structural art , and is often featured in films and literature . Construction Foundations of the Eiffel Tower Work on the foundations started on 28 January 1887 . Those for the east and south legs were straightforward , with each leg resting on four 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) concrete slabs , one for each of the principal girders of each leg . The west and north legs , being closer to the river Seine , were more complicated : each slab needed two piles installed by using compressed - air caissons 15 m ( 49 ft ) long and 6 m ( 20 ft ) in diameter driven to a depth of 22 m ( 72 ft ) to support the concrete slabs , which were 6 m ( 20 ft ) thick . Each of these slabs supported a block of limestone with an inclined top to bear a supporting shoe for the ironwork . Each shoe was anchored to the stonework by a pair of bolts 10 cm ( 4 in ) in diameter and 7.5 m ( 25 ft ) long . The foundations were completed on 30 June , and the erection of the ironwork began . The visible work on - site was complemented by the enormous amount of exacting preparatory work that took place behind the scenes : the drawing office produced 1,700 general drawings and 3,629 detailed drawings of the 18,038 different parts needed . The task of drawing the components was complicated by the complex angles involved in the design and the degree of precision required : the position of rivet holes was specified to within 0.1 mm ( 0.0039 in ) and angles worked out to one second of arc . The finished components , some already riveted together into sub-assemblies , arrived on horse - drawn carts from a factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret and were first bolted together , with the bolts being replaced with rivets as construction progressed . No drilling or shaping was done on site : if any part did not fit , it was sent back to the factory for alteration . In all , 18,038 pieces were joined together using 2.5 million rivets . At first the legs were constructed as cantilevers , but about halfway to the first level , construction was paused in order to create a substantial timber scaffold . This renewed concerns about the structural integrity of the tower , and sensational headlines such as `` Eiffel Suicide ! '' and `` Gustave Eiffel Has Gone Mad : He Has Been Confined in an Asylum '' appeared in the tabloid press . At this stage , a small `` creeper '' crane designed to move up the tower was installed in each leg . They made use of the guides for the lifts which were to be fitted in the four legs . The critical stage of joining the legs at the first level was completed by the end of March 1888 . Although the metalwork had been prepared with the utmost attention to detail , provision had been made to carry out small adjustments in order to precisely align the legs ; hydraulic jacks were fitted to the shoes at the base of each leg , capable of exerting a force of 800 tonnes , and the legs were intentionally constructed at a slightly steeper angle than necessary , being supported by sandboxes on the scaffold . Although construction involved 300 on - site employees , only one person died , due to Eiffel 's safety precautions and the use of movable gangways , guardrails and screens . The start of the erection of the metalwork . 7 December 1887 : Construction of the legs with scaffolding . 20 March 1888 : Completion of the first level . 15 May 1888 : Start of construction on the second stage . 21 August 1888 : Completion of the second level . 26 December 1888 : Construction of the upper stage . 15 March 1889 : Construction of the cupola . Lifts The Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape lifts during construction . Note the drive sprockets and chain in the foreground Equipping the tower with adequate and safe passenger lifts was a major concern of the government commission overseeing the Exposition . Although some visitors could be expected to climb to the first level , or even the second , lifts clearly had to be the main means of ascent . Constructing lifts to reach the first level was relatively straightforward : the legs were wide enough at the bottom and so nearly straight that they could contain a straight track , and a contract was given to the French company Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape for two lifts to be fitted in the east and west legs . Roux , Combaluzier & Lepape used a pair of endless chains with rigid , articulated links to which the car was attached . Lead weights on some links of the upper or return sections of the chains counterbalanced most of the car 's weight . The car was pushed up from below , not pulled up from above : to prevent the chain buckling , it was enclosed in a conduit . At the bottom of the run , the chains passed around 3.9 m ( 12 ft 10 in ) diameter sprockets . Smaller sprockets at the top guided the chains . The Otis lifts originally fitted in the north and south legs Installing lifts to the second level was more of a challenge because a straight track was impossible . No French company wanted to undertake the work . The European branch of Otis Brothers & Company submitted a proposal but this was rejected : the fair 's charter ruled out the use of any foreign material in the construction of the tower . The deadline for bids was extended but still no French companies put themselves forward , and eventually the contract was given to Otis in July 1887 . Otis were confident they would eventually be given the contract and had already started creating designs . The car was divided into two superimposed compartments , each holding 25 passengers , with the lift operator occupying an exterior platform on the first level . Motive power was provided by an inclined hydraulic ram 12.67 m ( 41 ft 7 in ) long and 96.5 cm ( 38.0 in ) in diameter in the tower leg with a stroke of 10.83 m ( 35 ft 6 in ) : this moved a carriage carrying six sheaves . Five fixed sheaves were mounted higher up the leg , producing an arrangement similar to a block and tackle but acting in reverse , multiplying the stroke of the piston rather than the force generated . The hydraulic pressure in the driving cylinder was produced by a large open reservoir on the second level . After being exhausted from the cylinder , the water was pumped back up to the reservoir by two pumps in the machinery room at the base of the south leg . This reservoir also provided power to the lifts to the first level . The original lifts for the journey between the second and third levels were supplied by Léon Edoux . A pair of 81 m ( 266 ft ) hydraulic rams were mounted on the second level , reaching nearly halfway up to the third level . One lift car was mounted on top of these rams : cables ran from the top of this car up to sheaves on the third level and back down to a second car . Each car only travelled half the distance between the second and third levels and passengers were required to change lifts halfway by means of a short gangway . The 10 - ton cars each held 65 passengers . Inauguration and the 1889 exposition General view of the Exposition Universelle The main structural work was completed at the end of March 1889 and , on 31 March , Eiffel celebrated by leading a group of government officials , accompanied by representatives of the press , to the top of the tower . Because the lifts were not yet in operation , the ascent was made by foot , and took over an hour , with Eiffel stopping frequently to explain various features . Most of the party chose to stop at the lower levels , but a few , including the structural engineer , Émile Nouguier , the head of construction , Jean Compagnon , the President of the City Council , and reporters from Le Figaro and Le Monde Illustré , completed the ascent . At 2 : 35 pm , Eiffel hoisted a large Tricolour to the accompaniment of a 25 - gun salute fired at the first level . There was still work to be done , particularly on the lifts and facilities , and the tower was not opened to the public until nine days after the opening of the exposition on 6 May ; even then , the lifts had not been completed . The tower was an instant success with the public , and nearly 30,000 visitors made the 1,710 - step climb to the top before the lifts entered service on 26 May . Tickets cost 2 francs for the first level , 3 for the second , and 5 for the top , with half - price admission on Sundays , and by the end of the exhibition there had been 1,896,987 visitors . After dark , the tower was lit by hundreds of gas lamps , and a beacon sent out three beams of red , white and blue light . Two searchlights mounted on a circular rail were used to illuminate various buildings of the exposition . The daily opening and closing of the exposition were announced by a cannon at the top . Illumination of the tower at night during the exposition On the second level , the French newspaper Le Figaro had an office and a printing press , where a special souvenir edition , Le Figaro de la Tour , was made . There was also a pâtisserie . At the top , there was a post office where visitors could send letters and postcards as a memento of their visit . Graffitists were also catered for : sheets of paper were mounted on the walls each day for visitors to record their impressions of the tower . Gustave Eiffel described some of the responses as vraiment curieuse ( `` truly curious '' ) . Famous visitors to the tower included the Prince of Wales , Sarah Bernhardt , `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody ( his Wild West show was an attraction at the exposition ) and Thomas Edison . Eiffel invited Edison to his private apartment at the top of the tower , where Edison presented him with one of his phonographs , a new invention and one of the many highlights of the exposition . Edison signed the guestbook with this message : To M Eiffel the Engineer the brave builder of so gigantic and original specimen of modern Engineering from one who has the greatest respect and admiration for all Engineers including the Great Engineer the Bon Dieu , Thomas Edison . Eiffel had a permit for the tower to stand for 20 years . It was to be dismantled in 1909 , when its ownership would revert to the City of Paris . The City had planned to tear it down ( part of the original contest rules for designing a tower was that it should be easy to dismantle ) but as the tower proved to be valuable for communication purposes , it was allowed to remain after the expiry of the permit . Eiffel made use of his apartment at the top of the tower to carry out meteorological observations , and also used the tower to perform experiments on the action of air resistance on falling bodies . Subsequent events Play media Panoramic view during ascent of the Eiffel Tower by the Lumière brothers , 1898 Play media Franz Reichelt 's preparations and jump from the Eiffel Tower Tour Eiffel , 1926 , one of the Eiffel Tower series by Robert Delaunay For the 1900 Exposition Universelle , the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level constructed by the French firm Fives - Lille . These had a compensating mechanism to keep the floor level as the angle of ascent changed at the first level , and were driven by a similar hydraulic mechanism to the Otis lifts , although this was situated at the base of the tower . Hydraulic pressure was provided by pressurised accumulators located near this mechanism . At the same time the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level . The layout of both first and second levels was modified , with the space available for visitors on the second level . The original lift in the south pillar was removed 13 years later . On 19 October 1901 , Alberto Santos - Dumont , flying his No. 6 airship , won a 100,000 - franc prize offered by Henri Deutsch de la Meurthe for the first person to make a flight from St. Cloud to the Eiffel Tower and back in less than half an hour . Many innovations took place at the Eiffel Tower in the early 20th century . In 1910 , Father Theodor Wulf measured radiant energy at the top and bottom of the tower . He found more at the top than expected , incidentally discovering what are known today as cosmic rays . Just two years later , on 4 February 1912 , Austrian tailor Franz Reichelt died after jumping from the first level of the tower ( a height of 57 metres ) to demonstrate his parachute design . In 1914 , at the outbreak of World War I , a radio transmitter located in the tower jammed German radio communications , seriously hindering their advance on Paris and contributing to the Allied victory at the First Battle of the Marne . From 1925 to 1934 , illuminated signs for Citroën adorned three of the tower 's sides , making it the tallest advertising space in the world at the time . In April 1935 , the tower was used to make experimental low - resolution television transmissions , using a shortwave transmitter of 200 watts power . On 17 November , an improved 180 - line transmitter was installed . On two separate but related occasions in 1925 , the con artist Victor Lustig `` sold '' the tower for scrap metal . A year later , in February 1926 , pilot Leon Collet was killed trying to fly under the tower . His aircraft became entangled in an aerial belonging to a wireless station . A bust of Gustave Eiffel by Antoine Bourdelle was unveiled at the base of the north leg on 2 May 1929 . In 1930 , the tower lost the title of the world 's tallest structure when the Chrysler Building in New York City was completed . In 1938 , the decorative arcade around the first level was removed . American soldiers watch the French flag flying on the Eiffel Tower , c. 25 August 1944 Upon the German occupation of Paris in 1940 , the lift cables were cut by the French . The tower was closed to the public during the occupation and the lifts were not repaired until 1946 . In 1940 , German soldiers had to climb the tower to hoist a swastika - centered Reichskriegsflagge , but the flag was so large it blew away just a few hours later , and was replaced by a smaller one . When visiting Paris , Hitler chose to stay on the ground . When the Allies were nearing Paris in August 1944 , Hitler ordered General Dietrich von Choltitz , the military governor of Paris , to demolish the tower along with the rest of the city . Von Choltitz disobeyed the order . On 25 June , before the Germans had been driven out of Paris , the German flag was replaced with a Tricolour by two men from the French Naval Museum , who narrowly beat three men led by Lucien Sarniguet , who had lowered the Tricolour on 13 June 1940 when Paris fell to the Germans . A fire started in the television transmitter on 3 January 1956 , damaging the top of the tower . Repairs took a year , and in 1957 , the present radio aerial was added to the top . In 1964 , the Eiffel Tower was officially declared to be a historical monument by the Minister of Cultural Affairs , André Malraux . A year later , an additional lift system was installed in the north pillar . According to interviews , in 1967 , Montreal Mayor Jean Drapeau negotiated a secret agreement with Charles de Gaulle for the tower to be dismantled and temporarily relocated to Montreal to serve as a landmark and tourist attraction during Expo 67 . The plan was allegedly vetoed by the company operating the tower out of fear that the French government could refuse permission for the tower to be restored in its original location . Base of the Eiffel Tower In 1982 , the original lifts between the second and third levels were replaced after 97 years in service . These had been closed to the public between November and March because the water in the hydraulic drive tended to freeze . The new cars operate in pairs , with one counterbalancing the other , and perform the journey in one stage , reducing the journey time from eight minutes to less than two minutes . At the same time , two new emergency staircases were installed , replacing the original spiral staircases . In 1983 , the south pillar was fitted with an electrically driven Otis lift to serve the Jules Verne restaurant . The Fives - Lille lifts in the east and west legs , fitted in 1899 , were extensively refurbished in 1986 . The cars were replaced , and a computer system was installed to completely automate the lifts . The motive power was moved from the water hydraulic system to a new electrically driven oil - filled hydraulic system , and the original water hydraulics were retained solely as a counterbalance system . A service lift was added to the south pillar for moving small loads and maintenance personnel three years later . Robert Moriarty flew a Beechcraft Bonanza under the tower on 31 March 1984 . In 1987 , A.J. Hackett made one of his first bungee jumps from the top of the Eiffel Tower , using a special cord he had helped develop . Hackett was arrested by the police . On 27 October 1991 , Thierry Devaux , along with mountain guide Hervé Calvayrac , performed a series of acrobatic figures while bungee jumping from the second floor of the tower . Facing the Champ de Mars , Devaux used an electric winch between figures to go back up to the second floor . When firemen arrived , he stopped after the sixth jump . The tower is the focal point of New Year 's Eve and Bastille Day ( 14 July ) celebrations in Paris . For its `` Countdown to the Year 2000 '' celebration on 31 December 1999 , flashing lights and high - powered searchlights were installed on the tower . Fireworks were set off all over it . An exhibition above a cafeteria on the first floor commemorates this event . The searchlights on top of the tower made it a beacon in Paris 's night sky , and 20,000 flashing bulbs gave the tower a sparkly appearance for five minutes every hour on the hour . The lights sparkled blue for several nights to herald the new millennium On 31 December 2000 . The sparkly lighting continued for 18 months until July 2001 . The sparkling lights were turned on again on 21 June 2003 , and the display was planned to last for 10 years before they needed replacing . The tower received its 200,000,000 th guest on 28 November 2002 . The tower has operated at its maximum capacity of about 7 million visitors since 2003 . In 2004 , the Eiffel Tower began hosting a seasonal ice rink on the first level . A glass floor was installed on the first level during the 2014 refurbishment . Design Material The Eiffel Tower from below The puddled iron ( wrought iron ) of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tons , and the addition of lifts , shops and antennae have brought the total weight to approximately 10,100 tons . As a demonstration of the economy of design , if the 7,300 tons of metal in the structure were melted down , it would fill the square base , 125 metres ( 410 ft ) on each side , to a depth of only 6.25 cm ( 2.46 in ) assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tons per cubic metre . Additionally , a cubic box surrounding the tower ( 324 mx 125 mx 125 m ) would contain 6,200 tons of air , weighing almost as much as the iron itself . Depending on the ambient temperature , the top of the tower may shift away from the sun by up to 18 cm ( 7 in ) due to thermal expansion of the metal on the side facing the sun . Wind considerations When it was built , many were shocked by the tower 's daring form . Eiffel was accused of trying to create something artistic with no regard to the principles of engineering . However , Eiffel and his team -- experienced bridge builders -- understood the importance of wind forces , and knew that if they were going to build the tallest structure in the world , they had to be sure it could withstand them . In an interview with the newspaper Le Temps published on 14 February 1887 , Eiffel said : Is it not true that the very conditions which give strength also conform to the hidden rules of harmony ? ... Now to what phenomenon did I have to give primary concern in designing the Tower ? It was wind resistance . Well then ! I hold that the curvature of the monument 's four outer edges , which is as mathematical calculation dictated it should be ... will give a great impression of strength and beauty , for it will reveal to the eyes of the observer the boldness of the design as a whole . He used graphical methods to determine the strength of the tower and empirical evidence to account for the effects of wind , rather than a mathematical formula . Close examination of the tower reveals a basically exponential shape . All parts of the tower were over-designed to ensure maximum resistance to wind forces . The top half was even assumed to have no gaps in the latticework . In the years since it was completed , engineers have put forward various mathematical hypotheses in an attempt to explain the success of the design . The most recent , devised in 2004 after letters sent by Eiffel to the French Society of Civil Engineers in 1885 were translated into English , is described as a non-linear integral equation based on counteracting the wind pressure on any point of the tower with the tension between the construction elements at that point . The Eiffel Tower sways by up to 9 centimetres ( 3.5 in ) in the wind . Accommodation Gustave Eiffel 's apartment When originally built , the first level contained three restaurants -- one French , one Russian and one Flemish -- and an `` Anglo - American Bar '' . After the exposition closed , the Flemish restaurant was converted to a 250 - seat theatre . A promenade 2.6 - metre ( 8 ft 6 in ) wide ran around the outside of the first level . At the top , there were laboratories for various experiments , and a small apartment reserved for Gustave Eiffel to entertain guests , which is now open to the public , complete with period decorations and lifelike mannequins of Eiffel and some of his notable guests . In May 2016 , an apartment was created on the first level to accommodate four competition winners during the UEFA Euro 2016 football tournament in Paris in June . The apartment has a kitchen , two bedrooms , a lounge , and views of Paris landmarks including the Seine , the Sacre Coeur , and the Arc de Triomphe . Passenger lifts The arrangement of the lifts has been changed several times during the tower 's history . Given the elasticity of the cables and the time taken to align the cars with the landings , each lift , in normal service , takes an average of 8 minutes and 50 seconds to do the round trip , spending an average of 1 minute and 15 seconds at each level . The average journey time between levels is 1 minute . The original hydraulic mechanism is on public display in a small museum at the base of the east and west legs . Because the mechanism requires frequent lubrication and maintenance , public access is often restricted . The rope mechanism of the north tower can be seen as visitors exit the lift . Engraved names Main article : List of the 72 names on the Eiffel Tower Names engraved on the tower Gustave Eiffel engraved on the tower the names of 72 French scientists , engineers and mathematicians in recognition of their contributions to the building of the tower . Eiffel chose this `` invocation of science '' because of his concern over the artists ' protest . At the beginning of the 20th century , the engravings were painted over , but they were restored in 1986 -- 87 by the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel , a company operating the tower . Aesthetics The tower is painted in three shades : lighter at the top , getting progressively darker towards the bottom to complement the Parisian sky . It was originally reddish brown ; this changed in 1968 to a bronze colour known as `` Eiffel Tower Brown '' . The only non-structural elements are the four decorative grill - work arches , added in Sauvestre 's sketches , which served to make the tower look more substantial and to make a more impressive entrance to the exposition . A pop - culture movie cliché is that the view from a Parisian window always includes the tower . In reality , since zoning restrictions limit the height of most buildings in Paris to seven storeys , only a small number of tall buildings have a clear view of the tower . Maintenance Maintenance of the tower includes applying 60 tons of paint every seven years to prevent it from rusting . The tower has been completely repainted at least 19 times since it was built . Lead paint was still being used as recently as 2001 when the practice was stopped out of concern for the environment . Panorama of Paris and its suburbs from the top of the Eiffel Tower Tourism Transport The nearest Paris Métro station is Bir - Hakeim and the nearest RER station is Champ de Mars - Tour Eiffel . The tower itself is located at the intersection of the quai Branly and the Pont d'Iéna . Popularity Number of visitors per year between 1889 and 2004 More than 250 million people have visited the tower since it was completed in 1889 . In 2015 , there were 6.91 million visitors . The tower is the most - visited paid monument in the world . An average of 25,000 people ascend the tower every day which can result in long queues . Restaurants The tower has two restaurants : Le 58 Tour Eiffel on the first level , and Le Jules Verne , a gourmet restaurant with its own lift on the second level . This restaurant has one star in the Michelin Red Guide . It was run by the multi-Michelin star chef Alain Ducasse from 2007 to 2017 . Starting May 2019 , it will be managed by three star chef Frédéric Anton . It owes its name to the famous science - fiction writer Jules Verne . Additionally , there is a champagne bar at the top of the Eiffel Tower . Replicas Replica at the Paris Las Vegas Hotel , Nevada , United States Main article : List of Eiffel Tower replicas As one of the most iconic landmarks in the world , the Eiffel Tower has been the inspiration for the creation of many replicas and similar towers . An early example is Blackpool Tower in England . The mayor of Blackpool , Sir John Bickerstaffe , was so impressed on seeing the Eiffel Tower at the 1889 exposition that he commissioned a similar tower to be built in his town . It opened in 1894 and is 158.1 metres ( 518 ft ) tall . Tokyo Tower in Japan , built as a communications tower in 1958 , was also inspired by the Eiffel Tower . There are various scale models of the tower in the United States , including a half - scale version at the Paris Las Vegas , Nevada , one in Paris , Texas built in 1993 , and two 1 : 3 scale models at Kings Island , Ohio , and Kings Dominion , Virginia , amusement parks opened in 1972 and 1975 respectively . Two 1 : 3 scale models can be found in China , one in Durango , Mexico that was donated by the local French community , and several across Europe . In 2011 , the TV show Pricing the Priceless on the National Geographic Channel speculated that a full - size replica of the tower would cost approximately US $480 million to build . Ironically , if accurate , that means that the replica would cost more than ten times that of the original ( with the original costing nearly 8 million in 1890 Francs ; ~ US $40 million in 2018 dollars ) . Communications Top of the Eiffel Tower The tower has been used for making radio transmissions since the beginning of the 20th century . Until the 1950s , sets of aerial wires ran from the cupola to anchors on the Avenue de Suffren and Champ de Mars . These were connected to longwave transmitters in small bunkers . In 1909 , a permanent underground radio centre was built near the south pillar , which still exists today . On 20 November 1913 , the Paris Observatory , using the Eiffel Tower as an aerial , exchanged wireless signals with the United States Naval Observatory , which used an aerial in Arlington , Virginia . The object of the transmissions was to measure the difference in longitude between Paris and Washington , D.C. Today , radio and digital television signals are transmitted from the Eiffel Tower . FM radio Frequency kW Service 87.8 MHz 10 France Inter 89.0 MHz 10 RFI Paris 89.9 MHz 6 TSF Jazz 90.4 MHz 10 Nostalgie 90.9 MHz Chante France Digital television A television antenna was first installed on the tower in 1957 , increasing its height by 18.7 m ( 61.4 ft ) . Work carried out in 2000 added a further 5.3 m ( 17.4 ft ) , giving the current height of 324 m ( 1,063 ft ) . Analogue television signals from the Eiffel Tower ceased on 8 March 2011 . Frequency VHF UHF kW Service 182.25 MHz 6 -- 100 Canal+ 479.25 MHz -- 22 500 France 2 503.25 MHz -- 25 500 TF1 527.25 MHz -- 28 500 France 3 543.25 MHz -- 30 100 France 5 567.25 MHz -- 33 100 M6 Illumination copyright The Eiffel Tower illuminated in 2015 The tower and its image have long been in the public domain . In June 1990 a French court ruled that a special lighting display on the tower in 1989 to mark the tower 's 100th anniversary was an `` original visual creation '' protected by copyright . The Court of Cassation , France 's judicial court of last resort , upheld the ruling in March 1992 . The Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SETE ) now considers any illumination of the tower to be a separate work of art that falls under copyright . As a result , the SNTE alleges that it is illegal to publish contemporary photographs of the lit tower at night without permission in France and some other countries for commercial use . The imposition of copyright has been controversial . The Director of Documentation for what was then called the Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel ( SNTE ) , Stéphane Dieu , commented in 2005 : `` It is really just a way to manage commercial use of the image , so that it is n't used in ways ( of which ) we do n't approve '' . SNTE made over € 1 million from copyright fees in 2002 . However , it could also be used to restrict the publication of tourist photographs of the tower at night , as well as hindering non-profit and semi-commercial publication of images of the illuminated tower . French doctrine and jurisprudence allows pictures incorporating a copyrighted work as long as their presence is incidental or accessory to the subject being represented , a reasoning akin to the de minimis rule . Therefore , SETE may be unable to claim copyright on photographs of Paris which happen to include the lit tower . Taller structures The Eiffel Tower was the world 's tallest structure when completed in 1889 , a distinction it retained until 1929 when the Chrysler Building in New York City was topped out . The tower has lost its standing both as the world 's tallest structure and the world 's tallest lattice tower but retains its status as the tallest freestanding ( non-guyed ) structure in France . Lattice towers taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest towers in the world and Observation deck Name Pinnacle height Year Country Town Remarks Tokyo Skytree 634 m ( 2,080 ft ) 2011 Japan Tokyo Kiev TV Tower 385 m ( 1,263 ft ) 1973 Ukraine Kiev Dragon Tower 336 m ( 1,102 ft ) 2000 China Harbin Tokyo Tower 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) 1958 Japan Tokyo Structures in France taller than the Eiffel Tower Further information : List of tallest structures in France Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Town Remarks Longwave transmitter Allouis 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) Guyed mast Allouis HWU transmitter 350 m ( 1,150 ft ) ? Guyed mast Rosnay Military VLF transmitter ; multiple masts Viaduc de Millau 343 m ( 1,125 ft ) Bridge pillar Millau TV Mast Niort - Maisonnay 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast Niort Transmitter Le Mans - Mayet 342 m ( 1,122 ft ) Guyed mast Mayet La Regine transmitter 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast Saissac Military VLF transmitter Transmitter Roumoules 330 m ( 1,080 ft ) Guyed mast Roumoules Spare transmission mast for longwave ; insulated against ground See also Eiffel Tower in popular culture List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tallest buildings and structures in the world List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of tallest towers in the world Eiffel Tower , 1909 - 1928 painting series by Robert Delaunay Paris portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Eiffel Tower '' . CTBUH Skyscraper Database . ^ Jump up to : Eiffel Tower at Emporis ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower at a glance '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . 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La Tour de Trois Cents Mètres . Paris : Lemercier . p. 335 . Jump up ^ Jill Jonnes . `` Thomas Edison at the Eiffel Tower '' . Wonders and Marvels . Retrieved 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 829 . Jump up ^ `` M. Santos Dumont 's Balloon '' . News . The Times ( 36591 ) . London . 21 October 1901 . col A , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Theodor Wulf . Physikalische Zeitschrift . Contains results of the four - day - long observation done by Theodor Wulf at the top of the Eiffel Tower in 1910 . Jump up ^ `` L'inventeur d'un parachute se lance de le tour Eiffel et s'écrase sur le sol '' . Le Petit Parisien ( in French ) . 5 February 1912 . p. 1 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1994 ) . August 1914 . Papermac . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 30516 - 4 . Jump up ^ Stephen Herbert ( 2004 ) . A History of Early Television . 2 . Taylor & Francis . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 32667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Piers Letcher ( 2003 ) . Eccentric France : The Bradt Guide to Mad , Magical and Marvellous France . Bradt Travel Guides . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` An air tragedy '' . The Sunday Times . Perth , WA. 28 February 1926 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Claudia Roth Pierpont ( 18 November 2002 ) . `` The Silver Spire : How two men 's dreams changed the skyline of New York '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Harriss , pp. 180 -- 84 . Jump up ^ `` HD Stock Video Footage - The Germans unfurl Nazi flags at the captured Palace of Versailles and Eiffel Tower during the Battle of France '' . www.criticalpast.com . Jump up ^ Smith , Oliver ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Eiffel Tower : 40 fascinating facts '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Carlo D'Este ( 2003 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . Henry Holt and Company . p. 574 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 7 . 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Retrieved 31 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : SETE . `` All you need to know about the Eiffel Tower '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Denis Cosnard ( 21 April 2014 ) . `` Eiffel Tower renovation work aims to take profits to new heights '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Darwin Porter ; Danforth Prince ; G. McDonald ; H. Mastrini ; S. Marker ; A. Princz ; C. Bánfalvy ; A. Kutor ; N. Lakos ; S. Rowan Kelleher ( 2006 ) . Frommer 's Europe ( 9th ed . ) . Wiley . p. 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 92265 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower gets glass floor in refurbishment project '' . BBC News . 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ David A. Hanser ( 2006 ) . Architecture of France . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 66 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 31902 - 0 . Jump up ^ DK Eyewitness Travel Guide : Europe . Dorling Kindersley. 2012 . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4093 - 8577 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Harriss , p. 231 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Debate and controversy surrounding the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elegant shape of Eiffel Tower solved mathematically by University of Colorado professor '' . Science Daily . 7 January 2005 . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Watson , p. 807 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` FAQ : History / Technical '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 8 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Morton ( 31 May 2015 ) . `` There is a secret apartment at the top of the Eiffel Tower '' . Architectural Digest . Conde Nast . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mary Papenfuss ( 20 May 2016 ) . `` Tourists have the chance to get an Eiffel of the view by staying in the Tower for a night '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 21 May 2016 . Jump up ^ SETE ( 2010 ) . `` The Eiffel Tower Laboratory '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 12 February 2017 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` The Eiffel Tower gets beautified '' ( PDF ) . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Painting the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 26 October 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History : Development of clear span buildings -- Exhibition buildings '' . Architectural Teaching Resource . Tata Steel Europe , Ltd . Archived from the original on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower '' . France.com . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ SETE . `` Getting to the Eiffel Tower '' . Official Eiffel Tower website . Archived from the original on 14 April 2016 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Number of Eiffel Tower visitors falls in wake of Paris attacks '' . France 24 . 20 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Jean - Michel Normand ( 23 July 2007 ) . `` Tour Eiffel et souvenirs de Paris '' . Le Monde . France . Retrieved 24 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower reopens to tourists after rare closure for 2 - day strike '' . Associated Press . Fox News . 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Dali Wiederhoft . `` Eiffel Tower : Sightseeing , restaurants , links , transit '' . Bonjour Paris . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower in Paris '' . Paris Digest . 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Blackpool Tower '' . History Extra . Retrieved 6 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The red and white Eiffel Tower of Tokyo '' . KLM . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd van Luling ( 19 August 2013 ) . `` The most legit Eiffel Tower replicas you did n't know existed '' . Huffpost Travel . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower '' . Pricing the Priceless . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 9 May 2011 . National Geographic Channel ( Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Paris time by wireless '' . The New York Times . 22 November 1913 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Schlackman ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Do night photos of the Eiffel Tower violate copyright ? '' . Art Law Journal . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cour de cassation 3 mars 1992 , Jus Luminum n ° J523975 '' ( in French ) . Jus Luminum . Archived from the original on 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales ( 3 July 2015 ) . `` If you want to keep sharing photos for free , read this '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Eiffel Tower image rights '' . Société d'Exploitation de la Tour Eiffel . Jump up ^ Hugh Morris ( 24 June 2015 ) . `` Freedom of panorama : EU proposal could mean holiday snaps breach copyright '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eiffel Tower : Repossessed '' . Fast Company . 2 February 2005 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ James Arnold ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Are things looking up for the Eiffel Tower ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Notions Fondamentales Du Droit D'auteur ( in French ) . World Intellectual Property Organization . 2002 . p. 277 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 805 - 1013 - 3 . La représentation d'une œuvre située dans un lieu public n'est licite que lorsqu'elle est accessoire par rapport au sujet principal représenté ou traité Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Building - Piercing the Sky '' . CBS Forum . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Bibliography Chanson , Hubert ( 2009 ) . `` Hydraulic engineering legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower '' . In Jerry R. Rogers . Great Rivers History : Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium . American Society of Civil Engineers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7844 - 1032 - 5 . Frémy , Dominique ( 1989 ) . Quid de la tour Eiffel . R. Laffont . ISBN 978 - 2 - 221 - 06488 - 7 . The Engineer : The Paris Exhibition . XLVII . London : Office for Advertisements and Publication. 3 May 1889 . Harriss , Joseph ( 1975 ) . The Eiffel Tower : Symbol of an Age . London : Paul Elek . ISBN 0236400363 . Harvie , David I. ( 2006 ) . Eiffel : The Genius Who Reinvented Himself . Stroud , Gloucestershire : Sutton . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 3309 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2009 ) . Eiffel 's Tower : The Thrilling Story Behind Paris 's Beloved Monument ... . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 05251 - 8 . Loyrette , Henri ( 1985 ) . Eiffel , un Ingenieur et Son Oeuvre . Rizzoli . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 0631 - 7 . Musée d'Orsay ( 1989 ) . 1889 : la Tour Eiffel et l'Exposition Universelle . Editions de la Réunion des Musées Nationaux , Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication , des Grands Travaux et du Bicentenaire . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7118 - 2244 - 7 . Vogel , Robert M. ( 1961 ) . `` Elevator Systems of the Eiffel Tower , 1889 '' . United States National Museum Bulletin . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . 228 : 20 -- 21 . Watson , William ( 1892 ) . Paris Universal Exposition : Civil Engineering , Public Works , and Architecture . Washington , D.C. : Government Publishing Office . 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how many flights to the top of the eiffel tower

The tower has three levels for visitors , with restaurants on the first and second levels . The top level 's upper platform is 276 m ( 906 ft ) above the ground -- the highest observation deck accessible to the public in the European Union . Tickets can be purchased to ascend by stairs or lift to the first and second levels . The climb from ground level to the first level is over 300 steps , as is the climb from the first level to the second . Although there is a staircase to the top level , it is usually accessible only by lift .

Radar detector - wikipedia Radar detector For the song by Darwin Deez , see Radar Detector . An early radar detector Car radar detector ( Japanese ) A radar detector is an electronic device used by motorists to detect if their speed is being monitored by police or law enforcement using a radar gun . Most radar detectors are used so the driver can reduce the car 's speed before being ticketed for speeding . In general sense , only emitting technologies , like doppler RADAR , or LIDAR can be detected . Visual speed estimating techniques , like ANPR or VASCAR can not be detected in daytime , but technically vulnerable to detection at night , when IR spotlight is used . There are no reports that piezo sensors can be detected . LIDAR devices require an optical - band sensor , although many modern detectors include LIDAR sensors . Most of today 's radar detectors detect signals across a variety of wavelength bands : usually X , K , and K . In Europe the K band is common as well . The past success of radar detectors was based on the fact that radio - wave beam can not be narrow - enough , so the detector usually senses stray and scattered radiation , giving the driver time to slow down . Based on focused laser - beam , LIDAR technology is deprived of this shortcoming ; however requires precise aiming . Modern police radars incorporate formidable computing power , producing minimum of ultra-short pulses , reusing wide beam for multi-target measurement , which renders most detectors useless . But , mobile Internet allowed for GPS navigation devices mapping police radar spots in real - time . These gadgets are also often called `` radar detectors '' , while not necessary carrying an RF sensor . Contents 1 Description 2 Counter technology 2.1 Radar detector detectors 2.2 Radar scrambling 3 LIDAR detection 4 Legality 5 See also 6 References Description ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) One device law enforcement use to measure the expected speed of a moving vehicle is called Doppler radar , and it uses the Doppler effect to measure the relative speed of a vehicle . Namely , Doppler radar works by beaming a radio wave at the vehicle to then measure the expected change in frequency of the reflected wave ( that bounces off the vehicle ) . Many times , law enforcement employ Doppler radar in their hand - held radar guns , on their vehicles , as well as on fixed objects such as traffic signals . Radar detectors use a superheterodyne receiver to detect these electromagnetic emissions from the radar gun , and raise an alarm to notify the motorist when a transmission is detected . False alarms can occur however due to the large number of devices , such as automatic door openers ( such as the ones at supermarkets ) , speed signs , and adaptive automotive cruise control , that operate in the same part of the electromagnetic spectrum as radar guns . In recent years , some radar detectors have added GPS technology . This allows users to manually store the locations where police frequently monitor traffic , with the detector sounding an alarm when approaching that location in the future ( this is accomplished by pushing a button and does n't require coordinates to be entered ) . These detectors also allow users to manually store the coordinates of sites of frequent false alarms , which the GPS enabled detector will then ignore . The detector can also be programmed to mute alerts when traveling below a preset speed , limiting unnecessary alerts . Some GPS enabled detectors can download the GPS coordinates of speed monitoring cameras and red - light cameras from the Internet , alerting the driver that they are approaching the camera . Counter technology ( edit ) Radar guns and detectors have evolved alternately over time to counter each other 's technology in a form of civilian electronic `` warfare '' . For example , as new frequencies have been introduced , radar detectors have initially been `` blind '' to them until their technology , too , has been updated . Similarly , the length of time and strength of the transmissions have been lowered to reduce the chance of detection , which in turn has resulted in more sensitive receivers and more sophisticated software counter technology . Lastly , radar detectors may combine other technologies , such as GPS - based technology with a point of interest database of known speed trapping locations , into a single device to improve their chances of success . Radar detector detectors ( edit ) Main article : Radar detector detector The superheterodyne receiver in radar detectors has a local oscillator that radiates slightly , so it is possible to build a radar - detector detector , which detects such emissions ( usually the frequency of the radar type being detected , plus about 10 MHz ) . The VG - 2 Interceptor was the first device developed for this purpose , but has since been eclipsed by the Spectre III and Spectre Elite . This form of `` electronic warfare '' cuts both ways - since detector - detectors use a similar superheterodyne receiver , many early `` stealth '' radar detectors were equipped with a radar - detector - detector - detector circuit , which shuts down the main radar receiver when the detector - detector 's signal is sensed , thus preventing detection by such equipment . This technique borrows from ELINT surveillance countermeasures . In the early 1990s , BEL - Tronics , Inc. of Ontario , Canada ( where radar detector use is prohibited in most provinces ) found that the local oscillator frequency of the detector could be altered to be out of the range of the VG - 2 Interceptor ( probably by using two LO stages such that neither is near the RF frequency ) . This resulted in detector manufacturers responding by changing their local oscillator frequency . Today , practically every radar detector on the market is immune to the VG - 2 Interceptor. . The VG - 2 is no longer in production and radar detectors immune to the Spectre Elite are available . Radar scrambling ( edit ) It is illegal in many countries to sell or possess any products that actively transmit radar signals intended to jam radar equipment . In the United States , actively transmitting on a frequency licensed by the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) without a licence is a violation of FCC regulations , which may be punishable by fines up to $10,000 and / or up to one year imprisonment . Passport x50 Radar / Laser detector . LIDAR detection ( edit ) Main article : LIDAR detector Newer speed detection devices use pulsed laser light , commonly referred to as LIDAR , rather than radio waves . Radar detectors , which detect radio transmissions , are therefore unable to detect the infrared light emitted by LIDAR guns so a different type of device called a LIDAR detector is required . LIDAR detection , however , is not nearly as effective as radar detection because the output beam is very focused . While radar 's radio waves can expand to 85 feet ( 26 m ) across at 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) from their source , LIDAR 's light beam diffuses to only about 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) . Also , a police officer targeting a car will most likely aim for the centre mass or headlight of the vehicle and , because radar detectors are mounted on the windshield away from the beam 's aim , they may not alert at all . Lastly , with such a focused beam , an officer using a LIDAR gun can target a single car in close proximity to others at ranges of up to 3,000 feet ( 910 m ) . This has resulted in some manufacturers producing LIDAR jammers . Unlike radar , LIDAR 's frequencies and use are not controlled by the FCC . These jammers attempt to confuse police LIDAR into showing no speed on the display . Many times they are successful , and therefore many LIDAR manufacturers are producing LIDAR guns that have `` jam codes '' which show when they are being jammed . They will work on some LIDAR jammers and not others . In spite of this , police can often tell when they are being jammed when they get no reading on their LIDAR . Many jammer - equipped motorists using jammers now try to counter this by reducing their speed to legal limits before they turn their jammer equipment off or `` kill the equipment '' referred to as `` JTK '' or `` Jam to Kill . '' Officers can often tell this is going on by just watching for their LIDAR equipment not being able to lock in a speed properly along with visual indication of sudden deceleration of the targeted vehicle . They will then pull the offending vehicle over and look for LIDAR jammers on the front of the vehicle and can hit the motorist with an obstruction of justice charge should they be found . Some states also have laws about any police radar or LIDAR jamming . These are CA , UT , CO , OK , TX , MN , IL , TN , VA , SC . In these states the penalties can be severe . Despite the advent of LIDAR speed detection , radar remains more prevalent because of its lower price relative to LIDAR equipment and the amount of radar equipment already in service . In addition , in order to use LIDAR the officer must be stationary and can not be moving at all on account of the need for a very precise aim . Legality ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Using or possessing a radar detector or jammer is illegal in certain countries , and it may result in fines , seizure of the device , or both . These prohibitions generally are introduced under the premise that a driver who uses a radar detector will pose a greater risk of accident than a driver who does not . The table below provides information about laws regarding radar detectors in particular nations . In 1967 devices to warn drivers of radar speed traps were being manufactured in the United Kingdom ; they were deemed illegal under the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949 . Country Legality Radar Bands Australia Illegal in all states besides Western Australia They are illegal to use in a moving vehicle ( as stated by the traffic laws in ) SA , NSW , ACT , NT , Queensland and Tasmania . In the state of Victoria it is an offence to sell , use or possess a radar detector , and police may confiscate such equipment if found in a vehicle . Heavy fines apply , ranging from AU $200 -- $1,700 , up to nine demerit points , and confiscation of the radar detector . However , importing a unit is permitted under Australian customs regulations . Queensland = up to 40 penalty units ( approximately equal to $3,000 ) for being in or on a vehicle whether or not the device is operating or in working order . K , Ka , Laser Belgium Illegal In July 2006 , a provisional seizure of a vehicle worth over € 75,000 and destruction of the radar detector was ordered by the courts . The driver 's licence was suspended for three months . Brazil Illegal in all states . Bulgaria Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Radar jammers are illegal . X , K ( fixed camera + radar ) Canada Legal in British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan . Illegal in Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , New Brunswick , Quebec , Ontario , Manitoba , Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines in provinces where radar detectors are illegal . Quebec penalizes $500 CAD for use of a radar detector , along with confiscation of the device . K , Ka , Laser China Detectors legal , jammers illegal Croatia Detectors and jammers are illegal to use or to have in a motor vehicle . HRK 2000 ( € 270 ) fine if using a jammer . Only confiscation for a detector . Czech Republic Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Fine up to CZK 200,000 ( € 7750 ) , penalty points . Ka Egypt Detectors and jammers are illegal . Estonia Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle . Fine up to € 1150 as well as confiscation of the device . Finland Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle on a public road . The fine depends on income . The detector will be confiscated . For average net income of 2200 € / month , the fine would be around 640 € plus possible speeding ticket . Ka France Detectors and jammers are illegal to own , use or sell . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines . K 24.125 GHz , Laser Germany Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle € 75 fine , 4 Points , destruction of the radar detector . Greece Illegal € 2000 fine , 30 day driver 's license suspension , 60 days car registration license suspension and 5 SESO penalty points Hungary Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . India Illegal Iceland Legal Radar jammers are illegal . Ireland Illegal Law Refers to ' Speed Meter Detectors ' , Introduced 1991 . No fixed penalty for possession , expect confiscation and hefty fine . Israel Detectors legal as of 2000 . Jammers still illegal . Some cellular providers such as Pelephone actually provide radar detecting as a service powered by GPS Ka , Laser Italy Illegal Japan Legal Jordan Illegal Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not . Laser ( possibly others ) Kazakhstan Legal X , K , Ka , X POP , Ka POP , Laser Latvia Legal to own , illegal to use in a vehicle 57 EUR fine and the detector will be confiscated . K , POP Ka , Laser Lithuania Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . X , POP K , Laser Malaysia Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Mexico Legal in most states Forbidden in Mexico City ( Distrito Federal ) , 200 USD fine and impoundment of the vehicle . Netherlands Illegal € 420 fine and seizure of the device ( since 2004 ) New Zealand Legal Ka and Laser used also fixed speed camera and speed camera vans ( Low Powered K Band ) North Korea Illegal Confiscated in border controls along South Korea and China borders , and in airports . Norway Illegal to use . ( Legal to own , sell , and buy ) 8000 - 10000 krone fine and seizure of the device . Pakistan Legal Philippines Legal Poland Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle Jammers illegal X , K , Pulse K , Ka Narrow , Laser Portugal Illegal to own and / or use in a vehicle Law enforcement authorities can confiscate radar detectors and apply a fine . The Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority can seize any imported radar detectors . Radar jammers are also illegal . Romania Legal since 2006 Radar jammers still illegal Instant - On K Russia Detectors legal , jammers illegal . The national system for measuring the speed of vehicles and cars . National ranges work radars in X and Ku . Instant - On ( Pulse ) X ( 10 , 2 - 10 , 65 GHz ) , Ku ( 13 , 56 - 13 , 62Ghz ) POP K , Laser ( 0 , 8 - 1 , 1 mkm ) Saudi Arabia Illegal Serbia Illegal to purchase , use , possess , sell or advertise Illegal to use or have in possession in a vehicle in traffic , to sell or advertise : an apparatus or any other means of detecting or interfering with operation of vehicle speed measuring devices , or any other apparatus used for discovering and reporting traffic violations Singapore Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Slovenia Legal Laser jammers illegal ( fine up to € 500 and confiscation of the device ) . South Africa Illegal to use in a moving vehicle Importing a unit is permitted under South African customs regulations . South Korea Legal Spain Radar Detectors illegal , jammers illegal . Radar and Laser jammers fine up to € 6000 . Radar detectors fine up to 3 points from the driving license and € 200 . Ka narrow , laser , Autovelox Switzerland Illegal 660SFr fine . Radar detectors may be confiscated and destroyed . The use of any GPS - based device to locate speed cameras is also illegal . Taiwan Legal Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : zh : 中華 民國 法律 註解 / 道路 交通 管理 處罰 條例 / 第 40 條 # 1986 年 5 月 13 日 全文 修正 5 月 21 日 公布 Effective 1 July 1987 , radar detectors used in motor vehicles risked being administratively fined 1200 to 2400 new Taiwan dollars and confiscated . Effective 1 July 2006 , radar detectors would no longer be banned in motor vehicles . X , K , Ku , Laser ( Possibly others ) Turkey Illegal Radar jammers are illegal UAE Illegal United Kingdom Legal , although prior to 1998 the Police would attempt prosecutions under the Wireless and Telegraphy act 1949 , laser jammers are still a grey area in the use of them . United States Law varies from state to state , but detectors are generally legal in private vehicles under the Communications Act of 1934 and illegal in commercial vehicles by DOT regulation ( 49 CFR 392.71 ) . Exceptions : Detectors are Illegal in all vehicles : Virginia , Washington D.C. , U.S. military bases Illegal in commercial vehicles under state law : Illinois , New York , New Jersey ( specifically , commercial vehicles over 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) and all vehicles over 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ) Also illegal in all commercial vehicles over 10000 lbs under US federal law Prohibitions against affixing items to windshield - `` obstructing vision '' ) : Minnesota , California Repealed : Connecticut ( repealed in 1992 ) Confiscation and / or destruction of the detector was once a common practice but lawsuits raised by drivers arguing violation of property rights have resulted in temporary removal while a citation is written , then return of the device after its description ( make , model and serial number ) has been entered on the ticket - usually for speeding and possession / operation of a detector . Use of a radar / lidar detector on a military installation is prohibited . Persons entering a military installation with one visibly mounted to the sun visor or windshield will be asked to remove it and put it away . Those who refuse will be denied entry onto the installation at that time . Military law enforcement may not stop a vehicle solely for a detector being in use , but along with being stopped for another moving violation , active duty personnel using a detector may be ordered to report the violation to his / her unit commanding officer . Radar jammers are not allowed under federal rule , but laser jammers are not specifically banned . Ten states are specifically banning laser jammers : California , Colorado , Illinois , Minnesota , South Carolina , Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , and Virginia . Radar detectors are not banned in the aforementioned states ( Excluding Virginia ) . X , K , Ka , Laser See also ( edit ) Laser jammer Road safety Traffic enforcement camera References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Simicon : CORDON '' . aiactive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Detector GPS '' . GadgetReview.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Detector Detector ( RDD ) '' . Radar.757.org . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Ban '' . Radarjammer.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Communications Act of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Radar Speed Trap Warning Apparatus ( Licence ) '' . Hansard. 1967 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . a pocket - sized instrument is being produced by Marchant House Limited of New Street , Oadby , Leicester , to be used in motor vehicles to give instant warning of a police radar speed trap ... Anyone wishing to use this type of apparatus would require a licence under the Wireless Telegraphy Act , 1949 . The firm in question has recently been informed that I am not prepared to issue a licence for such purposes Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic ( Miscellaneous ) Variation Regulations 2003 '' . SA State Government . 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Infringement Notice '' . Department of Infrastructure , Energy and Resources . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : google.co.uk Jump up ^ `` De Standaard 2006 - 07 - 20 '' . De Standaard. 2006 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` United States Department of State : Consular Information Sheet for Canada '' . Travel.state.gov . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ bonjourquebec.com Jump up ^ `` Promet '' . mup.hr ( in Croatian ) . Ministry of the Interior . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sakkolaskuri '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Bußgeldkatalog Anl. 8 Nr. 247 '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` proxeiro_kok. indb '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Statute Book S.I. No. 50 / 1991 -- Road Traffic ( Speed Meter Detectors ) Regulations , 1991 '' . Irishstatutebook.ie . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ pelephone.co.il Jump up ^ `` Dutch Ministry of the Attorney General - Speed and violations '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Ofte stilte spørsmål om fart '' ( in Norwegian ) . politiet.no ( Norwegian Police ) . 21 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 29 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OUG 63 / 2006 Art . 44 Al. 4 - 5 '' . Jump up ^ `` Zakon o bezbednosti saobraćaja na putevima , SLUŽBENI GLASNIK : 41 - 09 ( Art . 29 ) '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.elconfidencial.com/motor/2014-05-04/llevar-detector-de-radar-nos-costara-200-euros-y-3-puntos-del-carne_124276/ Jump up ^ `` Radar Detectors - AAA Digest of Motor Laws '' . AAA Digest of Motor Laws . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile Scanner & RADAR - Detector Laws In The United States '' . Afn.org . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ DoD Traffic Safety Program Jump up ^ `` Windshield Mount Law '' . Garmin.com . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Connecticut Repeals Detector Ban '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` USA Laser Jammer Laws - Guys of LIDAR '' . www.guysoflidar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about Radar Detectors '' . Vortex Radar. 2015 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radar_detector&oldid=856392269 '' Categories : Automotive electronics Consumer electronics Traffic law Radar Detectors Radar warning receivers Hidden categories : CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2017 All articles that may contain original research All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 Articles needing additional references from November 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Suomi 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 21 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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where are radar detectors illegal in the us

Country Legality Radar Bands Australia Illegal in all states besides Western Australia They are illegal to use in a moving vehicle ( as stated by the traffic laws in ) SA , NSW , ACT , NT , Queensland and Tasmania . In the state of Victoria it is an offence to sell , use or possess a radar detector , and police may confiscate such equipment if found in a vehicle . Heavy fines apply , ranging from AU $200 -- $1,700 , up to nine demerit points , and confiscation of the radar detector . However , importing a unit is permitted under Australian customs regulations . Queensland = up to 40 penalty units ( approximately equal to $3,000 ) for being in or on a vehicle whether or not the device is operating or in working order . K , Ka , Laser Belgium Illegal In July 2006 , a provisional seizure of a vehicle worth over € 75,000 and destruction of the radar detector was ordered by the courts . The driver 's licence was suspended for three months . Brazil Illegal in all states . Bulgaria Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Radar jammers are illegal . X , K ( fixed camera + radar ) Canada Legal in British Columbia , Alberta , and Saskatchewan . Illegal in Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , New Brunswick , Quebec , Ontario , Manitoba , Yukon , Northwest Territories and Nunavut . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines in provinces where radar detectors are illegal . Quebec penalizes $500 CAD for use of a radar detector , along with confiscation of the device . K , Ka , Laser China Detectors legal , jammers illegal Croatia Detectors and jammers are illegal to use or to have in a motor vehicle . HRK 2000 ( € 270 ) fine if using a jammer . Only confiscation for a detector . Czech Republic Detectors legal , jammers illegal . Fine up to CZK 200,000 ( € 7750 ) , penalty points . Ka Egypt Detectors and jammers are illegal . Estonia Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle . Fine up to € 1150 as well as confiscation of the device . Finland Illegal to use or have in a motor vehicle on a public road . The fine depends on income . The detector will be confiscated . For average net income of 2200 € / month , the fine would be around 640 € plus possible speeding ticket . Ka France Detectors and jammers are illegal to own , use or sell . Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not , and impose substantial fines . K 24.125 GHz , Laser Germany Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle € 75 fine , 4 Points , destruction of the radar detector . Greece Illegal € 2000 fine , 30 day driver 's license suspension , 60 days car registration license suspension and 5 SESO penalty points Hungary Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . India Illegal Iceland Legal Radar jammers are illegal . Ireland Illegal Law Refers to ' Speed Meter Detectors ' , Introduced 1991 . No fixed penalty for possession , expect confiscation and hefty fine . Israel Detectors legal as of 2000 . Jammers still illegal . Some cellular providers such as Pelephone actually provide radar detecting as a service powered by GPS Ka , Laser Italy Illegal Japan Legal Jordan Illegal Regardless of whether they are used or not , police there may confiscate radar detectors , operational or not . Laser ( possibly others ) Kazakhstan Legal X , K , Ka , X POP , Ka POP , Laser Latvia Legal to own , illegal to use in a vehicle 57 EUR fine and the detector will be confiscated . K , POP Ka , Laser Lithuania Detectors : legal . Jammers : legal to own , illegal to use . X , POP K , Laser Malaysia Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Mexico Legal in most states Forbidden in Mexico City ( Distrito Federal ) , 200 USD fine and impoundment of the vehicle . Netherlands Illegal € 420 fine and seizure of the device ( since 2004 ) New Zealand Legal Ka and Laser used also fixed speed camera and speed camera vans ( Low Powered K Band ) North Korea Illegal Confiscated in border controls along South Korea and China borders , and in airports . Norway Illegal to use . ( Legal to own , sell , and buy ) 8000 - 10000 krone fine and seizure of the device . Pakistan Legal Philippines Legal Poland Legal to own , illegal to use in a moving vehicle Jammers illegal X , K , Pulse K , Ka Narrow , Laser Portugal Illegal to own and / or use in a vehicle Law enforcement authorities can confiscate radar detectors and apply a fine . The Portuguese Tax and Customs Authority can seize any imported radar detectors . Radar jammers are also illegal . Romania Legal since 2006 Radar jammers still illegal Instant - On K Russia Detectors legal , jammers illegal . The national system for measuring the speed of vehicles and cars . National ranges work radars in X and Ku . Instant - On ( Pulse ) X ( 10 , 2 - 10 , 65 GHz ) , Ku ( 13 , 56 - 13 , 62Ghz ) POP K , Laser ( 0 , 8 - 1 , 1 mkm ) Saudi Arabia Illegal Serbia Illegal to purchase , use , possess , sell or advertise Illegal to use or have in possession in a vehicle in traffic , to sell or advertise : an apparatus or any other means of detecting or interfering with operation of vehicle speed measuring devices , or any other apparatus used for discovering and reporting traffic violations Singapore Illegal to possess , purchase , sell or use . Heavy fines apply . Radar detectors are also prohibited items under customs laws . Slovenia Legal Laser jammers illegal ( fine up to € 500 and confiscation of the device ) . South Africa Illegal to use in a moving vehicle Importing a unit is permitted under South African customs regulations . South Korea Legal Spain Radar Detectors illegal , jammers illegal . Radar and Laser jammers fine up to € 6000 . Radar detectors fine up to 3 points from the driving license and € 200 . Ka narrow , laser , Autovelox Switzerland Illegal 660SFr fine . Radar detectors may be confiscated and destroyed . The use of any GPS - based device to locate speed cameras is also illegal . Taiwan Legal Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : zh : 中華 民國 法律 註解 / 道路 交通 管理 處罰 條例 / 第 40 條 # 1986 年 5 月 13 日 全文 修正 5 月 21 日 公布 Effective 1 July 1987 , radar detectors used in motor vehicles risked being administratively fined 1200 to 2400 new Taiwan dollars and confiscated . Effective 1 July 2006 , radar detectors would no longer be banned in motor vehicles . X , K , Ku , Laser ( Possibly others ) Turkey Illegal Radar jammers are illegal UAE Illegal United Kingdom Legal , although prior to 1998 the Police would attempt prosecutions under the Wireless and Telegraphy act 1949 , laser jammers are still a grey area in the use of them . United States Law varies from state to state , but detectors are generally legal in private vehicles under the Communications Act of 1934 and illegal in commercial vehicles by DOT regulation ( 49 CFR 392.71 ) . Exceptions : Detectors are Illegal in all vehicles : Virginia , Washington D.C. , U.S. military bases Illegal in commercial vehicles under state law : Illinois , New York , New Jersey ( specifically , commercial vehicles over 10,000 pounds ( 4,500 kg ) and all vehicles over 18,000 pounds ( 8,200 kg ) ) Also illegal in all commercial vehicles over 10000 lbs under US federal law Prohibitions against affixing items to windshield - `` obstructing vision '' ) : Minnesota , California Repealed : Connecticut ( repealed in 1992 ) Confiscation and / or destruction of the detector was once a common practice but lawsuits raised by drivers arguing violation of property rights have resulted in temporary removal while a citation is written , then return of the device after its description ( make , model and serial number ) has been entered on the ticket - usually for speeding and possession / operation of a detector . Use of a radar / lidar detector on a military installation is prohibited . Persons entering a military installation with one visibly mounted to the sun visor or windshield will be asked to remove it and put it away . Those who refuse will be denied entry onto the installation at that time . Military law enforcement may not stop a vehicle solely for a detector being in use , but along with being stopped for another moving violation , active duty personnel using a detector may be ordered to report the violation to his / her unit commanding officer . Radar jammers are not allowed under federal rule , but laser jammers are not specifically banned . Ten states are specifically banning laser jammers : California , Colorado , Illinois , Minnesota , South Carolina , Oklahoma , Tennessee , Texas , Utah , and Virginia . Radar detectors are not banned in the aforementioned states ( Excluding Virginia ) . X , K , Ka , Laser

Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God - wikipedia Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God Jump to : navigation , search Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God A monument in Enfield , Connecticut commemorating the location where this sermon was preached . Author Jonathan Edwards Country British Colonies Language English Genre Sermon Publication date 8 July 1741 Text Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God at Wikisource `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God '' is a sermon written by British Colonial Christian theologian Jonathan Edwards , preached to his own congregation in Northampton , Massachusetts to unknown effect , and again on July 8 , 1741 in Enfield , Connecticut . Like Edwards ' other works , it combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of the scripture . It is Edwards ' most famous written work , is a fitting representation of his preaching style , and is widely studied by Christians and historians , providing a glimpse into the theology of the Great Awakening of c. 1730 -- 1755 . This is a typical sermon of the Great Awakening , emphasizing the belief that Hell is a real place . Edwards hoped that the imagery and language of his sermon would awaken audiences to the horrific reality that he believed awaited them should they continue life without devotion to Christ . The underlying point is that God has given humanity a chance to rectify their sins . Edwards says that it is the will of God that keeps wicked men from the depths of Hell . This act of restraint has given humanity a chance to mend their ways and return to Christ . Contents ( hide ) 1 Doctrine 2 Purpose 3 Application 4 Effect and legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Doctrine ( edit ) Edwards , Rev. Jonathan ( July 8 , 1741 ) , Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , A Sermon Preached at Enfield `` There is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell , but the mere pleasure of God . '' Most of the sermon 's text consists of ten `` considerations '' : God may cast wicked men into hell at any given moment . The Wicked deserve to be cast into hell . Divine justice does not prevent God from destroying the Wicked at any moment . The Wicked , at this moment , suffer under God 's condemnation to Hell . The Wicked , on earth - at this very moment - suffer a sample of the torments of Hell . The Wicked must not think , simply because they are not physically in Hell , that God ( in Whose hand the Wicked now reside ) is not - at this very moment - as angry with them as He is with those miserable creatures He is now tormenting in hell , and who - at this very moment - do feel and bear the fierceness of His wrath . At any moment God shall permit him , Satan stands ready to fall upon the Wicked and seize them as his own . If it were not for God 's restraints , there are , in the souls of wicked men , hellish principles reigning which , presently , would kindle and flame out into hellfire . Simply because there are not visible means of death before them at any given moment , the Wicked should not feel secure . Simply because it is natural to care for oneself or to think that others may care for them , men should not think themselves safe from God 's wrath . All that wicked men may do to save themselves from Hell 's pains shall afford them nothing if they continue to reject Christ . God has never promised to save us from Hell , except for those contained in Christ through the covenant of Grace . Purpose ( edit ) One church in Enfield , Connecticut had been largely unaffected during the Great Awakening of New England . Edwards was invited by the pastor of the church to preach to them . Edwards 's aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of hell , the dangers of sin and the terrors of being lost . Edwards described the shaky position of those who do not follow Christ 's urgent call to receive forgiveness . Application ( edit ) In the final section of `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , '' Edwards shows his theological argument throughout scripture and biblical history . Invoking stories and examples throughout the whole Bible . Edwards ends the sermon with one final appeal , `` Therefore let everyone that is out of Christ , now awake and fly from the wrath to come . '' According to Edwards , only by returning to Christ can one escape the stark fate he outlines . Effect and legacy ( edit ) Jonathan Edwards was interrupted many times before finishing the sermon by people moaning and crying out , `` What shall I do to be saved ? '' Although the sermon has received criticism , Edwards ' words have endured and are still read to this day . Edwards ' sermon continues to be the leading example of a Great Awakening sermon and is still used in religious and academic studies . Over the last sixty years , a number of critical perspectives were used to analyse the sermon . The first comprehensive academic analysis of `` Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God '' was published by Edwin Cady in 1949 , who comments on the imagery of the sermon and distinguishes between the `` cliché '' and `` fresh '' figurative images , stressing how the former related to the colonial life . Lee Stuart questions that the message of the sermon was solely negative and attributes its success to the final passages in which the sinners are actually `` comforted '' . Rosemary Hearn argues that it is the logical structure of the sermon that constitutes its most important persuasive element . Lemay looks into the changes in the syntactic categories , like grammatical tenses , in the text of the sermon . Lukasik stresses how in the sermon Edwards appropriates Newtonian physics , especially the image of the gravitational pull that would relentlessly bring the sinners down . Gallagher focuses on the `` beat '' of the sermon , and on how the consecutive structural elements of the sermon serve different persuasive aims . Choiński suggests that the rhetorical success of the sermon consists in the use of the `` deictic shift '' that transported the hearers mentally into the figurative images of hell . See also ( edit ) Calvinism Religious Affections A Faithful Narrative Freedom of the Will American philosophy Puritans Redemption The Justice of God in the Damnation of Sinners Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stout 2006 , p. 139 Jump up ^ Crocco 2006 , p. 303 ; Marsden 2004 , p. 219f Jump up ^ Wilson , pp. 29 -- 30 Jump up ^ Marsden 2004 , p. 221 Jump up ^ Marsden 2004 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Ostling 2003 Jump up ^ Choiński 2016 Jump up ^ Edwin H. Cady , 1949 , The Artistry of Jonathan Edwards , New England Quarterly 22 ( 1 ) , 61 - 72 https://www.jstor.org/stable/361536 Jump up ^ Robert Stuart Lee , 1976 , Jonathan Edwards at Enfield : `` And Oh the Cheerfulness and Pleasantness '' , American Language 48 / 1 , 46 - 59 . Jump up ^ Rosemary Hearn , Form as Argument in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , 1985 , College Language Association Journal 28 , 452 - 459 . Jump up ^ Leo J. Lemay , Rhetorical Strategies in Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God and Narrative of the Late Massacres in Lancester Country ( in : ) Benjamin Franklin , Jonathan Edwards and the Representation of American Culture ( ed . Barbara B. Oberg , Harry S. Stout ) , New York : Oxford University Press , 186 - 204 . Jump up ^ Christopher F. Lukasik , 2000 , Feeling the Force of Certainty : The Divine Science , Newtonianism , and Jonathan Edwards 's Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , The New England Quarterly 73 ( 2 ) , 222 - 245 . https://www.jstor.org/stable/366801 Jump up ^ Gallagher , Edward , `` Sinners in the Hands of an Agry God : Some Unfinished Business '' , The New England Quarterly , 73 ( 2 ) , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Jump up ^ Choiński , Michał , `` A Cognitive Approach to the Hermeneutics of Jonathan Edwards 's Sermons '' ( PDF ) , Theologica Wratislaviensia , VII , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 References ( edit ) Choiński , Michał ( 25 April 2016 ) , Rhetoric of the Revival : The Language of the Great Awakening , Göttingen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 56023 - 5 , retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 Conforti , Joseph ( 1995 ) , Jonathan Edwards , Religious Tradition , & American Culture , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4535 - 6 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Crocco , Stephen ( 20 November 2006 ) , `` Edwards 's Intellectual Legacy '' , in Stein , Stephen , The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards , New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 300 -- 324 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61805 - 2 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Hart , Darryl ; Lucas , Sean ; Nichols , Stephen ( 1 August 2003 ) , The Legacy of Jonathan Edwards , Grand Rapids : Baker Academic , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8010 - 2622 - 5 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Kimnach , Wilson ; Maskell , Caleb ; Minkema , Kenneth ( 23 March 2010 ) , Jonathan Edwards 's Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 14038 - 5 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Marsden , George ( 1 August 2004 ) , Jonathan Edwards , New Haven : Yale University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10596 - 4 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Ostling , Richard ( 4 October 2003 ) , `` Theologian Still Relevant After 300 Years '' , Times Daily , Associated Press , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Stout , Harry ( 20 November 2006 ) , `` Edwards as Revivalist '' , in Stein , Stephen , The Cambridge Companion to Jonathan Edwards , New York : Cambridge University Press , pp. 125 -- 143 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61805 - 2 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 Wilson , John , `` A History of the Work of Redemption '' , WJE Online , 9 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 External links ( edit ) Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God , from DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinners_in_the_Hands_of_an_Angry_God&oldid=801599760 '' Categories : Christian sermons 1741 works 18th - century Christian texts Enfield , Connecticut History of Christianity in the United States Hidden categories : Articles that link to Wikisource Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Español 日本 語 Polski Português Simple English Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 17 : 34 . 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what is the purpose of sinners in the hands of an angry god

This is a typical sermon of the Great Awakening , emphasizing the belief that Hell is a real place . Edwards hoped that the imagery and language of his sermon would awaken audiences to the horrific reality that he believed awaited them should they continue life without devotion to Christ . The underlying point is that God has given humanity a chance to rectify their sins . Edwards says that it is the will of God that keeps wicked men from the depths of Hell . This act of restraint has given humanity a chance to mend their ways and return to Christ .

The Shape of Water - wikipedia The Shape of Water Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American film . For the unrelated Italian novel , see The Shape of Water ( novel ) . The Shape of Water Theatrical release poster Directed by Guillermo del Toro Produced by Guillermo del Toro J. Miles Dale Screenplay by Guillermo del Toro Vanessa Taylor Story by Guillermo del Toro Starring Sally Hawkins Michael Shannon Richard Jenkins Doug Jones Michael Stuhlbarg Octavia Spencer Music by Alexandre Desplat Cinematography Dan Laustsen Edited by Sidney Wolinsky Production companies TSG Entertainment Double Dare You Productions Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures Release date August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) ( Venice ) December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) ( United States ) Running time 123 minutes Country United States Language American Sign Language English Budget $19.5 million Box office $194 million The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor . It stars Sally Hawkins , Michael Shannon , Richard Jenkins , Doug Jones , Michael Stuhlbarg , and Octavia Spencer . Set in Baltimore in 1962 , the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature . The Shape of Water was screened in the main competition section of the 74th Venice International Film Festival , where it premiered on August 31 , 2017 , and was awarded the Golden Lion for best film in the competition . It also screened at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival . It began a limited release in two theaters in New York City on December 1 , 2017 , before expanding following December 8 , 2017 , and has grossed $194 million worldwide . A novelization by del Toro and Daniel Kraus was published on March 6 , 2018 . The Shape of Water received critical acclaim for its performances , screenplay , direction , visuals , production design , and musical score , with many critics calling it del Toro 's best work since Pan 's Labyrinth ; the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 films of the year . The film received a number of awards and nominations , including thirteen nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , where it won for Best Picture , Best Director , Best Production Design and Best Original Score . It was nominated for seven awards at the 75th Golden Globe Awards , winning for Best Director and Best Original Score . At the 71st British Academy Film Awards , it received twelve nominations and won three awards , including Best Director . The film also earned fourteen nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and won four awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Top - ten lists 6.4 Accolades 6.5 Lawsuit alleging plagiarism 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Elisa Esposito , who was found in a river as an orphaned child with wounds on her neck , is mute , and communicates through sign language . She lives alone in an apartment above a cinema , and works as a cleaning woman at a secret government laboratory in Baltimore at the height of the Cold War . Her friends are her closeted next - door neighbor Giles , a struggling advertising illustrator who shares a strong bond with her , and her African - American co-worker Zelda , a woman who also serves as her interpreter at work . The facility receives a mysterious creature captured from a South American river by Colonel Richard Strickland , who is in charge of the project to study it . Curious about the creature , Elisa discovers it is a humanoid amphibian . She begins visiting him in secret , and the two form a close bond . Seeking to exploit the creature to American advantage in the Space Race , General Frank Hoyt orders Strickland to vivisect it . One scientist , Robert Hoffstetler -- who is in truth a Soviet spy named Dimitri Mosenkov -- pleads unsuccessfully to keep the creature alive for further study and , at the same time , is ordered by his Soviet handlers to euthanize the creature . When Elisa learns of the Americans ' plans for the creature , she persuades Giles to help her free him . Mosenkov discovers Elisa 's plot and chooses to help her . Though initially reluctant , Zelda becomes involved in the escape , and it is successful . Elisa keeps the creature in her bathtub , adding salt to the water to keep him alive . She plans to release the creature into a nearby canal when it will be opened to the ocean in several days ' time . As part of his efforts to recover the creature , Strickland interrogates Elisa and Zelda , but the failure of his advances toward Elisa hampers his judgment , and he dismisses them . Back at the apartment , Giles discovers the creature devouring one of his cats , Pandora . Startled , the creature slashes Giles 's arm and rushes out of the apartment . The creature gets as far as the cinema downstairs before Elisa finds him and returns him to her apartment . The creature touches Giles on his balding head and his wounded arm ; the next morning , Giles discovers his hair has begun growing back and the wounds on his arm have healed . Elisa and the creature soon become romantically involved , having sex in her bathroom , which she at one point fills completely with water . Hoyt gives Strickland an ultimatum , asking him to recover the creature within 36 hours . Meanwhile , Mosenkov is told by his handlers that he will be extracted in two days . As the planned release date approaches , the creature 's health starts deteriorating . Mosenkov leaves to rendezvous with his handlers , with Strickland tailing him . At the rendezvous , Mosenkov is shot by one of his handlers , but Strickland shoots the handlers dead and then tortures Mosenkov for information . Mosenkov implicates Elisa and Zelda before dying from his wounds . Strickland then threatens Zelda in her home , causing her terrified husband to reveal that Elisa had been keeping the creature . Strickland searches Elisa 's apartment and finds a calendar note revealing when and where she plans to release him . At the canal , Elisa and Giles bid farewell to the creature , but Strickland arrives and attacks them all . Strickland knocks Giles down and shoots the creature and Elisa , who both appear to die . However , the creature heals himself and slashes Strickland 's throat , killing him . As police arrive on the scene with Zelda , the creature takes Elisa and jumps into the canal , where , deep under water , he heals her . When he applies his healing touch to the scars on her neck , they open to reveal gills like his . In a closing voice - over narration , Giles conveys his belief that Elisa lived `` happily ever after '' with the creature . Cast ( edit ) Sally Hawkins as Elisa Esposito , a mute cleaner who works at a secret government laboratory . Michael Shannon as Richard Strickland , a United States Colonel in charge of the project to study the `` asset '' . Richard Jenkins as Giles , Elisa 's neighbor and close friend who is a struggling advertising illustrator . Octavia Spencer as Zelda Delilah Fuller , Elisa 's African - American co-worker and friend who serves as her interpreter . Michael Stuhlbarg as Robert Hoffstetler / Dimitri Mosenkov , a Soviet spy working as a scientist studying the creature under an alias . Doug Jones as `` Amphibian Man '' , an amphibious creature referred to as the `` asset '' , with whom Elisa forms a close bond . David Hewlett as Fleming , the laboratory 's head of security . Nick Searcy as Frank Hoyt , a United States General who is Strickland 's superior . Stewart Arnott as Bernard , Giles ' employer and former lover . Nigel Bennett as Mihalkov , Mosenkov 's handler . Lauren Lee Smith as Elaine Strickland , Strickland 's wife . Martin Roach as Brewster Fuller , Zelda 's husband . Allegra Fulton as Yolanda , a cleaning woman at the laboratory . John Kapelos as Mr. Arzoumanian , the owner of the cinema who resided below Elisa and Giles ' apartments . Morgan Kelly as Pie Guy , a diner employee to whom Giles is attracted . Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2018 ) The Gill - man in Creature from the Black Lagoon was an inspiration to del Toro 's concept . The idea for The Shape of Water formed during del Toro 's breakfast with Daniel Kraus in 2011 , with whom he later co-wrote the novel Trollhunters . It shows similarities to the 2015 short film The Space Between Us . It was also primarily inspired by del Toro 's childhood memories of seeing Creature from the Black Lagoon and wanting to see the Gill - man and Kay Lawrence ( played by Julie Adams ) succeed in their romance . When del Toro was in talks with Universal to direct a remake of Creature from the Black Lagoon , he tried pitching a version focused more on the creature 's perspective , where the Creature ended up together with the female lead , but the studio executives rejected the concept . Del Toro set the film during the 1960s Cold War era to counteract today 's heightened tensions , specifying , `` if I say once upon a time in 1962 , it becomes a fairy tale for troubled times . People can lower their guard a little bit more and listen to the story and listen to the characters and talk about the issues , rather than the circumstances of the issues . '' Filming began on August 15 , 2016 , in Toronto and Hamilton , Ontario , and wrapped on November 6 , 2016 . In an interview with IndieWire about the film , del Toro said , `` This movie is a healing movie for me ... For nine movies I rephrased the fears of my childhood , the dreams of my childhood , and this is the first time I speak as an adult , about something that worries me as an adult . I speak about trust , otherness , sex , love , where we 're going . These are not concerns that I had when I was nine or seven . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The Shape of Water ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Alexandre Desplat Released December 1 , 2017 Genre Soundtrack Length 1 : 16 : 23 Label Decca Producer Dominique Lemonnier Alexandre Desplat is the composer of the film 's score . The score won the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 90th Academy Awards . Track listing ( edit ) All tracks written by Alexandre Desplat , except where noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Shape of Water '' 3 : 42 2 . `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ) 4 : 38 3 . `` The Creature '' 1 : 46 4 . `` Elisa 's Theme '' 2 : 36 5 . `` Fingers '' 2 : 09 6 . `` Spy Meeting '' 1 : 42 7 . `` Elisa and Zelda '' 1 : 10 8 . `` Five Stars General '' 1 : 31 9 . `` The Silence of Love '' 1 : 35 10 . `` Egg '' 2 : 13 11 . `` That Is n't Good '' 1 : 43 12 . `` Underwater Kiss '' 2 : 12 13 . `` The Escape '' 10 : 57 14 . `` Watching Ruth '' 2 : 18 15 . `` Decency '' 2 : 23 16 . `` He 's Coming For You '' 1 : 39 17 . `` Overflow of Love '' 2 : 56 18 . `` Without You '' 2 : 30 19 . `` Rainy Day '' 3 : 12 20 . `` A Princess Without a Voice '' 1 : 50 21 . `` La Javanaise '' ( Madeleine Peyroux ) 4 : 10 22 . `` I Know Why ( And So Do You ) '' ( Glenn Miller and His Orchestra ) 2 : 58 23 . `` Chica Chica Boom Chic '' ( Carmen Miranda ) 2 : 19 24 . `` Babalú '' ( Caterina Valente & Silvio Francesco ) 2 : 51 25 . `` A Summer Place '' ( Andy Williams ) 2 : 34 26 . `` You 'll Never Know '' ( feat . Renée Fleming ( Alternative Version ) ) 6 : 49 27 . `` Mermaid '' ( Skøtt ) 3 : 32 28 . `` Oceanful '' ( I. AM. WILLOW ) 3 : 37 Total length : 1 : 16 : 23 Release ( edit ) The Shape of Water premiered on August 31 , 2017 at the 74th Venice International Film Festival . It also screened at Telluride Film Festival , the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and BFI London Film Festival , among others . The film was released in two theaters in New York City on December 1 , 2017 and then expended to several other cities the following week . It had its official wide release in the United States on December 22 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) On March 13 , 2018 , the film was released on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of April 17 , 2018 , The Shape of Water has grossed $63.8 million in the United States and Canada , and $130.1 million in other countries , for a total of $193.9 million . After grossing $4.6 million over three weeks of limited release , the film began its wide release on December 22 , 2017 , alongside the openings of Downsizing , Pitch Perfect 3 and Father Figures , and the wide expansion of Darkest Hour , and grossed $3 million from 726 theaters over the weekend , and $4.4 million over the four - day Christmas frame . The following weekend , the film made $3.5 million . The weekend of January 27 , 2018 , following the announcement of the film 's 13 Oscar nominations , the film was added to over 1,000 theaters ( for a total of 1,854 ) and made $5.9 million ( an increase of 171 % over the previous week 's $2.2 million ) , finishing 8th . The weekend of March 9 -- 11 , following its four Oscar wins , the film made $2.4 million . It marked a 64 % increase from the previous week 's $1.5 million and was similar to the $2.5 million made by the previous year 's Best Picture winner , Moonlight . Critical response ( edit ) Sally Hawkins ' performance garnered widespread critical acclaim and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress . On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 92 % based on 348 reviews , with an average rating of 8.4 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads : `` The Shape of Water finds Guillermo del Toro at his visually distinctive best -- and matched by an emotionally absorbing story brought to life by a stellar Sally Hawkins performance . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 87 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . According to CinemaScore , audience members under the age of 40 gave the film an average grade of either `` A + '' or `` A '' , while those over 40 gave it an `` A '' or `` A − '' , on an A+ to F scale ; PostTrak reported filmgoers gave the film an overall positive score of 80 % . Ben Croll of IndieWire gave the film an ' A ' rating and called it `` one of del Toro 's most stunningly successful works ... also a powerful vision of a creative master feeling totally , joyously free . '' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars , praising Hawkins 's performance , the cinematography and del Toro 's direction , and saying : `` Even as the film plunges into torment and tragedy , the core relationship between these two unlikely lovers holds us in thrall . Del Toro is a world - class film artist . There 's no sense trying to analyze how he does it . '' For the Minnesota Daily , Haley Bennett reacted positively , writing , `` The Shape of Water has tenderness uncommon to del Toro films ... While The Shape of Water is n't groundbreaking , it is elegant and mesmerizing . '' Conversely , Rex Reed of the New York Observer gave the film 1 out of 4 stars and calling it `` a loopy , lunkheaded load of drivel '' and , referring to Hawkins 's role in Maudie , described people with disabilities as `` defective creatures . '' Reed 's review was criticized for referring to Sally Hawkins ' mute character as `` mentally handicapped '' and for erroneously crediting actor Benicio del Toro as the film 's director . Top - ten lists ( edit ) The Shape of Water appeared on many critics ' year - end top - ten lists , among them : 1st -- Anne Thompson , IndieWire 1st -- Kenneth Turan , Los Angeles Times 1st -- Sasha Stone , Awards Daily 1st -- Drew McWeeny , The Tracking Board 1st -- Nicholas Barber , BBC 1st -- Mike Scott , The Times - Picayune 1st -- James Verniere , Boston Herald 1st -- Borys Kit , The Hollywood Reporter 1st -- Marjorie Baumgarten & Steve Davis , The Austin Chronicle 1st -- Joe Morgenstern , The Wall Street Journal 2nd -- David Rooney , The Hollywood Reporter 2nd -- Mark Olsen , Los Angeles Times 3rd -- Sheri Linden , The Hollywood Reporter 3rd -- Matthew Jacobs , HuffPost 3rd -- E. Oliver Whitney , ScreenCrush 3rd -- Alonso Duralde , TheWrap 4th -- Pete Hammond , Deadline Hollywood 4th -- Brian Tallerico , RogerEbert.com 4th -- Chris Bumbray , JoBlo.com 5th -- Marc Savlov , The Austin Chronicle 5th -- James Berardinelli , Reelviews 5th -- Christopher Orr , The Atlantic 5th -- Gregory Ellwood , IndieWire 5th -- Peter Hartlaub , San Francisco Chronicle 6th -- Kimber Myers , IndieWire 6th -- People 7th -- The Guardian 7th -- Peter Debruge , Variety 7th -- Peter Travers , Rolling Stone 8th -- Peter Howell , Toronto Star 9th -- Steve Erickson , RogerEbert.com 9th -- Stephen Whitty , The Star - Ledger 9th -- Ryan Oliver , IndieWire 10th -- Danny Bowes , RogerEbert.com 10th -- Paste Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- IGN Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Ty Burr , The Boston Globe Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Moira Macdonald , The Seattle Times Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Walter Addiego , San Francisco Chronicle Top 10 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Calvin Wilson , St. Louis Post-Dispatch Best of 2017 ( listed alphabetically , not ranked ) -- Newsweek Accolades ( edit ) See also : List of accolades received by The Shape of Water The Shape of Water received 13 nominations at the 90th Academy Awards , the most of any film in the 2018 race . It won in four categories : Best Production Design , Best Original Score , Best Director , and Best Picture . The film also spawned some debate about whether the fact that it was filmed in Canada , with a predominantly Canadian crew and many Canadian actors in the supporting roles , should have made it eligible to be nominated for the Canadian Screen Awards . Under Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television rules , to qualify for CSA nominations under the rules for international coproductions at least 15 per cent of a film 's funding must come from a Canadian film studio . Even the film 's Canadian co-producer , J. Miles Dale , stated that he supports the rules and does not believe the film should have been eligible . Lawsuit alleging Plagiarism ( edit ) In February 2018 , the estate of Paul Zindel initiated a lawsuit in United States District Court for the Central District of California against director Guillermo del Toro and associate producer Daniel Kraus , alleging that The Shape of Water `` brazenly copies the story , elements , characters , and themes '' of Zindel 's 1969 work Let Me Hear You Whisper , which depicts a cleaning lady bonding with a dolphin and attempting to rescue it from a secret research laboratory 's nefarious uses . The complaint spends more than a dozen pages detailing alleged `` overwhelming similarities '' between the works . Del Toro denied the claim of the Zindel estate , saying that `` I have never read nor seen the play . I 'd never heard of this play before making The Shape of Water , and none of my collaborators ever mentioned the play . '' Distributor Fox Searchlight also denied the claim and said that it would `` vigorously defend '' itself in court . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water '' . tiff . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Spirit Awards : ' Call Me by Your Name , ' ' Get Out ' Soar , ' Shape of Water ' Shunned Again '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Ariston ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Venice Competition Includes Films From George Clooney , Guillermo del Toro , Darren Aronofsky '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff and agencies ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water wins Venice Golden Lion '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Toronto Film Festival 2017 Unveils Strong Slate '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water Novel Does Much , Much More Than Adapt the Movie '' . io9 . Gawker Media . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiang , Jessica ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo Del Toro 's ' The Shape of Water ' Is Sweet & Scary Movie Magic ( Venice Review ) '' . The Playlist . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Award Winners 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . March 4 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Michael ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars can still surprise us '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water leads Bafta nominations '' . BBC News . BBC . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Shape of Water - first birthed over a looong breakfast with @ DanielDKraus in 2011 . It shows next week at the Venice Film Festival '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Is ' The Shape of Water ' Cribbed Directly From the Short Film ' The Space Between Us ' ? '' . AwardsWatch . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Iconic Horror Movie Scene That Inspired ' The Shape of Water ' -- Bloody Disgusting '' . bloody-disgusting.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Del Toro Talks Black Lagoon Influence On `` Shape '' `` . darkhorizons.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , Haley ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Review : The Shape of Water ' Mermaid film noir sounds like a fishy genre , but director Guillermo del Toro navigates it with skill '' . Minnesota Daily . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` We start shooting The Shape of Water on Monday . I will tweet some images now and then -- '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` Shape of Water : Guillermo del Toro Begins Production '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` 4 PM in Toronto . Started '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo Del Toro 's staff plan Hamilton visit to talk film studio locations : mayor '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All the Toronto locations that show up in Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water '' . Toronto Life Magazine . January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ del Toro , Guillermo ( @ RealGDT ) ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wrapped shooting on The Shape of Water last night ! ! '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` Guillermo del Toro : ' The Shape of Water ' Saved My Life '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guillermo del Toro 's The Shape of Water Finds A Composer '' . Wegotthiscovered.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` Guillermo del Toro 's ' Shape of Water ' Gets Awards Season Release Date '' . Variety . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Blu - Ray & DVD '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 24 , 2017 ) . `` Last Jedi ' Lords Over Christmas Weekend B.O. With $100 M+ As ' Jumanji ' Roars $65 M+ & ' Pitch Perfect 3 ' Sings $27 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther ' Rules 4th Frame With $41 M+ ; ' A Wrinkle In Time ' At $33 M+ : A Diversity & Disney Dominant Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Shape of Water Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Topping Another Sleepy Weekend Of Holdovers & Awards Season Breakouts Before ' Last Jedi ' Takes Over B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` How Much Of A Box Office Boost Will The Nominees Get By Oscar Night ? '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Croll , Ben ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Shape of Water Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Lush Fairy Tale Is a Powerful Vision of Love '' . Indiewire . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Shape of Water ' Review : Guillermo del Toro 's Girl - Meets - Monster Romance Is a Gem '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Rex ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` One Star : The Shape of Water Is a Loopy , Lunkheaded Load of Drivel '' . New York Observer . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharf , Zack ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Rex Reed 's Negative ' The Shape of Water ' Review Goes Viral After Crediting Benicio del Toro as Director '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dietz , Jason ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Best of 2017 : Film Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Canadian Screen Awards too Canadian ? '' . Toronto Star , March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Shape Of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach '' . Jump up ^ Eliza Berman , Everything to Know About the Shape of Water Plagiarism Controversy , Time ( March 1 , 2018 ) . Jump up ^ Colin Dwyer ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Shape of Water ' Creators Sued Over Plagiarism Claims As Oscars Approach '' . NPR . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutThe Shape of Waterat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website The Shape of Water on IMDb The Shape of Water at Rotten Tomatoes The Shape of Water at Metacritic Guillermo del Toro Filmography Unrealized projects Awards and nominations Films Directed Doña Lupe ( short ; 1985 ) Geometria ( short ; 1987 ) Cronos ( 1993 ) Mimic ( 1997 ) The Devil 's Backbone ( 2001 ) Blade II ( 2002 ) Hellboy ( 2004 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Hellboy II : The Golden Army ( 2008 ) Pacific Rim ( 2013 ) Crimson Peak ( 2015 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Written only Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Produced only Crónicas ( 2004 ) Insignificant Things ( 2008 ) Rudo y Cursi ( 2008 ) Julia 's Eyes ( 2010 ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) The Book of Life ( 2014 ) Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Novels The Strain ( 2009 ) The Fall ( 2010 ) The Night Eternal ( 2011 ) Trollhunters ( 2015 ) Television `` Treehouse of Horror XXIV '' ( 2013 ; opening sequence ) The Strain ( 2014 -- 17 ) `` Night Zero '' Tales of Arcadia Trollhunters ( 2016 -- present ) 3 Below ( 2018 ) Wizards ( 2019 ) Video games Hellboy : The Science of Evil ( 2008 ) P.T. 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Confidential ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) The Departed ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) Spotlight ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Golden Lion winning films 1949 -- 1968 Manon ( 1949 ) Justice Is Done ( 1950 ) Rashomon ( 1951 ) Forbidden Games ( 1952 ) No award ( 1953 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1954 ) Ordet ( 1955 ) No award ( 1956 ) Aparajito ( 1957 ) Rickshaw Man ( 1958 ) General Della Rovere / The Great War ( 1959 ) Tomorrow Is My Turn ( 1960 ) Last Year at Marienbad ( 1961 ) Family Diary / Ivan 's Childhood ( 1962 ) Hands over the City ( 1963 ) Red Desert ( 1964 ) Sandra ( 1965 ) The Battle of Algiers ( 1966 ) Belle de Jour ( 1967 ) Artists Under the Big Top : Perplexed ( 1968 ) 1980 -- 2000 Atlantic City / Gloria ( 1980 ) Marianne and Juliane ( 1981 ) The State of Things ( 1982 ) First Name : Carmen ( 1983 ) A Year of the Quiet Sun ( 1984 ) Vagabond ( 1985 ) The Green Ray ( 1986 ) Au revoir les enfants ( 1987 ) The Legend of the Holy Drinker ( 1988 ) A City of Sadness ( 1989 ) Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) Urga ( 1991 ) The Story of Qiu Ju ( 1992 ) Short Cuts / Three Colours : Blue ( 1993 ) Vive L'Amour / Before the Rain ( 1994 ) Cyclo ( 1995 ) Michael Collins ( 1996 ) Fireworks ( 1997 ) The Way We Laughed ( 1998 ) Not One Less ( 1999 ) The Circle ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Monsoon Wedding ( 2001 ) The Magdalene Sisters ( 2002 ) The Return ( 2003 ) Vera Drake ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Still Life ( 2006 ) Lust , Caution ( 2007 ) The Wrestler ( 2008 ) Lebanon ( 2009 ) Somewhere ( 2010 ) Faust ( 2011 ) Pietà ( 2012 ) Sacro GRA ( 2013 ) A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence ( 2014 ) From Afar ( 2015 ) The Woman Who Left ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) The Crying Game ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) No Country for Old Men ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) The Hurt Locker ( 2009 ) The King 's Speech ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave / Gravity ( 2013 ) Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Shape_of_Water&oldid=838079222 '' Categories : 2017 films 2010s historical films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s monster movies 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films Ableism American films American historical films American LGBT - related films American monster movies American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films American Sign Language films Best Picture Academy Award winners Cold War films English - language films Fantasy drama films Films about disability Films about orphans Films about prejudice Films about racism Films directed by Guillermo del Toro Films involved in plagiarism controversies Films produced by Guillermo del Toro Films scored by Alexandre Desplat Films set in 1962 Films set in Baltimore Films shot in Hamilton , Ontario Films shot in Toronto Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Direction BAFTA Award Films whose director won the Best Director Golden Globe Fox Searchlight Pictures films Golden Lion winners Historical romance films Magic realism films Screenplays by Guillermo del Toro Screenplays by Vanessa Taylor Zoophilia in culture Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles to be expanded from March 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 39 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 20 : 03 . 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who wrote the story for the shape of water

The Shape of Water is a 2017 American romantic dark fantasy drama film directed by Guillermo del Toro and written by del Toro and Vanessa Taylor . It stars Sally Hawkins , Michael Shannon , Richard Jenkins , Doug Jones , Michael Stuhlbarg , and Octavia Spencer . Set in Baltimore in 1962 , the story follows a mute custodian at a high - security government laboratory who falls in love with a captured humanoid amphibian creature .

Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Fifty Shades Freed Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $141.8 million Fifty Shades Freed is a 2018 American erotic romantic drama film directed by James Foley and written by Niall Leonard , based on the novel of the same name by E.L. James . It is the third and final installment in the Fifty Shades film series after Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) and Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) . The film stars Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan as Anastasia Steele and Christian Grey , respectively , and follows the newlywed couple as they must deal with the sins of their past when Ana 's former boss ( Eric Johnson ) begins to stalk her . Principal photography on Fifty Shades Freed began simultaneously with Darker in February 2016 in Paris and Vancouver . The film was released in the United States on February 9 , 2018 ; it had a limited IMAX release . It has grossed $141 million worldwide and , like its previous two predecessors , received negative reviews , with criticism aimed at its screenplay and performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Newlyweds Christian Grey and Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele cut short their exotic honeymoon and return to Seattle after receiving news of a break - in at Christian 's corporate headquarters . Some computer files were stolen , and security camera tapes identify the perpetrator as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss who was fired for sexual assault . Meanwhile , Ana is introduced to her new personal security team . Christian surprises Ana with a new house and has hired architect Gia Matteo to rebuild it . Ana is dismayed when Gia , an attractive young woman , openly flirts with Christian in Ana 's presence . Ana privately threatens to dismiss Gia if she continues her flirtatious behavior , forcing her to stop . When Christian is away on a business trip , Ana disregards his wishes that she stay at home , and goes out for a drink with her friend , Kate Kavanagh . Kate , who is dating Christian 's younger brother , Elliot , confides to Ana that their relationship may be fizzling ; Elliot is working closely with Gia , the architect , and Kate is suspicious about their relationship . When Ana returns home , she encounters Jack Hyde , who holds her hostage and attempts to kidnap her . Ana 's security team subdue him and he is arrested . After an argument with Christian about her having sneaked out to see Kate , Ana berates Christian for being overly controlling and possessive and demands more freedom . Soon after , Christian surprises Ana with a trip to Aspen , bringing along Kate , Elliot , Mia , and José . Christian and Ana continue with their erotic sexual experimentation , but matters become complicated when Ana announces she is pregnant . Christian is deeply disturbed , saying he had other plans for their early years together . He leaves , going on a night - long drunken bender . The next day , Ana discovers that Christian had recently contacted his ex-lover and former BDSM dominant , Elena Lincoln . Meanwhile , Jack Hyde is released on a $500,000 bail . After some days , mayhem erupts when Jack Hyde phones Ana demanding a ransom for Mia , Christian 's abducted sister . Hyde demands $5,000,000 in cash in two hours or Mia will be killed . He warns Ana to tell no one and to bring the money alone . Ana takes some cash and a revolver from the house safe , then goes to the bank to withdraw the full amount . The suspicious bank manager calls Christian . He thinks Ana is leaving him but then notes the coincidence of Hyde 's recent release and Ana 's sudden large cash withdrawal . Hyde instructs Ana to get into a car parked in the alley and to hand over her phone to the driver to discard . Ana tricks Hyde by taking the bank manager 's phone . She exits the back entrance to discover that the driver and Jack 's accomplice is her co-worker , Liz . She is the woman who drove the car that chased them down . Ana arrives at the drop - off site with the money . Hyde , psychotic and vengeful , attacks Ana , kicking her in the abdomen . Liz tries to stop Jack as Ana pulls out the revolver and shoots Hyde in the leg . Christian and his security team , who electronically tracked Ana 's cell phone , arrive and apprehend Hyde and Liz . Ana blacks out as she hears Christian calling her . Ana awakens three days later in the hospital with Christian at her side . Though angry at Ana 's recklessness and still anxious about fatherhood , Christian realizes how important their baby is to her , and they reconcile . Christian 's adoptive mother , Grace , convinces Christian that Ana will not leave him . Ana returns home the next day . Christian 's private investigator , Welch , reports that Christian and Hyde shared the same foster family . It is also learned that Hyde blackmailed Liz into being his accomplice . Christian and Ana later locate where Christian 's birth mother is buried ; they visit and Christian lays flowers on her grave . Two years later , Christian and Ana have had their child who they have named Teddy . Ana is now pregnant with their second child . They play with their son in the yard of their mansion . Cast ( edit ) Dakota Johnson as Anastasia ' Ana ' Steele - Grey Jamie Dornan as Christian Grey Eric Johnson as Jack Hyde , Ana 's former boss and stalker Eloise Mumford as Katherine Kavanagh , Ana 's best friend and Elliot Grey 's fiancée Rita Ora as Mia Grey , adoptive daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian and Elliot Grey Luke Grimes as Elliot Grey , younger brother of Christian and Mia Grey and Katherine 's fiancée Victor Rasuk as José Rodriguez , one of Anastasia 's friends Max Martini as Jason Taylor , Christian 's bodyguard Jennifer Ehle as Carla May Wilks , Anastasia 's mother . Marcia Gay Harden as Grace Trevelyan Grey , Christian 's adoptive mother Bruce Altman as Jerry Roach Arielle Kebbel as Gia Matteo , the architect recommended by Elliot Grey to design Anastasia and Christian 's future home Callum Keith Rennie as Ray , Anastasia 's former stepfather Robinne Lee as Ros Bailey , Christian 's second in command Brant Daugherty as Luke Sawyer , Ana 's bodyguard Fay Masterson as Gail Jones , Christian 's housekeeper Amy Price - Francis as Liz Morgan , Jack 's accomplice Ashleigh LaThrop as Hannah , Ana 's co-worker and friend Tyler Hoechlin as Boyce Fox , popular author whose books are published by SIP . Hiro Kanagawa as Detective Clark Production ( edit ) A film adaptation of the first book was produced by Michael De Luca Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . At a fan screening in New York City on February 6 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson announced that the book sequels Fifty Shades Darker and Fifty Shades Freed would also be adapted , with the first to be released in 2016 . Right after the announcement , Taylor - Johnson told Digital Spy that , `` It 's not my decision ( to return ) , and I have n't been privy to any of the discussions . '' On November 12 , 2015 , TheWrap confirmed that James Foley would direct both sequels which would be shot back - to - back in 2016 , with Niall Leonard writing the script and Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti returning to produce along with E.L. James and Marcus Viscidi . Dakota Johnson and Jamie Dornan would also return for lead roles . On February 8 , 2016 , Arielle Kebbel was cast in the film to play Gia Matteo , a beautiful architect who is hired by Christian to build his home . On February 12 , 2016 , Eric Johnson was cast to play Jack Hyde , Ana 's boss at SIP and stalker . On February 20 , 2016 , Brant Daugherty signed on to play Sawyer , the personal body guard for Anastasia Steele . Filming ( edit ) In November 2015 , Universal Studios announced that Fifty Shades Darker and this film would be shot back - to - back with principal photography scheduled to commence in early 2016 . Filming began in Paris and Vancouver from February 9 , 2016 , to July 12 , 2016 , under the working title , `` Further Adventures of Max and Banks 2 & 3 . '' Release ( edit ) Fifty Shades Freed is scheduled to be released on February 9 , 2018 , by Universal Pictures . A teaser trailer was released on September 10 , 2017 , with a theatrical trailer being released later on November 6 . Music ( edit ) The lead single from the film 's soundtrack , `` For You '' performed by Rita Ora and Liam Payne , was released on January 5 , 2018 . The soundtrack 's track list was released on January 8 , 2018 , including artists Julia Michaels , Sia , Jessie J , Black Atlass , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld , Dua Lipa , and Miike Snow on the 22 - song album . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) As of February 13 , 2018 , Fifty Shades Freed has grossed $45.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $96.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $141.8 million , against a production budget of $55 million . In the United States and Canada , Fifty Shades Freed was released alongside Peter Rabbit and The 15 : 17 to Paris , and was projected to gross $37 -- 40 million from 3,700 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $5.6 million from Thursday night previews , down 2 % from the $5.7 million made by Darker the previous year . It ended up making $38.8 million over the weekend , the lowest of the trilogy but still enough to take first place at the box office . Worldwide , the film was expected to make $80 -- 90 million from 57 countries , including France , Germany , the UK , Australia , Brazil , Mexico and Japan , in its first three days for a worldwide debut of $113 -- 130 million . It ended up grossing $98.1 million from overseas for global debut of $136.9 million ; it marked a 7 % decrease from the previous film but still finished first in 54 of the 57 markets . Its leading countries were Germany ( $10.7 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $8.8 million ) and France ( $8.7 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 12 % based on 122 reviews , and an average rating of 3.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fifty Shades Freed brings its titillating trilogy to a clumsy conclusion , making for a film franchise that adds up to a distinctly dissatisfying ménage à trois . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100 based on 41 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale , the same score earned by Darker , while comScore reported that 56 % of females ( who made up 81 % of the opening weekend ) gave the film a `` definite recommend '' . Writing for Variety , Guy Lodge was critical of the film , saying `` Indeed , a sex - free , PG - 13 version of Freed could be cut without shedding a second of narrative coherence , such as it is ; one could ask what the point of that would be , though similar queries might be leveled at the film as it stands . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four , stating `` With this last entry , we have officially hit the bottom of the barrel . Whips , chains , butt plugs and nipple clips are nothing compared to the sheer torture of watching this movie . '' Robbie Collins from The Telegraph gave the film one out of five stars , and wrote `` This is a film in which one of the more emotionally detailed performances is given by a product - placement Audi . '' Jeannette Catsoulis writing for The New York Times found the film to be significantly inferior to Kim Basinger 's 91⁄2 Weeks stating : `` Layering a damp - squib thriller subplot beneath what appears to be an ad campaign for the one - percent lifestyle , the returning director and screenwriter test the newly married couple with an inconvenient pregnancy and an unconvincing car chase . There 's an out - of - left - field abduction and a marital tiff over email addresses ; but these narrative fragments , lazily tossed together alongside a neglected supporting cast , are no more than a flimsy causeway connecting bonking sessions . '' Conversely , IndieWire reviewer Manuela Lazic gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Finally , the Fifty Shades phenomenon has yielded a disarming comedy that makes this ridiculous material fun to watch . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FIFTY SHADES FREED ( 18 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 30 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React To ' Fifty Shades Darker ' And ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dibdin , Emma ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sam Taylor - Johnson on 50 Shades of Grey sequel : ' It 's not my decision ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back to Back , James Foley to Direct Both ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Adds ' Ballers ' Actress Arielle Kebbel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Adds ' The Knick 's ' Eric Johnson as Christian Grey 's Rival ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` Brant Daugherty Signs On For ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Sawyer Role '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels to Shoot Back - to - Back '' . Variety . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' to Shoot in Paris as Filming Rebounds After Attacks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Movie 2016 Production Schedule , Location And Possible Smaller Budget Revealed '' . International Business Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades Darker ' Starts Filming After Delay Getting ' 50 Shades Of Grey ' Sequel To Screens ? '' . Fashion & Style . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Fifty Shades ' Sequels , ' Furious 8 ′ ; ' Pacific Rim 2 ′ , ' Mummy ' Moved Back -- CinemaCon Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Fifty Shades Freed ' Trailer : Things Get Darker , Sexier & Soapier In Third Installment Of Franchise '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kyriazis , Stefan . `` Fifty Shades Freed new and final TRAILER is coming : Watch it here first '' . Daily Express . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Track List : Sia , Ellie Goulding , Hailee Steinfeld & More '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Looks To Lead Pre-Valentine's Day Weekend With Around $40 M -- B.O. Forecast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Builds E.L. James Trilogy To $1 Billion Climax ; ' Peter Rabbit ' Bounces To $25 M Opening '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Worldwide Opening Weekend Will Steam Franchise Past $1 Billion -- B.O. Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Collars $98 M Overseas ; ' Jumanji ' Now Sony 's # 3 WW Release Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Freed Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Fifty Shades Freed ' '' . Variety . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Review : Welcome to the Most Painful ' Shades ' of All '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/fifty-shades-freed-review-painful-prissy-even-ropier-last-one/ Jump up ^ Review : Finally , the Audience Is ' Fifty Shades Freed ' , By JEANNETTE CATSOULIS , FEB. 8 , 2018 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.indiewire.com/2018/02/fifty-shades-freed-review-sex-comedy-bdsm-1201925918/ External links ( edit ) Official website Official website Fifty Shades Freed on IMDb Fifty Shades franchise by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` Crazy in Love ( Remix ) '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` Haunted ( Michael Diamond Remix ) '' `` Beast of Burden '' `` I 'm on Fire '' `` Witchcraft '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' `` The Scientist '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Films directed by James Foley Reckless ( 1984 ) At Close Range ( 1986 ) Who 's That Girl ( 1987 ) After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) Glengarry Glen Ross ( 1992 ) Two Bits ( 1995 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Corruptor ( 1999 ) Confidence ( 2003 ) Perfect Stranger ( 2007 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Films produced by Michael De Luca Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Ghost Rider ( 2007 ) 21 ( 2008 ) Brothers ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) Drive Angry ( 2011 ) Priest ( 2011 ) Fright Night ( 2011 ) Butter ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) The Sitter ( 2011 ) Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance ( 2012 ) Captain Phillips ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2015 ) The Creed of Violence ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2017 ) Under the Silver Lake ( 2017 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_Freed_(film)&oldid=825764553 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films Fifty Shades 2010s erotic films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s sequel films American erotic films American films American romantic drama films American sequel films BDSM in films Erotic drama films Erotic romance films Adultery in films Films about sexuality Films based on British novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by James Foley Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot in Paris Films shot in Vancouver Focus Features films Pregnancy films Universal Pictures films Works based on Twilight series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 07 : 48 . 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when do fifty shades of freed come out

Fifty Shades Freed Theatrical release poster Directed by James Foley Produced by Michael De Luca E.L. James Dana Brunetti Marcus Viscidi Screenplay by Niall Leonard Based on Fifty Shades Freed by E.L. James Starring Dakota Johnson Jamie Dornan Eric Johnson Rita Ora Luke Grimes Victor Rasuk Jennifer Ehle Marcia Gay Harden Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography John Schwartzman Edited by Richard Francis - Bruce Debra Neil - Fisher David Clark Production company Perfect World Pictures Michael De Luca Productions Trigger Street Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) ( Paris ) February 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 09 ) ( United States ) Running time 105 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $55 million Box office $141.8 million

Fork in the road ( metaphor ) - wikipedia Fork in the road ( metaphor ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2006 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knight at the Crossroads , Viktor Vasnetsov A fork in the road is a metaphor , based on a literal expression , for a deciding moment in life or history when a major choice of options is required . Compare `` crossing the Rubicon '' . Examples ( edit ) There is a common motif in Russian folk tales , where a vityaz ( Russian knight ) comes to a fork in the road and sees a menhir with an inscription that reads : `` If you ride to the left , you will lose your horse , if you ride to the right , you will lose your head '' . The phrase appears in the Book of Ezekiel ( Ezekiel 21 : 19 -- 23 NRSV ) . `` Mortal , mark out two roads for the sword of the king of Babylon to come ; both of them shall issue from the same land . And make a signpost , make it for a fork in the road leading to a city ; mark out the road for the sword to come to Rabbah of the Ammonites or to Judah and to Jerusalem the fortified . A fork in the road is mused upon by Robert Frost in his poem `` The Road Not Taken '' , which begins , `` Two roads diverged in a yellow wood ... '' Malapropist extraordinare Yogi Berra 's saying `` When you come to a fork in the road , take it '' made the title of his book `` When You Come to a Fork in the Road , Take It ! : Inspiration and Wisdom From One of Baseball 's Greatest Heroes '' . It is also depicted in the book Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland where Alice came to a fork in the road and saw a chesire cat in the tree . The album cover of A Nice Pair includes a literal depiction of a fork in the road , a visual pun on the expression . See also ( edit ) Fork in the road ( disambiguation ) ( for other meanings of Fork in the road ) Crossroads ( culture ) Road junction References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fork_in_the_road_(metaphor)&oldid=799992657 '' Categories : Metaphors referring to places Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2006 All articles lacking sources Talk About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

when you find a fork in the road take it meaning

A fork in the road is a metaphor , based on a literal expression , for a deciding moment in life or history when a major choice of options is required . Compare `` crossing the Rubicon '' .

Lighthouse Point , Florida - wikipedia Lighthouse Point , Florida Jump to : navigation , search Lighthouse Point , Florida City City of Lighthouse Point Seal Nickname ( s ) : LHP Location of Lighthouse Point in Broward County in State of Florida Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Coordinates : 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 5 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.27472 ° N 80.08944 ° W  / 26.27472 ; - 80.08944 Country United States of America State Florida County Broward Settled ( Hillsboro Isles Settlement ) Circa 1947 - 1951 Incorporated ( Town of Lighthouse Point ) June 13 , 1956 Incorporated ( City of Lighthouse Point ) June 11 , 1957 Government Type Mayor - Commission Mayor Glenn Troast ( R ) Commission President Michael S. Long Commissioners Kyle Van Buskirk , Jason Joffe , Sandy Johnson and Earl Maucker City Administrator John D. Lavisky City Clerk Jennifer M. Oh Area City 2.39 sq mi ( 6.19 km ) Land 2.31 sq mi ( 5.98 km ) Water 0.08 sq mi ( 0.22 km ) 4.58 % Elevation 3 ft ( 1 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 10,344 Estimate ( 2016 ) 11,143 Density 4,825.90 / sq mi ( 1,863.63 / km ) Metro 5,564,635 Time zone EST ( UTC - 5 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC - 4 ) ZIP code 33064 , 33074 Area code ( s ) 754 , 954 FIPS code 12 - 40450 GNIS feature ID 0285506 Website http://www.lighthousepoint.com Lighthouse Point is a city in Broward County , Florida , United States . The city was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse , which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach . As of the 2010 census , the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,344 . The city is part of the Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Demographics 3 Media 4 Education 5 Notable people 6 References 7 External links Geography ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is located at 26 ° 16 ′ 29 '' N 80 ° 05 ′ 22 '' W  /  26.274691 ° N 80.089414 ° W  / 26.274691 ; - 80.089414 . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles ( 6 km ) , of which 2.29 square miles ( 6 km ) is land and . 11 square miles ( 0 km ) ( 4.58 % ) is water . Lighthouse Point is located in northeastern Broward County . It is adjacent to the following municipalities : To its north : Deerfield Beach To its east : Hillsboro Beach ( across the Intracoastal Waterway ) To its west and south : Pompano Beach Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1960 2,453 -- 1970 9,071 269.8 % 1980 11,488 26.6 % 10,378 − 9.7 % 2000 10,767 3.7 % 10,344 − 3.9 % Est. 2016 11,143 7.7 % U.S. Decennial Census Lighthouse Point Demographics 2010 Census Lighthouse Point Broward County Florida Total population 10,344 1,748,066 18,801,310 Population , percent change , 2000 to 2010 - 3.9 % + 7.7 % + 17.6 % Population density 4,484.0 / sq mi 1,444.9 / sq mi 350.6 / sq mi White or Caucasian ( including White Hispanic ) 94.0 % 63.1 % 75.0 % ( Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian ) 87.7 % 43.5 % 57.9 % Black or African - American 1.7 % 26.7 % 16.0 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 7.5 % 25.1 % 22.5 % Asian 1.6 % 3.2 % 2.4 % Native American or Native Alaskan 0.3 % 0.3 % 0.4 % Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian 0.0 % 0.1 % 0.1 % Two or more races ( Multiracial ) 1.6 % 2.9 % 2.5 % Some Other Race 0.8 % 3.7 % 3.6 % As of 2010 , there were 5,774 households out of which 15.1 % were vacant . In 2000 , 19.5 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 50.7 % were married couples living together , 6.0 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 40.4 % were non-families. 33.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 16.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.65 . In 2000 , the city the population was spread out with 16.2 % under the age of 18 , 3.4 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 30.1 % from 45 to 64 , and 23.2 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 47 years . For every 100 females there were 91.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 89.4 males . As of 2000 , the median income for a household in the city was $53,038 , and the median income for a family was $72,418 . Males had a median income of $51,897 versus $32,929 for females . The per capita income for the city was $40,839 . About 2.6 % of families and 5.0 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 3.8 % of those under age 18 and 6.5 % of those age 65 or over . As of 2000 , speakers of English as their first language were 89.18 % , while 4.64 % spoke Spanish as theirs . Other languages spoken as a first language are Italian 1.93 % , French 1.22 % , German at 1.06 % , while Portuguese being the mother tongue of 0.71 % of all residents . Media ( edit ) Lighthouse Point is part of the Miami - Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood media market , which is the twelfth largest radio market and the seventeenth largest television market in the United States . Its primary daily newspapers are the South Florida Sun - Sentinel and The Miami Herald , and their Spanish - language counterparts El Sentinel and El Nuevo Herald . Each house , apartment and business in Lighthouse Point receives the monthly , glossy , lifestyle magazine `` Lighthouse Point '' created and mailed by publishers Susan and Richard Rosser . Education ( edit ) Broward County Public Schools serves the community . Elementary Schools Cresthaven Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Norcrest Elementary School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Middle Schools Crystal Lake Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) Deerfield Beach Middle School ( located in Deerfield Beach , Florida ) Pompano Beach Middle School ( located in Pompano Beach , Florida ) High Schools Deerfield Beach High School ( located in Deerfield Beach , Florida ) Originally North Broward Preparatory School was located in the city . It was established there in 1957 , but is no longer located in Lighthouse Point . Notable people ( edit ) Paul Castronovo , radio personality Bruce Nickells , harness racing driver . Mike Phipps , College Football Hall of Fame member Nevin Shapiro , University of Miami football booster who is currently imprisoned for orchestrating a $930 million Ponzi scheme John Spadavecchia , poker player Ben Klassen , founder of religion of Creativity References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` City of Lighthouse Point : History '' . http://city.lighthousepoint.com/ . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.broward.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Broward - by - the - Numbers ( pages 3 - 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . www.broward.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gibson , William ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Prominent Broward Republicans jump on Jeb Bush campaign '' . Sun - Sentinel . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jul 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` MLA Data Center results for Lighthouse Point , FL '' . Modern Language Association . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12 + Population , Spring 2005 '' . Northwestern University Media Management Center . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 TV markets ranked by households '' . Northwestern University Media Management Center . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Our History . '' North Broward Preparatory School . Retrieved on 26 February 2012 . Jump up ^ ` Star ` Leads Nickells Down The Filly Way External links ( edit ) Miami portal City of Lighthouse Point official website Municipalities and communities of Broward County , Florida , United States County seat : Fort Lauderdale Cities Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Springs Dania Beach Deerfield Beach Fort Lauderdale Hallandale Beach Hollywood Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Lighthouse Point Margate Miramar North Lauderdale Oakland Park Parkland Pembroke Pines Plantation Pompano Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Towns Davie Hillsboro Beach Lauderdale - by - the - Sea Pembroke Park Southwest Ranches Villages Lazy Lake Sea Ranch Lakes CDPs Boulevard Gardens Broadview Park Franklin Park Hillsboro Pines Roosevelt Gardens Washington Park Unincorporated community Fern Crest Village Indian reservations Big Cypress Indian Reservation Miccosukee Indian Reservation Ghost towns Andytown Hacienda Village Miami metropolitan area Population - 6,012,331 Counties Miami - Dade Broward Palm Beach Major city 441 thousand Miami Cities and towns 100k - 250k Coral Springs Fort Lauderdale Hialeah Hollywood Miami Gardens Miramar Pembroke Pines Pompano Beach West Palm Beach Cities and towns 25k - 99k Aventura Boca Raton Boynton Beach Coconut Creek Cooper City Coral Gables Cutler Bay Dania Beach Davie Deerfield Beach Delray Beach Doral Greenacres Hallandale Beach Homestead Jupiter Lake Worth Lauderdale Lakes Lauderhill Margate Miami Beach North Lauderdale North Miami North Miami Beach Oakland Park Palm Beach Gardens Plantation Riviera Beach Sunrise Tamarac West Park Weston Wilton Manors Cities and towns 10k - 25k Belle Glade Hialeah Gardens Lighthouse Point Miami Lakes Miami Springs Opa - locka Palm Beach Parkland South Miami Sunny Isles Beach Sweetwater Palm Springs A list of cities under 10,000 is available here . Greater Miami Area Miami Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Miami metropolitan area Central business district Downtown Miami Brickell Central Business District Historic District Government Center Park West Omni Major urban areas Aventura Coconut Grove Coral Gables Dadeland Health District Hialeah Midtown Edgewater Wynwood South Beach Colleges and universities Barry University Carlos Albizu University Florida International University Florida Memorial University Johnson & Wales University University of Miami Miami Dade College Miami International University of Art & Design Nova Southeastern University St. Thomas University Parks and recreation Alice Wainwright Park Amelia Earhart Park Arch Creek The Barnacle Historic State Park Bayfront Park Big Cypress National Preserve Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park Biscayne National Park Chapman Field Park Crandon Park Dinner Key Everglades National Park Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden Fort Dallas Fruit and Spice Park Greynolds Park Haulover Park Jungle Island The Kampong Margaret Pace Park Matheson Hammock Park Miami Seaquarium Monkey Jungle Museum Park Oleta River State Park Peacock Park Shark Valley Simpson Park Hammock South Pointe Park Tamiami Park Tropical Park Virginia Key Zoo Miami Attractions Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts American Airlines Arena Bass Museum Biltmore Hotel Bonita Chita Key Coral Castle Downtown Miami FIU Arena FIU Stadium Florida Grand Opera Fontainebleau Miami Beach Frost Art Museum Frost School of Music Hard Rock Stadium HistoryMiami Holocaust Memorial Homestead Jewish Museum of Florida Lowe Art Museum Lincoln Road Lummus Park MacFarlane Homestead Marlins Park Miami Beach Architectural District Miami Beach Convention Center Miami Children 's Museum Miami City Ballet Miami Conservatory Museum of Contemporary Art New World Symphony Orchestra Normandy Isles North Shore Ocean Drive Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science Pérez Art Museum Miami South Beach The Miami Line Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Watsco Center Wolfsonian - FIU Wynwood Art District Major shopping centers Aventura Mall Bal Harbour Shops Bayside Marketplace CocoWalk Collins Avenue Dadeland Mall Dolphin Mall The Falls Flagler Street Lincoln Road The Mall at 163rd Street Mall of the Americas Mary Brickell Village Miami International Mall Midtown Miami Miracle Marketplace The Shops at Sunset Place Southland Mall Shops at Merrick Park Westland Mall Transportation Broward County Transit Government Center Miami Airport Station Miami - Dade Transit Metrorail Metrobus Metromover MIA Mover Miami International Airport Palm Tran Port of Miami Tri-Rail Amtrak Major thoroughfares East 6th Avenue North 36th Street North 54th Street North 79th Street North 103rd Street North 125th Street North 135th Street West 7th Avenue West 12th Avenue West 27th Avenue West 107th Avenue Allapattah Road Alton Road Bird Road Biscayne Boulevard Brickell Avenue Broad Causeway Collins Avenue Coral Reef Drive Coral Way County Line Road Douglas Road Flagler Street Galloway Road Gratigny Ives Dairy Road Julia Tuttle Causeway Kendall Drive John F. Kennedy Causeway Killian Krome Avenue William Lehman Causeway Le Jeune Road Ludlam Road MacArthur Causeway Miami Avenue Miami Gardens Drive Milam Dairy Road Miracle Mile Okeechobee Road Old Cutler Road Port Boulevard Quail Roost Drive Red Road Rickenbacker Causeway South Dixie Highway Sunset Drive Tamiami Trail Venetian Causeway West Dixie Highway Portal WikiProject State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Delegations Environment Geography Geology Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV State parks Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St. Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Former Counties Mosquito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lighthouse_Point,_Florida&oldid=802986478 '' Categories : Cities in Broward County , Florida Populated places on the Intracoastal Waterway in Florida Cities in Florida 1947 establishments in Florida Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Cebuano Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Ido Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Malagasy Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe اردو Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 19 : 10 . 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where is the lighthouse in lighthouse point fl

Lighthouse Point is a city in Broward County , Florida , United States . The city was named for the Hillsboro Inlet Lighthouse , which is located in nearby Hillsboro Beach . As of the 2010 census , the population of Lighthouse Point was 10,344 . The city is part of the Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area , which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census .

Fatima Al - Fihri - wikipedia Fatima Al - Fihri Fatima al - Fihre ( El - Fihriya ) Native name فاطمة الفهرية c. 800 Kairouan , Abbasid Caliphate 880 Fes , Idrisid dynasty Known for Founding oldest - surviving madrasa and university , University of Al Quaraouiyine Fatima bint Muhammad Al - Fihriya Al - Qurashiya ( Arabic : فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية ‎ ) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing , continually operating and first degree - awarding educational institution in the world , The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes , Morocco in 859 CE . Biography. ( edit ) Karaouine Mosque and University . Al - Fihri was the daughter of a wealthy merchant , and had been educated . The family was part of a large migration to Fes from the town of Kairouan ( Qayrawan ) , in modern Tunisia , which lent its name to the mosque and madrassa she would found . The madrasa Al - Fihri founded is still in operation today as the University of Al Quaraouiyine . It is the oldest continually operating educational institution in the world and is sometimes referred to as the world 's oldest university , by being the first institution to award degrees indicative of different levels of study . The mosque is also still in operation , and is one of the largest in North Africa . The library Al - Fihri founded at the university is one of the world 's oldest libraries . The library underwent restoration and reopened to the public in May 2016 . The library 's collection of over 4000 manuscripts includes a 9th - century Qur'an and the earliest collection of hadiths . Mariam , Fatima 's sister , was the sponsor of the Al - Andalus mosque , also in Fes . Both were part of a larger tradition of women founding mosques . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeffrey T. ; Moosa , Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . Islam in the Modern World . Routledge . p. 128 . ISBN 9781135007959 . Jump up ^ Kenney , Jeffrey T. ; Moosa , Ebrahim ( 2013 - 08 - 15 ) . Islam in the Modern World . Routledge . p. 128 . ISBN 9781135007959 . Jump up ^ Gates Jr. , Henry Louis ( ed . ) . Dictionary of African Biography. 6 . pp. 357 -- 359 . ISBN 9780195382075 . Jump up ^ Lulat , Y.G. - M. : A History Of African Higher Education From Antiquity To The Present : A Critical Synthesis Studies in Higher Education , Greenwood Publishing Group , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32061 - 3 , p. 70 : As for the nature of its curriculum , it was typical of other major madrasahs such as al - Azhar and al - Qarawiyyin , though many of the texts used at the institution came from Muslim Spain ... Al - Qarawiyyin began its life as a small mosque constructed in 859 C.E. by means of an endowment bequeathed by a wealthy woman of much piety , Fatima bint Muhammed al - Fahri . Jump up ^ Joseph , Suad ; Najmabadi , Afsaneh ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures : Economics , education , mobility and space . Brill . p. 314 . ISBN 9789004128200 . Jump up ^ Swartley , Keith E. ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Encountering the World of Islam . Biblica . p. 74 . ISBN 9781932805246 . Jump up ^ Shaheen , Kareem ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) . `` World 's oldest library reopens in Fez : ' You can hurt us , but you ca n't hurt the books ' '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ CNN , Daisy Carrington . `` This 1,157 - year - old library gets a facelift '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kahera , Akel ; Abdulmalik , Latif ; Anz , Craig ( 2009 - 10 - 26 ) . Design Criteria for Mosques and Islamic Centres . Routledge . p. 81 . ISBN 9781136441271 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Kairaouine Mosque , Fes '' . Sacred Destinations . `` The Al - Qarawiyyin Mosque '' . Morocco.com . LCCN : no2017090874 VIAF : 207150033020011180006 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatima_al-Fihri&oldid=844438091 '' Categories : 9th - century Moroccan people People from Fez , Morocco People from Kairouan Moroccan Muslims 880 deaths University of al - Qarawiyyin 9th - century women Moroccan people of Tunisian descent Tunisian emigrants to Morocco Fihrids Hidden categories : Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Nederlands Português Русский Shqip Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 22 : 36 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who founded the first university in the world

Fatima bint Muhammad Al - Fihriya Al - Qurashiya ( Arabic : فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية ‎ ) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing , continually operating and first degree - awarding educational institution in the world , The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes , Morocco in 859 CE .

Tiger Woods - wikipedia Tiger Woods Tiger Woods Woods in June 2018 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress , California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island , Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 107 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 80 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000 , 2002 , 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000 , 2005 , 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007 , 2009 ( For a full list of awards , see here ) Eldrick Tont `` Tiger '' Woods ( born December 30 , 1975 ) is an American professional golfer who is among the most successful golfers of all time , and one of the most popular athletes of the 21st century . He has been one of the highest - paid athletes in the world for several years . Woods is generally considered one of the greatest golfers of all time . Following an outstanding junior , college , and amateur career , Woods was 20 years old when he turned professional at the end of summer in 1996 . By the end of April 1997 , he had won three PGA Tour events in addition to his first major , the 1997 Masters . Woods won this tournament by 12 strokes in a record - breaking performance and earned $486,000 . He first reached the number one position in the world rankings in June 1997 , less than a year after turning pro . Throughout the 2000s , Woods was the dominant force in golf -- he won the 2000 U.S. Open by a record 15 - shot margin . He was the top - ranked golfer in the world from August 1999 to September 2004 ( 264 weeks ) and again from June 2005 to October 2010 ( 281 weeks ) . Woods took a self - imposed hiatus from professional golf from December 2009 to early April 2010 to resolve marital issues . Woods and his estranged wife Elin eventually divorced . His many alleged extramarital indiscretions were revealed by several women , through many worldwide media sources . This coincided with a series of injuries , treatments by the controversial doctor Anthony Galea , who had been linked to HGH , and a loss of golf form . His placement in the Official World Golf Rankings gradually fell to a low of No. 58 in November 2011 . He ended a career - high winless streak of 107 weeks when he triumphed in the Chevron World Challenge in December 2011 . After winning the Arnold Palmer Invitational on March 25 , 2013 , he ascended to the No. 1 ranking once again , holding the top spot until May 2014 , by which time he had been ranked number one for a record total of 683 weeks . From 2014 -- 2017 , Woods had been unable to recapture his dominant form , undergoing four back surgeries in 2014 , 2015 and 2017 . In May 2016 , Woods dropped out of the world top 500 for the first time in his professional career . After falling to # 1199 in the World Golf Ranking in December 2017 , Woods rose over 1000 places by mid-2018 . In September 2018 , he won his first tournament in five years with a victory at the Tour Championship and moved to # 13 in the Official World Golf Rankings . Woods has broken numerous golf records . He has been World Number One for the most consecutive weeks and for the greatest total number of weeks of any golfer . He has been awarded PGA Player of the Year a record eleven times , the Byron Nelson Award for lowest adjusted scoring average a record eight times , and has the record of leading the money list in ten different seasons . He has won 14 professional major golf championships , where he trails only Jack Nicklaus who leads with 18 , and 80 PGA Tour events , second all - time behind Sam Snead ( 82 ) . Woods leads all active golfers in career major wins and career PGA Tour wins . He is the youngest player to achieve the career Grand Slam , and the youngest and fastest to win 50 tournaments on tour . Additionally , Woods is only the second golfer ( after Nicklaus ) to have achieved a career Grand Slam three times . Woods has won 18 World Golf Championships , and won at least one of those events in each of the first 11 years after they began in 1999 . Woods and Rory McIlroy are the only golfers to win both The Silver Medal and The Gold Medal at The Open Championship . Contents 1 Background and family 2 Early life and amateur golf career 3 College golf career 4 Professional career 4.1 Honors 4.2 Endorsements 4.3 Accumulated wealth 4.4 Tiger - proofing 5 Career achievements 5.1 Major championships 5.1. 1 Wins ( 14 ) 5.1. 2 Results timeline 5.1. 3 Summary 5.2 World Golf Championships 5.2. 1 Wins ( 18 ) 5.2. 2 Results timeline 5.3 PGA Tour career summary 5.4 Guinness Book of Records 6 Playing style 7 Equipment 8 Other ventures 8.1 Tiger Woods Foundation 8.2 Tiger Woods Design 8.3 Writings 9 Personal life 9.1 Marriage and children 9.2 Infidelity scandal and fallout 9.3 2017 arrest 9.4 Other pursuits 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Background and family Woods and his father Earl at Fort Bragg , North Carolina in 2004 Woods was born in 1975 in Cypress , California , to Earl and Kultida `` Tida '' Woods . He is the only child of their marriage , and has two half - brothers , Earl Jr. and Kevin , as well as a half - sister named Royce from his father 's first marriage . Kultida ( née Punsawad ) is originally from Thailand , where Earl had met her on a tour of duty in 1968 . She is of mixed Thai , Chinese , and Dutch ancestry . Earl was a retired lieutenant colonel and Vietnam War veteran who was mostly African American with traces of European descent . Earl 's mother Maude Carter was light skinned . Some people suggested that she had Native American and Chinese ancestry . Tiger refers to his ethnic make - up as `` Cablinasian '' ( a syllabic abbreviation he coined from Caucasian , Black , American Indian , and Asian ) . Woods ' first name -- Eldrick -- was coined by his mother because it began with `` E '' ( for Earl ) and ended with `` K '' ( for Kultida ) . His middle name Tont is a traditional Thai name . He was nicknamed Tiger in honor of his father 's friend Col. Vuong Dang Phong , who had also been known as Tiger . Woods ' niece , Cheyenne Woods , played for the Wake Forest University golf team and turned professional in 2012 , when she made her pro debut in the LPGA Championship . Early Life and Amateur golf career Woods grew up in Orange County , California . He was a child prodigy who was introduced to golf before the age of two by his athletic father , Earl Woods . Earl was a single - digit handicap amateur golfer who also was one of the earliest African - American college baseball players at Kansas State University . Tiger 's father was a member of the military and had playing privileges at the Navy golf course beside the Joint Forces Training Base in Los Alamitos , which allowed Tiger to play there . Tiger also played at the par 3 Heartwell golf course in Long Beach , as well as some of the municipals in Long Beach . In 1978 , Tiger putted against comedian Bob Hope in a television appearance on The Mike Douglas Show . At age three , he shot a 48 over nine holes at the Navy course . At age five , he appeared in Golf Digest and on ABC 's That 's Incredible ! Before turning seven , Tiger won the Under Age 10 section of the Drive , Pitch , and Putt competition , held at the Navy Golf Course in Cypress , California . In 1984 at the age of eight , he won the 9 -- 10 boys ' event , the youngest age group available , at the Junior World Golf Championships . He first broke 80 at age eight . He went on to win the Junior World Championships six times , including four consecutive wins from 1988 to 1991 . Woods ' father Earl wrote that Tiger first defeated him at the age of 11 years , with Earl trying his best . Earl lost to Tiger every time from then on . Woods first broke 70 on a regulation golf course at age 12 . When Woods was 13 years old , he played in the 1989 Big I , which was his first major national junior tournament . In the final round , he was paired with pro John Daly , who was then relatively unknown . The event 's format placed a professional with each group of juniors who had qualified . Daly birdied three of the last four holes to beat Woods by only one stroke . As a young teenager , Woods first met Jack Nicklaus in Los Angeles at the Bel - Air Country Club , when Nicklaus was performing a clinic for the club 's members . Woods was part of the show , and he impressed Nicklaus and the crowd with his skills and potential . Earl Woods had researched in detail the career accomplishments of Nicklaus and had set his young son the goals of breaking those records . Woods was 15 - years - old and a student at Western High School in Anaheim when he became the youngest U.S. Junior Amateur champion ; this was a record that stood until it was broken by Jim Liu in 2010 . He was named 1991 's Southern California Amateur Player of the Year ( for the second consecutive year ) and Golf Digest Junior Amateur Player of the Year . In 1992 , he defended his title at the U.S. Junior Amateur Championship , becoming the tournament 's first two - time winner . He also competed in his first PGA Tour event , the Nissan Los Angeles Open ( he missed the 36 - hole cut ) , and was named Golf Digest Amateur Player of the Year , Golf World Player of the Year , and Golfweek National Amateur of the Year . The following year , Woods won his third consecutive U.S. Junior Amateur Championship ; he remains the event 's only three - time winner . In 1994 , at the TPC at Sawgrass in Florida , he became the youngest winner of the U.S. Amateur Championship , a record he held until 2008 when it was broken by Danny Lee . He was a member of the American team at the 1994 Eisenhower Trophy World Amateur Golf Team Championships ( winning ) , and the 1995 Walker Cup ( losing ) . Woods graduated from Western High School at age 18 in 1994 and was voted `` Most Likely to Succeed '' among the graduating class . He had starred for the high school 's golf team under coach Don Crosby . Woods overcame difficulties with stuttering as a boy . This was not known until he wrote a letter to a boy who contemplated suicide . Woods wrote , `` I know what it 's like to be different and to sometimes not fit in . I also stuttered as a child and I would talk to my dog and he would sit there and listen until he fell asleep . I also took a class for two years to help me , and I finally learned to stop . '' College golf career Woods was heavily recruited by college golf powers . He chose Stanford University , the 1994 NCAA champions . He enrolled at Stanford in the fall of 1994 under a golf scholarship and won his first collegiate event , the 40th Annual William H. Tucker Invitational , that September . He selected a major in economics and was nicknamed `` Urkel '' by college teammate Notah Begay III . In 1995 , he successfully defended his U.S. Amateur title at the Newport Country Club in Rhode Island and was voted Pac - 10 Player of the Year , NCAA First Team All - American , and Stanford 's Male Freshman of the Year ( an award that encompasses all sports ) . At age 19 ( two years before he won the tournament ) , Woods participated in his first PGA Tour major , the 1995 Masters , and tied for 41st as the only amateur to make the cut . At age 20 in 1996 , he became the first golfer to win three consecutive U.S. Amateur titles and won the NCAA individual golf championship . In winning the silver medal as leading amateur at The Open Championship , he tied the record for an amateur aggregate score of 281 . He left college after two years in order to turn professional in the golf industry . In 1996 , Woods moved out of California , stating in 2013 that it was due to the state 's high tax rate . Professional career Main article : Professional golf career of Tiger Woods Woods in 2001 Woods turned pro at age 20 in August 1996 and immediately signed advertising deals with Nike , Inc. and Titleist that ranked as the most lucrative endorsement contracts in golf history at that time . Woods was named Sports Illustrated 's 1996 Sportsman of the Year and PGA Tour Rookie of the Year . On April 13 , 1997 , he won his first major , the Masters , in record - breaking fashion and became the tournament 's youngest winner at age 21 . Two months later , he set the record for the fastest ascent to No. 1 in the Official World Golf Rankings . After a lackluster 1998 , Woods finished the 1999 season with eight wins , including the PGA Championship , a feat not achieved since 1974 . In 2000 , Woods won six consecutive events on the PGA Tour , which was the longest winning streak since Ben Hogan did it in 1948 . One of these was the 2000 U.S. Open , where he broke or tied nine tournament records in what Sports Illustrated called `` the greatest performance in golf history '' , in which Woods won the tournament by a record 15 - stroke margin and earned a check for $800,000 . At age 24 , he became the youngest golfer to achieve the Career Grand Slam . At the end of 2000 , Woods had won nine of the twenty PGA Tour events he entered and had broken the record for lowest scoring average in tour history . He was named the Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , the only athlete to be honored twice , and was ranked by Golf Digest magazine as the twelfth - best golfer of all time . Woods at the 2004 Ryder Cup When Woods won the 2001 Masters , he became the only player to win four consecutive major professional golf titles , although not in the same calendar year . Following a stellar 2001 and 2002 in which Woods continued to dominate the tour , Woods ' career hit a slump . He did not win a major in 2003 or 2004 . In September 2004 , Vijay Singh overtook Woods in the Official World Golf Rankings , ending Woods ' record streak of 264 weeks at # 1 . Woods rebounded in 2005 , winning six official PGA Tour money events and reclaiming the top spot in July after swapping it back and forth with Singh over the first half of the year . Woods began dominantly in 2006 , winning his first two PGA tournaments but failing to capture his fifth Masters championship in April . Following the death of his father in May , Woods took a nine - week hiatus from the tour and appeared rusty upon his return at the U.S. Open at Winged Foot , where he missed the cut . However , he quickly returned to form and ended the year by winning six consecutive tour events . At the season 's close , Woods had 54 total wins that included 12 majors ; he had broken the tour records for both total wins and total majors wins over eleven seasons . Woods at the 2006 Masters Woods continued to excel in 2007 and the first part of 2008 . In April 2008 , he underwent knee surgery and missed the next two months on the tour . Woods returned for the 2008 U.S. Open , where he struggled the first day but ultimately claimed a dramatic sudden death victory over Rocco Mediate that followed an 18 - hole playoff , after which Mediate said , `` This guy does things that are just not normal by any stretch of the imagination , '' and Kenny Perry added , `` He beat everybody on one leg . '' Two days later , Woods announced that he would miss the remainder of the season due to additional knee surgery , and that his knee was more severely damaged than previously revealed , prompting even greater praise for his U.S. Open performance . Woods called it `` my greatest ever championship . '' In Woods ' absence , TV ratings for the remainder of the season suffered a huge decline from 2007 . Woods competing at the third annual Earl Woods Memorial Pro-Am ( July 1 , 2009 ) Woods had a much anticipated return to golf in 2009 , when he performed well . His comeback included a spectacular performance at the 2009 Presidents Cup , but he failed to win a major , the first year since 2004 that he had not done so . After his marital infidelities came to light and received massive media coverage at the end of 2009 ( see further details below ) , Woods announced in December that he would be taking an indefinite break from competitive golf . In February 2010 , he delivered a televised apology for his behavior , saying `` I was wrong and I was foolish . '' During this period , several companies ended their endorsement deals with Woods . Woods returned to competition in April at the 2010 Masters , where he finished tied for fourth place . He followed the Masters with poor showings at the Quail Hollow Championship and the Players Championship , where he withdrew in the fourth round , citing injury . Shortly afterward , Hank Haney , Woods ' coach since 2003 , resigned the position . In August , Woods hired Sean Foley as Haney 's replacement . The rest of the season went badly for Woods , who failed to win a single event for the first time since turning professional , while nevertheless finishing the season ranked No. 2 in the world . Woods at a Chevron World Challenge charity event ( 2011 ) In 2011 , Woods ' performance continued to suffer ; this took its toll on his ranking . After falling to No. 7 in March , he rebounded to No. 5 with a strong showing at the 2011 Masters Tournament , where he tied for fourth place . Due to leg injuries incurred at the Masters , he missed several summer stops on the PGA Tour . In July , he fired his longtime caddy Steve Williams ( who was shocked by the dismissal ) , and replaced him on an interim basis with friend Bryon Bell . After returning to tournament play in August , Woods continued to falter , and his ranking gradually fell to a low of # 58 . He rose to No. 50 in mid-November after a third - place finish at the Emirates Australian Open , and broke his winless streak with a victory at December 's Chevron World Challenge . Woods began his 2012 season with two tournaments ( the Abu Dhabi HSBC Golf Championship and the AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am ) where he started off well , but struggled on the final rounds . Following the WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship , where he was knocked out in the second round by missing a 5 - foot putt , Woods revised his putting technique and tied for second at the Honda Classic , with the lowest final round score in his PGA Tour career . After a short time off due to another leg injury , Woods won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , his first win on the PGA Tour since the BMW Championship in September 2009 . Following several dismal performances , Woods notched his 73rd PGA Tour win at the Memorial Tournament in June , tying Jack Nicklaus in second place for most PGA Tour victories ; a month later , Woods surpassed Nicklaus with a win at the AT&T National , to trail only Sam Snead , who accumulated 82 PGA tour wins . The year 2013 would bring a return of Woods ' dominating play . In January , he won the Farmers Insurance Open by four shots for his 75th PGA Tour win . It was the seventh time he had won the event . In March , he won the WGC - Cadillac Championship , also for the seventh time , giving him his 17th WGC title and first since 2009 . Two weeks later , he won the Arnold Palmer Invitational , winning the event for a record - tying 8th time . The win moved him back to the top of the world rankings . To commemorate that achievement , Nike was quick to launch an ad with the tagline `` winning takes care of everything '' . During the 2013 Masters , Woods faced disqualification after unwittingly admitting in a post-round interview with ESPN that he had taken an illegal drop on the par - 5 15th hole when his third shot had bounced off the pin and into the water . After further review of television footage , Woods was assessed a two - stroke penalty for the drop but was not disqualified . He finished tied for fourth in the event . Woods won The Players Championship in May 2013 , his second career win at the event , notching his fourth win of the 2013 season . It was the quickest he had gotten to four wins in any season in his professional career . Woods practicing before the 2014 Quicken Loans National Woods had a poor showing at the 2013 U.S Open as a result of an elbow injury sustained at The Players Championship . In finishing at 13 - over-par , he recorded his worst score as a professional and finished 12 strokes behind winner Justin Rose . After a prolonged break because of the injury , during which he missed the Greenbrier Classic and his own AT&T National , he returned at the Open Championship at Muirfield . Despite being in contention all week and beginning the final round only two strokes behind Lee Westwood , he struggled with the speed of the greens and could only manage a 3 - over-par 74 that left him tied for 6th place , five strokes behind eventual winner Phil Mickelson . Two weeks later , Woods returned to form at the WGC - Bridgestone Invitational , recording his 5th win of the season and 8th win at the event in its 15 - year history . His second round 61 matched his record score on the PGA Tour and could easily have been a 59 were it not for some short missed birdie putts on the closing holes . This gave him a seven stroke lead that he held onto for the rest of the tournament . Woods would never contend at the PGA Championship at Oak Hill Country Club and would come short of winning a major for the 5th full season , only contending in two of the four majors in 2013 . After a slow start to 2014 , Woods injured himself during the final round of the Honda Classic and was unable to finish the tournament . He withdrew after the 13th hole , citing back pain . He subsequently competed in the WGC - Cadillac Championship but was visibly in pain during much of the last round . He was forced to skip the Arnold Palmer Invitational at the end of March 2014 , and after undergoing back surgery , he announced on April 1 that he would miss the Masters for the first time since 1994 . Woods returned at the Quicken Loans National in June , however he stated that his expectations for the week were low . He would struggle with nearly every aspect of his game and miss the cut . He next played at The Open Championship , contested at Hoylake , where Woods had won eight years prior . Woods fired a brilliant 69 in the first round to put himself in contention , but shot 77 on Friday and would eventually finish 69th . Despite his back pain , he played at the 2014 PGA Championship where he failed to make the cut . On August 25 , 2014 , Woods and his swing coach Sean Foley parted ways . In the four years under Foley , he won eight times but no majors . He had previously won eight majors with Harmon and six with Haney . Woods said there is currently no timetable to find a replacement swing coach . On February 5 , 2015 , Woods withdrew from the Farmers Insurance Open after another back injury . Woods stated on his website that it was unrelated to his previous surgery and he would take a break from golf until his back healed . He returned for the Masters , finishing in a tie for 17th . In the final round , Woods injured his wrist after his club hit a tree root . He later stated that a bone popped out of his wrist , but he adjusted it back into place and finished the round . Woods then missed the cut at the 2015 U.S. Open and Open Championship , the first time Woods missed the cut at consecutive majors , finishing near the bottom of the leaderboard both times . He finished tied for 18th at the Quicken Loans National on August 2 . In late August 2015 , Woods played quite well at the Wyndham Championship finishing the tournament at 13 - under , only four strokes behind the winner , and tied for 10th place . Woods offered only a brief comment on the speculation that he was still recovering from back surgery , saying it was `` just my hip '' but offering no specifics . Woods at the 2018 U.S. Open Woods had back surgery on September 16 , 2015 . In late March 2016 , he announced that he would miss the Masters while he recovered from the surgery ; he had also missed the 2014 Masters due to a back problem . `` I 'm absolutely making progress , and I 'm really happy with how far I 've come , '' he explained in a statement . `` But I still have no timetable to return to competitive golf . '' However , he did attend the Masters Champions Dinner on April 5 , 2016 . For the first time in his career , he missed all four majors in one year due to problems with his back . In October 2016 , he told Charlie Rose on PBS that he still wanted to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles . Woods underwent back surgery in December 2016 and spent the next 15 months off the Tour . He made his return to competitive golf in the Hero World Challenge . Woods ' back problems continued to hinder him in 2017 , as he missed the cut at the Farmers Insurance Open in January , and pulled out of a European Tour event in Dubai on February 3 . On March 31 , Woods announced on his website that he would not be playing in the 2017 Masters Tournament despite being cleared to play by his doctors . Woods said that although he was happy with his rehabilitation , he did not feel `` tournament ready . '' On April 20 , Woods announced that he had undergone his fourth back surgery since 2014 to alleviate back and leg pain . Recovery time required up to six months , meaning that Woods would spend the rest of the year without playing any professional golf . Woods returned to competitive golf at the Hero World Challenge in the Bahamas . He shot rounds of 69 - 68 - 75 - 68 and finished tied for 9th place . His world ranking went from 1,199 th to 668th , which was the biggest jump in the world rankings in his career . On Sunday , March 11 , 2018 , he finished one - shot back and tied for second at the Valspar Championship in Florida , his first top - five finish on the PGA Tour since 2013 . He then tied for sixth with a score of five under par at the 2018 Open Championship . At the last major of the year Woods finished second at the 2018 PGA Championship , two shots behind the winner Brooks Koepka . It was his best result in a major since 2009 ( second at the 2009 PGA Championship ) and moved up to 26th in the world rankings . His final round of 64 was his best ever final round in a major . Woods got back in the winner 's circle for the 80th time in his PGA Tour career on September 23 , 2018 , when he won the season - ending Tour Championship at East Lake Golf Club for the second time , and that tournament for the third time . He shot rounds of 65 - 68 - 65 - 71 to win by two strokes over Billy Horschel . He nearly also won the FedEx Cup , but Justin Rose made a birdie on the 18th hole to win by 41 points over Woods . Honors Woods checking his drive in 2007 On August 20 , 2007 , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his wife Maria Shriver announced that Woods would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame . He was inducted December 5 , 2007 at The California Museum for History , Women and the Arts in Sacramento . In December 2009 , Woods was named `` Athlete of the Decade '' by the Associated Press . He was named Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year a record - tying four times , and is one of only two people to be named Sports Illustrated 's Sportsman of the Year more than once . Since his record - breaking win at the 1997 Masters , Woods became the biggest name in golf , and his presence in tournaments drew a huge fan following . Some sources have credited him for dramatically increasing prize money in golf , generating interest in new PGA tournament audiences , and for drawing the largest TV ratings in golf history . Endorsements During the first decade of his professional career , Woods was the world 's most marketable athlete . Shortly after his 21st birthday in 1996 , he signed endorsement deals with numerous companies , including General Motors , Titleist , General Mills , American Express , Accenture , and Nike , Inc . In 2000 , he signed a 5 - year , $105 million contract extension with Nike , which was the largest endorsement package signed by a professional athlete at that time . Woods ' endorsement has been credited with playing a significant role in taking the Nike Golf brand from a `` start - up '' golf company earlier in the previous decade to becoming the leading golf apparel company in the world and a major player in the equipment and golf ball market . Nike Golf is one of the fastest growing brands in the sport , with an estimated $600 million in sales . Woods has been described as the `` ultimate endorser '' for Nike Golf , frequently seen wearing Nike gear during tournaments , and even in advertisements for other products . Woods receives a percentage from the sales of Nike Golf apparel , footwear , golf equipment , golf balls , and has a building named after him at Nike 's headquarters campus in Beaverton , Oregon . Woods visiting aircraft carrier USS George Washington ( CVN - 73 ) in the Persian Gulf before participating in the 2004 Dubai Desert Classic In 2002 , Woods was involved in every aspect of the launch of Buick 's Rendezvous SUV . A company spokesman stated that Buick was happy with the value of Woods ' endorsement , pointing out that more than 130,000 Rendezvous vehicles were sold in 2002 and 2003 . `` That exceeded our forecasts , '' he was quoted as saying , `` It has to be in recognition of Tiger . '' In February 2004 , Buick renewed Woods ' endorsement contract for another five years , in a deal reportedly worth $40 million . Woods collaborated closely with TAG Heuer to develop the world 's first professional golf watch , which was released in April 2005 . The lightweight , titanium - construction watch , designed to be worn while playing the game , incorporates numerous innovative design features to accommodate golf play . It is capable of absorbing up to 5,000 Gs of shock , far in excess of the forces generated by a normal golf swing . In 2006 , the TAG Heuer Professional Golf Watch won the prestigious iF product design award in the Leisure / Lifestyle category . Woods preparing for a photo shoot in 2006 Woods also endorsed the Tiger Woods PGA Tour series of video games ; he has done so since 1999 . In 2006 , he signed a six - year contract with Electronic Arts , the series ' publisher . In February 2007 , Woods , Roger Federer and Thierry Henry became ambassadors for the `` Gillette Champions '' marketing campaign . Gillette did not disclose financial terms , though an expert estimated the deal could total between $10 million and $20 million . In October 2007 , Gatorade announced that Woods would have his own brand of sports drink starting in March 2008 . `` Gatorade Tiger '' was his first U.S. deal with a beverage company and his first licensing agreement . Although no figures were officially disclosed , Golfweek magazine reported that it was for five years and could pay him as much as $100 million . The company decided in early fall 2009 to discontinue the drink due to weak sales . In October 2012 , it was announced that Woods had signed an exclusive endorsement deal with Fuse Science , Inc , a sports nutrition firm . In 1997 , Woods and golfer Arnold Palmer initiated a case against Bruce Matthews ( the owner of Gotta Have It Golf , Inc . ) and others in the effort to stop the unauthorized sale of their images and alleged signatures in the memorabilia market . Matthews and associated parties counterclaimed that Woods and his company , ETW Corporation , committed several acts including breach of contract , breach of implied duty of good faith , and violations of Florida 's Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act . Palmer also was named in the counter-suit , accused of violating the same licensing agreement in conjunction with his company Arnold Palmer Enterprises . On March 12 , 2014 , a Florida jury ruled in favor of Gotta Have It on its breach of contract and other related claims , rejected ETW 's counterclaims , and awarded Gotta Have It $668,346 in damages . The award may end up exceeding $1 million once interest has been factored in , though the ruling may be appealed . In August 2016 , Woods announced that he would be seeking a new golf equipment partner after the news of Nike 's exit from the equipment industry . It was announced on January 25 , 2017 , that he would be signing a new club deal with TaylorMade . He added the 2016 M2 driver along with the 2017 M1 fairway woods , with irons to be custom made at a later date . He also added his Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS , a club he used to win 13 of his 14 majors . Also , in late 2016 , he would add Monster Energy as his primary bag sponsor , replacing MusclePharm . Accumulated wealth According to Golf Digest , Woods made $769,440,709 from 1996 to 2007 , and the magazine predicted that Woods would pass one billion dollars in earnings by 2010 . In 2009 , Forbes confirmed that Woods was indeed the world 's first athlete to earn over a billion dollars in his career , after accounting for the $10 million bonus Woods received for the FedEx Cup title . The same year , Forbes estimated his net worth to be $600 million , making him the second richest person of color in the United States , behind only Oprah Winfrey . In 2015 , Woods ranked ninth in Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , being the top among Asian Americans or the fourth among African Americans . Woods is currently considered to be the highest - paid golfer . Tiger - Proofing Early in Woods ' career , a small number of golf experts expressed concern about his impact on the competitiveness of the game and the public appeal of professional golf . Sportswriter Bill Lyon of Knight Ridder asked in a column , `` Is n't Tiger Woods actually bad for golf ? '' ( though Lyon ultimately concluded that he was not ) . At first , some pundits feared that Woods would drive the spirit of competition out of the game of golf by making existing courses obsolete and relegating opponents to simply competing for second place each week . A related effect was measured by University of California economist Jennifer Brown , who found that other golfers scored higher when competing against Woods than when he was not in the tournament . The scores of highly skilled ( exempt ) golfers are nearly one stroke higher when playing against Woods . This effect was larger when he was on winning streaks and disappeared during his well - publicized slump in 2003 -- 04 . Brown explains the results by noting that competitors of similar skill can hope to win by increasing their level of effort , but that , when facing a `` superstar '' competitor , extra exertion does not significantly raise one 's level of winning while increasing risk of injury or exhaustion , leading to reduced effort . Many courses in the PGA Tour rotation ( including major championship sites like Augusta National ) have added yardage to their tees in an effort to reduce the advantage of long hitters like Woods , a strategy that became known as `` Tiger - Proofing '' . Woods said he welcomed the change , in that adding yardage to courses did not affect his ability to win . Career achievements Main article : List of career achievements by Tiger Woods Woods has won 80 official PGA Tour events , including 14 majors . He is 14 -- 1 when going into the final round of a major with at least a share of the lead . Multiple golf experts have heralded Woods as `` the greatest closer in history '' . He owns the lowest career scoring average and the most career earnings of any player in PGA Tour history . Woods ' victory at the 2013 Players Championship also marked a win in his 300th PGA Tour start . He also won golf tournaments in his 100th ( in 2000 ) and 200th ( in 2006 ) tour starts . Woods has spent the most consecutive and cumulative weeks atop the world rankings . He is one of five players ( along with Gene Sarazen , Ben Hogan , Gary Player , and Jack Nicklaus ) to have won all four professional major championships in his career , known as the Career Grand Slam , and was the youngest to do so . Woods is the only player to have won all four professional major championships in a row , accomplishing the feat in the 2000 -- 2001 seasons . PGA Tour wins ( 80 ) European Tour wins ( 40 ) Japan Golf Tour wins ( 2 ) Asian Tour wins ( 1 ) PGA Tour of Australasia wins ( 1 ) Other professional wins ( 16 ) Amateur wins ( 21 ) Major Championships Wins ( 14 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1997 Masters Tournament 9 shot lead − 18 ( 70 - 66 - 65 - 69 = 270 ) 12 strokes Tom Kite 1999 PGA Championship Tied for lead − 11 ( 70 - 67 - 68 - 72 = 277 ) 1 stroke Sergio García 2000 U.S. Open 10 shot lead − 12 ( 65 - 69 - 71 - 67 = 272 ) 15 strokes Ernie Els , Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 The Open Championship 6 shot lead − 19 ( 67 - 66 - 67 - 69 = 269 ) 8 strokes Thomas Bjørn , Ernie Els 2000 PGA Championship ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 66 - 67 - 70 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff Bob May 2001 Masters Tournament ( 2 ) 1 shot lead − 16 ( 70 - 66 - 68 - 68 = 272 ) 2 strokes David Duval 2002 Masters Tournament ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 12 ( 70 - 69 - 66 - 71 = 276 ) 3 strokes Retief Goosen 2002 U.S. Open ( 2 ) 4 shot lead − 3 ( 67 - 68 - 70 - 72 = 277 ) 3 strokes Phil Mickelson 2005 Masters Tournament ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 12 ( 74 - 66 - 65 - 71 = 276 ) Playoff Chris DiMarco 2005 The Open Championship ( 2 ) 2 shot lead − 14 ( 66 - 67 - 71 - 70 = 274 ) 5 strokes Colin Montgomerie 2006 The Open Championship ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 18 ( 67 - 65 - 71 - 67 = 270 ) 2 strokes Chris DiMarco 2006 PGA Championship ( 3 ) Tied for lead − 18 ( 69 - 68 - 65 - 68 = 270 ) 5 strokes Shaun Micheel 2007 PGA Championship ( 4 ) 3 shot lead − 8 ( 71 - 63 - 69 - 69 = 272 ) 2 strokes Woody Austin 2008 U.S. Open ( 3 ) 1 shot lead − 1 ( 72 - 68 - 70 - 73 = 283 ) Playoff Rocco Mediate Defeated May in three - hole playoff by 1 stroke : Woods ( 3 - 4 - 5 = 12 ) , May ( 4 - 4 - 5 = 13 ) Defeated DiMarco in a sudden - death playoff : Woods ( 3 ) and DiMarco ( 4 ) . Defeated Mediate with a par on 1st sudden death hole after 18 - hole playoff was tied at even par . This was the final time an 18 - hole playoff was used in competition . Results timeline Tournament 1995 1997 1998 1999 Masters Tournament T41 LA CUT T8 T18 U.S. Open WD T82 T19 T18 T3 The Open Championship T68 T22 LA T24 T7 PGA Championship T29 T10 Tournament 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Masters Tournament 5 T15 T22 T3 T2 T6 U.S. Open T12 T20 T17 CUT T2 T6 The Open Championship T25 T28 T4 T9 T12 CUT PGA Championship T29 T39 T24 T4 Tournament 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Masters Tournament T4 T4 T40 T4 T17 T32 U.S. Open T4 T21 T32 CUT CUT The Open Championship T23 T3 T6 69 CUT T6 PGA Championship T28 CUT T11 T40 CUT CUT Win Top 10 Did not play LA = Low amateur CUT = missed the half - way cut WD = withdrew `` T '' indicates a tie for a place Summary Tournament Wins 2nd 3rd Top - 5 Top - 10 Top - 25 Events Cuts made Masters Tournament 11 13 17 21 20 U.S. Open 7 8 14 20 16 The Open Championship 0 6 10 15 20 18 PGA Championship 0 8 9 11 19 16 Totals 14 7 32 40 57 80 70 Most consecutive cuts made -- 39 ( 1996 U.S. Open -- 2006 Masters ) Longest streak of top - 10s -- 8 ( 1999 U.S. Open -- 2001 Masters ) World golf Championships Wins ( 18 ) Year Championship 54 holes Winning score Margin Runner ( s ) - up 1999 WGC - NEC Invitational 5 shot lead − 10 ( 66 - 71 - 62 - 71 = 270 ) 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1999 WGC - American Express Championship 1 shot deficit -- 6 ( 71 - 69 - 70 - 68 = 278 ) Playoff Miguel Ángel Jiménez 2000 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 2 ) 9 shot lead − 21 ( 64 - 61 - 67 - 67 = 259 ) 11 strokes Justin Leonard , Phillip Price 2001 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 3 ) 2 shot deficit − 12 ( 66 - 67 - 66 - 69 = 268 ) Playoff Jim Furyk 2002 WGC - American Express Championship ( 2 ) 5 shot lead − 25 ( 65 - 65 - 67 - 66 = 263 ) 1 stroke Retief Goosen 2003 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship n / a 2 & 1 n / a David Toms 2003 WGC - American Express Championship ( 3 ) 2 shot lead − 6 ( 67 - 66 - 69 - 72 = 274 ) 2 strokes Stuart Appleby , Tim Herron , Vijay Singh WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 2 ) n / a 3 & 2 n / a Davis Love III 2005 WGC - NEC Invitational ( 4 ) Tied for lead − 6 ( 66 - 70 - 67 - 71 = 274 ) 1 stroke Chris DiMarco 2005 WGC - American Express Championship ( 4 ) 2 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 68 - 68 - 67 = 270 ) Playoff John Daly 2006 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 5 ) 1 shot deficit − 10 ( 67 - 64 - 71 - 68 = 270 ) Playoff Stewart Cink 2006 WGC - American Express Championship ( 5 ) 6 shot lead − 23 ( 63 - 64 - 67 - 67 = 261 ) 8 strokes Ian Poulter , Adam Scott 2007 WGC - CA Championship ( 6 ) 4 shot lead − 10 ( 71 - 66 - 68 - 73 = 278 ) 2 strokes Brett Wetterich 2007 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 6 ) 1 shot deficit − 8 ( 68 - 70 - 69 - 65 = 272 ) 8 strokes Justin Rose , Rory Sabbatini 2008 WGC - Accenture Match Play Championship ( 3 ) n / a 8 & 7 n / a Stewart Cink 2009 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 7 ) 3 shot deficit − 12 ( 68 - 70 - 65 - 65 = 268 ) 4 strokes Robert Allenby , Pádraig Harrington 2013 WGC - Cadillac Championship ( 7 ) 4 shot lead − 19 ( 66 - 65 - 67 - 71 = 269 ) 2 strokes Steve Stricker 2013 WGC - Bridgestone Invitational ( 8 ) 7 shot lead − 15 ( 66 - 61 - 68 - 70 = 265 ) 7 strokes Keegan Bradley , Henrik Stenson Won on the first hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the seventh hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the second hole of a sudden - death playoff Won on the fourth hole of a sudden - death playoff Results Timeline Tournament 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Match Play QF R64 R32 R16 R16 R32 R64 R32 R64 Championship T5 NT 9 5 T9 T10 WD T25 Invitational T4 T2 T78 T37 T8 WD T31 Champions T6 T6 Canceled following the September 11 attacks . Win Top 10 Did not play QF , R16 , R32 , R64 = Round in which player lost in match play WD = withdrew NT = No tournament `` T '' = tied Note that the HSBC Champions did not become a WGC event until 2009 . PGA Tour career summary Season Starts Cuts made Wins ( majors ) 2nd 3rd Top 10 Top 25 Earnings ( $ ) Money list rank 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1993 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1994 0 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 1995 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- 11 10 0 5 8 790,594 24 1997 21 20 4 ( 1 ) 9 14 2,066,833 1998 20 19 13 17 1,841,117 1999 21 21 8 ( 1 ) 16 18 6,616,585 2000 20 20 9 ( 3 ) 17 20 9,188,321 2001 19 19 5 ( 1 ) 0 9 18 5,687,777 2002 18 18 5 ( 2 ) 13 16 6,912,625 2003 18 18 5 0 12 16 6,673,413 19 19 14 18 5,365,472 2005 21 19 6 ( 2 ) 13 17 10,628,024 2006 15 14 8 ( 2 ) 11 13 9,941,563 2007 16 16 7 ( 1 ) 0 12 15 10,867,052 2008 6 6 4 ( 1 ) 0 6 6 5,775,000 2009 17 16 6 0 14 16 10,508,163 12 11 0 0 0 7 1,294,765 68 2011 9 7 0 0 0 660,238 128 2012 19 17 9 13 6,133,158 2013 16 16 5 0 8 10 8,553,439 2014 7 5 0 0 0 0 108,275 201 2015 11 6 0 0 0 448,598 162 2016 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2017 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 n / a 2018 18 16 0 7 12 5,443,841 7 Career * 346 316 80 ( 14 ) 31 19 193 261 115,504,853 * As of the 2018 season . Guinness book of records Woods claimed 17 Guinness World Records , within golf and 3 other records related to his appearance in the video game . After Usain Bolt and Michael Phelps , he holds the third highest number of Guinness World Records claimed by a sportsman within one discipline . Most consecutive US Amateur golf titles Most US PGA Tour tournament wins in the modern era Lowest score under par in the Open golf championships Most awards for Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Player of the Year Youngest winner of the golf US Masters Highest career earnings on the US Professional Golfers ' Association Tour Largest margin of victory in the golf US Masters Largest margin of victory in a golf major championships Most wins of the PGA Player of the Year award Most consecutive golf Major tournaments won Highest annual earnings for a golfer Longest golf drive on the PGA Tour Lowest total score ( 72 holes ) at the golf US Masters Longest drive in Tiger Woods PGA Tour 06 Golf , World Cup - Lowest individual score Lowest total score ( first 54 holes ) in the golf US Masters Highest annual earnings for an athlete ( ever ) Playing style Woods practicing before 2004 Ryder Cup at Oakland Hills Country Club in Bloomfield Township , Michigan When Woods first joined the PGA Tour in 1996 , his long drives had a large impact on the world of golf . However , when he did not upgrade his equipment in the following years ( insisting upon the use of True Temper Dynamic Gold steel - shafted clubs and smaller steel clubheads that promoted accuracy over distance ) , many opponents caught up to him . Phil Mickelson even made a joke in 2003 about Woods using `` inferior equipment '' , which did not sit well with Nike , Titleist or Woods . During 2004 , Woods finally upgraded his driver technology to a larger clubhead and graphite shaft , which , coupled with his clubhead speed , made him one of the Tour 's lengthiest players off the tee once again . Despite his power advantage , Woods has always focused on developing an excellent all - around game . Although in recent years he has typically been near the bottom of the Tour rankings in driving accuracy , his iron play is generally accurate , his recovery and bunker play is very strong , and his putting ( especially under pressure ) is possibly his greatest asset . He is largely responsible for a shift to higher standards of athleticism amongst professional golfers , and is known for utilizing more hours of practice than most . From mid-1993 ( while he was still an amateur ) until 2004 , Woods worked almost exclusively with leading swing coach Butch Harmon . From mid-1997 , Harmon and Woods fashioned a major redevelopment of Woods ' full swing , achieving greater consistency , better distance control , and better kinesiology . The changes began to pay off in 1999 . From March 2004 to 2010 , Woods was coached by Hank Haney , who worked on flattening his swing plane . Woods continued to win tournaments with Haney , but his driving accuracy dropped significantly . Haney resigned in May 2010 and was replaced by Sean Foley . Fluff Cowan served as Woods ' caddie from the start of his professional career until Woods dismissed him in March 1999 . He was replaced by Steve Williams , who became a close friend of Woods and is often credited with helping him with key shots and putts . In June 2011 , Woods dismissed Williams and replaced him with friend Bryon Bell on an interim basis . Joe LaCava , a former caddie of both Fred Couples and Dustin Johnson , was hired by Woods shortly after and has remained Woods ' caddie since then , but he has seen limited work . Equipment As of 2018 Tour Championship : Driver : TaylorMade M3 460 ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 73TX shaft ) , 9.5 degrees Fairway woods : TaylorMade M3 13 & 19 Degree ( Mitsubishi Chemical Diamana D+ White Board 83TX shaft ) Irons : TaylorMade TW Phase1 Prototype ( 3 - PW ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue X100 shafts ) Wedges : TaylorMade Milled Grind ( 56 and 60 degrees ; True Temper Dynamic Gold Tour Issue S400 shafts ) Putter : Scotty Cameron Newport 2 GSS with Ping Blackout PP58 Grip Ball : Bridgestone Tour B XS ( with `` Tiger '' imprint ) Golf glove : Nike Dri - FIT Tour glove Golf shoes : Nike TW ' 17 Driver club cover : Frank , a plush tiger head club cover created by his mother . Frank has appeared in several commercials ( voiced by actor Paul Giamatti ) Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo . Putter cover : Nike Putter Cover . Other ventures Tiger Woods Foundation The Tiger Woods Foundation was established in 1996 by Woods and his father Earl , with the primary goal of promoting golf among inner - city children . The foundation has conducted junior golf clinics across the country , and sponsors the Tiger Woods Foundation National Junior Golf Team in the Junior World Golf Championships . As of December 2010 , TWF employed approximately 55 people . The foundation operates the Tiger Woods Learning Center , a $50 million , 35,000 - square - foot ( 3,250 m2 ) facility in Anaheim , California , providing college - access programs for underserved youth . The TWLC opened in 2006 and features seven classrooms , extensive multi-media facilities and an outdoor golf teaching area . The center has since expanded to four additional campuses : two in Washington , D.C. ; one in Philadelphia ; and one in Stuart , Florida . Woods giving a speech at We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial ( January 2009 ) The foundation benefits from the annual Chevron World Challenge and AT&T National golf tournaments hosted by Woods . In October 2011 , the foundation hosted the first Tiger Woods Invitational at Pebble Beach . Other annual fundraisers have included the concert events Block Party , last held in 2009 in Anaheim , and Tiger Jam , last held in 2011 in Las Vegas after a one - year hiatus . Tiger Woods Design In November 2006 , Woods announced his intention to begin designing golf courses around the world through a new company , Tiger Woods Design . A month later , he announced that the company 's first course would be in Dubai as part of a 25.3 million - square - foot development , The Tiger Woods Dubai . The Al Ruwaya Golf Course was initially expected to finish construction in 2009 . As of February 2010 , only seven holes had been completed ; in April 2011 , The New York Times reported that the project had been shelved permanently . In 2013 , the partnership between Tiger Woods Design and Dubai Holding was dissolved . Tiger Woods Design has taken on two other courses , neither of which has materialized . In August 2007 , Woods announced The Cliffs at High Carolina , a private course in the Blue Ridge Mountains near Asheville , North Carolina . After a groundbreaking in November 2008 , the project suffered cash flow problems and suspended construction . A third course , in Punta Brava , Mexico , was announced in October 2008 , but incurred delays due to issues with permits and an environmental impact study . Construction on the Punta Brava course has not yet begun . These projects have encountered problems that have been attributed to factors that include overly optimistic estimates of their value , declines throughout the global economy ( particularly the U.S. crash in home prices ) , and the decreased appeal and marketability of Woods following his 2009 infidelity scandal . Writings Woods wrote a golf instruction column for Golf Digest magazine from 1997 to February 2011 . In 2001 he wrote a best - selling golf instruction book , How I Play Golf , which had the largest print run of any golf book for its first edition , 1.5 million copies . In March 2017 , he published a memoir , The 1997 Masters : My Story , co-authored by Lorne Rubenstein , which focuses on his first Masters win . Personal Life Marriage and children In November 2003 , Woods became engaged to Elin Nordegren , a Swedish former model and daughter of former minister of migration Barbro Holmberg and radio journalist Thomas Nordegren . They were introduced during The Open Championship in 2001 by Swedish golfer Jesper Parnevik , who had employed her as an au pair . They married on October 5 , 2004 , at the Sandy Lane resort in Barbados , and lived at Isleworth , a community in Windermere , a suburb of Orlando , Florida . In 2006 , they purchased a $39 - million estate in Jupiter Island , Florida , and began constructing a 10,000 - square - foot home ; Woods moved there in 2010 following the couple 's divorce . Woods and Nordegren 's first child was a girl born in 2007 , whom they named Sam Alexis Woods . Woods chose the name because his own father had always called him Sam . Their son , Charlie Axel Woods , was born in 2009 . Infidelity scandal and fallout In November 2009 , the National Enquirer published a story claiming that Woods had had an extramarital affair with New York City nightclub manager Rachel Uchitel , who denied the claim . Two days later , around 2 : 30 a.m. on November 27 , Woods was driving from his Florida mansion in his Cadillac Escalade SUV when he collided with a fire hydrant , a tree , and several hedges near his home . He was treated for minor facial lacerations and received a ticket for careless driving . Following intense media speculation about the cause of the accident , Woods released a statement on his website and took sole responsibility for the accident , calling it a `` private matter '' and crediting his wife for helping him from the car . On November 30 , Woods announced that he would not be appearing at his own charity golf tournament , the Chevron World Challenge , nor any other tournaments in 2009 , due to his injuries . On December 2 , following Us Weekly 's previous day reporting of a purported mistress and subsequent release of a voicemail message allegedly left by Woods for the woman , Woods released a further statement . He admitted `` transgressions '' and apologized to `` all of those who have supported ( him ) over the years '' , while reiterating his and his family 's right to privacy . Over the next few days , more than a dozen women claimed in various media outlets to have had affairs with Woods . On December 11 , he released a third statement admitting to infidelity and apologizing again , as well as announcing that he would be taking `` an indefinite break from professional golf . '' In the days and months following Woods 's admission of multiple infidelities , several companies re-evaluated their relationships with him . Accenture , AT&T , Gatorade and General Motors completely ended their sponsorship deals , while Gillette suspended advertising featuring Woods . TAG Heuer dropped Woods from advertising in December 2009 and officially ended their deal when his contract expired in August 2011 . Golf Digest suspended Woods 's monthly column beginning with the February 2010 issue . In contrast , Nike continued to support Woods , as did Electronic Arts , which was working with Woods on the game Tiger Woods PGA Tour Online . A December 2009 study estimated the shareholder loss caused by Woods 's affairs to be between $5 billion and $12 billion . On February 19 , 2010 , Woods gave a televised statement in which he said he had undertaken a 45 - day therapy program beginning at the end of December . He again apologized for his actions . `` I thought I could get away with whatever I wanted to , '' he said . `` I felt that I had worked hard my entire life and deserved to enjoy all the temptations around me . I felt I was entitled . Thanks to money and fame , I did n't have to go far to find them . I was wrong . I was foolish . '' He said he did not know yet when he would be returning to golf . He announced a few weeks later on March 16 that he would play in the 2010 Masters Tournament on April 8 . After seven years of marriage , Woods and his wife Elin divorced on August 23 , 2010 . 2017 arrest On May 29 , 2017 , Woods was arrested near his Jupiter Island , Florida , home by the Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office at about 3 : 00 a.m. EDT for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs . He was asleep in his car , which was stationary in a traffic lane with its engine running . He later stated that he was taking prescription drugs and did not realize how they might interact together . On July 3 , 2017 , Woods tweeted that he had completed an out - of - state intensive program to tackle an unspecified issue . On August 9 , 2017 , Woods , who skipped his arraignment , entered a not guilty plea through his attorney Douglas Duncan and agreed to take part in a first - time DUI offender program and attend another arraignment on October 25 . At a hearing on October 27 , 2017 , Woods pleaded guilty to reckless driving . He received a year of probation , was fined $250 , and ordered to undergo 50 hours of community service along with regular drug tests . He was not allowed to drink alcohol during the probation , and if he violates the probation he will be sentenced to 90 days in jail with an additional $500 fine . Other pursuits United States President Barack Obama and Woods meet in the Oval Office , April 2009 Woods shoots a handgun at a shooting range outside San Diego . Woods was raised as a Buddhist , and he actively practiced his faith from childhood until well into his adult , professional golf career . In a 2000 article , Woods was quoted as saying that he `` believes in Buddhism ... not every aspect , but most of it . '' He has attributed his deviations and infidelity to his losing track of Buddhism . He said , `` Buddhism teaches me to stop following every impulse and to learn restraint . Obviously I lost track of what I was taught . '' Woods is registered as an independent voter . In January 2009 , Woods delivered a speech commemorating the military at the We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In April 2009 , Woods visited the White House while promoting the golf tournament he hosts , the AT&T National . In December 2016 and again in November 2017 , Woods played golf with President Donald Trump at the Trump International Golf Club in West Palm Beach . Woods underwent laser eye surgery in 1999 . Before this surgery , he was severely myopic , his eyesight having a rating of 11 diopters . The surgery was successful ( it has meant that he does not need to wear glasses or use contact lenses ) , as he immediately started winning tour events . He received money from TLC Laser Eye Centers to endorse them . In 2007 , he had further laser eye surgery when his vision began to deteriorate again . On March 18 , 2013 , Woods announced that he and Olympic gold medal skier Lindsey Vonn were dating . They split up in May 2015 . See also Career Grand Slam Champions List of golfers with most European Tour wins List of golfers with most PGA Tour wins List of golfers with most wins in one PGA Tour event List of longest PGA Tour win streaks List of men 's major championships winning golfers List of World Number One male golfers Most PGA Tour wins in a year Biography portal Golf portal United States portal References ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods -- Profile '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is calculated by adding Woods ' 80 PGA Tour victories , 8 regular European Tour titles , 2 Japan Tour wins , 1 Asian Tour crown , and the 16 other wins in his career . Jump up ^ These are the 14 majors , 18 WGC events , and his eight tour wins . Jump up ^ 2009 European Tour Official Guide Section 4 Page 577 PDF 21 . European Tour . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . Archived January 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Divorce decree '' ( PDF ) . August 23 , 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sounes , Howard ( 2004 ) . The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf . Harper Collins . pp. 120 -- 121 , 293 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography : Golfer ( 1975 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who is the greatest golfer ever : Tiger or Jack ? '' . For The Win. April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Diaz , Jaime . `` What made Tiger Woods great -- and can again - Golf Digest '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Phil : Tiger in prime played best golf ever '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dahlberg , Tim ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Two weeks that shattered the legend of Tiger Woods '' . Fox News . Associated Press . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinman , Sam . `` New book says Tiger Woods paid controversial doctor Anthony Galea $76 K for 14 visits '' . Golf Digest . Jump up ^ `` Westwood becomes world number one '' . BBC News . October 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods moves to 50th in rankings '' . ESPN . November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved November 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of Tiger Woods ' injuries '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Inglis , Martin ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls out of world top 500 '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ `` With game on point , Tiger Woods is in perfect place to win again at Firestone '' . USA Today . August 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reid , Philip ( August 14 , 2018 ) . `` For the new Tiger Woods , second place is far from first loser '' . The Irish Times . Dublin . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Woods Clinches PGA Player of the Year Award '' . About.com : Golf . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tracking Tiger '' . NBC Sports . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Biography - childhood , children , parents , name , history , mother , young , son , old , information , born '' . Notablebiographies.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods ' father , Earl , succumbs to cancer '' . Espn.com . May 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Brent . `` Tiger Woods ' Parents : Meet Mom and Dad '' . Thoughtco.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 ; The Wicked Game , by Howard Sounes , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Earning His Stripes '' . AsianWeek . October 11 , 1996 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 1998 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Earl Woods '' ( obituary ) . Telegraph ( June 5 , 2006 ) . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods stars on Oprah , says he 's ' Cablinasian ' '' . Lubbock Avalanche - Journal . Associated Press . April 23 , 1997 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Tom ( May 9 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger 's dad gave us all some lessons to remember '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Rick ( June 7 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' niece makes her major pro golf tourney debut today '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Training a Tiger : Raising a Winner in Golf and in Life , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Play Golf Where Tiger Became Tiger '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Timeline '' . Infoplease . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger , by Earl Woods and Pete McDaniel , 1997 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ `` 1984 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , p. 187 ; originally appeared in The Wall Street Journal , Nike 's Tiger Woods professional career launch advertisement , August 1996 . Jump up ^ `` 1985 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1988 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1989 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Champions '' . Junior World Golf Championships . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 23 ; Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes . ^ Jump up to : His Father 's Son : Earl and Tiger Woods , by Tom Callahan , 2010 Jump up ^ Training A Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life , by Earl Woods with Pete McDaniel , 1997 , Harper Collins , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 270178 - 9 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Jack Nicklaus : Memories and Mementos from Golf 's Golden Bear , by Jack Nicklaus with David Shedloski , 2007 , Stewart , Tabori & Chang , New York , ISBN 1 - 58479 - 564 - 6 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods '' . IMG Speakers . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 U.S. Junior Amateur '' . U.S. Junior Amateur . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Sounes , p. 277 . Jump up ^ `` Notable Past Players '' . International Golf Federation . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Thomsen , Ian ( September 9 , 1995 ) . `` Ailing Woods Unsure for Walker Cup '' . International Herald Tribune . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Wicked Game : Arnold Palmer , Jack Nicklaus , Tiger Woods , and the Story of Modern Golf , by Howard Sounes , 2004 , William Morrow , New York , ISBN 0 - 06 - 051386 - 1 , information listed on inset photos between pages 168 and 169 . Jump up ^ `` Famous People -- Speech Differences and Stutter '' . Disabled World . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods writes letter of support to fellow stutterer '' . The Guardian . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Former stutterer Tiger Woods writes letter to young boy being bullied '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Writes Letter to Boy With Stuttering Problem '' . ABC News . May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanford Men 's Golf Team -- Tiger Woods '' . Stanford Men 's Golf Team . April 8 , 2003 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte , Tim ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods : The Makings of a Champion . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 84 , 101 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 96437 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` PAC - 10 Men 's Golf '' ( PDF ) . PAC - 10 Conference . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods through the Ages ... '' Geocities . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sounes , p. 277 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Captures 1996 NCAA Individual Title '' . Stanford University . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosaforte 1997 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Wood , Robert W. ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Moved Too , Says Mickelson Was Right About Taxes '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Martosko , David ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods : I left California over tax rates too '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 1 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` Golf 's first Billion - Dollar Man '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Rick ( December 23 , 1996 ) . `` 1996 : Tiger Woods '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 2 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods scoops world rankings award '' . London : BBC Sport . March 15 , 2006 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Jaime . `` The Truth about Tiger '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods is PGA Tour player of year '' . The Topeka Capital - Journal . Associated Press . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrity , John ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` Open and Shut '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron . `` 10 Years of Tiger Woods Part 3 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Price , S.L. ( April 3 , 2000 ) . `` Tunnel Vision '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yocom , Guy ( July 2000 ) . `` 50 Greatest Golfers of All Time : And What They Taught Us '' . Golf Digest . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The remarkable drive of Tiger Woods '' . CNN . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shedloski , Dave ( July 27 , 2006 ) . `` Woods is starting to own his swing '' . PGA Tour . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2007 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hard labor pays off for Singh '' . Sports Illustrated . Reuters . September 7 , 2004 . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Verdi , Bob . `` A Rivalry is Reborn '' . Golf World . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Morfit , Cameron ( March 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Rivals Will Be Back . Eventually '' . Golf Magazine . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hack , Damon ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` Golf : Notebook ; Trouble on Greens Keeps Woods From His Fifth Green Jacket '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Litsky , Frank ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Earl Woods , 74 , Father of Tiger Woods , Dies '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Man of the Year '' . PGA . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes knee surgery '' . Agence France - Presse. April 15 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2008 . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger puts away Mediate on 91st hole to win U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Savage , Brendan ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Rocco Mediate still riding U.S. Open high into Buick Open '' . The Flint Journal . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lage , Larry ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Mediate makes the most of his brush with Tiger '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Mark ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods to Undergo Reconstructive Knee Surgery and Miss Remainder of 2008 Season '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dorman , Larry ( June 19 , 2008 ) . `` Woods to Have Knee Surgery , Ending His Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Donegan , Lawrence ( June 17 , 2008 ) . `` Woods savours ' greatest triumph ' after epic duel with brave Mediate '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Return Expected To Make PGA Ratings Roar '' . The Nielsen Company 2009 . February 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dahlberg , Tim ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Anything can happen : It did in Tiger 's return '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved July 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Doug ( October 12 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . Cumberland Times - News . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barber , Phil ( October 11 , 2009 ) . `` Americans win the Presidents Cup '' . The Press Democrat . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods apologises to wife Elin for affairs '' . BBC Sport . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` AT&T cuts connection with Woods '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mickelson wins Masters ; Tiger 5 back '' . ESPN . April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 1 , 2010 ) . `` Woods misses sixth PGA Tour cut '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for March 27 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , Official World Golf Ranking for April 11 , 2011 Jump up ^ pgatour.com , 2011 Masters tournament data Jump up ^ http://www.tigerwoods.com , June 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ Howard Sounes : The Wicked Game Jump up ^ pgatour.com , December 4 , 2011 , Tiger ends two - year winless streak Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( February 24 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Watney eliminates Tiger Woods '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger wins Memorial to match Nicklaus on 73 wins '' . The Times of India . June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods wins AT&T to pass Jack Nicklaus record '' . BBC Sport . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Farrell ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger takes Torrey for 75th tour win '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods prevails at Doral '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger returns to No. 1 , wins Bay Hill '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Boren , Cindy ( March 27 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods Nike ad causes a stir with `` winning takes care of everything '' message `` . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Is Tiger Woods facing disqualification at Masters ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods walks off at Honda Classic '' . bunkered . March 3 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods a doubt for the Masters '' . bunkered . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods out of the Masters '' . bunkered. April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods splits with swing coach Sean Foley '' . USA Today . August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Van Sickle , Gary ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Withdraws From the Farmers Insurance Open With Bad Back '' . Golf.com . Jump up ^ `` His back feeling better , Tiger plans to work on his game and play again soon '' . tigerwoods.com . February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Nick ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods hurts his wrist after hitting a root at the Masters '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods improves with 76 , but misses cut badly at 2015 US Open '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( July 18 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 British Open : Tiger Woods cut at consecutive majors for first time '' . CBS Sports . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger confident after results at Quicken Loans National '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Velin , Bob ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods falls short , ends season at Wyndham '' . USA Today . Tyson 's Corners , Virginia . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kalland , Bobby ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tiger Woods sputters in final round , shoots 70 at Wyndham Championship '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Undergoes Successful Back Surgery , Is Hopeful To Return In Early 2016 '' . TigerWoods.com . September 18 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grez , Matias ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods : Golfer to miss the Masters '' . CNN International . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods chooses health over Masters '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Christine ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Brennan : Tiger Woods is n't playing in Masters but still very much present '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Wood 's bold vision to break Jack Nicklaus 's record of 18 major titles '' . Golf Channel . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods looks to the positives after fading following flying start '' . Irish Independent . Press Association . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to miss Masters for third time in four years '' . ESPN . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger not ' tournament ready , ' will miss Masters '' . www.tigerwoods.com . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zak , Sean ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking : Tiger Woods undergoes back surgery to alleviate ongoing pain '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods has a 4th back surgery '' . MSN News . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crouse , Karen ( March 11 , 2018 ) . `` He Stuck to Golf : Tiger Woods , Roaring Back , Ties for 2nd '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Murray , Scott ( July 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Open 2018 : Francesco Molinari wins title on day of drama -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Jurejko , Jonathan ( August 13 , 2018 ) . `` US PGA Championship : Brooks Koepka holds off Tiger Woods to win at Bellerive '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ McGowan , Tom ; Sinnott , John ( September 24 , 2018 ) . `` Tiger Woods wins a PGA Tour event for the first time since 2013 '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Apple CEO among latest inductees to California Hall of Fame '' . U-T San Diego . August 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2007 . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` California Hall of Fame : 2007 Inductees '' Archived January 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , californiamuseum.org . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods named top athlete of decade '' . ESPN . December 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger named AP 's Athlete of the Decade '' . NY Daily News . Associated Press . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slezak , Carol ( April 1 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger 's Tour , 10 years after his Masters breakthrough '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ; Garrity , John ; Diaz , Jaime ( April 1 , 1997 ) . `` Tiger 1997 : The buzz that rocked the cradle '' . Golf Magazine . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` With Tiger not a factor , preliminary ratings down for PGA '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . August 20 , 2001 . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ziemer , Tom ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` PGA jungle needs its Tiger on prowl '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved March 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Whitmer , Michael ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Woods shows mettle again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Berger , Brian. , `` Nike Golf Extends Contract with Tiger Woods '' , Sports Business Radio , December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : DiCarlo , Lisa ( March 18 , 2004 ) . `` Six Degrees Of Tiger Woods '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Branding and Celebrity Endorsements '' Archived October 14 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , VentureRepublic.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park , Alice. , `` Member of the Club '' , Time , April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AP , `` Nike sees dollar signs in Woods ' magical shot '' , MSNBC , April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Krakow , Gary. , `` Tiger Woods watch is a technological stroke '' , MSNBC.com , November 7 , 2005 . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 . Archived March 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Tag Heuer 's Innovative Creation Wins Prestigious Award '' Archived September 9 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , best-watch.net Watch News , January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ; Rothman , Wilson ( September 26 , 2004 ) . `` Q&A with Tiger Woods '' . Time . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Surette , Tim ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods to play another six with EA '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abelson , Jenn ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gillette lands a trio of star endorsers '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade Unveils a Taste of Tiger '' . The Washington Post . October 17 , 2007 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gatorade confirms it is dropping Tiger Woods drink , but decided to before fateful car wreck '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . December 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2009 . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sports nutrition firm Fuse Science signs on as sponsor of Woods ' bag '' . PGA of America . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer v. Gotta Have It Golf Collectibles , Inc '' . 106 F. Supp. 2d 1289 ( 2000 ) United States District Court , S.D. Florida . June 22 , 2000 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Batterman , L. Robert ; Cardozo , Michael ; Freeman , Robert E. ; Ganz , Howard L. ; Katz , Wayne D. ; Leccese , Joseph M. ( May 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tiger Woods Misses the Cut in Golf Memorabilia Dispute '' . National Law Review . Proskauer Rose LLP . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gotta Have It Golf , Inc. v. Arnold Palmer Enterprises , Inc. , No. 03 - 19490 ( Fla . Cir . Ct . Jury Verdict ) '' . March 12 , 2014 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McEwan , Michael ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods to seek new equipment partner '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Dennett , Craig ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Nike to exit golf equipment industry '' . bunkered . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' move to TaylorMade '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Sobel , Jason ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger adds Cameron back into bag '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Rovell , Darren ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger Woods picks up Monster Energy '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( 2007 ) . `` The Fortunate 50 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved May 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sirak , Ron ( February 2008 ) . `` The Golf Digest 50 '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved January 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Tiger richest athlete in history '' . ESPN . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Woods is sports ' first billion - dollar man '' . Forbes . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Matthew ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Wealthiest Black Americans '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Forbes ' list of world 's highest - paid athletes , Forbes . Jump up ^ `` How Much Do The World 's Top 10 Golfers Earn Per Shot ? '' . November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lyon , Bill ( August 16 , 2000 ) . `` Woods bad for golf ? There 's an unplayable lie '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Jump up ^ Brown , Jennifer ; Quitters Never Win : The ( Adverse ) Incentive Effects of Competing with Superstars Archived April 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Job Market Paper , November 2007 Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Press Conference : The Open Championship '' . TigerWoods.com . ASAP Sports . July 12 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2007 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Celizic , Mike ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger is greatest closer ever '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Maginnes , John ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Goliath will surely fall one day . Or will he ? '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cabrera wins devilish battle at U.S. Open '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( May 13 , 2013 ) . `` Tiger Woods shows off his command '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romine , Brentley ( May 12 , 2013 ) . `` 5 Things : Woods captures fourth Tour title in ' 13 '' . Golfweek . Retrieved May 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights : How Dufner won the 95th PGA Champ '' . Golf Channel . August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Andy ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Woods moves majestically to grand slam '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Career Money Leaders '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved September 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records online registry , the result of the linked search will display higher number of records , however many of those displayed contain the name of Usain Bolt in the description of the record but do n't belong to him '' . Guinness World Records . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Woods threatens all records at the Masters '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Associated Press . April 12 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger had more than just length in annihilating Augusta '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . April 14 , 1997 . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Polinski , Cara ( July 8 , 2003 ) . `` True Temper Wins Again ! '' . The Wire . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Mickelson clear the air , put spat behind them '' . ESPN . February 13 , 2003 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Phil Mickelson clarifies Tiger comments '' . Golf Today . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Case Study : Tiger Woods '' . Linkage Incorporated . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` When Par is n't good enough '' . APMP.org . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Ed ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Up Close And Personal '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Butch ( 2006 ) . The Pro : Lessons About Golf and Life from My Father , Claude Harmon , Sr. Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 307 - 33804 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Swing Coach Foley Helping Tiger At PGA Championship '' . Canadian Press . August 10 , 2010 . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Woods Dismisses His Caddie Cowan '' . The New York Times . March 9 , 1999 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger 's Caddie Reflects on `` Defining '' Moment at Medinah `` . Golf Channel . Associated Press . August 8 , 2006 . Retrieved May 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods hires caddie Joe LaCava '' . ESPN . Associated Press . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.pgatour.com/winners-bag/2018/09/23/golf-clubs-equipment-tiger-woods-tour-championship.html Jump up ^ Wall , Jonathan ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Tiger to debut TW ' 17 shoe at Hero World Challenge '' . PGA Tour . Jump up ^ Cannizzaro , Mark ( August 29 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger Pitch Ad - Nauseam '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger WITB 2017 '' . GolfWRX . November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wood covers : Stitch Brand with TGR Logo '' . Archived from the original Check url = value ( help ) on July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mattingly Expected to Retire After Sitting Out 1996 Season '' . The Los Angeles Times . January 22 , 1997 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Patricia ( April 13 , 1997 ) . `` The Changing Face of Golf ; A CBS Profile of the Hottest Guy on the Links '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` With Clinton at his side , Woods opens his learning center '' . GolfWeb Wire Services . February 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Programs : TWLC : Junior Golf Team '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Harig , Bob ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' foundation suffered greatly '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lamport - Stokes , Mark ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Tiger eyes legacy away from sport '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger visits new TWLC Florida campus in Stuart '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . December 9 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Events : Tiger Woods Invitational '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The fifth annual Block Party raises more than $500,000 '' . Tiger Woods Foundation . October 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2012 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Speaks About Injury , PGA Tour Athlets During Jam '' . GolfLasVegasNow.com. April 30 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Eric ( December 14 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods takes hiatus from OC foundation '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Soltau , Mark ( November 6 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' next step : Design golf courses '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfensberger , Marc ( December 3 , 2006 ) . `` Tiger Woods Will Design First Golf Course in Dubai '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fattah , Zainab ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods 's Dubai Golf Resort Will Be Completed , Builder Says '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Paul ( April 2 , 2011 ) . `` For Tiger Woods , a Golf Course Design Business Is in the Rough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Shane ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Dubai Holding ' dissolves ' Tiger Woods partnership '' . arabianbusiness.com . ITP Publishing Group . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to design his first U.S. course '' . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved August 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Louis , Brian ; Taub , Daniel ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Flagship to Build Mexico Golf Resort '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New deal includes instruction , Web pieces '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 8 , 2002 . Retrieved June 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 9 , 2001 ) . `` Tiger Woods joins the club of golf book authors '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stachura , Mike ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' new book is a vivid but cautious reflection on his landmark win '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Five things you did n't know about Elin Nordegren '' . CNN . December 4 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Woods ties the knot '' . BBC Sport . October 6 , 2004 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods buys $40 million estate '' . The New York Times . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ White , Joseph ( July 3 , 2007 ) . `` Woods played U.S. Open while wife was in hospital '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved December 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger becomes dad for second time '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` World Exclusive : Woman at Center of Tiger Woods Cheating Scandal Exposed ! ! '' . National Enquirer . November 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tiger Woods admits `` transgressions , '' apologizes `` . Reuters . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DiMeglio , Steve ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` Woods crash did $3,200 damage to hydrant , tree '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , James ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger injured in late - night car accident '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods issues statement on crash '' . USA Today . Associated Press . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( November 29 , 2009 ) . `` Statement from Tiger Woods '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Cancels Tourney Appearance '' . CBS News . November 30 , 2009 . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hear Tiger Panic to Mistress : `` My Wife May Be Calling You '' `` . Us Weekly . December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woods , Tiger ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger comments on current events '' . TigerWoods.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved December 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` GM ends car loans for Tiger Woods '' . BBC News . London . January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods loses Gatorade sponsorship '' . BBC News . February 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Golf Digest , February 2010 . Jump up ^ Klayman , Ben ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` EA Sports moves forward with Tiger game rollout '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldiner , Dave ( December 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods ' mistress scandal costs shareholders of sponsors like Nike , Gatorade $12 billion '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Transcript : Tiger 's public statement '' . Web.tigerwoods.com . ASAP Sports . February 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rude , Jeff ( March 17 , 2010 ) . `` Woods ' return shows he 's ready to win '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helling , Steve ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Tiger Woods and Elin Nordegren 's Divorce Is Final '' . People . Retrieved September 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Booking Blotter '' . Palm Beach County Sheriff 's Office . May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Harriet ; Curtis , Ben ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods blames driving arrest on ' prescribed medications ' , not alcohol '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods found asleep in car at time of arrest ; no alcohol found in breath test '' . ESPN . May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods announces that he 's completed a ' private intensive program ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Winsor , Morgan ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods pleads not guilty to DUI charges '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Greenlee , Will ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods to take part in DUI first - offender program -- Videos '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Anderson , Curt ; Spencer , Terry ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tiger Woods found guilty of reckless driving '' . Chicago Tribune . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods makes emotional apology for infidelity '' . BBC News . London . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , Robert ( July 24 , 2000 ) . `` Gandhi and Tiger Woods '' . Slate . Retrieved August 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods Returns to Buddhism '' . ISKCON News . February 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abcarian , Robin ( December 13 , 2009 ) . `` How did Tiger keep his secrets ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger to speak at Lincoln Memorial '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods gives speech at Obama inauguration '' . Golf Today . January 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montopoli , Brian ( April 23 , 2009 ) . `` Tiger Woods in the White House '' . CBS News . Retrieved May 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Porter , Kyle ( November 24 , 2017 ) . `` President Trump plays post-Thanksgiving golf with Tiger Woods and Dustin Johnson '' . CBS News . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods undergoes second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Today . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bestrom , Craig ; Strege , John . `` Eyes of the Tiger : Tiger Woods -- LASIK laser eye surgery '' . Eyesurgeryusa.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Woods has second laser eye surgery '' . Golf Magazine . May 15 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods announces his relationship with Lindsey Vonn '' . USA Today . March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Woods , Vonn end relationship '' . PGA Tour . Associated Press . May 3 , 2015 . Further reading Andrisani , John ( 1997 ) . The Tiger Woods Way : An Analysis of Tiger Woods ' Power - Swing Technique . New York : Three Rivers Press . ISBN 0 - 609 - 80139 - 2 . OCLC 55124056 . Clary , Jack ( 1997 ) . Tiger Woods . Twickenham , England : Tiger Books International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85501 - 954 - 6 . OCLC 40859379 . Feinstein , John ( 1999 ) . The Majors : In Pursuit of Golf 's Holy Grail . Boston : Little , Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 27971 - 0 . OCLC 40602886 . Londino , Lawrence J. ( 2006 ) . Tiger Woods : A Biography . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33121 - 3 . OCLC 61109403 . Rosaforte , Tim ( 2000 ) . Raising the Bar : The Championship Years of Tiger Woods . New York : Thomas Dunne Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27212 - 8 . OCLC 45248211 . Woods , Tiger ( 2001 ) . How I Play Golf . New York : Warner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 52931 - 0 . OCLC 46992172 . Woods , Earl ; McDaniel , Pete ( 1997 ) . Training a Tiger : A Father 's Guide to Raising a Winner in Both Golf and Life . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 270178 - 7 . OCLC 35925055 . External links Find more aboutTiger Woodsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Tiger Woods at the PGA Tour official site Tiger Woods at the European Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Japan Golf Tour official site Tiger Woods at the Official World Golf Ranking official site Tiger Woods Foundation Tiger Woods Learning Center Tiger Woods on IMDb Works by or about Tiger Woods in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) Tiger Woods ' Videos on mReplay Tiger Woods Video on ESPN Video Archive Tiger Woods Video on FoxSports Video Archive Tiger Woods Family Elin Nordegren ( ex-wife ) Earl Woods ( father ) Cheyenne Woods ( niece ) Golf achievements Professional career Career achievements Tournament performances Foundation Quicken Loans National Learning Center Hero World Challenge Tiger Woods Design The Cliffs at High Carolina Al Ruwaya Golf Course Punta Brava Other ventures PGA Tour Monday Night Golf Films and television The Tiger Woods Story Related Steve Williams ( caddie ) Tiger Woods in the major championships Masters Tournament champions 1934 Horton Smith 1935 Gene Sarazen † 1936 Horton Smith 1937 Byron Nelson 1938 Henry Picard 1939 Ralph Guldahl 1940 Jimmy Demaret 1941 ‡ Craig Wood 1942 Byron Nelson † 1943 -- 45 cancelled due to World War II 1946 Herman Keiser 1947 Jimmy Demaret 1948 Claude Harmon 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Jimmy Demaret 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Sam Snead 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Sam Snead † 1955 Cary Middlecoff 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Doug Ford 1958 Arnold Palmer 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 ‡ Arnold Palmer 1961 Gary Player 1962 Arnold Palmer † 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 Arnold Palmer 1965 Jack Nicklaus 1966 Jack Nicklaus † 1967 Gay Brewer 1968 Bob Goalby 1969 George Archer 1970 Billy Casper † 1971 Charles Coody 1972 ‡ Jack Nicklaus 1973 Tommy Aaron 1974 Gary Player 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Gary Player 1979 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1980 Seve Ballesteros 1981 Tom Watson 1982 Craig Stadler † 1983 Seve Ballesteros 1984 Ben Crenshaw 1985 Bernhard Langer 1986 Jack Nicklaus 1987 Larry Mize † 1988 Sandy Lyle 1989 Nick Faldo † 1990 Nick Faldo † 1991 Ian Woosnam 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Bernhard Langer 1994 José María Olazábal 1995 Ben Crenshaw 1996 Nick Faldo 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 José María Olazábal 2000 Vijay Singh 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Mike Weir † 2004 Phil Mickelson 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Phil Mickelson 2007 Zach Johnson 2008 Trevor Immelman 2009 Ángel Cabrera † 2010 Phil Mickelson 2011 Charl Schwartzel 2012 Bubba Watson † 2013 Adam Scott † 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 ‡ Jordan Spieth 2016 Danny Willett 2017 Sergio García † 2018 Patrick Reed † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire U.S. Open champions 1895 Horace Rawlins 1896 James Foulis 1897 Joe Lloyd 1898 Fred Herd 1899 Willie Smith 1900 Harry Vardon 1901 Willie Anderson † 1902 Laurie Auchterlonie 1903 Willie Anderson † 1904 Willie Anderson 1905 Willie Anderson 1906 Alex Smith 1907 Alec Ross 1908 Fred McLeod † 1909 George Sargent 1910 Alex Smith † 1911 John McDermott † 1912 John McDermott 1913 Francis Ouimet # † 1914 ‡ Walter Hagen 1915 Jerome Travers # 1916 Chick Evans # 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Walter Hagen † 1920 Ted Ray 1921 ‡ Jim Barnes 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Bobby Jones # † 1924 Cyril Walker 1925 Willie Macfarlane † 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 Tommy Armour † 1928 Johnny Farrell † 1929 Bobby Jones # † 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Billy Burke † 1932 Gene Sarazen 1933 Johnny Goodman # 1934 Olin Dutra 1935 Sam Parks Jr . 1936 Tony Manero 1937 Ralph Guldahl 1938 Ralph Guldahl 1939 Byron Nelson † 1940 Lawson Little † 1941 Craig Wood 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Lloyd Mangrum † 1947 Lew Worsham † 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Cary Middlecoff 1950 Ben Hogan † 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 ‡ Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Jack Fleck † 1956 Cary Middlecoff 1957 Dick Mayer † 1958 Tommy Bolt 1959 Billy Casper 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Gene Littler 1962 Jack Nicklaus † 1963 Julius Boros † 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Gary Player † 1966 Billy Casper † 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 Lee Trevino 1969 Orville Moody 1970 ‡ Tony Jacklin 1971 Lee Trevino † 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Johnny Miller 1974 Hale Irwin 1975 Lou Graham † 1976 Jerry Pate 1977 Hubert Green 1978 Andy North 1979 Hale Irwin 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 David Graham 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Larry Nelson 1984 Fuzzy Zoeller † 1985 Andy North 1986 Raymond Floyd 1987 Scott Simpson 1988 Curtis Strange † 1989 Curtis Strange 1990 Hale Irwin † 1991 Payne Stewart † 1992 Tom Kite 1993 Lee Janzen 1994 Ernie Els † 1995 Corey Pavin 1996 Steve Jones 1997 Ernie Els 1998 Lee Janzen 1999 Payne Stewart 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods 2001 Retief Goosen † 2002 ‡ Tiger Woods 2003 Jim Furyk 2004 Retief Goosen 2005 Michael Campbell 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Ángel Cabrera 2008 Tiger Woods † 2009 Lucas Glover 2010 Graeme McDowell 2011 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2012 Webb Simpson 2013 Justin Rose 2014 ‡ Martin Kaymer 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Brooks Koepka 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur The Open Championship champions 1860 Willie Park Sr . 1861 Tom Morris Sr . 1862 Tom Morris Sr . 1863 Willie Park Sr . 1864 Tom Morris Sr . 1865 Andrew Strath 1866 Willie Park Sr . 1867 Tom Morris Sr . 1868 Tom Morris Jr . 1869 Tom Morris Jr . 1870 Tom Morris Jr . 1871 No championship 1872 Tom Morris Jr . 1873 Tom Kidd 1874 Mungo Park 1875 Willie Park Sr . 1876 Bob Martin † 1877 Jamie Anderson 1878 Jamie Anderson 1879 Jamie Anderson 1880 Bob Ferguson 1881 Bob Ferguson 1882 Bob Ferguson 1883 Willie Fernie † 1884 Jack Simpson 1885 Bob Martin 1886 David Brown 1887 Willie Park Jr . 1888 Jack Burns 1889 Willie Park Jr. † 1890 John Ball # 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 1892 Harold Hilton # 1893 William Auchterlonie 1894 John Henry Taylor 1895 John Henry Taylor 1896 Harry Vardon † 1897 Harold Hilton # 1898 Harry Vardon 1899 Harry Vardon 1900 John Henry Taylor 1901 James Braid 1902 Sandy Herd 1903 Harry Vardon 1904 Jack White 1905 James Braid 1906 James Braid 1907 Arnaud Massy 1908 James Braid 1909 John Henry Taylor 1910 James Braid 1911 Harry Vardon † 1912 ‡ Edward Ray 1913 John Henry Taylor 1914 Harry Vardon 1915 -- 19 No Championships due to World War I 1920 George Duncan 1921 Jock Hutchison † 1922 Walter Hagen 1923 Arthur Havers 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Jim Barnes 1926 Bobby Jones # 1927 ‡ Bobby Jones # 1928 Walter Hagen 1929 Walter Hagen 1930 Bobby Jones # 1931 Tommy Armour 1932 ‡ Gene Sarazen 1933 Denny Shute † 1934 ‡ Henry Cotton 1935 Alf Perry 1936 Alf Padgham 1937 Henry Cotton 1938 Reg Whitcombe 1939 Dick Burton 1940 -- 45 No Championships due to World War II 1946 Sam Snead 1947 Fred Daly 1948 Henry Cotton 1949 Bobby Locke † 1950 Bobby Locke 1951 Max Faulkner 1952 Bobby Locke 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Peter Thomson 1955 Peter Thomson 1956 Peter Thomson 1957 Bobby Locke 1958 Peter Thomson † 1959 Gary Player 1960 Kel Nagle 1961 Arnold Palmer 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Bob Charles † 1964 Tony Lema 1965 Peter Thomson 1966 Jack Nicklaus 1967 Roberto De Vicenzo 1968 Gary Player 1969 Tony Jacklin 1970 Jack Nicklaus † 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Lee Trevino 1973 ‡ Tom Weiskopf 1974 Gary Player 1975 Tom Watson † 1976 Johnny Miller 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Seve Ballesteros 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Tom Watson 1984 Seve Ballesteros 1985 Sandy Lyle 1986 Greg Norman 1987 Nick Faldo 1988 Seve Ballesteros 1989 Mark Calcavecchia † 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Ian Baker - Finch 1992 Nick Faldo 1993 Greg Norman 1994 Nick Price 1995 John Daly † 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Justin Leonard 1998 Mark O'Meara † 1999 Paul Lawrie † 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 David Duval 2002 Ernie Els † 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton † 2005 ‡ Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Pádraig Harrington † 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Stewart Cink † 2010 Louis Oosthuizen 2011 Darren Clarke 2012 Ernie Els 2013 Phil Mickelson 2014 ‡ Rory McIlroy 2015 Zach Johnson † 2016 Henrik Stenson 2017 Jordan Spieth 2018 Francesco Molinari † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire in 72 - holes ; # indicates the event was won by an amateur PGA Championship champions Match play era 1916 Jim Barnes 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 Jim Barnes 1920 Jock Hutchison 1921 Walter Hagen 1922 Gene Sarazen 1923 Gene Sarazen 1924 Walter Hagen 1925 Walter Hagen 1926 Walter Hagen 1927 Walter Hagen 1928 Leo Diegel 1929 Leo Diegel 1930 Tommy Armour 1931 Tom Creavy 1932 Olin Dutra 1933 Gene Sarazen 1934 Paul Runyan 1935 Johnny Revolta 1936 Denny Shute 1937 Denny Shute 1938 Paul Runyan 1939 Henry Picard 1940 Byron Nelson 1941 Vic Ghezzi 1942 Sam Snead 1943 Cancelled due to World War II 1944 Bob Hamilton 1945 Byron Nelson 1946 Ben Hogan 1947 Jim Ferrier 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Chandler Harper 1951 Sam Snead 1952 Jim Turnesa 1953 Walter Burkemo 1954 Chick Harbert 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Lionel Hebert Stroke play era 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Bob Rosburg 1960 Jay Hebert 1961 Jerry Barber † 1962 Gary Player 1963 Jack Nicklaus 1964 ‡ Bobby Nichols 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Al Geiberger 1967 Don January † 1968 Julius Boros 1969 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1970 Dave Stockton 1971 Jack Nicklaus 1972 Gary Player 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Lee Trevino 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Dave Stockton 1977 Lanny Wadkins † 1978 John Mahaffey † 1979 David Graham † 1980 Jack Nicklaus 1981 Larry Nelson 1982 ‡ Raymond Floyd 1983 ‡ Hal Sutton 1984 Lee Trevino 1985 Hubert Green 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Larry Nelson † 1988 Jeff Sluman 1989 Payne Stewart 1990 Wayne Grady 1991 John Daly 1992 Nick Price 1993 Paul Azinger † 1994 Nick Price 1995 Steve Elkington † 1996 Mark Brooks † 1997 Davis Love III 1998 Vijay Singh 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 ‡ Tiger Woods † 2001 David Toms 2002 Rich Beem 2003 Shaun Micheel 2004 Vijay Singh † 2005 Phil Mickelson 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Y.E. Yang 2010 Martin Kaymer † 2011 Keegan Bradley † 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Jason Dufner 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jason Day 2016 Jimmy Walker 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka † indicates the event was won in a playoff ; ‡ indicates the event was won wire - to - wire Men 's Career Grand Slam Champion Golfers 1930 Bobby Jones ( 1 ) 1935 Gene Sarazen ( 1 ) 1953 Ben Hogan ( 1 ) 1965 Gary Player ( 1 ) 1966 Jack Nicklaus ( 1 ) 1971 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) 1978 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) 2000 Tiger Woods ( 1 ) 2005 Tiger Woods ( 2 ) 2008 Tiger Woods ( 3 ) World Golf Championships champions WGC - Championship 1999 Tiger Woods † 2000 Mike Weir 2001 Cancelled 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Ernie Els 2005 Tiger Woods † 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Geoff Ogilvy 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Ernie Els 2011 Nick Watney 2012 Justin Rose 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Patrick Reed 2015 Dustin Johnson 2016 Adam Scott 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Phil Mickelson WGC - Match Play 1999 Jeff Maggert 2000 Darren Clarke 2001 Steve Stricker 2002 Kevin Sutherland 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Tiger Woods 2005 David Toms 2006 Geoff Ogilvy 2007 Henrik Stenson 2008 Tiger Woods 2009 Geoff Ogilvy 2010 Ian Poulter 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Hunter Mahan 2013 Matt Kuchar 2014 Jason Day 2015 Rory McIlroy 2016 Jason Day 2017 Dustin Johnson 2018 Bubba Watson WGC - Invitational 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods † 2002 Craig Parry 2003 Darren Clarke 2004 Stewart Cink 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods † 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Vijay Singh 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Hunter Mahan 2011 Adam Scott 2012 Keegan Bradley 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Shane Lowry 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Hideki Matsuyama 2018 Justin Thomas WGC - Champions 2009 Phil Mickelson 2010 Francesco Molinari 2011 Martin Kaymer 2012 Ian Poulter 2013 Dustin Johnson 2014 Bubba Watson 2015 Russell Knox 2016 Hideki Matsuyama 2017 Justin Rose 2018 Xander Schauffele WGC - World Cup 2000 David Duval / Tiger Woods 2001 Ernie Els / Retief Goosen 2002 Toshimitsu Izawa / Shigeki Maruyama 2003 Trevor Immelman / Rory Sabbatini 2004 Paul Casey / Luke Donald 2005 Stephen Dodd / Bradley Dredge 2006 Bernhard Langer / Marcel Siem No longer WGC event † indicates the event was won in a playoff Players Championship champions 1974 Jack Nicklaus 1975 Al Geiberger 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Mark Hayes 1978 Jack Nicklaus 1979 Lanny Wadkins 1980 Lee Trevino 1981 Raymond Floyd † 1982 Jerry Pate 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Fred Couples 1985 Calvin Peete 1986 John Mahaffey 1987 Sandy Lyle † 1988 Mark McCumber 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Jodie Mudd 1991 Steve Elkington 1992 Davis Love III 1993 Nick Price 1994 Greg Norman 1995 Lee Janzen 1996 Fred Couples 1997 Steve Elkington 1998 Justin Leonard 1999 David Duval 2000 Hal Sutton 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Craig Perks 2003 Davis Love III 2004 Adam Scott 2005 Fred Funk 2006 Stephen Ames 2007 Phil Mickelson 2008 Sergio García † 2009 Henrik Stenson 2010 Tim Clark 2011 K.J. Choi † 2012 Matt Kuchar 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Martin Kaymer 2015 Rickie Fowler † 2016 Jason Day 2017 Kim Si - woo 2018 Webb Simpson † indicates the event was won in a playoff Tiger Woods in the Ryder Cup United States Ryder Cup team -- 1997 Fred Couples Brad Faxon Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Lee Janzen Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Tom Kite ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 1999 David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Justin Leonard Davis Love III Jeff Maggert Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Steve Pate Payne Stewart Hal Sutton Tiger Woods Ben Crenshaw ( non-playing captain ) Won : 14.5 -- 13.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2002 Paul Azinger Mark Calcavecchia Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Hal Sutton David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Curtis Strange ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 12.5 -- 15.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2004 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry Chris Riley David Toms Tiger Woods Hal Sutton ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2006 Chad Campbell Stewart Cink Chris DiMarco Jim Furyk J.J. Henry Zach Johnson Phil Mickelson Vaughn Taylor David Toms Scott Verplank Brett Wetterich Tiger Woods Tom Lehman ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 9.5 -- 18.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2010 Stewart Cink Rickie Fowler Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Jeff Overton Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Corey Pavin ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2012 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Jim Furyk Dustin Johnson Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Steve Stricker Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Davis Love III ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 13.5 -- 14.5 United States Ryder Cup team -- 2018 Bryson DeChambeau Tony Finau Rickie Fowler Dustin Johnson Brooks Koepka Phil Mickelson Patrick Reed Webb Simpson Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Jim Furyk ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 101⁄2 -- 171⁄2 Tiger Woods in the Presidents Cup United States Presidents Cup team -- 1998 Mark Calcavecchia Fred Couples David Duval Jim Furyk Scott Hoch John Huston Lee Janzen Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Mark O'Meara Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Lost : 11.5 -- 20.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2000 Paul Azinger Notah Begay III Stewart Cink David Duval Jim Furyk Tom Lehman Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Loren Roberts Hal Sutton Kirk Triplett Tiger Woods Ken Venturi ( non-playing captain ) Won : 21.5 -- 10.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2003 Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Jay Haas Charles Howell III Jerry Kelly Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Tied : 17 -- 17 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2005 Stewart Cink Fred Couples Chris DiMarco Fred Funk Jim Furyk Justin Leonard Davis Love III Phil Mickelson Kenny Perry David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2007 Woody Austin Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Charles Howell III Zach Johnson Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Steve Stricker David Toms Scott Verplank Tiger Woods Jack Nicklaus ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2009 Stewart Cink Jim Furyk Lucas Glover Zach Johnson Anthony Kim Justin Leonard Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Sean O'Hair Kenny Perry Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19.5 -- 14.5 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2011 Jim Furyk Bill Haas Dustin Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Steve Stricker David Toms Nick Watney Bubba Watson Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 19 -- 15 United States Presidents Cup team -- 2013 Keegan Bradley Jason Dufner Bill Haas Zach Johnson Matt Kuchar Hunter Mahan Phil Mickelson Webb Simpson Brandt Snedeker Jordan Spieth Steve Stricker Tiger Woods Fred Couples ( non-playing captain ) Won : 18.5 -- 15.5 U.S. Amateur champions 1895 Charles B. Macdonald 1896 H.J. Whigham 1897 H.J. Whigham 1898 Findlay S. Douglas 1899 Herbert M. Harriman 1900 Walter Travis 1901 Walter Travis 1902 Louis N. James 1903 Walter Travis 1904 Chandler Egan 1905 Chandler Egan 1906 Eben Byers 1907 Jerome Travers 1908 Jerome Travers 1909 Robert A. Gardner 1910 William C. Fownes Jr . 1911 Harold Hilton † 1912 Jerome Travers 1913 Jerome Travers 1914 Francis Ouimet 1915 Robert A. Gardner 1916 Chick Evans 1917 -- 18 Cancelled due to World War I 1919 S. Davidson Herron 1920 Chick Evans 1921 Jesse P. Guilford 1922 Jess Sweetser 1923 Max R. Marston † 1924 Bobby Jones 1925 Bobby Jones 1926 George Von Elm 1927 Bobby Jones 1928 Bobby Jones 1929 Harrison R. Johnston 1930 Bobby Jones 1931 Francis Ouimet 1932 Ross Somerville 1933 George Dunlap 1934 Lawson Little 1935 Lawson Little 1936 John Fischer † 1937 Johnny Goodman 1938 Willie Turnesa 1939 Bud Ward 1940 Dick Chapman 1941 Bud Ward 1942 -- 45 Cancelled due to World War II 1946 Ted Bishop † 1947 Skee Riegel 1948 Willie Turnesa 1949 Charles Coe 1950 Sam Urzetta † 1951 Billy Maxwell 1952 Jack Westland 1953 Gene Littler 1954 Arnold Palmer 1955 Harvie Ward 1956 Harvie Ward 1957 Hillman Robbins 1958 Charles Coe 1959 Jack Nicklaus 1960 Deane Beman 1961 Jack Nicklaus 1962 Labron Harris Jr . 1963 Deane Beman 1964 William C. Campbell 1965 Bob Murphy 1966 Gary Cowan † 1967 Bob Dickson 1968 Bruce Fleisher 1969 Steve Melnyk 1970 Lanny Wadkins 1971 Gary Cowan 1972 Vinny Giles 1973 Craig Stadler 1974 Jerry Pate 1975 Fred Ridley 1976 Bill Sander 1977 John Fought 1978 John Cook 1979 Mark O'Meara 1980 Hal Sutton 1981 Nathaniel Crosby 1982 Jay Sigel 1983 Jay Sigel 1984 Scott Verplank 1985 Sam Randolph 1986 Buddy Alexander 1987 Billy Mayfair 1988 Eric Meeks 1989 Chris Patton 1990 Phil Mickelson 1991 Mitch Voges 1992 Justin Leonard 1993 John Harris 1994 Tiger Woods 1995 Tiger Woods 1996 Tiger Woods † 1997 Matt Kuchar 1998 Hank Kuehne 1999 David Gossett 2000 Jeff Quinney † 2001 Bubba Dickerson 2002 Ricky Barnes 2003 Nick Flanagan † 2004 Ryan Moore 2005 Edoardo Molinari 2006 Richie Ramsay 2007 Colt Knost 2008 Danny Lee 2009 An Byeong - hun 2010 Peter Uihlein 2011 Kelly Kraft 2012 Steven Fox † 2013 Matthew Fitzpatrick 2014 Gunn Yang 2015 Bryson DeChambeau 2016 Curtis Luck 2017 Doc Redman 2018 Viktor Hovland † indicates the event was won in extra holes . Tiger Woods awards and achievements World Number One golfers since 1986 Seve Ballesteros Fred Couples Jason Day Luke Donald David Duval Ernie Els Nick Faldo Dustin Johnson Martin Kaymer Brooks Koepka Bernhard Langer Tom Lehman Rory McIlroy Greg Norman Nick Price Justin Rose Adam Scott Vijay Singh Jordan Spieth Justin Thomas Lee Westwood Tiger Woods Ian Woosnam Player in bold denotes current number one Official World Golf Ranking PGA Tour Rookies of the Year 1990 Robert Gamez 1991 John Daly 1992 Mark Carnevale 1993 Vijay Singh 1994 Ernie Els 1995 Woody Austin 1996 Tiger Woods 1997 Stewart Cink 1998 Steve Flesch 1999 Carlos Franco 2000 Michael Clark II 2001 Charles Howell III 2002 Jonathan Byrd 2003 Ben Curtis 2004 Todd Hamilton 2005 Sean O'Hair 2006 Trevor Immelman 2007 Brandt Snedeker 2008 Andrés Romero 2009 Marc Leishman 2010 Rickie Fowler 2011 Keegan Bradley 2012 John Huh 2013 Jordan Spieth 2014 Chesson Hadley 2015 Daniel Berger 2016 Emiliano Grillo 2017 Xander Schauffele 2018 Aaron Wise PGA and PGA Tour Players of the Year PGA Players of the Year 1948 Ben Hogan 1949 Sam Snead 1950 Ben Hogan 1951 Ben Hogan 1952 Julius Boros 1953 Ben Hogan 1954 Ed Furgol 1955 Doug Ford 1956 Jack Burke Jr . 1957 Dick Mayer 1958 Dow Finsterwald 1959 Art Wall Jr . 1960 Arnold Palmer 1961 Jerry Barber 1962 Arnold Palmer 1963 Julius Boros 1964 Ken Venturi 1965 Dave Marr 1966 Billy Casper 1967 Jack Nicklaus 1968 No award 1969 Orville Moody 1970 Billy Casper 1971 Lee Trevino 1972 Jack Nicklaus 1973 Jack Nicklaus 1974 Johnny Miller 1975 Jack Nicklaus 1976 Jack Nicklaus 1977 Tom Watson 1978 Tom Watson 1979 Tom Watson 1980 Tom Watson 1981 Bill Rogers 1982 Tom Watson 1983 Hal Sutton 1984 Tom Watson 1985 Lanny Wadkins 1986 Bob Tway 1987 Paul Azinger 1988 Curtis Strange 1989 Tom Kite 1990 Nick Faldo 1991 Corey Pavin 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka PGA Tour Players of the Year 1990 Wayne Levi 1991 Fred Couples 1992 Fred Couples 1993 Nick Price 1994 Nick Price 1995 Greg Norman 1996 Tom Lehman 1997 Tiger Woods 1998 Mark O'Meara 1999 Tiger Woods 2000 Tiger Woods 2001 Tiger Woods 2002 Tiger Woods 2003 Tiger Woods 2004 Vijay Singh 2005 Tiger Woods 2006 Tiger Woods 2007 Tiger Woods 2008 Pádraig Harrington 2009 Tiger Woods 2010 Jim Furyk 2011 Luke Donald 2012 Rory McIlroy 2013 Tiger Woods 2014 Rory McIlroy 2015 Jordan Spieth 2016 Dustin Johnson 2017 Justin Thomas 2018 Brooks Koepka Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr . 1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook 2018 : Ovechkin Laureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year 2000 -- 01 : Tiger Woods 2002 : Michael Schumacher 2003 : Lance Armstrong * 2004 : Michael Schumacher 2005 -- 08 : Roger Federer 2009 -- 10 : Usain Bolt 2011 : Rafael Nadal 2012 : Novak Djokovic 2013 : Usain Bolt 2014 : Sebastian Vettel 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic 2017 : Usain Bolt 2018 : Roger Federer PGA Tour FedEx Cup Playoff events The Northern Trust BMW Championship Tour Championship Dell Technologies Championship ( 2007 -- 2018 ) Seasons and winners 2007 : Tiger Woods 2008 : Vijay Singh 2009 : Tiger Woods 2010 : Jim Furyk 2011 : Bill Haas 2012 : Brandt Snedeker 2013 : Henrik Stenson 2014 : Billy Horschel 2015 : Jordan Spieth 2016 : Rory McIlroy 2017 : Justin Thomas 2018 : Justin Rose Point distributions Current Former Awards and achievements Preceded by Maurice Greene BBC Overseas Sports Personality of the Year 2000 Succeeded by Goran Ivanišević Preceded by Andre Agassi L'Équipe Champion of Champions 2000 Succeeded by Michael Schumacher WorldCat Identities BNE : XX1083888 BNF : cb13323178f ( data ) GND : 119501562 ISNI : 0000 0001 1494 6380 LCCN : n95039225 NDL : 00649830 NKC : xx0010570 NLA : 49785943 SUDOC : 035588519 VIAF : 85369508 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiger_Woods&oldid=866312306 '' Categories : Tiger Woods 1975 births Living people African - American Buddhists African - American golfers American male golfers American people of Dutch descent American people of Dutch - Indonesian descent American people of Native American descent American philanthropists American sportspeople of Chinese descent American sportspeople of Thai descent Golf writers and broadcasters Golfers from California Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's Career Grand Slam champion golfers Native American sportspeople People from Cypress , California People from Jupiter Island , Florida People from Windermere , Florida PGA Tour golfers Ryder Cup competitors for the United States Sportspeople from Anaheim , California Stanford Cardinal men 's golfers Winners of men 's major golf championships People named in the Panama Papers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages with URL errors Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from May 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use mdy dates from August 2018 Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 68 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 16 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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when did tiger win his last pga tournament

Tiger Woods Woods in June 2018 Full name Eldrick Tont Woods Nickname Tiger ( 1975 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1975 ( age 42 ) Cypress , California Height 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) Weight 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Nationality United States Residence Jupiter Island , Florida Spouse Elin Nordegren ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Children Career College Stanford University ( did not graduate ) Turned professional Current tour ( s ) PGA Tour ( joined 1996 ) Professional wins 107 Number of wins by tour PGA Tour 80 ( 2nd all time ) European Tour 40 ( 3rd all time ) Japan Golf Tour Asian Tour PGA Tour of Australasia Other 16 Best results in major championships ( wins : 14 ) Masters Tournament Won : 1997 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 U.S. Open Won : 2000 , 2002 , 2008 The Open Championship Won : 2000 , 2005 , 2006 PGA Championship Won : 1999 , 2000 , 2006 , 2007 Achievements and awards PGA Tour Rookie of the Year PGA Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour Player of the Year 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 PGA Tour leading money winner 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Vardon Trophy 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2013 Byron Nelson Award 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 FedEx Cup Champion 2007 , 2009 ( For a full list of awards , see here )

Fifty Shades ( novel series ) - wikipedia Fifty Shades ( novel series ) For the film series , see Fifty Shades ( film series ) . Fifty Shades Trilogy pack set Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey Darker Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Erotic romance Publisher Vintage Books Published 2011 -- 2017 Media type Print ( Paperback ) Fifty Shades is a series of erotic novels by E.L. James . Initially a trilogy consisting of Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) , Fifty Shades Darker , and Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) , the series traces the deepening relationship between a college graduate , Anastasia Steele , and a young business magnate , Christian Grey . Grey introduces Ana to the world of BDSM . James has spoken of her shock at the success of the book , `` The explosion of interest has taken me completely by surprise '' she said . James has described the Fifty Shades trilogy as `` my midlife crisis , writ large . All my fantasies in there , and that 's it . '' She did not start to write until January 2009 , as she revealed while still active on FanFiction.Net : `` I started writing in January 2009 after I finished the Twilight saga , and I have n't stopped since . I discovered Fan Fiction in August 2009 . Since then I have written my two fics and plan on doing at least one more . After that ... who knows ? '' In August 2013 , sales of the trilogy saw James top the Forbes ' list of the highest - earning authors with earnings of $95 m which included $5 m for the film rights to Fifty Shades of Grey . However , the books have also been largely panned by critics , with the first entry in particular `` being ridiculed by virtually every critic who has read it . '' Since 2015 the series has been expanded with a parallel set of novels `` as told by Christian '' : Grey follows the events of Fifty Shades of Grey but from the perspective of Christian Grey , while Darker ( 2017 ) does the same for the plot of Fifty Shades Darker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot overview 2 Main characters 3 Critical reception 3.1 Depiction of BDSM 3.2 Censorship or removal of books 4 Film adaptations 5 See also 6 Further reading 7 References 8 External links Plot overview ( edit ) Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey ( 2011 ) Fifty Shades Darker ( 2012 ) Fifty Shades Freed ( 2012 ) Retold by Christian series Grey ( 2015 ) Darker ( 2017 ) Main characters ( edit ) Christian Grey : 27 - year - old incredibly successful , wealthy entrepreneur and CEO of Grey Enterprises Holdings , Inc . Anastasia `` Ana '' Steele : College graduate , PA to Jack Hyde and primary love interest and wife of Christian Grey . Elena Lincoln : Christian 's longtime friend and business partner . She is described as a tall , elegant , sexy , regal platinum blonde and appears to be in her late 30s or early 40s . Elliot Grey : Adopted son of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey , and older brother to Christian Grey and Mia Grey . Mia Grey : Adopted daughter of Carrick Grey and Dr. Grace Trevelyan Grey and younger sister of Christian Grey and Elliot Grey . Katherine `` Kate '' Kavanagh : Ana 's best friend and roommate . Jack Hyde : Commissioning Editor at Seattle Independent Publishing ( SIP ) . Leila Williams : A former submissive of Christian . Jason Taylor : Christian 's most trusted bodyguard and the head of Christian 's security team . Dr. Grace Trevelyan - Grey : Christian 's adoptive mother . Carrick Grey : Christian 's adoptive father . Carla May Wilks : Ana 's mother . Ethan Kavanagh : Kate Kavanagh 's older brother . Critical reception ( edit ) Salman Rushdie said about the book : `` I 've never read anything so badly written that got published . It made Twilight look like War and Peace . '' Maureen Dowd described the book in The New York Times as being written `` like a Brontë devoid of talent , '' and said it was `` dull and poorly written . '' Jesse Kornbluth of The Huffington Post said : `` As a reading experience , Fifty Shades ... is a sad joke , puny of plot '' . Princeton professor April Alliston wrote , `` Though no literary masterpiece , Fifty Shades is more than parasitic fan fiction based on the recent Twilight vampire series . '' Entertainment Weekly writer Lisa Schwarzbaum gave the book a `` B + '' rating and praised it for being `` in a class by itself . '' British author Jenny Colgan in The Guardian wrote `` It is jolly , eminently readable and as sweet and safe as BDSM ( bondage , discipline , sadism and masochism ) erotica can be without contravening the trade descriptions act '' and also praised the book for being `` more enjoyable '' than other `` literary erotic books '' . However , The Telegraph criticized the book as `` treacly cliché '' but also wrote that the sexual politics in Fifty Shades of Grey will have female readers `` discussing it for years to come . '' A reviewer for the Ledger - Enquirer described the book as guilty fun and escapism , but that it `` also touches on one aspect of female existence ( female submission ) . And acknowledging that fact -- maybe even appreciating it -- should n't be a cause for guilt . '' The New Zealand Herald stated that the book `` will win no prizes for its prose '' and that `` there are some exceedingly awful descriptions , '' but it was also an easy read ; `` ( If you only ) can suspend your disbelief and your desire to -- if you 'll pardon the expression -- slap the heroine for having so little self respect , you might enjoy it . '' The Columbus Dispatch stated that , `` Despite the clunky prose , James does cause one to turn the page . '' Metro News Canada wrote that `` suffering through 500 pages of this heroine 's inner dialogue was torturous , and not in the intended , sexy kind of way '' . Jessica Reaves , of the Chicago Tribune , wrote that the `` book 's source material is n't great literature '' , noting that the novel is `` sprinkled liberally and repeatedly with asinine phrases '' , and described it as `` depressing '' . The book garnered some accolades . In December 2012 , it won both `` Popular Fiction '' and `` Book of the Year '' categories in the UK National Book Awards . In that same month , Publishers Weekly named E.L. James the ' Publishing Person of the Year ' , causing an `` outcry from the literary world '' . For example , `` What was Publishers Weekly thinking ? '' asked Los Angeles Times writer Carolyn Kellogg , while a New York Daily News headline read , `` Civilization ends : E.L. James named Publishers Weekly 's ' Person of the Year ' . '' Depiction of BDSM ( edit ) Fifty Shades trilogy has also attracted criticism due to its depictions of BDSM , with Katie Roiphe of Newsweek asking `` But why , for women especially , would free will be a burden ? ... It may be that power is not always that comfortable , even for those of us who grew up in it ; it may be that equality is something we want only sometimes and in some places and in some arenas ; it may be that power and all of its imperatives can be boring . '' Zap2it 's Andrea Reiher expressed frustration at Roiphe 's depiction of the series , stating that `` ( b ) eing submissive sexually is not tantamount to being the victim of abuse '' or that they 're `` giving up their power or their equality with their partner '' . Other sites such as Jezebel have responded to the article , with Jezebel listing reasons for Fifty Shades of Grey 's popularity , stating that `` the vast majority of fans fawn over the emotional relationship Anastasia and Christian have , not about the sex . '' In an interview with Salon , several dominatrices have responded that while submission can be an escape from daily stresses , they also frequently have male clients and that trust is a big factor in dominant / submissive relationships . One interviewed former dominatrix and author , Melissa Febos , stated that even if the book 's popularity was a result of women 's `` current anxieties about equality '' that it `` does n't mean that it 's ' evidence of unhappiness , or an invalidation of feminism , ' ... it might actually be a sign of progress that millions of women are so hungrily pursuing sexual fantasies independent of men . '' Writing in The Huffington Post , critic Soraya Chemaly argued that interest in the series was not a trend , but squarely within the tradition and success of the romance category which is driven by tales of virgins , damaged men and submission / dominance themes . Instead , she wrote , the books are notable not for transgressive sex but for how women are using technology to subvert gendered shame by exploring explicit sexual content privately using e-readers . Instead of submission fantasies representing a post-feminist discomfort with power and free will , women 's open consumption , sharing and discussion of sexual content is a feminist success . At the beginning of the media hype , Dr. Drew and sexologist Logan Levkoff discussed the book on The Today Show , about whether Fifty Shades perpetuated violence against women ; Levkoff said that while that is an important subject , this trilogy had nothing to do with it -- this was a book about a consensual relationship . Dr. Drew commented that the book was `` horribly written '' in addition to being `` disturbing '' but stated that `` if the book enhances women 's real - life sex lives and intimacy , so be it . '' Amy Bonomi , a Human Development and Family Studies professor argues that the relationship portrayed is non-consensual : `` Unable to bear the thought of being alone , Christian employs strategies to `` trap '' Anastasia , including keeping his violent tendencies private , limiting Anastasia 's availability of help and support from her friends and family through his nondisclosure agreement and through verbal and nonverbal intimidation , and attempts to convince Anastasia that she finds his punishments pleasurable '' Censorship or removal of books ( edit ) In March 2012 , branches of the public library in Brevard County , Florida , removed copies of Fifty Shades of Grey from their shelves , with an official stating that it did not meet the selection criteria for the library and that reviews for the book had been poor . A representative for the library stated that it was due to the book 's sexual content and that other libraries had declined to purchase copies for their branches . Deborah Caldwell - Stone of the American Library Association commented that `` If the only reason you do n't select a book is that you disapprove of its content , but there is demand for it , there 's a question of whether you 're being fair . In a public library there is usually very little that would prevent a book from being on the shelf if there is a demand for the information . '' Brevard County public libraries later made their copies available to their patrons due to public demand . In Macaé , Brazil , Judge Raphael Queiroz Campos ruled in January 2013 that bookstores throughout the city must either remove the series entirely from their shelves or ensure that the books are wrapped and placed out of the reach of minors . The judge stated that he was prompted to make such an order after seeing children reading them , basing his decision on a law stating that `` magazines and publications whose content is improper or inadequate for children and adolescents can only be sold if sealed and with warnings regarding their content '' . Film adaptations ( edit ) Main articles : Fifty Shades ( film series ) , Fifty Shades of Grey ( film ) , Fifty Shades Darker ( film ) , and Fifty Shades Freed ( film ) A film adaptation of the book was produced by Focus Features , Michael De Luca Productions , and Trigger Street Productions , with Universal Pictures and Focus Features securing the rights to the trilogy in March 2012 . Universal is also the film 's distributor . Charlie Hunnam was originally cast in the role of Christian Grey alongside Dakota Johnson in the role of Anastasia Steele , but Hunnam gave up the part in October 2013 , with Jamie Dornan announced for the role on 23 October . The film was released on 13 February 2015 , and became an immediate success , making it to # 1 at the box office with $558.5 million . However , critical reactions were generally negative . After the first film premiered at a special fan screening in New York City on 6 February 2015 , director Sam Taylor - Johnson confirmed two sequels to be succeeded after the first film , with Fifty Shades Darker to be released February 10 , 2017 . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fifty Shades ( franchise ) . BDSM in culture and media Sadism and masochism in fiction Further reading ( edit ) Upstone , Sara ( 2016 ) . `` Beyond the bedroom : motherhood in E.L. James 's Fifty Shades of Grey Trilogy '' . Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies . University of Nebraska Press . 37 ( 2 ) : 138 -- 164 . JSTOR 10.5250 / fronjwomestud. 37.2. 0138 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` ' Mummy porn ' Fifty Shades Of Grey outstrips Harry Potter to become fastest selling paperback of all time '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ Julie Bosman ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Libraries Debate Stocking ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Trilogy '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Shy British Mum Behind 50 Shades of Grey '' . Time Magazine . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Ryan James Girdusky ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades ' is not going to ruin your daughters '' . Fox News . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey author EL James -- Exclusive interview '' ( 16 July 2012 ) Shropshire Star . Retrieved 16 July 2012 Jump up ^ ' Fifty Shades ' author ' stunned ' at success of erotic trilogy Archived 2012 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . TODAY MSNBC Jump up ^ The Lost History of Fifty Shades of Grey Jump up ^ `` E.L. James Seals A Spot On List of Britain 's Richest Authors '' . Lia . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades makes EL James top - earning author '' . BBC News . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` First ' Fifty Shades Darker ' trailer filled with lots of plot , little kissing '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . `` The books were critically savaged hot messes that sold over 100 million copies for the sex . '' Jump up ^ Lyall , Sarah ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey , ' the Movie , as a Fairy Tale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Chris ( 9 October 2012 ) . `` Sir Salman Rushdie : ' Fifty Shades of Grey makes Twilight look like War and Peace ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Dowd , Maureen ( 31 March 2012 ) . `` She 's Fit to Be Tied '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Kornbluth , Jesse ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades Of Grey ' : Is The Hottest - Selling Book In America Really Just ' S&M For Dummies ? ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mommy porn ' novel has retro message '' . CNN . 29 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Colgan , Jenny ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Laura ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` Mommy porn ? : Fifty Shades of Grey by EL James : review '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Sorich , Sonya ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : The undressed review '' . Ledger - Enquirer . Jump up ^ Sheehy , Christine ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The ' mommy porn ' seducing women '' . The New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Osterheldt , Jenee ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Book Review -- Fifty Shades of Grey : Sultry subject spells success '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ Napier , Jessica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey as dull as a razor blade commercial '' . Metro News Canada . Jump up ^ Reaves , Jessica ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty shades of retrograde '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` EL James comes out on top at National Book awards '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 26 December 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey voted the most popular book of 2012 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Driscoll , Molly ( 3 December 2012 ) . `` EL James as ' Publishing Person of the Year ' draws outcry from literary world '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Roiphe , Katie ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Spanking Goes Mainstream '' . The Daily Beast . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Reiher , Andrea ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` Katie Roiphe 's Fifty Shades of Grey diatribe misses several points '' . Zap2it . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey 's Success Has Nothing to Do with Repressed Feminist Fantasies '' . Jezebel. 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomazos , Kostas ; O'Gorman , Kevin ; MacLaren , Andrew C ( June 2017 ) . `` From leisure to tourism : How BDSM demonstrates the transition of deviant pursuits to mainstream products '' . Tourism Management . 60 : 30 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tourman. 2016.10. 018 . Jump up ^ Clark - Flory , Tracy ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey : Dominatrixes ( sic ) take on Roiphe '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Chemaly , Soraya ( 20 April 2012 ) . `` Virgins , Bondage and A Shameful Media Fail '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Logan Levkoff on The Today Show -- Fifty Shades of Grey on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Dr. Drew : 50 Shades of Grey pathological , poorly written '' . WTOP - FM . 22 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bonomi , Amy E. , Lauren E. Altenburger , and Nicole L. Walton . `` ' Double Crap ! ' Abuse And Harmed Identity In Fifty Shades Of Grey . '' Journal of Women 's Health ( 15409996 ) 22.9 ( 2013 ) : 733 - 744 . SocINDEX with Full Text . Web . 20 Apr. 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Meredith ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Pulls Fifty Shades of Grey From Shelves '' . Library Journal . Jump up ^ Clarke , Suzan ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` Florida County Library Lifts Ban on 50 Shades of Grey '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` BRAZIL JUDGE ORDERS ' 50 SHADES OF GREY ' SEALED '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil judge orders ' 50 Shades of Grey ' removed '' . USA Today . 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brazilian bondage browsers tied down by court order '' . Global Legal Post . Retrieved 1 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Fifty Shades of Grey Film Gets Oscar - Nominated Producers , Christian Grey -- Casting Inspiration '' . Vanity Fair ( online ) . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 26 March 2012 ) . `` Universal Pictures and Focus Features win Fifty Shades of Grey '' . Deadline Hollywood . PMC . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades Of Grey Movie Casts Dakota Johnson In a Lead Role '' . EntertainmentWise ( Yahoo ! UK ) . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2 September 2013 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' casts Dakota Johnson and Charlie Hunnam '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Hunnam : Quitting Fifty Shades of Grey Was `` Heartbreaking '' - Us Weekly `` . usmagazine.com. 21 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Jamie Dornan Will Play Christian Grey in ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fifty Shades of Grey Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( 6 February 2015 ) . `` ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' Sequels Confirmed ; Fans React to ' Fifty Shades Darker ' and ' Fifty Shades Freed ' Movie Announcement '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Fifty Shades of Grey Ebook Fifty Shades Novel Audiobook Series hide Fifty Shades by E.L. James Novels Original trilogy Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Retold Grey : Fifty Shades of Grey as Told by Christian Darker : Fifty Shades Darker as Told by Christian Film series Films Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Music Fifty Shades of Grey `` Earned It '' `` Love Me like You Do '' `` I Know You '' Fifty Shades Darker `` I Do n't Wanna Live Forever '' `` Not Afraid Anymore '' Fifty Shades Freed `` For You '' `` Capital Letters '' `` Heaven '' Parodies Fifty Shades of Oy Vey : A Parody Spank ! The Fifty Shades Parody Fifty Shades of Black Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fifty_Shades_(novel_series)&oldid=850545123 '' Categories : BDSM literature British erotic novels Fan fiction works Novels set in Seattle Women 's erotica and pornography Works based on Twilight series Fifty Shades Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Latviešu ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 15 : 02 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many book are there of fifty shades of grey

Fifty Shades Trilogy pack set Fifty Shades of Grey Fifty Shades Darker Fifty Shades Freed Grey Darker Author E.L. James Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Erotic romance Publisher Vintage Books Published 2011 -- 2017 Media type Print ( Paperback )

I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing - wikipedia I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Jump to : navigation , search For the 1999 Mark Chesnutt album , see I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( album ) . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Aerosmith from the album Armageddon : The Album B - side `` Animal Crackers '' / `` Taste of India '' Released August 18 , 1998 ( U.S. ) August 31 , 1998 ( UK ) Format Cassette single , CD single Recorded Genre Hard rock , Power Ballad Length 4 : 58 Label Columbia , Hollywood , Epic Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Matt Serletic Aerosmith singles chronology `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) `` Full Circle '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1998 ) `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' ( 1998 ) Audio sample file help `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Reception 3 Track listing 4 Music video 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Mark Chesnutt version 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Other appearances 9 References 10 External links Inspiration ( edit ) In 1997 , Diane Warren was watching Barbara Walters interview James Brolin and Barbra Streisand . Brolin said he missed Streisand when they were asleep , and Warren wrote down the words `` I do n't want to miss a thing '' , before there was even a song . Reception ( edit ) `` When I first heard it , '' recalled drummer Joey Kramer , `` it was just a demo with piano and singing . It was difficult to imagine what kind of touch Aerosmith could put on it and make it our own ... As soon as we began playing it as a band , then it instantly became an Aerosmith song . '' This song was Aerosmith 's biggest hit , debuting at number 1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , where it stayed for four weeks in September , and reaching number 1 around the world , including Australia , the Philippines , Germany , Ireland , Austria , Norway , Italy , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . The chorus is reminiscent of an earlier song Diane Warren that cowrote : `` Just Like Jesse James '' , on Cher 's 1989 album Heart of Stone . The song helped introduce Aerosmith to a new generation and remains a slow dance staple . It was one of many songs written by Warren in that period . The original version was a collaboration between Chicago musician Phil Kosch of Treaty of Paris and Super Happy Fun Club , and nephew of chart topping writer Lou Bega . Bega introduced the two and they penned the initial track , but ultimately Kosch was uncredited . The song was nominated for both an Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Taste of India '' ( Rock Remix ) -- 5 : 52 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 The song appeared on the Argentine version and a European re-released version of the album Nine Lives . It also appeared on the Japanese version of Just Push Play . CD single 2 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Pop Mix ) -- 5 : 03 `` Pink '' ( live ) -- 3 : 48 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' and the original `` Pink '' appeared as tracks 9 and 11 , respectively , on all versions of Nine Lives . CD single 3 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' -- 4 : 57 `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Rock Mix ) -- 4 : 30 `` Crash '' -- 4 : 30 `` Animal Crackers '' -- 2 : 35 Music video ( edit ) The music video for this song was shot at the Minneapolis Armory in 1998 and was directed by Francis Lawrence . It features the band playing the song intertwined with scenes from the film Armageddon . It features an appearance by Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv , who plays Grace Stamper in the film . Steven Tyler injured his knee the day before the shoot , so they used a lot of close - ups because his movement was limited . The video begins with shots of the moon in orbit and several asteroids passing by safely and then a view of Earth before zooming in to show Steven Tyler singing . The shots interchange between the band and Mission Control viewing the band singing via their monitors . As the video progresses it reveals that the band is playing in front of what appears to be the fictional Space Shuttle Freedom . Along with Aerosmith , a full hand orchestra plays in sync with the melody . Then smoke surrounds the orchestra and the members of Aerosmith as Freedom takes off from the launch pad . Finally , the screen goes out as a tearful Grace touches one of the monitors to reach out to her father ( real life father Steven Tyler in the video ; on - screen father Harry Stamper , played by Bruce Willis , in the film ) . The video was highly successful and greatly contributed to the song 's success , receiving heavy airplay on MTV and went on to become the second most popular video of 1998 , only behind Brandy and Monica 's `` The Boy is Mine '' . It also won awards for MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film , and Best Video at Boston Music Awards . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( RPM ) Europe ( Music & Media ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) 8 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 96 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Latin Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 25 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 13 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 27 Dutch Singles Chart 23 Swiss Singles Chart 5 US Billboard Hot 100 23 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 1999 ) Position US Billboard Hot 100 73 Preceded by `` The Boy Is Mine '' by Brandy and Monica Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1998 -- September 26 , 1998 Succeeded by `` The First Night '' by Monica Preceded by `` High '' by Lighthouse Family Australia ARIA Singles Chart number - one single September 13 , 1998 -- November 22 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Rollercoaster '' by B * Witched Preceded by `` Millennium '' by Robbie Williams Irish Singles Chart number - one single October 10 , 1998 -- October 17 , 1998 Succeeded by `` Sweetest Thing '' by U2 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 125,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Gold 100,000 Norway ( IFPI ) Platinum 7,500 Sweden ( IFPI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Switzerland ( IFPI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Mark Chesnutt version ( edit ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' Single by Mark Chesnutt from the album I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing B - side `` Wherever You Are '' Released February 9 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 09 ) Format CD single Recorded 1998 Genre Country Length 4 : 10 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Diane Warren Producer ( s ) Mark Wright Mark Chesnutt singles chronology `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) `` Wherever You Are '' ( 1998 ) `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( 1999 ) `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' ( 1999 ) In late 1998 , country music artist Mark Chesnutt recorded a cover version of the song . His rendition is the first single and title track from his 1999 album of the same name . Chesnutt 's cover spent two weeks at number one on the US Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts in early 1999 , and is the last of his eight number ones on that chart . It is also the first of only two singles in his career to reach the Billboard Hot 100 , where it peaked at number 17 in early 1999 . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 17 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1999 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 21 US Billboard Hot 100 67 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 9 Preceded by `` Stand Beside Me '' by Jo Dee Messina Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single February 20 -- 27 , 1999 Succeeded by `` No Place That Far '' by Sara Evans Preceded by `` For a Little While '' by Tim McGraw RPM Country Tracks number - one single March 8 -- 15 , 1999 Succeeded by `` You Were Mine '' by Dixie Chicks Other appearances ( edit ) The song features in the 2007 comedy film Blades of Glory as the backing track to one of the skating routines performed by Will Ferrell and Jon Heder 's characters . In 2011 Michael Guy Bowman covered the song for the webcomic Homestuck . It appeared in a flash animation on the webcomic in June 2012 . The song was released on Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent in January 2011 . The song is featured in the 2013 video game Saints Row IV . In 2013 another country version of the song was released , this time by Derek Ryan . In 2014 Maltese child singer Veronica Rotin covered the song on her debut album , Veronica Rotin . In 2014 , as part of their album , Just The Tip ... , comedy rock lounge act The Lounge Kittens covered the song . AT&T / DirecTV introduced a series of advertisements for the 2017 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament featuring CBS Sports personality Greg Gumbel and comedian Dan Finnerty , the latter performing the song with lyrics tailored to the scene ( generally people at work while March Madness games are occurring ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Armageddon ( 1998 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 21 best power ballads '' . Jump up ^ Ami Sedghi ( November 4 , 2012 ) . `` UK 's million - selling singles : the full list '' . Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Valiente , Alexa ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Surprising story of the song from ' Dirty Dancing ' and some of the other iconic love songs from movies '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Rich ( May 2017 ) . `` The stories behind the songs : Aerosmith -- I do n't want to miss a thing '' . Classic Rock . No. 235 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' - The Vault on EN '' . EntertainmentNutz.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone : Rock List : The 25 Greatest Slow Dance Songs Ever '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing on IMDb : Filming location Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM. 68 ( 1 ) . September 28 , 1998 . ISSN 0033 - 7064 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 110 ( 43 ) : 60 , 61 . October 24 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith : I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Latin Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 1998 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop Belgian Charts '' . Ultratop ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutch Charts Portal '' . GfK Dutch Charts ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - end Charts 1998 '' . Swiss Music Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard. 110 ( 52 ) : YE - 42 . December 26 , 1998 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 : The Year in Music -- Hot 100 Singles of the ' 90s '' . Billboard. 111 ( 52 ) : YE - 20 . December 25 , 1999 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 1998 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platin '' . IFPI Austria ( in German ) . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2010 . Type `` Aerosmith '' under Interpret to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1998 '' . SNEP ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( Gold - / Platinum - Database ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( in German ) . Type `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' under Titel to see search results . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` Japanese single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( in Japanese ) . Recording Industry Association of Japan . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Select 2015 年 11 月 on the drop - down menu Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk Platebransje '' . IFPI Norway ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2007 . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' was certified platinum in 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Guld & Platinum 1987 -- 1998 '' ( PDF ) . IFPI Sweden ( in Swedish ) . p. 29 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( ' I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Aerosmith -- I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' ( PHP ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 93 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing ( CD5 / Cassette Single ) by Mark Chesnutt '' . CMT . February 9 , 1999 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monkman , Martin . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7470 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 8 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Mark Chesnutt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999 '' . RPM . December 13 , 1999 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1999 '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1999 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1999 . Retrieved August 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Michael . `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck '' . MSPaint Adventures . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hussey , Andrew . `` Homestuck Vol. 6 : Heir Transparent '' . Bandcamp . Homestuck . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bayliss , Marc Calleja . `` Malta : Veronica Rotin in Debut Collection of Songs '' . escflashmalta . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Baar , Aaron . `` AT&T Customers Wo n't ' Miss A Thing ' For Tournament '' . MarketingDaily . MediaPost . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Official music video on YouTube Aerosmith Steven Tyler Joe Perry Tom Hamilton Joey Kramer Brad Whitford Ray Tabano Jimmy Crespo Rick Dufay Studio albums Aerosmith Get Your Wings Toys in the Attic Rocks Draw the Line Night in the Ruts Rock in a Hard Place Done with Mirrors Permanent Vacation Pump Get a Grip Nine Lives Just Push Play Honkin ' on Bobo Music from Another Dimension ! Live albums Live ! Bootleg Classics Live I and II A Little South of Sanity Rockin ' the Joint Extended plays Vacation Club Made in America Singles `` Mama Kin '' `` Dream On '' `` Same Old Song and Dance '' `` Train Kept A-Rollin ' '' `` S.O.S. ( Too Bad ) '' `` Sweet Emotion '' `` Toys in the Attic '' `` Walk This Way '' `` You See Me Crying '' `` Last Child '' `` Home Tonight '' `` Back in the Saddle '' `` Draw the Line '' `` Kings and Queens '' `` Get It Up '' `` Come Together '' `` Chip Away the Stone '' `` Remember ( Walking in the Sand ) '' `` Lightning Strikes '' `` Bitch 's Brew '' `` Let the Music Do the Talking '' `` Shela '' `` My Fist Your Face '' `` Darkness '' `` Dude ( Looks Like a Lady ) '' `` Hangman Jury '' ( promo ) `` Angel '' `` Rag Doll '' `` Love in an Elevator '' `` F.I.N.E. * '' ( promo ) `` Janie 's Got a Gun '' `` What It Takes '' `` The Other Side '' `` Monkey on My Back '' `` Love Me Two Times '' `` Helter Skelter '' `` Livin ' on the Edge '' `` Eat the Rich '' `` Fever '' ( promo ) `` Cryin ' '' `` Amazing '' `` Shut Up and Dance '' ( UK ) `` Deuces Are Wild '' ( promo ) `` Crazy '' `` Blind Man '' `` Walk on Water '' `` Nine Lives '' `` Falling in Love ( Is Hard on the Knees ) '' `` Hole in My Soul '' `` Pink '' `` Taste of India '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' `` Angel 's Eye '' `` Jaded '' `` Fly Away from Here '' `` Sunshine '' `` Just Push Play '' `` Girls of Summer '' `` Baby , Please Do n't Go '' `` Devil 's Got a New Disguise '' `` Legendary Child '' `` Lover Alot '' `` What Could Have Been Love '' `` Ca n't Stop Lovin ' You '' Compilations Greatest Hits Gems Pandora 's Box Big Ones Pandora 's Toys Box of Fire Young Lust : The Aerosmith Anthology Classic Aerosmith : The Universal Masters Collection O , Yeah ! Ultimate Aerosmith Hits Devil 's Got a New Disguise : The Very Best of Aerosmith Tough Love : Best of the Ballads Videos and DVDs Aerosmith Video Scrapbook Permanent Vacation 3x5 Live Texxas Jam ' 78 Things That Go Pump in the Night The Making of Pump Big Ones You Can Look At You Gotta Move Rock for the Rising Sun Concert tours Rocks Tour Live Bootleg ! Tour Back in the Saddle Tour Done with Mirrors Tour Permanent Vacation Tour Pump Tour Get a Grip Tour Nine Lives Tour Roar of the Dragon Tour Just Push Play Tour Girls of Summer Tour Rocksimus Maximus Tour Honkin ' on Bobo Tour Rockin ' the Joint Tour Route of All Evil Tour Aerosmith World Tour 2007 Aerosmith / ZZ Top Tour Cocked , Locked , Ready to Rock Tour Back On the Road Tour Global Warming Tour Let Rock Rule Tour Blue Army Tour Rock ' N ' Roll Rumble Tour Aero - Vederci Baby ! Tour Related articles Album discography Singles discography Videography Songs Band members Concert tours Awards Toxic Twins The Strangeurs / Chain Reaction Whitford / St. Holmes The Joe Perry Project Walk This Way : The Autobiography of Aerosmith Wherehouse Aero Force One Blue Army Rock ' n ' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith Quest for Fame Revolution X Guitar Hero : Aerosmith songs Toxic Twin Towers Ball Book Portal Mark Chesnutt Studio albums Too Cold at Home Longnecks & Short Stories Almost Goodbye What a Way to Live Wings Thank God for Believers I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing Lost in the Feeling Mark Chesnutt Savin ' the Honky Tonk Heard It in a Love Song Rollin ' with the Flow Outlaw Compilation albums Greatest Hits Notable singles `` Too Cold at Home '' `` Brother Jukebox '' `` Blame It on Texas '' `` Your Love Is a Miracle '' `` Broken Promise Land '' `` Old Flames Have New Names '' `` I 'll Think of Something '' `` Bubba Shot the Jukebox '' `` Ol ' Country '' `` It Sure Is Monday '' `` Almost Goodbye '' `` I Just Wanted You to Know '' `` Woman , Sensuous Woman '' `` She Dreams '' `` Goin ' Through the Big D '' `` Gonna Get a Life '' `` Down in Tennessee '' `` Trouble '' `` It Would n't Hurt to Have Wings '' `` Wrong Place , Wrong Time '' `` It 's a Little Too Late '' `` Let It Rain '' `` Thank God for Believers '' `` It 's Not Over '' `` I Might Even Quit Lovin ' You '' `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' `` This Heartache Never Sleeps '' `` Fallin ' Never Felt So Good '' `` Lost in the Feeling '' `` She Was '' `` The Lord Loves the Drinkin ' Man '' `` I 'm a Saint '' `` Heard It in a Love Song '' `` Rollin ' with the Flow '' `` Lovin ' Her Was Easier ( Than Anything I 'll Ever Do Again ) '' Guest singles `` A Good Way to Get on My Bad Side '' ( with Tracy Byrd ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Don%27t_Want_to_Miss_a_Thing&oldid=835715938 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1999 singles 1998 songs Aerosmith songs Mark Chesnutt songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Norway Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Diane Warren 1990s ballads Rock ballads Music videos directed by Francis Lawrence RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Columbia Records singles Hollywood Records singles Epic Records singles Decca Records singles Song recordings produced by Matt Serletic Song recordings produced by Mark Wright ( record producer ) Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardlatinpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Kiswahili Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 19 . 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who wrote aerosmith i don't want to miss a thing

`` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' is a power ballad performed by American hard rock band Aerosmith for the 1998 film Armageddon which Steven Tyler 's daughter Liv Tyler starred in . Written by Diane Warren , the song debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 ( the first # 1 for the band after 28 years together ) . It is one of three songs performed by the band for the film , the other two being `` What Kind of Love Are You On '' and `` Sweet Emotion '' . The song stayed at number one for four weeks from September 5 to 26 , 1998 . The song also stayed at number 1 for several weeks in several other countries . It sold over a million copies in the UK and reached number four on the UK Singles Chart .

I Can Do Bad All by Myself ( film ) - Wikipedia I Can Do Bad All by Myself ( film ) Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself Theatrical release poster Directed by Tyler Perry Produced by Tyler Perry Reuben Can Written by Tyler Perry Starring Taraji P. Henson Adam Rodriguez Brian White Mary J. Blige Gladys Knight Marvin Winans Tyler Perry Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography Alexander Gruszynski Edited by Maysie Hoy Production company Tyler Perry Studios Distributed by Lionsgate Release date September 11 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 11 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $19 million Box office $51.7 million Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself is a 2009 romantic musical comedy - drama film which was released on September 11 , 2009 . The film was directed , produced , and written by Tyler Perry , who also makes an appearance in the film as his signature character Madea . Although the film and play share the same title , the film is not an adaptation of Perry 's play of the same name ; the two works have different storylines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Differences from the stage play 4 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reaction 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The film opens with April ( Taraji P. Henson ) , a self - centered , alcoholic singer , performing at a nightclub where she works . On the other side of town , Madea ( Tyler Perry ) and Joe Simmons ( Perry ) catch Jennifer ( Hope Olaidè Wilson ) , Manny ( Kwesi Boakye ) , and Byron ( Freddy Siglar ) breaking into their house . After hearing the children 's troubles , Madea welcomes and feeds them . Jennifer tells Madea that they 're living with their grandmother , whom they have n't seen in four days . They tell Madea that their only other relative is their Aunt April . April shares her home with her shady boyfriend , Randy ( Brian White ) , who 's married with children . The next morning , Madea brings the kids to April 's house , but April does n't want to be bothered . Meanwhile , Pastor Brian ( Marvin Winans ) sends a Colombian immigrant named Sandino ( Adam Rodríguez ) to her house for work and a place to stay . April puts Sandino in her basement and wants to lock him down there because she does n't know him that well . While working around the house , Sandino surprises April by cleaning himself up and becoming very handsome . When Randy arrives , he sees April with the kids and Sandino and heckles him while making subtle advances at Jennifer . Shortly afterward , Pastor Brian and Wilma ( Gladys Knight ) , a church member , come to inform April that her mother died from a fatal brain aneurysm while riding on a city bus . April is devastated by the news and seeks comfort from Randy ; however , he is sleeping and shrugs her off . Later , Sandino comforts April as she tells him about her mother 's death and the last time she spoke with her . Depressed , Jennifer goes to Madea wanting to know how to pray . However , Madea , inexperienced with prayer , attempts to instruct her in a scene that plays out comically . The same night , Wilma sings `` The Need to Be '' , an uplifting song for women , and Tanya ( Mary J. Blige ) , the nightclub bartender , sings `` I Can Do Bad '' . Before singing the song , Tanya is fed up with April 's attitude and tries to help her friend , despite the fact that she ca n't help April if she ca n't help herself . Over time , Sandino and April become best friends , and Sandino fixes a ruined bedroom in her house . This makes Manny and Byron happy , but upsets Jennifer , who feels April does not want them there . While on a date , Sandino tells April he does n't understand why she is with Randy and asks if she loves Randy . He tells her what true love is to him . One Sunday morning , Sandino eagerly knocks on April 's bedroom door to get April ready for church , but Randy threatens to have Sandino deported if he continues to spend time with April . Late the next night , Manny needs his insulin shot , and Jennifer goes to the kitchen to get it . As she prepares the shot , Randy approaches and attempts to rape her , but Sandino fights him off . April walks in on the fight and Randy claims Jennifer offered him sex for money . April claims to believe him and sends Randy to take a bath . When he is in the tub , April threatens to electrocute him with a plugged - in radio . Sandino arrives and tries to stop her , but April is enraged , as she explains that she was sexually assaulted by her step - father , who then lied about it to her mother , thus causing April to lose her faith in the people that cared about her . After saying does he want her to put it down twice , she drops the plugged - in radio into the water , giving Randy a severe electric shock . Randy barely jumps out just in time and Sandino orders him to leave . April goes to the bar for a drink and blames herself for not seeing the signs . Sandino tries to stop her from drinking , but she pushes him away . She then asks Sandino if he is a child molester , because of all the attention he gives the children . Sandino tells April of his childhood as a child laborer and explains that he loves the children so much because he sees himself in them . Feeling hurt at her unfair accusations , Sandino says farewell to the children and leaves . Jennifer and April begin to get along and connect after April tells Jennifer about her bad experience as a child . Jennifer tells April that she should recognize Sandino as a good man . Eventually , Sandino returns and April apologizes to him and admits that she loves him like a friend . Sandino tells her that she ca n't love anyone until she learns to love herself . He tells April that he is in love with her but he wants April to love him back the same way he loves her . He shows her by kissing her . Eventually , April and Sandino get married . April and Sandino then hold a block party for their reception with Tanya singing `` Good Woman Down '' , dedicated to April , then the new couple is shown embracing and sharing a passionate kiss . Cast ( edit ) Taraji P. Henson as April Adam Rodriguez as Sandino Brian White as Randy Mary J. Blige as Tanya Gladys Knight as Wilma Marvin Winans as Pastor Brian Hope Olaidé Wilson as Jennifer Kwesi Boakye as Manny Freddy Siglar as Byron Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons Differences from the stage play ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's famous characters , Mr. Brown and Cora , had main roles in the stage play ; they are absent in the film . In the film , several characters refer to Cora , but she is not seen ; Mr. Brown is neither seen nor mentioned . The original plot ( in the stage play ) focused on two sisters feuding because Maylee is engaged to her sister Vivanne 's ex-husband , Anthony , and Anthony is holding her back from her parental responsibilities . In the film , April 's sister is a drug addict and thief who neglected her children and is deceased . Her mother assumed custody of the children but has recently disappeared without explanation , and circumstances have forced April to reluctantly take her niece and nephews in . The stage play characters Vivanne , Keisha , Bobby , Maylee , and Anthony do not exist in the film . Music ( edit ) The film features 13 songs , including two new songs by Blige . Perry was not able to produce a soundtrack album for the film due to the various record companies involved . `` Good Woman Down '' ( Robert F. Aries , Blige , Sean Garrett , Freddie Jackson , Meli'sa Morgan ) -- Mary J. Blige `` I Can Do Bad '' ( Blige , Chuck Harmon , Shaffer Smith ) -- Mary J. Blige `` Playboy '' ( Michael Akinlabi , Tasha Schumann ) -- Candy Coated Killahz `` Contagious '' ( Xavier Dphrepaulezz ) -- Chocolate Butterfly `` H.D.Y. '' ( Ronnie Garrett , Herman ( Pnut ) Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Indigo Blues '' ( Garrett , Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Lovers Heat '' ( Garrett , Johnson ) -- Club Indigo Band `` Tears of Pain '' ( Foster ) -- Ruthie Foster `` Rock Steady '' ( Aretha Franklin ) -- Cheryl Pepsii Riley `` The Need to Be '' ( Jim Weatherly ) -- Gladys Knight `` Just Do n't Wanna Know / Over It Now '' ( Winans ) -- Gladys Knight and Marvin L. Winans `` Oh Lord I Want You to Help Me '' ( Traditional , arranged by Jerome Chambers & Edward O'Neal ) -- Cheryl Pepsii Riley & Marvin L. Winans Reception ( edit ) Critical reaction ( edit ) The film has received generally positive reviews from critics , making it Perry 's most acclaimed film to date . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 63 % of critics gave positive reviews based on 43 reviews with an average score of 5.9 / 10 , giving it a `` Fresh '' rating , with the general consensus being though somewhat formulaic and predictable , Perry succeeds in mixing broad humor with sincere sentimentality to palatable effect . By comparison , Metacritic gave the film a 55 % approval rating of critics based on 13 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/I-Can-Do-Bad-All-By-Myself#tab=summary Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself '' . Turner Classic Movies . Atlanta : Turner Broadcasting System ( Time Warner ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Tyler . `` Meet the Browns starts March 21st '' . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database , https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1385912/soundtrack ^ Jump up to : `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself ( 2009 ) : Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` I Can Do Bad All By Myself Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself on IMDb Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at AllMovie Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Box Office Mojo Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Rotten Tomatoes Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at Metacritic Tyler Perry 's I Can Do Bad All by Myself at MovieSet hide Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony Nobody 's Fool Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can_Do_Bad_All_by_Myself_(film)&oldid=848842032 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s romantic musical films 2000s romantic comedy films American films American comedy - drama films American romantic comedy films American romantic musical films Films directed by Tyler Perry African - American musical films American films based on plays Lions Gate Entertainment films Films shot in Atlanta Screenplays by Tyler Perry Films about interracial romance African - American films African - American comedy films Hidden categories : Film articles using image size parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . 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cast of i can be bad all by myself

Taraji P. Henson as April Adam Rodriguez as Sandino Brian White as Randy Mary J. Blige as Tanya Gladys Knight as Wilma Marvin Winans as Pastor Brian Hope Olaidé Wilson as Jennifer Kwesi Boakye as Manny Freddy Siglar as Byron Tyler Perry as Mabel `` Madea '' Simmons and Uncle Joe Simmons

2017 Pacific Mini Games - wikipedia 2017 Pacific Mini Games X Pacific Mini Games Host city Port Vila , Vanuatu Motto One Ocean , One People Nations participating 24 Athletes participating 2000 Events 172 in 14 sports Opening ceremony 4 December Closing ceremony 15 December Officially opened by Tallis Obed Moses Main venue Korman Stadium < Mata - Utu 2013 Saipan 2021 > The 2017 Pacific Mini Games were held in Port Vila , Vanuatu , in December 2017 . It was the tenth edition of the Pacific Mini Games , and the second to be hosted in Vanuatu ( after the 1993 games ) . Contents 1 Bidding process 2 Venues 3 Participating nations 4 Medal table 5 Sports 5.1 Archery 5.2 Boxing 5.3 Golf 5.4 Judo 5.5 Karate 5.6 Rugby sevens 6 Calendar 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Bidding process ( edit ) Vanuatu was awarded the right to host the games at a September 2011 meeting of the Pacific Games Council 's General Assembly . Nauru and the Northern Mariana Islands were the other countries to bid . The event was originally planned for September 2017 but preparations were delayed by Cyclone Pam . Both rounds of voting took place on the 4 September 2011 with Nauru eliminated after the first round . In the final round , Vanuatu edged Northern Mariana Islands by 4 votes to earn hosting rights . 2017 Pacific Mini Games bidding results City Country Round 1 Round 2 Port Vila Vanuatu 8 13 Saipan Northern Mariana Islands 8 9 Yaren Nauru 6 -- Venues ( edit ) Korman Sports Complex Archery field - Archery Stadium - Athletics , Football , Rugby sevens , Opening and closing ceremonies Indoor Hall 1 - Boxing , Table tennis Indoor Hall 2 - Basketball 3 × 3 , Judo , Karate , Netball Beach Volleyball Courts - Beach Volleyball Tennis courts - Tennis Mele Golf Course - Golf Port Vila Municipal Stadium - Football Epauto Adventist High School - Weightlifting Participating nations ( edit ) There were 24 national teams that competed at the games : American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia New Caledonia New Zealand Nauru Niue Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Independent PGC athletes Medal table ( edit ) The final medal tally for the 2017 Pacific Mini Games . Host nation Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total New Caledonia 46 16 20 82 Papua New Guinea 32 32 21 85 Fiji 23 31 24 78 Vanuatu 22 26 27 75 5 Samoa 20 16 10 46 6 Solomon Islands 8 11 18 37 7 Tonga 12 20 8 Cook Islands 5 13 9 Kiribati 5 12 10 Marshall Islands 0 0 11 New Zealand 7 0 9 12 Wallis and Futuna 8 13 Independent PGC athletes * 0 14 Nauru 9 15 25 15 Guam 0 Tuvalu 0 17 Australia 0 0 18 American Samoa 0 0 Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 Tokelau 0 0 Totals 172 167 166 505 Sports ( edit ) Fourteen sports were hosted : 3 - on - 3 basketball ( 2 ) ( details ) Archery ( 6 ) ( details ) Athletics ( 47 ) ( details ) Beach volleyball ( 2 ) ( details ) Boxing ( 10 ) ( details ) Football ( 2 ) ( details ) Golf ( 4 ) ( details ) Judo ( 15 ) ( details ) Karate ( 16 ) ( details ) Netball ( 1 ) ( details ) Rugby sevens ( 1 ) ( details ) Table tennis ( 11 ) ( details ) Tennis ( 7 ) ( details ) Weightlifting ( 48 ) ( details ) Note : A number in parentheses indicates the number of medal events that were contested in each sport , where known . Archery ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Mixed Compound New Caledonia ( NCL ) Henry Shiu Cecile Picot Fiji ( FIJ ) Lisa Leota Frederick Leota Mixed Recurve New Caledonia ( NCL ) Denis Moedjijo Isabelle Soero Samoa ( SAM ) Joseph Walter Jil Grete Walter Tonga ( TGA ) Arne Jansen Karoline Tatafu Mens Compound Individual Henry Shiu ( NCL ) Frederick Leota ( FIJ ) Xavier Mangoen ( NCL ) Mens Recurve Individual Robert Elder ( FIJ ) Danick Aisik ( VAN ) Arne Jansen ( TGA ) Women Compound Individual Cecile Picot ( NCL ) Lisa Leota ( FIJ ) Women Recurve Individual Isabelle Vermande née Dusol ( NCL ) Jil Grete Walter ( SAM ) Isabelle Soero ( NCL ) Boxing ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze 46 - 49kg Light flyweight Namry Berry ( VAN ) Tetekana Clinton ( SOL ) 52kg Flyweight Kalai Gill ( VAN ) Keama Charkes Feama ( PNG ) Mika Alex ( SOL ) 56kg Bantamweight Warawara Boe ( VAN ) Cook Yachen ( NRU ) Noki Beupu ( PNG ) Iiaha Denis Moses ( SOL ) 60kg Lightweight Mose Nuuuli ( SAM ) Silas Johnny ( VAN ) Oaike Allan Aukoae ( PNG ) Kia Henry ( SOL ) 64kg Light welterweight Sere Roy ( VAN ) Ume John ( PNG ) Babanisi Gerrard ( SOL ) Davule Jone ( FIJ ) 69kg Welterweight Moleni John Barry Slade ( TGA ) Aisaga Andrew Kape ( PNG ) Hill Winston ( FIJ ) Fandaux Than Guy ( NCL ) 75kg Middleweight Sivas Lui ( VAN ) Sua Ropati ( SAM ) Kometa Andrew ( KIR ) Drayton Sabastien ( NCL ) 81kg Light heavyweight Tyrell Henry ( SAM ) Jubiely Torea ( PGC ) Waritam Robert Zorro ( VAN ) Tameifuna Mercy Sione ( TGA ) 91kg Heavyweight Neuffer Heimata ( PGC ) Peneueta John ( SAM ) Missak Tuk ( VAN ) Kami Talamoni Clayton ( TGA ) + 91kg Super heavyweight Atiu Amoroa ( PGC ) Robin Peter ( VAN ) Aukoso Faamanu ( SAM ) Tusamoa Jean ( NCL ) Golf ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men 's team New Caledonia ( NCL ) Guillaume Castagne Morgan Dufour Anthony Cuer Norman Bonnet Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Morgan J Annato Vagi James Philip Mek Justin Brunskill Fiji ( FIJ ) Abid Hussain Olaf Allen Won Hwang Ryan Kumar Women 's team New Caledonia ( NCL ) Emillie Ricaud Mathilde Guepy Maiwen Delamarie - le Blevic Ines Lavelua Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Kristine Seko Wari Winchcombe Natalie Mok Danae Clamp Fiji ( FIJ ) Merelita McCarthy Jee Dawi Raina Kumar Ufemia Naisara Men 's individual Guillaume Castagne ( NCL ) Abid Hussain ( FIJ ) Morgan J Annato ( PNG ) Women 's individual Emillie Ricaud ( NCL ) Rotana Howard ( COK ) Mathilde Guepy ( NCL ) Judo ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Lightweight Vincent Neris ( NCL ) Ugo Langois ( NCL ) Kaierua Kip ( NRU ) Charles Cure ( NCL ) Men - 60kg Tony Lomo ( SOL ) Charles Cure ( NCL ) Loic Michel Nasse ( VAN ) Men - 66kg Kaieura Kip ( NRU ) Joe Mahit ( VAN ) Claude Kalo ( VAN ) Ugo Langois ( NCL ) Men - 73kg Vincent Neris ( NCL ) Tom Willie ( VAN ) Ilai Ualesi Elekana Manu ( TOK ) Women - 52kg Chloe Omo - Perraut ( NCL ) Women - 57kg Jaycee Brival ( NCL ) Women Lightweight Jaycee Brival ( NCL ) Chloe Omo - Perraut ( NCL ) Men - 81kg William Fayard ( NCL ) Vincent Burani ( NCL ) Pandabela Lesley ( SOL ) Men - 90kg Teva Gouriou ( NCL ) Ovini Uera ( NRU ) Nicolas Monvoisin ( VAN ) Feao Fakaosi ( TGA ) Men - 100kg David Put ( NCL ) Men + 100kg Finetuui Moala ( TGA ) Sailosi Fua Ealelei ( TGA ) Nazario Martin Fiakaifonu ( VAN ) Men Heavyweight Teva Gouriou ( NCL ) Sailosi Fua Ealelei ( TGA ) William Fayard ( NCL ) Finetuui Moala ( TGA ) Women - 63kg Camille Geniau ( NCL ) Nathalyn Takayawa ( FIJ ) Emeline Kaddour ( NCL ) Women - 70kg Shanice Takayawa ( FIJ ) Women Heavyweight Shanice Takayawa ( FIJ ) Emeline Kaddour ( NCL ) Aykesa Atuvaha ( NCL ) Esther Dumons ( NCL ) Karate ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men kata Dack Vu Duc Minh ( NCL ) Lango Tumu ( VAN ) Men team kata New Caledonia ( NCL ) Dack Vu Duc Minh Faure Jean Emmanuel Pognon Kevyn Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Tumu Naieu Trevor Wilson Freddy Women kata Rothery Laura ( NCL ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata ( VAN ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Women team kata New Caledonia ( NCL ) Mondoloni Angelique Rothery Laura Schmidt Juliette Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata Lango Winona Yalou Augustine Men open kumite Hmana Iwe Rene ( NCL ) Bana Nigel ( PNG ) Siosi Tagoa Junior ( SOL ) Naieu Trevor ( VAN ) Men team kumite New Caledonia ( NCL ) Agamalu Dylan Annonier Mathieu Annonier Phillppe Dedieu Jonathan Faure Jean Emmanuel Haiu Lucien Hmana Iwe Rene Pognon Kevyn Vanuatu ( VAN ) Peato Petelo Perkon Lango Tumu Bule Cliford Noukout Reynold Breton Stephane Olule Christopher Pakoa Gely Robert Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) Sallawali Cosmas Walihl Bana Nigel Bougen Vincent Quentin Solomon Islands ( SOL ) Siosi Tafoa Junior Kenihiria Rex Samo Jasper Bisoka Frengy Ega Everest Foetaa Women open kumite Vacher Morane ( NCL ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Lango Winona ( VAN ) Women team kumite New Caledonia ( NCL ) Rambans Romina Vacher Morane Vaysset Aurore Vanuatu ( VAN ) Lango Vamule Vassy Mata Lango Winona Tari Lynn Yalou Augustine Men kumite 60kg Di Matteo Jaremy ( NCL ) Iauko Joshua ( VAN ) Ega Everest Foetaa ( SOL ) Bana Nigel ( PNG ) Men kumite 67kg Faure Jean Emmanuel ( NCL ) Iauko Paul Henry ( VAN ) Bisoka Frengy ( SOL ) Men kumite 75kg Annonier Phillppe ( NCL ) Samo Jasper ( SOL ) Lango Tumu ( VAN ) Men kumite 84kg Breton Stephane ( VAN ) Bougen Vincent Quentin ( PNG ) Agamalu Dylan ( NCL ) Siosi Tafoa Junior ( SOL ) Men kumite 84 + kg Dedieu Jonathan ( NCL ) Peato Petelo Perkon ( VAN ) Women kumite 61kg Lango Vamule Vassy Mata ( VAN ) Mari Crystal Elizabeth Raka ( PNG ) Women kumite 68kg Vaysset Aurore ( NCL ) Yalou Augustine ( VAN ) Gwai Janet Lydia ( SOL ) Women kumite 68 + kg Rambans Romina ( NCL ) Tari Lynn ( VAN ) Rugby sevens ( edit ) Event Gold Silver Bronze Men Samoa ( SAM ) Fiji ( FIJ ) Tonga ( TGA ) Calendar ( edit ) The following table provides a summary of the competition schedule . OC Opening ceremony Event competitions Commonwealth Games qualifying Event finals CC Closing ceremony December 2017 2nd Sat 3rd Sun 4th Mon 5th Tue 6th Wed 7th Thu 8th Fri 9th Sat 10th Sun 11th Mon 12th Tue 13th Wed 14th Thu 15th Fri Gold medals Ceremonies OC CC 3 - on - 3 basketball Archery 6 Athletics 9 11 11 16 47 Beach volleyball Boxing 10 10 Football Golf Judo 7 8 15 Karate 10 6 16 Netball Rugby sevens Table tennis 8 11 Tennis 7 Weightlifting 18 15 15 48 Total gold medals 0 0 0 18 24 25 11 19 0 9 11 16 25 14 172 Cumulative total 0 0 0 18 42 67 77 97 97 106 117 133 158 172 Notes ( edit ) ^ * No official Tahiti team took part in the 2017 Mini Games following the French Polynesian government 's decision to boycott the event . A number of Tahitian athletes competed under the banner of the Pacific Games Council . ^ a Athletics included four parasport events : men 's 100m -- ambulatory ; men 's javelin -- ambulatory ; men 's shot put -- seated ; and women 's shot put -- ambulatory . ^ b Table tennis to include four parasport events : men 's / women 's singles -- seated ; and men 's / women 's singles -- ambulatory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sport : Officials confident 2017 Pacific Mini Games in Vanuatu remain on track '' . Radio New Zealand . 23 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Start date for 2017 Mini Games in Vanuatu pushed back '' , Radio New Zealand , 21 January 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Pacific Mini Games : Vanuatu Wins ! '' , Pacific Games Council . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spectator Guide '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Schedule Jump up ^ Vanuatu Bid , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Archery Jump up ^ Silver in archery warmly received Jump up ^ Archers Impress Team Fiji Boss Jump up ^ Father and daughter shooting for the stars Jump up ^ Boxing Jump up ^ Medalists Jump up ^ `` Golf '' . Jump up ^ Men result Golf Jump up ^ Women result Golf Jump up ^ Judo Results Jump up ^ Judo 1 Jump up ^ Judo 2 Jump up ^ Karate Jump up ^ Male team kata Jump up ^ Women kata Jump up ^ Rugby 7 results Jump up ^ Rugby Gold Jump up ^ Rugby bronze Jump up ^ `` Sports Schedule '' . Van2017.com. 2017 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2017 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tahiti athletes to compete under neutral banner '' . The Vanuatu Independent . 1 December 2017 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ONOC Chef de Mission Presentation '' . Sports TG. 10 April 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Charter - Constitution , Code of Conduct , Protocols , and Regulations adopted Apia , Samoa 14 May 2006 - As amended most recently in Wallis Island , 19 October 2012 ( PDF 0.3 MB ) ( Report ) . Pacific Games Council . 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Bid to host the Pacific Mini Games 2017 ( PDF 6.0 MB ) ( Report ) . Government of the Republic of Vanuatu. 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2016 . Retrieved 3 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Result system Events at the 2017 Pacific Mini Games in Port Vila , Vanuatu 3 - on - 3 basketball Archery Athletics Beach volleyball Boxing Football men women Golf Judo Karate Netball Rugby sevens Table tennis Tennis Weightlifting Pacific Games Games South Pacific Suva 1963 Nouméa 1966 Port Moresby 1969 Papeete 1971 Guam 1975 Suva 1979 Apia 1983 Nouméa 1987 Port Moresby 1991 Papeete 1995 Guam 1999 Suva 2003 Apia 2007 Pacific Nouméa 2011 Port Moresby 2015 Apia 2019 Honiara 2023 Mini Games South Pacific Honiara 1981 Rarotonga 1985 Nuku'alofa 1989 Port Vila 1993 Pago Pago 1997 Kingston 2001 Koror 2005 Pacific Rarotonga 2009 Mata - Utu 2013 Port Vila 2017 Saipan 2021 By sport Archery Association football Athletics Baseball Basketball Beach volleyball Boxing Cricket Field hockey Golf Netball Rugby union ( 7s & 15s ) Rugby league ( 9s ) Sailing Surfing Swimming Table tennis Tennis Touch rugby Va'a Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_Pacific_Mini_Games&oldid=854845362 '' Categories : Pacific Games 2017 in multi-sport events 2017 in Oceanian sport 2017 in Vanuatuan sport 2017 Pacific Games International sports competitions hosted by Vanuatu December 2017 sports events in Oceania Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 05 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total New Caledonia 46 16 20 82 Papua New Guinea 32 32 21 85 Fiji 23 31 24 78 Vanuatu 22 26 27 75 5 Samoa 20 16 10 46 6 Solomon Islands 8 11 18 37 7 Tonga 12 20 8 Cook Islands 5 13 9 Kiribati 5 12 10 Marshall Islands 0 0 11 New Zealand 7 0 9 12 Wallis and Futuna 8 13 Independent PGC athletes * 0 14 Nauru 9 15 25 15 Guam 0 Tuvalu 0 17 Australia 0 0 18 American Samoa 0 0 Northern Mariana Islands 0 0 Tokelau 0 0 Totals 172 167 166 505

Capitals of Brazil - Wikipedia Capitals of Brazil Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current Capital of Brazil ( Brasil ) is Brasília . The city of Salvador is usually called the `` first capital of Brazil '' for being more than two centuries the seat for the Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil ( general government and viceroyalty ) . History ( edit ) Salvador was established in 1549 by the first Governor - General of Portuguese South America shortly after colonisation began . The city became the seat of the first Catholic bishopric of Brazil in 1552 , and is still the center of Brazilian Catholicism . In the 17th century Rio de Janeiro became a far more practical export port than Salvador , and the colonial administration was moved in 1763 . In 1808 the Portuguese royal family and most of the aristocracy in the Portuguese capital Lisbon fled Portugal ahead of Napoleon 's invasion . The Portuguese capital was temporarily transferred from Europe to Rio de Janeiro . The city remained the capital after the independence of Brazil in 1822 and after the abolition of the monarchy in 1889 . In the 1950s plans were considered for moving the federal capital from the east coast to the interior ; the interior was sparsely populated and it was hoped that moving the capital to the region would help populate the area . The new capital , Brasília , was inaugurated as the federal capital on 21 April 1960 after being purpose built at great cost of 2 trillion U.S. dollars . National capitals of Brazil ( edit ) São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Salvador ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão Salvador ( 1621 -- 1640 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão under the Iberian Union São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1763 -- 1815 ) -- capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1815 -- 1822 ) -- capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Rio de Janeiro ( 1822 -- 1889 ) -- capital city of the Empire of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1889 -- 1960 ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Brasília ( 1960 -- present ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil , and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil This article about politics in Brazil is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capitals_of_Brazil&oldid=803972289 '' Categories : Government of Brazil Political history of Brazil Capitals by country Brazil politics stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from April 2013 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 21 : 12 . About Wikipedia

what was the capital of brazil before brasilia

São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ( 1534 -- 1763 ) Salvador ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão Salvador ( 1621 -- 1640 ) -- capital city of the State of Maranhão under the Iberian Union São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro ( 1572 -- 1578 / 1581 ) -- capital city of the State of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1763 -- 1815 ) -- capital city of the Viceroyalty of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1815 -- 1822 ) -- capital city of the United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves Rio de Janeiro ( 1822 -- 1889 ) -- capital city of the Empire of Brazil Rio de Janeiro ( 1889 -- 1960 ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil Brasília ( 1960 -- present ) -- capital city of the Republic of the United States of Brazil , and since 1967 the Federative Republic of Brazil

Kath & Kimderella - wikipedia Kath & Kimderella Jump to : navigation , search Kath and Kimderella Theatrical poster Directed by Ted Emery Produced by Gina Riley Jane Turner Rick McKenna Greg Sitch Written by Gina Riley Jane Turner Magda Szubanski Starring Jane Turner Gina Riley Magda Szubanski Peter Rowsthorn Glenn Robbins Rob Sitch Richard E. Grant Barry Humphries Music by Kim Green Andrew Kotatko Cinematography David Parker Edited by Steven Robinson ASE Production company Turner Productions Screen Australia Distributed by Roadshow Films Release date 6 September 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 06 ) Running time 86 minutes Country Australia Language English Box office $6,150,771 Kath & Kimderella is a 2012 Australian film . It is a spin - off of the hit television series , Kath & Kim created by Gina Riley and Jane Turner , and is written by and starring Riley , Turner , and Magda Szubanski . The film was released in Australia in September 2012 , and arrived on Blu - ray and DVD on 23 May 2013 . It premiered on Australian television just five days after , on the Seven Network . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Box office 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Kath Day - Knight ( Jane Turner ) is still living in Fountain Lakes , Melbourne , however Kel ( Glenn Robbins ) has become a bore after their honeymoon period , and Kim ( Gina Riley ) has moved back in after a divorce with Brett ( Peter Rowsthorn ) , despite receiving marriage counselling from Marion ( Marg Downey ) . While visiting the local pharmacy for wart remover , Kath fills out a form for a chance to win a holiday to ( the fictional ) `` Kingdom of Papilloma '' , on the heel of Italy ( with the real scenes being filmed in Positano ) . Initially asking Kel , who refuses to travel because of his fear of flying and his dedication to watching the finals of MasterChef , Kath reluctantly decides to take Kim and Sharon ( Magda Szubanski ) along on the trip . Coincidentally , Prue ( Jane Turner ) and Trude ( Gina Riley ) are clandestinely embarking on a holiday to Italy at the same time . After a 50 - plus hour flight , the three arrive in Italy exhausted . Becoming energised again following a stop at a cheap knock - off fashion shop , they arrive in Papilloma to find that their accommodation has closed down . Deciding to take their complimentary trip to the castle which sits atop the hill , they meet page Alain ( Richard E. Grant ) , who Sharon takes a liking to , and King Javier ( Rob Sitch ) , who takes a liking to Kath , and allows all three to stay in the castle , under the impression the three are rich from their imitation - brand clothing and can save him from bankruptcy . Meanwhile , a strange noise can be heard echoing throughout the castle , eyes watch from holes in pictures , and a masked figure , revealed to be the son of Javier , Prince Julio ( Erin Mullally ) , becomes attracted to Kim ( thinking that she is royalty from her top bearing the title `` Princess '' ) . Javier shows Kath through the town , where it becomes apparent that he is not liked by the poor townspeople , being spat at and having a tomato thrown at him . He later invites the three to a ' 80s-esque club , where they dance to `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' before Javier arrests a gay couple who were dancing , informing Kath that homosexuality is illegal in Papilloma . At a later date , the three are invited to a royal ball , to which Kim wears a large gypsy - inspired pink dress . The masked figure approaches and proposes to Kim , who initially refuses because she thinks his mask is hiding a disfigurement . Disregarding Javier 's protests , Julio unmasks himself , revealing a handsome face , blond hair hidden by a wig and his crooked teeth to be fake . The invited townspeople gasp as it becomes apparent from his appearance he is not the queen 's son . Kim then accepts ( stating that she 's `` done worse '' ) , and the imminent royal wedding makes worldwide news . The same night , a fire is noticed on one of the castle 's turrets . Rushing inside , the royals , along with Kath , Kim and Sharon , discover that the queen has appeared and set the castle on fire from Kim and Sharon 's bedroom using Kim 's hair straightener . However , the queen is suddenly killed by a falling chandelier and the fire is put out ; Javier puts the girls ' minds at ease when he explains that the queen was locked up because she was `` crazy '' , jealous of his attraction to Kath and the source of the noises made around the castle . Back in Australia , Kel is watching MasterChef with Brett when a news update from Papilloma about the royal wedding interrupts the show , and Brett realises it is Kim getting hitched . Javier is then shown grabbing Kath 's backside , and Kel thinks she is having an affair . The pair decide to fly to Papilloma , but not before Kel receives hypnosis therapy from Marion to combat his fear of flying , which turns strangely sexual and programs him with the phrase `` Tray tables up '' . While on the flight with Brett and Epponnee - Rae ( Morghyne de Vries ) , now a spoiled brat who participates in child beauty pageants , Kel hears the phrase during the announcement that the flight will soon be touching down . In a trance , he makes his way to the toilet , where he undresses before later collecting his luggage , opens the sealed door ( with the plane having just pulled into the airport ) , triggering the evacuation slide and leaves . In Papilloma , Kath confronts Javier about being a despot , who rules Papilloma as an absolute monarch . Kel interrupts Javier attempting to put the moves on Kim , and the two engage in a sword duel for her affections ; Kel wins and Javier flees . Kim and Sharon become lost before the wedding after exploring their shared bedroom 's closet , with Kim having been sabotaged and attempted to be killed by maid Isabella ( Jessica De Gouw ) , who loves Julio and earlier had been teased by Kim . After Kim and Sharon come across a disco - like chamber , it is revealed that Alain has kept all of the imprisoned townspeople and homosexuals there , and they are soon freed , as Kath and Kel , making their way to the wedding , discover the lost Kim and Sharon . Kim laments her messy hair , however Kath , in a fantasy moment , practices her amateur TAFE - learnt `` wicca '' on Kim , giving her a makeover ( but not before turning her into Dame Edna ) . With the four finally arriving at the wedding , Epponnee - Rae and Brett ( who made their way to Papilloma with Prue and Trude , who are also in attendance ) interrupt Kim and Julio 's vows , and set off a heated argument in which it is revealed that Kim is not actually royalty , and that Julio ( who had earlier revealed that his mother is Elle Macpherson ) is not Javier 's son , as he fathered no children . Gary Poole ( Mick Molloy , who earlier appeared in a flashback ) , Kath 's ex-husband and Kim 's father , is revealed to be an extradited royal descendant , therefore making Kath a queen and Kim a princess . Alain also confesses he was `` forced '' to make love to the queen , and fathered a daughter , the maid Isabella , who professes her love for Prince Julio . Following the unsuccessful wedding , the royals ( including Kath and Kim ) along with Kel and Brett appear on a balcony above the town square , where the townspeople chant for food . Javier decides to relinquish some of his power ( allowing Papilloma to become a democracy ) , and a party with plentiful food is later thrown , which the townspeople attend . At the party , Sharon passionately kisses Alain , who tells her he ca n't return her affections because she 's gay ( which had been hinted at throughout the film , referencing Szubanski 's real - life coming out ) , leaving her confused and disheartened before she meets Stephanie ( Tasneem Roc ) , who shares her interest in golf and netball . Kath and Kim later discuss returning to Australia after their eventful , fairy tale - like holiday . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Kath & Kim characters Jane Turner as Kath Day - Knight and Prue Gina Riley as Kim Craig and Trude Magda Szubanski as Sharon Strzelecki Glenn Robbins as Kel Knight Peter Rowsthorn as Brett Craig Rob Sitch as King Javier of Papilloma Richard E. Grant as Alain Barry Humphries as Dame Edna Everage Alex Perry as himself Marg Downey as Marion Nicholas Bell as Priest Glenn Butcher as Sergio George Calombaris as himself Jessica De Gouw as Isabella Julie Forsyth as Queen Christina Bryce Hardy as Bryce Waterhouse ( flight attendant ) Mick Molloy as Gary Poole Erin Mullally as Prince Julio Robert Ratti as Tony Tasneem Roc as Stephanie Murdoch Lisa Spurrell as Cloaked Person Mark Trevorrow as Marko Frank Woodley as Castle Translator Production ( edit ) The film was originally titled Kath & Kim -- The Filum . The title was later changed with Riley stating that the new title reflects the elements of the storyline of Kath and Kim in a fractured fairytale . The holiday scenes were shot in Positano , Italy and filming took a total of two weeks . Reception ( edit ) The film opened at number one at the Australian box office , taking in $2.1 million . It was the second highest opening for an Australian film in 2012 , behind The Sapphires . The film received primarily negative reviews from critics , with a 26 % `` rotten '' approval rating at review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes and a 5.2 / 10 rating on IMDb . ABC Television 's film review series At the Movies rated the film two stars out of five ; critic David Stratton , who reviewed the film , admitted he was not a fan of the television show that inspired it . Box office ( edit ) As of 16 October 2012 the film had grossed $6,150,771 at the Australian box office . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Kath and Kimderella ' movie trailer released - watch '' . Digital Spy . Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim wrap up shoot '' ( video ) . Seven News . Jump up ^ `` Kath and Kim beat The Expendables 2 at the Australian box office '' . Herald Sun . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kath_and_kimderella/ Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) '' . IMDb. 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella '' . At the Movies - ABC TV . Jump up ^ `` Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kath & Kimderella . Official website Kath & Kimderella on IMDb ( hide ) Kath & Kim Characters Kath Day - Knight Kim Craig Sharon Strzelecki Brett Craig Kel Knight Episodes and films Episodes Da Kath and Kim Code ( 2005 telemovie ) Kath & Kimderella ( 2012 feature film ) American version Kath & Kim ( U.S. ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kath_%26_Kimderella&oldid=798317310 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s comedy films Australian films Australian comedy films Films shot in Melbourne Films shot in Italy Films based on television series Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 September 2017 , at 06 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where was the kath and kim movie filmed

Kath Day - Knight ( Jane Turner ) is still living in Fountain Lakes , Melbourne , however Kel ( Glenn Robbins ) has become a bore after their honeymoon period , and Kim ( Gina Riley ) has moved back in after a divorce with Brett ( Peter Rowsthorn ) , despite receiving marriage counselling from Marion ( Marg Downey ) . While visiting the local pharmacy for wart remover , Kath fills out a form for a chance to win a holiday to ( the fictional ) `` Kingdom of Papilloma '' , on the heel of Italy ( with the real scenes being filmed in Positano ) . Initially asking Kel , who refuses to travel because of his fear of flying and his dedication to watching the finals of MasterChef , Kath reluctantly decides to take Kim and Sharon ( Magda Szubanski ) along on the trip . Coincidentally , Prue ( Jane Turner ) and Trude ( Gina Riley ) are clandestinely embarking on a holiday to Italy at the same time .

Red Forman - Wikipedia Red Forman Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains unsourced predictions , speculative material , or accounts of events that might not occur . Information must be verifiable and based on reliable published sources . Please help improve it by removing unsourced speculative content . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . 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( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red Forman That ' 70s Show character First appearance That ' 70s Pilot Last appearance That ' 70s Finale Created by Mark Brazill Portrayed by Kurtwood Smith Corey Landis ( Young Red ) Information Nickname ( s ) Red , Mr. Forman Occupation Retired : World War II veteran Korean War veteran Former : Auto parts factory supervisor Department store supervisor Muffler shop owner Family Albert Forman ( father , deceased ) Bernice Forman ( mother , deceased ) Marty Forman ( brother ) Jerry Forman ( brother ) Spouse ( s ) Kitty Forman Children Laurie Forman ( daughter , with Kitty ) Eric Forman ( son , with Kitty ) Steven Hyde ( foster son , with Kitty ) Relatives Burt Sigurdson ( father - in - law , deceased ) Bea Sigurdson ( mother - in - law ) Paula Sigurdson ( sister - in - law ) Fez ( ex son - in - law ) Nationality American Reginald Albert `` Red '' Forman is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show , portrayed by Kurtwood Smith . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and personality 2 Health problems 3 Political leanings 4 Relationship with the teenagers 5 References Biography and personality ( edit ) Red is the perpetually disgruntled , ill - tempered father of Eric and Laurie Forman and Kitty Forman 's husband as well as the foster father to Steven Hyde . He is seemingly insensitive to other people , but admits frequently in the series that this is to maintain his self - identity of being a `` man '' . In some episodes , his tough exterior crumbles when he encounters other people 's needs and he eventually makes decisions that show an ethical regard for doing what is right . His relationship with his children is complex . Although he dotes on his lying , manipulative , promiscuous daughter , Laurie ( with whom , tellingly , Kitty has a strained and contentious relationship ) , he points out Eric 's perceived flaws and faults mercilessly . The two clash in most episodes with Eric teasing his father , or `` poking the bear '' . Red frequently threatens to `` stick my foot up your ass '' to Eric but is never seen physically disciplining his son , usually punishing him with chores , fines , and , once , by imposing a strict curfew , which leads to windows being nailed shut , bed checks , etc. until Kitty calls an end to it . Eric usually views these paternal idiosyncracies in a humorous light , even lampooning them , but sometimes seems to be holding in his own anger and doing a slow burn . On other occasions , father and son unite to collude in a scheme or plot , share a joke , or even face the displeasure of Kitty together . Many episodes show the respect between the two characters , with Red even admitting on one occasion that his love for Eric does not need to be articulated , it is `` just a given '' . Despite Red 's firm stance with his son , he protects Eric when the situation calls for it ; for example , in one episode when Bob accuses Eric of being a poor influence on his daughter , Red gives him a cold send - off . Red finds his neighbors , Bob and Midge Pinciotti , perplexing and vexatious . Bob is genial but insensitive , and Midge is rather dim - witted . Their daughter , Donna , is Eric 's girlfriend . Red dislikes spending time in their company , although frequently compelled to do so by his wife , Kitty . In particular , his views of Bob range from annoyance to contempt . Despite this antagonistic attitude , several episodes portray Red as a good neighbor who will come to the assistance of Bob when absolutely needed . Red shows very strict discipline to those with lesser authority than himself ( especially the teenagers ) , from which he seems to take joy . In his youth , Red served in the U.S. Navy ( in the season 3 episode , `` Jackie Bags Hyde '' , he is shown wearing the dress - blue uniform of a Chief Petty Officer for Veterans Day ) and often brings up memories of his service in Korea . Red was a Boatswain Mate in the Navy during World War II and Korea . Since he served on a destroyer but saw land combat in Guadalcanal ( August 1942 -- February 1943 ) and Korea ( 1950 -- 1953 ) it would appear that he served as a Seabee , an assault boat pilot , or in EOD ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal ) . He might have also served on board a submarine , as evidenced in Season 8 , Episode 6 `` Long Away '' . He is wearing Submarine Warfare ( Dolphins ) on his garrison cap during the Veterans reunion . On one occasion , when Red and Kitty are making out in their car , a policeman knocks on the window , not realizing it is a married couple inside . Red sharply dispatches him and Kitty says , `` How sweet , you let him off with a warning '' . In one episode , he and Eric have both completely forgotten about Kitty 's birthday , which deeply upsets her . After purchasing her some very low quality `` gifts '' from the only open nearby establishment , a garage , items Kitty immediately recognizes as junk , Red cheers her up by taking her square - dancing , an activity she enjoys . Red loves to drink beer and consume food which is bad for his health , having suffered from a heart attack on one occasion . Red is also shown as a die - hard fan of the Green Bay Packers , even , in one episode , threatening to kick out visiting new neighbors , Josh and Jeff who are a gay male couple , solely because they were Minnesota Vikings fans . He is also a fan of the Milwaukee Bucks and the Milwaukee Brewers . Health problems ( edit ) Red 's health has been the subject of humor on occasion . In the third and sixth seasons , he is briefly put on a diet that requires him to cut out red meat among other foods that he generally likes and , in stereotypical sitcom fashion , he is forced to eat `` healthy '' food that is good for him but that he finds unappealing . On both occasions , he defies the diet by eating `` real food '' behind Kitty 's back . When faced with mush , he comments `` This is n't food , this is what food eats ! '' When faced with his diet in the sixth season , after his heart attack upon learning Laurie has married Fez ( he has a problem with foreigners , he throws the list of what he can not have away , explaining to Kitty that if he had known what he would be asked to give up , `` I would have walked straight into that bright light and never looked back ! '' At one point , shortly after finding out that Eric and Donna were moving to Madison , Red went fishing to calm down , and comes back with the surprising news that he is proud of Eric for his initiative in moving away and becoming engaged , and even more so for his standing up to Red by insisting on marrying Donna despite Red 's disapproval . A surprised Kitty and an overjoyed Eric listen while Red agrees to pay for both the wedding and Eric 's college fund . He also shakes Eric 's hand , proudly telling his son that he is now a man and he has his blessing . After his heart attack , which prompts Eric to stay home , Red 's attitude towards Eric does a complete reversal , and Red goes back to calling his son `` dumbass '' , presumably due to his disappointment in Eric 's failure to live up to his expectations yet again , although he told Eric that he was proud of him for deciding to stay and help the family instead of leaving for college . This reversal could be due to Eric leaving Donna at the altar and subsequently spending a year doing nothing , or the producers ' use of a `` Reset Button '' to get the status quo back . Political leanings ( edit ) For the first few seasons of the series ' run , Red is established as a blue collar conservative . He made a joke at Nixon 's expense in the first season after Eric streaked through the crowd while wearing a Nixon mask and , in a pivotal moment , expressed disdain for Gerald Ford ( when allowed to ask President Ford a question he said `` Hey ' Gerry ' , here 's my question : ' How the hell could you pardon Nixon ? ' '' ) in front of the entire town . However , without precedent , later seasons portrayed him to be a staunch Republican , who became angry when Eric made an anti-Nixon joke in the fifth season , which Eric tries to cover by replying , `` Nixon was framed and Kennedy was a commie . '' It is likely that , like many Republican voters in the 1970s , Red is disappointed in Nixon and Ford , but afterwards leans back to supporting the Republican Party . In addition , many Nixon supporters felt that pardoning Nixon was akin to admitting he was guilty . Red feels strongly about the founding principles of the American government , owing to his service in the Navy as a Boatswain 's Mate . He also tries to live up to what are generally considered American `` family values '' : hard work , devotion to his family and being faithful to his wife . He is disgusted by swinger sex clubs ( which he considers immoral ) and political corruption ( on hearing that Jackie 's wealthy father may be able to bribe his way out of jail , an appalled Red mutters , `` I 'm so glad I took a piece of shrapnel to make that possible '' ) . Red also dislikes foreigners , which is the main reason he does n't see eye - to - eye with Fez . One episode , `` Hunting '' saw him taking offense at Fez 's remark of , `` Not everything in the Constitution makes sense . '' He dislikes anyone and anything not from America -- despite driving a Toyota . In fact out of everyone in his family he was the most comfortable and casual when Hyde 's biological father William Barnett ( an African - American ) came to his house . He once described Canada and France as `` lesser countries '' , and was upset to find that his daughter Laurie 's room had posters of foreign cars on her bedroom walls after Hyde moved into it , and generally refers to the rest of the world as `` not America '' . Along with Canada and France , Red also dislikes Germany , Japan and Great Britain , though not explicitly stated , Italy ( for their role in World War II ) and , especially , North Korea as he fought there . He also seems bitter about America not winning the Vietnam War , claiming , `` We did n't lose the war , it was a tie '' . In one episode , while Hyde was stating a conspiracy theory about the government putting tracking devices in their brains , Red patriotically replied , `` Without our government , you 'd be stuck in Siberia now , sucking the juice from a rotten commie potato . Let me tell you something . If the U.S. government decides to stick a tracking device up your ass , you say , ' Thank You ! and God Bless America ! ' '' Insulting communists is a favorite pastime with Red such as when he calls Eric `` the laziest non-communist I ever met '' . However , when he sells his muffler shop so he can retire he says he does not care if the store is converted to a `` communist recreation center '' . Relationship with the teenagers ( edit ) Though deep down , Red genuinely does care about Eric 's friends , he does n't like them frequently hanging out in his home . One of his favorite phrases to describe Eric and his friends is `` dumbass '' . He also threatens the teens that he will put his `` foot in your ass '' . In the finale , he claims that he once put his foot in someone 's ass in Iwo Jima , but his refusal to further elaborate on the experience implies that it was not something he 's proud of . His antagonism towards the teenagers is mainly because Red prefers peace and quiet , believing that since he has worked hard and raised his children , he deserves time to himself and with Kitty . With regards to his neighbors Bob and Midge Pinciotti , it is indicated that Red used to enjoy their friendship before they started to get involved `` into every fad there is '' . Even though he feels that Bob is a `` good neighbor and a good friend '' , he gets easily annoyed in Bob 's presence . He is a tough , no - nonsense father and tends to favor his daughter Laurie ( Lisa Robin Kelly & Christina Moore ) and foster son Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) over his son Eric ( Topher Grace ) , whom he considers soft , skinny , twitchy and wimpy . He always sees Laurie as `` a giant apple '' instead of the mean - spirited , promiscuous person she truly is , but becomes wiser to her in the second season after finding out she lied to him about moving in with a friend when she was really living with a young man . In one episode , Kitty asks Red why he is so tough on Eric , only to have Red respond , `` The same reason my old man was so tough on me '' , indicating that he went through a similar childhood to Eric 's . Though Red often puts his own son down because he wants him to `` be a man like himself '' , it can not be denied that Eric is merely a younger version of his father in the sense that both have a very dry sense of humor and tend to be the sanest persons in their respective circles of friends . On a few occasions in season one , Red shows Eric affection . When the two return from a wrestling match , they wrestle for a bit before Red gave Eric a hug . Later on , when Red 's mother dies , Red calls Eric over for a hug with him and Kitty in a family moment . In the final episode of season seven , as Eric is leaving for Africa , Red has a real heart - to - heart talk with Eric , in which he admitted he loved him and that he would miss him , culminating in a hug between father and son . In the season 8 premiere , Kitty tries to get Red to say something nice for Eric on the tape recorder . Red consistently refuses and appears to revel in Eric being gone . However , when Kitty questions his feelings on the matter , Red admitted that he honestly missed Eric . ( Unbeknownst to Red , though , Kitty secretly recorded him saying this ) . Red also seems to respect his son 's resistance as shown when he told Eric he respected him for staying with Donna despite Red 's efforts . Most of the time , Red treats Eric 's friend Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) , who moved in with the Formans ' at the end of the first season , better than he treats his own son ; perhaps this is because Red thinks Hyde needs a father figure as his own left him . Red also shows appreciation to Hyde for his mechanical skills , evident from when he opened his own muffler store . Hyde quickly assembles muffler displays , while Eric is putting up decorations . Also , Red often more readily has heart - to - hearts with Hyde than with Eric . When Hyde is arrested for possession of marijuana ( which had actually belonged to Jackie ) , he wanted to throw Hyde out , but soon had a change of heart and let him stay after learning the truth . However , this does n't stop Red from giving Hyde an extremely long scolding . Hyde assumed the Forman 's would want him to move out on his eighteenth birthday because all of Hyde 's relatives had to move out of their places when they were eighteen . Red told Hyde that he needed to stay at the Forman 's house so he would not end up like his relatives ( who were either dead , in jail , or `` pumping gas '' ) . Much of this comes from Hyde 's troubled background and Red 's view that Hyde just needs some direction in life . On the other hand , a few instances have shown that Red still cares about Eric , and it is clear that Red 's being hard on him is Red 's way of trying to toughen Eric up to prepare him for the real world ( he once stated that , as Eric 's father , it was his job to make Eric a man , `` which he 's not '' ) . Red once told Eric , `` I love you '' , but he was drugged after a visit to the dentist . After Eric later said it back and some awkwardness ensued , Red said that you should only say that when you 're drunk , dying or in trouble -- `` Otherwise , it 's just a given '' . Like Kitty , Red is often forced to act as a parental figure for Eric 's friends Kelso ( Ashton Kutcher ) , Fez ( Wilmer Valderrama ) , Jackie ( Mila Kunis ) , Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) and Donna ( Laura Prepon ) -- albeit reluctantly . He usually only helps out at Kitty 's insistence or simply to get the teens out of his house . Red actually likes Donna , mostly because he thinks that if Eric has a son with her he will be good at sports and both freely and cheerily admits she is too good for his own son , and also that if Eric and Donna get married Eric will leave the house . Red has a low opinion of Kelso and Fez , calling Kelso a `` Kettlehead '' and referring to Fez as the `` foreign kid '' , and sometimes by the generic names of `` Haji '' , `` Sabu '' , `` Ali Baba '' , `` Tutankhamun '' or `` Anwar '' . However , he has bonded with them both a few times throughout the series , such as when he cooperated with Kelso to change the Pong electronic game so they can make the paddles smaller , thus making the game more fun . Red also bonded with Fez when he gave Fez advice that it is not a good idea to mix women and alcohol together . Early on , Red stated that Jackie is his favorite out of all of Eric 's friends . He says unlike the others , she is `` not useless '' because she perfectly held a flashlight for him while he worked on his car , while Eric was incapable of this simple task . Jackie has hugged Red on a few occasions , at least half of which he returned . In the final season , Red takes a liking to Hyde 's new friend and co-worker , Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) . Red respects Randy simply because he 's the polar opposite of Eric : masculine , crafty and not at all obsessed with Star Wars ( though in one episode , it is shown that Randy is indeed a fan ) . Unlike Kitty , Red had no problem with him starting a relationship with Donna . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Twiz Tv '' . ( hide ) That ' 70s Show Characters Teenagers Eric Forman Donna Pinciotti Steven Hyde Michael Kelso Jackie Burkhart Fez Adults Kitty Forman Red Forman Midge and Bob Pinciotti Leo Seasons 5 6 7 8 Related articles Home video That ' 80s Show Days Like These Point Place Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Forman&oldid=831263804 '' Categories : Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from Maryland Fictional characters from Wisconsin Fictional characters introduced in 1998 Fictional Korean War veterans Fictional Republicans ( United States ) Fictional World War II veterans Male characters in television That ' 70s Show characters Hidden categories : Articles containing predictions or speculation Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with topics of unclear notability from November 2014 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from February 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 17 : 43 . 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what is red's real name on that 70's show

Reginald Albert `` Red '' Forman is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show , portrayed by Kurtwood Smith .

Overtime ( ice hockey ) - wikipedia Overtime ( ice hockey ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Overtime is a method of determining a winner in an ice hockey game when the score is tied after regulation . The main methods of determining a winner in a tied game are the overtime period ( commonly referred to as overtime ) , the shootout , or a combination of both . If league rules dictate a finite time in which overtime may be played , with no penalty shoot - out to follow , the game 's winning team may or may not be necessarily determined . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overtime periods 1.1 North American overtime 1.2 International overtime 2 Shootout 2.1 International shootouts 2.2 North American shootouts 2.3 Tactics 3 List of notable overtime games 3.1 NHL 3.1. 1 Notable NHL playoff overtime games 3.2 Swedish hockey 3.3 KHL 3.4 Olympics -- Men 's Gold Medal Game 3.5 Olympics -- Women 's Gold Medal Game 3.6 Czech hockey 3.7 DEL 3.8 Norwegian hockey 3.9 Notable minor league , college and junior overtimes 3.9. 1 AHL 3.9. 2 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- men 3.9. 3 Canadian Interuniversity Sport -- women 3.9. 4 ECHL 3.9. 5 International Hockey League 3.9. 6 VHL 3.9. 7 NCAA 3.9. 8 NCAA Women 3.9. 9 Canadian Hockey League 3.9. 10 2007 RBC Cup -- Canadian Jr A Championship 3.9. 11 OPJHL 3.9. 12 GHJHL 3.9. 13 High school 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overtime periods ( edit ) Overtime periods are extra periods beyond the third regulation period during a game , where normal hockey rules apply . Although in the past , full - length overtime periods were played , overtimes today are golden goal ( a form of sudden death ) , meaning that the game ends immediately when a player scores a goal . North American overtime ( edit ) From November 21 , 1942 , when overtime was eliminated due to war time restrictions and continuing until the 1983 -- 84 season , all NHL regular - season games tied after 60 minutes of play ended as ties . On June 23 , 1983 , the NHL introduced a regular - season overtime period of five minutes . If the five - minute overtime period ended with no scoring , the game ended as a tie ( the World Hockey Association had used a 10 - minute regular season overtime period , as had the NHL prior to World War II ) . In the first games to go to overtime , on October 5 , 1983 , the Minnesota North Stars and Los Angeles Kings skated to a 3 -- 3 tie , and the Detroit Red Wings and Winnipeg Jets tied 6 -- 6 . The first regular - season game decided by overtime was on October 8 , 1983 , as the New York Islanders beat the Washington Capitals 8 -- 7 . In 1987 -- 88 and since 1995 , the American Hockey League has awarded teams one point in the standings for an overtime loss ( OTL ) . In 1998 , the AHL introduced a rule where teams will play the five - minute overtime period with four skaters and a goaltender , rather than at full strength ( five skaters ) , except in two - man advantage situations . In a two - man advantage situation , the team with the advantage will play with five skaters against three skaters . The rule was popular and adopted by the NHL and ECHL the next season . Alex Ovechkin has the record for most NHL overtime goals with 20 . In the Stanley Cup playoffs and in all one - game playoffs , overtime periods are played like regulation periods except for the golden goal rule -- in an overtime period , the game ends when one team scores a goal ; the teams are at full strength ( five skaters , barring penalties ) , there is no shootout , and each overtime period is 20 minutes with full intermissions between overtime periods . Three of the game 's legendary players , Mark Messier ( 109 playoff goals ) , Mario Lemieux ( 77 goals ) , and Gordie Howe ( 68 goals ) never scored a playoff overtime goal . In many leagues ( including the NHL for regular - season games since the 2005 -- 06 season ) and in international competitions , a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout . Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation . In the ECHL , regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five - minute period . In the Southern Professional Hockey League , regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five - minute period , with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice ( up to two additional players ) for the penalty for the first three minutes , and a penalty shot in the final two minutes . The AHL , since the 2014 -- 15 season , extended the overtime to seven minutes , with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent 's penalty . The idea of using 3 - on - 3 skaters for the entirety of a five - minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24 , 2015 , for use in the 2015 -- 16 NHL season . International overtime ( edit ) In IIHF play , rules for overtime depend on the stage of the competition . For a round robin or preliminary round game that goes to overtime , the teams will play a maximum of five minutes of 3 - on - 3 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If no one scores in the five minute overtime , a three - round shootout will decide the winner . In the case of a playoff game or a bronze medal game , the teams will play a maximum of ten minutes of 4 - on - 4 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If there is no score in the overtime , a five - round shootout will decide the winner . If the gold medal game of a top category IIHF championship goes to overtime , the teams will play a maximum of twenty minutes of 5 - on - 5 hockey in the `` golden goal '' format . If there is no winner after the overtime , a five - round shootout will decide the winner . In all cases , the teams must change ends , and defend the same side that they did in the second period . Shootout ( edit ) International shootouts ( edit ) In international competition , shootouts ( or more formally , game - winning shots ( GWS ) , and , in some European countries , bullets , or bullits ) , are often used . Each coach selects three skaters from their team to take penalty shots one at a time against the opposing goaltender , with teams alternating shots . Each team gets one shot per round . The winner is the team with more goals after three rounds or the team that amasses an unreachable advantage before then ( ex. a team gains a two - goal lead with only one round left ) . If the shootout is tied after three rounds , tie - breaker rounds are played one at a time ( with each team taking one additional shot ) until there is a winner . The IIHF first adopted the game - winning - shot procedure in 1992 when a new playoff procedure in the Winter Olympics and World Championships required a winner for each game . At that time , the shootout was five rounds and only used for knock - out games . In 2006 , it was reduced to three rounds and used for all games , eliminating the possibility of tied games at IIHF events . Tie - breaker rounds are still used as needed , and the same or new players can take the tie - break shots , which is also done in reverse order . As of May 2016 , all IIHF preliminary round games that are not decided by overtime , are decided by a three - round shootout . However , all playoff , bronze medal games and gold medal games of IIHF top level championships ( especially the Olympics ) are decided by five round shootouts . North American shootouts ( edit ) Most lower minor leagues ( ECHL , Central , UHL ) have featured a shootout where , at the end of regulation , a shootout similar to the international tournament format is used . However , in 2000 , the ECHL adopted the AHL 's four - on - four overtime before the shootout . For the 2004 -- 05 AHL season , the AHL adopted a five - man shootout , which was first used in that league in 1986 -- 87 . The standard five - man shootout is used after four - on - four overtime for all minor leagues in North America . The AHL switched to the NHL formatted three - man shootout for the 2014 -- 15 season . The Central Collegiate Hockey Association added the shootout as of the 2008 -- 09 season . Following the lead of minor leagues , as of the 2005 -- 06 season , the NHL ends exhibition and regular season games still tied after a five - minute - length , three - skaters - per - side overtime period ( as of the 2015 -- 16 NHL season onwards ) with a shootout . The NHL format is a three - round shootout with tiebreaker rounds as needed . All skaters ( except goalies ) on a team 's roster must shoot before any player can shoot a second time . On December 16 , 2014 the longest shootout in NHL history went to 20 rounds before Nick Bjugstad of the Florida Panthers scored to defeat the Washington Capitals ; the previous record was 15 rounds . The shootout is not used in the playoffs for any North American league . Instead , full 20 - minute overtime periods are played until one team scores a goal . In the National Hockey League and American Hockey League All - Star Skills Competitions , the competition ends in a penalty shootout known as the Breakaway Relay . Tactics ( edit ) Tactics are very important during penalty shots and overtime shootouts for both the shooter and the goalie . Both shooters and goalies commonly consult their teammates and coaches for advice on the opposing player 's style of play . Shooters often consider the goalie 's strengths and weaknesses ( such as a fast glove or stick save ) , preferred goaltending style ( such as butterfly or stand - up ) and method of challenging the shooter . Goaltenders often consider the shooter 's shot preference , expected angle of attack , a patented move a shooter commonly uses and even handedness of the shooter . Most shooters attempt to out - deke the goalie in order to create a better scoring chance . Former Detroit Red Wings forward Pavel Datsyuk and New York Rangers forward Martin St. Louis are examples of players who commonly use this tactic . However , it is not uncommon for a shooter to simply shoot for an opening without deking . This is commonly referred to as sniping . This is most commonly performed when a goalie challenges a shooter by giving them an open hole ( by keeping a glove , pad or stick out of position or being out of sound goaltending position altogether to tempt the shooter to aim for the given opening ) . Former NHL forwards Markus Näslund and Brett Hull are two players commonly referred to as snipers . Very rarely a shooter may take a slapshot or wrist shot from the point or top of the slot . This is almost exclusively performed when a shooter either has a high level of confidence in their shot or they attempt to catch the goalie by surprise . Retired player Brian Rolston , Detroit Red Wings winger Todd Bertuzzi , Philadelphia Flyers defenseman Chris Pronger , and Vancouver Canucks winger Daniel Sedin have all used this tactic with success . List of notable overtime games ( edit ) The longest overtime game in history was an in Norwegian GET - ligaen . The game ended after 157 : 14 of overtime , in the 8th overtime period . NHL ( edit ) This is a list of all National Hockey League ( NHL ) overtime games that went into at least three overtimes ( winning team is bold ) . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1 . 6th 116 : 30 Detroit Red Wings 1 -- 0 Montreal Maroons March 24 , 1936 Mud Bruneteau Montreal Forum 2 . 6th 104 : 46 Boston Bruins 0 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs April 3 , 1933 † Ken Doraty Maple Leaf Gardens 3 . 5th 92 : 01 Philadelphia Flyers 2 -- 1 Pittsburgh Penguins May 4 , 2000 Keith Primeau Mellon Arena 4 . 5th 80 : 48 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 4 -- 3 Dallas Stars April 24 , 2003 Petr Sykora American Airlines Center 5 . 4th 79 : 15 Pittsburgh Penguins 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 24 , 1996 Petr Nedved USAir Arena 6 . 4th 78 : 06 Dallas Stars 4 -- 5 Vancouver Canucks April 11 , 2007 Henrik Sedin General Motors Place 7 . 4th 70 : 18 Toronto Maple Leafs 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 23 , 1943 Jack McLean Detroit Olympia 8 . 4th 69 : 03 San Jose Sharks 1 -- 2 Dallas Stars May 4 , 2008 † Brenden Morrow American Airlines Center 9 . 5th 68 : 52 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 28 , 1930 Gus Rivers Montreal Forum 10 . 4th 68 : 47 New York Islanders 3 -- 2 Washington Capitals April 18 , 1987 † † ( See page ) Pat LaFontaine Capital Centre 11 . 4th 65 : 43 New Jersey Devils 0 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres April 27 , 1994 Dave Hannan Buffalo Memorial Auditorium 12 . 4th 61 : 09 Montreal Canadiens 3 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 27 , 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 13 . 4th 60 : 40 New York Americans 3 -- 2 New York Rangers March 27 , 1938 Lorne Carr Madison Square Garden 14 . 3rd 59 : 32 New York Rangers 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens March 26 , 1932 Fred Cook Montreal Forum 15 . 3rd 59 : 25 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 New York Rangers March 21 , 1939 Mel Hill Madison Square Garden 16 . 3rd 57 : 34 Dallas Stars 3 -- 2 Edmonton Oilers April 27 , 1999 † Joe Nieuwendyk Skyreach Centre 17 . 3rd 56 : 12 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Anaheim Ducks May 19 , 2015 Marcus Krüger Honda Center 18 . 3rd 55 : 13 Edmonton Oilers 3 -- 2 Boston Bruins May 15 , 1990 * Petr Klima Boston Garden 19 . 3rd 54 : 51 Dallas Stars 2 -- 1 Buffalo Sabres June 19 , 1999 * * † Brett Hull Marine Midland Arena 20 . 3rd 54 : 47 Detroit Red Wings 3 -- 2 Carolina Hurricanes June 8 , 2002 * Igor Larionov Raleigh Entertainment & Sports Arena 21 . 3rd 54 : 41 New York Rangers 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals May 2 , 2012 Marian Gaborik Verizon Center 22 . 3rd 53 : 54 Philadelphia Flyers 3 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs April 16 , 2003 Mark Recchi Air Canada Centre 23 . 3rd 53 : 50 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens April 9 , 1931 * Cy Wentworth Montreal Forum 24 . 3rd 52 : 12 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks March 26 , 1961 Murray Balfour Chicago Stadium 25 . 3rd 52 : 08 Boston Bruins 3 -- 4 Chicago Blackhawks June 12 , 2013 * Andrew Shaw United Center 26 . 3rd 51 : 49 Detroit Red Wings 2 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens April 1 , 1937 Hec Kilrea Montreal Forum 27 . 3rd 51 : 43 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens March 26 , 1930 Howie Morenz Montreal Forum T28 . 3rd 51 : 12 Tampa Bay Lightning 1 -- 2 New Jersey Devils May 2 , 2003 † Grant Marshall Continental Airlines Arena T28 . 3rd 51 : 12 San Jose Sharks 3 -- 4 Nashville Predators May 5 , 2016 Mike Fisher Bridgestone Arena 30 . 3rd 50 : 02 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 1 Calgary Flames April 23 , 1996 † Joe Murphy Canadian Airlines Saddledome 31 . 3rd 49 : 57 Pittsburgh Penguins 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings June 2 , 2008 * Petr Sykora Joe Louis Arena 32 . 3rd 48 : 00 New York Rangers 1 -- 2 Boston Bruins April 2 , 1939 Mel Hill Boston Garden 33 . 3rd 47 : 37 New Jersey Devils 3 -- 4 Montreal Canadiens April 24 , 1997 Patrice Brisebois Molson Centre 34 . 3rd 47 : 06 Ottawa Senators 4 -- 3 Pittsburgh Penguins April 22 , 2010 Matt Carkner Mellon Arena 35 . 3rd 46 : 21 Dallas Stars 1 -- 0 New Jersey Devils June 8 , 2000 * Mike Modano Continental Airlines Arena 36 . 2nd 45 : 35 Boston Bruins 2 -- 1 Montreal Maroons March 20 , 1930 Harry Oliver Montreal Forum 37 . 3rd 44 : 52 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings March 22 , 1949 Max McNab Detroit Olympia 38 . 3rd 44 : 33 Colorado Avalanche 3 -- 2 Chicago Blackhawks May 8 , 1996 Joe Sakic United Center 39 . 3rd 44 : 31 Colorado Avalanche 1 -- 0 Florida Panthers June 10 , 1996 * * † Uwe Krupp Miami Arena 40 . 3rd 44 : 30 Ottawa Senators 2 -- 3 Toronto Maple Leafs May 4 , 2002 Gary Roberts Air Canada Centre 41 . 3rd 44 : 03 Tampa Bay Lightning 2 -- 1 Washington Capitals April 20 , 2003 † Martin St. Louis MCI Center 42 . 3rd 43 : 18 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings April 10 , 2003 Paul Kariya Joe Louis Arena 43 . 3rd 43 : 00 Toronto Maple Leafs 5 -- 4 Detroit Red Wings March 27 , 1960 Frank Mahovlich Detroit Olympia 44 . 3rd 42 : 28 Vancouver Canucks 5 -- 4 Calgary Flames April 17 , 2004 Brendan Morrison Pengrowth Saddledome 45 . 3rd 42 : 24 San Jose Sharks 2 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers May 10 , 2006 Shawn Horcoff Rexall Place 46 . 3rd 42 : 20 Montreal Canadiens 1 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings March 29 , 1951 Maurice Richard Detroit Olympia 47 . 3rd 41 : 31 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim 2 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 4 , 1997 Vyacheslav Kozlov Joe Louis Arena 48 . 3rd 41 : 19 Chicago Blackhawks 2 -- 3 New York Rangers April 29 , 1971 Pete Stemkowski Madison Square Garden 49 . 3rd 41 : 15 Anaheim Ducks 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings May 3 , 2009 Todd Marchant Joe Louis Arena 50 . 3rd 41 : 00 Nashville Predators 2 -- 3 Chicago Blackhawks April 21 , 2015 Brent Seabrook United Center 51 . 3rd 40 : 26 Chicago Blackhawks 3 -- 4 St. Louis Blues April 17 , 2014 Alexander Steen Scottrade Center * Stanley Cup Finals game * * Stanley Cup winning goal † Series - Clinching Goal † † Game 7 Notable NHL playoff overtime games ( edit ) March 24 , 1936 : The Detroit Red Wings ' Mud Bruneteau ends the longest Stanley Cup playoff game to date , scoring the game 's only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Montreal Maroons . The goal comes at 16 : 30 of sextuple overtime for a total of 176 : 30 of game play . It is also the longest NHL ice hockey game ever played . The game is a mere 3 : 30 short of the equivalent of playing three games back - to - back - to - back . February 4 , 1939 : The Boston Bruins ' Mel Hill scores his third overtime goal of the Bruins ' Stanley Cup semi-final series against the New York Rangers , setting an unsurpassed ( as of now ) NHL record for most overtime goals in a single playoff series , earning him the nickname thereafter of `` Sudden Death '' Hill . The series itself involves four overtime games , two of which go to triple overtime . April 23 , 1950 : Pete Babando scores at 8 : 31 of double overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 4 -- 3 win in the seventh game of the 1950 Stanley Cup Finals over the New York Rangers . It is the first time that a seventh game of a Final series goes to overtime . April 21 , 1951 : Bill Barilko scores at 2 : 53 of overtime to give the Toronto Maple Leafs a 3 -- 2 win in the fifth game of the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals over the Montreal Canadiens . All five games in the series need to have overtime to be decided . April 16 , 1954 : Tony Leswick 's shot hit Montreal Canadiens ' defenceman Doug Harvey 's glove and went into the net at 4 : 20 of overtime to give the Detroit Red Wings a 2 -- 1 win in the seventh game of the 1954 Stanley Cup Finals over the Canadiens . No seventh game of a Final series has gone to overtime since . April 23 , 1964 : Bobby Baun of the Toronto Maple Leafs nets a game winner against Detroit 1 : 43 into overtime in game six of the Finals to tie the series 3 -- all . The goal is notable because Baun broke his ankle earlier in the game . It was frozen and taped , and Baun returned to the ice to score the winning goal . May 10 , 1970 : One of the most indelible moments in sports history is the sight of Bobby Orr 's `` in flight '' goal that gave the Boston Bruins a 4 -- 3 win and a four - game sweep of the St. Louis Blues in the Stanley Cup Finals . May 24 , 1980 : Bob Nystrom of the New York Islanders scores the Stanley Cup clinching goal at 7 : 11 of overtime , beating the Philadelphia Flyers in six games for the title . April 14 , 1981 : After sitting on the bench for the entire game , Mike Crombeen scored the winning goal at 5 : 16 of double overtime to give the St. Louis Blues a 4 - 3 win over the Pittsburgh Penguins . April 10 , 1982 : `` Miracle on Manchester '' -- Rookie Daryl Evans gives the Los Angeles Kings a 6 -- 5 win over the Edmonton Oilers at 2 : 35 of overtime . The Kings had trailed the Oilers 5 -- 0 after the second period of game three of the Smythe Division Semi-final . This still remains the largest single game playoff comeback in NHL history . May 5 , 1986 : Doug Wickenheiser 's overtime goal gives the St. Louis Blues a 6 -- 5 win over the Calgary Flames in game six of the Campbell Conference Final . The goal , known as the `` Monday Night Miracle '' , caps a 5 -- 2 comeback and makes it more impressive that the three goals needed to tie the game were scored in the last ten minutes of the third period . May 18 , 1986 : A Brian Skrudland goal ends the shortest overtime in NHL history at just nine seconds . The winning goal gives the Montreal Canadiens a 3 -- 2 victory over the Calgary Flames in game two of the 1986 Stanley Cup Finals . April 18 , 1987 : `` Easter Epic '' -- Pat LaFontaine of New York Islanders scores a goal against Washington Capitals at 8 : 47 of quadruple overtime which ends the longest game seven in NHL playoff history . Islanders goaltender Kelly Hrudey makes a record 73 saves . May 15 , 1990 : After hardly playing in overtime , Petr Klima came off the bench late in triple overtime and scored almost immediately to end the longest overtime in NHL Finals history , with 4 : 47 left . The goal gave the Edmonton Oilers a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins to open the 1990 Stanley Cup Finals , setting the stage for the Oilers ' fifth cup in seven years . April 24 , 1993 : In game four of the Adams division semi-final between the Buffalo Sabres and the Boston Bruins , Sabres forward Brad May scores in overtime to give Buffalo a 6 -- 5 win and sweep the Bruins in the series , four games to none . Due to Buffalo commentator Rick Jeanneret 's colorful play call when May scored , this game has been referred to in Buffalo as `` May Day '' . April to June 1993 : After losing in overtime of game one of the Adams division semi-final to the Quebec Nordiques , the Montreal Canadiens go on to win ten consecutive overtime games en route to winning the Stanley Cup . The Habs score another overtime winner the following year against the Boston Bruins , making it eleven consecutive playoff overtime wins . May 14 , 1993 : In game seven of the Patrick Division Finals , David Volek who spent most of the season as a healthy scratch , scored the series winning goal to give the New York Islanders a 4 - 3 victory ending the Pittsburgh Penguins chances at a threepeat . April 27 , 1994 : Dominik Hašek of the Buffalo Sabres stops all 70 shots produced by the New Jersey Devils as Dave Hannan scores the lone goal over a sprawling Martin Brodeur at 5 : 43 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference quarterfinal matchup . April 30 , 1994 : Pavel Bure scores 2 : 20 into double overtime of the seventh game of the opening round of Vancouver 's playoff series with Calgary . The win gives the Vancouver Canucks three consecutive overtime wins over the favored Calgary Flames , who squander a 3 -- 1 series lead . May 27 , 1994 : Stéphane Matteau scores the game - winning goal at 4 : 24 of double overtime with a wrap - around , beating Martin Brodeur and the New Jersey Devils in game seven , advancing the New York Rangers to the Stanley Cup Finals ( where they would ultimately win it for the first time since 1940 ) . It is Matteau 's second goal in double overtime periods of the series . April 24 , 1996 : Petr Nedved scores with 44.6 seconds remaining in quadruple overtime to give the Pittsburgh Penguins a 3 -- 2 win over the Washington Capitals to tie their Eastern Conference quarter - final series at two games apiece . June 6 , 1996 : Uwe Krupp became the 12th player in NHL history to end the Stanley Cup Finals in overtime , scoring a goal at 4 : 31 of triple overtime , giving the Colorado Avalanche a 1 -- 0 win and a sweep of the Florida Panthers . June 19 , 1999 : Brett Hull scores with 5 : 09 left in triple overtime of game six to win the Stanley Cup for the Dallas Stars over the Buffalo Sabres . The goal is considered controversial by some fans due to disagreement on if the goal by Hull was legal or not . ( see 1999 Stanley Cup Finals ) . May 5 , 2000 : Keith Primeau of the Philadelphia Flyers put a shot over the left shoulder of Pittsburgh Penguins goaltender Ron Tugnutt with 7 : 59 left in quintuple overtime , ending the longest game since 1936 . June 6 , 2000 : Jason Arnott scores on Dallas Stars ' goalie Ed Belfour in double overtime of game six to give the New Jersey Devils their second Stanley Cup . April 12 , 2007 : Roberto Luongo , goaltender for the Vancouver Canucks , wins his first career playoff game while making 72 saves , one shy of Kelly Hrudey 's record . The game is the sixth longest ever , going into quadruple overtime . Henrik Sedin scores the winning goal in the Western Quarterfinals , beating the Dallas Stars 5 -- 4 in game 1 . The game is Vancouver 's longest in history , and the Star 's second longest , behind their five - overtime loss to Anaheim in 2003 . May 5 , 2008 : Brenden Morrow scores on San Jose Sharks goalie Evgeni Nabokov at 9 : 03 of quadruple overtime in game six of the Western Conference Semi-final between the Sharks and Stars . The game sees an incredible goaltending duel as Nabokov makes 53 saves in the loss while Marty Turco of Dallas makes 61 saves for the win . June 6 , 2008 : In game five of the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals , the Pittsburgh Penguins ' Petr Sykora told Pierre Maguire of NBC that he would score the winning goal in overtime . At 9 : 57 of triple overtime , Sykora scored on Detroit Red Wings ' goaltender Chris Osgood and sent the series back to Pittsburgh for game six . June 6 , 2010 : Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks shoots a goal past Philadelphia Flyers goalie Michael Leighton 4 : 10 into overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup Finals to give the Blackhawks a 4 -- 3 win over the Flyers for their first Stanley Cup Championship since 1961 . April 26 , 2011 : Alexandre Burrows of the Vancouver Canucks scored at 5 : 22 of overtime past Corey Crawford of the Chicago Blackhawks to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 2 -- 1 , sending the Canucks to the Western Conference Semifinals , avoiding squandering a 3 -- 0 series lead and a 1 -- 0 lead in game seven in the third period . June 6 , 2011 : Another Burrows goal ends the second - shortest overtime in NHL history at just eleven seconds . The winning goal gives the Vancouver Canucks a 3 -- 2 victory over the Boston Bruins in game two of the Stanley Cup Finals . May 25 , 2012 : Adam Henrique of the New Jersey Devils scored at 1 : 03 into overtime past Henrik Lundqvist of the New York Rangers in game six of the Eastern Conference Final to send the Devils to the Stanley Cup Finals for the first time since 2003 . May 13 , 2013 : Patrice Bergeron of the Boston Bruins scored at 6 : 05 of overtime past James Reimer of the Toronto Maple Leafs to win the series 4 -- 3 and the game 5 -- 4 , to send the Bruins to the Conference Semifinals to face the Rangers . It also capped a historic comeback in a game seven , coming back from a three - goal deficit in the third period . With fifty -- one seconds to go , they tied the game . The tying goal was also scored by Bergeron . The 2012 -- 13 Boston Bruins became the first team in NHL history to do so in the Stanley Cup playoffs . June 6 , 2013 : Andrew Shaw scored with 7 : 52 left in triple overtime as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Boston Bruins 4 - 3 to open the Stanley Cup Finals , ending the fifth - longest game in Stanley Cup Finals history . June 13 , 2014 : Alec Martinez scored with 5 : 17 left in double overtime in game five of the 2014 Stanley Cup Finals , becoming the 16th player to win the Stanley Cup with an overtime goal as the Los Angeles Kings beat the Rangers 3 -- 2 , clinching the title 4 -- 1 . He became the first player to score two series - clinching playoff overtime goals in the same season since Martin Gelinas in 2004 ; on June 1 , he scored 5 : 47 into overtime to defeat the Chicago Blackhawks 5 -- 4 in game seven of the Western Conference Finals . May 13 , 2015 : Derek Stepan scored with 8 : 36 left in the first overtime in game seven in the Eastern Conference Second Round against the Washington Capitals to send the New York Rangers to the Eastern Conference Finals . The Capitals also had a 3 -- 1 series lead before losing the final three games and ultimately losing the series . May 19 , 2015 : Marcus Kruger scored with 3 : 48 left in the third overtime in game two of the Western Conference Finals , as the Chicago Blackhawks beat the Anaheim Ducks , 3 -- 2 , tying the series at 1 -- 1 . This was Anaheim 's first playoff loss at home that season and Chicago 's longest overtime game to date . Chicago goalie Corey Crawford made 60 saves while defenceman Duncan Keith played seconds shy of 50 minutes on ice . Earlier in the second overtime period , Andrew Shaw used his head to direct the puck into the net , but the goal did not count . April 24 , 2016 : John Tavares scored the series - winner with 9 : 19 left in double overtime in game six of the Eastern Conference First Round as the New York Islanders won a playoff series for the first time since 1993 , beating the Florida Panthers 2 -- 1 , to win the series 4 -- 2 . He beat Roberto Luongo off a rebound of his own shot with a wraparound . It ended the longest home game in Islanders ' history . Tavares also scored with 53.2 seconds left in regulation to force overtime . Three of those games in this series have gone to overtime , this and game five needed two . May 6 , 2016 : Mike Fisher scored with 8 : 48 left in triple overtime in game four of the Western Conference Second Round as the Nashville Predators beat the San Jose Sharks , 4 -- 3 , to tie the series at two games all . His goal ended the longest playoff game in Predators ' history . Joe Pavelski could have won it at 7 : 34 of overtime , but officials waved it off as he crashed into Pekka Rinne , pinning him down before the puck crossed the goal line . May 25 , 2017 : Chris Kunitz scored at 5 : 09 of double overtime as the Pittsburgh Penguins beat the Ottawa Senators to advance to play the Nashville Predators in the Stanley Cup Finals in winning game seven of the Eastern Conference Finals , 3 - 2 . Sidney Crosby sent a soft backhand pass to Kunitz , whose knuckling shot beat Craig Anderson from the right faceoff circle . April 13 , 2018 : The Vegas Golden Knights won their first - ever playoff overtime game when Erik Haula scored with 4 : 37 left in double overtime to beat the Los Angeles Kings 2 -- 1 to take a 2 -- 0 lead in the Western Conference First Round . Haula made it to the right wing after a James Neal pass , faked his shot , then beat Jonathan Quick with a forehand . May 7 , 2018 : Evgeny Kuznetsov scored at 5 : 27 of overtime as the Washington Capitals eliminated the two - time defending champion Pittsburgh Penguins in game six of the Eastern Conference Second Round to advance to the Conference Finals for the first time in 20 years . Alexander Ovechkin passed the puck back to Kuznetsov , who tapped it away from Sidney Crosby on a turnover before beating Matt Murray between the pads . Swedish hockey ( edit ) This is a list of the longest games in the highest Swedish leagues . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1 . 5th 80 : 41 Play - off to Kvalserien IF Troja / Ljungby 2 -- 1 Bofors IK March 20 , 2002 Mika Välilä 2 . 4th 73 : 38 Play - off to Division 1 Olofströms IK 3 -- 4 Kristianstads IK March 7 , 1995 Roman Steblecki 3 . 4th 68 : 42 Play - off to Division 1 Osby IK 5 -- 4 Mariestad BoIS HC February 28 , 1993 Jonas Evaldsson 4 . 3rd 59 : 16 Elitserien Semi-finals Leksands IF 3 -- 2 Färjestad BK March 23 , 1997 Andreas Karlsson 5 . 3rd 57 : 37 Play - off to Kvalserien IFK Arboga IK 3 -- 2 Bofors IK March 13 , 2002 Fredrik Gustavsson 6 . 3rd 52 : 17 Elitserien Quarterfinals Timrå IK 2 -- 1 Luleå HF March 3 , 2003 Marcus Åkerblom 7 . 3rd 50 : 55 Play - off to SHL Karlskrona HK 3 -- 2 AIK March 19 , 2016 Vyacheslav Trukhno 8 . 3rd 47 : 14 Play - off to Division 1 IFK Österåkers IK 4 -- 3 Lidingö HC March 10 , 1996 Mikael Lindqvist 9 . 3rd 41 : 56 Elitserien Finals Västra Frölunda HC 4 -- 3 Färjestad BK April 7 , 2003 Tomi Kallio 10 . 3rd 41 : 14 Play - off to Kvalserien Timrå IK 5 -- 4 Huddinge IK February 26 , 1989 Ove Öström Khl ( edit ) This is a list of Kontinental Hockey League games that went to at least the third overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer Ref 1 . 5th 82 : 09 HC CSKA Moscow 1 -- 2 Jokerit March 22 , 2018 Mika Niemi 2 . 4th 66 : 14 Lev Praha 3 -- 4 HC Donbass March 21 , 2014 Andrei Konev 3 . 3rd 58 : 48 Severstal Cherepovets 3 -- 2 Lokomotiv Yaroslavl February 25 , 2013 Denis Kazionov 4 . 3rd 56 : 35 Admiral Vladivostok 2 -- 3 Metallurg Magnitogorsk March 12 , 2014 Danis Zaripov 5 . 3rd 49 : 11 Metallurg Magnitogorsk 2 -- 3 Avangard Omsk March 15 , 2011 Andrei Pervyshin 6 . 3rd 48 : 54 Traktor Chelyabinsk 1 -- 2 Ak Bars Kazan March 22 , 2012 Danis Zaripov 7 . 3rd 41 : 39 HC CSKA Moscow 3 -- 2 SKA St. Petersburg March 28 , 2015 Roman Lyubimov The longest game in Belarusian extraleague is game first of the 2015 Semi-finals on March 7 , 2015 . Yunost Minsk beat the HK Gomel , 2 -- 1 , at Gomel Ice Palace of Sports on a goal by Vitaly Kiryuschenkov at 5 : 11 of the sixth 20 - minute overtime period . Alexander Tsetkovsky was the winning goaltender for the Yunost , making 107 saves . Olympics -- men 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal men 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 1st 9 : 40 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) 4 - 3 Germany ( GER ) 2018 Kirill Kaprizov 7 : 40 Canada ( CAN ) 3 - 2 United States ( USA ) Sidney Crosby Olympics -- women 's gold medal game ( edit ) This is a list of Gold Medal women 's games from the Olympics that needed overtime . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Winning country Score Losing country Year Scorer 2nd 20 : 00 ( 6th round ) * United States ( USA ) 3 - 2 Canada ( CAN ) 2018 Jocelyne Lamoureux 1st 8 : 10 Canada ( CAN ) United States ( USA ) 2014 Marie - Philip Poulin * Game went to shootout . Czech hockey ( edit ) Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) League Home Team Score Away Team Date Scorer 1 . 3rd 53 : 51 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Mountfield 2 -- 3 HC Vítkovice Steel March 7 , 2013 † † Peter Húževka 2 . 2nd 36 : 15 Extraliga ledního hokeje PSG Zlín 3 -- 4 HC Škoda Plzeň April 21 , 2013 * * Martin Straka 3 . 2nd 25 : 09 Extraliga ledního hokeje HC Sparta Praha 1 -- 2 Bílí Tygři Liberec April 24 , 2016 * * Martin Bakoš * Play - off finals game * * Play - off winning goal † Series - clinching goal † † Game 7 ( Game 5 in a best - of - 5 series ) Del ( edit ) March 22 , 2008 : Philip Gogulla of the Cologne Sharks ends the longest German hockey game ever and the third longest worldwide , scoring the ninth - overall goal in a 5 : 4 victory over the Mannheim Eagles . The goal comes 8 : 16 into the sixth overtime period for a total of 108 : 16 of overtime . It is the third quarter - final game ( best of seven ) in the Kölnarena in Cologne in front of an audience of 17,000 . The game had begun at 5 : 30 pm and ends at 12 : 15 am . Norwegian hockey ( edit ) March 12 , 2017 : Joakim Jensen of the Storhamar Ishockey ends the longest hockey game in history , scoring with 2 : 46 left in octuple overtime for a total of 157 : 14 of overtime , and 217 : 14 of hockey played . It was Game 5 of the quarter - finals of the 2016 -- 17 GET - ligaen playoffs against the Sparta Warriors in the CC Amfi . About 1,000 out of the 5,500 people that attended the game watched the entire game . The game started at 18 : 00 and ended at 2 : 32 the next morning . Overtime Overtime length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date Scorer Arena 1 . 8th 157 : 14 Sparta Sarpsborg 1 -- 2 Storhamar Ishockey March 12 , 2017 Joakim Jensen CC Amfi 2 . 4th 67 : 02 Vålerenga 5 -- 4 Trondheim Black Panthers March 8 , 2003 Joakim Backlund Leangen Ishall 3 . 2nd 45 : 58 Storhamar Dragons 4 -- 5 Vålerenga March 28 , 2000 Johan Brummer Jordal Amfi Notable minor League , College and junior overtimes ( edit ) AHL ( edit ) The longest game in AHL history is game four of the 2018 Atlantic Division Final on May 9 , 2018 . The Lehigh Valley Phantoms beat the Charlotte Checkers , 2 -- 1 , at Bojangles Coliseum on a goal by Alex Krushelnyski at 6 : 48 of quintuple overtime . Alex Lyon was the winning goaltender for the Phantoms , making 94 saves . Longest American Hockey League ( AHL ) overtime games Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1 . 86 : 48 Lehigh Valley Phantoms 2 -- 1 Charlotte Checkers May 9 , 2018 2 . 82 : 58 Philadelphia Phantoms 3 -- 2 Albany River Rats April 24 , 2008 3 . 74 : 56 * * Houston Aeros 1 -- 2 Hamilton Bulldogs May 30 , 2003 4 . 74 : 08 Rochester Americans 2 -- 3 New Haven Nighthawks April 10 , 1982 5 . 62 : 42 Syracuse Stars 3 -- 2 Cleveland Barons April 4 , 1938 6 . 61 : 46 Cleveland Barons 2 -- 3 Pittsburgh Hornets April 14 , 1953 7 . 60 : 16 Oklahoma City Barons 2 -- 1 Utica Comets May 7 , 2015 8 . 59 : 47 Providence Reds 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons March 28 , 1939 9 . 53 : 02 Philadelphia Phantoms 2 -- 1 Norfolk Admirals April 28 , 2004 10 . 52 : 26 Binghamton Senators 2 -- 3 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins April 25 , 2005 11 . 50 : 16 Cleveland Barons 4 -- 3 Springfield Indians April 4 , 1962 12 . 47 : 49 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 4 Hartford Wolf Pack May 5 , 2004 13 . 46 : 15 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 1 Springfield Indians March 22 , 1941 14 . 46 : 00 Worcester IceCats 3 -- 2 Manchester Monarchs April 22 , 2004 15 . 45 : 17 * Nova Scotia Voyageurs 4 -- 3 Maine Mariners April 11 , 1985 16 . 44 : 48 * * Cleveland Barons 4 -- 5 Philadelphia Ramblers April 4 , 1939 17 . 44 : 30 Pittsburgh Hornets 3 -- 2 Hershey Bears March 31 , 1951 18 . 44 : 18 Baltimore Clippers 3 -- 4 Rochester Americans April 16 , 1967 19 . 44 : 13 Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins 3 -- 4 Manchester Monarchs May 6 , 2015 20 . 44 : 02 Pittsburgh Hornets 2 -- 3 Cleveland Barons April 3 , 1956 * Overtime format was one five - minute period followed by 20 - minute periods * * Calder Cup Finals game Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- men ( edit ) The University of New Brunswick Varsity Reds needed 61 : 53 of overtime ( four extra periods ) to defeat the Acadia University Axemen 3 -- 2 on February 27 , 2011 in game two of a best - of - five AUS semi-final series at Fredericton , New Brunswick . Nick MacNeil scored the game - winner at 11 : 53 of the seventh period overall . York University Lions and Lakehead University Thunderwolves went to a fourth overtime period ( 50 : 13 minutes of overtime ) on February 14 , 2007 in Thunder Bay , Ontario , to decide a winner in OUA men 's playoff hockey action . Lakehead won the game at the 13 - second mark of the fourth overtime period . Canadian interuniversity SPORT -- women ( edit ) Morgan McHaffie scored at 17 : 14 of the sixth overtime period to lead the Queen 's Golden Gaels to a 2 -- 1 win over the host Guelph Gryphons in the first game of the best - of - three OUA women 's hockey final , March 2 , 2011 . The game , which lasted 167 minutes and 14 seconds , including 107 : 14 of extra time , is the longest on record in CIS or NCAA hockey -- women 's or men 's . Winning goaltender Mel Dodd - Moher made 66 saves , while Danielle Skoufranis made 44 saves in a losing cause . It is the longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada . ECHL ( edit ) Overtime Length ( min : sec ) Away Team Score Home Team Date 1 . 77 : 18 Colorado Eagles 2 -- 3 Idaho Steelheads April 28 -- 29 , 2014 2 . 66 : 10 Elmira Jackals 5 -- 4 Trenton Devils April 10 , 2009 3 . 64 : 19 South Carolina Stingrays 4 -- 3 Gwinnett Gladiators April 6 -- 7 , 2012 4 . 61 : 24 Louisiana IceGators 2 -- 3 Greenville Grrrowl May 5 , 2000 5 . 55 : 19 Jackson Bandits 5 -- 4 Louisiana IceGators April 5 , 2002 6 . 53 : 30 Las Vegas Wranglers 3 -- 4 Alaska Aces May 2 , 2006 7 . 50 : 37 South Carolina Stingrays 3 -- 4 Mississippi Sea Wolves April 13 , 1999 8 . 48 : 13 Idaho Steelheads 3 -- 2 Las Vegas Wranglers April 6 , 2011 9 . 46 : 30 Mississippi Sea Wolves 3 -- 4 Pee Dee Pride May 2 , 1999 10 . 46 : 23 Utah Grizzlies 4 -- 3 Fresno Falcons April 14 , 2008 11 . 45 : 47 Hampton Roads Admirals 2 -- 1 Greensboro Monarchs April 9 , 1991 * 12 . 45 : 38 Florida Everblades 2 -- 1 South Carolina Stingrays May 6 , 2015 13 . 45 : 30 South Carolina Stingrays 1 -- 0 Toledo Walleye May 27 , 2015 * * 14 . 44 : 03 Wheeling Nailers 2 - 1 Reading Royals May 5 , 2016 15 . 44 : 02 Kalamazoo Wings 3 -- 4 Greenville Road Warriors April 26 , 2014 16 . 43 : 07 Toledo Walleye 4 - 5 Colorado Eagles May 19 , 2017 17 . 42 : 31 Colorado Eagles 5 - 4 Utah Grizzlies April 17 , 2016 18 . 40 : 36 Idaho Steelheads 0 -- 1 Stockton Thunder May 5 , 2010 * Championship Series game . * * Game 7 International hockey League ( edit ) On May 12 , 2008 , one of the longest games in IHL history , if not the longest , took place in Fort Wayne , Indiana . It was the seventh game of the Turner Cup Final between the hometown Fort Wayne Komets and Port Huron Icehawks . The game was tied 2 -- 2 through regulation . The first two extra periods solved nothing , but 23 seconds into the third overtime period , at some point after midnight ET , Justin Hodgman scored the winning goal to give the Komets their fifth Turner Cup title . It was the club 's first since 1993 , and their sixth overall , with their last championship being the Colonial Cup in 2003 . The Komets would win again the following year with an easy game five victory at home , which was the first time in franchise history they won back - to - back championships . They would follow up with a third consecutive Turner Cup in 2010 , again clinching on home ice , securing a dynasty . VHL ( edit ) On April 25 , 2018 , in game 5 of the 2018 VHL finals , SKA - Neva defeated HC Dinamo Saint Petersburg 4 - 3 in a game that needed 103 : 36 of overtime to be settled . Svyatoslav Grebinshchikov scored the game - winning goal 3 : 36 of sextuple overtime . NCAA ( edit ) The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 6 -- 7 , 2015 . UMass beat Notre Dame , 4 -- 3 , in the Hockey East first - round playoff game after 91 : 42 of overtime . Shane Walsh scored the winning goal for UMass . Overall game length ( min : sec ) Overtime length Number of overtimes Winning team Score Losing team Where it occurred Date 151 : 42 91 : 42 5 UMass 4 -- 3 Notre Dame Hockey East First Round ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 7 , 2015 150 : 22 90 : 22 5 Quinnipiac University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACH Quarter - Finals ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 12 , 2010 141 : 35 81 : 35 5 Yale University 3 -- 2 Union College ECACHL First Round ( Game 2 , Best of 3 ) March 4 , 2006 129 : 30 69 : 30 Colorado College 1 -- 0 Wisconsin Badgers WCHA First Round ( Game 2 , Best of 3 ) March 3 , 1997 123 : 53 63 : 53 St. Lawrence 3 -- 2 Boston University NCAA East Regional ( Second round ) March 26 , 2000 121 : 05 61 : 05 Colgate University 4 -- 3 Dartmouth College ECAC Quarterfinal ( Game 1 , Best of 3 ) March 14 , 2003 The longest game in NCAA hockey history was played at Notre Dame in South Bend , Indiana on March 6 , 2015 . UMass beat Notre Dame , 4 -- 3 , in the Hockey East first round with 8 : 18 left in quintuple overtime . Shane Walsh scored the winning goal just after 1 : 00 am local time . The previous longest was played on March 12 , 2010 . Quinnipiac University beat Union College , 3 -- 2 , in the ECAC Quarterfinals , as Greg Holt scored with 9 : 38 left in quintuple overtime . The 3rd longest game in NCAA hockey history was played on March 5 , 2006 . Yale University beat Union College , 3 -- 2 , in the ECAC Hockey League first - round playoff game after 81 : 35 of overtime . David Meckler scored the winning goal with Yale shorthanded . The longest game in NCAA Division III hockey history , and the fourth longest in NCAA history overall , began at 7 : 05 pm on February 27 , 2010 and ended at 12 : 35 am of the following day . Gustavus Adolphus College beat Augsburg College , 6 -- 5 , to advance to the MIAC championship game after 78 : 38 of overtime . Eric Bigham scored the winning goal . A 2000 NCAA regional final in men 's ice hockey between St. Lawrence University and Boston University ended with 63 : 53 of overtime . Manitoba native and minor hockey buddy of Craig McAulay , Robin Carruthers scored the gwg after four periods of overtime play A March 30 , 1991 game between Northern Michigan University and Boston University ended with Northern Michigan earning an 8 -- 7 victory over Boston University . Unlikely hero Darryl Plandowski scores in the third overtime period and fifth hour of play to give the Wildcats the title . A March 8 , 1997 game between Colorado College and the University of Wisconsin -- Madison ended with Colorado College winning , 1 -- 0 , after 69 : 30 . A March 14 , 2003 ECAC Quarterfinal game between Colgate University and Dartmouth ended , 4 -- 3 for Colgate , after 61 : 05 in overtime . On March 26 , 2006 , the Wisconsin Badgers beat the Cornell Big Red 1 -- 0 at 11 : 13 into the third overtime at the Midwest Regional Final in the NCAA Tournament at the Resch Center in Green Bay . It was the second - longest NCAA Tournament game in its history and the longest 1 -- 0 game in tournament history . It is currently the ninth - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history . An March 11 , 2007 game between St. Cloud State University and University of Minnesota Duluth during the first round of the WCHA playoffs ended with SCSU winning , 3 -- 2 , after 51 : 33 of overtime . It is the eighth - longest NCAA Division I game in history . In the first round of the 2008 WCHA hockey tournament featuring the fourth - seeded Minnesota State University , Mankato Mavericks hosting the seventh - seeded University of Minnesota Golden Gophers , the Friday and Sunday games both went into double overtime , and the Saturday night game went into one overtime . The Gophers prevailed two games to one in the series , winning Saturday and Sunday . On March 3 , 2012 , in the first round of the 2012 ECAC Hockey hockey tournament featuring the seventh - seeded Clarkson Golden Knights men 's ice hockey team hosting the tenth - seeded RPI Engineers men 's ice hockey team , Clarkson beat RPI 4 -- 3 at 13 : 48 in the third overtime period , after 113 : 48 of play . It is currently the seventh - longest game all - time in NCAA Division I history . NCAA women ( edit ) On March 10 , 1996 , New Hampshire defeated Providence , 3 -- 2 , in an ECAC Women 's Championship game after 85 : 35 of overtime . ( This is not an NCAA record , as the NCAA did not officially recognize women 's hockey until the 2001 season ; however , it stands as the longest women 's college hockey game ) On March 10 , 2007 , Wisconsin defeated Harvard , 1 -- 0 , in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 67 : 09 of overtime at the Kohl Center in Madison WI . Wisconsin went on to win the national championship . On March 10 , 2012 , Cornell University defeated Boston University , 8 -- 7 , in an NCAA Women 's Quarterfinal game after 59 : 50 of overtime at Lynah Rink in Ithaca , New York , surpassing the men 's game from the previous night as the longest hockey game to be played at the rink . On March 21 , 2010 , Minnesota - Duluth defeated Cornell 3 -- 2 in the NCAA championship game , after 59 : 26 of overtime ( 119 : 26 total game time ) , the longest men 's or women 's hockey championship game in NCAA history . Canadian hockey League ( edit ) The longest game in Memorial Cup history was played on May 23 , 2014 in London , Ontario , where in the semi-final game , Curtis Lazar scored at 2 : 42 of triple overtime as the Edmonton Oil Kings beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 4 -- 3 to advance to the championship game . The entire overtime lasted 42 : 42 , the overall game time played was 102 : 42 . The longest game in WHL & CHL history was played on April 2 , 2017 in Victoria , BC , in Game 6 of Round 1 between the Everett Silvertips and Victoria Royals . Cal Babych scored with 8 : 24 left in quintuple overtime to beat the Royals 3 - 2 to win the series 4 - 2 . The total game time played was 151 : 36 . The longest game in QMJHL history was played on April 3 , 2016 in Boisbriand , Quebec , where in a first - round game , Philippe Sanche scored with 7 : 34 left in triple overtime as the Blainville - Boisbriand Armada beat the Val - d'Or Foreurs 3 - 2 to advance to the quarterfinals . The entire overtime lasted 52 : 26 , the overall game time played was 112 : 26 . 2007 RBC Cup -- canadian Jr a championship ( edit ) The semi-final game for the 2007 RBC Cup , saw the host Prince George Spruce Kings taking on the Camrose Kodiaks . The game ended up being the longest game in Royal Bank Cup history at 146 minutes and 1 second . The Spruce Kings broke a 2 -- 2 tie just over six minutes into the fifth overtime period to win 3 -- 2 and clinch a berth in the RBC Cup Final against the Aurora Tigers . Jason Yuel of the Spruce Kings scored the winner while goaltender Jordan White stopped 91 of 93 shots for the victory . OPJHL ( edit ) On February 10 , 2007 , the Toronto Jr . Canadiens defeated the Pickering Panthers , 4 -- 3 , to take a 2 -- 0 series lead in the first round of the OPJHL playoffs , after 104 : 32 of overtime . It is the second longest game ever played sanctioned by Hockey Canada . GHJHL ( edit ) February 1999 , the St. Catharines Falcons defeated the Port Colborne Sailors 7 -- 6 to take a 2 -- 1 series lead in the semi-finals of the Golden Horseshoe Jr . B Hockey League Playoffs . Peter Lacey scored 11 minutes into the fifth overtime period , ending the game at 2 : 18 am . The game started at 7 : 30 pm . It is the longest junior hockey game sanctioned by Hockey Canada High School ( edit ) Marquette vs Orchard Lake St Marys went eight overtimes during the Michigan State Ice Hockey Division 1 Championship game before Tournament officials stopped the game in consideration of the health and welfare of the players on March 8 , 2008 . The 1 -- 1 tie resulted in the two teams being declared co-champions . The game lasted 109 minutes . Ryan Morley Stockton of St. Mary 's had a MHSAA - record 58 saves . The longest game in high school history was in a 1996 FCIAC quarterfinal matchup in Darien , Connecticut between archrivals Wilton and Ridgefield that went to a tenth eight - minute overtime period after 45 minutes of regulation ( 125 : 00 of hockey ) . Chris Ludwig of Wilton scored the game - winner while being hauled down in front of the Ridgefield net in the tenth overtime period . The previous record belonged to the Aurora High School -- Solon High School game in which Aurora won in the eighth overtime period of the Ohio state playoffs . The winning goal was scored with 3 : 52 left in the 8th overtime ( 105th minute ) , setting an American record . Since 2015 , all state tournaments allow up to 5 overtime periods ( 4 - on - 4 after first overtime ) , after which best - of - 3 - round shootouts and extra rounds if needed are conducted , to eliminate co-champions . See also ( edit ) National Hockey League American Hockey League Ice hockey Ice hockey rules Breakaway ( hockey ) Season ( sport ) Overtime ( sports ) Easter Epic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NHL Guide Jump up ^ `` World 's first regular season NHL overtime game '' . Thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/hockeyozone/2014/07/10/ot-in-ahl-now-7-minutes/12485519/ Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Board of Governors OKs 3 - on - 3 OT , coach 's challenge '' . www.nhl.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 IIHF SPORT REGULATIONS '' ( PDF ) . www.iihf.com . International Ice Hockey Federation . May 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jeff Z . Klein , `` Hockey Night in Europe : Goodbye , Columbus '' , New York Times , October 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ V. Lychyk , `` English borrowings in recent Soviet Russian '' , Papers and Studies in Contrastive Linguistics 29 ( 1994 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Format & Rules '' . Iihf.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Panthers outlast Capitals in longest NHL shootout when Nick Bjugstad scores in 20th round '' . NHL.com . December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period , followed by 15 - minute `` extra '' overtime periods . The winning goal was scored at 13 : 52 of the fourth `` extra '' overtime period . Montreal Gazette , March 29 , 1930 , page 20 and Toronto Daily Star , March 29 , 1930 , page 10 . Jump up ^ This was the second game of a two - game total - goals series . Montreal won the first game 1 - 0 . Chicago won the second game 2 - 1 , making the aggregate score 2 - 2 . Sudden - death overtime was used to break the tie , and was considered part of the second game . Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period , followed by a 30 - minute `` extra '' overtime period , and another `` extra '' overtime period . The winning goal was scored at 11 : 43 of the second `` extra '' overtime period . Montreal Gazette , March 27 , 1930 , page 16 . Jump up ^ Teams played a 10 - minute `` regular '' overtime period followed by a continuous , unlimited , sudden - death overtime period . The winning goal was scored at 35 : 35 of that period . Montreal Gazette , March 21 , 1930 , page 18 . Jump up ^ Svensk elithockeys längsta matcher http://www.svenskafans.com/hockeyzon/194752.aspx Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41390 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/223/?idgame=37496 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/245/?idgame=41265 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/186/?idgame=30498 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/report/203/?idgame=34026 Jump up ^ http://en.khl.ru/game/267/45820/resume/ Jump up ^ http://hcgomel.by/news/17282/7.03.2015-23-j-ochrb.-1/2.-gomel-1-2-ot-yunost/ Jump up ^ http://extraliga.stats.pointstreak.com/boxscore.html?gameid=2637546 Jump up ^ http://www.vg.no/sport/ishockey/norsk-ishockey/verdensrekord-paa-hamar-i-natt-storhamar-vant-etter-8-timer-og-32-minutter/a/23947532/ Jump up ^ http://online.vhlru.ru/online/69653.html Jump up ^ `` Almanac ... Longest Games '' . College Hockey News . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Longest game list Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 3 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Men 's Hockey Defeats Augsburg 6 -- 5 in Four Overtimes , Sets NCAA Record For Longest Game In Division III History Jump up ^ USCHO.com : : U.S. College Hockey Online : : NCAA Longest_games Archived March 5 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rougeau 's Triple - Overtime Game - Winner Sends Women 's Hockey to Frozen Four '' . Cornell University Athletics . Retrieved March 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 NCAA National Collegiate Women 's Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ Mary Buckheit ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` After eight overtimes , is a tie wrong ? '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ MHSAA : Games - 2008 Ice Hockey Tournament Jump up ^ 2007 State Ice Hockey Tournament Results Jump up ^ The Remaining Top 24 High School Sports Stories of 2007 -- cleveland.com The National Hockey League Official Guide and Record Book Diamond , Dan ; ( 1992 ) , The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book The American Hockey League Guide & Record Book External links ( edit ) List of all NHL overtime games by decade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overtime_(ice_hockey)&oldid=840594964 '' Categories : Ice hockey rules Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2007 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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when did nhl start 3 on 3 overtime

In many leagues ( including the NHL for regular - season games since the 2005 -- 06 season ) and in international competitions , a failure to reach a decision in a single overtime may lead to a shootout . Some leagues may eschew overtime periods altogether and end games in shootout should teams be tied at the end of regulation . In the ECHL , regular season overtime periods are played four on four for one five - minute period . In the Southern Professional Hockey League , regular season overtime periods are played three on three for one five - minute period , with penalties resulting in the opponents skating one additional player on ice ( up to two additional players ) for the penalty for the first three minutes , and a penalty shot in the final two minutes . The AHL , since the 2014 -- 15 season , extended the overtime to seven minutes , with the last three minutes reduced further to three men aside and teams getting an additional skater for each opponent 's penalty . The idea of using 3 - on - 3 skaters for the entirety of a five - minute overtime period for a regular season game was adopted by the NHL on June 24 , 2015 , for use in the 2015 -- 16 NHL season .

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - wikipedia International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Jump to : navigation , search `` Red Cross '' redirects here . For other uses , see Red Cross ( disambiguation ) . International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross , Red Crescent , Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant , Gustave Moynier , Théodore Maunoir , Guillaume - Henri Dufour , Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization , Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva , Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org The Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems , the symbols from which the movement derives its name , Genève 2005 The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an international humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers , members and staff worldwide which was founded to protect human life and health , to ensure respect for all human beings , and to prevent and alleviate human suffering . The movement consists of several distinct organizations that are legally independent from each other , but are united within the movement through common basic principles , objectives , symbols , statutes and governing organisations . The movement 's parts are : The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) is a private humanitarian institution founded in 1863 in Geneva , Switzerland , in particular by Henry Dunant and Gustave Moynier . Its 25 - member committee has a unique authority under international humanitarian law to protect the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts . The ICRC was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize on three occasions ( in 1917 , 1944 and 1963 ) . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) was founded in 1919 and today it coordinates activities between the 190 National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies within the Movement . On an international level , the Federation leads and organizes , in close cooperation with the National Societies , relief assistance missions responding to large - scale emergencies . The International Federation Secretariat is based in Geneva , Switzerland . In 1963 , the Federation ( then known as the League of Red Cross Societies ) was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with the ICRC . National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies exist in nearly every country in the world . Currently 190 National Societies are recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation . Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international humanitarian law and the statutes of the international Movement . Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities , National Societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the mandates of the international Movement . In many countries , they are tightly linked to the respective national health care system by providing emergency medical services . Contents 1 History of the movement 1.1 The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) 1.1. 1 Solferino , Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC 1.1. 2 The ICRC during World War I 1.1. 3 The ICRC and World War II 1.1. 4 The ICRC after World War II 1.1. 5 Afghanistan 1.2 The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) 1.2. 1 History 1.2. 2 Presidents of the IFRC 2 Activities 2.1 Organization of the Movement 2.2 Fundamental Principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 2.3 Activities and organization of the International Conference and the Standing Commission 2.4 Activities and organization of the ICRC 2.4. 1 The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.4. 2 Legal status and organization 2.4. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.5 Activities and organization of the International Federation 2.5. 1 The Mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement 2.5. 2 Legal status and organization 2.5. 3 Funding and financial matters 2.6 National societies within the movement 2.6. 1 Official recognition of a national society 2.6. 2 Activities of national societies on a national and international stage 3 History of the emblems 3.1 Emblems in use 3.1. 1 The Red Cross 3.1. 2 The Red Crescent 3.1. 3 The Red Crystal 3.2 Recognized emblems in disuse 3.2. 1 The Red Lion and Sun 3.3 Unrecognized emblems 3.3. 1 The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) 4 1996 hostage crisis allegations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Books 7.2 Journal articles 8 External links History of the Movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) ( edit ) Solferino , Jean - Henri Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC ( edit ) Jean - Henri Dunant , author of A Memory of Solferino . Until the middle of the 19th century , there were no organized and / or well - established army nursing systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield . A devout Reformed Christian , the Swiss businessman Jean - Henri Dunant , in June 1859 , traveled to Italy to meet French emperor Napoléon III with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in Algeria , at that time occupied by France . He arrived in the small town of Solferino on the evening of 24 June after the Battle of Solferino , an engagement in the Austro - Sardinian War . In a single day , about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field . Jean - Henri Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle , the suffering of the wounded soldiers , and the near - total lack of medical attendance and basic care . He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded . He took point in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance with the local villagers to aid without discrimination . Original document of the First Geneva Convention , 1864 Back in his home in Geneva , he decided to write a book entitled A Memory of Solferino which he published using his own money in 1862 . He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout Europe , and people he thought could help him make a change . In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859 , he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war , an idea that was inspired by Christian teaching regarding social responsibility , as well as his experience after the battlefield of Solferino . In addition , he called for the development of an international treaty to guarantee the protection of medics and field hospitals for soldiers wounded on the battlefield . In 1863 , Gustave Moynier , a Geneva lawyer and president of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare , received a copy of Dunant 's book and introduced it for discussion at a meeting of that society . As a result of this initial discussion the society established an investigatory commission to examine the feasibility of Dunant 's suggestions and eventually to organize an international conference about their possible implementation . The members of this committee , which has subsequently been referred to as the `` Committee of the Five , '' aside from Dunant and Moynier were physician Louis Appia , who had significant experience working as a field surgeon ; Appia 's friend and colleague Théodore Maunoir , from the Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission ; and Guillaume - Henri Dufour , a Swiss Army general of great renown . Eight days later , the five men decided to rename the committee to the `` International Committee for Relief to the Wounded '' . In October ( 26 -- 29 ) 1863 , the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battlefield . The conference was attended by 36 individuals : eighteen official delegates from national governments , six delegates from other non-governmental organizations , seven non-official foreign delegates , and the five members of the International Committee . The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were : Austrian Empire , Grand Duchy of Baden , Kingdom of Bavaria , Second French Empire , Kingdom of Hanover , Grand Duchy of Hesse , Kingdom of Italy , Kingdom of the Netherlands , Kingdom of Prussia , Russian Empire , Kingdom of Saxony , Spanish Empire , United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway , and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . `` Committee of the Five '' : Gustave Moynier , Guillaume - Henri Dufour , Henry Dunant , Louis Appia , Théodore Maunoir Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference , adopted on 29 October 1863 , were : The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers ; Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers ; The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield ; The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts ; The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field , namely a white armlet bearing a red cross . Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the Battle of Dybbøl ( Denmark ) in 1864 ; jointly erected in 1989 by the national Red Cross societies of Denmark and Germany . War 1939 - 1945 . Geneva , Central Prisoners of war Agency , Electoral building / Palace of the General Council Only one year later , the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries , as well as the United States , Brazil , and Mexico , to attend an official diplomatic conference . Sixteen countries sent a total of twenty - six delegates to Geneva . On 22 August 1864 , the conference adopted the first Geneva Convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field '' . Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention : Grand Duchy of Baden Kingdom of Belgium Kingdom of Denmark Second French Empire Grand Duchy of Hesse Kingdom of Italy Kingdom of the Netherlands Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves Kingdom of Prussia Switzerland Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Württemberg The convention contained ten articles , establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers , field medical personnel , and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict . Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention , the first national societies were founded in Belgium , Denmark , France , Oldenburg , Prussia , Spain , and Württemberg . Also in 1864 , Louis Appia and Charles van de Velde , a captain of the Dutch Army , became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict . Three years later in 1867 , the first International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded was convened . Also in 1867 , Jean - Henri Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria , partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee . Controversy surrounding Dunant 's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion , combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier , led to Dunant 's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary . He was charged with fraudulent bankruptcy and a warrant for his arrest was issued . Thus , he was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city . In the following years , national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe . The project resonated well with patriotic sentiments that were on the rise in the late - nineteenth - century , and national societies were often encouraged as signifiers of national moral superiority . In 1876 , the committee adopted the name `` International Committee of the Red Cross '' ( ICRC ) , which is still its official designation today . Five years later , the American Red Cross was founded through the efforts of Clara Barton . More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts . In a rather short period of time , the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement , and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work . When the first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 , the Norwegian Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Jean - Henri Dunant and Frédéric Passy , a leading international pacifist . More significant than the honor of the prize itself , this prize marked the overdue rehabilitation of Jean - Henri Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross . Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of Heiden . Only two months earlier his long - standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died , leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest - serving president ever . In 1906 , the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time . One year later , the Hague Convention X , adopted at the Second International Peace Conference in The Hague , extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare . Shortly before the beginning of the First World War in 1914 , 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention , there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world . The movement had extended itself beyond Europe and North America to Central and South America ( Argentina , Brazil , Chile , Cuba , Mexico , Peru , El Salvador , Uruguay , Venezuela ) , Asia ( the Republic of China , Japan , Korea , Siam ) , and Africa ( Union of South Africa ) . The ICRC during World War I ( edit ) French postcard celebrating the role of Red Cross nurses during the First World War , 1915 Ernest Hemingway in uniform as a Red Cross ambulance driver With the outbreak of World War I , the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges that it could handle only by working closely with the national Red Cross societies . Red Cross nurses from around the world , including the United States and Japan , came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war . On 15 August 1914 , immediately after the start of the war , the ICRC set up its International Prisoners - of - War ( POW ) Agency , which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914 . By the end of the war , the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages , 1.9 million parcels , and about 18 million Swiss francs in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries . Furthermore , due to the intervention of the Agency , about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties , released from captivity and returned to their home country . The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to 1923 . The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families . The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva . The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC . During the entire war , the ICRC monitored warring parties ' compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country . When chemical weapons were used in this war for the first time in history , the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare . Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions , the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations . In territories that were officially designated as `` occupied territories '' , the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the Hague Convention 's `` Laws and Customs of War on Land '' of 1907 . This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC 's work for prisoners of war . In addition to the work of the International Prisoner - of - War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps . A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war . Between 1916 and 1918 , the ICRC published a number of postcards with scenes from the POW camps . The pictures showed the prisoners in day - to - day activities such as the distribution of letters from home . The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones . After the end of the war , between 1920 and 1922 , the ICRC organized the return of about 500,000 prisoners to their home countries . In 1920 , the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded League of Nations , which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist Fridtjof Nansen as its `` High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners '' . His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations `` High Commissioner for Refugees '' . Nansen , who invented the Nansen passport for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 , appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies . Red Cross ambulance from 1917 A year before the end of the war , the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work . It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918 . In 1923 , the International Committee of the Red Cross adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members . Until then , only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee . This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens . As a direct consequence of World War I , an treaty was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons . Four years later , the original Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' was established . The events of World War I and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies . As early as in 1934 , a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population in occupied territories during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference . Unfortunately , most governments had little interest in implementing this convention , and it was thus prevented from entering into force before the beginning of World War II . The ICRC and World War II ( edit ) Red Cross message from Łódź , Poland , 1940 . The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II were the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision . The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I : visiting and monitoring POW camps , organizing relief assistance for civilian populations , and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons . By the end of the war , 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries . The Central Information Agency on Prisoners - of - War ( Agence centrale des prisonniers de guerre ) had a staff of 3,000 , the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards , and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency . One major obstacle was that the Nazi - controlled German Red Cross refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of Jews from Germany and the mass murders conducted in the Nazi concentration camps . Moreover , two other main parties to the conflict , the Soviet Union and Japan , were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions . During the war , the ICRC was unable to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps , and it eventually abandoned applying pressure in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs . The ICRC was also unable to obtain a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews , Roma , et al . After November 1943 , the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations . Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates , the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels , primarily to the camps Dachau , Buchenwald , Ravensbrück , and Sachsenhausen . It is known that Dr Maurice Rossel during World War II had been sent to Berlin as a delegate of the International Red Cross , as such he visited Theresienstadt in 1944 . Claude Lanzmann recorded his experiences in 1979 , producing a documentary entitled Visitor from the living . Marcel Junod , delegate of the ICRC , visiting POWs in Germany On 12 March 1945 , ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General Ernst Kaltenbrunner accepting the ICRC 's demand to allow delegates to visit the concentration camps . This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war . Ten delegates , among them Louis Haefliger ( Camp Mauthausen ) , Paul Dunant ( Camp Theresienstadt ) and Victor Maurer ( Camp Dachau ) , accepted the assignment and visited the camps . Louis Haefliger prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen - Gusen by alerting American troops , thereby saving the lives of about 60,000 inmates . Another example of great humanitarian spirit was Friedrich Born ( 1903 -- 1963 ) , an ICRC delegate in Budapest who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in Hungary . Marcel Junod ( 1904 -- 1961 ) , a physician from Geneva , was another famous delegate during the Second World War . An account of his experiences , which included being one of the first foreigners to visit Hiroshima after the atomic bomb was dropped , can be found in the book Warrior without Weapons . In 1944 , the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize . As in World War I , it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war , 1939 to 1945 . At the end of the war , the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected . In 1948 , the Committee published a report reviewing its war - era activities from 1 September 1939 to 30 June 1947 . Since January 1996 , the ICRC archive for this period has been open to academic and public research . Budapest 1945 . Repatriation of 2000 Italian prisoners of war The ICRC after World War II ( edit ) The ICRC Headquarters in Geneva On 12 August 1949 , further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted . An additional convention `` for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded , Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea '' , now called the second Geneva Convention , was brought under the Geneva Convention umbrella as a successor to the 1907 Hague Convention X . The 1929 Geneva convention `` relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War '' may have been the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view ( because it was actually formulated in Geneva ) , but after 1949 it came to be called the third Convention because it came later chronologically than the Hague Convention . Reacting to the experience of World War II , the Fourth Geneva Convention , a new Convention `` relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War '' , was established . Also , the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars . Today , the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles , a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention . In celebration of its centennial in 1963 , the ICRC , together with the League of Red Cross Societies , received its third Nobel Peace Prize . Since 1993 , non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad , a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens . Indeed , since then , the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35 % . On 16 October 1990 , the UN General Assembly decided to grant the ICRC observer status for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings , the first observer status given to a private organization . The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the Italian ambassador , Vieri Traxler , in memory of the organization 's origins in the Battle of Solferino . An agreement with the Swiss government signed on 19 March 1993 , affirmed the already long - standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland . The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive , grants members and staff legal immunity , exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees , guarantees the protected and duty - free transfer of goods , services , and money , provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies , and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland . At the end of the Cold War , the ICRC 's work actually became more dangerous . In the 1990s , more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history , especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts . These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols . Among the slain delegates were : Frédéric Maurice . He died on 19 May 1992 at the age of 39 , one day after a Red Cross transport he was escorting was attacked in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo . Fernanda Calado ( Spain ) , Ingeborg Foss ( Norway ) , Nancy Malloy ( Canada ) , Gunnhild Myklebust ( Norway ) , Sheryl Thayer ( New Zealand ) , and Hans Elkerbout ( Netherlands ) . They were murdered at point - blank range while sleeping in the early hours of 17 December 1996 in the ICRC field hospital in the Chechen city of Nowije Atagi near Grozny . Their murderers have never been caught and there was no apparent motive for the killings . Rita Fox ( Switzerland ) , Véronique Saro ( Democratic Republic of Congo , formerly Zaire ) , Julio Delgado ( Colombia ) , Unen Ufoirworth ( DR Congo ) , Aduwe Boboli ( DR Congo ) , and Jean Molokabonge ( DR Congo ) . On 26 April 2001 , they were en route with two cars on a relief mission in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of Congo when they came under fatal fire from unknown attackers . Ricardo Munguia ( El Salvador ) . He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues on 27 March 2003 when their car was stopped by unknown armed men . He was killed execution - style at point - blank range while his colleagues were allowed to escape . He was 39 years old . The killing prompted the ICRC to temporarily suspend operations across Afghanistan . Vatche Arslanian ( Canada ) . Since 2001 , he worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq . He died when he was travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent . On 8 April 2003 their car accidentally came into the cross fire of fighting in the city . Nadisha Yasassri Ranmuthu ( Sri Lanka ) . He was killed by unknown attackers on 22 July 2003 when his car was fired upon near the city of Hilla in the south of Baghdad . Emmerich Pregetter ( Austria ) . He was an ICRC Logistics Specialist who was killed by a swarm of killer bees on 11 August 2008 while travelling with a convoy of ICRC trucks carrying construction material for rehabilitation of a surgical health clinic in the area of Jebel Marra , West Darfur , Sudan . Afghanistan ( edit ) ICRC is active in the Afghanistan conflict areas and has set up six physical rehabilitation centers to help land mine victims . Their support extends to the national and international armed forces , civilians and the armed opposition . They regularly visit detainees under the custody of the Afghan government and the international armed forces , but have also occasionally had access since 2009 to people detained by the Taliban . They have provided basic first aid training and aid kits to both the Afghan security forces and Taliban members because , according to an ICRC spokesperson , `` ICRC 's constitution stipulates that all parties harmed by warfare will be treated as fairly as possible '' . The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies ( IFRC ) ( edit ) History ( edit ) Henry Davison , Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies . In 1919 , representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain , France , Italy , Japan , and the US came together in Paris to found the `` League of Red Cross Societies '' . The original idea was Henry Davison 's , then president of the American Red Cross . This move , led by the American Red Cross , expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war ( such as man - made or natural disasters ) . The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation . The formation of the League , as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC , was not without controversy for a number of reasons . The ICRC had , to some extent , valid concerns about a possible rivalry between both organizations . The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution . In addition to that , all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the Entente or from associated partners of the Entente . The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and , due to the efforts of Henry P. Davison , the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the Central Powers , namely Germany , Austria , Hungary , Bulgaria and Turkey , and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of Russia . These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies , a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC . The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent typhus epidemic in Poland . Only five years after its foundation , the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries , an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work . The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss francs , which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in Russia , Germany , and Albania ; earthquakes in Chile , Persia , Japan , Colombia , Ecuador , Costa Rica , and Turkey ; and refugee flows in Greece and Turkey . The first large - scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter . Due to the League 's coordination , the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million . Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies . A stamp from Turkey to support the Red Crescent , 1938 . A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the Russian Civil War from 1917 to 1922 marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict , although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions . The League , with support from more than 25 national societies , organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and disease . The ICRC worked with the Russian Red Cross society and later the society of the Soviet Union , constantly emphasizing the ICRC 's neutrality . In 1928 , the `` International Council '' was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League , a task which was later taken over by the `` Standing Commission '' . In the same year , a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time , defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement . During the Abyssinian war between Ethiopia and Italy from 1935 to 1936 , the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss francs . Because the Italian fascist regime under Benito Mussolini refused any cooperation with the Red Cross , these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia . During the war , an estimated 29 people lost their lives while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol , most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army . During the Civil War in Spain from 1936 to 1939 the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies . In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War , the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality . Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963 ; From left to right : Crown Prince Harald of Norway , King Olav of Norway , ICRC President Leopold Boissier , League Chairman John A. MacAulay . In 1952 , the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time . Also , the period of decolonization from 1960 to 1970 was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies . By the end of the 1960s , there were more than 100 societies around the world . On December 10 , 1963 , the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize . In 1983 , the League was renamed to the `` League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies '' to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol . Three years later , the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes . The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the `` International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies '' . In 1997 , the ICRC and the IFRC signed the Seville Agreement which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement . In 2004 , the IFRC began its largest mission to date after the tsunami disaster in South Asia . More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics . Presidents of the IFRC ( edit ) As of November 2009 , the president of the IFRC is Tadateru Konoe ( Japanese Red Cross ) . The vice presidents are Annemarie Huber - Hotz ( Switzerland ) , Osvaldo Manuel Ferrero ( Argentina ) , Abbas Gullet ( Kenya ) , Francesco Rocca ( Italy ) and Baige Zhao ( China ) . Former presidents ( until 1977 titled `` Chairman '' ) have been : 1919 -- 1922 : Henry Davison ( U.S. ) 1922 -- 1935 : John Barton Payne ( U.S. ) 1935 -- 1938 : Cary Travers Grayson ( U.S. ) 1938 -- 1944 : Norman Davis ( U.S. ) 1944 -- 1945 : Jean de Muralt ( Switzerland ) 1945 -- 1950 : Basil O'Connor ( U.S. ) 1950 -- 1959 : Emil Sandström ( Sweden ) 1959 -- 1965 : John MacAulay ( Canada ) 1965 -- 1977 : José Barroso Chávez ( Mexico ) 1977 -- 1981 : Adetunji Adefarasin ( Nigeria ) 1981 -- 1987 : Enrique de la Mata ( Spain ) 1987 -- 1997 : Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander ( Venezuela ) 1997 -- 2000 : Astrid Nøklebye Heiberg ( Norway ) 2001 -- 2009 : Juan Manuel del Toro y Rivera ( Spain ) 2009 -- : Tadateru Konoé ( Japan ) Activities ( edit ) Organization of the Movement ( edit ) Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva . Altogether , there are about 97 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC , the International Federation , and the National Societies , the majority with the latter . The 1965 International Conference in Vienna adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement , and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986 . Fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( edit ) At the 20th International Conference in Neue Hofburg , Vienna , from 2 -- 9 October 1965 , `` proclaimed '' seven fundamental principles which are shared by all components of the Movement , and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in 1986 . The durability and universal acceptance is a result of the process through which they came into being in the form they have . Rather than an effort to arrive at agreement , it was an attempt to answer the question of what did they have in common , over the past 100 years , those operations and organisational units that were successful ? As a result , the Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross and Red Crescent were not revealed , but found - through a deliberate and participative process of discovery . That makes it even more important to note that the text that appears under each `` heading '' is an integral part of the Principle in question and not an interpretation that can vary with time and place . Humanity The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , born of a desire to bring assistance without discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield , endeavours , in its international and national capacity , to prevent and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found . Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure respect for the human being . It promotes mutual understanding , friendship , cooperation and lasting peace amongst all peoples . Impartiality It makes no discrimination as to nationality , race , religious beliefs , class or political opinions . It endeavours to relieve the suffering of individuals , being guided solely by their needs , and to give priority to the most urgent cases of distress . Neutrality In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all , the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any time in controversies of a political , racial , religious or ideological nature . Independence The Movement is independent . The National Societies , while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries , must always maintain their autonomy so that they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement . Voluntary Service It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain . Unity There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country . It must be open to all . It must carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory . Universality The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement , in which all Societies have equal status and share equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other , is worldwide . Activities and organization of the International conference and the Standing Commission ( edit ) Main article : Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent The International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent , which occurs once every four years , is the highest institutional body of the Movement . It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC , the IFRC and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions . In between the conferences , the Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference . In addition , the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the IFRC . It consists of two representatives from the ICRC ( including its president ) , two from the IFRC ( including its president ) , and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference . The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average . Moreover , a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assembly of the International Federation . The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement . Activities and organization of the ICRC ( edit ) The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) The emblem of the International Committee of the Red Cross ( French : Comité international de la croix - rouge ) . The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial , neutral , and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts . According to the 1997 Seville Agreement , it is the `` Lead Agency '' of the Movement in conflicts . The core tasks of the Committee , which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes , are the following : to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict ( tracing service ) to organize protection and care for civil populations to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict Legal status and organization ( edit ) The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices in about 80 countries . It has about 12,000 staff members worldwide , about 800 of them working in its Geneva headquarters , 1,200 expatriates with about half of them serving as delegates managing its international missions and the other half being specialists like doctors , agronomists , engineers or interpreters , and about 10,000 members of individual national societies working on site . According to Swiss law , the ICRC is defined as a private association . Contrary to popular belief , the ICRC is not a non-governmental organization in the most common sense of the term , nor is it an international organization . As it limits its members ( a process called cooptation ) to Swiss nationals only , it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs . The word `` international '' in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions . The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries , based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the Committee and respective national governments . According to its statutes it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss - citizen members , which it coopts for a period of four years . There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three - quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term . The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly . The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee . It consists of a general director and five directors in the areas of `` Operations '' , `` Human Resources '' , `` Resources and Operational Support '' , `` Communication '' , and `` International Law and Cooperation within the Movement '' . The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years . The Assembly , consisting of all of the members of the Committee , convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims , guidelines , and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee . The president of the Assembly is also the president of the Committee as a whole . Furthermore , the Assembly elects a five - member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters . The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate . Due to Geneva 's location in the French - speaking part of Switzerland , the ICRC usually acts under its French name Comité international de la Croix - Rouge ( CICR ) . The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words `` COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE '' circling the cross . Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The 2009 budget of the ICRC amounts to more than 1 billion Swiss francs . Most of that money comes from the States , including Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions , from national Red Cross societies , the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions , and from international organizations like the European Union . All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee : an annual Headquarters Appeal to cover its internal costs and Emergency Appeals for its individual missions . The ICRC is asking donors for more than 1.1 billion Swiss francs to fund its work in 2010 . Afghanistan is projected to become the ICRC 's biggest humanitarian operation ( at 86 million Swiss francs , an 18 % increase over the initial 2009 budget ) , followed by Iraq ( 85 million francs ) and Sudan ( 76 million francs ) . The initial 2010 field budget for medical activities of 132 million francs represents an increase of 12 million francs over 2009 . Activities and organization of the International Federation ( edit ) The mission of the IFRC and its responsibilities within the Movement ( edit ) Emblem of the IFRC The IFRC coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists . On the international stage , the IFRC organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies such as natural disasters , manmade disasters , epidemics , mass refugee flights , and other emergencies . As per the 1997 Seville Agreement , the IFRC is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict . The IFRC cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected -- each called the Operating National Society ( ONS ) -- as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance -- called Participating National Societies ( PNS ) . Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the International Federation as full members or observers , about 25 -- 30 regularly work as PNS in other countries . The most active of those are the American Red Cross , the British Red Cross , the German Red Cross , and the Red Cross societies of Sweden and Norway . Another major mission of the IFRC which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified , worldwide ban on the use of land mines and to bring medical , psychological , and social support for people injured by land mines . The tasks of the IFRC can therefore be summarized as follows : to promote humanitarian principles and values to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude , such as natural disasters to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies to support local health care projects to support the national societies with youth - related activities Legal status and organization ( edit ) The IFRC has its headquarters in Geneva . It also runs five zone offices ( Africa , Americas , Asia Pacific , Europe , Middle East - North Africa ) , 14 permanent regional offices and has about 350 delegates in more than 60 delegations around the world . The legal basis for the work of the IFRC is its constitution . The executive body of the IFRC is a secretariat , led by a secretary general . The secretariat is supported by five divisions including `` Programme Services '' , `` Humanitarian values and humanitarian diplomacy '' , `` National Society and Knowledge Development '' and `` Governance and Management Services '' . The highest decision making body of the IFRC is its General Assembly , which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies . Among other tasks , the General Assembly elects the secretary general . Between the convening of General Assemblies , the Governing Board is the leading body of the IFRC . It has the authority to make decisions for the IFRC in a number of areas . The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the IFRC , the chairpersons of the Finance and Youth Commissions , and twenty elected representatives from national societies . The symbol of the IFRC is the combination of the Red Cross ( left ) and Red Crescent ( right ) on a white background surrounded by a red rectangular frame . Funding and financial matters ( edit ) The main parts of the budget of the IFRC are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the IFRC and through revenues from its investments . The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly . Any additional funding , especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions , is raised by `` appeals '' published by the IFRC and comes for voluntary donations by national societies , governments , other organizations , corporations , and individuals . National societies within the Movement ( edit ) Official recognition of a national society ( edit ) An ambulance owned by the Mexican Red Cross An Israeli stamp commemorating the 25th . anniversary of Magen David Adom , Date of issue 01.11. 1955 National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world . Within their home country , they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by International Humanitarian Law . Within the Movement , the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society . The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement . Article 4 of these statutes contains the `` Conditions for recognition of National Societies . '' In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5 , paragraph 2 b ) as a National Society , the Society shall meet the following conditions : Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force . Be the only National Red Cross and - or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the Movement . Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society , auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field . Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement . Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions . Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes , including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict . Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State . Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race , sex , class , religion or political opinions . Adhere to the present Statutes , share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them . Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law . Once a National Society has been recognized by the ICRC as a component of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement ( the Movement ) , it is in principle admitted to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies in accordance with the terms defined in the Constitution and Rules of Procedure of the International Federation . There are today 190 National Societies recognized within the Movement and which are members of the International Federation . The most recent National Societies to have been recognized within the Movement are the Maldives Red Crescent Society ( 9 November 2011 ) , the Cyprus Red Cross Society and the South Sudan Red Cross Society ( 12 November 2013 ) . Activities of national societies on a national and International stage ( edit ) Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work , each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country . In many countries , national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific `` Red Cross Laws '' granting full independence as required by the International Movement . The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters through activities such as Restoring Family Links . Depending on their respective human , technical , financial , and organizational resources , many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as blood donation services or acting as civilian Emergency Medical Service ( EMS ) providers . The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions , especially with human , material , and financial resources and organizing on - site logistics . History of the emblems ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . Emblems in use ( edit ) The Red Cross ( edit ) The flag of Switzerland is where the original Red Cross was derived from . The Red Cross emblem was officially approved in Geneva in 1863 . The Red Cross flag is not to be confused with the Saint George 's Cross which is on the flag of England , Barcelona , Georgia , Freiburg im Breisgau , and several other places . In order to avoid this confusion the protected symbol is sometimes referred to as the `` Greek Red Cross '' ( now Hellenic Red Cross ) ; that term is also used in United States law to describe the Red Cross . The red cross of the Saint George cross extends to the edge of the flag , whereas the red cross on the Red Cross flag does not . The Red Cross flag is the colour - switched version of the Flag of Switzerland . In 1906 , to put an end to the argument of the Ottoman Empire that the flag took its roots from Christianity , it was decided to promote officially the idea that the Red Cross flag had been formed by reversing the federal colours of Switzerland , although no clear evidence of this origin had ever been found . The Red Crescent ( edit ) Flag of the Ottoman Empire . This is where the original Red Crescent was derived from . The Red Crescent emblem was first used by ICRC volunteers during the armed conflict between the Ottoman Empire and Russia ( 1876 -- 1878 ) . The symbol was officially adopted in 1929 , and so far 33 states in the Muslim world have recognized it . In common with the official promotion of the red cross symbol as a colour reversal of the Swiss flag ( rather than a religious symbol ) , the red crescent is similarly presented as being derived from a colour reversal of the flag of the Ottoman Empire . Nowadays , the Red Crescent symbol is used within a few Muslim countries including Turkey , Afghanistan , Pakistan , Malaysia , and Bangladesh . The Red Crystal ( edit ) International emblem for Magen David Adom outside Israel On 8 December 2005 , in response to growing pressure to accommodate Magen David Adom ( MDA ) , Israel 's national emergency medical , disaster , ambulance and blood bank service , as a full member of the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement , a new emblem ( officially the Third Protocol Emblem , but more commonly known as the Red Crystal ) was adopted by an amendment of the Geneva Conventions known as Protocol III . Recognized emblems in disuse ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun ( edit ) The Red Lion and Sun Society of Iran was established in 1922 and admitted to the Red Cross and Red Crescent movement in 1923 . However , some report the symbol was introduced at Geneva in 1864 as a counter example to the crescent and cross used by two of Iran 's rivals , the Ottoman and the Russian empires . Though that claim is inconsistent with the Red Crescent 's history , that history also suggests that the Red Lion and Sun , like the Red Crescent , may have been conceived during the 1877 -- 1878 war between Russia and Turkey . Due to the emblem 's association with the Iranian monarchy , the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced the Red Lion and Sun with the Red Crescent in 1980 , consistent with two existing Red Cross and Red Crescent symbols . Though the Red Lion and Sun has now fallen into disuse , Iran has in the past reserved the right to take it up again at any time ; the Geneva Conventions continue to recognize it as an official emblem , and that status was confirmed by Protocol III in 2005 even as it added the Red Crystal . Unrecognized emblems ( edit ) The Red Star of David ( Magen David Adom ) ( edit ) A Magen David Adom worker in the Tel Aviv civil defense , 1939 For over 50 years , Israel requested the addition of a red Star of David , arguing that since Christian and Muslim emblems were recognized , the corresponding Jewish emblem should be as well . This emblem has been used by Magen David Adom ( MDA ) , or Red Star of David , the national first - aid society of Israel of 1930 , but it is not recognized by the Geneva Conventions as a protected symbol . The first use of the '' Magen David Adom '' was during the Anglo Boer War in South Africa ( 1899 - 1902 ) when it was used by the Ambulance Corps founded by Ben Zion Aaron in Johannesburg as a first aid corps to assist the Boer forces . Permission was given by President Paul Kruger of the South African Republic for the Star of David to be used as its insignia , rather than the conventional red cross . The Red Cross and Red Crescent movement repeatedly rejected Israel 's request over the years , stating that the Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems were not meant to represent Christianity and Islam but was colour reversals of the Swiss and the Ottoman flags , and also that if Jews ( or another group ) were to be given another emblem , there would be no end to the number of religious or other groups claiming an emblem for themselves . They reasoned that a proliferation of red symbols would detract from the original intention of the Red Cross emblem , which was to be a single emblem to mark vehicles and buildings protected on humanitarian grounds . Certain Arab nations , such as Syria , also protested against the entry of MDA into the Red Cross movement , making consensus impossible for a time . However , from 2000 to 2006 the American Red Cross withheld its dues ( a total of $42 million ) to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) because of IFRC 's refusal to admit MDA ; this ultimately led to the creation of the Red Crystal emblem and the admission of MDA on June 22 , 2006 . The Red Star of David is not recognized as a protected symbol outside Israel ; instead the MDA uses the Red Crystal emblem during international operations in order to ensure protection . Depending on the circumstances , it may place the Red Star of David inside the Red Crystal , or use the Red Crystal alone . 1996 hostage crisis allegations ( edit ) The Australian TV network ABC and the indigenous rights group Friends of Peoples Close to Nature released a documentary called Blood on the Cross in 1999 . It alleged the involvement of the Red Cross with the British and Indonesian military in a massacre in the Southern Highlands of West Papua during the World Wildlife Fund hostage crisis of May 1996 , when Western and Indonesian activists were held hostage by separatists . Following the broadcast of the documentary , the Red Cross announced publicly that it would appoint an individual outside the organization to investigate the allegations made in the film and any responsibility on its part . Piotr Obuchowicz was appointed to investigate the matter . The report categorically states that the Red Cross personnel accused of involvement were proven not to have been present ; that a white helicopter was probably used in a military operation , but the helicopter was not a Red Cross helicopter , and must have been painted by one of several military organizations operating in the region at the time . Perhaps the Red Cross logo itself was also used , although no hard evidence was found for this ; that this was part of the military operation to free the hostages , but was clearly intended to achieve surprise by deceiving the local people into thinking that a Red Cross helicopter was landing ; and that the Red Cross should have responded more quickly and thoroughly to investigate the allegations than it did . See also ( edit ) Emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement First Aid Convention Europe International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) List of National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day Red Swastika Society References ( edit ) ^ `` IFRC annual report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Take a Class '' . Red Cross . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts -- Organizations '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 13 . ^ Young , John ; Hoyland , Greg ( 14 July 2016 ) . Christianity : A Complete Introduction . Hodder & Stoughton . p. 354 . ISBN 9781473615779 . ^ Sending , Ole Jacob ; Pouliot , Vincent ; Neumann , Iver B. ( 20 August 2015 ) . Diplomacy and the Making of World Politics . Cambridge University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 9781316368787 . ^ Stefon , Matt ( 2011 ) . Christianity : History , Belief , and Practice . The Rosen Publishing Group . p. 221 . ISBN 9781615304936 . ^ `` Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field . Geneva , 22 August 1864 '' . Geneva , Switzerland : International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . ^ Dromi , Shai M. ( 2016 ) . `` For good and country : nationalism and the diffusion of humanitarianism in the late nineteenth century '' . The Sociological Review . 64 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 97 . doi : 10.1002 / 2059 - 7932.12003 . ^ `` The Story of My Childhood '' . World Digital Library . 1907 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 09 . ^ `` VIVANT QUI PASSE . AUSCHWITZ 1943 - THERESIENSTADT 1944 . R : Lanzmann ( FR , 1997 ) '' . Cine-holocaust.de . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . ^ `` Swiss ICRC delegate murdered '' . www.irinnews.org . IRIN. 28 March 2003 . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Ricardo Munguia , a Swiss citizen of Salvadorian origin was travelling with Afghan colleagues on an assignment to improve the water supply to the district . He was shot in cold blood on Thursday by a group of unidentified assailants who stopped the vehicles transporting them ... the assailants had shot the 39 - year - old water and habitat engineer in the head and burned one car , warning two Afghans accompanying him not to work for foreigners ... Asked what action ICRC was taking , Bouvier explained that ' for the time being , the ICRC has decided to temporarily freeze all field trips in Afghanistan , calling all staff to the main delegation 's offices . ' ^ `` Afghanistan : first ICRC visit to detainees in Taliban custody '' . Icrc.org. 2009 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ `` Red Cross in Afghanistan gives Taliban first aid help '' . BBC News . 2010 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . ^ `` The Governing Board - IFRC '' . www.ifrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 . ^ `` Role and Mandate of the Standing Commission '' . Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent . Archived from the original on 15 March 2014 . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . ^ `` Appeals '' . IFRC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Two new members join IFRC family '' . IFRC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` The history of the emblems '' . ICRC. 2007 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Pierre Boissier . `` From Solferino to Tsushima ( 1985 edition ) '' . Open Library . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 14 . ^ `` Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 , and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem ( Protocol III ) , 8 December 2005 Article 1 - Respect for and scope of application of this Protocol '' . Icrc.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 04 . ^ South African Jewish year Book 1929 , The Jews in South Africa : Saron and Hotz ^ `` American Red Cross Welcomes Israel 's Magen David Adom and Palestine Red Crescent Society to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement '' ( Press release ) . American Red Cross . 21 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . ^ `` Blood On the Cross -- EngageMedia '' . Engagemedia.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 . ^ Leith , Denise ( 2002 ) . The politics of power : Freeport in Suharto 's Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2566 - 7 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . ^ Paul Barber , TAPOL , the Indonesia Human Rights Campaign , Irian Jaya : The Record , April 20 - April 30 , 2000 . Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Bennett , Angela . The Geneva Convention : The Hidden Origins of the Red Cross . Sutton Publishing , Gloucestershire , England , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4147 - 2 Boissier , Pierre . History of the International Committee of the Red Cross . Volume I : From Solferino to Tsushima . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva , 1985 . ISBN 2 - 88044 - 012 - 2 Bugnion , François . The International Committee of the Red Cross and the Protection of War Victims . ICRC & Macmillan ( ref. 0503 ) , Geneva , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 74771 - 2 Dunant , Henry . A Memory of Solferino . ICRC , Geneva 1986 . ISBN 2 - 88145 - 006 - 7 Durand , André . History of the International Committee of the Red Cross . Volume II : From Sarajevo to Hiroshima . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva , 1984 . ISBN 2 - 88044 - 009 - 2 Farmborough , Florence . With the Armies of the Tsar : A Nurse at the Russian Front 1914 - 1918 . Stein and Day , New York , 1975 . ISBN 0 - 8128 - 1793 - 1 Favez , Jean - Claude . The Red Cross and the Holocaust , Cambridge University Press , 1999 . Forsythe , David P. Humanitarian Politics : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore 1978 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1983 - 0 Forsythe , David P . The Humanitarians : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge 2005 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61281 - 0 Haug , Hans . Humanity for All : The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . Henry Dunant Institute , Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers , Bern , 1993 . ISBN 3 - 258 - 04719 - 7 Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . 13th edition , International Committee of the Red Cross , Geneva , 1994 . ISBN 2 - 88145 - 074 - 1 Hutchinson , John F. Champions of Charity : War and the Rise of the Red Cross . Westview Press , Boulder , Colorado , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 3367 - 9 Moorehead , Caroline . Dunant 's Dream : War , Switzerland and the History of the Red Cross . HarperCollins , London , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 255141 - 1 ( Hardcover edition ) ; HarperCollins , London 1999 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 638883 - 3 ( Paperback edition ) Willemin , Georges ; Heacock , Roger . International Organization and the Evolution of World Society . Volume 2 : The International Committee of the Red Cross . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers , Boston , 1984 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3064 - 3 Journal articles ( edit ) Bugnion , François . The emblem of the Red Cross : a brief history . ICRC ( ref. 0316 ) , Geneva , 1977 . Bugnion , François . Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem . Revised 4th edition . ICRC ( ref. 0778 ) , Geneva , 2006 . Forsythe , David P . `` The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law . '' In : Humanitäres Völkerrecht -- Informationsschriften . The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict. 2 / 2003 , German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict , p. 64 -- 77 . ISSN 0937 - 5414 Lavoyer , Jean - Philippe ; Maresca , Louis . The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law . In : International Negotiation. 4 ( 3 ) / 1999 . Brill Academic Publishers , p. 503 -- 527 . ISSN 1382 - 340X Walters , William C. ( 2004 ) . An assessment of the capacity of the Red Cross National Societies to address the psychological and social needs of survivors of disasters and complex emergencies in Central and South America ) ( M.S.W. thesis ) . Wilfrid Laurier University . Wylie , Neville . The Sound of Silence : The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present . In : Diplomacy and Statecraft. 13 ( 4 ) / 2002 . Routledge / Taylor & Francis , p. 186 -- 204 , ISSN 0959 - 2296 External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement . The International RCRC Movement - Who we are The magazine of the international RCRC Movement International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) Standing Commission of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement in the Dodis database of the Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement International Organisations International Committee of the Red Cross ( ICRC ) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies ( IFRC ) National Societies Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan The Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Congo , Democratic Republic of Cook Islands Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea ( pending recognition and admission ) Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea - Bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran , Islamic Republic of Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea , Democratic People 's Republic of Korea , the Republic of Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People 's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libyan Arab Jamahiriya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia , Federated States of Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Norway Pakistan Palau Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( pending recognition and admission ) Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino , Republic of Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania , United Republic of Thailand Timor - Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Sources www.icrc.org www.ifrc.org/address/rclinks.asp Disasters portal International relations portal War portal Coordinates : 46 ° 13 ′ 40 '' N 6 ° 8 ′ 14 '' E  /  46.22778 ° N 6.13722 ° E  / 46.22778 ; 6.13722 VIAF : 167237176 LCCN : n2001131185 ISNI : 0000 0001 1941 4682 GND : 138093 - X SUDOC : 028180585 BNF : cb118683491 ( data ) BIBSYS : 1465468306125 NLA : 35444802 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement&oldid=825632906 '' Categories : Aftermath of war Human rights organizations Humanitarian aid organizations International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement Missing people organizations Organisations based in Geneva Organizations established in 1863 1863 establishments in Switzerland Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Coordinates not on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Afrikaans Alemannisch Аҧсшәа Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the founder of red cross society

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement The Geneva Conventions ' three emblems in use : Red Cross , Red Crescent , Red Crystal The Movement logo in the six official languages : Arabic , Chinese , English , French , Russian , and Spanish Founded 1863 ; 155 years ago ( 1863 ) ( ICRC ) 1919 ( 1919 ) ( IFRC ) idea by Dunant was in 1859 Founder Henry Dunant , Gustave Moynier , Théodore Maunoir , Guillaume - Henri Dufour , Louis Appia Type Non-governmental organization , Non-profit organization Focus Humanitarianism Location Geneva , Switzerland Area served Worldwide Method Aid Volunteers Around 17 million Website www.icrc.org

Three Rivers Park - wikipedia Three Rivers Park This article is about the park in Pittsburgh . For the stadium in Pittsburgh , see Three Rivers Stadium . For the park district in Minnesota , see Three Rivers Park District . For other uses , see Three Rivers ( disambiguation ) . Three Rivers Park Type Municipal Park Location Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Coordinates 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Coordinates : 40 ° 26 ′ 30 '' N 80 ° 00 ′ 46 '' W  /  40.44173 ° N 80.0127 ° W  / 40.44173 ; - 80.0127 Operated by Riverlife Website http://www.riverlifepgh.org/ Logo of Three Rivers Park Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The park , under development since 2000 , is currently defined by the boundaries of the West End Bridge over the Ohio River , the 31st Street Bridge over the Allegheny River , and the Hot Metal Bridge over the Monongahela River . The wishbone - shaped loop of Three Rivers Park encompasses the Pittsburgh Peninsula and Point State Park at its center , and spans over 13 miles of interconnected trails and green space with over 800 acres of public open space . Contents 1 Overview 2 Completed segments 3 History of development 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Three Rivers Park is composed of several capital projects , with Riverlife , formerly known as Riverlife Task Force overseeing implementation of the park with the cooperation of public and private property owners and community groups . The park is being designed to open the three rivers to public access in a way that was impossible during Pittsburgh 's Industrial Age . Three Rivers Park offers continuous trails and green space along a more than 13 - mile waterfront loop . Contained within the project site boundaries are shorelines , public and private property , and several bridges . The Three Rivers Heritage Trail regional trail system runs through the park , as does the multi-state Great Allegheny Passage trail . The logo of Three Rivers Park is the outline shape of Fort Pitt , the 18th century outpost of the British Empire at the confluence of the Monongahela , Allegheny , and Ohio Rivers . The design aims to capture the historical significance of Pittsburgh , with added graphic elements of water and leaf shapes to acknowledge the region 's natural history . The logo appears on signage throughout Three Rivers Park and mile markers embedded in the trail which reference Point State Park 's fountain as Mile 0 . Completed segments ( edit ) North Shore Riverfront Park Allegheny Riverfront Park Point State Park South Shore Riverfront Park Station Square Mon Wharf Landing Strip District Riverfront Trail Washington 's Landing David L. Lawrence Convention Center Riverfront Plaza Allegheny Riverfront Park / Cultural District Riverfront History of development ( edit ) In 1999 Riverlife ( then known as Riverlife Task Force ) held an international request for proposals for the creation of a vision plan for the redevelopment of Pittsburgh 's riverfronts . The winning firm chosen was Chan Krieger Sieniewicz of Cambridge , Massachusetts . Chan Krieger and Riverlife held dozens of public meetings to garner feedback from Pittsburgh citizens about the future of the riverfronts . The vision for Three Rivers Park was first unveiled in Riverlife 's 2001 `` A Vision Plan for Pittsburgh 's Riverfronts . '' The vision plan was accepted by the City of Pittsburgh . See also ( edit ) Pittsburgh portal Parks in Pittsburgh References ( edit ) Patricia Lowry ( 2007 ) . Riverlife Task Force profile : story by Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 14 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Three Rivers Park website Three Rivers Park . Parks of Pittsburgh Allegheny Arsenal Allegheny Commons Allegheny Riverfront ArtGardens Buhl Community Chatham University Arboretum Frank Curto Frick Emerald View Highland Market Square Mellon Mellon Green Mellon Square North Shore Riverfront Phillips Point of View Point State PPG Place Riverview Roberto Clemente Memorial Rodef Shalom Biblical Botanical Garden Schenley Schenley Plaza South Shore Riverfront South Side Three Rivers West End Overlook Westinghouse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Three_Rivers_Park&oldid=836413564 '' Categories : Parks in Pittsburgh Urban public parks Allegheny River Monongahela River Ohio River Regional parks in the United States Urban forests in the United States Redeveloped ports and waterfronts in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 32 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what are the three rivers of pittsburgh pennsylvania

Three Rivers Park is a public urban waterfront park along the Allegheny , Monongahela , and Ohio Rivers in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .

Watts truce - wikipedia Watts truce The Watts truce was a 1992 peace agreement among rival street gangs in Los Angeles , California , declared in the neighborhood of Watts . The truce was declared in the days just before the 1992 Los Angeles riots , and although not universally adhered to , was a major component of the decline of street violence in the city during the 1990s , 2000s and 2010s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 1992 Truce 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) The truce was influenced by the decision between two rival sets ( sub-groups ) within the extensive Crips gang to call a ceasefire . Many of the large American street gangs , such as the Crips and their primary rivals the Bloods , had formed in the late 1960s and the 1970s to fight each other , but by the 1980s disorganization and the growth of crack cocaine had led to infighting among sets within the gangs . By the early 1990s , after 20 years of increasing internecine gang warfare across public housing projects that saw peak crime rates in Los Angeles , gang members themselves began trying to stem the violence . 1992 truce ( edit ) In late April 1992 , sets from Crips and Bloods in the Watts neighborhood in southern Los Angeles convened to negotiate peace . The Grape Street Crips from the Jordan Downs Projects , the P Jay Watts Crips from the Imperial Courts housing projects , and the Bounty Hunter Bloods from the Nickerson Gardens housing projects met in the Imperial Courts Project gym . Football legend and activist Jim Brown , and hip - hop artists of the West Coast Rap All - Stars , helped the rivals to negotiate their truce , and the factions would go on to draft a formal peace treaty modelled on a ceasefire 1949 Armistice Agreements reached between Israel and Egypt . Within days of the truce , despite the relative lawlessness caused by the 1992 Los Angeles riots , most of the African - American and Latino gangs in the city declared themselves at peace and there were no major flare ups in violence . The Watts truce is generally credited with contributing to the trend in declining street violence rates in Los Angeles . See also ( edit ) Crime in Los Angeles Hoe Avenue peace meeting Bangin ' on Wax References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duane , Daniel ( January 2006 ) . `` Straight Outta Boston Why is the `` Boston Miracle '' -- the only tactic proven to reduce gang violence -- being dissed by the L.A.P.D. , the FBI , and Congress ? `` . Mother Jones . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stoltze , Frank ( April 28 , 2012 ) . `` Forget the LA Riots -- historic 1992 Watts gang truce was the big news '' . 89.3 KPCC Southern California Public Radio . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Catching Hell in the city of Angels Ex-Gang Members Look to Mideast for a Peace Plan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watts_truce&oldid=830764090 '' Categories : Gangs in Los Angeles Modern street gangs Organized crime events in the United States Ceasefires Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 20 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who was involved in the 1992 la gang truce and peace talks

In late April 1992 , sets from Crips and Bloods in the Watts neighborhood in southern Los Angeles convened to negotiate peace . The Grape Street Crips from the Jordan Downs Projects , the P Jay Watts Crips from the Imperial Courts housing projects , and the Bounty Hunter Bloods from the Nickerson Gardens housing projects met in the Imperial Courts Project gym . Football legend and activist Jim Brown , and hip - hop artists of the West Coast Rap All - Stars , helped the rivals to negotiate their truce , and the factions would go on to draft a formal peace treaty modelled on a ceasefire 1949 Armistice Agreements reached between Israel and Egypt . Within days of the truce , despite the relative lawlessness caused by the 1992 Los Angeles riots , most of the African - American and Latino gangs in the city declared themselves at peace and there were no major flare ups in violence . The Watts truce is generally credited with contributing to the trend in declining street violence rates in Los Angeles .

Cold War - wikipedia Cold War This article is about the state of political tension from 1947 -- 1991 . For the current state of political tension , see Cold War II . For other uses , see Cold War ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold warrior '' redirects here . For other uses , see Cold warrior ( disambiguation ) . The Cold War ( 1947 -- 1991 ) East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall , 1961 ; The Apollo -- Soyuz Test Project crew , 1975 ; Shootdown of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 on 1 September 1983 , one of the tensest moments of the Cold War ; During the Cold War , the US conducted around 1,054 nuclear tests by official count , between 1945 and 1992 ; The fall of the Berlin Wall , 1989 ; Tanks in Red Square during the August Coup , four months before the USSR collapse , 1991 . The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine , a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism , was announced , and either 1989 , when communism fell in Eastern Europe , or 1991 , when the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large - scale fighting directly between the two sides , but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 . A neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement , which sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full - scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all - out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker -- the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , far - reaching embargos , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and the USA competed for influence in Latin America and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Meanwhile , an international peace movement took root and grew among citizens around the world , first in Japan from 1954 , when people became concerned about nuclear weapons testing , but soon also in Europe and the US . The peace movement , and in particular the anti-nuclear movement , gained pace and popularity from the late 1950s and early 1960s , and continued to grow through the ' 70s and ' 80s with large protest marches , demonstrations and various non-parliamentary activism opposing war and calling for global nuclear disarmament . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino - Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US - backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making allowances in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , ushering in a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . On 12 June 1982 , a million protesters gathered in Central Park , New York to call for an end to the Cold War arms race and nuclear weapons in particular . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( notably the internationally successful James Bond book and film franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . Meanwhile , a renewed state of tension between the Soviet Union 's successor state , Russia , and the United States in the 2010s ( including its Western allies ) has been referred to as the Second Cold War . Contents 1 Origins of the term 2 Background 2.1 Russian Revolution 2.2 Beginnings of World War II 3 End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) 3.1 Wartime conferences regarding post-war Europe 3.2 Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan 3.3 Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc 3.4 Preparing for a `` new war '' 4 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) 4.1 Containment and the Truman Doctrine 4.2 Marshall Plan and Czechoslovak coup d'état 4.3 Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin Split 4.4 Berlin Blockade and airlift 4.5 Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe 4.6 Chinese Civil War and SEATO 4.7 Korean War 5 Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) 5.1 Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization 5.2 Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution 5.3 Berlin ultimatum and European integration 5.4 Competition in the Third World 5.5 Sino - Soviet split 5.6 Space Race 5.7 Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs Invasion 5.8 Berlin Crisis of 1961 5.9 Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster 6 Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) 6.1 French withdrawal from NATO 6.2 Invasion of Czechoslovakia 6.3 Brezhnev Doctrine 6.4 Third World escalations 6.5 Sino - American rapprochement 6.6 Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente 6.7 Late 1970s deterioration of relations 7 `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) 7.1 Soviet War in Afghanistan 7.2 Reagan and Thatcher 7.3 Polish Solidarity movement and martial law 7.4 Soviet and US military and economic issues 8 Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) 8.1 Gorbachev 's reforms 8.2 Thaw in relations 8.3 Eastern Europe breaks away 8.4 Soviet republics break away 8.5 Soviet dissolution 9 Aftermath 9.1 In popular culture 10 Historiography 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References and further reading 13.1 Historiography and memory 13.2 Primary sources 14 External links Origins of the term Part of a series on the History of the Cold War Origins of the Cold War World War II ( Hiroshima and Nagasaki ) War conferences Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Iron Curtain Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Frozen conflicts Timeline Conflicts Historiography Cold War II Main article : Cold war ( general term ) At the end of World War II , English writer George Orwell used cold war , as a general term , in his essay `` You and the Atomic Bomb '' , published 19 October 1945 in the British newspaper Tribune . Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare , Orwell looked at James Burnham 's predictions of a polarized world , writing : Looking at the world as a whole , the drift for many decades has been not towards anarchy but towards the reimposition of slavery ... James Burnham 's theory has been much discussed , but few people have yet considered its ideological implications -- that is , the kind of world - view , the kind of beliefs , and the social structure that would probably prevail in a state which was at once unconquerable and in a permanent state of `` cold war '' with its neighbours . In The Observer of 10 March 1946 , Orwell wrote , `` after the Moscow conference last December , Russia began to make a ' cold war ' on Britain and the British Empire . '' The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch , an influential advisor to Democratic presidents , on 16 April 1947 . The speech , written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope , proclaimed , `` Let us not be deceived : we are today in the midst of a cold war . '' Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War ; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term , Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s , la guerre froide . Background Main article : Origins of the Cold War Russian Revolution Allied troops in Vladivostok , August 1918 , during the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War . While most historians trace its origins to the period immediately following World War II , others argue that it began with the October Revolution in Russia in 1917 when the Bolsheviks took power . In 1919 Lenin stated that his new state was surrounded by a `` hostile capitalist encirclement '' , and he viewed diplomacy as a weapon that should be used in order to keep the Soviet Union 's enemies divided , beginning with the establishment of the Communist International , which called for revolutionary upheavals abroad . Historian Max Beloff argues that the Soviets saw `` no prospect of permanent peace '' , with the 1922 Soviet Constitution proclaiming : Since the time of the formation of the soviet republics , the states of the world have divided into two camps : the camp of capitalism and the camp of socialism . There - in the camp of capitalism - national enmity and inequality , colonial slavery , and chauvinism , national oppression and pogroms , imperialist brutalities and wars . Here - in the camp of socialism - mutual confidence and peace , national freedom and equality , a dwelling together in peace and the brotherly collaboration of peoples . According to British historian Christopher Sutton : In what some have called the First Cold War , from Britain 's intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941 , British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic , foreign , and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism . This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields , new weapons , new players , and a greater intensity , but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism ( real and imagined ) . The idea of long - term continuity is a minority scholarly view that has been challenged . Frank Ninkovich writes : As for the two cold wars thesis , the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable . To be sure , they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility , but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace . After World War II , in contrast , the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War . Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s , it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same . Beginnings of World War II After signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact and German -- Soviet Frontier Treaty , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . But after the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Soviet Union and the Allied powers formed an alliance of convenience . Britain signed a formal alliance and the United States made an informal agreement . In wartime , the United States supplied Britain , the Soviet Union and other Allied nations through its Lend - Lease Program . However , Stalin remained highly suspicious and he believed that the British and the Americans had conspired to ensure that the Soviets bore the brunt of the fighting against Nazi Germany . According to this view , the Western Allies had deliberately delayed opening a second anti-German front in order to step in at the last minute and shape the peace settlement . Thus , Soviet perceptions of the West left a strong undercurrent of tension and hostility between the Allied powers . End of World War II ( 1945 -- 1947 ) Wartime CONFERENCES regarding post-war Europe Further information : Tehran Conference and Yalta Conference The `` Big Three '' at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 . The Allies disagreed about how the European map should look , and how borders would be drawn , following the war . Each side held dissimilar ideas regarding the establishment and maintenance of post-war security . Some scholars contend that all the Western Allies desired a security system in which democratic governments were established as widely as possible , permitting countries to peacefully resolve differences through international organizations . Others note that the Atlantic powers were divided in their vision of the new post-war world . Roosevelt 's goals -- military victory in both Europe and Asia , the achievement of global American economic supremacy over the British Empire , and the creation of a world peace organization -- were more global than Churchill 's , which were mainly centered on securing control over the Mediterranean , ensuring the survival of the British Empire , and the independence of Central and Eastern European countries as a buffer between the Soviets and the United Kingdom . The Soviet Union sought to dominate the internal affairs of countries that bordered it . During the war , Stalin had created special training centers for communists from different countries so that they could set up secret police forces loyal to Moscow as soon as the Red Army took control . Soviet agents took control of the media , especially radio ; they quickly harassed and then banned all independent civic institutions , from youth groups to schools , churches and rival political parties . Stalin also sought continued peace with Britain and the United States , hoping to focus on internal reconstruction and economic growth . In the American view , Stalin seemed a potential ally in accomplishing their goals , whereas in the British approach Stalin appeared as the greatest threat to the fulfillment of their agenda . With the Soviets already occupying most of Central and Eastern Europe , Stalin was at an advantage and the two western leaders vied for his favors . The differences between Roosevelt and Churchill led to several separate deals with the Soviets . In October 1944 , Churchill traveled to Moscow and proposed the `` percentages agreement '' to divide the Balkans into respective spheres of influence , including giving Stalin predominance over Romania and Bulgaria and Churchill carte blanche over Greece . At the Yalta Conference of February 1945 , Roosevelt signed a separate deal with Stalin in regard of Asia and refused to support Churchill on the issues of Poland and the Reparations . Roosevelt ultimately approved the percentage agreement , but there was still apparently no firm consensus on the framework for a post-war settlement in Europe . Post-war Allied occupation zones in Germany . At the Second Quebec Conference , a high - level military conference held in Quebec City , 12 -- 16 September 1944 , Churchill and Roosevelt reached agreement on a number of matters , including a plan for Germany , based on Henry Morgenthau Jr. 's original proposal . The memorandum drafted by Churchill provided for `` eliminating the warmaking industries in the Ruhr and the Saar ... looking forward to converting Germany into a country primarily agricultural and pastoral in its character . '' However , it no longer included a plan to partition the country into several independent states . On 10 May 1945 , President Truman signed the U.S. occupation directive JCS 1067 . The directive , which was in effect for over two years , and was enthusiastically supported by Stalin , directed the U.S. forces of occupation to `` ... take no steps looking toward the economic rehabilitation of Germany '' . Some historians have argued that the Cold War began when the US negotiated a separate peace with Nazi SS General Karl Wolff in northern Italy . The Soviet Union was not allowed to participate and the dispute led to heated correspondence between Franklin Roosevelt and Stalin . General Wolff , a war criminal , appears to have been guaranteed immunity at the Nuremberg trials by Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) commander ( and later CIA director ) Allen Dulles when they met in March 1945 . Wolff and his forces were being considered to help implement Operation Unthinkable , a secret plan to invade the Soviet Union which Winston Churchill advocated during this period . In April 1945 , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman , who distrusted Stalin and turned for advice to an elite group of foreign policy intellectuals . Both Churchill and Truman opposed , among other things , the Soviets ' decision to prop up the Lublin government , the Soviet - controlled rival to the Polish government - in - exile in London , whose relations with the Soviets had been severed . Following the Allies ' May 1945 victory , the Soviets effectively occupied Central and Eastern Europe , while strong US and Western allied forces remained in Western Europe . In Germany and Austria , France , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States established zones of occupation and a loose framework for parceled four - power control . The 1945 Allied conference in San Francisco established the multi-national United Nations ( UN ) for the maintenance of world peace , but the enforcement capacity of its Security Council was effectively paralyzed by individual members ' ability to use veto power . Accordingly , the UN was essentially converted into an inactive forum for exchanging polemical rhetoric , and the Soviets regarded it almost exclusively as a propaganda tribune . Potsdam Conference and surrender of Japan Main articles : Potsdam Conference and Surrender of Japan Clement Attlee , Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin at the Potsdam Conference , 1945 . At the Potsdam Conference , which started in late July after Germany 's surrender , serious differences emerged over the future development of Germany and the rest of Central and Eastern Europe . Moreover , the participants ' mounting antipathy and bellicose language served to confirm their suspicions about each other 's hostile intentions and entrench their positions . At this conference Truman informed Stalin that the United States possessed a powerful new weapon . Stalin was aware that the Americans were working on the atomic bomb and , given that the Soviets ' own rival program was in place , he reacted to the news calmly . The Soviet leader said he was pleased by the news and expressed the hope that the weapon would be used against Japan . One week after the end of the Potsdam Conference , the US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki . Shortly after the attacks , Stalin protested to US officials when Truman offered the Soviets little real influence in occupied Japan . Beginnings of the Eastern Bloc Main article : Eastern Bloc Further information : Post -- World War II economic expansion Post-war territorial changes in Europe and the formation of the Eastern Bloc , the so - called ' Iron Curtain ' . During the opening stages of World War II , the Soviet Union laid the foundation for the Eastern Bloc by invading and then annexing several countries as Soviet Socialist Republics , by agreement with Nazi Germany in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact . These included eastern Poland ( incorporated into the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR ) , Latvia ( which became the Latvian SSR ) , Estonia ( which became the Estonian SSR ) , Lithuania ( which became the Lithuanian SSR ) , part of eastern Finland ( which became the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) and eastern Romania ( which became the Moldavian SSR ) . The Central and Eastern European territories liberated from the Nazis and occupied by the Soviet armed forces were added to the Eastern Bloc by converting them into satellite states , such as : People 's Republic of Albania ( 11 January 1946 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria ( 15 September 1946 ) Polish People 's Republic ( 19 January 1947 ) People 's Republic of Romania ( 13 April 1948 ) Czechoslovak Socialist Republic ( 9 May 1948 ) Hungarian People 's Republic ( 20 August 1949 ) German Democratic Republic ( 7 October 1949 ) The Soviet - style regimes that arose in the Bloc not only reproduced Soviet command economies , but also adopted the brutal methods employed by Joseph Stalin and the Soviet secret police in order to suppress both real and potential opposition . In Asia , the Red Army had overrun Manchuria in the last month of the war , and it went on to occupy the large swathe of Korean territory located north of the 38th parallel . As part of consolidating Stalin 's control over the Eastern Bloc , the People 's Commissariat for Internal Affairs ( NKVD ) , led by Lavrentiy Beriya , supervised the establishment of Soviet - style secret police systems in the Bloc that were supposed to crush anti-communist resistance . When the slightest stirrings of independence emerged in the Bloc , Stalin 's strategy matched that of dealing with domestic pre-war rivals : they were removed from power , put on trial , imprisoned , and in several instances , executed . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill was concerned that , given the enormous size of Soviet forces deployed in Europe at the end of the war , and the perception that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin was unreliable , there existed a Soviet threat to Western Europe . After World War II , US officials guided Western European leaders in establishing their own secret security force to prevent subversion in the Western bloc , which evolved into Operation Gladio . Preparing for a `` new War '' Further information : X Article § The Long Telegram , Iron Curtain , and Restatement of Policy on Germany Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Czech Republic . In February 1946 , George F. Kennan 's `` Long Telegram '' from Moscow helped to articulate the US government 's increasingly hard line against the Soviets , and became the basis for US strategy toward the Soviet Union for the duration of the Cold War . That September , the Soviet side produced the Novikov telegram , sent by the Soviet ambassador to the US but commissioned and `` co-authored '' by Vyacheslav Molotov ; it portrayed the US as being in the grip of monopoly capitalists who were building up military capability `` to prepare the conditions for winning world supremacy in a new war '' . On 6 September 1946 , James F. Byrnes delivered a speech in Germany repudiating the Morgenthau Plan ( a proposal to partition and de-industrialize post-war Germany ) and warning the Soviets that the US intended to maintain a military presence in Europe indefinitely . As Byrnes admitted a month later , `` The nub of our program was to win the German people ... it was a battle between us and Russia over minds ... '' A few weeks after the release of this `` Long Telegram '' , former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill delivered his famous `` Iron Curtain '' speech in Fulton , Missouri . The speech called for an Anglo - American alliance against the Soviets , whom he accused of establishing an `` iron curtain '' from `` Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic '' . Only a week later , on 13 March Stalin responded vigorously to the speech , saying that Churchill could be compared to Hitler insofar as he advocated the racial superiority of English - speaking nations so that they could satisfy their hunger for world domination , and that such a declaration was `` a call for war on the U.S.S.R. '' The Soviet leader also dismissed the accusation that the USSR was exerting increasing control over the countries lying in its sphere . He argued that there was nothing surprising in `` the fact that the Soviet Union , anxious for its future safety , ( was ) trying to see to it that governments loyal in their attitude to the Soviet Union should exist in these countries '' . 1 Beginnings of the Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Containment and the Truman Doctrine Main articles : Containment and Truman Doctrine European military alliances European economic alliances By 1947 , US president Harry S. Truman was outraged by the Soviet Union 's perceived resistance to American demands in Iran , Turkey and Greece , as well as their rejection of the Baruch Plan on nuclear weapons . In February 1947 , the British government announced that it could no longer afford to finance the Kingdom of Greece in its civil war against Communist - led insurgents . The US government 's response to this announcement was the adoption of containment , the goal of which was to stop the spread of Communism . Truman delivered a speech that called for the allocation of $400 million to intervene in the war and unveiled the Truman Doctrine , which framed the conflict as a contest between free peoples and totalitarian regimes . American policymakers accused the Soviet Union of conspiring against the Greek royalists in an effort to expand Soviet influence even though Stalin had told the Communist Party to cooperate with the British - backed government . ( The insurgents were helped by Josip Broz Tito 's Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia against Stalin 's wishes . ) Enunciation of the Truman Doctrine marked the beginning of a US bipartisan defense and foreign policy consensus between Republicans and Democrats focused on containment and deterrence that weakened during and after the Vietnam War , but ultimately persisted thereafter . Moderate and conservative parties in Europe , as well as social democrats , gave virtually unconditional support to the Western alliance , while European and American Communists , financed by the KGB and involved in its intelligence operations , adhered to Moscow 's line , although dissent began to appear after 1956 . Other critiques of the consensus policy came from anti-Vietnam War activists , the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the anti-nuclear movement . Marshall Plan and czechoslovak coup d'état Main articles : Marshall Plan , Western Bloc , and 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état The labeling used on Marshall Plan aid to Western Europe ; Map of Cold - War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid . The red columns show the relative amount of total aid received per nation ; Construction in West Berlin under Marshall Plan aid . In early 1947 , France , Britain and the United States unsuccessfully attempted to reach an agreement with the Soviet Union for a plan envisioning an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . In June 1947 , in accordance with the Truman Doctrine , the United States enacted the Marshall Plan , a pledge of economic assistance for all European countries willing to participate , including the Soviet Union . Under the plan , which President Harry S. Truman signed on 3 April 1948 , the US government gave to Western European countries over $13 billion ( equivalent to $189.39 billion in 2016 ) to rebuild the economy of Europe . Later , the program led to the creation of the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation . The plan 's aim was to rebuild the democratic and economic systems of Europe and to counter perceived threats to Europe 's balance of power , such as communist parties seizing control through revolutions or elections . The plan also stated that European prosperity was contingent upon German economic recovery . One month later , Truman signed the National Security Act of 1947 , creating a unified Department of Defense , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the National Security Council ( NSC ) . These would become the main bureaucracies for US policy in the Cold War . Stalin believed that economic integration with the West would allow Eastern Bloc countries to escape Soviet control , and that the US was trying to buy a pro-US re-alignment of Europe . Stalin therefore prevented Eastern Bloc nations from receiving Marshall Plan aid . The Soviet Union 's alternative to the Marshall Plan , which was purported to involve Soviet subsidies and trade with central and eastern Europe , became known as the Molotov Plan ( later institutionalized in January 1949 as the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ) . Stalin was also fearful of a reconstituted Germany ; his vision of a post-war Germany did not include the ability to rearm or pose any kind of threat to the Soviet Union . In early 1948 , following reports of strengthening `` reactionary elements '' , Soviet operatives executed a coup d'état in Czechoslovakia , the only Eastern Bloc state that the Soviets had permitted to retain democratic structures . The public brutality of the coup shocked Western powers more than any event up to that point , set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . The twin policies of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan led to billions in economic and military aid for Western Europe , Greece , and Turkey . With the US assistance , the Greek military won its civil war . Under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi the Italian Christian Democrats defeated the powerful Communist - Socialist alliance in the elections of 1948 . At the same time there was increased intelligence and espionage activity , Eastern Bloc defections and diplomatic expulsions . Cominform and the Tito -- Stalin split Main articles : Cominform and Tito -- Stalin Split In September 1947 , the Soviets created Cominform , the purpose of which was to enforce orthodoxy within the international communist movement and tighten political control over Soviet satellites through coordination of communist parties in the Eastern Bloc . Cominform faced an embarrassing setback the following June , when the Tito -- Stalin Split obliged its members to expel Yugoslavia , which remained communist but adopted a non-aligned position . Berlin Blockade and airlift Main article : Berlin Blockade C - 47s unloading at Tempelhof Airport in Berlin during the Berlin Blockade . The United States and Britain merged their western German occupation zones into `` Bizonia '' ( 1 January 1947 , later `` Trizonia '' with the addition of France 's zone , April 1949 ) . As part of the economic rebuilding of Germany , in early 1948 , representatives of a number of Western European governments and the United States announced an agreement for a merger of western German areas into a federal governmental system . In addition , in accordance with the Marshall Plan , they began to re-industrialize and rebuild the German economy , including the introduction of a new Deutsche Mark currency to replace the old Reichsmark currency that the Soviets had debased . Shortly thereafter , Stalin instituted the Berlin Blockade ( 24 June 1948 -- 12 May 1949 ) , one of the first major crises of the Cold War , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in West Berlin . The United States , Britain , France , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and several other countries began the massive `` Berlin airlift '' , supplying West Berlin with food and other provisions . The Soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the policy change . Once again the East Berlin communists attempted to disrupt the Berlin municipal elections ( as they had done in the 1946 elections ) , which were held on 5 December 1948 and produced a turnout of 86.3 % and an overwhelming victory for the non-communist parties . The results effectively divided the city into East and West versions of its former self . 300,000 Berliners demonstrated and urged the international airlift to continue , and US Air Force pilot Gail Halvorsen created `` Operation Vittles '' , which supplied candy to German children . In May 1949 , Stalin backed down and lifted the blockade . In 1952 , Stalin repeatedly proposed a plan to unify East and West Germany under a single government chosen in elections supervised by the United Nations if the new Germany were to stay out of Western military alliances , but this proposal was turned down by the Western powers . Some sources dispute the sincerity of the proposal . Beginnings of NATO and Radio Free Europe Main articles : NATO , Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , and Eastern Bloc media and propaganda President Truman signs the North Atlantic Treaty with guests in the Oval Office . Britain , France , the United States , Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949 , establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . That August , the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk , Kazakh SSR . Following Soviet refusals to participate in a German rebuilding effort set forth by western European countries in 1948 , the US , Britain and France spearheaded the establishment of West Germany from the three Western zones of occupation in April 1949 . The Soviet Union proclaimed its zone of occupation in Germany the German Democratic Republic that October . Media in the Eastern Bloc was an organ of the state , completely reliant on and subservient to the communist party , with radio and television organizations being state - owned , while print media was usually owned by political organizations , mostly by the local communist party . Soviet propaganda used Marxist philosophy to attack capitalism , claiming labor exploitation and war - mongering imperialism were inherent in the system . Along with the broadcasts of the British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) and the Voice of America to Central and Eastern Europe , a major propaganda effort begun in 1949 was Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , dedicated to bringing about the peaceful demise of the communist system in the Eastern Bloc . Radio Free Europe attempted to achieve these goals by serving as a surrogate home radio station , an alternative to the controlled and party - dominated domestic press . Radio Free Europe was a product of some of the most prominent architects of America 's early Cold War strategy , especially those who believed that the Cold War would eventually be fought by political rather than military means , such as George F. Kennan . American policymakers , including Kennan and John Foster Dulles , acknowledged that the Cold War was in its essence a war of ideas . The United States , acting through the CIA , funded a long list of projects to counter the communist appeal among intellectuals in Europe and the developing world . The CIA also covertly sponsored a domestic propaganda campaign called Crusade for Freedom . In the early 1950s , the US worked for the rearmament of West Germany and , in 1955 , secured its full membership of NATO . In May 1953 , Beria , by then in a government post , had made an unsuccessful proposal to allow the reunification of a neutral Germany to prevent West Germany 's incorporation into NATO . Chinese Civil War and SEATO Main articles : Chinese Civil War and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin in Moscow , December 1949 . In 1949 , Mao Zedong 's People 's Liberation Army defeated Chiang Kai - shek 's United States - backed Kuomintang ( KMT ) Nationalist Government in China , and the Soviet Union promptly created an alliance with the newly formed People 's Republic of China . According to Norwegian historian Odd Arne Westad , the communists won the Civil War because they made fewer military mistakes than Chiang Kai - Shek made , and because in his search for a powerful centralized government , Chiang antagonized too many interest groups in China . Moreover , his party was weakened during the war against Japan . Meanwhile , the communists told different groups , such as the peasants , exactly what they wanted to hear , and they cloaked themselves under the cover of Chinese nationalism . Chiang and his KMT government retreated to the island of Taiwan . Confronted with the communist revolution in China and the end of the American atomic monopoly in 1949 , the Truman administration quickly moved to escalate and expand its containment policy . In NSC 68 , a secret 1950 document , the National Security Council proposed to reinforce pro-Western alliance systems and quadruple spending on defense . United States officials moved thereafter to expand containment into Asia , Africa , and Latin America , in order to counter revolutionary nationalist movements , often led by communist parties financed by the USSR , fighting against the restoration of Europe 's colonial empires in South - East Asia and elsewhere . In the early 1950s ( a period sometimes known as the `` Pactomania '' ) , the US formalized a series of alliances with Japan , Australia , New Zealand , Thailand and the Philippines ( notably ANZUS in 1951 and SEATO in 1954 ) , thereby guaranteeing the United States a number of long - term military bases . Korean War Main article : Korean War U.S. Marines engaged in street fighting during the liberation of Seoul , September 1950 . One of the more significant examples of the implementation of containment was US intervention in the Korean War . In June 1950 , Kim Il - sung 's North Korean People 's Army invaded South Korea . Stalin approved and sent advisers to plan the North Korean invasion . To Stalin 's surprise , the UN Security Council backed the defense of South Korea , though the Soviets were then boycotting meetings in protest that Taiwan and not Communist China held a permanent seat on the Council . A UN force of personnel from South Korea , the United States , the United Kingdom , Turkey , Canada , Colombia , Australia , France , South Africa , the Philippines , the Netherlands , Belgium , New Zealand and other countries joined to stop the invasion . General Douglas MacArthur , UN Command CiC ( seated ) , observes the naval shelling of Incheon from the USS Mt . McKinley , 15 September 1950 . Among other effects , the Korean War galvanised NATO to develop a military structure . Public opinion in countries involved , such as Great Britain , was divided for and against the war . Many feared an escalation into a general war with Communist China , and even nuclear war . The strong opposition to the war often strained Anglo - American relations . For these reasons British officials sought a speedy end to the conflict , hoping to unite Korea under United Nations auspices and withdrawal of all foreign forces . Even though the Chinese and North Koreans were exhausted by the war and were prepared to end it by late 1952 , Stalin insisted that they continue fighting , and the Armistice was approved only in July 1953 , after Stalin 's death . North Korean leader Kim Il Sung created a highly centralized , totalitarian dictatorship -- which continues to date -- according himself unlimited power and generating a formidable cult of personality . In the South , the American - backed strongman Syngman Rhee ran a significantly less brutal but deeply corrupt and authoritarian regime . After Rhee was overthrown in 1960 , South Korea fell within a year under a period of military rule that lasted until the re-establishment of a multi-party system in the late 1980s . Crisis and escalation ( 1953 -- 1962 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1953 -- 1962 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1959 . Khrushchev , Eisenhower and de-Stalinization In 1953 , changes in political leadership on both sides shifted the dynamic of the Cold War . Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated president that January . During the last 18 months of the Truman administration , the American defense budget had quadrupled , and Eisenhower moved to reduce military spending by a third while continuing to fight the Cold War effectively . After the death of Joseph Stalin , Nikita Khrushchev became the Soviet leader following the deposition and execution of Lavrentiy Beria and the pushing aside of rivals Georgy Malenkov and Vyacheslav Molotov . On 25 February 1956 , Khrushchev shocked delegates to the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party by cataloguing and denouncing Stalin 's crimes . As part of a campaign of de-Stalinization , he declared that the only way to reform and move away from Stalin 's policies would be to acknowledge errors made in the past . On 18 November 1956 , while addressing Western ambassadors at a reception at the Polish embassy in Moscow , Khrushchev used his famous `` Whether you like it or not , history is on our side . We will bury you '' expression , shocking everyone present . He later claimed that he had not been talking about nuclear war , but rather about the historically determined victory of communism over capitalism . In 1961 , Khrushchev declared that even if the USSR was behind the West , within a decade its housing shortage would disappear , consumer goods would be abundant , and within two decades , the `` construction of a communist society '' in the USSR would be completed `` in the main '' . Eisenhower 's secretary of state , John Foster Dulles , initiated a `` New Look '' for the containment strategy , calling for a greater reliance on nuclear weapons against US enemies in wartime . Dulles also enunciated the doctrine of `` massive retaliation '' , threatening a severe US response to any Soviet aggression . Possessing nuclear superiority , for example , allowed Eisenhower to face down Soviet threats to intervene in the Middle East during the 1956 Suez Crisis . US plans for nuclear war in the late 1950s included the `` systematic destruction '' of 1200 major urban centers in the Eastern Bloc and China , including Moscow , East Berlin and Beijing , with their civilian populations among the primary targets . Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution Main articles : Warsaw Pact and Hungarian Revolution of 1956 The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet influence , after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and before the official Sino - Soviet split of 1961 . While Stalin 's death in 1953 slightly relaxed tensions , the situation in Europe remained an uneasy armed truce . The Soviets , who had already created a network of mutual assistance treaties in the Eastern Bloc by 1949 , established a formal alliance therein , the Warsaw Pact , in 1955 . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 March of protesters in Budapest , on 25 October ; A destroyed Soviet T - 34 - 85 tank in Budapest . The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 occurred shortly after Khrushchev arranged the removal of Hungary 's Stalinist leader Mátyás Rákosi . In response to a popular uprising , the new regime formally disbanded the secret police , declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and pledged to re-establish free elections . The Soviet Army invaded . Thousands of Hungarians were arrested , imprisoned and deported to the Soviet Union , and approximately 200,000 Hungarians fled Hungary in the chaos . Hungarian leader Imre Nagy and others were executed following secret trials . From 1957 through 1961 , Khrushchev openly and repeatedly threatened the West with nuclear annihilation . He claimed that Soviet missile capabilities were far superior to those of the United States , capable of wiping out any American or European city . However , Khrushchev rejected Stalin 's belief in the inevitability of war , and declared his new goal was to be `` peaceful coexistence '' . This formulation modified the Stalin - era Soviet stance , where international class conflict meant the two opposing camps were on an inevitable collision course where communism would triumph through global war ; now , peace would allow capitalism to collapse on its own , as well as giving the Soviets time to boost their military capabilities , which remained for decades until Gorbachev 's later `` new thinking '' envisioning peaceful coexistence as an end in itself rather than a form of class struggle . The events in Hungary produced ideological fractures within the communist parties of the world , particularly in Western Europe , with great decline in membership as many in both western and communist countries felt disillusioned by the brutal Soviet response . The communist parties in the West would never recover from the effect the Hungarian Revolution had on their membership , a fact that was immediately recognized by some , such as the Yugoslavian politician Milovan Đilas who shortly after the revolution was crushed said that `` The wound which the Hungarian Revolution inflicted on communism can never be completely healed '' . America 's pronouncements concentrated on American strength abroad and the success of liberal capitalism . However , by the late 1960s , the `` battle for men 's minds '' between two systems of social organization that Kennedy spoke of in 1961 was largely over , with tensions henceforth based primarily on clashing geopolitical objectives rather than ideology . Berlin ultimatum and European integration Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 § Berlin ultimatum , and European integration During November 1958 , Khrushchev made an unsuccessful attempt to turn all of Berlin into an independent , demilitarized `` free city '' , giving the United States , Great Britain , and France a six - month ultimatum to withdraw their troops from the sectors they still occupied in West Berlin , or he would transfer control of Western access rights to the East Germans . Khrushchev earlier explained to Mao Zedong that `` Berlin is the testicles of the West . Every time I want to make the West scream , I squeeze on Berlin . '' NATO formally rejected the ultimatum in mid-December and Khrushchev withdrew it in return for a Geneva conference on the German question . More broadly , one hallmark of the 1950s was the beginning of European integration -- a fundamental by - product of the Cold War that Truman and Eisenhower promoted politically , economically , and militarily , but which later administrations viewed ambivalently , fearful that an independent Europe would forge a separate détente with the Soviet Union , which would use this to exacerbate Western disunity . Competition in the Third World Main articles : Decolonization § After 1945 , Wars of national liberation , 1953 Iranian coup d'état , 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état , and Congo Crisis Western colonial empires in Asia and Africa all collapsed in the years after 1945 Nationalist movements in some countries and regions , notably Guatemala , Indonesia and Indochina were often allied with communist groups , or perceived in the West to be allied with communists . In this context , the United States and the Soviet Union increasingly competed for influence by proxy in the Third World as decolonization gained momentum in the 1950s and early 1960s ; additionally , the Soviets saw continuing losses by imperial powers as presaging the eventual victory of their ideology . Both sides were selling armaments to gain influence . 1961 Soviet postage stamp demanding freedom for African nations . 1961 Soviet stamp commemorating Patrice Lumumba , prime minister of the Republic of the Congo . The United States made use of the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to do away with a string of unfriendly Third World governments and to support allied ones . In 1953 , President Eisenhower 's CIA implemented Operation Ajax , a covert operation aimed at the overthrow of the Iranian prime minister , Mohammad Mosaddegh . The popularly elected and non-aligned Mosaddegh had been a Middle Eastern nemesis of Britain since nationalizing the British - owned Anglo - Iranian Oil Company in 1951 . Winston Churchill told the United States that Mosaddegh was `` increasingly turning towards communism . '' The pro-Western shah , Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , assumed control as an autocratic monarch . The shah 's policies included the banning of the communist Tudeh Party of Iran and general suppression of political dissent by SAVAK , the shah 's domestic security and intelligence agency . In Guatemala , a CIA - backed military coup ousted the left - wing President Jacobo Árbenz in 1954 . The post-Arbenz government -- a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas -- repealed a progressive land reform law , returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Company , set up a National Committee of Defense Against Communism , and decreed a Preventive Penal Law Against Communism at the request of the United States . The non-aligned Indonesian government of Sukarno was faced with a major threat to its legitimacy beginning in 1956 , when several regional commanders began to demand autonomy from Jakarta . After mediation failed , Sukarno took action to remove the dissident commanders . In February 1958 , dissident military commanders in Central Sumatera ( Colonel Ahmad Hussein ) and North Sulawesi ( Colonel Ventje Sumual ) declared the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia - Permesta Movement aimed at overthrowing the Sukarno regime . They were joined by many civilian politicians from the Masyumi Party , such as Sjafruddin Prawiranegara , who were opposed to the growing influence of the communist Partai Komunis Indonesia party . Due to their anti-communist rhetoric , the rebels received arms , funding , and other covert aid from the CIA until Allen Lawrence Pope , an American pilot , was shot down after a bombing raid on government - held Ambon in April 1958 . The central government responded by launching airborne and seaborne military invasions of rebel strongholds Padang and Manado . By the end of 1958 , the rebels were militarily defeated , and the last remaining rebel guerilla bands surrendered by August 1961 . In the Republic of the Congo , newly independent from Belgium since June 1960 , the CIA - cultivated President Joseph Kasa - Vubu ordered the dismissal of the democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba and the Lumumba cabinet in September ; Lumumba called for Kasa - Vubu 's dismissal instead . In the ensuing Congo Crisis , the CIA - backed Colonel Mobutu Sese Seko quickly mobilized his forces to seize power through a military coup d'état . An animated map shows the order of independence of the African nations , 1950 -- 2011 . In British Guiana , the leftist People 's Progressive Party ( PPP ) candidate Cheddi Jagan won the position of chief minister in a colonially administered election in 1953 , but was quickly forced to resign from power after Britain 's suspension of the still - dependent nation 's constitution . Embarrassed by the landslide electoral victory of Jagan 's allegedly Marxist party , the British imprisoned the PPP 's leadership and maneuvered the organization into a divisive rupture in 1955 , engineering a split between Jagan and his PPP colleagues . Jagan again won the colonial elections in 1957 and 1961 ; despite Britain 's shift to a reconsideration of its view of the left - wing Jagan as a Soviet - style communist at this time , the United States pressured the British to withhold Guyana 's independence until an alternative to Jagan could be identified , supported , and brought into office . Worn down by the communist guerrilla war for Vietnamese independence and handed a watershed defeat by communist Viet Minh rebels at the 1954 Battle of Dien Bien Phu , the French accepted a negotiated abandonment of their colonial stake in Vietnam . In the Geneva Conference , peace accords were signed , leaving Vietnam divided between a pro-Soviet administration in North Vietnam and a pro-Western administration in South Vietnam at the 17th parallel north . Between 1954 and 1961 , Eisenhower 's United States sent economic aid and military advisers to strengthen South Vietnam 's pro-Western regime against communist efforts to destabilize it . Many emerging nations of Asia , Africa , and Latin America rejected the pressure to choose sides in the East - West competition . In 1955 , at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia , dozens of Third World governments resolved to stay out of the Cold War . The consensus reached at Bandung culminated with the creation of the Belgrade - headquartered Non-Aligned Movement in 1961 . Meanwhile , Khrushchev broadened Moscow 's policy to establish ties with India and other key neutral states . Independence movements in the Third World transformed the post-war order into a more pluralistic world of decolonized African and Middle Eastern nations and of rising nationalism in Asia and Latin America . Sino - Soviet split Main article : Sino - Soviet split A map showing the relations of the communist states after the Sino - Soviet split as of 1980 : The USSR and pro-Soviet communist states China and pro-Chinese communist states Neutral communist nations ( North Korea and Yugoslavia ) Non-communist states The period after 1956 was marked by serious setbacks for the Soviet Union , most notably the breakdown of the Sino - Soviet alliance , beginning the Sino - Soviet split . Mao had defended Stalin when Khrushchev attacked him after his death in 1956 , and treated the new Soviet leader as a superficial upstart , accusing him of having lost his revolutionary edge . For his part , Khrushchev , disturbed by Mao 's glib attitude toward nuclear war , referred to the Chinese leader as a `` lunatic on a throne '' . After this , Khrushchev made many desperate attempts to reconstitute the Sino - Soviet alliance , but Mao considered it useless and denied any proposal . The Chinese - Soviet animosity spilled out in an intra-communist propaganda war . Further on , the Soviets focused on a bitter rivalry with Mao 's China for leadership of the global communist movement . Historian Lorenz M. Lüthi argues : The Sino - Soviet split was one of the key events of the Cold War , equal in importance to the construction of the Berlin Wall , the Cuban Missile Crisis , the Second Vietnam War , and Sino - American rapprochement . The split helped to determine the framework of the Second Cold War in general , and influenced the course of the Second Vietnam War in particular . Space race Main article : Space Race The United States reached the moon in 1969 . On the nuclear weapons front , the United States and the USSR pursued nuclear rearmament and developed long - range weapons with which they could strike the territory of the other . In August 1957 , the Soviets successfully launched the world 's first intercontinental ballistic missile ( ICBM ) and in October , launched the first Earth satellite , Sputnik 1 . The launch of Sputnik inaugurated the Space Race . This culminated in the Apollo Moon landings , which astronaut Frank Borman later described as `` just a battle in the Cold War . '' Cuban Revolution and the Bay of Pigs invasion Main articles : Cuban Revolution and Bay of Pigs Invasion Che Guevara ( left ) and Fidel Castro ( right ) in 1961 . In Cuba , the 26th of July Movement seized power in 1 January 1959 , toppling President Fulgencio Batista , whose unpopular regime had been denied arms by the Eisenhower administration . Diplomatic relations between Cuba and the United States continued for some time after Batista 's fall , but President Eisenhower deliberately left the capital to avoid meeting Cuba 's young revolutionary leader Fidel Castro during the latter 's trip to Washington , D.C. in April , leaving Vice President Richard Nixon to conduct the meeting in his place . Cuba began negotiating arms purchases from the Eastern Bloc in March 1960 . In January 1961 , just prior to leaving office , Eisenhower formally severed relations with the Cuban government . In April 1961 , the administration of newly elected American President John F. Kennedy mounted an unsuccessful CIA - organized ship - borne invasion of the island at Playa Girón and Playa Larga in Santa Clara Province -- a failure that publicly humiliated the United States . Castro responded by publicly embracing Marxism -- Leninism , and the Soviet Union pledged to provide further support . Berlin Crisis of 1961 Main articles : Berlin Crisis of 1961 , Berlin Wall , and Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Soviet and American tanks face each other at Checkpoint Charlie , during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 . The Berlin Crisis of 1961 was the last major incident in the Cold War regarding the status of Berlin and post -- World War II Germany . By the early 1950s , the Soviet approach to restricting emigration movement was emulated by most of the rest of the Eastern Bloc . However , hundreds of thousands of East Germans annually emigrated to West Germany through a `` loophole '' in the system that existed between East and West Berlin , where the four occupying World War II powers governed movement . The emigration resulted in a massive `` brain drain '' from East Germany to West Germany of younger educated professionals , such that nearly 20 % of East Germany 's population had migrated to West Germany by 1961 . That June , the Soviet Union issued a new ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of Allied forces from West Berlin . The request was rebuffed , and on 13 August , East Germany erected a barbed - wire barrier that would eventually be expanded through construction into the Berlin Wall , effectively closing the loophole . Cuban Missile Crisis and Khrushchev 's ouster Main articles : Cuban Project and Cuban Missile Crisis Aerial photograph of a Soviet missile site in Cuba , taken by a US spy aircraft , 1 November 1962 . Continuing to seek ways to oust Castro following the Bay of Pigs Invasion , Kennedy and his administration experimented with various ways of covertly facilitating the overthrow of the Cuban government . Significant hopes were pinned on a covert program named the Cuban Project , devised under the Kennedy administration in 1961 . In February 1962 , Khrushchev learned of the American plans regarding Cuba : a `` Cuban project '' -- approved by the CIA and stipulating the overthrow of the Cuban government in October , possibly involving the American military -- and yet one more Kennedy - ordered operation to assassinate Castro . Preparations to install Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba were undertaken in response . Alarmed , Kennedy considered various reactions , and ultimately responded to the installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba with a naval blockade and presented an ultimatum to the Soviets . Khrushchev backed down from a confrontation , and the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American pledge not to invade Cuba again . Castro later admitted that `` I would have agreed to the use of nuclear weapons ... we took it for granted that it would become a nuclear war anyway , and that we were going to disappear . '' The Cuban Missile Crisis ( October -- November 1962 ) brought the world closer to nuclear war than ever before . The aftermath of the crisis led to the first efforts in the nuclear arms race at nuclear disarmament and improving relations , although the Cold War 's first arms control agreement , the Antarctic Treaty , had come into force in 1961 . In 1964 , Khrushchev 's Kremlin colleagues managed to oust him , but allowed him a peaceful retirement . Accused of rudeness and incompetence , he was also credited with ruining Soviet agriculture and bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war . Khrushchev had become an international embarrassment when he authorized construction of the Berlin Wall , a public humiliation for Marxism -- Leninism . Confrontation through détente ( 1962 -- 1979 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) NATO and Warsaw Pact troop strengths in Europe in 1973 . United States Navy F - 4 Phantom II intercepts a Soviet Tupolev Tu - 95 D aircraft in the early 1970s . In the course of the 1960s and 1970s , Cold War participants struggled to adjust to a new , more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer divided into two clearly opposed blocs . From the beginning of the post-war period , Western Europe and Japan rapidly recovered from the destruction of World War II and sustained strong economic growth through the 1950s and 1960s , with per capita GDPs approaching those of the United States , while Eastern Bloc economies stagnated . As a result of the 1973 oil crisis , combined with the growing influence of Third World alignments such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) and the Non-Aligned Movement , less - powerful countries had more room to assert their independence and often showed themselves resistant to pressure from either superpower . Meanwhile , Moscow was forced to turn its attention inward to deal with the Soviet Union 's deep - seated domestic economic problems . During this period , Soviet leaders such as Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin embraced the notion of détente . French withdrawal from NATO Main article : NATO § French withdrawal The unity of NATO was breached early in its history , with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France from 1958 onwards . De Gaulle protested at the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom , and also for the expansion of NATO 's coverage to include geographical areas of interest to France , most notably French Algeria , where France was waging a counter-insurgency and sought NATO assistance . Considering the response given to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began the development of an independent French nuclear deterrent and in 1966 withdrew from NATO 's military structures and expelled NATO troops from French soil . Invasion of Czechoslovakia Main articles : Prague Spring and Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia The 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia was one of the biggest military operations on European soil since World War II In 1968 , a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia called the Prague Spring took place that included `` Action Program '' of liberalizations , which described increasing freedom of the press , freedom of speech and freedom of movement , along with an economic emphasis on consumer goods , the possibility of a multiparty government , limiting the power of the secret police and potentially withdrawing from the Warsaw Pact . Leonid Brezhnev and Richard Nixon in Washington , 1973 ; this was a high - water mark in détente between the USSR and the US . In answer to the Prague Spring , on 20 August 1968 , the Soviet Army , together with most of their Warsaw Pact allies , invaded Czechoslovakia . The invasion was followed by a wave of emigration , including an estimated 70,000 Czechs and Slovaks initially fleeing , with the total eventually reaching 300,000 . The invasion sparked intense protests from Yugoslavia , Romania , China , and from Western European communist parties . Brezhnev Doctrine Main article : Brezhnev Doctrine In September 1968 , during a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers ' Party one month after the invasion of Czechoslovakia , Brezhnev outlined the Brezhnev Doctrine , in which he claimed the right to violate the sovereignty of any country attempting to replace Marxism -- Leninism with capitalism . During the speech , Brezhnev stated : When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism , it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned , but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries . The doctrine found its origins in the failures of Marxism -- Leninism in states like Poland , Hungary and East Germany , which were facing a declining standard of living contrasting with the prosperity of West Germany and the rest of Western Europe . Third World escalations See also : Dominican Civil War , Indonesian mass killings of 1965 -- 1966 , Vietnam War , 1973 Chilean coup d'état , 1973 Uruguayan coup d'état , 1976 Argentine coup d'état , Operation Condor , Six - Day War , Task Force 74 , War of Attrition , Yom Kippur War , Ogaden War , Angolan Civil War , Indonesian invasion of East Timor , Reeducation camp , Vietnamese boat people , and Stability -- instability paradox Speech on the Vietnam War given by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 29 September 1967 . Under the Lyndon B. Johnson Administration , which gained power after the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the U.S. took a more hardline stance on Latin America -- sometimes called the `` Mann Doctrine '' . In 1964 , the Brazilian military overthrew the government of president João Goulart with U.S. backing . In late April 1965 , the U.S. sent some 22,000 troops to the Dominican Republic for a one - year occupation in an invasion codenamed Operation Power Pack , citing the threat of the emergence of a Cuban - style revolution in Latin America . Héctor García - Godoy acted as provisional president , until conservative former president Joaquín Balaguer won the 1966 presidential election against non-campaigning former President Juan Bosch . Activists for Bosch 's Dominican Revolutionary Party were violently harassed by the Dominican police and armed forces . Alexei Kosygin ( left ) next to US President Lyndon B. Johnson ( right ) during the Glassboro Summit Conference , 23 June 1967 . In Indonesia , the hardline anti-communist General Suharto wrested control of the state from his predecessor Sukarno in an attempt to establish a `` New Order '' . From 1965 to 1966 , with the aid of the United States and other Western governments , the military led the mass killing of more than 500,000 members and sympathizers of the Indonesian Communist Party and other leftist organizations , and detained hundreds of thousands more in prison camps around the country under extremely inhumane conditions . A top - secret CIA report stated that the massacres `` rank as one of the worst mass murders of the 20th century , along with the Soviet purges of the 1930s , the Nazi mass murders during the Second World War , and the Maoist bloodbath of the early 1950s . '' These killings served U.S. strategic interests and constitute a major turning point in the Cold War as the balance of power shifted in Southeast Asia . Escalating the scale of American intervention in the ongoing conflict between Ngô Đình Diệm 's South Vietnamese government and the communist National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam ( NLF ) insurgents opposing it , Johnson deployed some 575,000 troops in Southeast Asia to defeat the NLF and their North Vietnamese allies in the Vietnam War , but his costly policy weakened the US economy and , by 1975 , it ultimately culminated in what most of the world saw as a humiliating defeat of the world 's most powerful superpower at the hands of one of the world 's poorest nations . Chilean leader Augusto Pinochet shaking hands with Henry Kissinger in 1976 . In Chile , the Socialist Party candidate Salvador Allende won the presidential election of 1970 , becoming the first democratically elected Marxist to become president of a country in the Americas . The CIA targeted Allende for removal and operated to undermine his support domestically , which contributed to a period of unrest culminating in General Augusto Pinochet 's coup d'état on 11 September 1973 . Pinochet consolidated power as a military dictator , Allende 's reforms of the economy were rolled back , and leftist opponents were killed or detained in internment camps under the Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional ( DINA ) . The Pinochet regime would go on to be one of the leading participants in Operation Condor , an international campaign of political assassination and state terrorism organized by right - wing military dictatorships in the Southern Cone of South America that was covertly supported by the US government . Henry Kissinger , who was US National Security Advisor and Secretary of State under Presidents Nixon and Ford , was a central figure in the Cold War while in office ( 1969 -- 1977 ) . The Middle East remained a source of contention . Egypt , which received the bulk of its arms and economic assistance from the USSR , was a troublesome client , with a reluctant Soviet Union feeling obliged to assist in both the 1967 Six - Day War ( with advisers and technicians ) and the War of Attrition ( with pilots and aircraft ) against pro-Western Israel . Despite the beginning of an Egyptian shift from a pro-Soviet to a pro-American orientation in 1972 ( under Egypt 's new leader Anwar Sadat ) , rumors of imminent Soviet intervention on the Egyptians ' behalf during the 1973 Yom Kippur War brought about a massive American mobilization that threatened to wreck détente . Although pre-Sadat Egypt had been the largest recipient of Soviet aid in the Middle East , the Soviets were also successful in establishing close relations with communist South Yemen , as well as the nationalist governments of Algeria and Iraq . Iraq signed a 15 - year Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation with the Soviet Union in 1972 . According to historian Charles R.H. Tripp , the treaty upset `` the U.S. - sponsored security system established as part of the Cold War in the Middle East . It appeared that any enemy of the Baghdad regime was a potential ally of the United States . '' In response , the U.S. covertly financed Kurdish rebels led by Mustafa Barzani during the Second Iraqi -- Kurdish War ; the Kurds were defeated in 1975 , leading to the forcible relocation of hundreds of thousands of Kurdish civilians . Indirect Soviet assistance to the Palestinian side of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict included support for Yasser Arafat 's Palestine Liberation Organization ( PLO ) . U.S. combat operations during the Battle of Ia Drang , South Vietnam , November 1965 . In Africa , Somali army officers led by Siad Barre carried out a bloodless coup in 1969 , creating the socialist Somali Democratic Republic . The Soviet Union vowed to support Somalia . Four years later , the pro-American Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown in a 1974 coup by the Derg , a radical group of Ethiopian army officers led by the pro-Soviet Mengistu Haile Mariam , who built up relations with the Cubans and the Soviets . When fighting between the Somalis and Ethiopians broke out in the 1977 -- 1978 Somali - Ethiopian Ogaden War , Barre lost his Soviet support and turned to the Safari Club -- a group of pro-American intelligence agencies including Iran , Egypt , and Saudi Arabia -- for support and weapons . The Ethiopian military was supported by Cuban soldiers along with Soviet military advisors and armaments . The 1974 Portuguese Carnation Revolution against the authoritarian Estado Novo returned Portugal to a multi-party system and facilitated the independence of the Portuguese colonies Angola and East Timor . In Africa , where Angolan rebels had waged a multi-faction independence war against Portuguese rule since 1961 , a two - decade civil war replaced the anti-colonial struggle as fighting erupted between the communist People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) , backed by the Cubans and the Soviets , and the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) , backed by the United States , the People 's Republic of China , and Mobutu 's government in Zaire . The United States , the apartheid government of South Africa , and several other African governments also supported a third faction , the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola ( UNITA ) . Without bothering to consult the Soviets in advance , the Cuban government sent a number of combat troops to fight alongside the MPLA . Foreign mercenaries and a South African armoured column were deployed to support UNITA , but the MPLA , bolstered by Cuban personnel and Soviet assistance , eventually gained the upper hand . During the Khmer Rouge regime led by Pol Pot , 1 to 3 million people died due to the policies of his four - year premiership . During the Vietnam War , North Vietnam invaded and occupied parts of Cambodia to use as military bases , which contributed to the violence of the Cambodian Civil War between the pro-American government of Lon Nol and communist Khmer Rouge insurgents . Documents uncovered from the Soviet archives reveal that the North Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1970 was launched at the request of the Khmer Rouge after negotiations with Nuon Chea . US and South Vietnamese forces responded to these actions with a bombing campaign and ground incursion , the effects of which are disputed by historians . Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1 -- 3 million Cambodians in the killing fields , out of a 1975 population of roughly 8 million . Martin Shaw described these atrocities as `` the purest genocide of the Cold War era . '' Backed by the Kampuchean United Front for National Salvation , an organization of Khmer pro-Soviet Communists and Khmer Rouge defectors led by Heng Samrin , Vietnam invaded Cambodia on 22 December 1978 . The invasion succeeded in deposing Pol Pot , but the new state would struggle to gain international recognition beyond the Soviet Bloc sphere -- despite the previous international outcry at Pol Pot 's DK regime 's gross human rights violations , and it would be bogged down in a guerrilla war led from refugee camps located in the border with Thailand . Following Khmer Rouge 's destruction , Cambodia 's national reconstruction would be severely hampered and Vietnam would suffer a punitive Chinese attack . Sino - American rapprochement Main article : 1972 Nixon visit to China Mao Zedong and US President Richard Nixon , during his visit in China . As a result of the Sino - Soviet split , tensions along the Chinese -- Soviet border reached their peak in 1969 , and United States President Richard Nixon decided to use the conflict to shift the balance of power towards the West in the Cold War . The Chinese had sought improved relations with the Americans in order to gain advantage over the Soviets as well . In February 1972 , Nixon announced a stunning rapprochement with Mao 's China by traveling to Beijing and meeting with Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai . At this time , the USSR achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States ; meanwhile , the Vietnam War both weakened America 's influence in the Third World and cooled relations with Western Europe . Although indirect conflict between Cold War powers continued through the late 1960s and early 1970s , tensions were beginning to ease . Nixon , Brezhnev , and détente Main articles : Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control , Helsinki Accords , and Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Leonid Brezhnev and Jimmy Carter sign the SALT II treaty , 18 June 1979 , in Vienna . Following his visit to China , Nixon met with Soviet leaders , including Brezhnev in Moscow . These Strategic Arms Limitation Talks resulted in two landmark arms control treaties : SALT I , the first comprehensive limitation pact signed by the two superpowers , and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty , which banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles . These aimed to limit the development of costly anti-ballistic missiles and nuclear missiles . Nixon and Brezhnev proclaimed a new era of `` peaceful coexistence '' and established the groundbreaking new policy of détente ( or cooperation ) between the two superpowers . Meanwhile , Brezhnev attempted to revive the Soviet economy , which was declining in part because of heavy military expenditures . Between 1972 and 1974 , the two sides also agreed to strengthen their economic ties , including agreements for increased trade . As a result of their meetings , détente would replace the hostility of the Cold War and the two countries would live mutually . Meanwhile , these developments coincided with the `` Ostpolitik '' of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt . Other agreements were concluded to stabilize the situation in Europe , culminating in the Helsinki Accords signed at the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe in 1975 . Iranian people protesting against the Pahlavi dynasty , during the Iranian Revolution . Kissinger and Nixon were `` realists '' who deemphasized idealistic goals like anti-communism or promotion of democracy worldwide , because those goals were too expensive in terms of America 's economic capabilities . Instead of a Cold War they wanted peace , trade and cultural exchanges . They realized that Americans were no longer willing to tax themselves for idealistic foreign policy goals , especially for containment policies that never seemed to produce positive results . Instead Nixon and Kissinger sought to downsize America 's global commitments in proportion to its reduced economic , moral and political power . They rejected `` idealism '' as impractical and too expensive ; neither man showed much sensitivity to the plight of people living under Communism . Kissinger 's realism fell out of fashion as idealism returned to American foreign policy with Carter 's moralism emphasizing human rights , and Reagan 's rollback strategy aimed at destroying Communism . Late 1970s deterioration of relations In the 1970s , the KGB , led by Yuri Andropov , continued to persecute distinguished Soviet personalities such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov , who were criticising the Soviet leadership in harsh terms . Indirect conflict between the superpowers continued through this period of détente in the Third World , particularly during political crises in the Middle East , Chile , Ethiopia , and Angola . Although President Jimmy Carter tried to place another limit on the arms race with a SALT II agreement in 1979 , his efforts were undermined by the other events that year , including the Iranian Revolution and the Nicaraguan Revolution , which both ousted pro-US regimes , and his retaliation against Soviet intervention in Afghanistan in December . `` Second Cold War '' ( 1979 -- 1985 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1979 -- 1985 ) The term second Cold War refers to the period of intensive reawakening of Cold War tensions and conflicts in the late 1970s and early 1980s . Tensions greatly increased between the major powers with both sides becoming more militaristic . Diggins says , `` Reagan went all out to fight the second cold war , by supporting counterinsurgencies in the third world . '' Cox says , `` The intensity of this ' second ' Cold War was as great as its duration was short . '' Soviet War in Afghanistan Main articles : War in Afghanistan ( 1978 -- present ) and Soviet -- Afghan War President Reagan publicizes his support by meeting with Afghan Mujahideen leaders in the White House , 1983 . In April 1978 , the communist People 's Democratic Party of Afghanistan ( PDPA ) seized power in Afghanistan in the Saur Revolution . Within months , opponents of the communist government launched an uprising in eastern Afghanistan that quickly expanded into a civil war waged by guerrilla mujahideen against government forces countrywide . The Islamic Unity of Afghanistan Mujahideen insurgents received military training and weapons in neighboring Pakistan and China , while the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA government . Meanwhile , increasing friction between the competing factions of the PDPA -- the dominant Khalq and the more moderate Parcham -- resulted in the dismissal of Parchami cabinet members and the arrest of Parchami military officers under the pretext of a Parchami coup . By mid-1979 , the United States had started a covert program to assist the mujahideen . In September 1979 , Khalqist President Nur Muhammad Taraki was assassinated in a coup within the PDPA orchestrated by fellow Khalq member Hafizullah Amin , who assumed the presidency . Distrusted by the Soviets , Amin was assassinated by Soviet special forces in December 1979 . A Soviet - organized government , led by Parcham 's Babrak Karmal but inclusive of both factions , filled the vacuum . Soviet troops were deployed to stabilize Afghanistan under Karmal in more substantial numbers , although the Soviet government did not expect to do most of the fighting in Afghanistan . As a result , however , the Soviets were now directly involved in what had been a domestic war in Afghanistan . Carter responded to the Soviet intervention by withdrawing the SALT II treaty from the Senate , imposing embargoes on grain and technology shipments to the USSR , and demanding a significant increase in military spending , and further announced that the United States would boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . He described the Soviet incursion as `` the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War '' . Reagan and Thatcher Further information : Reagan Doctrine and Thatcherism Thatcher 's Ministry meets with Reagan 's Cabinet at the White House , 1981 . The world map of military alliances in 1980 In January 1977 , four years prior to becoming president , Ronald Reagan bluntly stated , in a conversation with Richard V. Allen , his basic expectation in relation to the Cold War . `` My idea of American policy toward the Soviet Union is simple , and some would say simplistic , '' he said . `` It is this : We win and they lose . What do you think of that ? '' In 1980 , Ronald Reagan defeated Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election , vowing to increase military spending and confront the Soviets everywhere . Both Reagan and new British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher denounced the Soviet Union and its ideology . Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an `` evil empire '' and predicted that Communism would be left on the `` ash heap of history , '' while Thatcher inculpated the Soviets as `` bent on world dominance . '' In 1982 Reagan tried to cut off Moscow 's access to hard currency by impeding its proposed gas line to Western Europe . It hurt the Soviet economy , but it also caused ill will among American allies in Europe who counted on that revenue . Reagan retreated on this issue . By early 1985 , Reagan 's anti-communist position had developed into a stance known as the new Reagan Doctrine -- which , in addition to containment , formulated an additional right to subvert existing communist governments . Besides continuing Carter 's policy of supporting the Islamic opponents of the Soviet Union and the Soviet - backed PDPA government in Afghanistan , the CIA also sought to weaken the Soviet Union itself by promoting Islamism in the majority - Muslim Central Asian Soviet Union . Additionally , the CIA encouraged anti-communist Pakistan 's ISI to train Muslims from around the world to participate in the jihad against the Soviet Union . Polish Solidarity movement and martial law Main articles : Solidarity ( Polish trade union ) and Martial law in Poland Further information : Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980 -- 81 Pope John Paul II provided a moral focus for anti-communism ; a visit to his native Poland in 1979 stimulated a religious and nationalist resurgence centered on the Solidarity movement that galvanized opposition and may have led to his attempted assassination two years later . In December 1981 , Poland 's Wojciech Jaruzelski reacted to the crisis by imposing a period of martial law . Reagan imposed economic sanctions on Poland in response . Mikhail Suslov , the Kremlin 's top ideologist , advised Soviet leaders not to intervene if Poland fell under the control of Solidarity , for fear it might lead to heavy economic sanctions , representing a catastrophe for the Soviet economy . Soviet and US military and economic issues Further information : Era of Stagnation , Strategic Defense Initiative , SS - 20 Saber , and MGM - 31 Pershing US and USSR / Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles , 1945 -- 2006 . Delta 183 launch vehicle lifts off , carrying the Strategic Defense Initiative sensor experiment `` Delta Star '' . Moscow had built up a military that consumed as much as 25 percent of the Soviet Union 's gross national product at the expense of consumer goods and investment in civilian sectors . Soviet spending on the arms race and other Cold War commitments both caused and exacerbated deep - seated structural problems in the Soviet system , which saw at least a decade of economic stagnation during the late Brezhnev years . Soviet investment in the defense sector was not driven by military necessity , but in large part by the interests of massive party and state bureaucracies dependent on the sector for their own power and privileges . The Soviet Armed Forces became the largest in the world in terms of the numbers and types of weapons they possessed , in the number of troops in their ranks , and in the sheer size of their military -- industrial base . However , the quantitative advantages held by the Soviet military often concealed areas where the Eastern Bloc dramatically lagged behind the West . For example , the Persian Gulf War demonstrated how the armor , fire control systems and firing range of the Soviet 's most common main battle tank , the T - 72 , were drastically inferior to the American M1 Abrams , yet the USSR fielded almost three times as many T - 72 's as the US deployed M1 's . By the early 1980s , the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States . Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan , president Carter began massively building up the United States military . This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration , which increased the military spending from 5.3 percent of GNP in 1981 to 6.5 percent in 1986 , the largest peacetime defense buildup in United States history . Tensions continued intensifying in the early 1980s when Reagan revived the B - 1 Lancer program that was canceled by the Carter administration , produced LGM - 118 Peacekeepers , installed US cruise missiles in Europe , and announced his experimental Strategic Defense Initiative , dubbed `` Star Wars '' by the media , a defense program to shoot down missiles in mid-flight . With the background of a buildup in tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States , and the deployment of Soviet RSD - 10 Pioneer ballistic missiles targeting Western Europe , NATO decided , under the impetus of the Carter presidency , to deploy MGM - 31 Pershing and cruise missiles in Europe , primarily West Germany . This deployment would have placed missiles just 10 minutes ' striking distance from Moscow . After ten - year - old American Samantha Smith wrote a letter to Yuri Andropov expressing her fear of nuclear war , Andropov invited Smith to the Soviet Union . After Reagan 's military buildup , the Soviet Union did not respond by further building its military because the enormous military expenses , along with inefficient planned manufacturing and collectivized agriculture , were already a heavy burden for the Soviet economy . At the same time , Saudi Arabia increased oil production , even as other non-OPEC nations were increasing production . These developments contributed to the 1980s oil glut , which affected the Soviet Union , as oil was the main source of Soviet export revenues . Issues with command economics , oil price decreases and large military expenditures gradually brought the Soviet economy to stagnation . On 1 September 1983 , the Soviet Union shot down the Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 with 269 people aboard , including sitting Congressman Larry McDonald , when it violated Soviet airspace just past the west coast of Sakhalin Island near Moneron Island -- an act which Reagan characterized as a `` massacre '' . This act increased support for military deployment , overseen by Reagan , which stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev . The Able Archer 83 exercise in November 1983 , a realistic simulation of a coordinated NATO nuclear release , was perhaps the most dangerous moment since the Cuban Missile Crisis , as the Soviet leadership feared that a nuclear attack might be imminent . American domestic public concerns about intervening in foreign conflicts persisted from the end of the Vietnam War . The Reagan administration emphasized the use of quick , low - cost counter-insurgency tactics to intervene in foreign conflicts . In 1983 , the Reagan administration intervened in the multisided Lebanese Civil War , invaded Grenada , bombed Libya and backed the Central American Contras , anti-communist paramilitaries seeking to overthrow the Soviet - aligned Sandinista government in Nicaragua . While Reagan 's interventions against Grenada and Libya were popular in the United States , his backing of the Contra rebels was mired in controversy . The Reagan administration 's backing of the military government of Guatemala during the Guatemalan Civil War , in particular the regime of Efraín Ríos Montt , was also controversial . Meanwhile , the Soviets incurred high costs for their own foreign interventions . Although Brezhnev was convinced in 1979 that the Soviet war in Afghanistan would be brief , Muslim guerrillas , aided by the US , China , Britain , Saudi Arabia and Pakistan , waged a fierce resistance against the invasion . The Kremlin sent nearly 100,000 troops to support its puppet regime in Afghanistan , leading many outside observers to dub the war `` the Soviets ' Vietnam '' . However , Moscow 's quagmire in Afghanistan was far more disastrous for the Soviets than Vietnam had been for the Americans because the conflict coincided with a period of internal decay and domestic crisis in the Soviet system . A senior US State Department official predicted such an outcome as early as 1980 , positing that the invasion resulted in part from a `` domestic crisis within the Soviet system ... It may be that the thermodynamic law of entropy has ... caught up with the Soviet system , which now seems to expend more energy on simply maintaining its equilibrium than on improving itself . We could be seeing a period of foreign movement at a time of internal decay '' . Final years ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Main article : Cold War ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Gorbachev 's reforms Further information : Mikhail Gorbachev , Perestroika , and Glasnost Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan sign the INF Treaty at the White House , 1987 . By the time the comparatively youthful Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary in 1985 , the Soviet economy was stagnant and faced a sharp fall in foreign currency earnings as a result of the downward slide in oil prices in the 1980s . These issues prompted Gorbachev to investigate measures to revive the ailing state . An ineffectual start led to the conclusion that deeper structural changes were necessary and in June 1987 Gorbachev announced an agenda of economic reform called perestroika , or restructuring . Perestroika relaxed the production quota system , allowed private ownership of businesses and paved the way for foreign investment . These measures were intended to redirect the country 's resources from costly Cold War military commitments to more productive areas in the civilian sector . Despite initial skepticism in the West , the new Soviet leader proved to be committed to reversing the Soviet Union 's deteriorating economic condition instead of continuing the arms race with the West . Partly as a way to fight off internal opposition from party cliques to his reforms , Gorbachev simultaneously introduced glasnost , or openness , which increased freedom of the press and the transparency of state institutions . Glasnost was intended to reduce the corruption at the top of the Communist Party and moderate the abuse of power in the Central Committee . Glasnost also enabled increased contact between Soviet citizens and the western world , particularly with the United States , contributing to the accelerating détente between the two nations . Thaw in relations Further information : Reykjavík Summit , Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty , START I , and Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany The beginning of the 1990s brought a thaw in relations between the superpowers . In response to the Kremlin 's military and political concessions , Reagan agreed to renew talks on economic issues and the scaling - back of the arms race . The first summit was held in November 1985 in Geneva , Switzerland . At one stage the two men , accompanied only by an interpreter , agreed in principle to reduce each country 's nuclear arsenal by 50 percent . A second summit , was held in October 1986 , Reykjavík , Iceland . Talks went well until the focus shifted to Reagan 's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative , which Gorbachev wanted eliminated . Reagan refused . The negotiations failed , but the third summit in 1987 led to a breakthrough with the signing of the Intermediate - Range Nuclear Forces Treaty ( INF ) . The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear - armed , ground - launched ballistic and cruise missiles with ranges between 500 and 5,500 kilometers ( 300 to 3,400 miles ) and their infrastructure . `` Tear down this wall ! '' speech : Reagan speaking in front of the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 . East -- West tensions rapidly subsided through the mid-to - late 1980s , culminating with the final summit in Moscow in 1989 , when Gorbachev and George H.W. Bush signed the START I arms control treaty . During the following year it became apparent to the Soviets that oil and gas subsidies , along with the cost of maintaining massive troops levels , represented a substantial economic drain . In addition , the security advantage of a buffer zone was recognised as irrelevant and the Soviets officially declared that they would no longer intervene in the affairs of allied states in Central and Eastern Europe . In 1989 , Soviet forces withdrew from Afghanistan and by 1990 Gorbachev consented to German reunification , the only alternative being a Tiananmen Square scenario . When the Berlin Wall came down , Gorbachev 's `` Common European Home '' concept began to take shape . On 3 December 1989 , Gorbachev and Reagan 's successor , George H.W. Bush , declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit ; a year later , the two former rivals were partners in the Gulf War against Iraq ( August 1990 -- February 1991 ) . Eastern Europe breaks away Main article : Revolutions of 1989 By 1989 , the Soviet alliance system was on the brink of collapse , and , deprived of Soviet military support , the communist leaders of the Warsaw Pact states were losing power . Grassroots organizations , such as Poland 's Solidarity movement , rapidly gained ground with strong popular bases . In 1989 , the communist governments in Poland and Hungary became the first to negotiate the organizing of competitive elections . In Czechoslovakia and East Germany , mass protests unseated entrenched communist leaders . The communist regimes in Bulgaria and Romania also crumbled , in the latter case as the result of a violent uprising . Attitudes had changed enough that US Secretary of State James Baker suggested that the American government would not be opposed to Soviet intervention in Romania , on behalf of the opposition , to prevent bloodshed . The tidal wave of change culminated with the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 , which symbolized the collapse of European communist governments and graphically ended the Iron Curtain divide of Europe . The 1989 revolutionary wave swept across Central and Eastern Europe and peacefully overthrew all of the Soviet - style communist states : East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria ; Romania was the only Eastern - bloc country to topple its communist regime violently and execute its head of state . Soviet republics break away Further information : Economy of the Soviet Union and Baltic Way The human chain in Lithuania during the Baltic Way , 23 August 1989 . In the USSR itself , glasnost weakened the bonds that held the Soviet Union together and by February 1990 , with the dissolution of the USSR looming , the Communist Party was forced to surrender its 73 - year - old monopoly on state power . At the same time freedom of press and dissent allowed by glasnost and the festering `` nationalities question '' increasingly led the Union 's component republics to declare their autonomy from Moscow , with the Baltic states withdrawing from the Union entirely . Soviet dissolution Main articles : History of the Soviet Union ( 1982 -- 91 ) , The Barricades , 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and Commonwealth of Independent States Leaders of the Soviet Republics sign the Belovezha Accords which eliminated the USSR and established the Commonwealth of Independent States , 1991 . Gorbachev 's permissive attitude toward Central and Eastern Europe did not initially extend to Soviet territory ; even Bush , who strove to maintain friendly relations , condemned the January 1991 killings in Latvia and Lithuania , privately warning that economic ties would be frozen if the violence continued . The USSR was fatally weakened by a failed coup and a growing number of Soviet republics , particularly Russia , who threatened to secede from the USSR . The Commonwealth of Independent States , created on 21 December 1991 , is viewed as a successor entity to the Soviet Union but , according to Russia 's leaders , its purpose was to `` allow a civilized divorce '' between the Soviet Republics and is comparable to a loose confederation . The USSR was declared officially dissolved on 26 December 1991 . US President at that time , George H.W. Bush , expressed his emotions : `` The biggest thing that has happened in the world in my life , in our lives , is this : By the grace of God , America won the Cold War . '' Aftermath Main articles : Effects of the Cold War , Frozen conflict , Post-Soviet states , Post-Soviet conflicts , Yugoslav Wars , and Cold War II Changes in national boundaries after the end of the Cold War . After the dissolution of the Soviet Union , Russia drastically cut military spending , and restructuring the economy left millions unemployed . The capitalist reforms culminated in a recession in the early 1990s more severe than the Great Depression as experienced by the United States and Germany . In the 25 years following the end of the Cold War , only five or six of the post-communist states are on a path to joining the rich and capitalist world while most are falling behind , some to such an extent that it will take several decades to catch up to where they were before the collapse of communism . The Cold War continues to influence world affairs . The post-Cold War world is considered to be unipolar , with the United States the sole remaining superpower . The Cold War defined the political role of the United States after World War II -- by 1989 the United States had military alliances with 50 countries , with 526,000 troops stationed abroad , with 326,000 in Europe ( two - thirds of which in west Germany ) and 130,000 in Asia ( mainly Japan and South Korea ) . The Cold War also marked the zenith of peacetime military -- industrial complexes , especially in the United States , and large - scale military funding of science . These complexes , though their origins may be found as early as the 19th century , snowballed considerably during the Cold War . Since the end of the Cold War , the EU has expanded eastwards into the former Warsaw Pact and parts of the former Soviet Union Cumulative U.S. military expenditures throughout the entire Cold War amounted to an estimated $8 trillion . Further nearly 100,000 Americans lost their lives in the Korean and Vietnam Wars . Although Soviet casualties are difficult to estimate , as a share of their gross national product the financial cost for the Soviet Union was much higher than that incurred by the United States . In addition to the loss of life by uniformed soldiers , millions died in the superpowers ' proxy wars around the globe , most notably in Southeast Asia . Most of the proxy wars and subsidies for local conflicts ended along with the Cold War ; interstate wars , ethnic wars , revolutionary wars , as well as refugee and displaced persons crises have declined sharply in the post-Cold War years . Left over from the Cold War are numbers stations , which are shortwave radio stations thought to be used to broadcast covert messages , some of which can still be heard today . However , the aftermath of the Cold War is not always easily erased , as many of the economic and social tensions that were exploited to fuel Cold War competition in parts of the Third World remain acute . The breakdown of state control in a number of areas formerly ruled by communist governments produced new civil and ethnic conflicts , particularly in the former Yugoslavia . In Central and Eastern Europe , the end of the Cold War has ushered in an era of economic growth and an increase in the number of liberal democracies , while in other parts of the world , such as Afghanistan , independence was accompanied by state failure . In popular culture See also : Culture during the Cold War During the Cold War itself , with the United States and the Soviet Union invested heavily in propaganda designed to influence the hearts and minds of people around the world , especially using motion pictures . The Cold War endures as a popular topic reflected extensively in entertainment media , and continuing to the present with numerous post-1991 Cold War - themed feature films , novels , television , and other media . In 2013 , a KGB - sleeper - agents - living - next - door action drama series , The Americans , set in the early 1980s , was ranked # 6 on the Metacritic annual Best New TV Shows list ; its six - season run concluded in May of 2018 . At the same time , movies like Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) are shown in their entirety to educate college students about the Cold War . Historiography Main article : Historiography of the Cold War Periods in United States history ( hide ) Colonial period 1607 -- 1775 American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Confederation Period 1783 -- 1788 Federalist Era 1788 -- 1801 Jeffersonian Era 1801 -- 1817 Era of Good Feelings 1817 -- 1825 Jacksonian Era 1825 -- 1849 Civil War era 1849 -- 1865 Reconstruction era 1865 -- 1877 Gilded Age 1870s -- c. 1900 Progressive Era 1897 -- 1920 Roaring Twenties 1920 -- 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1939 World War II 1941 -- 1945 Postwar era 1945 -- 1964 Civil Rights era 1964 -- 1980 Reagan Era 1981 -- present Timeline As soon as the term `` Cold War '' was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union , interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians , political scientists , and journalists . In particular , historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet -- US relations after the Second World War ; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable , or could have been avoided . Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was , what the sources of the conflict were , and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides . Although explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse , several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified . Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War : `` orthodox '' accounts , `` revisionism '' , and `` post-revisionism '' . `` Orthodox '' accounts place responsibility for the Cold War on the Soviet Union and its expansion further into Europe . `` Revisionist '' writers place more responsibility for the breakdown of post-war peace on the United States , citing a range of US efforts to isolate and confront the Soviet Union well before the end of World War II . `` Post-revisionists '' see the events of the Cold War as more nuanced , and attempt to be more balanced in determining what occurred during the Cold War . Much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories . See also Main article : Outline of the Cold War Canada in the Cold War Cold War II Cold War ( TV series ) Culture during the Cold War McCarthyism Mutually assured destruction Non-Aligned Movement Soviet Empire Soviet espionage in the United States American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation Timeline of events in the Cold War World War III Category : Cold War by period 1940s portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal 1980s portal 1990s portal Cold War portal Conservatism portal Communism portal Socialism portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Footnotes Jump up ^ Geoffrey Jones , `` Firms and Global Capitalism '' in The Cambridge History of Capitalism Volume 2 , Larry Neal et al , eds . ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) , p. 176 - 179 Jump up ^ `` Where did banana republics get their name ? '' The Economist , 21 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Syria crisis : UN chief says Cold War is back '' . BBC News . 13 April 2018 . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . 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'' Jump up ^ David Carlton , Churchill and the Soviet Union ( Manchester University Press , 2000 ) p. 114 - 116 Jump up ^ Allan Todd , History for the IB Diploma Paper 3 : The Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia ( Cambridge University Press , 2016 ) , p. 105 - 111 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 21 Jump up ^ United States Government Printing Office , Report on the Morgenthau Diaries prepared by the Subcommittee of the Senate Committee of the Judiciary appointed to investigate the Administration of the McCarran Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws , ( Washington , 1967 ) volume 1 , pp. 620 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` CONFERENCES : Pas de Pagaille ! '' . Time . 28 July 1947 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kerstin von Lingen , Allen Dulles , the OSS , and Nazi War Criminals ( Cambridge University Press , 2013 ) , p. 6 , 81 - 90 Jump up ^ Rev , Istvan . `` Opinion An Absurdist Film That Touches on Wartime Reality '' . mobile.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Peck , Michael . `` Operation Unthinkable : Britain 's Secret Plan to Invade Russia in 1945 '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ Zubok 1996 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Bourantonis 1996 , p. 130 Jump up ^ Garthoff 1994 , p. 401 ^ Jump up to : Byrd , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . In McLean , Iain ; McMillan , Alistair . The concise Oxford dictionary of politics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280276 - 3 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Alan Wood , p. 62 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 25 -- 26 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : revolution from above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 ^ Jump up to : Schmitz , David F. ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Causes ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 Jump up ^ van Dijk , Ruud , Encyclopedia of the Cold War , Volume 1 , p. 200 . Taylor & Francis , 2008 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 97515 - 8 Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 Jump up ^ Roht - Arriaza 1995 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 100 Jump up ^ Fenton , Ben ( 1 October 1998 ) . `` The secret strategy to launch attack on Red Army '' . telegraph.co.uk . Archived from the original on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Warfare : Operation Gladio and NATO 's Stay - Behind Armies -- Chronology '' Swiss Federal Institute of Technology , Zurich Jump up ^ Schecter 2003 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Kydd 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Morgan , Curtis F. `` Southern Partnership : James F. Byrnes , Lucius D. Clay and Germany , 1945 -- 1947 '' . James F. Byrnes Institute . Archived from the original on 5 July 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 94 Jump up ^ Harriman , Pamela C. ( Winter 1987 -- 1988 ) . `` Churchill and ... Politics : The True Meaning of the Iron Curtain Speech '' . Winston Churchill Centre . Archived from the original on 15 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . 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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Cold War International History Project , Working Paper 14 , May 1996 . Jump up ^ Turner 1987 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Heike Bungert , `` A New Perspective on French - American Relations during the Occupation of Germany , 1945 -- 1948 : Behind - the - Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger . '' Diplomatic History ( 1994 ) 18 # 3 pp : 333 -- 352 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Patrick ( 1997 ) . Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe . Routledge . pp. 15 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 4765 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Wood , p. 111 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 131 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Puddington 2003 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Puddington 2003 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cummings , Richard H. ( 2010 ) . Radio Free Europe 's `` Crusade for freedom '' : Rallying Americans behind Cold War Broadcasting , 1950 -- 1960 . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4410 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Westad 2012 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 164 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Stokesbury , James L ( 1990 ) . A Short History of the Korean War . New York : Harper Perennial . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 09513 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weathersby 1993 , pp. 28 , 30 . Jump up ^ Malkasian 2001 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Fehrenbach , T.R. , This Kind of War : The Classic Korean War History , Brasseys , 2001 , ISBN 1 - 57488 - 334 - 8 , page 305 Jump up ^ Isby & Kamps 1985 , pp. 13 -- 14 Jump up ^ Cotton , James ( 1989 ) . The Korean war in history . Manchester University Press ND . p. 100 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 2984 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don , The Two Koreas : A Contemporary History , Basic Books , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 465 - 05162 - 6 , page 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ No , Kum - Sok and J. Roger Osterholm , A MiG - 15 to Freedom : Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953 , McFarland , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0210 - 5 Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 1988 ) . The Korean War . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 66834 - X . Jump up ^ Karabell , p. 916 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` We Will Bury You ! '' , Time magazine , 26 November 1956 . Retrieved 26 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 84 Jump up ^ Tompson 1997 , pp. 237 -- 239 Jump up ^ Eric Bradner ( 23 December 2015 ) . Newly released documents reveal U.S. Cold War nuclear target list . CNN . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . See also : U.S. Cold War Nuclear Target Lists Declassified for First Time . National Security Archive. 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Palmowski Jump up ^ Feldbrugge , p. 818 Jump up ^ `` Soviet troops overrun Hungary '' . BBC News . 4 November 1956 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Video : Revolt in Hungary Archived 17 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Narrator : Walter Cronkite , producer : CBS ( 1956 ) -- Fonds 306 , Audiovisual Materials Relating to the 1956 Hungarian Revolution , OSA Archivum , Budapest , Hungary ID number : HU OSA 306 - 0 - 1 : 40 Jump up ^ UN General Assembly Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary ( 1957 ) `` Chapter IV . E ( Logistical deployment of new Soviet troops ) , para 181 ( p. 56 ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.47 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Report by Soviet Deputy Interior Minister M.N. Holodkov to Interior Minister N.P. Dudorov ( 15 November 1956 ) '' ( PDF ) . The 1956 Hungarian Revolution , A History in Documents . George Washington University : The National Security Archive. 4 November 2002 . Retrieved 2 September 2006 . Jump up ^ Cseresnyés , Ferenc ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The ' 56 Exodus to Austria '' . The Hungarian Quarterly . Society of the Hungarian Quarterly . XL ( 154 ) : 86 -- 101 . Archived from the original on 27 November 2004 . Retrieved 9 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` On This Day June 16 , 1989 : Hungary reburies fallen hero Imre Nagy '' British Broadcasting Corporation ( BBC ) reports on Nagy reburial with full honors . Retrieved 13 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Perlmutter 1997 , p. 145 Jump up ^ Njolstad 2004 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Breslauer , p. 72 ^ Jump up to : Lendvai , Paul ( 2008 ) . One Day that Shook the Communist World : The 1956 Hungarian Uprising and Its Legacy . Princeton University Press . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13282 - 8 . Jump up ^ Joshel , p. 128 Jump up ^ Rycroft , p. 7 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 71 Jump up ^ Glees , pp. 126 -- 27 Jump up ^ Cameron , p. 156 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 121 -- 124 Jump up ^ Edelheit , p. 382 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip ( 2000 ) . `` Cold War '' . In Charles Townshend . The Oxford History of Modern War . New York , USA : Oxford University Press . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 285373 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Mark J. Gasiorowski and Malcolm Byrne Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran , Syracuse University Press , May 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 3018 - 2 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ James S. Lay , Jr. ( 20 November 1952 ) . `` United States policy regarding the current situation in Iran '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Statement of policy proposed by the National Security Council Jump up ^ Walter B. Smith ( 20 March 1953 ) . `` First Progress Report on Paragraph 5 - 1 of NSC 136 / 1 , `` U.S. Policy Regarding the Current Situation in Iran '' '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Measures which the United States Government Might Take in Support of a Successor Government to Mosaddegh '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University . March 1953 . Retrieved 7 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Watson , Cynthia A. ( 2002 ) . U.S. National Security : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , California : ABL - CLIO . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 598 - 2 . Jump up ^ Stone , The Atlantic and Its Enemies ( 2010 ) pp 199 , 256 Jump up ^ Bulmer - Thomas , Victor ( 1987 ) . The Political Economy of Central America since 1920 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 34284 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roadnight , Andrew ( 2002 ) . United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 79315 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Schraeder , Peter J. ( 1994 ) . United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa : Incrementalism , Crisis , and Change . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46677 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rose , Euclid A. ( 2002 ) . Dependency and Socialism in the Modern Caribbean : Superpower Intervention in Guyana , Jamaica , and Grenada , 1970 -- 1985 . Lanham : Lexington Books . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0448 - 4 . Jump up ^ Mars , Perry & Alma H. Young ( 2004 ) . Caribbean Labor and Politics : Legacies of Cheddi Jagan and Michael Manley . Detroit : Wayne State University Press . p. xviii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3211 - 5 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Colin A. ( 2010 ) . Cheddi Jagan and the Politics of Power : British Guiana 's Struggle for Independence . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . pp. 247 -- 248 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3416 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 126 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 142 Jump up ^ Kempe , Frederick ( 2011 ) . Berlin 1961 . Penguin Group ( USA ) . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lüthi , pp. 273 -- 276 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Lorenz M. Lüthi ( 2010 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton UP . p. 1 . ISBN 1400837626 . Jump up ^ Lackey , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` Sputnik satellite blasts into space '' . BBC News . 4 October 1957 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Klesius , Michael ( 19 December 2008 ) . `` To Boldly Go '' . Air & Space . Retrieved 7 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Blumberg , Arnold ( 1995 ) . Great Leaders , Great Tyrants ? : Contemporary Views of World Rulers Who Made History . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . pp. 23 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28751 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lechuga Hevia , Carlos ( 2001 ) . Cuba and the Missile Crisis . Melbourne , Australia : Ocean Press . p. 142 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876175 - 34 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dominguez 1989 , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Smith , Joseph ( 1998 ) . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Oxford : Blackwell . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 19138 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Harrison 2003 , p. 99 Jump up ^ Dowty 1989 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Pearson 1998 , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 1994 ) . `` Unwrapping the Enigma : What Was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s ? '' . In Diane B. Kunz ( Ed . ) , The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade : American Foreign Relations During the 1960s . 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Control Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia , `` Action Plan of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia ( Prague , April 1968 ) '' in Dubcek 's Blueprint for Freedom : His original documents leading to the invasion of Czechoslovakia . William Kimber & Co. 1968 , pp 32 , 54 Jump up ^ Von Geldern , James ; Siegelbaum , Lewis . `` The Soviet - led Intervention in Czechoslovakia '' . Soviethistory.org . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 150 Jump up ^ `` Russia brings winter to Prague Spring '' . BBC News . 21 August 1968 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Čulík , Jan . `` Den , kdy tanky zlikvidovaly české sny Pražského jara '' . Britské Listy . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Walter LaFeber , `` Thomas C. Mann and the Devolution of Latin American Policy : From the Good Neighbor to Military Intervention '' . In Behind the Throne : Servants of Power to Imperial Presidents , 1898 -- 1968 , ed . Thomas J. McCormick & Walter LaFeber . University of Wisconsin Press , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 299 - 13740 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Itzigsohn , José ( 2000 ) . Developing Poverty : The State , Labor Market Deregulation , and the Informal Economy in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic . University Park , Pennsylvania : Penn State University Press . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 271 - 02028 - 0 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Geoffrey B. ( 2018 ) . The Killing Season : A History of the Indonesian Massacres , 1965 - 66 . Princeton University Press . p. 203 . ISBN 9781400888863 . a US Embassy official in Jakarta , Robert Martens , had supplied the Indonesian Army with lists containing the names of thousands of PKI officials in the months after the alleged coup attempt . According to the journalist Kathy Kadane , `` As many as 5,000 names were furnished over a period of months to the Army there , and the Americans later checked off the names of those who had been killed or captured . '' Despite Martens later denials of any such intent , these actions almost certainly aided in the death or detention of many innocent people . They also sent a powerful message that the US government agreed with and supported the army 's campaign against the PKI , even as that campaign took its terrible toll in human lives . Jump up ^ Simpson , Bradley ( 2010 ) . Economists with Guns : Authoritarian Development and U.S. -- Indonesian Relations , 1960 - 1968 . Stanford University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0804771820 . Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army - led massacre of alleged PKI members , and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party 's unarmed supporters might not go far enough , permitting Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the ( Johnson ) Administration 's emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia . This was efficacious terror , an essential building block of the neoliberal policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno 's ouster . Jump up ^ Kai Thaler ( 2 December 2015 ) . 50 years ago today , American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia . Here 's what that means for today . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Juliet ( 21 July 2016 ) . `` Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide ; US , UK complicit '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bevins , Vincent ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Farid , Hilmar ( 2005 ) . `` Indonesia 's original sin : mass killings and capitalist expansion , 1965 -- 66 '' . Inter-Asia Cultural Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . doi : 10.1080 / 1462394042000326879 . Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 80 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Mark Aarons ( 2007 ) . `` Justice Betrayed : Post-1945 Responses to Genocide . '' In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L.H. McCormack ( eds ) . The Legacy of Nuremberg : Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance ? ( International Humanitarian Law ) . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 81 ISBN 9004156917 Jump up ^ Scott , Margaret ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Uncovering Indonesia 's Act of Killing '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Salvador Allende '' . BBC . 8 September 2003 . Retrieved 25 January 2011 . Jump up ^ McSherry , J. Patrice ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 5 : `` Industrial repression '' and Operation Condor in Latin America `` . In Esparza , Marcia ; Henry R. Huttenbach ; Daniel Feierstein . State Violence and Genocide in Latin America : The Cold War Years ( Critical Terrorism Studies ) . Routledge . p. 107 . ISBN 0415664578 . Operation Condor also had the covert support of the US government . Washington provided Condor with military intelligence and training , financial assistance , advanced computers , sophisticated tracking technology , and access to the continental telecommunications system housed in the Panama Canal Zone . Jump up ^ Walter L. Hixson ( 2009 ) . The Myth of American Diplomacy : National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy . Yale University Press . p. 223 . ISBN 0300151314 Jump up ^ Greg Grandin ( 2011 ) . The Last Colonial Massacre : Latin America in the Cold War . University of Chicago Press . p. 75 . ISBN 9780226306902 Jump up ^ Stone , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Grenville , J.A.S. & Bernard Wasserstein ( 1987 ) . Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Volume 2 . London and New York : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 38080 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kumaraswamy , p. 127 ^ Jump up to : Tripp , Charles R.H. ( 2002 ) . A History of Iraq . Cambridge University Press . pp. xii , 211 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87823 - 4 . Jump up ^ Friedman , p. 330 ^ Jump up to : Erlich , Reese ( 2008 ) . Dateline Havana : The Real Story of U.S. Policy and the Future of Cuba . Sausalito , California : PoliPoint Press . pp. 84 -- 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9815769 - 7 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bronson , Thicker than Oil ( 2006 ) , p. 134 . `` Encouraged by Saudi Arabia , Safari Club members approached Somali president Siad Barre and offered to provide the arms he needed if he stopped taking Russian aid . Barre agreed . Egypt then sold Somalia $75 million worth of its unwanted Soviet arms , with Saudi Arabia footing the bill . '' Jump up ^ Miglietta , American Alliance Policy ( 2002 ) , p. 78 . `` American military goods were provided by Egypt and Iran , which transferred excess arms from their inventories . It was said that American M - 48 tanks sold to Iran were shipped to Somalia via Oman . '' Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov , `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists : A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives , '' in Susan E. Cook , ed. , Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda ( Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1 , 2004 ) , p. 54ff . Can be accessed at : www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April -- May 1970 , many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot , but by his deputy Nuon Chea . Nguyen Co Thach recalls : `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days . '' '' Jump up ^ Chandler , David 2000 , Brother Number One : A Political Biography of Pol Pot , Revised Edition , Chiang Mai , Thailand : Silkworm Books , pp. 96 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Heuveline , Patrick ( 2001 ) . `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia . '' In Forced Migration and Mortality , eds . Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely . Washington , D.C. : National Academy Press . Heuveline suggests that a range of 1.17 -- 3.42 million people were killed . Jump up ^ Marek Sliwinski , Le Génocide Khmer Rouge : Une Analyse Démographique ( L'Harmattan , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Banister , Judith , and Paige Johnson ( 1993 ) . `` After the Nightmare : The Population of Cambodia . '' In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia : The Khmer Rouge , the United Nations and the International Community , ed . Ben Kiernan . New Haven , Conn. : Yale University Southeast Asia Studies . Jump up ^ Theory of the Global State : Globality as Unfinished Revolution by Martin Shaw , Cambridge University Press , 2000 , p. 141 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 59730 - 2 Jump up ^ Slocomb M. `` The K5 Gamble : National Defence and Nation Building under the People 's Republic of Kampuchea . '' Journal of Southeast Asian Studies , 2001 ; 32 ( 02 ) : 195 -- 210 Jump up ^ hu - Huong , Nguyen ( 1992 ) . Khmer Viet Relations and the Third Indochina Conflict . Jefferson : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89950 - 717 - 0 , pp. 139 -- 140 Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2007 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 149 -- 152 Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ `` President Nixon arrives in Moscow '' . BBC News . 22 May 1972 . Retrieved 10 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Robert S. Litwak , Détente and the Nixon doctrine : American foreign policy and the pursuit of stability , 1969 -- 1976 ( Cambridge UP , 1986 ) . 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Siracusa ( 2008 ) . Reagan , Bush , Gorbachev : Revisiting the End of the Cold War . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Bilveer ( 1995 ) . `` Jemaah Islamiyah '' . In Wilson John & Swati Parashar ( Eds . ) Terrorism in Southeast Asia : Implications for South Asia . Singapore and Delhi : ORF - Pearson - Longman . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 297 - 0998 - 1 . Jump up ^ Henze , p. 171 ^ Jump up to : Gaddis 2005 , pp. 219 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : LaFeber 2002 , p. 332 Jump up ^ Towle , Philip . The Oxford History of Modern War . p. 159 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 335 Jump up ^ Odom 2000 , p. 1 Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 340 Jump up ^ `` Desert Storm Filled Soviet Military With Awe '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Carliner , Geoffrey ; Alesina , Alberto , eds. ( 1991 ) . Politics and Economics in the Eighties . University of Chicago Press . p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 01281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 29 March 2006 ) . `` Caspar W. Weinberger , 88 ; Architect of Massive Pentagon Buildup '' . The Boston Globe . Boston.com . Retrieved 28 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LGM - 118A Peacekeeper '' . Federation of American Scientists . 15 August 2000 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Lakoff , p. 263 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Garthoff , p. 88 Jump up ^ Lebow , Richard Ned and Janice Gross Stein ( February 1994 ) . `` Reagan and the Russians '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 28 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gaidar 2007 pp. 190 -- 205 Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor . `` Public Expectations and Trust towards the Government : Post-Revolution Stabilization and its Discontents '' . The Institute for the Economy in Transition . Retrieved 15 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Energy Statistics of the US Government '' , EIA -- International Energy Data and Analysis . Retrieved on 4 July 2008 . 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Retrieved 20 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 Jump up ^ Cited in Stephen E. , Ambrose & Douglas G. , Brinkley , Rise to Globalism : American Foreign Policy since 1938 , ( New York : Penguin Books , 1997 ) , p XVI . Jump up ^ Åslund , p. 49 Jump up ^ Nolan , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Ghodsee , Kristen ( 2017 ) . Red Hangover : Legacies of Twentieth - Century Communism . Duke University Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0822369493 . Jump up ^ Milanović , Branko ( 2015 ) . `` After the Wall Fell : The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism '' . Challenge . 58 ( 2 ) : 135 -- 138 . doi : 10.1080 / 05775132.2015. 1012402 . Jump up ^ `` Country profile : United States of America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 March 2007 Jump up ^ Nye , p. 157 Jump up ^ Blum 2006 , p. 87 ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Military Deployment 1969 to the present '' . PBS . 26 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simón ( 1989 ) . United States Military Forces and Installations in Europe . Oxford University Press . p. 175 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829132 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Craig ( 2002 ) . `` Cold War ( entire chapter ) '' . Dictionary of the Social Sciences . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512371 - 9 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Pavelec , Sterling Michael ( 2009 ) . The Military - Industrial Complex and American Society . ABC - CLIO . pp. xv -- xvi . ISBN 1 - 59884 - 187 - 4 . Jump up ^ LaFeber 2002 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Gaddis 2005 , p. 266 Jump up ^ Monty G. Marshall and Ted Gurr , `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Center for Systemic Peace ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 14 June 2008 . `` Peace and Conflict '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 June 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony Shaw and Denise Youngblood , Cinematic Cold War : The American and Soviet struggle for hearts and minds ( University Press of Kansas , 2010 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Jason Dietz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` The Best New TV Shows of 2013 '' . Metacritic ( CBS Interactive Inc . ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( 31 May 2018 ) . `` ' The Americans ' finale brings FX drama to tense , satisfying close '' . CNN . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Gokcek , Gigi & Howard , Alison ; Howard ( 2013 ) . `` Movies to the Rescue : Keeping the Cold War Relevant for Twenty - First - Century Students '' . Journal of Political Science Education . 9 ( 4 ) : 436 . doi : 10.1080 / 15512169.2013. 835561 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nashel , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . `` Cold War ( 1945 -- 91 ) : Changing Interpretations ( entire chapter ) '' . In Whiteclay Chambers , John . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507198 - 0 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Brinkley , pp. 798 -- 799 References and further reading Main article : List of primary and secondary sources on the Cold War Applebaum , Anne ( 2012 ) . Iron Curtain : The Crushing of Eastern Europe , 1944 -- 1956 . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51569 - 3 . Bilinsky , Yaroslav ( 1990 ) . Endgame in NATO 's Enlargement : The Baltic States and Ukraine . Greenwood . ISBN 0275963632 . Bronson , Rachel . Thicker than Oil : Oil : America 's Uneasy Partnership with Saudi Arabia . Oxford University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516743 - 6 Brazinsky , Gregg A. Winning the Third World : Sino - American Rivalry during the Cold War ( U of North Carolina Press , 2017 ) ; four online reviews & author response The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol. 2010 ) online Christenson , Ron ( 1991 ) . Political trials in history : from antiquity to the present . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 0 - 88738 - 406 - 4 . Davis , Simon , and Joseph Smith . The A to Z of the Cold War ( Scarecrow , 2005 ) , encyclopedia focused on military aspects Dominguez , Jorge I. ( 1989 ) . To Make a World Safe for Revolution : Cuba 's Foreign Policy . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 89325 - 2 . Fedorov , Alexander ( 2011 ) . Russian Image on the Western Screen : Trends , Stereotypes , Myths , Illusions . Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8433 - 9330 - 0 . Franco , Jean ( 2002 ) . The Decline and Fall of the Lettered City : Latin America in the Cold War . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 6740 - 3717 - 0 . Frankel , Benjamin . The Cold War 1945 -- 1991 . Vol. 2 , Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union , Eastern Europe , China , and the Third World ( 1992 ) , 379pp of biographies . Friedman , Norman ( 2007 ) . The Fifty - Year War : Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 287 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1990 ) . Russia , the Soviet Union and the United States . An Interpretative History . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 557258 - 3 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1997 ) . We Now Know : Rethinking Cold War History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 878070 - 2 . Gaddis , John Lewis ( 2005 ) . The Cold War : A New History . Penguin Press . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 . Garthoff , Raymond ( 1994 ) . Détente and Confrontation : American - Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . Gilbert , Martin ( 2007 ) . Routledge Atlas of Russian History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 39483 - 3 . Halliday , Fred . The Making of the Second Cold War ( 1983 , Verso , London ) . Halliday , Fred ( 2001 ) . `` Cold War '' . The Oxford Companion to the Politics of the World . Oxford University Press Inc . Haslam , Jonathan . Russia 's Cold War : From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall ( Yale University Press ; 2011 ) 512 pages Heller , Henry ( 2006 ) . The Cold War and the New Imperialism : A Global History , 1945 -- 2005 . New York : Monthly Review Press . ISBN 1 - 58367 - 139 - 0 Hoffman , David E. The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( 2010 ) House , Jonathan . A Military History of the Cold War , 1944 -- 1962 ( 2012 ) Immerman , Richard H. and Petra Goedde , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the Cold War ( 2013 ) excerpt Judge , Edward H. The Cold War : A Global History With Documents ( 2012 ) Kalinovsky , Artemy M. ( 2011 ) . A Long Goodbye : The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan . Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 05866 - 8 . Kinsella , Warren ( 1992 ) . Unholy Alliances . Lester Publishing . ISBN 1895555248 . LaFeber , Walter ( 1993 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 1992 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 035853 - 2 . LaFeber , Walter ( 2002 ) . America , Russia , and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 284903 - 7 . Leffler , Melvyn ( 1992 ) . A Preponderance of Power : National Security , the Truman Administration , and the Cold War . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 2218 - 8 . Leffler , Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cambridge History of the Cold War ( 3 vol , 2010 ) 2000pp ; new essays by leading scholars Lewkowicz , Nicolas ( 2010 ) . The German Question and the International Order , 1943 -- 48 . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 24812 - 0 . Lundestad , Geir ( 2005 ) . East , West , North , South : Major Developments in International Politics since 1945 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 1 - 4129 - 0748 - 9 . Lüthi , Lorenz M ( 2008 ) . The Sino - Soviet Split : Cold War in the Communist World . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 13590 - 8 . Malkasian , Carter ( 2001 ) . The Korean War : Essential Histories . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 282 - 2 . Mastny , Vojtech . The Cold War and Soviet Insecurity : The Stalin Years ( 1996 ) online edition McMahon , Robert ( 2003 ) . The Cold War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280178 - 3 . Meher , Jagmohan ( 2004 ) . America 's Afghanistan War : The Success that Failed . Gyan Books . ISBN 81 - 7835 - 262 - 1 . Miglietta , John P. American Alliance Policy in the Middle East , 1945 -- 1992 : Iran , Israel , and Saudi Arabia . Lanham , MD : Lexington Books , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 0304 - 3 Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) . To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 . Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The Last Decade of the Cold War . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8371 - X . Nolan , Peter ( 1995 ) . China 's Rise , Russia 's Fall . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 12714 - 6 . Pearson , Raymond ( 1998 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 . Porter , Bruce ; Karsh , Efraim ( 1984 ) . The USSR in Third World Conflicts : Soviet Arms and Diplomacy in Local Wars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 31064 - 4 . Puddington , Arch ( 2003 ) . Broadcasting Freedom : The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 9045 - 2 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Rupprecht , Tobias , Soviet internationalism after Stalin : Interaction and exchange between the USSR and Latin America during the Cold War . Cambridge , United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press , 2015 . Service , Robert ( 2015 ) . The End of the Cold War : 1985 -- 1991 . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61039 - 499 - 4 . Sewell , Bevan , The US and Latin America : Eisenhower , Kennedy and economic diplomacy in the Cold War . London : New York : I.B. Tauris , 2015 . Starr , S. Frederick ( 2004 ) . Xinjiang : China 's Muslim Borderland . ME Sharpe Inc . ISBN 0765613182 . Steele , Jonathan , `` Who started it ? '' ( review of Odd Arne Westad , The Cold War : a World History , Allen Lane , 2017 , 710 pp. , ISBN 978 0 241 01131 7 ) , London Review of Books , vol. 40 , no . 2 ( 25 January 2018 ) , pp. 23 -- 25 . Stone , Norman ( 2010 ) . The Atlantic and Its Enemies : A History of the Cold War . Basic Books Press . ISBN 0 - 465 - 02043 - 7 . Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32484 - 2 . ; Pulitzer Prize Tucker , Robert C. ( 1992 ) . Stalin in Power : The Revolution from Above , 1928 -- 1941 . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30869 - 3 . Tucker , Spencer , ed . Encyclopedia of the Cold War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2008 ) , world coverage Walker , Martin . The Cold War : A History ( 1995 ) , British perspective Weathersby , Kathryn ( 1993 ) , Soviet Aims in Korea and the Origins of the Korean War , 1945 -- 50 : New Evidence From the Russian Archives , Cold War International History Project : Working Paper No. 8 Westad , Odd Arne ( 2017 ) . The Cold War : A World History . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0465054930 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Westad , Odd Arne ( 2012 ) . Restless Empire : China and the World Since 1750 . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 4650 - 2936 - 1 . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 . Wilson , James Graham ( 2014 ) . The Triumph of Improvisation : Gorbachev 's Adaptability , Reagan 's Engagement , and the End of the Cold War . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0801452295 . Zubok , Vladislav ; Pleshakov , Constantine ( 1996 ) . Inside the Kremlin 's Cold War : From Stalin to Khrushchev . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 45531 - 2 . Zubok , Vladislav M. ( 2008 ) A Failed Empire : The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev Historiography and memory Hopkins , Michael F. `` Continuing Debate and New Approaches in Cold War History , '' Historical Journal , December 2007 , Vol. 50 Issue 4 , pp 913 -- 934 , Isaac , Joel , and Duncan Bell , eds . Uncertain Empire : American History and the Idea of the Cold War ( 2012 ) Johnston , Gordon . `` Revisiting the cultural Cold War , '' Social History , Aug 2010 , Vol. 35 Issue 3 , pp 290 -- 307 Kirkendall , Andrew J. `` Cold War Latin America : The State of the Field '' , H - Diplo Essay No. 119 : An H - Diplo State of the Field Essay ( November 2014 ) Nuti , Leopoldo , et al. , eds. Europe and the End of the Cold War : A Reappraisal ( 2012 ) Roberts , Priscilla . `` New Perspectives on Cold War History from China , '' Diplomatic History 41 : 2 ( April 2017 ) online Wiener , Jon . How We Forgot the Cold War : A Historical Journey across America ( 2012 ) Primary sources Andrew , Christopher ; Mitrokhin , Vasili ( 2000 ) . The Sword and the Shield : The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 585 - 41828 - 4 . Cardona , Luis ( 2007 ) . Cold War KFA . Routledge . Dobrynin , Anatoly ( 2001 ) . In Confidence : Moscow 's Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents . University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 98081 - 8 . Hanhimäki , Jussi and Odd Arne Westad , eds . The Cold War : A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts ( Oxford University Press , 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 927280 - 8 . Sakwa , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union , 1917 -- 1991 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12290 - 2 . `` Presidency in the Nuclear Age '' , conference and forum at the JFK Library , Boston , 12 October 2009 . Four panels : `` The Race to Build the Bomb and the Decision to Use It '' , `` Cuban Missile Crisis and the First Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' , `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' , and `` Nuclear Weapons , Terrorism , and the Presidency '' . ( transcript of `` The Cold War and the Nuclear Arms Race '' ) External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Cold War '' dated 2012 - 07 - 11 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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what were the two super powers during the cold war

The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party , which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organizations . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino - Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the capitalist West , led by the United States , a federal republic with a two - party presidential system . The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations , but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World , most of which were the Western Bloc 's former colonies . Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam , Indonesia , and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947 .

Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) , Speaker of the Lok Sabha लोक सभा अध्यक्ष State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 References 6 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of speaker is fixed by the President . Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a protem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . List of speakers ( edit ) No . Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 7003138300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 7002428000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 7003180100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 7003179400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 7003171500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S. Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 7002914000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 7003145400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 7002567000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 7003177800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 7002669000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C. Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 7002574000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 7002863000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 7002754000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 7003182200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 7003119700000000000 ♠ 3 years , 101 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party The names , terms of office and Lok Sabhas were taken from : Former Speakers . The Office of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lok-sabha-speaker-sumitra-mahajan-profile/1/365536.html Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today . Retrieved 21 September 2014 . External links ( edit ) Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=800770424 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 15 : 25 . About Wikipedia

at present who is the speaker of lok sabha

The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar .

Welcome to Night Vale - wikipedia Welcome to Night Vale Jump to : navigation , search Welcome to Night Vale Presentation Starring Cecil Baldwin Format Comedy news satire surrealism paranormal horror deadpan magical realism Language English Production Opening theme `` The Ballad of Fiedler and Mundt '' by Disparition `` The Ballad of Haydon and Prideaux '' by Disparition , as of August 1 , 2015 Ending theme `` The Ballad of Magnus and Axel '' by Disparition No. of episodes Main series : 109 Live : 5 Bonus : 5 ( List of episodes ) Publication Original release June 15 , 2012 -- present Website Official website Bandcamp page Welcome to Night Vale is a podcast presented as a radio show for the fictional town of Night Vale , reporting on the strange events that occur within it . The series was created in 2012 by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor . Published by Night Vale Presents since March 15 , 2015 , the podcast was previously published by Commonplace Books . Cecil Gershwin Palmer -- the host , main character , and narrator -- is voiced by Cecil Baldwin , while secondary characters are sometimes voiced by guest stars -- such as Dylan Marron , who voices Carlos . The podcast typically airs on the first and fifteenth of every month , and consists of `` news , announcements and advertisements '' from the desert town , located `` somewhere in the Southwestern United States . '' In an interview with NPR , Joseph Fink said that he `` came up with this idea of a town in that desert where all conspiracy theories were real , and we would just go from there with that understood . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Guest stars and guest writers 3 Novels 3.1 Welcome to Night Vale 3.2 It Devours ! 4 Night Vale Presents podcasts 5 Reception 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Production ( edit ) Cecil Baldwin as Cecil in the live episode `` The Investigators '' during the 2015 UK tour . See also : List of Welcome to Night Vale episodes Every episode of the podcast includes a piece of music as `` the weather '' , each by a different independently published artist . The theme and background instrumental music to the series were created by the musician and composer Disparition . In October 2013 , Welcome to Night Vale began presenting live shows , which continued into 2014 with a tour of the West Coast . In addition , it was announced during the episode `` The Auction '' that a novel would be published in 2015 . Fink stated that `` it 's going to have all the characters and weird atmosphere that you want from Night Vale , with a brand new story that explores parts of Night Vale that we just have n't been able to get into with the podcast '' . When the book became available for pre-order the following March , it became Amazon 's # 2 title seven months ahead of its October release date . Welcome to Night Vale 's plot consists of longform storytelling . Individual episodes usually function as standalone narratives and only rarely contain significant developments in storyline . The writers employ running jokes and plot arcs , advanced slowly through the events described in the podcast . For example , The Glow Cloud , one of the series ' most iconic characters , hypnotizes the townspeople with its colors and noxious gas , making people chant `` ALL HAIL THE MIGHTY GLOW CLOUD '' , and eventually becomes president of Night Vale 's school board . Another running joke is that the job with the highest death rate is being an intern at the radio station ; the only interns and former interns who are currently alive include ( in order of appearance ) Cecil , Chad Bowinger , Dana Cardinal , Maureen , Vithya and Kareem . Characters and narratives may emerge and develop slowly , while unrelated stories may combine to form new plot points . Major stories which have occurred include the development of a romantic relationship between Cecil and Carlos ; the stranding of several characters , including Carlos , in a `` desert otherworld '' ; the invasion of Night Vale by the corporation StrexCorp , from the rival town of Desert Bluffs , and StrexCorp 's eventual expulsion from Night Vale ; the 2014 mayoral elections , with subsequent terrorist activities by failed mayoral candidates The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home and Hiram McDaniels ; and the complications surrounding McDaniels ' subsequent imprisonment and trial . The series ' fourth anniversary in June 2016 coincided with a two - part climax to the most recent storyline : the invasion of Night Vale by mysterious strangers , led by a demonic beagle puppy accidentally summoned from Hell by Chad Bowinger , a former radio intern . The early plot point of a miniature city buried under the town 's bowling alley resurfaced after this , in addition to the sporadic appearance of Huntokar , a deer - headed deity with connections to both the tiny city and Night Vale 's unusual nature . Guest stars and guest writers ( edit ) Dylan Marron as Carlos , Cecil 's scientist boyfriend and later husband . Jasika Nicole as Dana Cardinal , former Night Vale Community Radio Intern and current Mayor of Night Vale . Kevin R. Free as Kevin , Cecil 's Desert Bluffs counterpart obsessed with blood and gore , offsetting his always cheery disposition . Mara Wilson as The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home , a former mayoral candidate and being who simultaneously lives in the homes of all Night Vale residents . Jackson Publick as Hiram McDaniels , a literal five - headed dragon and former mayoral candidate . Retta as Old Woman Josie , Cecil 's dearest friend and the only person in town to directly acknowledge the existence of Angels . Hal Lublin as Steve Carlsberg , Cecil 's brother - in - law whom he distrusts . Symphony Sanders as Tamika Flynn , a well - read young woman in charge of a teenage militia in the desert . Lauren Sharpe as Lauren Mallard , the former head of StrexCorp . Maureen Johnson as Intern Maureen , a disgruntled former Night Vale Community Radio Intern . Mark Gagliardi as John Peters , A local farmer who is always referred to as `` John Peters ; you know , the farmer ? '' Kate Jones as Michelle Nguyen , the owner of Dark Owl Records who vehemently disdains anything remotely popular . Desiree Burch as Pamela Winchell , the former Mayor of Night Vale and current Head of Emergency Press Conferences . Emma Frankland as Sheriff Sam , who became sheriff of Night Vale after the previous sheriff mysteriously disappeared . Tina Parker as Huntokar , the goddess who created Night Vale . Wil Wheaton as Earl Harlan , a local celebrity chef and childhood friend of Cecil . Meg Bashwhinner as Deb , a sentient patch of haze , who comes on the show to read advertisements . She also provides the voice of `` Proverb Lady '' who reads the credits at the end of every episode . James Urbaniack as Leonard Burton , the former host of Night Vale Community Radio before Cecil . Mark Evan Janson as Marcus Vanston , an extraordinarily wealthy Night Vale citizen who was turned into an Angel during the mayoral debate . Molly Quinn as Fey , a computer program reading random numbers that eventually becomes sentient . Molly Quinn also voices her creator , Melony Pennington . Felicia Day as Joanna Rey , a shapeshifting zookeeper . Jason Webley as Louie Blasko , the former owner of Louie 's Music Shop before it burned down and he skipped town . Aliee Chan as Basimah Bashara a young woman whose father has been away fighting the Blood Space War for most of her life . Dessa as Sabina , Cecil 's cousin . Erica Livingston and Christopher Loar as Maggie and Donald Penebaker , a husband and wife who serve as the voices of the phone tree menus for all services in night vale . Flor De Liz Perez as Lacy , a representative for the Night Vale Department of Water Zack Parsons , who wrote alongside Fink at Something Awful , has co-written four episodes : `` The Traveler , '' `` A Beautiful Dream , '' `` The Deft Bowman , '' and `` Lost in the Mail . '' `` The Auction '' was co-written by Glen David Gold , who also contributed material to `` The Woman from Italy . '' Novels ( edit ) Welcome to Night Vale ( edit ) Main article : Welcome to Night Vale ( novel ) In October 2015 Fink and Cranor released a novel by the same name , Welcome to Night Vale . It is told primarily from the viewpoints of Jackie Fierro and Diane Crayton , both citizens of Night Vale who have been featured in the podcast . Critical reception for the book has been positive . It Devours ! ( edit ) In the March 15 , 2017 episode of the podcast , Fink announced a second novel , titled It Devours ! , which will deal with Carlos and his team of scientists investigating the Cult of the Smiling God . It will be released October 17 , 2017 . Night Vale Presents podcasts ( edit ) Night Vale Presents , the overall banner for the Welcome to Night Vale podcast , began launching more serial fiction podcasts in early 2016 . The first , Alice Is n't Dead , was written by Night Vale cowriter Joseph Fink , and was performed by Jasika Nicole , who played Dana on Night Vale . The story was presented as monologues broadcast over a trucker CB radio , as a woman drives a truck across America , looking for her missing wife . The first season of 10 episodes was released between March and July , 2016 , and a second season began airing in April 2017 . The second Night Vale Presents podcast was Within the Wires , written by Night Vale cowriter Jeffrey Cranor and Janina Matthewson , who also performed the lead character . This story was told as a series of relaxation tapes prepared for a patient in a mysterious medical center known as `` The Institute . '' As the story unfolds , it became clear that the narrator of the tapes had a connection to the patient , and may have had a secret agenda . The first season of 10 episodes was released between June and November , 2016 . A third podcast , The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ) , was released October 12 , 2016 . This podcast was written by and stars musician Julian Koster . Reception ( edit ) The show has been described as `` the news from Lake Wobegon as seen through the eyes of Stephen King '' , and Christopher Wynn of The Dallas Morning News characterized it as `` NPR meets The Mothman Prophecies '' . The Daily Dot 's Gavia Baker - Whitelaw compared the podcast to being `` caught somewhere between Weird Twitter and ' Tales of the Unexplained ' '' and said that it is `` well worth a listen -- although possibly not after dark , if you live in a small town yourself '' . Colin Griffith of The A.V. Club said the show is `` really well done , offering a surrealist / absurdist ( and occasionally existentialist ) take on community radio , with dispatches from the small , delectably nightmarish desert town of Night Vale '' . Writing for TechGeek , Erin Hill considered the uniqueness of the podcast to be `` its presentation of what is ordinary '' , adding that `` many of the things that Cecil reports goes against our idea of normal , but ( everything ) is presented in a manner that makes it seem mundane '' . In July 2013 , Welcome to Night Vale was ranked second on the top 10 audio podcasts list on iTunes , behind radio program This American Life . During the same month , it surpassed This American Life to become first on the podcasts list , having received 150,000 downloads during a single week . In December 2013 , The A.V. Club ranked the show 7th on its Best Podcasts of 2013 list . Co-producer Jeffrey Cranor attributed this spike in popularity to both Tumblr and fans of the television series Hannibal . Max Sebela , a creative strategist for Tumblr , stated that the fan following began to `` spiral out of control '' beginning on July 5 , with that week having `` 20,000 - plus posts about ' Night Vale , ' with 183,000 - plus individual blogs participating in the conversation , and 680,000 - plus notes '' . The Twitter account for the podcast has been noted as having more than 20,000 followers by July 2013 . According to The Daily Dot , new listeners primarily come through fan following and word of mouth primarily on Tumblr with fan fiction and fan art focusing on the romantic relationship between the show 's narrator and scientist Carlos . Fans have published `` fanscripts '' , transcripts of the podcast , in order to widen the accessibility of Welcome to Night Vale . On October 15 , 2015 producers Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor were interviewed on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert , and Cecil Baldwin appeared for a Community Calendar public service message for Night Vale . Mike Rugnetta of PBS 's web show Idea Channel compares the show to horror writer H.P. Lovecraft 's style of writing about fear of what we do n't know . He says `` But Night Vale turns Lovecraft 's ' unimaginable terror ' into ' drab mundanity ' . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WELCOME TO NIGHT VALE '' . Disparition . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night Vale '' . Disparition . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale '' . PodParadise . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 64 - WE MUST GIVE PRAISE '' . nightvale.libsyn.com. 15 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : Bonus Episode 3 - `` The Librarian '' Horoscopes `` . nightvale.libsyn.com. 12 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wynn , Christopher ( October 22 , 2012 ) . `` Welcome to Night Vale : Eerie , witty podcast has Texas ties '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ D'Amico , Anthony ( May 26 , 2013 ) . `` Celebrating Their Corpse - Strewn Future : Welcome to Night Vale '' . Brainwashed . Brainwashed Inc . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyden , Jacki ( August 31 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome To ' Night Vale ' -- Watch Out For The Tarantulas '' . NPR . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Waggoner , Nate ( February 19 , 2013 ) . `` 6 Podcasts You Really Should Be Listening To '' . KQED . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Amelia ( July 28 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Reasons to Listen to Welcome to Night Vale '' . The Artifice . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Shows '' . Commonplace Books . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Podcast ' Night Vale ' Coming Out as a Book '' . Associated Press . December 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fink , Joseph . `` The Auction '' . Welcome to Night Vale . Commonplace Books . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spooky podcast ' Welcome to Night Vale ' is coming to a bookstore near you '' . HelloGiggles . ^ Jump up to : B , Marke . `` Welcome to Oakland , ' Welcome to Night Vale ' '' . 48 Hills . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Croft , James . `` 5 Things Humanists Can Learn from `` Welcome to Night Vale '' `` . Patheos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Sarah . `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why Welcome to Night Vale is Important '' . The Geekiary . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ la Vigna , Christina . `` Night Vale Nightmares # 8 : `` Taking Off / Review / Bonus Episode 4 : Pamela Winchell '' `` . Fangoria . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Oh , My Pop Culture Religion : Religious Colonialism in Welcome to Night Vale '' . Lady Geek Girl and Friends . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Word Has No Meaning : The Resolution of Conflict and Belonging in Welcome to Night Vale '' . The Rainbow Hub . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fink , Joseph . `` Welcome to Night Vale : NPR from the Twilight Zone '' . Something Awful Forums . SomethingAwful LLC . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Night Vale : 40 - The Deft Bowman '' . Nightvale.libsyn.com . February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fink , Joseph . `` The Woman from Italy '' . Welcome to Night Vale . Commonplace Books . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hightower , Nancy . `` Our top science - fiction and fantasy picks for October '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Tobias . `` Review : ' Welcome to Night Vale , ' by Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Barton , Chris . `` Review ' Welcome to Night Vale ' podcast becomes an equally weird , haunted yet humorous novel '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's coming ... and It Devours ! '' . welcometonightvale.com . Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Alice Is n't Dead , NightValePresents.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ Night Vale Presents : Within the Wires , NightValePresents.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ The Orbiting Human Circus , OrbitingHumanCircus.com . Retrieved 9 / 25 / 16 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( June 10 , 2013 ) . `` '' Welcome to Night Vale , '' where David Lynch meets `` The Twilight Zone '' `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Colin ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Dick Van Dyke continues WTF 's `` comedy legends '' streak and Dane Cook makes it weird `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Erin ( August 11 , 2013 ) . `` Welcome to Night Vale : What is Normal ? '' . Techgeek . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wynn , Christopher ( July 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Night Vale ' podcast with Texas ties closes in on ' This American Life ' on iTunes '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anthony , David ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` The best podcasts of 2013 Best of The A.V. Club '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Adam ( July 24 , 2013 ) . `` America 's Most Popular Podcast : What The Internet Did To `` Welcome to Night Vale '' `` . The Awl . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baker - Whitelaw , Gavia ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` In the surreal shadows of `` Night Vale , '' a new fandom lurks `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Romano , Aja ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` Fan - created transcripts make it even easier to get into `` Night Vale '' `` . The Daily Dot . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Late Show with Stephen Colbert Video - 10 / 15 / 2015 ( Oprah Winfrey , Joseph Fink , Jeffrey Cranor , Judith Hill ) - CBS.com '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Dobbs , Sarah ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` Joseph Fink and Jeffrey Cranor on Welcome To Night Vale '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Santilli , Morgana ( August 5 , 2013 ) . `` There 's Something About Night Vale '' . Amazing Stories . Retrieved August 8 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Welcome to Night Vale Wikimedia Commons has media related to Welcome to Night Vale . Official website Welcome to Night Vale on Facebook Welcome to Night Vale on Twitter ( hide ) Night Vale Presents Podcasts Narrative Fiction Welcome to Night Vale ( episodes ) Alice Is n't Dead Within the Wires The Orbiting Human Circus ( of the Air ) It Makes A Sound Commentary Conversations with People Who Hate Me I Only Listen to the Mountain Goats Novels Welcome to Night Vale It Devours ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Welcome_to_Night_Vale&oldid=801648913 '' Categories : 2012 podcast debuts Audio podcasts Comedy and humor podcasts Horror podcasts LGBT - related podcasts Science fiction podcasts Scripted podcasts Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Español Français Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 23 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who voices the faceless old woman who secretly lives in your home

Dylan Marron as Carlos , Cecil 's scientist boyfriend and later husband . Jasika Nicole as Dana Cardinal , former Night Vale Community Radio Intern and current Mayor of Night Vale . Kevin R. Free as Kevin , Cecil 's Desert Bluffs counterpart obsessed with blood and gore , offsetting his always cheery disposition . Mara Wilson as The Faceless Old Woman Who Secretly Lives in Your Home , a former mayoral candidate and being who simultaneously lives in the homes of all Night Vale residents . Jackson Publick as Hiram McDaniels , a literal five - headed dragon and former mayoral candidate . Retta as Old Woman Josie , Cecil 's dearest friend and the only person in town to directly acknowledge the existence of Angels . Hal Lublin as Steve Carlsberg , Cecil 's brother - in - law whom he distrusts . Symphony Sanders as Tamika Flynn , a well - read young woman in charge of a teenage militia in the desert . Lauren Sharpe as Lauren Mallard , the former head of StrexCorp . Maureen Johnson as Intern Maureen , a disgruntled former Night Vale Community Radio Intern . Mark Gagliardi as John Peters , A local farmer who is always referred to as `` John Peters ; you know , the farmer ? '' Kate Jones as Michelle Nguyen , the owner of Dark Owl Records who vehemently disdains anything remotely popular . Desiree Burch as Pamela Winchell , the former Mayor of Night Vale and current Head of Emergency Press Conferences . Emma Frankland as Sheriff Sam , who became sheriff of Night Vale after the previous sheriff mysteriously disappeared . Tina Parker as Huntokar , the goddess who created Night Vale . Wil Wheaton as Earl Harlan , a local celebrity chef and childhood friend of Cecil . Meg Bashwhinner as Deb , a sentient patch of haze , who comes on the show to read advertisements . She also provides the voice of `` Proverb Lady '' who reads the credits at the end of every episode . James Urbaniack as Leonard Burton , the former host of Night Vale Community Radio before Cecil . Mark Evan Janson as Marcus Vanston , an extraordinarily wealthy Night Vale citizen who was turned into an Angel during the mayoral debate . Molly Quinn as Fey , a computer program reading random numbers that eventually becomes sentient . Molly Quinn also voices her creator , Melony Pennington . Felicia Day as Joanna Rey , a shapeshifting zookeeper . Jason Webley as Louie Blasko , the former owner of Louie 's Music Shop before it burned down and he skipped town . Aliee Chan as Basimah Bashara a young woman whose father has been away fighting the Blood Space War for most of her life . Dessa as Sabina , Cecil 's cousin . Erica Livingston and Christopher Loar as Maggie and Donald Penebaker , a husband and wife who serve as the voices of the phone tree menus for all services in night vale . Flor De Liz Perez as Lacy , a representative for the Night Vale Department of Water

Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) - wikipedia Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) ( album ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Eurythmics from the album Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) B - side `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' Released 21 January 1983 ( UK ) 2 May 1983 ( US ) Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single Recorded 1982 Genre Synthpop new wave Length 3 : 35 ( 7 '' single ) 4 : 48 ( 12 '' single ) Label RCA Records Songwriter ( s ) Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Producer ( s ) David A. Stewart Eurythmics singles chronology `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1982 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1983 ) `` Who 's That Girl ? '' ( 1983 ) `` Love Is a Stranger '' ( 1991 reissue ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' ( Remix ) ( 1991 ) String Module Error : Match not found1991 `` I Saved the World Today '' ( 1999 ) I Saved the World Today 1999 Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics . The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983 . The song became their breakthrough hit , establishing the duo worldwide . Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is arguably Eurythmics ' signature song . Following its success , their previous single , `` Love Is a Stranger '' , was re-released and also became a worldwide hit . On Rolling Stone 's The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue in 2003 , `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' was ranked number 356 . Eurythmics has regularly performed the song in all their live sets since 1982 , and it is often performed by Lennox on her solo tours . In 1991 , the song was remixed and reissued to promote Eurythmics ' Greatest Hits album . It re-charted in the UK , reaching number 48 , and was also a moderate hit in dance clubs . Another remix by Steve Angello was released in France in 2006 , along with the track `` I 've Got a Life '' ( peaking at number 10 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Composition 1.2 Recording 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Track listings 4.1 7 '' single 4.2 12 '' single 4.3 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) 4.4 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) 5 Credits and personnel 6 Chart history 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Original release 6.3 1991 reissue 6.4 1995 reissue 6.5 Steve Angello Remix 6.6 2006 reissue 6.7 2010 reissue 6.8 2017 reissue 6.9 Year - end charts 7 Certifications 8 Marilyn Manson cover 8.1 Formats and track listings 8.2 Charts 9 Other cover versions 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Composition ( edit ) Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart wrote the song after The Tourists had broken up and they formed Eurythmics . Although the two of them also broke up as a couple , they continued to work together . They became interested in electronic music , bought new synthesisers and started playing on it . According to Stewart , he managed to produce the beat and riff of the song on a synthesiser , and Lennox , on hearing it , said : `` What the hell is that ? '' and started playing on another synthesiser , and beginnings of the song came out of the two duelling synths . According to Lennox , the lyrics reflected the unhappy time after the break up of The Tourists , when she felt that they were `` in a dream world '' , and that whatever they were chasing was never going to happen . She said : `` '' Sweet dreams are made of this '' is basically me saying : `` Look at the state of us . How can it get worse ? I was feeling very vulnerable . The song was an expression of how I felt : hopeless and nihilistic . '' Stewart however thought the lyrics too depressing , and added the `` hold your head up , moving on '' line to make it more uplifting . Lennox also said that people had misinterpreted lines like `` Some of them want to use you ... some of them want to be abused '' to be about sex or S&M when that was not the intent . Recording ( edit ) The original recording 's main instrumentation featured a sequenced analog synthesizer riff , which Stewart accidentally discovered in the studio when he played a bass track backward . Apart from the synthesizer , the arrangement also uses a Movement Systems Drum Computer , a piano in the middle eight , and Lennox 's multitracked harmony vocals . According to Stewart , the record company did not think the song to be suitable as a single as it lacks a chorus , and did not want to release it as a single . However , when a radio DJ in Cleveland kept playing the song from the album and it received a strongly positive audience reaction , the label then decided to release it . Chart performance ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams '' was Eurythmics ' commercial breakthrough in the United Kingdom and all over the world . The single entered the UK chart at number 63 in February 1983 and reached number two the following month . `` Sweet Dreams '' was the first ever single release by Eurythmics in the United States when it was released in May 1983 . The single debuted at number 90 and slowly eased up the chart . By August , the single had reached number two and stayed there for four weeks , kept from the top by The Police 's `` Every Breath You Take '' before `` Sweet Dreams '' took the number one spot . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Sweet Dreams '' was directed by Chris Ashbrook and filmed in January 1983 , shortly before the single and the album was released . The video received heavy airplay on the then - fledgling MTV channel and is widely considered a classic clip from the early - MTV era . The music video begins with a fist ( presumably Stewart 's ) pounding on a table , with the camera panning up to reveal Lennox in a boardroom , with images of a Saturn V launch projected on a screen behind her , which are later replaced by a shot of a crowd walking down a street . Stewart is shown typing on a computer ( actually an MCS drum computer ) . The camera cuts to Lennox and Stewart meditating on the table . Stewart is next shown playing a cello in a field . The scene then returns to the boardroom , with Lennox and Stewart lying down on the table , and a cow walking around them . Stewart is shown again typing on the computer , with the cow chewing something right next to him . The scene cuts to the duo in a field , with a herd of cows , and Stewart still typing . Lennox and Stewart are then seen floating in a boat , with Stewart again playing a cello . The video ends with Lennox lying in bed , with the last shot being a book on a nightstand bearing a cover identical to the album . The screen then fades to black as Lennox turns off the bedside lamp . The video has more than 210 million views on YouTube as of May , 2018 . Lennox 's androgynous visual image , with close - cropped , orange - coloured hair , and attired in a man 's suit brandishing a cane , immediately made her a household name . Her gender - bending image would be further explored in other Eurythmics videos such as `` Love Is a Stranger '' and `` Who 's That Girl ? '' . A second video was also produced , featuring Lennox and Stewart on a train . A close - up shot of Lennox 's lips is occasionally seen in the train car 's window as she sings the song . Track listings ( edit ) 7 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 36 B : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 12 '' single ( edit ) A : `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( Extended Version ) -- 4 : 48 B1 : `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 B2 : `` Baby 's Gone Blue '' ( Non-LP track ) -- 4 : 19 3 '' CD ( 1989 re-release ) ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( LP version ) -- 3 : 36 `` I Could Give You A Mirror '' ( Alternate Version ) -- 4 : 15 `` Here Comes The Rain Again '' ( LP Version ) -- 4 : 54 `` Paint A Rumour '' -- 7 : 30 CD single ( 1991 re-release ) ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ' 91 - ( 3 : 35 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Nightmare Remix ) - ( 7 : 27 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Hot Remix ) - ( 5 : 21 ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( House Remix ) - ( 3 : 34 ) Credits and personnel ( edit ) Annie Lennox -- vocals , synthesizer , piano David A. Stewart -- synthesizer , programming Robert Crash -- e-drums , synthesizer Adam Williams -- synthesizer Reynard Falconer -- synthesizer Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original release ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 6 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( The Record Retail Singles ) Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) 14 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 36 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 16 US Cash Box Top 100 1991 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1991 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 48 1995 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 136 Steve Angello Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 27 2006 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 19 2010 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2010 ) Peak position UK ( Official Charts Company ) 150 2017 reissue ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 49 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Australia 41 Canada 7 New Zealand 15 UK 11 US Billboard Hot 100 10 US Cash Box 14 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 50,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 951,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 500,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Marilyn Manson cover ( edit ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' Single by Marilyn Manson from the album Smells Like Children Released June 22 , 1996 Format CD - single Recorded 1994 - 1995 Genre Industrial rock hard rock heavy metal Length 4 : 53 ( EP ) , 4 : 25 ( single ) Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Eurythmics Brian Hugh Warner Jeordie White Scott Putesky Producer ( s ) Marilyn Manson Trent Reznor Marilyn Manson singles chronology `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) `` Dope Hat '' ( 1995 ) `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( 1996 ) `` The Beautiful People '' ( 1996 ) Audio sample file help Music video `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' on YouTube Marilyn Manson released a cover version of `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' as the first single from the 1995 EP , Smells Like Children . This version became an MTV staple and helped to establish the band in the mainstream . Their groundbreaking video was directed by Dean Karr and produced by Arthur Gorson . It also appears on the band 's greatest hits album , Lest We Forget : The Best Of . This version is featured on the soundtracks to the films Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room ( 2005 ) and Gamer ( 2009 ) . It is also featured in the films House on Haunted Hill ( 1999 ) , Trick ' r Treat ( 2007 ) , the trailer to Wrath of the Titans ( 2012 ) , in the pilot of The Following and on the BBC drama Luther . In Manson 's autobiography , The Long Hard Road Out of Hell , he states that Nothing Records did not want to release this as a single . They wanted to release their cover of Screamin ' Jay Hawkins ' `` I Put a Spell on You '' , which , according to Manson , `` was far too dark , sprawling and esoteric , even for some of our fans . '' Marilyn Manson added some extra lines to the lyrics that are not present in the Eurythmics version : `` I wan na use you and abuse you / I wan na know what 's inside you '' along with `` I 'm gon na use you and abuse you / I got ta know what 's inside you . '' The video for Manson 's cover contains several clips of Manson and bandmates in what appears to be an abandoned building . In between the clips are a number of surreal shots of Manson wearing a wedding gown , Manson wandering around an abandoned street in a tutu , birds fluttering around him and leaving droppings on his body , and of him riding a pig wearing a cowboy hat and covered with mud . In 2010 the music video was rated the `` Scariest music video ever made '' by Billboard , beating Michael Jackson 's Thriller for the top spot . Dave Stewart has said that he liked Marilyn Manson 's version of his song and that `` the video was one of the scariest things ( he ) 'd seen at the time . '' Formats and track listings ( edit ) Australian CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 `` Dance of the Dope Hats '' ( Remix ) -- 4 : 46 `` Down in the Park '' -- 4 : 58 `` Lunchbox ( Next Motherfucker ) '' -- 4 : 47 US promotional CD single `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' -- 4 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 28 Canada ( RPM Alternative 30 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 50 US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 31 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks 26 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 154 Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1995 , Swedish artists Swing and Dr. Alban released a Eurodance cover of the song . In 2011 , Swedish DJ Avicii remixed the song . Actress Emily Browning covered the song in the 2011 action - fantasy film , Sucker Punch . In 2016 , JX Riders featuring Skylar Stecker went to number one on the US dance chart with their version . American popstar Selena Gomez added the song to the tracklist of her Revival Tour , performing it in different shows . See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1983 List of number - one dance singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Judith A. Peraino ( 2005 ) . University of California Press , ed . Listening to the Sirens : Musical Technologies of Queer Identity from Homer to Hedwig . p. 241 . ISBN 978 - 0520215870 . `` Marilyn Manson entered the mainstream in 1995 with a cover song of the 1980s synth - pop hit `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' by the Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ Larry Starr , Christopher Alan Waterman ( 2007 ) . Oxford University Press , ed . American popular music : from minstrelsy to MP3 , Vol. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0195300536 . `` '' Sweet Dreams '' is a good example of commercial new wave music of the early 1980s , an outgrowth of the 1970s new wave / punk scene promoted by major record labels . '' Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 8 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Dave ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Eurythmics : how we made Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . The Guardian . ^ Jump up to : `` Eurythmics : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard # 1s for the Week Ending May 14 , 1983 '' . Rbhsjukebox.wordpress.com . WordPress . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . Jump up ^ EurythmicsVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 24 ) , Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Official Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 03 - 11 Jump up ^ Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams HQ ( 1983 , Bananas ) - `` alternative video clip '' . YouTube . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives : Australian Chart Book . p. 105 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between 1983 and 19 June 1988 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) - EURYTHMICS '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 2 Jump up ^ Lwin , Nanda ( 2000 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Mississauga : Music Data Canada . p. 389 . ISBN 1 - 896 - 594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 39 , No. 2 , September 10 , 1983 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . You have to use the index at the top of the page and search `` Eurythmics '' Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . IRMA . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . 5th result when searching `` Sweet dreams '' Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eurythmics - Sweet Dreams - Are Made Of This '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SWEET DREAMS ( ARE MADE OF THIS ) - Eurythmics '' . Nowe Media , Polskie Radio S.A . LP3.polskieradio.pl . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 - 1989 Acts ( E ) '' . Rock.co.za . John Samson . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 - 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eurythmics Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 9 / 10 / 83 '' . tropicalglen.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Chart Log UK : E-40 -- E-Z Rollers '' . Zobbel.de . Retrieved 23 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( Steve + Angello + Remix &cat = s Lescharts.com -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made Of This ) ( Steve Angello Remix ) '' ) ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles of 1983 '' . Music Week . London , England : Spotlight Publications : 25 . 25 December 1983 . Jump up ^ Scaping , Peter , ed. ( 1984 ) . `` Top 100 singles : 1983 '' . BPI Year Book 1984 . British Phonographic Industry . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 906154 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` CRIA Gold Sales Award '' . annielennox.com . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` InfoDisc : Les Singles en Or '' . Dominic DURAND / InfoDisc ( in French ) . InfoDisc.fr. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eurythmics -- Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Eileen ( March 7 , 1998 ) . `` Marilyn Manson : Dead to the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 21 February 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McPadden , Mike ( April 4 , 2015 ) . `` Leather , Denim , & Skinny Ties : The Top 10 Heavy Metal Covers of Classic New Wave Songs '' . VH1 . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jen Yamato ( 19 December 2011 ) . `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' . PMC . Movieline.com . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marilyn Manson Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) lyrics '' . Lyrics.com Jump up ^ `` The scariest music video ever made '' . The Age . Fairfax Media . 1 November 2010 . Retrieved 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Andrew ( 11 October 2013 ) . `` Metro '' . Dave Stewart : Copious amounts of vodka and a rocking boat gave the track that ' whoa ' feel . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rock / Alternative - Volume 63 , No. 13 , May 13 , 1996 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smells Like Children awards at Allmusic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Marilyn Manson -- Sweet Dreams '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Dance Club Songs -- September 10 , 2016 '' . Billboard . September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) at Discogs ( list of releases ) Live rehearsal 2007 on YouTube Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) by Marilyn Manson on YouTube Nitty Gritty -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube Térez Montcalm -- Sweet Dreams on YouTube IMDB -- House on Haunted Hill Soundtrack Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 3 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Preceded by `` Our House '' by Madness Canadian RPM Singles Chart number - one single ( Eurythmics version ) 10 September 1983 -- 17 September 1983 Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello Eurythmics Annie Lennox David A. Stewart Studio albums In the Garden Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) Touch Be Yourself Tonight Revenge Savage We Too Are One Peace Other albums Touch Dance 1984 ( For the Love of Big Brother ) Live 1983 -- 1989 Compilations Greatest Hits Ultimate Collection Boxed Singles `` Never Gonna Cry Again '' `` Belinda '' `` This Is the House '' `` The Walk '' `` Love Is a Stranger '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` Who 's That Girl ? '' `` Right by Your Side '' `` Here Comes the Rain Again '' `` Sexcrime ( Nineteen Eighty - Four ) '' `` Julia '' `` Would I Lie to You ? '' `` There Must Be an Angel ( Playing with My Heart ) '' `` Sisters Are Doin ' It for Themselves '' `` It 's Alright ( Baby 's Coming Back ) '' `` When Tomorrow Comes '' `` Thorn in My Side '' `` The Miracle of Love '' `` Missionary Man '' `` Beethoven ( I Love to Listen to ) '' `` Shame '' `` I Need a Man '' `` You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart '' `` Revival '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` The King and Queen of America '' `` Angel '' `` ( My My ) Baby 's Gonna Cry '' `` Sweet Dreams ' 91 '' `` I Saved the World Today '' `` 17 Again '' `` I 've Got a Life '' Videography Live Savage We Two Are One Too Greatest Hits Peacetour Ultimate Collection Related articles Discography The Tourists Book Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Gil Sharone Paul Wiley Tyler Bates Juan Alderete Zsa Zsa Speck Olivia Newton Bundy Gidget Gein Sara Lee Lucas Daisy Berkowitz Zim Zum John 5 Madonna Wayne Gacy Tim Sköld Ginger Fish Chris Vrenna Fred Sablan Twiggy Ramirez Studio albums Portrait of an American Family Antichrist Superstar Mechanical Animals Holy Wood ( In the Shadow of the Valley of Death ) The Golden Age of Grotesque Eat Me , Drink Me The High End of Low Born Villain The Pale Emperor Heaven Upside Down Live albums The Last Tour on Earth Compilations Lunch Boxes & Choklit Cows Lest We Forget : The Best Of Lost & Found Extended plays Smells Like Children Remix & Repent Singles Commercial `` Get Your Gunn '' `` Lunchbox '' `` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' `` The Beautiful People '' `` Tourniquet '' `` Long Hard Road Out of Hell '' `` The Dope Show '' `` I Do n't Like the Drugs ( But the Drugs Like Me ) '' `` Rock Is Dead '' `` Disposable Teens '' `` The Fight Song '' `` The Nobodies '' `` Tainted Love '' `` Mobscene '' `` This Is the New Shit '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` Heart - Shaped Glasses ( When the Heart Guides the Hand ) '' `` Putting Holes in Happiness '' `` Arma - goddamn - motherfuckin - geddon '' `` No Reflection '' `` Slo - Mo - Tion '' `` Third Day of a Seven Day Binge '' `` Deep Six '' `` Cupid Carries a Gun '' `` We Know Where You Fucking Live '' `` Kill4Me '' `` Tattooed in Reverse '' Promotional `` Dope Hat '' `` Antichrist Superstar '' `` Man That You Fear '' `` Coma White '' `` Astonishing Panorama of the Endtimes '' `` You and Me and the Devil Makes 3 '' `` We 're from America '' `` The Mephistopheles of Los Angeles '' `` The Devil Beneath My Feet '' Other songs `` Apple of Sodom '' `` This Is Halloween '' `` If I Was Your Vampire '' `` Running to the Edge of the World '' `` Wow '' `` Killing Strangers '' `` Say10 '' Video albums Dead to the World God Is in the T.V. Guns , God and Government Books The Long Hard Road Out of Hell Holy Wood Genealogies of Pain Campaign Films Doppelherz Born Villain Concert tours Independent touring Portrait of an American Family Tour Smells Like Children Tour Dead to the World Tour Mechanical Animals Tour Beautiful Monsters Tour Rock Is Dead Tour Guns , God and Government Tour Grotesk Burlesk Tour Against All Gods Tour Rape of the World Tour The High End of Low Tour Hey Cruel World ... Tour Twins of Evil Tour Masters of Madness Tour The Hell Not Hallelujah Tour The End Times Tour Heaven Upside Down Tour Twins Of Evil : The Second Coming Tour Related Articles Discography Awards and nominations Band members The Manson Family Album MarilynManson.com Posthuman Records Hell , etc . Marilyn Manson -- Columbine High School massacre controversy Bands Alice Cooper gODHEAD Goon Moon Jack Off Jill Loser Nine Inch Nails Rob Zombie Slipknot The Smashing Pumpkins Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Dreams_(Are_Made_of_This)&oldid=843320073 '' Categories : Songs about dreams 1983 singles 1995 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Eurythmics songs Marilyn Manson ( band ) songs Miss Kittin songs RCA Records singles Interscope Records singles RPM Top Singles number - one singles Song recordings produced by Trent Reznor Songs written by Annie Lennox Songs written by David A. 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when did sweet dreams are made of this come out

`` Sweet Dreams ( Are Made of This ) '' is a song written and performed by the British new wave music duo Eurythmics . The song is the title track of their album of the same name and was released as the fourth and final single from the album in early 1983 . The song became their breakthrough hit , establishing the duo worldwide . Its music video helped to propel the song to number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It was the first single released by Eurythmics in the US .

Catholic Church in England and Wales - wikipedia Catholic Church in England and Wales Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Catholic Church in the United Kingdom . Catholic Church in England and Wales Westminster Cathedral , London Classification Catholic Polity Episcopal Pope Pope Francis Archbishop Vincent Nichols Apostolic Nuncio Edward Joseph Adams Region England and Wales Language English , Welsh , Latin Headquarters Westminster Cathedral , City of Westminster , London Founder Augustine of Canterbury , by tradition Origin c. 200s : Christianity in Roman Britain c. 500s : Anglo - Saxon Christianity Separations Church of England ( 1534 / 1558 ) Members 4.2 million ( ~ 8 % ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in full communion with the Pope . Celtic Christianity , with some traditions different from those of Rome , was present in Roman Britain from the first century AD , but after the departure of the Roman legions was in retreat to Paganism . In 597 AD , the first authoritative papal mission , establishing a direct link from the Kingdom of Kent to the See of Rome and to the Benedictine form of monasticism , was carried into effect by Augustine of Canterbury . The English Church continuously adhered to the See of Rome for almost a thousand years from the time of Augustine of Canterbury , but in 1534 , during the reign of King Henry VIII , the church , through a series of legislative acts between 1533 and 1536 became independent from the Pope for a period as the Church of England , a national church with Henry declaring himself Supreme Head . Under Henry 's son , King Edward VI , the Church of England became more influenced by the European Protestant movement . The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553 , at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I , and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions ; however , when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 , the Church of England 's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559 , which shifted the Church of England 's teaching and practice , and in the Act of Uniformity , which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen . In 1570 Pope Pius V responded , in his bull Regnans in Excelsis , calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her . The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571 . Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged , drawn and quartered , rather than being burned at the stake . The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England , although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution . Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent , in heavily Catholic areas in the north , or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes . In 1766 , the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful , and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850 . Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses , there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain . At the 2001 United Kingdom census , there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales , some eight per cent of the population . One hundred years earlier , in 1901 , they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population . In 1981 , 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic . In 2009 , an Ipsos Mori poll found that 9.6 per cent , or 5.2 million persons of all ethnicities were Catholic in England and Wales . Sizeable populations include North West England where one in five is Catholic , a result of large - scale Irish immigration in the nineteenth century as well as the high number of English recusants in Lancashire . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Roman Britons and early Christianity 1.2 Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons 1.3 Norman Church in England and Wales 1.4 Protestantism and Catholic Resistance 1.5 Recusants and moves towards Emancipation 1.6 Coming of the Irish and English converts 1.7 Contemporary English Catholicism 2 Organisation 2.1 Hierarchy 2.2 Chaplaincies 2.3 Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham 2.4 Eastern Catholic rites 3 Demography 3.1 General statistics 3.2 Polish Catholic immigration 4 Adoption controversy 5 Catholic saints of the United Kingdom 6 Miracles 6.1 Marian apparitions 6.2 Incorruptibility 6.3 Stigmata 7 See also 8 Sources 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 References 9 Further reading 9.1 Primary sources 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Christianity in Britain Roman Britons and early Christianity ( edit ) St. Alban is regarded as the protomartyr of the Roman Britons . Much of Great Britain was incorporated into the Roman Empire in 43 AD , after Claudius led the Roman conquest of Britain , conquering lands inhabited by Celtic Britons . The indigenous religious traditions of the Britons , under their priests the Druids were suppressed ; most notably Gaius Suetonius Paulinus launched an attack on Ynys Môn in 60 AD and destroyed the shrine and sacred groves there . In the years following this , Roman influence saw the importation of several religious cults into Britain , including Roman mythology , Mithraism and the imperial cult . One of these sects , then disapproved by the Roman authorities , was the Levantine - originated religion of Christianity . While it is unclear exactly how it arrived , the earliest British figures considered saints by the Christians are St. Alban , followed by Ss . Julius and Aaron , living in the 3rd century . Eventually , the position of the Roman authorities on Christianity moved from hostility , to toleration with the Edict of Milan in 313 AD and then enforcement as state religion following the Edict of Thessalonica in 380 AD , becoming a key component of Romano - British culture and society . Records note that Romano - British bishops , such as Restitutus , attended the Council of Arles in 314 , which confirmed the theological findings of an earlier convocation held in Rome ( the Council of Rome ) in 313 . The Roman departure from Britain in the following century and the subsequent Germanic invasions sharply decreased contact between Britain and Continental Europe . Christianity , however , continued to flourish in the Brittonic areas of Great Britain . During this period certain practices and traditions took hold in Britain and in Ireland that are collectively known as Celtic Christianity . Distinct features of Celtic Christianity include a unique monastic tonsure and calculations for the date of Easter . Regardless of these differences , historians do not consider this Celtic or British Christianity a distinct church separate from general Western European Christianity . Conversion of the Anglo - Saxons ( edit ) In 597 , Pope Gregory I sent Augustine of Canterbury and 40 missionaries from Rome to evangelise the Anglo - Saxons , a process completed by the 7th century . The Gregorian mission , as it is known , is of particular interest in the Catholic Church as it was the first official Papal mission to found a church . With the help of Christians already residing in Kent , Augustine established an archbishopric in Canterbury , the old capital of Kent , and , having received the pallium earlier ( linking his new diocese to Rome ) , became the first in the series of Catholic archbishops of Canterbury , four of whom ( Laurence , Mellitus , Justus and Honorius ) were part of the original band of Benedictine missionaries . ( The last Catholic archbishop of Canterbury was Reginald Pole , who died in 1558 . ) During this time of mission , Rome pursued greater unity with the local church in Britain , particularly on the question of dating Easter . Columbanus , Columba 's fellow countryman and churchman , had asked for a papal judgement on the Easter question as did abbots and bishops of Ireland . Later , in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , Bede explained the reasons for the discrepancy : `` He ( Columba ) left successors distinguished for great charity , Divine love , and strict attention to the rules of discipline following indeed uncertain cycles in the computation of the great festival of Easter , because far away as they were out of the world , no one had supplied them with the synodal decrees relating to the Paschal observance . '' A series of synods were held to resolve the matter , culminating with the Synod of Whitby in 644 . The missionaries also introduced the Rule of Benedict , the continental rule , to Anglo - Saxon monasteries in England . Wilfrid , a Benedictine consecrated archbishop of York ( in 664 ) , was particularly skilled in promoting the Benedictine Rule . Over time , the Benedictine , continental rule engrafted upon the monasteries and parishes of England , drawing them closer to The Continent and Rome . As a result , the pope was often called upon to intervene in quarrels , affirm monarchs , and decide jurisdictions . In 787 , for example , Pope Adrian I elevated Lichfield to an archdiocese and appointed Hygeberht its first archbishop . Later , in 808 , Pope Leo III helped restore King Eardwulf of Northumbria to his throne ; and in 859 , Pope Leo IV confirmed and anointed Alfred the Great king , according to Anglo - Saxon Chronicle . Individual Benedictines seemed to play an important role throughout this period . For example , before Benedictine monk St. Dunstan was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 960 , Pope John XII had him appointed legate , commissioning him ( along with Ethelwold and Oswald ) to restore discipline in the existing monasteries of England , many of which were destroyed by Danish invaders . Norman Church in England and Wales ( edit ) Our Lady of Walsingham Control of the English Church passed from the Anglo - Saxons to the Normans following the Norman conquest of England . The two clerics most prominent associated with this process were the continental - born Lanfranc and Anselm ; both men were Benedictines . Anselm later became a Doctor of the Church . A century later , Pope Innocent III had to confirm the primacy of Canterbury over four Welsh churches for many reasons , but primarily to sustain the importance of the Gregorian foundation of Augustine 's mission . During mediaeval times , England and Wales were part of western Christendom . During this period , monasteries and convents , such as those at Shaftesbury and Shrewsbury , were prominent features of society providing lodging , hospitals and education . Likewise , schools like Oxford University and Cambridge University were important . Members of religious orders , notably the Dominicans and Franciscans , settled in both schools and maintained houses for students . Clerics like Archbishop Walter de Merton founded Merton College at Oxford and three different popes -- Gregory IX , Nicholas IV , and John XXII -- gave Cambridge the legal protection and status to compete with other European medieval universities . Pilgrimage was a prominent feature of mediaeval Catholicism , and England and Wales were amply provided with many popular sites of pilgrimage . The village of Walsingham , Norfolk became an important shrine after a noblewoman called Richeldis de Faverches experienced a vision of the Virgin Mary in 1061 , asking her to build a replica of the Holy House at Nazareth . In 1170 , Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral , by followers of King Henry II and was quickly canonised as a martyr for the faith . This resulted in Canterbury becoming a major place of pilgrimage and inspired the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer . There were also shrines at Holywell in Wales which commemorated St Winefride and at Westminster Abbey to Edward the Confessor to name but a few . An Englishman , Nicholas Breakspear , became Pope Adrian IV , ruling from 1154 to 1159 . Fifty - six years later , Cardinal Stephen Langton , the first of English cardinals and later Archbishop of Canterbury ( 1208 -- 28 ) , became a pivotal figure in the dispute between King John and Pope Innocent III . This critical situation led to the signing and later promulgation of the Magna Charta in 1215 . Protestantism and Catholic resistance ( edit ) A banner showing the Holy Wounds of Jesus Christ which was carried by partisans during the Pilgrimage of Grace . England remained a Catholic country until 1534 , when it first officially separated from Rome during the reign of King Henry VIII . In response to the Pope 's refusal to annul Henry 's marriage to Catherine of Aragon , Parliament denied the Pope 's authority over the English Church , made the king Head of the Church in England , and dissolved the monasteries and religious orders in England . Henry did not himself accept Protestant innovations in doctrine or liturgy -- but he extended toleration , and even promotion , to clergy with Protestant sympathies in return for support for his break with Rome . On the other hand , failure to accept this break , particularly by prominent persons in church and state , was regarded by Henry as treason , resulting in the execution of Thomas More , former Lord Chancellor , and John Fisher , Bishop of Rochester , among others . The See of Rome Act 1536 enforced the separation from Rome , while the ' Pilgrimage of Grace ' of 1536 and ' Bigod 's Rebellion ' of 1537 , risings in the North against the religious changes , were bloodily repressed . In 1536 - 41 Henry VIII engaged in a large - scale Dissolution of the Monasteries , which controlled most of the wealth of the church , and much of the richest land . He disbanded monasteries , priories , convents and friaries in England , Wales and Ireland , appropriated their income , disposed of their assets , and provided pensions for the former residents . He did not turn these properties over to a Protestant church of England ( which indeed did not yet exist ) : they were sold , mostly to pay for the wars . The historian G.W. Bernard argues : The dissolution of the monasteries in the late 1530s was one of the most revolutionary events in English history . There were nearly 900 religious houses in England , around 260 for monks , 300 for regular canons , 142 nunneries and 183 friaries ; some 12,000 people in total , 4,000 monks , 3,000 canons , 3,000 friars and 2,000 nuns ... one adult man in fifty was in religious orders . Nevertheless , Henry maintained a strong preference for traditional Catholic practices and , during his reign , Protestant reformers were unable to make many changes to the practices of the Church of England . Indeed , this part of Henry 's reign saw the trial for heresy of Protestants as well as Catholics . The 1547 to 1553 reign of the boy King Edward VI saw the Church of England become more influenced by Protestantism in its faith and worship , with the ( Latin ) Mass replaced by the ( English ) Book of Common Prayer , representational art and statues in church buildings destroyed , and Catholic practices which had survived during Henry 's reign , for instance the public saying of prayers to the Virgin Mary such as the Salve Regina , ended . The Western Rising took place in 1549 . The institutional Church in England returned to Catholic practice during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I from 1553 to 1558 . Mary was determined to bring back the whole of England to the Catholic faith . This aim was not necessarily at odds with the feeling of a large section of the populace ; Edward 's Protestant reformation had not been well received everywhere , and there was ambiguity in the responses of the parishes . Mary also had some powerful families behind her . The Jerningham family together with other East Anglian Catholic families such as the Bedingfelds , Waldegraves , Rochesters together with the Huddlestons of Sawston Hall were `` the key to Queen Mary 's successful accession to the throne . Without them she would never have made it . '' However , Mary 's executions of 300 Protestants by burning at the stake proved counterproductive , as they were extremely unpopular among the populace . For example , instead of executing Archbishop Cranmer for treason for supporting Queen Jane , she had him tried for heresy and burned at a stake . With the assistance of Foxe 's Book of Martyrs , which glorified the Protestants killed at the time and vilified Catholics , this practice ensured her a place in popular memory as Bloody Mary -- for centuries after the idea of another reconciliation with Rome was linked in many English people 's minds with a renewal of Mary 's fiery stakes . When Mary died and Elizabeth I became queen in 1558 , the religious situation in England was confused . Throughout the see - sawing religious landscape of the reigns of Henry VIII , Edward VI , and Mary I , a significant proportion of the population ( especially in the rural and outlying areas of the country ) , are likely to have continued to hold Catholic views , at least in private . By the end of Elizabeth I 's reign , however , England was clearly a Protestant country , and Catholics were a minority . Elizabeth 's first act was to reverse her sister 's re-establishment of Catholicism by Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity . The Act of Supremacy of 1558 made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince , prelate , or other authority , and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England . A third offence was high treason , punishable by death . The Oath of Supremacy , imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558 , provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England . Failure to so swear was a crime , although it did not become treason until 1562 , when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562 made a second offence of refusing to take the oath treason . However , during the first years of her reign there was relative leniency towards Catholics who were willing to keep their religion private , especially if they were prepared to continue to attend their parish churches . The wording of the official prayer book had been carefully designed to make this possible by omitting aggressively `` heretical '' matter , and at first many English Catholics did in fact worship with their Protestant neighbours , at least until this was formally forbidden by Pope Pius V 's 1570 bull , Regnans in Excelsis , which also declared that Elizabeth was not a rightful queen and should be deposed , formally excommunicated her and any who obeyed her and obliged all Catholics to attempt to overthrow her . In response , the `` Act to retain the Queen 's Majesty 's subjects in their obedience '' , passed in 1581 , made it high treason to reconcile anyone or to be reconciled to `` the Romish religion '' , or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever . The celebration of mass was prohibited under penalty of a fine of two hundred marks and imprisonment for one year for the celebrant , and a fine of one hundred marks and the same imprisonment for those who heard the Mass . This act also increased the penalty for not attending the Anglican service to the sum of twenty pounds a month , or imprisonment till the fine be paid , or till the offender went to the Protestant Church . A further penalty of ten pounds a month was inflicted on anyone keeping a schoolmaster who did not attend the Protestant service . The schoolmaster himself was to be imprisoned for one year . In the setting of England 's wars with Catholic powers such as France and Spain , culminating in the attempted invasion by the Spanish Armada in 1588 , the Papal bull unleashed a nationalistic feeling which equated Protestantism with loyalty to a highly popular monarch , rendering every Catholic a potential traitor , even in the eyes of those who were not themselves extreme Protestants . The Rising of the North , the Throckmorton plot and the Babington plot , together with other subversive activities of supporters of Mary , Queen of Scots , all reinforced the association of Catholicism and treachery in the popular mind . The climax of Elizabeth 's persecution of Catholics was reached in 1585 by the `` Act against Jesuits , Seminary priests and other such like disobedient persons '' . This statute , under which most of the English Catholic martyrs were executed , made it high treason for any Jesuit or any seminary priest to be in England at all , and felony for any one to harbour or relieve them . The last of Elizabeth 's anti-Catholic laws was the `` Act for the better discovery of wicked and seditious persons terming themselves Catholics , but being rebellious and traitorous subjects '' . Its effect was to prohibit all recusants from removing more than five miles from their place of abode , and to order all persons suspected of being Jesuits or seminary priests , and not answering satisfactorily , to be imprisoned till they did so . However , Elizabeth did not believe that her anti-Catholic policies constituted religious persecution , finding it hard , in the context of the uncompromising wording of the Papal Bull against her , to distinguish between those Catholics engaged in conflict with her from those Catholics with no such designs . The number of English Catholics executed under Elizabeth was significant , including Edmund Campion , Robert Southwell , and Margaret Clitherow . Elizabeth herself signed the death warrant that led to regicide , the beheading of her cousin , Mary , Queen of Scots . Because of the persecution in England , Catholic priests in England were trained abroad at the English College in Rome , the English College in Douai , the English College at Valladolid in Spain , and at the English College in Seville . Given that Douai was located in the Spanish Netherlands , part of the dominions of Elizabethan England 's greatest enemy , and Valladolid and Seville in Spain itself , they became associated in the public eye with political as well as religious subversion . It was this combination of nationalistic public opinion , sustained persecution , and the rise of a new generation which could not remember pre-Reformation times and had no pre-established loyalty to Catholicism , that reduced the number of Catholics in England during this period -- although the overshadowing memory of Queen Mary I 's reign was another factor that should not be underestimated . Nevertheless , by the end of the reign probably 20 % of the population were still Catholic , with another 10 % dissident `` Puritan '' Protestants , and the remainder more or less reconciled to the `` official '' church . The reign of James I ( 1603 -- 1625 ) was marked by a measure of tolerance , though less so after the discovery of the Gunpowder Plot conspiracy of a small group of Catholic conspirators who aimed to kill both King and Parliament and establish a Catholic monarchy . A mix of persecution and tolerance followed : Ben Jonson and his wife , for example , in 1606 were summoned before the authorities for failure to take communion in the Church of England , yet the King tolerated some Catholics at court ; for example George Calvert , to whom he gave the title Baron Baltimore , and the Duke of Norfolk , head of the Howard family . The reign of Charles I ( 1625 -- 49 ) saw a small revival of Catholicism in England , especially among the upper classes . As part of the royal marriage settlement Charles 's Catholic wife , Henrietta Maria , was permitted her own royal chapel and chaplain . Henrietta Maria was in fact very strict in her religious observances , and helped create a court with continental influences , where Catholicism was tolerated , even somewhat fashionable . Some anti-Catholic legislation became effectively a dead letter . The Counter-Reformation on the Continent of Europe had created a more vigorous and magnificent form of Catholicism ( i.e. , Baroque , notably found in the architecture and music of Austria , Italy and Germany ) that attracted some converts , like the poet Richard Crashaw . Ironically , the explicitly Catholic artistic movement ( i.e. , Baroque ) ended up `` providing the blueprint , after the fire of London , for the first new Protestant churches to be built in England . '' While Charles remained firmly Protestant , he was personally drawn towards a consciously ' High Church ' Anglicanism . This affected his appointments to Anglican bishoprics , in particular the appointment of William Laud as Archbishop of Canterbury . How many Catholics and Puritans there were is still open to debate . Religious conflict between Charles and other `` High '' Anglicans and Calvinists - at this stage mostly still within the Church of England ( the Puritans ) - formed a strand of the anti-monarchical leanings of the troubled politics of the period . The religious tensions between a court with ' Papist ' elements and a Parliament where the Puritans were strong was one of the major factors behind the English Civil War , in which almost all Catholics supported the King . The victory of the Parliamentarians meant a strongly Protestant , anti-Catholic ( and , incidentally , anti-Anglican ) regime under Oliver Cromwell . The restoration of the monarchy under Charles II ( 1660 -- 85 ) also saw the restoration of a Catholic - influenced court like his father 's . However , although Charles himself had Catholic leanings , he was first and foremost a pragmatist and realised the vast majority of public opinion in England was strongly anti-Catholic , so he agreed to laws such as the Test Act requiring any appointee to any public office or member of Parliament to deny Catholic beliefs such as transubstantiation . As far as possible , however , he maintained tacit tolerance . Like his father , he married a Catholic , Catherine of Braganza . ( He would become Catholic himself on his deathbed ) . James II was the last Catholic to have reigned as monarch of England . Charles ' brother and heir James , Duke of York ( later James II ) converted to Catholicism in 1668 -- 1669 . When Titus Oates in 1678 alleged a ( totally imaginary ) ' Popish Plot ' to assassinate Charles and put James in his place , he unleashed a wave of Parliamentary and public hysteria which led to anti-Catholic purges , and another wave of sectarian persecution , which Charles was either unable or unwilling to prevent . Throughout the early 1680s the Whig element in Parliament attempted to remove James as successor to the throne . Their failure saw James become , in 1685 , Britain 's first openly Catholic monarch since Mary I ( and last to date ) . He promised religious toleration for Catholic and Protestants on an equal footing , but it is in doubt whether he did this to gain support from Dissenters or whether he was truly committed to tolerance ( Contemporary Catholic regimes in Spain and Italy , for example , were hardly tolerant of Protestantism , while those in France and Poland had practised forms of toleration ) . James ' clear intent to work towards the restoration of the Church of England to the Catholic fold encouraged converts like the poet John Dryden , who wrote `` The Hind and the Panther '' , celebrating his conversion . Protestant fears mounted as James placed Catholics in the major commands of the existing standing army , dismissed the Protestant Bishop of London and dismissed the Protestant Fellows of Magdalen College and replaced them with a wholly Catholic board . The last straw was the birth of a Catholic heir in 1688 , portending a return to a Pre-Reformation Catholic dynasty . In what came to be known as the Glorious Revolution , Parliament deemed James to have abdicated ( effectively deposing him , though Parliament refused to call it that ) in favor of his Protestant daughter and son - in - law and nephew , Mary II and William III . Although this affair is celebrated as solidifying both English liberties and the Protestant nature of the kingdom , some argue that it was `` fundamentally a coup spearheaded by a foreign army and navy . '' James fled into exile , and with him many Catholic nobility and gentry . The Act of Settlement 1701 , which remains in operation today , established the royal line through Sophia , Electress of Hanover , and specifically excludes any Catholic or anyone who marries a Catholic from the throne . This Act was partially changed when the ban on the monarch 's marrying a Catholic was eliminated ( along with the rule of male succession ) . Henry Benedict Stuart ( Cardinal - Duke of York ) , the last Jacobite heir to publicly assert a claim to the thrones of England , Scotland , and Ireland , died in Rome in 1807 . A monument to the Royal Stuarts exists today at Vatican City . Franz , Duke of Bavaria , head of the Wittelsbach family , is the most senior descendant of King Charles I and is considered by Jacobites to be the heir of the Stuarts . Recusants and moves towards Emancipation ( edit ) The years from 1688 to the early 19th century were in some respects the nadir for Catholicism in England . Deprived of their dioceses , four Apostolic Vicariates were set up throughout England until the re-establishment of the diocesan episcopacy in 1850 . Although the persecution was not violent as in the past , Catholic numbers , influence and visibility in English society reached their lowest ebb . Their civil rights were severely curtailed : their right to own property or inherit land was greatly limited , they were burdened with special taxes , they could not send their children abroad for Catholic education , they could not vote , and priests were liable to imprisonment . There was no longer , as once in Stuart times , any notable Catholic presence at court , in public life , in the military or professions . Many of the Catholic nobles and gentry who had preserved on their lands among their tenants small pockets of Catholicism had followed James into exile , and others , at least outwardly , conformed to Anglicanism , meaning fewer such Catholic communities survived intact . A bishop at this time ( roughly from 1688 to 1850 ) was called a Vicar apostolic . A Vicar Apostolic was a titular bishop ( as opposed to a diocesan bishop ) through whom the pope exercised jurisdiction over a particular church territory in England . Interestingly , English - speaking colonial America came under the jurisdiction of the Vicar Apostolic of the London . As titular bishop over Catholics in British America , he was important to the government not only in regard to its English - speaking North American colonies , but also after the Seven Years ' War when the British Empire , in 1763 , acquired the French - speaking ( and predominantly Catholic ) territory of Canada . Only after the Treaty of Paris in 1783 and in 1789 with the consecration of John Carroll , a friend of Benjamin Franklin , did the U.S. have its own diocesan bishop , free of the Vicar Apostolic of London , James Robert Talbot . Geographical distribution of English Catholic Recusancy , 1715 -- 1720 . Most Catholics retreated to complete isolation from a popular Protestant mainstream , and Catholicism in England in this period is politically , if not socially , invisible to history , Alexander Pope being one memorable English Catholic of the 18th century and the other being a member of the Catholic gentry , the Duke of Norfolk , the Premier Duke in the peerage of England and as Earl of Arundel , the Premier Earl . In virtue of his status and as head of the Howard family ( which included the Earl of Carlisle , the Earl of Suffolk , the Earl of Berkshire , and the Earl of Effingham ) , the Duke was always at court . Pope , however , seemed to benefit from the isolation . In 1713 , when he was 25 , he took subscriptions for a project that filled his life for the next seven years , the result being a new version of Homer 's Iliad . Samuel Johnson pronounced it the greatest translation ever achieved in the English language . Over time , Pope became the greatest poet of the age , the Augustan Age , especially for his mock - heroic poems , Rape of the Lock and The Dunciad . Around this time , in 1720 , Clement XI proclaimed Anselm of Canterbury a Doctor of the Church . In 1752 , mid-century , Great Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582 . Later in the century there was some liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws on the basis of Enlightenment ideals . In 1778 a Catholic Relief Act allowed Catholics to own property , inherit land and join the army . Hardline Protestant mobs reacted in the Gordon Riots in 1780 , attacking any building in London which was associated with Catholicism or owned by Catholics . Other reforms allowed the clergy to operate more openly and thus allowed permanent missions to be set up in the larger towns . Stonyhurst College , for example , was re-established in 1791 for wealthier Catholics . In 1837 , James Arundel , the tenth Baron Arundel of Wardour , bequeathed to Stonyhurst the Arundel Library , which contained the vast Arundel family collection , including some of the school 's most important books and manuscripts such as a Shakespeare First Folio and a manuscript copy of Froissart 's Chronicles , looted from the body of a dead Frenchman after the Battle of Agincourt . Yet Catholic recusants as a whole remained a small group , except where they stayed the majority religion in various pockets , notably in rural Lancashire and Cumbria , or were part of the Catholic aristocracy and squirearchy . One of the most interesting contemporary descendents of recusants is Timothy Radcliffe , former Master of the Order of Preachers ( Dominicans ) and writer . Radcliffe is related to three former cardinals -- Weld , Vaughan and Hume ( the last because his cousin Lord Hunt is married to Hume 's sister ) , and his family is connected to many of the great recusant English Catholic families , the Arundels , Tichbournes , Tablots , Stonors , and Weld - Blundells . Finally , history can not forget the famous recusant , Maria Fitzherbert , who during this period secretly married the Prince of Wales , Prince Regent , and future George IV in 1785 . The British Constitution , however , did not accept it and George IV later moved on . Cast aside by the establishment , she was adopted by the town of Brighton , whose citizens , both Catholic and Protestant , called her `` Mrs. Prince '' . According to journalist , Richard Abbott , `` Before the town had a ( Catholic ) church of its own , she had a priest say Mass at her own house , and invited local Catholics '' , suggesting the recusants of Brighton were not very undiscovered . In a new study of the English Catholic community , 1688 -- 1745 , Gabriel Glickman notes that Catholics , especially those whose social position gave them access to the courtly centres of power and patronage , had a significant part to play in 18th - century England . They were not as marginal as one might think today . For example , Alexander Pope was not the only Catholic whose contributions ( especially , Essays on Man ) help define the temper of an early English Enlightenment . In addition to Pope , Glickman notes , a Catholic architect , James Gibbs , returned baroque forms to the London skyline and a Catholic composer , Thomas Arne , composed `` Rule Britannia . '' According to reviewer Aidan Bellenger , Glickman also suggests that `` rather than being the victims of the Stuart failure , ' the unpromising setting of exile and defeat ' had ' sown the seed of a frail but resilient English Catholic Enlightenment . ' '' Yale University historian Steve Pincus likewise argues in his book , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution , that Catholics under William and Mary and their successors experienced considerable freedom . Coming of the Irish and English converts ( edit ) Statue of Cardinal Newman outside the Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary , London After this moribund period , the first signs of a revival occurred as thousands of French Catholics fled France during the French Revolution . The leaders of the Revolution were virulently anti-Catholic , even singling out priests and nuns for summary execution or massacre , and England was seen as a safe haven from Jacobin violence . Also around this time ( 1801 ) , a new political entity was formed , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , which merged the Kingdom of Great Britain with the Kingdom of Ireland , thus increasing the number of Catholics in the new state . Pressure for abolition of anti-Catholic laws grew , particularly with the need for Catholic recruits to fight in the Napoleonic Wars . Despite the strong opposition of King George III , which delayed reform , 1829 brought the culmination of the liberalisation of the anti-Catholic laws . Parliament passed the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 , giving Catholics almost equal civil rights , including the right to vote and to hold most public offices . If Catholics were rich , however , exceptions were always made , even before the changes . For example , American ministers to the Court of St. James 's were often struck by the prominence of wealthy American - born Catholics , titled ladies among the nobility , like Louisa ( Caton ) , granddaughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton , and her two sisters , Mary Ann and Elizabeth . After Louisa 's first husband ( Sir Felton Bathurst - Hervey ) died , Louisa later married the son of the Duke of Leeds , and had the Duke of Wellington as her European protector . Her sister , Mary Ann , married the Marquess of Wellesley , the brother of the Duke of Wellington ; and her other sister , Elizabeth ( Lady Stafford ) , married another British nobleman . Though British law required an Anglican marriage service , each of the sisters and their Protestant spouses had a Catholic ceremony afterwards . At Louisa 's first marriage , the Duke of Wellington escorted the bride . In the 1840s and 1850s , especially during the Great Irish Famine , while much of the large outflow of emigration from Ireland was headed to the United States to seek work , hundreds of thousands of Irish people also migrated across the channel to England and Scotland , and established communities in cities there , including London , Liverpool , Manchester and Glasgow , but also in towns and villages up and down the country , thus giving English Catholicism a numerical boost . Also significant was the rise in the 1830s and 1840s of the Oxford Movement , which claimed Catholic validity for Anglican orders and sought to revive some elements of Catholic theology and ritual within the Church of England ( creating Anglo - Catholicism ) . A proportion of the Anglicans who were involved in the Oxford Movement or `` Tractarianism '' were ultimately led beyond these positions and converted to the Catholic Church , including , in 1845 , the movement 's principal intellectual leader , John Henry Newman . More new Catholics would come from the Anglican Church , often via high Anglicanism , for at least the next hundred years , and something of this continues . Prominent intellectual and artistic figures who turned to Catholicism in the 19th and 20th centuries included the leading architect of the Gothic Revival , Augustus Pugin , the artist Graham Sutherland and literary figures such as Newman , Gerard Manley Hopkins , G.K. Chesterton , Ronald Knox , Siegfried Sassoon , Evelyn Waugh , Edith Sitwell , Graham Greene and Muriel Spark . Prominent cradle Catholics included the film director , Alfred Hitchcock , writers such as Hilaire Belloc , Lord Acton , and J.R.R. Tolkien and the composer Edward Elgar , whose oratorio The Dream of Gerontius was based on a 19th - century poem by Newman . At various points after the 16th century hopes have been entertained by many English Catholics that the `` reconversion of England '' was near at hand . Additionally , with the arrival of immigrant masses of Irish Catholics , some considered that a `` second spring '' of Catholicism across Britain was developing . Rome responded by re-establishing the Catholic hierarchy in 1850 , creating 12 Catholic dioceses in England from existing apostolic vicariates and appointing diocesan bishops ( to replace earlier titular bishops ) with fixed sees on a more traditional Catholic pattern . The Catholic Church in England and Wales had 22 dioceses immediately before the Reformation , but none of the current 22 bear close resemblance ( geographically ) to those 22 earlier pre-Reformation dioceses . The re-established diocesan episcopacy specifically avoided using places that were seats of Church of England dioceses as seats , in effect temporarily abandoning the titles of Catholic dioceses before Elizabeth I because of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 , which in England favoured a state church ( i.e. , Church of England ) and denied arms and legal existence to territorial Catholic sees on the basis that the state could not grant such `` privileges '' to `` entities '' that allegedly did not exist . Some of the Catholic dioceses , however , took the titles of bishoprics which had previously existed in England but were no longer used by the Anglican Church ( e.g. Beverley - later divided into Leeds and Middlesbrough , Hexham - later changed to Hexham and Newcastle ) . In the few cases where a Catholic diocese bears the same title as an Anglican one in the same town or city ( e.g. Birmingham , Liverpool , Portsmouth , and Southwark ) -- this is the result of the Church of England ignoring the prior existence there of a Catholic see and of the technical repeal of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act in 1871 . Of course , the Act was only carried out in England . For example , the official recognition afforded by the grant of arms to the archdiocese of St. Andrews and Edinburgh , brought into being by Lord Lyon in 1989 , was made on the grounds that the Ecclesiastical Titles Act of 1851 never applied to Scotland . In recent times , former Conservative Cabinent Minister , John Gummer , who is a prominent convert to Catholicism and columnist for the Catholic Herald in 2007 , objected to the fact that no Catholic diocese can have the same name as an Anglican diocese ( such as London , Canterbury , Durham , etc . ) `` even though those dioceses had , shall we say , been borrowed . '' Contemporary English Catholicism ( edit ) Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral , Liverpool Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Vatican City flying at half staff the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . English Catholicism continued to grow throughout the first two thirds of the 20th century , when it was associated primarily with elements in the English intellectual class and the ethnic Irish population . Numbers attending Mass remained very high in stark contrast with the Anglican church ( although not to other Protestant churches ) , Clergy numbers , which began the 20th century at under 3,000 , reached a high of 7,500 in 1971 . By the latter years of the twentieth century low numbers of vocations also affected the church with ordinations to the priesthood dropping from the hundreds in the late 20th century into the teens in 2006 - 2011 ( 16 in 2009 for example ) and a recovery into the 20 's thereafter , with a prediction for 2018 of 24 . As in other English - speaking countries such as the United States and Australia , the movement of Irish Catholics out of the working - class into the middle - class suburban mainstream often meant their assimilation with broader , secular English society and loss of a separate Catholic identity . The Second Vatican Council has been followed , as in other Western countries , by divisions between traditional Catholicism and a more liberal form of Catholicism claiming inspiration from the Council . This caused difficulties for not a few pre-conciliar converts , though others have still joined the Church in recent decades ( for instance , Malcolm Muggeridge and Joseph Pearce ) , and public figures ( often descendants of the recusant families ) such as Paul Johnson ; Peter Ackroyd ; Antonia Fraser ; Mark Thompson , Director General of the BBC ; Michael Martin , first Catholic to hold the office of Speaker of the House of Commons since the Reformation ; Chris Patten , first Catholic to hold the post of Chancellor of Oxford since the Reformation ; Piers Paul Read ; Helen Liddel , Britain 's High Commissioner to Australia ; and former Prime Minister 's wife , Cherie Blair , have no difficulty making their Catholicism known in public life . The former Prime Minister , Tony Blair , was received into full communion with the Catholic Church in 2007 . Catherine Pepinster , Editor of Tablet , notes : `` The impact of Irish immigrants is one . There are numerous prominent campaigners , academics , entertainers ( like Danny Boyle the most successful Catholic in showbiz owing to his film , Slumdog Millionaire ) , politicians and writers . But the descendants of the recusant families are still a force in the land . '' Since the Council the Church in England has tended to focus on ecumenical dialogue with the Anglican Church rather than winning converts from it as in the past . However , the 1990s have seen a number of conversions from Anglicanism to the Catholic Church , largely prompted by the Church of England 's decision to ordain women as priests ( among other moves away from traditional doctrines and structures ) . The resultant converts included members of the Royal Family ( Katharine , Duchess of Kent , her son Lord Nicholas Windsor and her grandson Baron Downpatrick ) , a number of Anglican priests . Converts to Catholicism in Britain , for this reason , tend to be more conservative and even traditionalist than Catholics on the European mainland , often opposing trends within the Catholic Church similar to those which induced them to abandon Anglicanism in the first place . The spirit of ecumenism fostered by Vatican II resulted in 1990 with the Catholic Church in England , Wales , Scotland and Ireland , joining Churches Together in Britain and Ireland as an expression of the churches ' commitment to work ecumenically . Recently , for example , a memorial was put up to St John Houghton and fellow Carthusian monks martyred at the London Charterhouse , 1535 . Anglican priest , Geoffrey Curtis , campaigned for it with the current Archbishop of Canterbury 's blessing . Also , in another ecumenical gesture , a plaque in Holywell Street , Oxford , now commemorates the Catholic martyrs of England . It reads : `` Near this spot George Nichols , Richard Yaxley , Thomas Belson , and Humphrey Pritchard were executed for their Catholic faith , 5 July 1589 . '' And at Lambeth Palace , in February 2009 , the Archbishop of Canterbury hosted a reception to launch a book , Why Go To Church ? , by Fr Timothy Radcliffe OP , one of Britain 's best known religious and the former master of the Dominican Order . A large number of young Dominican friars attended . Fr Radcliffe said , `` I do n't think there have been so many Dominicans in one place since the time of Robert Kilwardby , the Dominican Archbishop of Canterbury in the 13th century . '' The Church 's principles of social justice influenced initiatives to tackle the challenges of poverty and social inclusion . In Southampton , Fr Pat Murphy O'Connor founded the St Dismas Society as an agency to meet the needs of ex-prisoners discharged from Winchester prison . Some of St Dismas Society 's early members went on to help found the Simon Community in Sussex then in London . Their example gave new inspiration to other clergy , such as the Revd Kenneth Leech ( CofE ) of St Anne 's Church , Soho who helped found the homeless charity Centrepoint , and the Revd Bruce Kenrick ( Church of Scotland ) who helped found the homeless charity Shelter . In 1986 Cardinal Basil Hume established the Cardinal Hume Centre to work with homeless young people , badly housed families and local communities to access accommodation , support and advice , education , training and employment opportunities . In 2006 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor instituted an annual Mass in Support of Migrant Workers at Westminster Cathedral in partnership with the ethnic chaplains of Brentwood , Southwark and Westminster . Organisation ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales has five provinces : Birmingham , Cardiff , Liverpool , Southwark and Westminster . There are 22 dioceses which are divided into parishes ( for comparison , the Church of England and Church in Wales currently have a total of 50 dioceses ) . In addition to these , there are four dioceses covering England and Wales for specific groups which are the Bishopric of the Forces , the Eparchy for Ukrainians , the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain and the Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans . The Catholic bishops in England and Wales come together in a collaborative structure known as the Bishops ' Conference . Currently the Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols , is the President of the Bishops ' Conference . For this reason in the global Catholic Church ( outside England ) , he is de facto Primate of England though not in the eyes of English law and the established Church of England . Historically , the avoidance of the title of `` Primate '' was to eschew whipping up anti-Catholic tension , in the same way the bishops of the restored hierarchy avoided using current titles of Anglican sees ( Archbishop of Westminster rather than `` Canterbury '' or `` London '' ) . However , the Archbishop of Westminster had certain privileges : he was the only metropolitan in the country until 1911 ( when the archdioceses of Birmingham and Liverpool were created ) and he has always acted as leader at meetings of the English bishops . Although the bishops of the restored hierarchy took new titles , such as that of Westminster , they saw themselves very much in continuity with the pre-Reformation Church . Westminster in particular saw itself as the continuation of Canterbury , hence the similarity of the coat of arms of the two sees ( with Westminster believing it has more right to it since it features the pallium , no longer given to Anglican archbishops ) . At the back of Westminster Cathedral is a list of Popes and , alongside this , a list of Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury beginning with Augustine of Canterbury and the year they received the pallium . After Cardinal Pole , the last Catholic incumbent of Canterbury , the names of the Catholic vicars apostolic or titular bishops ( from 1685 ) are recorded and then the Archbishops of Westminster , in one unimpaired line , from 597 to the present , according to the Archdiocese of Westminster . To highlight this continuity or unimpaired line today , the installation rites of pre-Reformation Catholic Archbishops of Canterbury and earlier Archbishops of Westminster were used at the installation of the current Cardinal Archbishop of Westminster , Vincent Gerard Nichols . He became the forty - third of English cardinals since the 12th century . Hierarchy ( edit ) Diocese Province Approximate Territory Cathedral Creation 01 Diocese of Arundel and Brighton Bishop of Arundel and Brighton 15 Southwark Surrey and Sussex Cathedral Church of Our Lady and St Philip Howard 20 1965 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 02 Archdiocese of Birmingham Archbishop of Birmingham 01 Birmingham West Midlands , Staffordshire , Warwickshire , Worcestershire , Oxfordshire north of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church and Basilica of St Chad 02 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 03 Diocese of Brentwood Bishop of Brentwood 19 Westminster Historic County of Essex ( including North - east Greater London ) Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Helen 17 1917 ( from Archdiocese of Westminster ) 04 Archdiocese of Cardiff Archbishop of Cardiff 04 Cardiff Eastern Glamorgan , Herefordshire , Monmouthshire Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St David 03 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Newport and Menevia ; as Diocese of Newport from 1895 ; elevated to Archdiocese of Cardiff 1916 ) 05 Diocese of Clifton Bishop of Clifton 02 Birmingham Bristol , Gloucestershire , Somerset , Wiltshire Cathedral Church of Ss Peter and Paul 04 1850 06 Diocese of East Anglia Bishop of East Anglia 20 Westminster Peterborough , Cambridgeshire , Norfolk , Suffolk Cathedral Church of St John the Baptist 21 1976 ( from Diocese of Northampton ) 07 Diocese of Hallam Bishop of Hallam 08 Liverpool South Yorkshire , High Peak , North Derbyshire , Chesterfield , Bassetlaw Cathedral Church of St Marie 22 1980 ( from Dioceses of Leeds and Nottingham ) 08 Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle Bishop of Hexham and Newcastle 09 Liverpool Tyne and Wear , Northumberland , County Durham Cathedral Church of St Mary 05 1850 ( originally as Diocese of Hexham ; as Hexham and Newcastle from 1861 ) 09 Diocese of Lancaster Bishop of Lancaster 10 Liverpool Cumbria and Northern Lancashire Cathedral Church of St Peter 18 1924 ( from Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle and Archdiocese of Liverpool ) 10 Diocese of Leeds Bishop of Leeds 11 Liverpool Historic West Riding of Yorkshire excluding South Yorkshire Cathedral Church of St Anne 13 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 11 Archdiocese of Liverpool Archbishop of Liverpool 07 Liverpool Merseyside north of the Mersey , West Lancashire , Isle of Man Metropolitan Cathedral Church of Christ the King 06 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1911 ) 12 Diocese of Menevia Bishop of Menevia 05 Cardiff Brecknockshire , Cardiganshire , Carmarthenshire , Pembrokeshire , Radnorshire and Western Glamorgan Cathedral Church of St Joseph 16 1898 ( from Vicariate Apostolic of Wales ) 13 Diocese of Middlesbrough Bishop of Middlesbrough 12 Liverpool Historic North Riding of Yorkshire , historic East Riding of Yorkshire , York Cathedral Church of St Mary the Virgin 14 1878 ( from Diocese of Beverley ) 14 Diocese of Northampton Bishop of Northampton 21 Westminster Northamptonshire , Bedfordshire , Buckinghamshire , Berkshire north of the Thames Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Thomas 07 1850 15 Diocese of Nottingham Bishop of Nottingham 22 Westminster Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire , Leicestershire , Rutland , Lincolnshire Cathedral Church of St Barnabas 08 1850 16 Diocese of Plymouth Bishop of Plymouth 16 Southwark Cornwall , Devon , Dorset Cathedral Church of St Mary and St Boniface 09 1850 17 Diocese of Portsmouth Bishop of Portsmouth 17 Southwark Hampshire , Isle of Wight , Berkshire and Oxfordshire south of the Thames , The Channel Islands Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 15 1882 ( from Diocese of Southwark ) 18 Diocese of Salford Bishop of Salford 13 Liverpool Part of Greater Manchester , South - east Lancashire Cathedral Church of St John the Evangelist 10 1850 19 Diocese of Shrewsbury Bishop of Shrewsbury 03 Birmingham Cheshire , Shropshire , the Wirral and Manchester south of the Mersey Cathedral Church of Our Lady Help of Christians and Saint Peter of Alcantara 11 1850 20 Archdiocese of Southwark Archbishop of Southwark 14 Southwark Kent , Greater London south of the Thames Metropolitan Cathedral Church of St George 12 1850 ( elevated to Archdiocese 1965 ) 21 Archdiocese of Westminster Archbishop of Westminster 18 Westminster Hertfordshire , historic County of Middlesex ( i.e. North - west Greater London ) Metropolitan Cathedral Church of the Most Precious Blood 01 1850 22 Diocese of Wrexham Bishop of Wrexham 06 Cardiff Anglesey , Caernarfonshire , Denbighshire , Flintshire , Merionethshire and Montgomeryshire Cathedral Church of Our Lady of Sorrows 24 1987 ( from Diocese of Menevia ) 23 Eparchy of the Holy Family of London Bishop Hlib Lonchyna 23 Kiev -- Galicia Great Britain Cathedral Church of the Holy Family in Exile 19 1957 ( elevated to Eparchy 2013 ) Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain Mar Joseph Srampickal Ernakulam - Angamaly Great Britain Syro - Malabar Cathedral of St Alphonsa 2016 24 Bishopric of the Forces Bishop of the Forces 24 Holy See HM Forces both in Britain and abroad Cathedral Church of St Michael and St George 23 1986 25 Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham Monsignor Keith Newton 25 Holy See Former Anglican clergy , religious and laity resident in England , Wales and Scotland . Principal Church of Our Lady of the Assumption and St Gregory 25 2011 Chaplaincies ( edit ) Further information : Catholic Chaplaincies in England and Wales Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ( edit ) Main article : Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham In October 2009 , following closed - circuit talks between some Anglicans and the Holy See , Pope Benedict made a relatively unconditional offer to accommodate disaffected Anglicans in the Church of England , enabling them , for the first time , to retain parts of their liturgy and heritage under Anglicanorum coetibus , while being in full communion with Rome . By April 2012 the ordinariate numbered about 1200 , including five bishops and 60 priests . The ordinariate has recruited a group of aristocrats as honorary vice-presidents to help out . These include the Duke of Norfolk , the Countess of Oxford and Asquith and the Duchess of Somerset . Other vice-presidents include Lord Nicholas Windsor , Sir Josslyn Gore - Booth and the Squire de Lisle , whose ancestor Ambrose de Lisle was a 19th - century Catholic convert who advocated the corporate reunion of the Anglican Church with Rome . According to the group leader , Mgr Keith Newton , the ordinariate will `` work on something with an Anglican flavour , but they are not bringing over any set of Anglican liturgy . '' The director of music at Westminster Abbey ( Anglican ) , lay Catholic James O'Donnell , likens the ordinariate to a Uniate church or one of the many non-Latin Catholic rites , saying : `` This is a good opportunity for us to remember that there is n't a one size fits all , and that this could be a good moment to adopt the famous civil service philosophy - ' celebrating diversity ' . '' In May 2013 , a former Anglican priest , Alan Hopes , was appointed the new Bishop of East Anglia , whose diocese includes the Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham . Eastern Catholic rites ( edit ) A Ukrainian Greek Catholic parish church in Wolverhampton , England There exists the Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians which serves the 15,000 Ukrainian Greek Catholics in Great Britain , with a cathedral and various churches across the country . The Lebanese Maronite Order ( LMO ) runs in England and Wales . The LMO is an order of the Maronite Catholic Church , serving Maronite Catholics in England and Wales . The Revd Augustine Aoun is the parish priest for Maronites . The LMO runs a few churches , for example Our Lady of Sorrows in Paddington and Our Lady of Lebanon in Swiss Cottage . There are also Catholic chaplains of the Eritrean , Chaldean , Syriac , Syro - Malabar , Syro - Malankara , and Melkite Rites . For information about the Syro - Malabar chaplaincy within the Diocese of Westminster in London , see Syro - Malabar Catholic Church of London . Mass in the Syro - Malabar rite is celebrated each Sunday in St Joseph 's Catholic Church , New Zealand Road , Cardiff . Demography ( edit ) General Statistics ( edit ) Migration from Ireland in the 19th and 20th centuries and more recent Eastern European migration have significantly increased the numbers of Catholics in England and Wales . While figures for England and Wales alone are difficult to estimate , the ethnic make - up of the Catholic population in the UK ( which includes Northern Irish as British ) in 2008 was as follows : White British 74.6 % White Eastern European 9.5 % White Irish 4.4 % White Other 3.9 % Black African 2.5 % Mixed other 1.9 % Afro - Caribbean / Other 1.7 % Asian 1.5 % The White Eastern European members are mainly from Poland , with smaller numbers from Lithuania , Latvia , and Slovakia . Polish Catholic immigration ( edit ) Part of a series on the Catholic Church by country Worldwide distribution of Catholics Africa ( show ) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros DR of Congo Republic of Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Asia ( show ) Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Burma Cambodia China Hong Kong India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Korea Laos Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Vietnam - including the Middle East ( show ) Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel ( Palestinian territories ) Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe ( show ) Albania Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Iceland Ireland Italy Jersey Kosovo Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Netherlands Norway Malta Moldova Montenegro Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom ( England and Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ) North America ( show ) Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States Latin America ( show ) Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Oceania ( show ) Australia East Timor Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Catholicism portal Polish - speaking Catholics first arrived in England in some numbers after the partitions of Poland during the 19th century . One of the most notable Poles at this time , who eventually settled in England , was Joseph Conrad . At the end of the Second World War , many Polish servicemen were unable to return to their homeland following the imposition of a communist regime hostile to their return , and the Polish Resettlement Corps was formed by the British government to ease their transition into British life . They were joined by several thousand Displaced Persons ( DPs ) , many were their family members . This influx of Poles gave rise to the 1947 Polish Resettlement Act which allowed approximately 250,000 Polish Servicemen and their dependents , to settle in Britain . Many assimilated into existing Catholic congregations . According to the Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales in 1948 the Catholic hierarchy in England Wales agreed the appointment of a vicar delegate , nominated by the Polish Episcopate , with ordinary power over the Polish clergy and laity throughout England and Wales with certain exceptions relating to marriage . Subsequently , whenever a Polish Catholic community emerges within England and Wales , the vicar delegate appoints a Polish priest to organise a local branch of the Polish Catholic Mission . A priest thus appointed is the priest in charge , not a parish priest . There are no Polish parishes or quasiparishes in England and Wales ( in accordance with Canons 515 § 1 and 516 § 1 ) with the exception of the church at Devonia Road in London . A Polish Community is sometimes referred to as a `` parish '' but is not a parish in the canonical sense . Hence the Community is not a juridical person . The canonical juridical personality which represents the interests of all Polish Communities is vested in the Polish Catholic Mission . Since the 2004 accession of Poland to the European Union there has been further large - scale Polish immigration to the UK . Currently the Polish Catholic Mission includes around 219 parishes and pastoral centres with 114 priests . The current rector of the Polish Catholic Mission is Rev. Stefan Wylężek . In Poland , the Polish Bishops Conference has a delegate with special responsibility for émigré Poles . The current postholder is Bishop Ryszard Karpiński . The Tablet reported in December 2007 that the Polish Catholic Mission says these parishes follow a pastoral programme set by the Polish conference of bishops and are viewed as `` an integral part of the Polish church '' . In December 2007 Cardinal Cormac Murphy - O'Connor said `` I 'm quite concerned that Poles are creating a separate Church in Britain -- I would want them to be part of the Catholic life of this country . I would hope those responsible for the Polish Church here , and the Poles themselves , will be aware that they should become a part of local parishes as soon as possible when they learn enough of the language . '' Mgr Kukla stressed that the Polish Catholic Mission continues to have a `` good relationship '' with the hierarchy in England and Wales and said `` Integration is a long process . '' Significantly , the Polish Mission co-operated fully with the English hierarchy 's recent research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's catholic community . `` The Ground of Justice '' report by Francis Davis and Jolanta Stanke et al. Von Hügel Institute at St Edmund 's College , Cambridge was commissioned by Archbishop Kevin McDonald of Southwark , and Bishop Thomas McMahon of Brentwood. 1000 people attending Mass in three London dioceses were surveyed using anonymous questionnaires available in Polish , Lithuanian , Chinese , French , Spanish , Portuguese , and English . The congregations were from mainstream Diocesan parishes , ethnic chaplaincies , and churches of the Polish Vicariate . The report findings described how 86 % of eastern Europeans said the availability of Mass in their mother tongue was a reason for their choosing to worship in a particular church . The report 's recommendations emphasised cooperation with key overseas bishops conferences , dioceses , and religious institutes on the recruitment and appointment of ethnic chaplains ; the recognition of language skills as a legitimate training activity and cost for seminarians , clergy , parish volunteer and lay employees ; and the consolidation of dispersed charitable funds for pastoral development and the poor in London . Adoption Controversy ( edit ) On November 3 , 2016 , John Bingham reported in The Daily Telegraph that Cardinal Vincent Nichols officially acknowledged that the Catholic Church in England and Wales had pressured young , unmarried mothers in the country to put their children up for adoption in agencies linked to the Catholic Church throughout the decades following World War II and offered an apology . Catholic saints of the United Kingdom ( edit ) Saints and Doctors of the Church , notable and Pre-Reformation : St. Alban - ( d . 251 or 304 ) , Martyr St. David - ( 500 - 589 ) , Monk , Bishop , and Teacher Augustine of Canterbury - ( d . 605 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Bishop Padarn Early 6th century , Bishop Bede - ( 672 ? - 735 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict and Doctor of the Church St. Anselm - ( 1033 - 1109 ) , Professed Religious Priest of the Order of St. Benedict , Bishop , and Doctor of the Church Thomas Becket - ( 1118 - 1170 ) , Bishop and Martyr Richard of Chichester - ( 1197 - 1253 ) , Bishop Saints from the period of the Reformation to the present : Main article : List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation John Fisher - ( 1469 - 1535 ) , Bishop of Rochester ; Cardinal Thomas More - ( 1478 - 1535 ) , Married Layperson of the Archdiocese of Westminster John Houghton - ( 1487 - 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Robert Lawrence - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Augustine Webster - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians Richard Reynolds - ( d . 1535 ) , Professed Priest of the Carthusians John Stone - ( d. 1539 ) , Professed Priest of the Augustinians Cuthbert Mayne - ( 1544 - 1577 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Campion - ( 1540 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Ralph Sherwin - ( 1550 - 1581 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Alexander Briant - ( 1556 - 1581 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Paine - ( d . 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Luke Kirby ( priest ) - ( 1549 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Richard Gwyn - ( 1537 - 1584 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Clitherow née Middleton - ( 1550 - 1586 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Margaret Ward - ( d . 1588 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Gennings - ( 1567 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Swithun Wells - ( 1536 - 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Eustace White - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Polydore Plasden - ( d . 1591 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Boste - ( 1543 - 1582 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Robert Southwell - ( 1561 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Henry Walpole - ( 1558 - 1595 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Philip Howard - ( 1557 - 1595 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Jones - ( 1559 - 1598 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Observants ) John Rigby - ( d . 1600 ) , Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Anne Line née Higham - ( 1565 - 1601 ) , Married Layperson of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Nicholas Owen - ( 1550 - 1606 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Thomas Garnet - ( 1575 - 1608 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Roberts - ( 1576 - 1610 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines John Almond - ( 1577 - 1612 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Edmund Arrowsmith - ( 1585 - 1628 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Edward Barlow - ( 1585 - 1641 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Bartholomew Roe - ( 1583 - 1642 ) , Professed Priest of the Benedictines Henry Morse - ( 1595 - 1645 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Southworth - ( 1592 - 1654 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England William Plessington - ( 1637 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England Philip Evans - ( 1645 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Lloyd - ( 1630 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England John Wall - ( 1620 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Franciscan Friars Minor ( Recollects ) John Kemble - ( 1599 - 1679 ) , Priest of the Apostolic Vicariate of England David Lewis - ( 1616 - 1679 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits John Ogilvie - ( 1579 - 1615 ) , Professed Priest of the Jesuits Blesseds Margaret Pole - ( 1473 -- 1541 ) , Martyr , Countess of Salisbury Dominic Barberi - ( 1792 - 1849 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists John Henry Newman - ( 1801 - 1890 ) , Professed Priest of the Oratory , Theologian , Cardinal Venerables Mary Potter - ( 1847 - 1913 ) , Founder of the Little Company of Mary Margaret Sinclair - ( 1900 - 1925 ) , Professed Religious of the Poor Clare Colettine Nuns Bridget Teresa McCrory - ( 1893 - 1984 ) , Founder of the Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm Joan Ward - ( 1585 - 1645 ) , Founder of the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary ( Loreto Sisters ) and Congregatio Iesu Servants of God Elizabeth Prout - ( 1820 - 1864 ) , Founder of the Sisters of the Cross and the Passion George Spencer - ( 1799 - 1864 ) , Professed Priest of the Passionists Margaret Hallahan - ( 1802 - 1868 ) , Founder of the Dominican Sisters of the English Congregation of Saint Catherine of Siena Frances Taylor - ( 1832 - 1900 ) , Founder of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God Teresa Helena Higginson - ( 1844 - 1905 ) , Layperson of the Archdiocese of Liverpool Mary Janet Erskine Stuart - ( 1857 - 1914 ) , Professed Religious of the Society of the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Other Open Cause Miracles ( edit ) A number of events which Catholics hold to be miracles are associated with England . Marian apparitions ( edit ) A number of Marian apparitions are associated with England , the best known are the following ; Our Lady of Mount Carmel , associated with Simon Stock at Aylesford Our Lady of Walsingham , associated with Richeldis de Faverches at Walsingham Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception , associated with Helsim the Abbot in the North Sea Our Lady of Evesham , associated with Egwin of Evesham at Evesham Our Lady of Canterbury , associated with Dunstan and Anselm at Canterbury Our Lady of London , associated with Thomas a Becket and Hildegard von Bingen at London Our Lady of Jervaulx , associated with Abbot John Kingston of Byland at Jervaulx Our Lady of Durham , associated with Godric of Finchale at Durham Our Lady of Ipswich , associated with Anne Wentworth at Ipswich Incorruptibility ( edit ) A number of cases of alleged incorruptibility of some Catholic saints are associated with England ; Æthelthryth of Ely , hand discovered in 1811 Cuthbert of Lindisfarne , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Werburgh of Chester , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Wihtburh of East Anglia , relics destroyed under Henry VIII Winibald of Wessex , tomb found empty in 1968 Guthlac of Crowland , relics destroyed by Vikings Ælfheah of Canterbury , buried at Canterbury Cathedral Edward the Confessor , bodily allegedly intact in 1269 , skeleton by 1685 Hugh of Lincoln , tomb pillaged in 1364 , shrine destroyed under Henry VIII Edmund of Abingdon , taken to Pontigny Abbey in France John Southworth , returned to Westminster Cathedral in 1927 Stigmata ( edit ) Two cases of alleged stigmata are associated with England , neither have been approved by the Vatican ; 1880 : Teresa Helena Higginson , at Gainsborough , Lincolnshire 1986 : Patricia de Menezes , at Surrey See also ( edit ) Agatha Christie indult Anderton family Apostolic Vicariate of the London District Apostolic Vicariate of the Midland District Apostolic Vicariate of the Northern District Apostolic Vicariate of the Western District British Catholic History Cambridge University Press Cluniac Reform Carthusian Martyrs Catholic Church by country Catholic Church hierarchy Catholic National Library Conférence des évêques de France Council of London ( 1102 ) Doctor of the Church Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Latin Mass Society of England and Wales List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation List of English cardinals List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation Lists of patriarchs , archbishops , and bishops Priest hole Catholic Church in Ireland Catholic Church in Scotland Catholic Church in England and Wales Catholic Church in the United Kingdom Shropshire & Wrekin Catholic Region The Stripping of the Altars Thomas Merton Society of Great Britain and Ireland Venerable English College , Rome Sources ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dairmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 193 - 4 . MacCulloch : `` This program became a series of legislative acts steered through the English Parliament between 1533 and 1536 by a new chief minister , the obscurely born Thomas Cromwell ... '' Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org/cathen The Catholic Encyclopedia says this : `` Before the breach with Rome under Henry VIII there was absolutely no doctrinal difference between the faith of Englishmen and the rest of Catholic Christendom , and ' Anglicanism , ' as connoting a separate or independent religious system , was unknown . The name ' Ecclesia Anglicana , ' or English Church , was of course employed , but always in the Catholic and Papal use of the term as signifying that part of the one Catholic Church under the jurisdiction of the Pope which was situated in England , and precisely in the same way as the Church in Scotland was called the ' Ecclesia Scotticana , ' the Church in France , the ' Ecclesia Gallicana , ' and the Church in Spain the ' Ecclesia Hispanica . ' That such national or regional appellations were a part of the style of the Roman Curia itself , and that they in no sense could have implied any indication of independence from Rome , is sufficiently well known to all who are familiar with pre-Reformation records . '' Jump up ^ Martin Marty , `` Protestantism '' , The Encyclopedia of Religion ( New York : Macmillan Publishing , 1987 ) Vol. 12 , 26 . Marty , a University of Chicago historian and Lutheran , says this : `` Although it ( the Church of England ) has kept faith in the apostolic succession of bishops and has retained many pre-Reformation practices , the Anglican communion as it has existed since the break with Rome under Henry VIII in the sixteenth century is vastly different from the Catholic church under Roman papal obedience in England before and since the Reformation . In short , the Waldensians , the Czech groups , and the Anglicans alike were , and were seen to be , part of the Protestant revolt from both the viewpoints of Catholic leadership and historical scholarship ever since . Jump up ^ T.S. Eliot The Varieties of Metaphysical Poetry ( New York : Harcourt Brace , 1993 ) , 87 . Eliot says this about pre-Reformation Europe : `` Men had lived for centuries under a church which was the incorporated ' sensus communis ' of Europe . '' Jump up ^ Loades , pp. 207 -- 208 ; Waller , p. 65 ; Whitelock , p. 198 Jump up ^ Fourteen Catholic bishops appointed by Mary I were dismissed from their sees . `` Elizabeth 's Religious Settlement , planned meticulously by her chief ministers William Cecil and Nicholas Bacon and already drafted in the first weeks of her reign , made no significant concessions to Catholic opinion represented by the church hierarchy and much of the nobility . There was no question of offering it for inspection by the overwhelmingly Catholic clerical assemblies ... This meant delay until April 1559 , when two Catholic bishops were arrested on trumped - up charges and the loss of their parliamentary votes resulted in a tiny majority for the government 's bills to pass the House of Lords . '' MacCulloch , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Cullen Murphy ( 2012 ) God 's Jury : the Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt ) , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Catholic population from 1901 to 2001 Jump up ^ `` Numbers Game '' , The Tablet 31 October 2009 , 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Catholic Vote In Britain Helped Carry Blair To Victory '' . Ipsos MORI. 23 May 2005 . Retrieved 16 October 2011 . There are considerable regional variations , of course , Catholics being most widespread in London , Scotland and particularly the North - West ( where one in five is Catholic ) Jump up ^ Cheney , David M. `` Great Britain , Statistics by Diocese , by Catholic Population ( Catholic - Hierarchy ) '' . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips , The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 ) , 480 -- 84 . Phillips notes : `` The subjugation ( of the Irish ) of the seventeenth century was almost complete ... During the first quarter of the eighteenth century ( after the Treaty of Union ) , Catholic bishops were banned and priests required to register . Catholics lost their right to vote , hold office , own a gun or a horse worth more than 5 pounds , or live in towns without paying special fees ... Once again the Irish were pushed west to poorer lands , an exodus that prefigured the disposition of the American Indians over the next two centuries . '' Jump up ^ `` The Effect of Christianity upon the British Celts '' ( PDF ) . Kimberly Rachel Grunke. 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles Plummer , `` Excursus on the Paschal Controversy and Tonsure '' , in his edition Venerablilis Baedae , Historiam Ecclesiasticam Gentis Anglorum , 1892 ( Oxford : University Press , 1975 ) , pp. 348 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Kathleen Hughes , `` The Celtic Church : Is This a Valid Concept ? '' , O'Donnell lectures in Celtic Studies , University of Oxford 1975 ( published in Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies , 1 ( 1981 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Wendy Davies , `` The Myth of the Celtic Church '' , in The Early Church in Wales and the West , Oxbow Monograph , no . 16 , edited by Nancy Edwards and Alan Lane , 12 -- 21 . Oxford : Oxbow , 1992 . Jump up ^ `` CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA : Home '' . Jump up ^ H.E. , III , iv Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd Albion ( New York : Anchor Books , 2002 ) , 33 . Jump up ^ http://www.newadvent.org : St. Wilfrid . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Hygeberht , Adrian I Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : St. Dunstan Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Lanfranc , Anselm , Innocent III , Hubert Walter , Canterbury . Jump up ^ Note Bede in his Hist . Eccl. , I , xxxiii : `` When Augustine , the first archbishop of Canterbury , assumed the throne in that royal city , he recovered therein , by the king 's assistance , a church which , as he was told , had been constructed by the original labor of Roman believers . This church he consecrated in the name of the Saviour , Our God and Lord Jesus Christ , and there he established an habitation for himself and his successors . '' Jump up ^ Charterhouse in London : monastery , mansion , hospital , school / by Gerald S. Davis -- Davies , Gerald S. ( Gerald Stanley ) , 1845 -- 1927 26 27 31 Jump up ^ G.W. Bernard , `` The Dissolution of the Monasteries , '' History ( 2011 ) 96 # 324 p 390 Jump up ^ In Ludlow in Shropshire the parishioners complied with the orders to remove the rood and other images in 1547 , and in same year spent money on making up the canopy to be carried over the Blessed Sacrament on the feast of Corpus Christi . ( Eamon Duffy , The Stripping of the Altars , p. 481 , Yale University Press , 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Keith Miles , `` Portrait of Mary Tudor '' , The Tablet 12 September 2009 , 20 Jump up ^ Diarmard MacCulloch Thomas Cranmer : A Life ( London : Yale University Press , 1996 ) , 538 -- 41 ISBN 0 - 300 - 06688 - 0 Jump up ^ Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation , A History ( New York : Viking , 2003 ) , 272 -- 7 . Jump up ^ `` Mary 's Protestant Martyrs and Elizabeth 's Catholic Traitors in the Age of Catholic Emancipation '' , John E. Drabble / Church History , Vol. 51 , No. 2 ( June 1982 ) , pp. 172 -- 185 . Jump up ^ 5 Eliz. 1 c. 1 Jump up ^ ( Russell , Conrad , The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain , p. 281 , Oxford University Press , 1996 ) Jump up ^ 23 Eliz . c. 1 Penal Laws Jump up ^ 35 Eliz . c. 2 Penal Laws Jump up ^ Darrell Turner `` Christian against Christian in 16th century England '' National Catholic Reporter 16 September 2005 , 13 Jump up ^ Jonas Barish , ed. , Ben Jonson ( Englewood Clifts : Prentice - Hall , 1963 ) , 175 . Jump up ^ John Morrish writing on BBC production , `` Baroque ! From St. Peter 's to St. Paul 's '' in Tablet 7 March 2009 , 29 . Jump up ^ Kevin Phillips The Cousins ' Wars ( New York : Basic Books , 1999 , 52 -- 3 . Phillips says this : `` Religious historians beg off from stating firm numbers for either camp . If Puritans probably represented 10 -- 20 percent of the national population , most of them still worshiping within the Church of England , Catholics were much harder to count . Open ' recusants ' -- Catholics who paid fines to avoid attending the Church of England -- numbered sixty thousand in 1640 . Many more , however , reluctantly attended services on Sunday with scowls or for as short a time as possible . The more identifiable of these were called ' Church Papists ' ; the less important , ordinary grumblers who merely talked of preferring the older ceremonies were uncountable . In the north and west , at least half the population outside the towns were Catholic to some degree . By this broad definition , Catholics would have numbered 10 -- 15 percent of the total English population . Practicing Catholics , however , could not have been more than 2 -- 3 percent . Catholicism survived most strongly among the nobility , of whom 15 -- 20 percent clung to the old faith , including many leading magnates in an arc from Cumberland , Westmoreland , and Lancashire south to Derby , Worchestershire , and Hereforshire . However , even solidly Protestant East Anglian counties like Suffolk and Essex each had three , four , or a half - dozen aristocratic families holding to the religion of their forebears . This is perhaps one reason why the populace took Catholic ' plots ' so seriously : What they called popery was especially visible among the powerful and influential . '' Jump up ^ Also see : John Morrill 's The Nature of the English Revolution ( 1993 ) ; Conrad Russell 's The Causes of the English Civil War ( 1990 ) ; and Barry Coward 's The Stuart Age 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Mieczysław Biskupski , The History of Poland , Greenwood 2000 , p 14 . Jump up ^ Ole Peter Grell , Tolerance and Intolerance in the European Reformation , Cambridge University Press 2002 , p 65 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd , 185 . Jump up ^ Works of John Dryden at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies ( New York : Viking , 2001 ) , 278 . Jump up ^ The historian Diarmaid MacCulloch says this : `` His ( James II ) replacement on the throne in 1688 by his Dutch son - in - law Willem of Orange was virtually bloodless because the whole English establishment ( including the Church of England 's Seven Bishops ) stood by and let it happen , earning the event the name of the Glorious Revolution . This happy title is a disguise for the fact that Willem was ( so far ) the last foreign ruler to lead a successful military invasion of England , and the English did nothing to stop it . '' Diarmaid MacCulloch , The Reformation ( New York : Viking , 2004 ) , 514 . Jump up ^ Also : Lisa Jardine , Going Dutch : how England plundered Holland 's glory ( New York : Harpers Perennial , 2009 ) . Her point : the `` Glorious Revolution '' amounted to a Dutch military takeover with English collaboration . Jump up ^ John Burns , `` British Monarchy Scraps Rule of Male Succession in New Step to Modernization , '' New York Times , 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Christopher Howse `` Christopher Howse 's Presswatch '' The Tablet 10 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Alleyne and Harry de Quetteville `` Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland '' Telegraph 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : John Carroll Jump up ^ Taylor , 429 -- 433 . Jump up ^ Ned C. Landsman , `` The Provinces and the Empire : Scotland , the American Colonies and the Development of British Provincial Identity '' , in Lawrence Stone , ed. , An Imperial State at War : Britain from 1689 to 1815 ( New York : Routledge , 1994 ) , 258 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Elusive Empires : Constructing Colonialism in the Ohio Valley , 1673 -- 1800 ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ La Salle and His Legacy : Frenchmen and Indians in the Lower Mississippi Valley ( Jackson : University Press of Mississippi , 1982 ) . Jump up ^ Garry Wills , `` On Reading Pope 's Homer New York Times Review ( 1 June 1997 ) , 22 Jump up ^ Christopher Martin A Glimpse of Heaven : Catholic Churches of England and Wales ( London : English Heritage , 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` An enigma wrapped in a cowl '' , The Tablet , 17 / 24 December 2005 , 8 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 07 . : Maria Fitzherbert Jump up ^ Richard Abbott , `` Brighton 's unofficial queen '' The Tablet , 1 September 2007 , 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Aidan Bellenger , `` Left foot forward '' , The Tablet , 10 October 2009 , 24 . Also see : Gabriel Glickman , The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( London : Boydell and Brewer , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Steve Pincus , 1688 : The First Modern Revolution ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) , 432 - 434 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11547 - 4 Jump up ^ Michael Wheeler , The Old Enemies : Catholic and Protestant in nineteenth - century English Culture ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Grace Donovan `` An American Catholic in Victorian England : Louisa , Duchess of Leeds , and the Carroll Family Benefice '' , Maryland Historical Magazine Vol. 84 , No. 3 , Fall , 1898 , 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Wellington to Hervey , 3 July 1817 , Leeds papers , Yorkshire Archaeological Society . Jump up ^ Charles Carroll to Mary Caton , 28 January 1789 ; to Louisa , 19 September 1803 , Carroll Microfilm . Jump up ^ John Carroll to Charles Carroll , 15 July 1800 , Caroll papers , Ms. 216 , Maryland Historical Society . Jump up ^ Donovan , 226 Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann `` Emancipator and Sons '' , Tablet 24 March 2007 , 6 -- 7 Jump up ^ Adrian Turner , `` Taking up arms '' , The Tablet , 9 September 1989 , 1027 Jump up ^ Isabel de Bertodano `` Bill demands end to anti-Catholic laws '' , The Tablet , 24 February 2007 , 36 Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Statistics are for `` full members of certain churches in England and Wales . '' The 1929 edition records 2,294,000 Anglicans , 1,939,700 other Protestants ( Methodists , Congregationalists , Baptists , etc . ) , 1,930,000 Catholics , and `` about 300,000 '' Jews . The 1953 edition records 3,186,093 Anglicans , 2,528,200 Catholics , 1,709,245 other Protestants , and `` about 400,000 '' Jews . Jump up ^ http://www.drgareth.info/CathStat.pdf Jump up ^ Duffy , Eamon ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Pope visit : A visit that reflects our changing times '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ http://www.catholicchurch.org.uk/Catholic-Church/Media-Centre/Press-Releases/press_releases_2009/growing_trend_to_spend_a_year_discovering_priesthood_before_entering_seminary Jump up ^ http://www.ukvocation.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Stats-for-Bishops-Conference-2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Lefevere `` The faith of Tony Blair '' The Catholic Reporter 6 March 2009 , 11 Jump up ^ Catherine Pepinster , `` Britain 's Top 100 Lay Catholics '' , The Tablet , 18 March 2006 , 25 -- 32 . Jump up ^ John Jolliffe , ed. , English Catholic Heroes London : Gracewing Publishing , 2008 ISBN 0 - 85244 - 604 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Red - Capet Catholic '' The Tablet 28 February 2009 , 18 Jump up ^ Ut unum sint `` , The Tablet 6 May 2006 , 18 Jump up ^ Thomas Norton , `` When is a martyr a traitor ? '' The Tablet 25 October 2008 , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` Just good friends '' , The Tablet , 28 February 2009 , 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Cardinal Hume Centre '' . Jump up ^ Mass in Support of Migrant Workers Jump up ^ For a general study in this area , see Nicholas Schofield and Gerard Skinner , The English Cardinals ( London : Family Publications , 2007 ) Jump up ^ Michael Walsh Westminster Cardinals London : Burns and Oates , 2009 ISBN 0 - 86012 - 459 - 2 Jump up ^ Elena Curti and Christopher Lamb , `` Cathedral countdown to installation '' , The Tablet , 16 May 2009 , 39 . Jump up ^ Lucy Wooding , `` Binding Identities , '' Tablet , 26 June 2011 , 26 Jump up ^ `` Archbishop of Westminster Vincent Nichols is made cardinal , '' The Telegraph , 22 February 2014 Jump up ^ `` Over 3,500 adults received into the Church in England and Wales -- CatholicHerald.co.uk '' . Jump up ^ Richard Ormrod , `` Mixed Blessings '' , The Tablet , 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordinariate liturgy will have Anglican flavour '' , The Tablet , 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abigail Frymann , `` Passionate perfectionist '' , The Tablet , 23 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Anglican appointed to East Anglia '' , The Tablet , 15 , June 2013 , 30 . Jump up ^ `` Polish & Catholic Missionary Dating '' . Jump up ^ The Polish Catholic Mission in England and Wales -- ( 1 ) , 2005 Jump up ^ Polish Bishops may loosen grip on British mission churches -- The Tablet , 26 January 2008 Jump up ^ Polish anger mounts over cardinal 's criticism -- The Tablet , 22 / 29 December 2007 Jump up ^ Britain 's Polish immigrants ' are abandoning faith ' -- Catholic Herald , 31 December 2007 Jump up ^ `` '' The Ground of Justice `` '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Francis Davis Jump up ^ Von Hügel Institute Jump up ^ The Ground of Justice : The report of a pastoral research enquiry into the needs of migrants in London 's Catholic community . Commissioned by the Diocese of Westminster , the Archdiocese of Southwark and the Diocese of Brentwood Von Hügel Institute , St Edmund 's College , University of Cambridge , 2007 Jump up ^ John Bingham ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Cardinal 's apology to mothers over babies handed over for adoption '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Peter Ackroyd Albion : The origins of the English Imagination ( New York : Anchor Random , 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 385 - 49773 - 3 Virginia Blanton Signs of Devotion : The Cult of St. AEthelthryth in Medieval England , 695 -- 1615 ( University Park : Penn State University , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 271 - 02984 - 6 Michael Burleigh Sacred Causes ( New York : HarperCollins , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 058095 - 7 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1641 -- 1700 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 329 - 2 Thomas Clancy , S.J. , English Catholic Books , 1701 -- 1800 ( Cambridge : Scolar Press , 1996 ) ISBN 1 - 85928 - 148 - 6 Eamon Duffy The Voices of Morebath ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 09825 - 1 Eamon Duffy Marking the Hours : English People and their Prayers 1240 -- 1570 ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2007 ) ISBN 0 - 300 - 11714 - 0 Eamon Duffy Fires of Faith : Catholic England under Mary Tudor ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2009 ) Excellent for background and policies of Cardinal Pole . ISBN 0 - 300 - 15216 - 7 Mark Turnham Elvins , Old Catholic England ( London : Catholic Truth Society , 1978 ) Antonia Fraser Mary Queen of Scots ( New York : Delta Random , 1993 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 31129 - 8 Howard Esksine - Hill Alexander Pope : World and Word ( Oxford : Oxford University Press for the British Academy , 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 726170 - 1 Stephen Greenblatt Will in the World ( New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 393 - 05057 - 2 John Guy A Daughter 's Love : Thomas and Margaret More ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2009 ) 0618499156 Alana Harris Faith in the Family : a lived religious history of English Catholicism , 1945 - 82 ( Manchester : University of Manchester : 2014 ) Roy Hattersley The Catholics ( Chatto and Windus , 2017 ) NSBN - 10 : 178474152 Clare Haynes Pictures and Popery : Art and Religion in England , 1660 -- 1760 ( Burlington , Vt. : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5506 - 7 Robert Hutchinson House of Treason : the Rise and Fall of the Tudor Dynasty ( London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 297 - 84564 - 0 Emilia Jamroziak and Janet Burton , eds . Religious and Laity in Western Europe , 1000 -- 1400 ( Europa Scra 2. Turnhout : Brepols , 2006 ) Julie Kerr Monastic Hospitality : Benedictines in England , c. 1070 - c. 1250 , Studies in the history of Medieval Religion 32 . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84725 - 161 - 7 K.J. Kesselring The Northern Rebellion of 1569 : Faith , Politics , and Protest in Elizabethan England ( London : Palgrave MacMillan , 2007 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 55319 - 4 Peter Lake and Michael Questier The Trials of Margaret Clitherow : Persecution , Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England ( Bloomsbury , 2011 ) Peter Marshall Religious Identities in Henry VIII 's England ( London : Ashgate , 2006 ) ISBN 0 - 7546 - 5390 - 0 Peter Marshall and Alex Ryrie , Eds The Beginnings of English Protestantism ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2002 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 80274 - 1 Thomas McCoog And Touching Our Society : Jesuit Identity in Elizabethan England ISBN 978 - 0 - 88844 - 183 - 6 Goeffrey Moorhouse The Pilgrimage of Grace : the Rebellion that Shook Henry VIII 's Throne ( London : Weidenfeld and Moorhouse , 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84212 - 666 - 0 Hazel Pierce Margaret Pole , Countess of Salisbury 1473 -- 1541 : Loyalty , Lineage and Leadership ( University of Wales Press , 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 7083 - 2189 - 5 Linda Porter The First Queen of England : The Myth of `` Bloody Mary '' ( New York : St. Martin Press , 2008 ) ISBN 0 - 312 - 36837 - 2 Michael C. Questier Catholicism and Community in Early Modern England : Politics , Aristocratic Patronage and Religion , c. 1550 -- 1640 Cambridge Studies in Early Modern British History ( New York : Cambridge University Press , 2006 ) . This re-evaluates post-Reformation Catholicism through windows of the wider Catholic community in England and through aristocratic patronage . ISBN 0 - 521 - 06880 - 0 John Saward , John Morrill , and Michael Tomko ( eds ) , Firmly I Believe and Truly : The spiritual tradition of Catholic England 1483 - 1999 ( Oxford , Oxford University Press , 2011 ) . Karen Stober Late Medieval Monasteries and their Patrons : England and Wales , c. 1300 -- 1540 Studies in the History of Medieval Religion . ( Woodbridge , U.K. : Boydell , 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 84383 - 284 - 4 Charles E. Ward The Life of John Dryden ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press , 1961 ) B00IUBM07U James Anderson Winn John Dryden and His World ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02994 - 9 Further reading ( edit ) Beck , George Andrew , ed . The English Catholics , 1850 - 1950 ( 1950 ) , scholarly essays Corrin , Jay P. Catholic Progressives in England After Vatican II ( University of Notre Dame Press ; 2013 ) 536 pages ; Dures , Alan . English Catholicism , 1558 - 1642 : Continuity and Change ( 1983 ) Glickman , Gabriel . The English Catholic Community 1688 -- 1745 : politics , culture and ideology ( 2009 ) Harris , Alana . Faith in the Family : A Lived Religious History of English Catholicism , 1945 - 1982 ( 2013 ) ; the impact of the Second Vatican Council on the ordinary believer Heimann , Mary . Catholic Devotion in Victorian England ( 1995 ) online Hughes , Philip . The Catholic Question , 1688 - 1829 : A Study in Political History ( 1929 ) McClelland , Vincent Alan . Cardinal Manning : the Public Life and Influences , 1865 - 1892 ( 1962 ) Mathew , David . Catholicism in England : the portrait of a minority : its culture and tradition ( 1955 ) Mullet , Michael . Catholics in Britain and Ireland , 1558 - 1829 ( 1998 ) 236pp Watkin , E. I Roman Catholicism in England from the Reformation to 1950 ( 1957 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Mullet , Michael . English Catholicism , 1680 - 1830 ( 2006 ) 2714 pages Newman , John Henry . Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England ( University of Notre Dame Press , 2000 ) 585pp ; based on 6th edition of 1889 External links ( edit ) The Catholic Church in England and Wales English Catholic History Association The Catholic Record Society Taking Stock : Catholic Churches Who Were the Nuns ? Hierarchy of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Province of Westminster Alan Williams ( Brentwood ) Alan Hopes ( East Anglia ) Peter Doyle ( Northampton ) Patrick McKinney ( Nottingham ) Archbishop Vincent Nichols ( Westminster ) Province of Birmingham Archbishop Bernard Longley ( Birmingham ) Declan Lang ( Clifton ) Mark Davies ( Shrewsbury ) Province of Liverpool Ralph Heskett ( Hallam ) Michael Campbell ( Lancaster ) Marcus Stock ( Leeds ) Archbishop Malcolm McMahon ( Liverpool ) Terry Drainey ( Middlesbrough ) Séamus Cunningham ( Hexham and Newcastle ) John Arnold ( Salford ) Province of Southwark Richard Moth ( Arundel and Brighton ) Mark O'Toole ( Plymouth ) Philip Egan ( Portsmouth ) Archbishop Peter Smith ( Southwark ) Province of Cardiff Archbishop George Stack ( Cardiff ) Tom Burns ( Menevia ) Peter Brignall ( Wrexham ) Others Sede vacante ( Bishopric of the Forces ) Keith Newton ( Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham ) Hlib Lonchyna ( Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London ) Former Bishop of Beverley Pre-Restoration of the Hierarchy Apostolic Vicariates : London District , Midland District , Northern District , Western District Apostolic Nuncio Edward Adams Catholicism portal Cathedrals of the Catholic Church in the United Kingdom and Ireland England and Wales Province of Westminster Brentwood Norwich Northampton Nottingham Westminster Province of Birmingham Birmingham Clifton Shrewsbury Province of Liverpool Lancaster Leeds Liverpool Middlesbrough Newcastle - upon - Tyne Salford Sheffield Province of Southwark Arundel Plymouth Portsmouth Southwark Province of Cardiff Cardiff Swansea Wrexham Other dioceses Bishopric of the Forces Ukrainian Eparchy Scotland Province of St Andrews & Edinburgh Aberdeen Ayr Dundee Edinburgh Oban Province of Glasgow Glasgow Motherwell Paisley Ireland Province of Armagh Armagh Belfast Cavan Derry Letterkenny Longford Monaghan Mullingar Newry Province of Cashel Cobh Cork Ennis Killarney Limerick Skibbereen Thurles Waterford Province of Dublin Carlow Dublin Enniscorthy Kilkenny Province of Tuam Ballaghaderreen Ballina Galway Loughrea Sligo Tuam Catholicism portal Lists of cathedrals in Ireland England and Wales Scotland Chaplaincies of the Catholic Church in England and Wales Airport Chaplaincies Birmingham Airport Gatwick Airport Heathrow Airport Manchester Airport Stansted Airport Armed Forces Chaplaincies Bishopric of the Forces Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) African Chaplaincy Asian Chaplaincy Austrian Chaplaincy Chinese Chaplaincy Croatian Chaplaincy Czech Chaplaincy Filipino Chaplaincy German Chaplaincy Ghanian Chaplaincy Hungarian Chaplaincy Italian Chaplaincy Latin American Chaplaincy Lithuanian Chaplaincy Maltese Chaplaincy Polish Chaplaincy Portuguese Chaplaincy Slovenian Chaplaincy Spanish Chaplaincy Tamil Chaplaincy Vietnamese Chaplaincy West Indian Chaplaincy Chaplains to Ethnic Communities ( CECs ) Chaldean Chaplaincy Maronite Chaplaincy Melkite Chaplaincy Apostolic Exarchate Apostolic Exarchate for Ukrainians Catholicism portal Catholic Church in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales&oldid=797407303 '' Categories : Catholic Church in England and Wales Hidden categories : Use British English from October 2010 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 21 : 43 . 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when were catholic churches allowed back in england

The English Church was brought back under full papal authority in 1553 , at the beginning of the reign of Queen Mary I , and Catholicism was enforced by the Marian persecutions ; however , when Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 , the Church of England 's independence from Rome was reasserted through the settlement of 1559 , which shifted the Church of England 's teaching and practice , and in the Act of Uniformity , which caused a rift between Catholics and Queen . In 1570 Pope Pius V responded , in his bull Regnans in Excelsis , calling on all Catholics to rebel against Elizabeth and excommunicating anyone who obeyed her . The Parliament of England made the fact of being a Jesuit or seminarian treasonable in 1571 . Priests found celebrating Mass were often hanged , drawn and quartered , rather than being burned at the stake . The Catholic Church ( along with other non-established churches ) continued in England , although it was at times subject to various forms of persecution . Most recusant members ( except those in diaspora on the Continent , in heavily Catholic areas in the north , or part of the aristocracy ) practised their faith in private for all practical purposes . In 1766 , the Pope recognised the English Monarchy as lawful , and this led eventually to the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 . Dioceses ( replacing districts ) were re-established by Pope Pius IX in 1850 . Along with the 22 Latin Rite dioceses , there are the Eastern Catholic diocese of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Holy Family of London and the Syro - Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Great Britain .

Charlene Amoia - wikipedia Charlene Amoia Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject . It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia 's neutral point of view policy . There may be relevant discussion on the talk page . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Some of her other television credits include Glee and Diana Coto on Switched at Birth , and her film credits include Kevin 's ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) wife Elllie in American Reunion ( 2012 ) from the American Pie series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Childhood and early career 2 Career 2.1 How I Met Your Mother 2.2 American Reunion 2.3 Other TV and film work 3 References 4 External links Childhood and early career ( edit ) Charlene was born in Buffalo New York . She got her start in modeling before making the transition to acting in 2001 with a role on the soap opera , Port Charles . That part on the daytime drama led to guest appearances in several other series , including Joey , Girlfriends , 90210 , and as Anna Schick in The Young and the Restless . Career ( edit ) How I Met Your Mother ( edit ) From 2005 to 2011 , she played Wendy , a waitress that works at the bar , the main setting of the American TV hit How I Met Your Mother . Although at times on the series she was rumored to be Ted 's future wife , Amoia herself did n't believe Wendy would turn out to be `` the one '' . `` Wendy had sex with Barney behind the bar on the show and also made out with Ted 's dad , so the likelihood of this character being the mom , I thought , was pretty small anyway , but the fact that fans were rooting for me was awesome ! '' the actress has said . On playing Wendy , she has said , `` I love playing flawed characters . Wendy is so genuinely sweet and guileless to a point that she does n't realize she 's being taken advantage of . Being able to take on these characteristics in a way that is funny and harmless is always so much fun ! '' American Reunion ( edit ) Amoia played Ellie , Kevin ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) 's wife , in the fourth American Pie film , released in 2012 . She originally auditioned for a different role before landing this role . Other TV and film work ( edit ) Amoia also played Nurse Katie on daytime soap Days of Our Lives , Bailey on Glee and Diana Cotto on Switched at Birth . Additionally she appeared in the TV series 90210 as teacher Miss Wells in Season 1 , Episode 7 . She has appeared in such films as Seven Pounds , with Will Smith , and American Reunion . In 2013 , she plays Jill in Fat , which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival . She recently guest starred on the show NCIS : New Orleans as Carly Dawson in the episode `` Breaking Brig '' and Kelly Press on Major Crimes . She played : Janet Conrad , a pushy NATO Photographer who was seeking a career changing `` Front Line Photo '' in the 2016 movie ; Sniper : Special Ops . In 2017 she appeared on American Horror Story on the episode `` Great Again '' . In season 14 of Grey 's Anatomy she appeared as Dr. Kate Lachman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Walsh , D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia '' . Rising star Charlene Amoia , best known for her role as Wendy in How I Met Your Mother , '' . Fit Celeb . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Michael Aaron . `` Charlene Amoia connects with former cast members in ' American Reunion ' '' . She began modeling locally , at first filling in for a Nine West shoe model , and then eventually auditioning for a television commercial . StayFamous.Net . Jump up ^ `` Charlene Amoia Exclusive Interview : `` How I Met Your Mother '' scoop and more ! `` . The Star Scoop . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . `` How I Met Your Mother '' has been a great blessing in my life for the last six years . Jump up ^ Stevens , Samantha . `` Charlene Amoia talks How I Met Your Mother , role on ' Glee ' '' . `` It 's nice to have that support , '' she added of fans who wanted Wendy to be the show 's mystery mother . The Republican . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bernard , Adam . `` Charlene Amoia - Wendy the Waitress Takes Our Order '' . Adam Bernard . Jump up ^ Stacy , Hannah . `` An Interview with Charlene Amoia , Actress and Former Model '' . Cliche Mag . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Walsh , D. `` Interview : American Pie Reunion 's Charlene Amoia '' . In April 2012 the much - anticipated movie , American Reunion , will feature Amoia as Ellie , the wife of Kevin Myers ( Thomas Ian Nicholas . ) . Fit Celeb . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ DiCarlo , Steve . `` Meet & Greet : ' American Reunion ' Star Charlene Amoia Talks Nudity & First Loves '' . Celebuzz . Retrieved 23 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TIFF listing for `` Fat '' `` . Toronto International Film Festival . External links ( edit ) This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( November 2013 ) Charlene Amoia on IMDb StayFamous.net Interview for `` American Reunion '' MassLive.com Interview for `` How I Met Your Mother '' FitCeleb.com Interview for `` American Reunion '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlene_Amoia&oldid=815090943 '' Categories : 21st - century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Hidden categories : Autobiographical articles from August 2013 Wikipedia references cleanup from August 2013 All articles needing references cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2013 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles that may be too long from November 2013 Articles using small message boxes Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 18 : 35 . About Wikipedia

who plays wendy the waitress in how i met your mother

Charlene Amoia is an American actress best known for her role as Wendy the waitress in the TV sitcom How I Met Your Mother . Some of her other television credits include Glee and Diana Coto on Switched at Birth , and her film credits include Kevin 's ( Thomas Ian Nicholas ) wife Elllie in American Reunion ( 2012 ) from the American Pie series .

Night at the Museum - wikipedia Night at the Museum Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Screenplay by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Based on The Night at the Museum by Milan Trenc Starring Ben Stiller Carla Gugino Dick Van Dyke Robin Williams Owen Wilson Steve Coogan Crystal the Monkey Jake Cherry Ricky Gervais Mickey Rooney Bill Cobbs Rami Malek Pierfrancesco Favino Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Don Zimmerman Production company 1492 Pictures 21 Laps Entertainment Ingenious Film Partners Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 17 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 17 ) ( New York City ) December 22 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 108 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $110 million Box office $574.5 million Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc . The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits , animated by a magical Egyptian artifact , come to life at night . It was released on December 22 , 2006 by 20th Century Fox . The first installment in the Night at the Museum trilogy , the film was a box office success despite receiving mixed reviews from critics , grossing over $574 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Exhibits 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Songs 4.2 Score 4.2. 1 Track list 5 Release 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reaction 5.3 Home media 6 Awards 7 Sequels 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Larry Daley is a divorced man from Queens , hoping to find a good job to impress his ten - year old son Nick , his ex-wife Erica believing he is a bad example for their son . Larry is hired at the American Museum of Natural History to replace the retiring security guards Cecil Fredericks and his colleagues Gus and Reginald . Larry meets the museum 's neurotic curator Dr. McPhee , and museum docent Rebecca Hutman , who plans to write a dissertation on Sacagawea . On his first night , Cecil hands Larry an instruction manual on what to do in the museum , warning him not to let anything `` in or out . '' Larry soon discovers that at night , the museum 's exhibits come to life and cause havoc for him . Amongst the lively exhibits are a playful Tyrannosaurus skeleton named Rexy ; a mischievous capuchin monkey named Dexter who destroys the instructions ; the warring factions of cowboys and legionnaires led by Jedediah and General Octavius ; violent Attila the Hun ; a talking Easter Island Head that desires gum ; the fire - seeking neanderthals ; and a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt , who is in love with Sacagawea . Roosevelt explains to Larry that the exhibits have come to life every night since the arrival of an Egyptian artifact , the Tablet of Akhmenrah , the mummified pharaoh trapped in his sarcophagus . He also explains to Larry that as night guard , it is his job to make sure that no exhibit sets foot out of the museum , otherwise they will disintegrate into dust if the sun rises while they are outside . The next day , Cecil advises Larry to research history to make up for the instructions ' destruction . He studies in libraries and from Rebecca . Larry puts his new knowledge to good use on his second night , but some of his plans backfire and the neanderthals set their exhibit on fire , leading to one becoming dust after venturing outside . After having doubts and almost getting fired the next day , Larry offers to introduce Sacagawea to Rebecca , but she thinks he is mocking her . On his third night , Larry brings Nick to the museum to watch the exhibits come to life , but they strangely do not . They catch Cecil , Gus , and Reginald stealing artifacts , who explain the tablet 's magic has allowed them to feel physically young in their old age , and plot to frame Larry for the theft while they enjoy a happy retirement . Nick activates the tablet , but Cecil steals it , locking Larry and Nick in the Egyptian exhibit . They free Akhmenrah , and rally the exhibits to stop the thieves and retrieve their colleagues who fled out into Central Park . Gus and Reginald are captured , but Cecil escapes by stagecoach . Larry and several exhibits give chase , where they stop Cecil and recover the tablet , using its magic to escort all of the exhibits back into the museum before sunrise . Rebecca witnesses this and makes amends with Larry , subsequently introduced to Sacagawea . The next day McPhee fires Larry , but when they go into the museum , they find it is crowded due to last night 's strange activities , and Larry is rehired . During the credits , Cecil , Gus , and Reginald were granted mercy by Larry and work as janitors . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a night - shift security guard at the American Museum of Natural History in New York . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil Fredericks , a veteran security guard Carla Gugino as Rebecca Hutman , a museum docent Mickey Rooney as Gus , a veteran security guard Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a veteran security guard Jake Cherry as Nick Daley , Larry 's son Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the curator of the Museum of Natural History and Larry 's boss Kim Raver as Erica Daley , Larry 's former wife Charlie Murphy as the taxi - driver Paul Rudd as Don , Erica 's fiancé Anne Meara as Debbie Exhibits ( edit ) Robin Williams as a wax model of Theodore Roosevelt Patrick Gallagher as a wax model of Attila the Hun Rami Malek as the mummy of Pharaoh Ahkmenrah Pierfrancesco Favino as a bronze statue of Christopher Columbus Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a miniature cowboy figure Steve Coogan as Octavius , a miniature Roman general figure Mizuo Peck as a polyurethane model of Sacagawea Kerry van der Griend , Dan Rizzuto , Matthew Harrison , and Jody Racicot as wax models of neanderthals Martin Christopher as a wax model of Meriwether Lewis Martin Sims as a wax model of William Clark Randy Lee , Darryl Quon , Gerald Wong , and Paul Chih - Ping Cheng as wax models of the Huns Brad Garrett as the voice of the Easter Island Head Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a stuffed capuchin monkey Production ( edit ) The building featured in the film , which was constructed on a sound stage in Burnaby , British Columbia , is based on the American Museum of Natural History in New York City , external shots of which were used in the movie . Trainers spent several weeks training Crystal , who plays the troublemaking monkey Dexter , to slap and bite Stiller in the film . Robin Williams ' Theodore Roosevelt costume closely resembles that of John Wayne 's character in The Shootist . Director Shawn Levy credited Ben Stiller for the ensemble cast : `` When actors hear that Ben Stiller is in a movie they want to work with him . It ( 's ) a high - water mark and it absolutely draws actors in and I 'm convinced that 's a big part of why we got this cast . '' Music ( edit ) Songs ( edit ) Ben Stiller claimed that he watched Tom Cruise in the Mission : Impossible films to learn how to imitate his running technique , shown here as Stiller portraying his film character running for dear life from the Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ( Rexy ) . `` Friday Night '' - performed by McFly ; not featured in American version of the film , but heard in some international cuts , used during the end credits . It can be heard on the American DVD on the Spanish dub . `` September '' - performed by Earth , Wind and Fire ; used before the end credits where everyone in the museum is partying . `` Weapon of Choice '' - performed by Fatboy Slim ; used in the scene where Larry returns to the museum for his second night and is preparing for the chaos . `` Tonight '' - performed by Keke Palmer and Cham ; used for the end credits ( U.S. theatrical version only ) . `` Eye of the Tiger '' - performed by Ben Stiller ; used in the scene where Larry is bored and messes around with the telephone at the front desk beatboxing the music . An instrumental version of `` Mandy '' by Barry Manilow is used when Larry is standing in the elevator , while escaping from Attila the Hun . `` Ezekiel Saw Them Dry Bones '' is the tune Larry whistles as he passes the empty T. rex exhibit on his first night . `` Camptown Races '' by Stephen Foster is sung by the townspeople of the American West miniature diorama . This is a period - correct song . Score ( edit ) Alan Silvestri replaced John Ottman as score composer . Silvestri 's score was used for the teaser trailer of Horton Hears a Who ! Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released December 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 12 - 19 ) Recorded 2006 Genre Film score Length 53 : 19 Label Varese Sarabande Track list ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on December 19 , 2006 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Night at the Museum '' 02 : 35 2 . `` One of Those Days '' 00 : 49 3 . `` An Ordinary Guy ? '' 01 : 27 4 . `` Tour of the Museum '' 02 : 35 5 . `` Civil War Soldiers '' 04 : 08 6 . `` Out of Africa '' 01 : 07 7 . `` Meet Dexter '' 01 : 27 8 . `` Mayan Warriors '' 00 : 57 9 . `` Where 's Rexy ? '' 00 : 48 10 . `` West from Africa '' 01 : 49 11 . `` The Iron Horse '' 01 : 06 12 . `` Saved by Teddy '' 01 : 57 13 . `` Tablet of Akmenrah '' 00 : 37 14 . `` Tracking , Dear Boy '' 01 : 08 15 . `` Some Men Are Born Great '' 00 : 50 16 . `` Sunrise '' 00 : 42 17 . `` Study Up on History '' 02 : 15 18 . `` Teddy Likes Sacagawea '' 01 : 53 19 . `` Tearing Limbs '' 01 : 45 20 . `` Caveman on Fire '' 00 : 43 21 . `` Outrun the Sun '' 00 : 58 22 . `` Show You What I Do '' 02 : 55 23 . `` Tablet 's Gone '' 02 : 45 24 . `` Theodore Roosevelt at Your Service '' 01 : 11 25 . `` This Is Your Moment '' 02 : 10 26 . `` Rally the Troops '' 01 : 07 27 . `` Tree Take Down '' 01 : 21 28 . `` Cecil 's Escape '' 01 : 26 29 . `` Stage Coach '' 02 : 28 30 . `` Teddy in Two '' 01 : 18 31 . `` Cab Ride '' 00 : 50 32 . `` Big Fan '' 01 : 03 33 . `` Heroes Return '' 00 : 54 34 . `` A Great Man '' 00 : 57 35 . `` Full House '' 01 : 21 Total length : 53 : 19 Release ( edit ) Night at the Museum had its premiere in New York City on December 17 , 2006 , in South Korea on December 21 , 2006 , on December 22 , 2006 in United States , December 26 , 2006 in UK , January 12 , 2007 in Brazil , on February 14 , 2007 in China and on March 17 , 2007 in Japan . The film was released under the title of `` Noche en el museo '' in Spain , `` Una notte al museo '' in Italy , `` La nuit au musée '' in France , `` Ночь в музее '' in Russia and `` Uma Noite no Museu '' in Brazil . Box office ( edit ) At the end of its box office run , Night at the Museum earned a gross of $250.9 million in the US and Canada and $323.6 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $574.5 million against a budget of $110 million . It is also the highest - grossing film worldwide of the trilogy . It was the highest - grossing film in its opening weekend , grossing $30.8 million plating in 3,685 theaters , with a $8,258 per - theater average . For the four - day Christmas holiday weekend , it took in $42.2 million . The movie was also released in IMAX large screen format , often on site at museums of science or natural history such as the Pacific Science Center in Seattle . In its second weekend , Night at the Museum expanded into 83 more theaters and took in approximately $36.7 million , out - grossing its opening weekend . It maintained the top position in its third week , with an additional $23.7 million . During its opening weekend of December 15 , 2006 , the film grossed a figure of estimated $5 million , with the highest debut coming from South Korea ( $5.04 million ) . The biggest market in the other territories were the UK , Japan , South Korea , and Germany , where it grossed $40.8 million , $30 million , $25.7 million , $22.9 million . Critical reaction ( edit ) Night at the Museum received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 43 % , based on 132 reviews , with an average rating of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Parents might call this either a spectacle - filled adventure or a shallow and vapid CG-fest , depending on whether they choose to embrace this on the same level as their kids '' . On Metacritic , the film a score of 48 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . James Berardinelli of Reelviews gave it 2 stars out of 4 , and commented on Stiller 's performance by stating `` It might be fair to give Ben Stiller an ' A ' for effort , but to call what he does in this movie `` acting '' is a misnomer . He does a lot of running around , occasionally falling down or bumping into things . '' One positive review by William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer , gave it a B - , and stated that the film was `` Out to impress and delight a family audience with the pageantry of human and natural history , and that 's a surprisingly worthy ambition for a Hollywood comedy . '' In a case of life imitating art , museum officials at the American Museum of Natural History have credited the film for increasing the number of visitors during the holiday season by almost 20 % . According to a museum official , between December 22 , 2006 , and January 2 , 2007 , there were 50,000 more visitors than during the same period the prior year . CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on a 2 - Disc DVD edition in the United Kingdom on April 2 , 2007 . It was released on 1 - Disc and 2 - Disc DVD editions and Blu - ray Disc format on April 24 , 2007 elsewhere . The film became the first non-Disney film to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney ( now known as DVDizzy.com ) , due to the website dealing with other studios besides Disney . As of 6 December 2009 , the film has sold 9,191,694 DVDs and grossed $153,566,058 in DVD sales . Awards ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref . Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film N / A Nominated ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films Alan Silvestri Won Artios Best Feature Film Casting - Comedy Ilene Starger Coreen Mayrs ( Vancouver casting ) Heike Brandstatter ( Vancouver casting ) Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie N / A Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Comedic Performance Ben Stiller Nominated National Movie Award Best Comedy N / A Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Movie : Comedy and Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Taurus Award Hardest Hit Greg Fitzpatrick Nominated Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film - Young Actor Age Ten or Younger Jake Cherry Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb The first installment in the trilogy , Night at the Museum was followed by a sequel titled Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian , which was released on May 22 , 2009 in North America . The third and final installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , was released on December 19 , 2014 in North America . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MovieLocationsGuide.com '' . Night at the Museum Filming Locations . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Classic Movies . `` John Wayne : one last shot before the final farewell '' . Telegraph . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sun2Surf.com '' . Stiller shifts to the Museum . Retrieved January 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum Release '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Showdown '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum domestic weekend '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum Foreign Weekly '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM foreign market '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reelviews.com '' . Night at the Museum . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Arnold , William ( December 21 , 2006 ) . `` SeattlePI.com '' . Shallow ' Museum ' exhibits some appealing qualities . Retrieved January 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` msnbc.com '' . Movie boosts Natural History Museum visits . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemascore '' . cinemascore.com/ . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . Non-Disney films to be reviewed by Ultimate Disney . Retrieved April 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UltimateDisney.com '' . `` Night at the Museum '' at UltimateDisney.com . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Night ath the Museum '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Host Nominee Release '' . Nickelodeon . February 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taurus World Stunt Awards - Hardest Hit '' . World Stunt Awards . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 28th Annual Young Artist Awards Nominations '' . Young Artist Association . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian '' . imdb.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum Night at the Museum on IMDb Night at the Museum at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum at AllMovie Night at the Museum at Box Office Mojo Night at the Museum at Metacritic Night at the Museum at Rotten Tomatoes Night At The Museum Review on Variety.com Independentfilm.com video interview with Mizuo Peck who played Sacagawea Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Ricky Gervais Television ( creator and star ) Meet Ricky Gervais The Office ( UK ) Extras The Ricky Gervais Show ( animated series ) An Idiot Abroad Life 's Too Short Derek Other television work `` Golden Years '' The Office ( US ) `` Pilot '' `` The Convict '' `` Homer Simpson , This Is Your Wife '' Film ( writer / director ) The Invention of Lying Cemetery Junction Special Correspondents David Brent : Life on the Road Stand - up ( writer / performer ) Animals Politics Fame Science Other works The Ricky Gervais Show ( audio ) Flanimals More Flanimals Flanimals of the Deep Flanimals : The Day of the Bletchling Music Seona Dancing `` More to Lose '' `` Bitter Heart '' VIAF : 221440968 LCCN : n2006058506 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum&oldid=800373656 '' Categories : 2006 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2000s adventure films 2000s comedy films 2000s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films 21 Laps Entertainment films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American films American Museum of Natural History Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Christopher Columbus Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Cultural depictions of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Dune Entertainment films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films based on children 's books Films directed by Shawn Levy Films produced by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in Vancouver IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 04 : 05 . 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where did the night at the museum take place

Night at the Museum is a 2006 American fantasy - comedy film directed by Shawn Levy and written by Robert Ben Garant and Thomas Lennon , based on the 1993 children 's book of the same name by Croatian illustrator Milan Trenc . The film stars Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a divorced father who applies for a job as a night watchman at New York City 's American Museum of Natural History and subsequently discovers that the exhibits , animated by a magical Egyptian artifact , come to life at night .

Capacitive coupling - wikipedia Capacitive coupling Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Decoupling capacitor . Capacitive coupling is the transfer of energy within an electrical network or between distant networks by means of displacement current between circuit ( s ) nodes , induced by the electric field . This coupling can have an intentional or accidental effect . Capacitive coupling with high - voltage power lines can light a lamp continuously at low intensity . In its simplest implementation , capacitive coupling is achieved by placing a capacitor between two nodes . Where analysis of many points in a circuit is carried out , the capacitance at each point and between points can be described in a matrix form . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use in analog circuits 2 Use in digital circuits 3 Gimmick loop 4 Parasitic capacitive coupling 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Use in analog circuits ( edit ) Polyester film capacitors , commonly used for coupling between two circuits . In analog circuits , a coupling capacitor is used to connect two circuits such that only the AC signal from the first circuit can pass through to the next while DC is blocked . This technique helps to isolate the DC bias settings of the two coupled circuits . Capacitive coupling is also known as AC coupling and the capacitor used for the purpose is also known as a DC - blocking capacitor . A coupling capacitor 's ability to prevent a DC load from interfering with an AC source is particularly useful in Class A amplifier circuits by preventing a 0 volt input being passed to a transistor with additional resistor biasing ; creating continuous amplification . Capacitive coupling decreases the low frequency gain of a system containing capacitively coupled units . Each coupling capacitor along with the input electrical impedance of the next stage forms a high - pass filter and the sequence of filters results in a cumulative filter with a − 3 dB frequency that may be higher than those of each individual filter . So for adequate low frequency response , the capacitors used must have high capacitance ratings . They should be high enough that the reactance of each is at most a tenth of the input impedance of each stage , at the lowest frequency of interest . See Impedance bridging . Coupling capacitors can also introduce nonlinear distortion at low frequencies . This is not an issue at high frequencies because the voltage across the capacitor stays very close to zero . However , if a signal is allowed to pass through the coupling that is low relative to the RC cutoff frequency , voltages can develop across the capacitor , which for some capacitor types results in changes of capacitance , leading to distortion . This is avoided by choosing capacitor types that have low voltage coefficient , and by using large values that put the cutoff frequency far lower than the frequencies of the signal . These disadvantages of capacitively coupling DC - biased transistor amplifier circuits are largely minimized in directly coupled designs . Use in digital circuits ( edit ) AC coupling is also widely used in digital circuits to transmit digital signals with a zero DC component , known as DC - balanced signals . DC - balanced waveforms are useful in communications systems , since they can be used over AC - coupled electrical connections to avoid voltage imbalance problems and charge accumulation between connected systems or components . For this reason , most modern line codes are designed to produce DC - balanced waveforms . The most common classes of DC - balanced line codes are constant - weight codes and paired - disparity codes . Gimmick loop ( edit ) A gimmick loop is a simple type of capacitive coupler : two closely spaced strands of wire . It provides capacitive coupling of a few picofarads between two nodes . Sometimes the wires are twisted together for physical stability . Parasitic capacitive coupling ( edit ) Capacitive coupling is often unintended , such as the capacitance between two wires or PCB traces that are next to each other . Often one signal can capacitively couple with another and cause what appears to be noise . To reduce coupling , wires or traces are often separated as much as possible , or ground lines or ground planes are run in between signals that might affect each other , so that the lines are capacitively coupled to ground rather than each other . Breadboards are particularly prone to these issues due to the long pieces of metal that line every row creating a several - picofarad capacitor between lines . To prototype high - frequency ( 10s of MHz ) or high - gain analog circuits , often the circuits are built over a ground plane so that the signals couple to ground more than to each other . If a high - gain amplifier 's output capacitively couples to its input it often becomes an electronic oscillator . One rule of thumb says that drivers should be able to drive 25 pF of capacitance which allows for PCB traces up to 0.30 meters . See also ( edit ) Coupling ( electronics ) Decoupling ( electronics ) Decoupling capacitor Direct coupling Differential capacitance References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Joffe , Elya ( 2010 ) . Grounds for Grounding : A Circuit to System Handbook . Wiley - IEEE . p. 277 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66008 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Capacitor Characteristics '' . sound.whsites.net . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , John . `` Signal distortion from high - K ceramic capacitors '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bernard Grob and Milton Sol Kiver ( 1960 ) . Applications of Electronics . McGraw -- Hill . pp. 300 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Forrest M. Mims ( 2000 ) . The Forrest Mims Circuit Scrapbook . Newnes . pp. 95 -- 96 . ISBN 1 - 878707 - 48 - 5 . Jump up ^ Media Independent Interface # Signal levels This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document `` Federal Standard 1037C '' ( in support of MIL - STD - 188 ) . External links ( edit ) Capacitance and Uses of Capacitors Howard Johnson : When to use AC coupling , DC Blocking Capacitor Value Texas Instruments : AC - Coupling Between Differential LVPECL , LVDS , HSTL , and CML ( PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capacitive_coupling&oldid=808170879 '' Categories : Capacitors Electromagnetic compatibility Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Federal Standard 1037C Wikipedia articles incorporating text from MIL - STD - 188 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی 日本 語 Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 09 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

a capacitor that transfers an ac signal from one stage to another is called a

In analog circuits , a coupling capacitor is used to connect two circuits such that only the AC signal from the first circuit can pass through to the next while DC is blocked . This technique helps to isolate the DC bias settings of the two coupled circuits . Capacitive coupling is also known as AC coupling and the capacitor used for the purpose is also known as a DC - blocking capacitor .

Windows 7 editions - wikipedia Windows 7 editions Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on Windows 7 New features Removed features Editions Windows 7 , a major release of the Microsoft Windows operating system , was available in six different editions : Starter , Home Basic , Home Premium , Professional , Enterprise and Ultimate . Only Home Premium , Professional , and Ultimate were widely available at retailers . The other editions focus on other markets , such as the software development world or enterprise use . All editions support 32 - bit IA - 32 CPUs and all editions except Starter support 64 - bit x64 CPUs. 64 - bit installation media is not included in Home - Basic edition packages , but can be obtained separately from Microsoft . According to Microsoft , the features for all editions of Windows 7 are stored on the machine , regardless of which edition is in use . Users who wish to upgrade to an edition of Windows 7 with more features could use Windows Anytime Upgrade to purchase the upgrade and to unlock the features of those editions . Microsoft announced Windows 7 pricing information for some editions on June 25 , 2009 , and Windows Anytime Upgrade and Family Pack pricing on July 31 , 2009 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main editions 2 Special - purpose editions 3 Upgrade editions 3.1 Upgrade compatibility 3.2 Anytime Upgrade editions 4 Derivatives 5 Comparison chart 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading Main editions ( edit ) Since October 31 , 2013 , Windows 7 is no longer available in retail ( except for the Professional edition preinstalled which was discontinued on October 31 , 2016 ) : Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Starter is the edition of Windows 7 that contains the fewest features . It is only available in a 32 - bit version and does not include the Windows Aero theme . The desktop wallpaper and visual styles ( Windows 7 Basic ) are not user - changeable . Microsoft originally intended to restrict users of this edition to running three simultaneous applications but this limitation was dropped . This edition was available pre-installed on computers , especially netbooks or Windows Tablets , through system integrators or computer manufacturers using OEM licenses . Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Basic was available in `` emerging markets '' , in 141 different countries . Some Windows Aero options are excluded along with several new features . Home Basic , along with other editions sold in emerging markets , include geographical activation restriction , which requires users to activate Windows within a certain region or country . Windows 7 Home Premium This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment , such as Windows Media Center , Windows Aero and multi-touch support . It was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions . Windows 7 Professional This edition is targeted towards enthusiasts , small - business users and schools . It includes all the features of Windows 7 Home Premium , and adds the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain . Additional features include support for up to 192 GB of random - access memory ( increased from 16 GB ) , operating as a Remote Desktop server , location aware printing , backup to a network location , Encrypting File System , Presentation Mode , Software Restriction Policies ( but not the extra management features of AppLocker ) and Windows XP Mode . It , too , was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions . Windows 7 Enterprise This edition targeted the enterprise segment of the market and was sold through volume licensing to companies which have a Software Assurance contract with Microsoft . Additional features include support for Multilingual User Interface ( MUI ) packages , BitLocker Drive Encryption , and UNIX application support . Not available through retail or OEM channels , this edition is distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance ( SA ) . As a result it includes several SA - only benefits , including a license allowing the operating of diskless nodes ( diskless PCs ) and activation via VLK . Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 7 Ultimate contains the same features as Windows 7 Enterprise , but unlike the Enterprise edition , it was available to home users on an individual license basis . Windows 7 Home Premium and Windows 7 Professional users are able to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate for a fee using Windows Anytime Upgrade if they wish to do so . Unlike Windows Vista Ultimate , the Windows 7 Ultimate edition does not include the Windows Ultimate Extras feature or any exclusive features as Microsoft had stated . Mainstream support for all editions ( new features and bug fixes ) ended as of January 2015 , but extended support ( security updates ) will continue until January 2020 . Special - purpose editions ( edit ) The main editions also can take the form of one of the following special editions : N and KN editions The features in the N and KN Editions are the same as their equivalent full versions , but do not include Windows Media Player or other Windows Media - related technologies , such as Windows Media Center and Windows DVD Maker due to limitations set by the European Union and South Korea , respectively . The cost of the N and KN Editions are the same as the full versions , as the Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N or Windows 7 KN can be downloaded without charge from Microsoft . VL builds VL builds work with VLKs ( volume license keys ) . Volume license keys can be used to activate multiple installations of the software without any mechanism ( such as a product activation mechanism ) checking the total number of installations . The license for the software will place restrictions on the use of the key . Typically , the license will limit the key to a fixed number of installations which must only be within the licensee 's organization and also place the licensee under an obligation to keep a record of the number of installations , keep the key confidential and possibly even require that the licensee organization makes itself available for a software licensing audit to verify that its use of the key is within the terms of the license . Upgrade editions ( edit ) In - place upgrade from Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 to Windows 7 with is supported if the processor architecture and the language are the same and their editions match ( see below ) . In - place upgrade is not supported for earlier versions of Windows ; moving to Windows 7 on these machines requires a clean installation , i.e. removal of the old operating system , installing Windows 7 and reinstalling all previously installed programs . Windows Easy Transfer can assist in this process . Microsoft made upgrade SKUs of Windows 7 for selected editions of Windows XP and Windows Vista . The difference between these SKUs and full SKUs of Windows 7 is their lower price and proof of license ownership of a qualifying previous version of Windows . Same restrictions on in - place upgrading applies to these SKUs as well . In addition , Windows 7 is available as a Family Pack upgrade edition in certain markets , to upgrade to Windows 7 Home Premium only . It gives licenses to upgrade three machines from Vista or Windows XP to the Windows 7 Home Premium edition . These are not full versions , so each machine to be upgraded must have one of these qualifying previous versions of Windows for them to work . In the United States , this offer expired in early December 2009 . In October 2010 , to commemorate the anniversary of Windows 7 , Microsoft once again made Windows 7 Home Premium Family Pack available for a limited time , while supplies lasted . Upgrade compatibility ( edit ) There are two possible ways to upgrade to Windows 7 from an earlier version of Windows : An in - place install ( labelled `` Upgrade '' in the installer ) , where settings and programs are preserved from an older version of Windows . This option is only sometimes available , depending on the editions of Windows being used , and is not available at all unless upgrading from Windows Vista . A clean install ( labelled `` Custom '' in the installer ) , where all settings including but not limited to user accounts , applications , user settings , music , photos , and programs are erased entirely and the current operating system is erased and replaced with Windows 7 . This option is always available and is required for all versions of Windows XP . The table below lists which upgrade paths allow for an in - place install . Note that in - place upgrades can only be performed when the previous version of Windows is of the same architecture . If upgrading from a 32 - bit installation to a 64 - bit installation or downgrading from 64 - bit installation to 32 - bit installation , a clean install is mandatory regardless of the editions being used . Version and its specific edition of Windows to upgrade from Edition of Windows 7 to upgrade to Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate Vista Home Basic In - place In - place Clean Clean In - place Vista Home Premium Clean In - place Clean Clean In - place Vista Business Clean Clean In - place In - place In - place Vista Enterprise Clean Clean Clean In - place Clean Vista Ultimate Clean Clean Clean Clean In - place XP Clean Clean Clean Clean Clean In - place installation option available . Requires clean install . Anytime upgrade editions ( edit ) Microsoft also supported in - place upgrades from a lower edition of Windows 7 to a higher one , using the Windows Anytime Upgrade tool . There are currently three retail options available ( though it is currently unclear whether they can be used with previous installations of the N versions ) . There are no family pack versions of the Anytime Upgrade editions . It was possible to use the Product Key from a Standard upgrade edition to accomplish an in - place upgrade ( e.g. Home Premium to Ultimate ) . Starter to Home Premium Starter to Professional Starter to Ultimate Home Premium to Professional Home Premium to Ultimate Professional to Ultimate Available in retail , and at the Microsoft Store Derivatives ( edit ) Windows Thin PC On February 9 , 2011 , Microsoft announced Windows Thin PC , a branded derivative of Windows Embedded Standard 7 with Service Pack 1 , designed as a lightweight version of Windows 7 for installation on low performance PCs as an alternative to using a dedicated thin client device . It succeeded Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs , which was based on Windows XP Embedded . Windows Thin PC was released on June 6 , 2011 . Windows Thin PC is supported until October 12 , 2021 . Embedded versions Windows 7 is also currently available as a form of Windows Embedded to developers , named as Windows Embedded Standard 7 ( previously known as Windows Embedded 2011 , the newest being Windows Embedded Standard 7 with Service Pack 1 ) . Windows Embedded Standard 7 is supported until October 13 , 2020 . Comparison chart ( edit ) Windows 7 edition comparison chart Features Starter Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate Licensing scheme OEM licensing Retail and OEM licensing in emerging markets Retail and OEM licensing Retail , OEM and volume licensing Volume licensing Retail and OEM licensing Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) ( 32 - Bit ) 2 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB 4 GB Maximum physical memory ( RAM ) ( 64 - Bit ) N / A 8 GB 16 GB 192 GB 192 GB 192 GB Maximum physical CPUs supported Built - in AVCHD support No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Multiple monitors No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Fast user switching No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Desktop Window Manager No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Mobility Center No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Printing via the Internet No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Parental Controls No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 64 - bit edition available ? No Yes , but not in retail SKUs Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Aero No Partial Yes Yes Yes Yes Internet connection sharing No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Built - in DVD ( MPEG - 2 and Dolby Digital ) decoder No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Multi-touch No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Center No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Windows Media Player remote media experience No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Premium games included No No Yes Yes Yes Yes HomeGroup support Join only Join only Create or join Create or join Create or join Create or join Back up to network with Backup and Restore Center No No No Yes Yes Yes Act as host for Remote Desktop Services No No No Yes Yes Yes Dynamic disks No No No Yes Yes Yes Encrypting File System No No No Yes Yes Yes Location - aware printing No No No Yes Yes Yes Presentation mode No No No Yes Yes Yes Group Policy No No No Yes Yes Yes Offline files and folder redirection No No No Yes Yes Yes Windows Server domain joining No No No Yes Yes Yes Windows XP Mode No No No Yes Yes Yes Software restriction policies No No No Yes Yes Yes Remote administration tools No No No Yes Yes Yes Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services ( AD LDS ) No No No Yes Yes Yes AppLocker No No No Create policies , but can not enforce Create and enforce policies Create and enforce policies Aero glass remoting No No No No Yes Yes Windows Media Player multimedia redirection No No No No Yes Yes Audio recording over Remote Desktop Connection No No No No Yes Yes Multi-display Remote Desktop Connection No No No No Yes Yes Enterprise search scopes No No No No Yes Yes Federated search No No No No Yes Yes BitLocker Drive Encryption No No No No Yes Yes BranchCache Distributed Cache No No No No Yes Yes DirectAccess No No No No Yes Yes Subsystem for Unix - based Applications No No No No Yes Yes Supports Multilingual User Interface packages No No No No Yes Yes Virtual desktop infrastructure ( VDI ) enhancements No No No No Yes Yes Virtual desktop infrastructure ( VDI ) licensed No No No No Yes Yes VHD booting No No No No Yes Yes Switching between any of the 37 available languages No No No No Yes Yes Features Starter Home Basic Home Premium Professional Enterprise Ultimate See also ( edit ) Windows 2000 editions Windows XP editions Windows Vista editions Windows 8 editions Windows 10 editions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Not the same as logical processor limits : all editions are limited to 32 logical processors for IA - 32 and 256 for x64 Jump up ^ Feature of Windows Media Player which enables the use and control of media libraries on other computers ^ Jump up to : Disabled by default . Jump up ^ Windows Virtual PC including a complete copy of Windows XP with Service Pack 3 using Remote Desktop Protocol to display individual applications integrated with the host OS ( Windows 7 ) . Windows XP Mode is available as a free download from Microsoft . Jump up ^ formerly Active Directory Application Mode ( ADAM ) Jump up ^ Any edition of Windows 7 can be installed onto a VHD volume ; these installations even appear in the boot menu . However , only Enterprise or Ultimate editions start . Other editions return an error message . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` All Windows 7 Versions -- What You Need to Know '' . ExtremeTech . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : LeBlanc , Brandon ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` A closer look at the Windows 7 SKUs '' . Windows Team Blog . Microsoft . Retrieved February 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thurrott , Paul ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Windows 7 Product Editions '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Microsoft unveils ' screaming deals ' for Windows 7 '' . ZDNet . June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Anytime Upgrade and Family Pack Pricing '' . Microsoft . July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Windows lifecycle fact sheet '' . support.microsoft.com . Jump up ^ Keizer , Gregg ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft kills Windows 7 Starter 's 3 - app limit '' . Computer World . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Wins on Netbook PCs '' . Microsoft . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft forbids changes to Windows 7 netbook wallpaper '' . The Register . June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hachman , Mark ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` The Windows 7 Versions : What You Need to Know '' . PC Magazine . Windows 7 Home Basic . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How to Tell : Geographically Restricted Microsoft Software '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Windows 7 Versions -- What You Need to Know -- Windows Home Premium '' . ExtremeTech . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed . `` Do you need more than Windows 7 Home Premium ? '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Products : Windows 7 Enterprise '' . Microsoft . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft product support lifecycle information by product family : Windows 7 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Description of the Windows Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N and for Windows 7 KN '' . Microsoft . November 10 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Media Feature Pack for Windows 7 N with Service Pack 1 and Windows 7 KN with Service Pack 1 ( KB968211 ) '' . Microsoft . March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Microsoft Windows 7 Upgrade Program Rev. 2.0 '' . Tech ARP . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Foley , Mary - Jo ( February 3 , 2009 ) . `` Microsoft 's Windows 7 line - up : The good , the bad and the ugly '' . ZDNet . Retrieved February 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fiveash , Kelly ( February 5 , 2009 ) . `` Windows 7 ' upgrade ' does n't mark XP spot '' . Channel Register . The Register . Retrieved February 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Store UK -- Windows 7 '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ steam blog , dated 2009 / 07 / 31 , accessed September 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Windows 7 Family Pack Discontinued Jump up ^ Family Pack returns in time for the Anniversary of Windows 7 Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Upgrade Paths '' . Microsoft . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Upgrading to Windows 7 : frequently asked questions '' . Microsoft . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Anytime Upgrades '' . Amazon . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate steal -- Windows 7 Premium ok for Windows 7 Starter ? '' . Microsoft . February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Student upgrade '' . Microsoft . December 20 , 2009 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Thin PC RTMs ! '' . Windows for your Business . Microsoft . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Embedded Standard 7 Overview '' . Microsoft . Retrieved April 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 Editions -- Features on Parade '' . Softpedia . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 : Which Edition is Right For You ? '' . PCWorld . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bott , Ed ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` From Starter to Ultimate : What 's really in each Windows 7 Edition ? '' . ZDNet . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Schuster , Gavriella ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` Which Windows 7 Is Best for You ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Physical Memory Limits : Windows 7 '' . Microsoft Developer Network . October 14 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows 7 System Requirements '' . Retrieved September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Windows Media Player 12 '' . Windows 7 Features . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Printing client on Windows 7 Starter '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Tulloch , Mitch ; Northrup , Tony ; Honeycutt , Jerry ( 2010 ) . Windows 7 Resource Kit . Redmond , Washington : Microsoft Press . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7356 - 4277 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Windows 7 N Edition does not include Windows Media Player . Jump up ^ `` Where are my games ? '' . Microsoft . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Which one is right for you ? -- Microsoft Windows Jump up ^ `` You can not select or format a hard disk partition when you try to install Windows Vista , Windows 7 or Windows Server 2008 R2 '' . Microsoft . September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Windows 7 Product Guide Jump up ^ Terminal services team ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Aero Glass Remoting in Windows Server 2008 R2 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Terminal Services Team ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Remote Desktop Connection 7 for Windows 7 , Windows XP & Windows Vista '' . Microsoft . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Windows Enterprise : Windows 7 Features '' . Microsoft . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 6292A Installing and Configuring Windows 7 Client : Microsoft . p14 . Part Number X17 - 37160 Released 10 / 2009 Jump up ^ Shultz , Greg ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Native VHD Boot is available in all versions of Windows 7 '' . TechRepublic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why buy Windows 7 Ultimate ? '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Windows 7 language packs are available for computers that are running Windows 7 Ultimate or Windows 7 Enterprise '' . Microsoft . Retrieved August 19 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Windows 7 Lineup Offers Clear Choice for Consumers and Businesses '' . Microsoft News Center . Redmond , Washington : Microsoft . February 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . `` Brief : Licensing Windows 7 for Use with Virtual Machine Technologies '' (. docx ) . Microsoft Volume Licensing . Microsoft . March 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Thurrott , Paul ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Windows 7 Product Editions : A Comparison '' . Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . ( hide ) Microsoft Windows family Components History Timeline Criticism DOS - based Windows 1.0 Windows 2.0 Windows 2.1 x Windows 3.0 Windows 3.1 x Windows 9x Windows 95 ( Development ) Windows 98 Windows ME Windows NT Windows NT 3.1 Windows NT 3.5 Windows NT 3.51 Windows NT 4.0 Windows 2000 Client versions Windows XP editions x64 Media Center Fundamentals Windows Vista editions Windows 7 editions Windows 8 editions RT 8.1 Windows 10 editions version history Windows Server Server 2003 Home Server Server 2008 EBS 2008 HPC Server 2008 Server 2008 R2 Home Server 2011 Server 2012 Server 2012 R2 Server 2016 Server 2019 MultiPoint Server Server Essentials Specialized Windows Preinstallation Environment Windows Embedded Embedded Compact CE 5.0 Embedded CE 6.0 Embedded Compact 7 Embedded Automotive Embedded Industry Windows Mobile Pocket PC 2000 Pocket PC 2002 Mobile 2003 Mobile 5.0 Mobile 6.0 Mobile 6.1 Mobile 6.5 Windows Phone Phone 7 Phone 8 Phone 8.1 Windows 10 Mobile Cancelled Cairo Nashville Neptune Odyssey List of versions Comparison Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_7_editions&oldid=830175245 '' Categories : Windows 7 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Español فارسی 한국어 日本 語 Português සිංහල Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 06 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what's the difference between windows 7 home basic and ultimate

Windows 7 Starter Windows 7 Starter is the edition of Windows 7 that contains the fewest features . It is only available in a 32 - bit version and does not include the Windows Aero theme . The desktop wallpaper and visual styles ( Windows 7 Basic ) are not user - changeable . Microsoft originally intended to restrict users of this edition to running three simultaneous applications but this limitation was dropped . This edition was available pre-installed on computers , especially netbooks or Windows Tablets , through system integrators or computer manufacturers using OEM licenses . Windows 7 Home Basic Windows 7 Home Basic was available in `` emerging markets '' , in 141 different countries . Some Windows Aero options are excluded along with several new features . Home Basic , along with other editions sold in emerging markets , include geographical activation restriction , which requires users to activate Windows within a certain region or country . Windows 7 Home Premium This edition contains features aimed at the home market segment , such as Windows Media Center , Windows Aero and multi-touch support . It was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions . Windows 7 Professional This edition is targeted towards enthusiasts , small - business users and schools . It includes all the features of Windows 7 Home Premium , and adds the ability to participate in a Windows Server domain . Additional features include support for up to 192 GB of random - access memory ( increased from 16 GB ) , operating as a Remote Desktop server , location aware printing , backup to a network location , Encrypting File System , Presentation Mode , Software Restriction Policies ( but not the extra management features of AppLocker ) and Windows XP Mode . It , too , was available in both 32 - bit and 64 - bit versions . Windows 7 Enterprise This edition targeted the enterprise segment of the market and was sold through volume licensing to companies which have a Software Assurance contract with Microsoft . Additional features include support for Multilingual User Interface ( MUI ) packages , BitLocker Drive Encryption , and UNIX application support . Not available through retail or OEM channels , this edition is distributed through Microsoft Software Assurance ( SA ) . As a result it includes several SA - only benefits , including a license allowing the operating of diskless nodes ( diskless PCs ) and activation via VLK . Windows 7 Ultimate Windows 7 Ultimate contains the same features as Windows 7 Enterprise , but unlike the Enterprise edition , it was available to home users on an individual license basis . Windows 7 Home Premium and Windows 7 Professional users are able to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate for a fee using Windows Anytime Upgrade if they wish to do so . Unlike Windows Vista Ultimate , the Windows 7 Ultimate edition does not include the Windows Ultimate Extras feature or any exclusive features as Microsoft had stated .

United States Air Force Academy - wikipedia United States Air Force Academy Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Air University ( United States Air Force ) . United States Air Force Academy Motto Integrity First , Service Before Self , Excellence in All We Do Type U.S. Service Academy Direct Reporting Unit Established 1 April 1954 ( 1 April 1954 ) ( 64 years , 1 month ) Endowment $47 million Superintendent Lieutenant General Jay B. Silveria Dean Brigadier General Andrew P. Armacost Commandant Brigadier General Kristin E. Goodwin Academic staff 550 ( 70 % military : 30 % civilian ) Students 4,237 cadets Location Air Force Academy , Colorado , U.S. Campus Suburban -- 18,500 acres ( 7,486.7 ha ) Colors Blue , Silver Nickname Falcons Sporting affiliations NCAA Division I -- MW MPSF , Big 12 , SoCon , PRC , WWPA Mascot Gyrfalcon Decorations Air Force Outstanding Unit Award Air Force Organizational Excellence Award Website www.usafa.af.mil U.S. Air Force Academy Location in the United States U.S. Air Force Academy Location in Colorado The United States Air Force Academy ( also known as USAFA , the Air Force Academy , or the Academy ) , is a military academy for officer cadets of the United States Air Force . Its campus is located in the western United States in Colorado , immediately north of Colorado Springs in El Paso County . The Academy 's stated mission is `` to educate , train , and inspire men and women to become leaders of character , motivated to lead the United States Air Force in service to our nation . '' It is the youngest of the five U.S. service academies , having graduated its first class 59 years ago in 1959 , however it is the third in seniority . Graduates of the Academy 's four - year program receive a Bachelor of Science degree , and are commissioned as second lieutenants in the U.S. Air Force . The Academy is also one of the largest tourist attractions in Colorado , attracting approximately a million visitors each year . Admission is extremely competitive , with nominations divided equally among Congressional districts . Recent incoming classes have had about 1,200 cadets ; historically , just under 1,000 of those will graduate . Tuition along with room and board are all paid for by the Air Force . Cadets receive a monthly stipend , but incur a commitment to serve a number of years of military service after graduation . The program at the Academy is guided by the Air Force 's core values of `` Integrity First , Service Before Self , and Excellence in All We Do '' , and based on four `` pillars of excellence '' : military training , academics , athletics and character development . In addition to a rigorous military training regimen , cadets also take a broad academic course load with an extensive core curriculum in engineering , humanities , social sciences , basic sciences , military studies and physical education . All cadets participate in either intercollegiate or intramural athletics , and a thorough character development and leadership curriculum provides cadets a basis for future officership . Each of the components of the program is intended to give cadets the skills and knowledge that they will need for success as officers . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Establishment 1.2 Early years 1.3 Vietnam 1.4 Women at the Academy 2 Campus and facilities 2.1 The Cadet Area 2.2 Commemorative displays 2.3 Air Academy High School 2.4 Other locations on campus 3 The Honor Code and character education 4 Organization 4.1 The Cadet Wing 4.2 Base organization 4.3 Board of Visitors 5 Military training 6 Academics 7 Athletics 7.1 Physical education 7.2 Fitness tests 7.3 Intramural athletics 7.4 Intercollegiate athletics 8 Airmanship 9 Admissions 9.1 Class size 10 Traditions 10.1 Prop and Wings 10.2 Cadet sabre 10.3 Class ring 11 Controversies 11.1 Honor scandals 11.2 Allegations of sexual harassment , assault and gender bias 11.3 Religious atmosphere 12 Notable alumni 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links History ( edit ) Establishment ( edit ) Prior to the Academy 's establishment , air power advocates had been pushing for a separate Air Force Academy for decades . As early as 1918 , Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Hanlon wrote , `` As the Military and Naval Academies are the backbone of the Army and Navy , so must the Aeronautical Academy be the backbone of the Air Service . No service can flourish without some such institution to inculcate into its embryonic officers love of country , proper conception of duty , and highest regard for honor . '' Other officials expressed similar sentiments . In 1919 , Congressman Charles F. Curry introduced legislation providing for an Academy , but concerns about cost , curriculum and location led to its demise . In 1925 , air power pioneer General Billy Mitchell testified on Capitol Hill that it was necessary `` to have an air academy to form a basis for the permanent backbone of your air service and to attend to the ... organizational part of it , very much the same way that West Point does for the Army , or that Annapolis does for the Navy . '' Mitchell 's arguments did not gain traction with legislators , and it was not until the late 1940s that the concept of the United States Air Force Academy began to take shape . Support for an air academy got a boost with the National Security Act of 1947 , which provided for the establishment of a separate Air Force within the United States military . As an initial measure , Secretary of the Air Force W. Stuart Symington negotiated an agreement where up to 25 % of West Point and Annapolis graduates could volunteer to receive their commissions in the newly established Air Force . This was only intended to be a short term fix , however , and disagreements between the services quickly led to the establishment of the Service Academy Board by Secretary of Defense James Forrestal . In January 1950 , the Service Academy Board , headed by Dwight D. Eisenhower , then president of Columbia University , concluded that the needs of the Air Force could not be met by the two existing U.S. service academies and that an air force academy should be established . Following the recommendation of the Board , Congress passed legislation in 1954 to begin the construction of the Air Force Academy , and President Eisenhower signed it into law on 1 April of that year . The legislation established an advisory commission to determine the site of the new school . Among the panel members were Charles Lindbergh , General Carl Spaatz , and Lieutenant General Hubert R. Harmon , who later became the Academy 's first superintendent . The original 582 sites considered were winnowed to three : Alton , Illinois ; Lake Geneva , Wisconsin ; and the ultimate site at Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Secretary of the Air Force , Harold E. Talbott , announced the winning site on 24 June 1954 . Meanwhile , Air Training Command ( ATC ) began developing a detailed curriculum for the Academy program . Early years ( edit ) Cadets from the first USAFA class lined up for physical training at Lowry AFB in 1955 The early Air Force Academy leadership had the model of West Point and Annapolis in designing an appropriate curriculum , faculty , and campus . The Academy 's permanent site had not yet been completed when the first class entered , so the 306 cadets from the Class of 1959 were sworn in at a temporary site at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver on 11 July 1955 . While at Lowry , they were housed in renovated World War II barracks . There were no upper class cadets to train the new cadets , so the Air Force appointed a cadre of `` Air Training Officers '' ( ATOs ) to conduct training . The ATOs were junior officers , many of whom were graduates of West Point , Annapolis , and The Citadel . They acted as surrogate upper class cadets until the upper classes could be populated over the next several years . The Academy 's dedication ceremony took place on that first day and was broadcast live on national television , with Walter Cronkite covering the event . Arnold W. Braswell , a native of Minden , Louisiana , was commander of the original four cadet squadrons at the academy 1955 to 1958 . In developing a distinctive uniform for cadets , the Air Force turned to Hollywood . Famed director Cecil B. DeMille designed the cadet parade uniform ; it is still worn by cadets today . The Class of 1959 established many other important traditions that continue until the present . The first class adopted the Cadet Honor Code , and chose the falcon as the Academy 's mascot . On 29 August 1958 , the wing of 1,145 cadets moved to the present site near Colorado Springs , and less than a year later the Academy received accreditation . The first USAFA class graduated and was commissioned on 3 June 1959 . Vietnam ( edit ) The Vietnam War was the first war in which Academy graduates fought and died . As such , it had a profound effect on the development of the character of the Academy . Due to the need for more pilots , Academy enrollment grew significantly during this time . The size of the graduating classes went from 217 cadets in 1961 to 745 cadets in 1970 . Academy facilities were likewise expanded , and training was modified to better meet the needs of the wartime Air Force . The Jacks Valley field training area was added , the Survival , Evasion , Resistance and Escape ( SERE ) program was expanded , and light aircraft training started in 1968 . Many Academy graduates of this era served with distinction in the Vietnam War . F - 4 Phantom II pilot Steve Ritchie ' 64 and weapon systems officer Jeffrey Feinstein ' 68 each became aces by downing five enemy aircraft in combat . One hundred forty - one graduates died in the conflict ; thirty - two graduates became prisoners of war . Lance Sijan , ' 65 , fell into both categories and became the first Academy graduate to be awarded the Medal of Honor due to his heroism while evading capture and in captivity . Sijan Hall , one of the cadet dormitories , is named in his memory . The effects of the anti-war movement were felt at the Academy as well . Because the Academy grounds are generally open to the public , the Academy often became a site for protests by anti-war demonstrators . Regular demonstrations were held at the Cadet Chapel , and cadets often became the targets of protesters ' insults . Other aggravating factors were the presence in the Cadet Wing of cadets motivated to attend the Academy for reasons of draft avoidance , and a number of highly publicized cheating scandals . Morale sometimes suffered as a consequence . Women at the Academy ( edit ) One of the most significant events in the history of the Academy was the admission of women . On 7 October 1975 , President Gerald R. Ford signed legislation permitting women to enter the United States service academies . On 26 June 1976 , 157 women entered the Air Force Academy with the Class of 1980 . Because there were no female upper class cadets , the Air Training Officer model used in the early years of the Academy was revived , and fifteen young female officers were brought in to help with the integration process . The female cadets were initially segregated from the rest of the Cadet Wing but were fully integrated into their assigned squadrons after their first semester . On 28 May 1980 , 97 of the original female cadets completed the program and graduated from the Academy -- just over 10 % of the graduating class . Women have made up just over 20 % of the most recent classes , with the class of 2016 having the highest proportion of any class , 25 % . Many of the women from those early classes went on to achieve success within the Cadet Wing and after graduation ( see list of Academy graduates below ) . Despite these successes , integration issues were long apparent . Female cadets have had consistently higher dropout rates than men and have left the Air Force in higher numbers than men . Campus and facilities ( edit ) Interior of Cadet Chapel Initial proposals for the Air Force Academy location were between Prescott , Arizona ; Linn , Wisconsin ; Alton , Illinois and Colorado Springs , Colorado . The selection committee cut the final list to only Alton , Linn and Colorado Springs . Final selection was awarded to Colorado Springs . The campus of the Academy covers 18,500 acres ( 29 sq mi ; 75 km ) on the east side of the Rampart Range of the Rocky Mountains , just north of Colorado Springs . Its elevation is normally given as 7,258 feet ( 2,212 m ) above sea level , which is at the cadet area . The Academy was designed by Skidmore , Owings and Merrill ( SOM ) and lead architect Walter Netsch . SOM partner John O. Merrill moved from Chicago to a Colorado Springs field office to oversee the construction and to act as a spokesman for the project . The most controversial aspect of the SOM - designed Air Force Academy was its chapel . It was designed by SOM architect Walter Netsch , who at one point was prepared to abandon the design ; but the accordion - like structure is acknowledged as an iconic symbol of the academy campus . The Cadet Area ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy , Cadet Area The buildings in the Cadet Area were designed in a distinct , modernist style , and make extensive use of aluminum on building exteriors , suggesting the outer skin of aircraft or spacecraft . On 1 April 2004 , fifty years after Congress authorized the building of the Academy , the Cadet Area at the Academy was designated a National Historic Landmark . The main buildings in the Cadet Area are set around a large , square pavilion known as `` the Terrazzo , '' and the most recognizable is the 17 - spired Cadet Chapel . The subject of controversy when it was first built , it is now considered among the most prominent examples of modern American academic architecture . Other buildings on the Terrazzo include Vandenberg Hall and Sijan Hall , the two dormitories ; Mitchell Hall , the cadet dining facility ; and Fairchild Hall , the main academic building , which houses academic classrooms , laboratories , research facilities , faculty offices and the Robert F. McDermott Library . The Aeronautics Research Center ( also known as the `` Aero Lab '' ) contains numerous aeronautical research facilities , including transonic , subsonic , low speed , and cascade wind tunnels ; engine and rocket test cells ; and simulators . The Consolidated Education and Training Facility ( CETF ) was built in 1997 as an annex to Fairchild Hall . It contains chemistry and biology classrooms and labs , medical and dental clinics , and civil engineering and astronautics laboratories . The Cadet Area also contains an observatory and a planetarium for academic use and navigation training . The cadet social center is Arnold Hall , located just outside the Cadet Area , which houses a 3000 - seat theater , a ballroom , a number of lounges , and dining and recreation facilities for cadets and visitors . Harmon Hall is the primary administration building , which houses the offices of the Superintendent and the Superintendent 's staff . The Cadet Area also contains extensive facilities for use by cadets participating in intercollegiate athletics , intramural athletics , physical education classes and other physical training . Set amid numerous outdoor athletic fields are the ' ' Cadet Gymnasium ' ' and the Cadet Fieldhouse . The Fieldhouse is the home to Clune Arena , the ice hockey rink and an indoor track , which doubles as an indoor practice facility for a number of sports . Falcon Stadium , located outside of the Cadet Area , is the football field and site of the graduation ceremonies . Commemorative displays ( edit ) The Class Wall is located just below the Cadet Chapel Many displays around the Cadet Area commemorate heroes and air power pioneers , and serve as an inspiration to cadets . The ' ' War Memorial ' ' , a black marble wall located just under the flagpole on the Terrazzo , is etched with the names of Academy graduates who have been killed in combat . The ' ' Honor Wall , ' ' overlooking the Terrazzo , is inscribed with the Cadet Honor Code : `` We will not lie , cheat , or steal , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . '' Just under the Cadet Chapel , the ' ' Class Wall ' ' bears the crests of each of the Academy 's graduating classes . The crest of the current first ( senior ) class is displayed in the center position . Another display often used as a symbol of the Academy , the ' ' Eagle and Fledglings Statue ' ' was given as a gift to the Academy in 1958 by the personnel of Air Training Command . It contains the inscription by Austin Dusty Miller , `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge . '' Static air - and spacecraft displays on the Academy grounds include an F - 4 , F - 15 , F - 16 and F - 105 on the Terrazzo ; a B - 52 by the North Gate ; a T - 38 and A-10 at the airfield ; an F - 100 by the preparatory school ; a SV - 5J lifting body next to the aeronautics laboratory ; and a Minuteman III missile in front of the Fieldhouse . The Minuteman III was removed 9 years ago in August 2008 due to rusting and other internal damage . The `` Core Values Ramp '' ( formerly known as the `` Bring Me Men Ramp '' ) leads down from the main Terrazzo level toward the parade field . On in - processing day , new cadets arrive at the base of the ramp and start their transition into military and Academy life by ascending the ramp to the Terrazzo . From 1964 to 2004 , the portal at the base of the ramp was inscribed with the words `` Bring me men ... '' taken from the poem , `` The Coming American , '' by Samuel Walter Foss . In a controversial move following the 2003 sexual assault scandal , the words `` Bring me men ... '' were taken down and replaced with the Academy 's ( later adopted as the Air Force 's ) core values : `` Integrity first , service before self , and excellence in all we do . '' Air Academy high school ( edit ) Main article : Air Academy High School With an enrollment of over 1300 , Air Academy High School is the only high school in the United States built on a military academy . It ranks in the top ten in the state in academic standards . Part of School District 20 ( D20 ) , its marching band regularly places in the top ten in state championships . D20 also maintains an elementary school on the academy grounds . Other locations on campus ( edit ) Cadets have the opportunity to fly gliders as part of their training Other locations on campus serve support roles for cadet training and other base functions . Doolittle Hall is the headquarters of the Academy 's Association of Graduates and also serves as the initial reception point for new cadets arriving for Basic Cadet Training . It is named after General Jimmy Doolittle . The Goldwater Visitor Center , named after longtime proponent of the Academy United States Senator Barry Goldwater , is the focal point for family , friends and tourists visiting the Academy grounds . The Academy Airfield is used for training cadets in airmanship courses , including parachute training , soaring and powered flight . Interment at the ' ' Academy Cemetery ' ' is limited to Academy cadets and graduates , certain senior officers , certain Academy staff members , and certain other family members . Air power notables Carl Spaatz , Curtis E. LeMay and Robin Olds , are interred here . The United States Air Force Academy Preparatory School ( usually referred to as the `` Prep School '' ) is a program offered to selected individuals who were not able to obtain appointments directly to the Academy . The program involves intense academic preparation ( particularly in English , math and science ) , along with athletic and military training , meant to prepare the students for appointment to the Academy . A high percentage of USAFA Preparatory School students ( known as `` Preppies '' ) earn appointments to the Academy following their year at the Prep School . The Honor Code and character education ( edit ) More than 1,300 basic cadets salute during the ceremonial Oath of Office formation on 26 June 2009 . The Cadet Chapel is in the background . The Cadet Honor Code is the cornerstone of a cadet 's professional training and development -- the minimum standard of ethical conduct that cadets expect of themselves and their fellow cadets . The Honor Code was developed and adopted by the Class of 1959 , the first class to graduate from the Academy and has been handed down to every subsequent class . The Code itself is simple : We will not lie , steal , or cheat , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . In 1984 , the Cadet Wing voted to add an `` Honor Oath , '' which was to be taken by all cadets . The oath is administered to fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) when they are formally accepted into the Wing at the conclusion of Basic Cadet Training . The oath remains unchanged since its adoption in 1984 and consists of a statement of the code , followed by a resolution to live honorably ( the phrase `` So help me God '' is now optional ) : We will not lie , steal or cheat , nor tolerate among us anyone who does . Furthermore , I resolve to do my duty and to live honorably , ( so help me God ) . -- `` Honor Code Handbook '' Cadets are considered the `` guardians and stewards '' of the Code . Cadet honor representatives are chosen by senior leadership , and oversee the honor system by conducting education classes and investigating suspected honor violations . Cadets throughout the Wing are expected to sit on Honor Boards as juries that determine whether their fellow cadets violated the code . Cadets also recommend sanctions for violations . The presumed sanction for an honor violation is disenrollment , but mitigating factors may result in the violator being placed in a probationary status for some period of time . This `` honor probation '' is usually only reserved for cadets in their first two years at the Academy . To reinforce the importance of honor , character and integrity to future officers , cadets are given an extensive character and leadership curriculum . The Academy 's Center for Character and Leadership Development provides classroom , seminar , workshop and experiential - based learning programs to all cadets , beginning when they enter Basic Cadet Training and continuing each year through their last semester at the Academy . The Center 's programs , when coupled with the Honor Code and Honor System , establish a foundation for the `` leaders of character '' that the Academy aspires to produce . Organization ( edit ) The Academy 's organization is unusual in a number of respects . Because it is primarily a military unit , much of the Academy 's structure is set up like that of any other Air Force Base . This is particularly true of the non-cadet units -- most assigned to the 10th Air Base Wing -- that provide base services such as security , communications , and engineering . Because the Academy is also a university , however , the organization of the faculty and the Cadet Wing have some aspects that are more similar to the faculty and student body at a civilian college . The Cadet Wing ( edit ) Main article : United States Air Force Academy Cadet Wing Air Force Academy cadets celebrate after graduation . The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing . The students , called `` cadets '' , are divided into four classes , based on their year in school , much like a civilian college . They are not referred to as freshmen , sophomores , juniors and seniors , however , but as fourth - , third - , second - and first class cadets , respectively . Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies , '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant . '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees , '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class . First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties . '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing , first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers , second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers . The Cadet Wing is divided into four groups , of ten cadet squadrons each . Each cadet squadron consists of about 110 cadets , roughly evenly distributed among the four classes . Selected first - , second - and third - class cadets hold leadership , operational and support jobs at the squadron , group and wing levels . Cadets live , march and eat meals with members of their squadrons . Military training and intramural athletics are conducted by squadron as well . Each cadet squadron and cadet group is supervised by a specially selected active duty officer called an Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) . In the case of a cadet squadron , the AOC is normally an active duty Air Force major . For a cadet group , the AOC is normally an active - duty lieutenant colonel . These officers have command authority over the cadets , counsel cadets on leadership and military career issues , oversee military training and serve as role models for the future officers . In addition to an AOC , cadet squadrons and groups are also supervised by an active duty non-commissioned officer known as an Academy Military Trainer ( AMT ) , who fulfills a similar job as the AOC . Base organization ( edit ) See also : List of Superintendents of the United States Air Force Academy The Superintendent of the Academy is the commander and senior officer . The position of Superintendent is normally held by an active - duty lieutenant general . The superintendent 's role is roughly similar to that of the president of a civilian university . As such , the Superintendent oversees all aspects of the Academy , including military training , academics , athletics , admissions and also functions as the installation commander of the Academy Reservation . The Academy is a Direct Reporting Unit within the Air Force , so the Superintendent reports directly to the Chief of Staff of the Air Force . Those reporting to the Superintendent include the Dean of the Faculty and Commandant of Cadets , each of whom typically holds the rank of brigadier general , as well as the Director of Athletics , the Commander of the 10th Air Base Wing and the Commander of the Prep School , each of whom typically holds the rank of colonel . The 10th Air Base Wing provides all base support functions that exist at other air force bases , including civil engineering , communications , medical support , personnel , administration , security and base services . The Preparatory School provides an academic , athletic and military program for qualified young men and women who may need certain additional preparation prior to acceptance to the Academy . All flying programs at the Academy are run by the 306th Flying Training Group , which reports to the Air Education and Training Command , ensuring uniformity of flight training with the rest of the Air Force . Board of visitors ( edit ) Congressional oversight of the Academy is exercised through a Board of Visitors ( BOV ) , established under Title 10 , United States Code , Section 9355 . The board inquires into the morale , discipline , curriculum , instruction , physical equipment , fiscal affairs , academic methods and other matters relating to the Academy . The board meets at least four times per year and prepares semi-annual reports containing its views and recommendations submitted concurrently to the Secretary of Defense , the Senate Armed Services Committee , and the House Armed Services Committee . The 15 members of the BOV are variously appointed by the President of the United States , the Vice President , the Senate and House Armed Services Committees and the Speaker of the House of Representatives . Since 2006 , the board has been required to include at least two Academy graduates . In July 2009 , Speaker Nancy Pelosi appointed Colorado Congressman Jared Polis to the BOV , the first openly gay person to serve on a service academy 's advisory board . Military training ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Sandhurst Competition ( a military skills event ) DA40 of USAFA at RIAT 2010 . Cadets ' military training occurs throughout their time at the Academy , but is especially intense during their four summers . The first military experience for new cadets ( called `` basic cadets '' ) occurs during the six weeks of Basic Cadet Training ( BCT ) , in the summer before their fourth class ( freshman ) year . During BCT , also known as `` beast , '' cadets learn the fundamentals of military and Academy life under the leadership of a cadre of first and second class cadets . Basic cadets learn military customs and courtesies , proper wear of the uniform , drill and ceremony , and study military knowledge and undergo a rigorous physical training program . During the second half of BCT , basic cadets march to Jacks Valley , where they complete the program in a field encampment environment . Upon completion of BCT , basic cadets receive their fourth - class shoulder boards , take the Honor Oath and are formally accepted as members of the Cadet Wing . The fourth - class ( freshman ) year is traditionally the most difficult at the Academy , militarily . In addition to their full academic course loads , heavy demands are placed on fourth class cadets outside of class . Fourth class cadets are expected to learn an extensive amount of military and Academy - related knowledge and have significant restrictions placed on their movement and actions -- traversing the Cadet Area only by approved routes ( including staying on the marble `` strips '' on the Terrazzo ) and interacting with upper class cadets using a very specific decorum . The fourth class year ends with `` Recognition , '' a physically and mentally demanding several - day event which culminates in the award of the Prop and Wings insignia to the fourth class cadets , signifying their ascension to the ranks of upper class cadets . After Recognition , the stringent rules of the fourth class year are relaxed . After the first year , cadets have more options for summer military training . Between their fourth and third class years , cadets undergo training in Air Force operations in a deployed environment ( called Expeditionary Skills and Evasion Training ( ESET ) ) and may participate in flying gliders , cyber-warfare training , satellite and space operations , unmanned systems , or free - fall parachute training . From the late 1960s until the mid-1990s , cadets also completed SERE training in the Jacks Valley complex between their fourth - and third - class years . This program was replaced with Combat Survival Training ( CST ) in 1995 and done away with entirely in 2005 . In the summer of 2008 , the CST program was reintroduced , but was cut again in 2011 and replaced with ESET for the summer of 2012 ( the Class of 2015 was the first to participate in ESET ) . During their last two summers , cadets may serve as BCT cadre , travel to active duty Air Force bases and participate in a variety of other research , aviation and leadership programs . They may also be able to take courses offered by other military services , such as the U.S. Army 's Airborne School at Fort Benning , Georgia , or the Air Assault School , at Fort Campbell , Kentucky . During the academic year , all cadets take formal classes in military theory , operations and leadership . Academics ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Eagle and Fledglings Statue at the south end of the Air Gardens is inscribed with the quote , `` Man 's flight through life is sustained by the power of his knowledge '' The Air Force Academy is an accredited four - year university offering bachelor 's degrees in a variety of subjects . Active - duty Air Force officers make up approximately 70 percent of the faculty , with the balance long - term civilian professors , visiting professors from civilian universities and instructors from other U.S. and allied foreign military services . In recent years , civilians have become a growing portion of senior faculty . Every Dean of the Faculty ( equivalent to a Provost at most universities ) has always been an active - duty brigadier general , although technically , a civilian may hold the position . The Dean , the Vice Dean , and each academic department chair hold the academic rank of Permanent Professor . Permanent Professors are nominated by the President of the United States and approved by the Senate , and can serve until age 64 . All graduates receive a Bachelor of Science degree , regardless of major , because of the technical content of the core requirements . Cadets may choose from a variety of majors , including engineering , the basic sciences , social sciences and humanities , as well as in a variety of divisional or inter-disciplinary subjects . The academic program has an extensive core curriculum , in which all cadets take required courses in the sciences , engineering , social sciences , humanities , military studies and physical education . Approximately sixty percent of a cadet 's course load is mandated by the core curriculum . As a result , most of a cadet 's first two years are spent in core classes . While core requirements remain significant during the third and fourth years , cadets have more flexibility to focus in their major areas of study , allowing them to participate in international and inter-service Academy exchange programs . Traditionally , the academic program at the Air Force Academy ( as with military academies in general ) has focused heavily on science and engineering , with the idea that many graduates would be expected to manage complex air , space and information technology systems . As a result , the Academy 's engineering programs have traditionally been ranked highly . Over time , however , the Academy broadened its humanities offerings . About 55 % of cadets typically select majors in non-technical disciplines . The academy 's recent implementation of a computer and network security program may represent a return to form . Externally funded research at the Air Force Academy has been a large and growing part of the technical majors . Air Force has ranked highest of all undergraduate - only universities in federally funded research as reported by the National Science Foundation , surpassing $60 million in 2010 . Many cadets are involved in research via their major , coordinated in more than a dozen Academy research centers , including the Institute for Information Technology Applications , the Institute for National Security Studies , the Air Force Humanities Institute , the Eisenhower Center for Space and Defense Studies , the Life Sciences Research Center , the Academy Center for Physics Education Research , among others . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Air Force Falcons United States Air Force Academy Mascot Echo , one of USAFA 's trained prairie falcon mascots All cadets at the Academy take part in the school 's extensive athletic program . The program is designed to enhance the physical conditioning of all cadets , to develop the physical skills necessary for officership , to teach leadership in a competitive environment and to build character . The primary elements of the athletic program are intercollegiate athletics , intramural athletics , physical education , and the physical fitness tests . Physical education ( edit ) Cadets are required to take physical education courses in each of their four years at the Academy . The classes cover a wide range of activities : Swimming and water survival build confidence while teaching important survival skills . Combative sports such as boxing , wrestling , judo and unarmed combat build confidence , teach controlled aggression and develop physical fitness . Cadets also take classes in team sports such as basketball and soccer , in lifetime sports such as tennis and golf and on the physiology of exercise . Fitness tests ( edit ) Each semester , cadets must pass two athletic fitness tests : a 1.5 mi ( 2.4 km ) run to measure aerobic fitness , and a 15 - minute , 5 - event , physical fitness test consisting of pull - ups , a standing long jump , sit - ups , push - ups and a 600 yd ( 550 m ) sprint . Failure to pass a fitness test usually results in the cadet being assigned to reconditioning until he can pass the test . Repeated failures can lead to disenrollment . Intramural athletics ( edit ) All cadets are required to compete in intramural athletics for their entire time at the Academy , unless they are on - season for intercollegiate athletics . Intramural sports put cadet squadrons against one another in many sports , including basketball , cross-country , flag football , ice hockey , racquetball , flickerball , rugby union , boxing , soccer , mountain biking , softball , team handball , tennis , Ultimate , wallyball and volleyball . Winning the Wing Championship in a given sport is a particular source of pride for a cadet squadron . Intercollegiate athletics ( edit ) See also : Air Force Falcons The Academy 's intercollegiate program has 17 men 's and 10 women 's NCAA sanctioned teams , nicknamed the ' ' Falcons . ' ' Men 's teams compete in football , baseball , basketball , ice hockey , cross-country , fencing , golf , gymnastics , indoor and outdoor track , lacrosse , soccer , swimming and diving , tennis , water polo and wrestling . Women 's teams include basketball , cross-country , fencing , gymnastics , indoor and outdoor track , swimming and diving , soccer , tennis and volleyball . The Academy fields a coeducational team in rifle . In addition , the Academy also sponsors two non-NCAA programs : cheerleading and boxing . The Academy also has several club sports , such as rugby , that compete intercollegiately . The men 's and women 's programs compete in NCAA 's Division I , with the football team competing in Division I FBS . Most teams are in the Mountain West Conference ; however , the wrestling team competes in the Big 12 Conference , the gymnastics teams compete in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ; the men 's soccer team competes in the Western Athletic Conference ; the men 's hockey team competes in Atlantic Hockey , the water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association , the coeducational rifle team competes in the Patriot Rifle Conference , and the men 's lacrosse team competes in the Southern Conference . The men 's boxing team competes in the National Collegiate Boxing Association . For a number of years , only the men 's teams competed in Division I. Women 's teams competed in Division II and were once members of the Continental Divide Conference , then the Colorado Athletic Conference . With new NCAA legislation , beginning in 1996 , women 's teams also competed in Division I . Presentation of the Commander in Chief 's Trophy to the Air Force Falcons , May 2 , 2017 Air Force has traditional service academy rivalries with Navy and Army . The three service academies compete for the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy in football each year . Air Force Falcons football has had the best showing of the three , winning the trophy 18 of its 34 years . The Academy also has an in - state rivalry with Colorado State University , which is located in Fort Collins and is a fellow member of the Mountain West Conference . The boxing team , led for 31 years by Coach Ed Weichers , has won 18 national championships . The Academy 's men 's and women 's rugby teams have each won multiple national championships and the women 's side recently had two players selected for the United States national team . The football team has played in 17 bowl games and the basketball team has had strong showings in the last several years , qualifying for the NCAA tournament and , most recently , making the final four of the 2007 NIT Tournament . The men 's ice hockey team won the last two Atlantic Hockey conference tournaments , made the first ever appearance by a service academy in the NCAA hockey tournament in 2007 , and made a repeat appearance in 2008 . The Air Force Academy 's Men 's Hockey team recently lost in the `` Elite Eight '' of hockey in double overtime . This marked the farthest they had gone in the post-season in school history and the longest an Atlantic Hockey Association team has made it into the post-season . In 2014 , Academy Superintendent Lt. Gen. Michelle Johnson responded to reports of allegations of sexual assault and drug use at a December 2011 party by calling for a review of the Athletic Department by the Inspector General . Airmanship ( edit ) Cessna T - 41D of the 557th Flying Training Squadron . This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Cadets have the opportunity to take part in several airmanship activities to include soaring , parachuting , and powered flight . Airmanship activities at the Academy are primarily conducted by the 306th Flying Training Group . The 94th Flying Training Squadron trains cadets in basic airmanship principles through several flights in TG - 16A sailplanes . Each year , several soaring students are selected to become instructor pilots to teach new classes of soaring students . Some of these cadet instructor pilots also compete on the Soaring Racing Team or Acrobatics Team in national competitions . Cadets also have the opportunity to take a parachuting course conducted by the 98th Flying Training Squadron . Each year , hundreds of cadets earn their Basic Parachutist Badge by completing five jumps in the program . A number of cadets are selected for further training and become members of The Wings of Blue , the U.S. Air Force Parachute Team . A powered flight program is conducted under the 557th Flying Training Squadron to expose cadets to the basics of powered flight . The program uses T - 53A aircraft to offer cadets basic flight training and the opportunity to solo . The U.S. Air Force Academy Flying Team is composed of ~ 26 cadets selected to compete in National Intercollegiate Flying Association competitions . The Flying Team uses T - 41D and T - 51A aircraft to compete in precision landing , navigation , and message drop events . Admissions ( edit ) To be eligible to enter the Academy , a candidate must : Be a citizen of the United States ( unless nominated by an official of a country invited by the Department of Defense ) Be unmarried with no dependents Be of good moral character Be at least 17 , but less than 23 years of age by 1 July of the year of entry Meet high leadership , academic , physical and medical standards In addition to the normal application process , all candidates must secure a nomination to the Academy , normally from a U.S. Senator or U.S. Representative . Each member of Congress and the Vice President can have five appointees attending the Air Force Academy at any time . The process for obtaining a congressional nomination is not political and candidates do not have to know their senator or representative to secure a nomination . Additional nomination slots are available for children of career military personnel , children of disabled veterans or veterans who were killed in action , or children of Medal of Honor recipients . The admissions process is a lengthy one and applicants usually begin the paperwork during their junior year of high school . Class size ( edit ) There were 306 cadets admitted for the first class ( class of 1959 ) . By 1961 , class size was down to 271 , but due to the need for officers in the Vietnam War , grew to 745 admittees in 1970 , and peaking in 1974 , with 1,620 , and 1975 , with 1,626 , the largest number ever admitted . After that class sizes shrank down to about 1,300 . Despite a peak of 1,350 ( admitted 2004 ) and 1,418 ( admitted 2005 ) , from 1995 to 2005 class size averaged about 1,250 freshmen . From 2005 to 2010 class sizes were slightly down from the 2005 peak . The 2013 class ( beginning 2009 ) had 1,286 and the 2014 class ( beginning Fall 2010 ) had 1,285 . Cutbacks were ordered in 2011 , so by 2012 , the entering class ( class of 2016 ) was down to about 1,050 . The current class ( class of 2019 ) began with 1,248 students . Traditions ( edit ) Prop and Wings ( edit ) Traditional Prop and Wings insignia , currently used at the U.S. Air Force Academy The Prop and Wings insignia of the Air Service ( 1918 -- 26 ) , Air Corps ( 1926 -- 41 ) , and Army Air Forces ( 1941 -- 47 ) became the insignia of upperclass cadets at the Air Force Academy beginning with the first class , 1959 . The insignia is given to fourth class ( freshmen ) cadets at the Recognition Ceremony near the end of their first year rite of passage . The standard insignia uses the design of the Air Corps Prop and Wings , except that it is all silver instead of the gold wings and silver prop of the earlier design . Cadets who have ancestors who served in the Air Service , Air Corps , or Army Air Forces , or those who are direct descendants of Air Force Academy graduates , are eligible to wear a silver prop and gold wings set of prop and wings . Cadet sabre ( edit ) The Air Force Academy cadet sabre is carried by first class ( senior ) cadets in command positions in the Cadet Wing . All graduates are normally entitled to own no more than two sabres : one for personal use and one to be given as a gift . The Plaque and Sabre Award is the highest award given by the Cadet Wing to dignitaries and other honorees . Class ring ( edit ) The American college tradition of the class ring began with the class of 1835 at the U.S. Military Academy . From there , it spread to the U.S. Naval Academy in the class of 1869 . The Air Force Academy continued the tradition , beginning with the first class , 1959 , and so is the only service academy to have had class rings for every class since its founding . The Air Force ring is distinctive for being white gold instead of the yellow gold used at the other academies . Each class designs its own class crest ; the only requirements being that each crest include all the elements on the Class of 1959 's crest : the class number , the class year , the Polaris star , and the eagle . One side of the ring bears the academy crest , while the other side bears the class crest ; the center bezel bears the words United States Air Force Academy . Cadets choose their own stones for the center of the ring . The rings are received at the Ring Dance at the beginning of the Graduation Week festivities for the class ahead of the ring recipients . The rings traditionally are placed in glasses of champagne and are caught in the teeth following a toast . During the cadet 's first class ( senior ) year , the ring is worn with the class crest facing the wearer ; following graduation , the ring is turned so that the class crest faces out . The rings of all the academies were originally designed to be worn on the left hand , so that the wearer reads the name of the academy on the bezel while a cadet or midshipman and others can read it after graduation , the rings are now worn on either hand . The Academy 's Association of Graduates ( AOG ) accepts rings of deceased graduates which are melted down to form an ingot of white gold from which a portion of all future rings are made . Both the academy 's Association of Graduates and the Academy Library maintain displays of class rings . Controversies ( edit ) Honor scandals ( edit ) The first Honor scandal broke in 1965 , when a resigning cadet reported knowing of more than 100 cadets who had been involved in a cheating ring . One hundred and nine cadets were ultimately expelled . Cheating scandals plagued the Academy again in 1967 , 1972 , 1984 , 2004 , 2007 , 2012 , and 2014 . Following each of these events , the Academy thoroughly examined the etiology of the mass cheating in addition to alleged excessive pressures that the academic system at the time placed on cadets and made changes in attempts to reduce the opportunities for future incidents Allegations of sexual harassment , assault and gender bias ( edit ) See also : 2003 United States Air Force Academy sexual assault scandal The sexual assault scandal that broke in 2003 forced the Academy to look more closely at how effectively women had been integrated into cadet life ; concerns with sexual assault , hazing of male cadets , and the disciplinary process during this period were detailed in a 2010 book by a former cadet . Following the scandal and rising concerns about sexual assault throughout the U.S. military , the Department of Defense established a task force to investigate sexual harassment and assault at each of the United States service academies . The report also revealed 92 incidents of reported sexual assault . At the same time , the Academy implemented programs to combat sexual assault , harassment and gender bias . The new programs actively encourage prompt sexual assault reporting . The Academy 's decisive actions of zero tolerance were praised by officials and experts . Following the 2003 crisis , the Department of Defense directed its attention to the problem of sexual harassment and assault at the military academies . The Department of Defense claimed that the program was successful although during the school year 2010 -- 11 there were increased reports of sexual assault at the academy ; however , one goal of the program is increased reporting . There have been several attempts to prosecute cadets for rape since 2003 , but only three have been successful convictions , citing the confidential informant program that ran from 2011 - 2012 . The informant program was led by former AFOSI agent Brandon Enos , AFOSI 's most successful agent in Air Force Academy 's history in combating sexual assault and drug use amongst cadets . After the confidential informant program was mysteriously disbanded in 2013 on orders from General Johnson , sexual assault reporting fell by half . On 5 January 2012 rape charges were preferred against cadets in three unrelated cases . To help combat these problems , the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations ( AFOSI ) created a system of cadet informants to hunt for misconduct among students . According to The New York Times in Academic Year 2014 , `` after the informant program ended with no further convictions , reports fell by half . '' The New York Times has cited a letter to Congress from former AFOSI Agent , Staff Sergeant Brandon Enos , who said that Lieutenant General Michael C. Gould , the superintendent from 2009 to 2013 and a former quarterback on the team , had repeatedly interfered in cases involving football players . In turn Gould said to the Times that the suggestion that he had interfered with the investigation `` preposterous . '' Gould was found guilty by a report from the Pentagon in June 2016 of interfering with AFOSI investigations from 2011 - 2012 , including blocking an investigation into the football coaches . Gould was removed from the College Football Selection Committee but was able to retain his retirement pay . These and other problems again rose to national prominence in the summer of 2014 when The Gazette broke an investigation into behavior by Academy cadets and faculty that included allegations of drug use , alcohol abuse , cheating , and sexual assault . This behavior , described as `` so wild that AFOSI leaders canceled a planned 2012 sting out of concern that undercover agents and confidential informants at a party would n't be enough to protect women from rape , '' prompted the Academy superintendent to call for an investigation of the Academy 's athletic department . Religious atmosphere ( edit ) In 2005 , allegations surfaced that some Evangelical Christian cadets and staff were effectively engaging in religious proselytizing at the Academy . These allegations , along with concerns over how the Air Force handles other religious issues , prompted Academy graduate Michael L. Weinstein to file a lawsuit against the Air Force . An Air Force panel investigated the accusations and issued a report on 22 June 2005 . The panel 's investigation found a `` religious climate that does not involve overt religious discrimination , but a failure to fully accommodate all members ' needs and a lack of awareness over where the line is drawn between permissible and impermissible expression of beliefs . '' Evidence discovered during the investigation included antisemitic remarks , official sponsorship of a showing of the film The Passion of the Christ and a locker room banner that said academy athletes played for `` Team Jesus . '' In response to the panel 's findings , the Air Force released new guidelines to discourage public prayers at official events or meetings and to facilitate worship by non-Christian religions . In 2010 the academy set up an outdoor worship area for cadets following Wicca , Neo-Druidism , or other earth - based religions to practice their faiths . A 2010 survey found that 41 percent of academy cadets who identified themselves as non-Christian reported they were subjected to unwanted religious proselytizing at least once or twice last year at the school . The survey 's results , however , showed that the number of cadets who felt pressured to join in religious activities had declined from previous years . Colorado congressman Mike Coffman criticized the academy for resisting calls to release details of the survey 's results . In 2012 , 66 House Republicans complained about policies set in place the last September to curtail requirements to attend religious events . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Air Force Academy alumni See also ( edit ) United States portal Military of the United States portal United States Air Force portal Colorado portal Education portal University portal Air Force Academy , Colorado Jabara Award KAFA - FM radio United States Military Academy ( Army ) United States Naval Academy United States Coast Guard Academy United States Merchant Marine Academy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ Jump up ^ `` USAFA Endowment Audit Report 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` General Officer Announcements '' . Jump up ^ United States Air Force Academy - Profile , Rankings and Data US News Best Colleges . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` AF Branding & Trademark Licensing > About Us > The Air Force Symbol > Display Guidelines '' . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ http://www.afhra.af.mil/About-Us/Fact-Sheets/Display/Article/433412/united-states-air-force-academy-usaf/ ^ Jump up to : `` A Quick Look at the U.S. Air Force Academy , Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . , '' USAFA Fact Sheet , May 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Air academy holds first graduation '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . June 4 , 1959 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Cadets have also been able to `` cross-commission '' into the Army , Navy , Marine Corps , or Coast Guard , and each year a small number of graduates do so , usually in a one - for - one `` trade '' with similarly inclined cadets or midshipmen at the other service academies . Graduates who have lost their medical qualification for commissioning while at their final semester at Academy ( a small number each year ) may receive a degree but are not commissioned . Foreign cadets will commission into their home country 's armed forces . ^ Jump up to : Air Force Academy Admissions Web site , last visited 22 Mar 2007 . Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The commitment is normally five years of active duty and three years in the reserves , although it has varied depending on the graduate 's Air Force Specialty Code . The obligation attaches on the first day of a cadet 's second class year , and non-graduates after that point are expected to fulfill their obligations in enlisted service or pay back full tuition . ^ Jump up to : Steven A. Simon , `` A Half - Century of History , '' Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation , 2004 . Jump up ^ M. Hamlin Cannon and Henry S. Fellerman , Quest for an Air Force Academy , 1974 . ( ASIN : B00071G1T6 ) Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Act signed by Eisenhower '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . April 2 , 1954 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado town gets air school '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . June 25 , 1954 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` West Point of air to rise on Colorado 's rugged land '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . United Press . June 25 , 1954 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy dedicated at Lowry '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . July 12 , 1955 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Hal ( February 20 , 1956 ) . `` Air Force Academy seeks new tradition '' . Spencer Daily Reporter . ( Iowa ) . Associated Press . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Arnold W. Braswell '' . mindenmemories.org . Retrieved 1 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force cadets move to new site '' . Eugene register - Guard . ( Oregon ) . Associated Press . August 29 , 1958 . p. 1A . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy History '' . ^ Jump up to : Bill McKeown , `` Cadets Learned True Meaning of Service During Vietnam War , '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Edition , Spring 2004 . Jump up ^ USAF Bio : Richard S. Ritchie , available at http://www.af.mil/history/person.asp?dec=&pid=123006498 Archived 22 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Rebecca Grant , `` The Missing Aces , '' Air Force Magazine , Sep. 2004 . Archived 17 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Air Force Museum Fact Sheet : Capt . Lance P. Sijan , ' ' '' . Nationalmuseum.af.mil . Archived from the original on 24 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Judith Stiehm , Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free . Jump up ^ Katherine L. Schifani , `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy . '' ( Masters Theses , U of Massachusetts - Amherst , 2008 ) : online free Jump up ^ Pam Zubeck , Women , Blacks Face Different Obstacles , '' ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , USAF Academy 50th Anniversary Celebration , Spring 2004 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 3 June 1954 ) . `` Prescott Evening Courier '' . Prescott Evening Courier . Retrieved 27 Oct 2016 . Jump up ^ Nauman , Robert Allen . ( 2004 ) . On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy , pp. 72 -- 80. , p. 72 , at Google Books Jump up ^ Wilkes , Joseph A. and Robert T. Packard . ( 1989 ) . Encyclopedia of Architecture : Design , Engineering & Construction , p. 454 . Jump up ^ `` Radical Design Dropped For Air Academy Chapel , '' New York Times . 4 July 1955 . Jump up ^ Particularly in the early days , cadets at the other service academies teasingly referred to USAFA as `` Alcoa U '' or `` Aluminum U . '' Jump up ^ `` United States Air Force Academy , Cadet Area '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 13 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ John H. Sprinkle , Ed. , `` National Historic Landmark Nomination Study , US Air Force Academy Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' , National Park Service , 1 April 2004 Jump up ^ Although the number of spires is only significant to the architectural proportions of the chapel , cadets and chaplains sometimes joke that the seventeen spires represent the `` 12 Apostles and the 5 Chiefs of Staff . '' The original reference was to the Chiefs of Staff of the four major branches of the US armed services and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs . With the addition of a Vice Chairman in the late 1980s changing the number to six , the reference came to be thought of as the five Air Force Chiefs of Staff in the USAF 's history up until the completion of the chapel in 1963 . Jump up ^ `` USAFA Department of Aeronautics , Aero Research Center '' . Web.archive.org. 30 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 April 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Honor Code , Archived 26 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2009 , Retrieved 3 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Honor Code Reference Handbook - Volume II -- The Honor System `` , ( 646 KB ) USAFA , August 2008 , Retrieved 3 April 2010 -- Although the original code adopted was identical to West Point 's Honor Code ( '' We will not lie , cheat or steal , or tolerate among us those who do. `` ) , it was modified slightly in 1960 -- 61 to its current wording . Jump up ^ Center for Character and Leadership Development , Project , U.S. Air Force Academy CCLD . Retrieved 26 October 2013 Jump up ^ Don Hall , Class of ' 76 , created the popular character `` Waldo F. Dumbsquat , whose Svejk - like innocence and good intentions overcome his abysmal ineptitude . Jump up ^ The `` degree '' terminology comes from a generic ordinal indicator used for classes in the early years of the Academy -- for example , `` 2 ° '' was read as `` second class . '' In recent years , `` degree '' has been further shortened to `` dig '' , as in `` 4 digs '' , `` 3 digs '' , etc . Jump up ^ Air Force Mission Directive 12 , paragraph 2.1 Jump up ^ Wyatt , Kristen ( 24 July 2009 ) . `` First openly gay member , U.S. Rep. Jared Polis , joins Air Force Academy board '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . `` Polis said he expects that Congress will start debating as soon as this fall a repeal of the 1993 ban on gay service members . '' Jump up ^ Idiots Guide to Careers in the Military . Google Books . 2002 . ISBN 9780028643816 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Cadet Training - Air Force Academy '' . Air Force Academy . Jump up ^ Baillie , Amber ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) . `` AFA to award new cybersecurity degree '' . The Colorado Springs Business Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Athletics , USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2006 Archived 9 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Physical Fitness '' . Air Force Academy . Jump up ^ `` WAC Adds Men 's Soccer '' ( Press release ) . Western Athletic Conference . January 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain West Conference '' . themw.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Profile : Coach Ed Weichers , USAFA Sports Site '' . Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy Rugby '' . 29 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Comeback Effort Falls Just Short , 68 -- 67 , '' AP Wire Story `` . Goairforcefalcons.cstv.com. 27 March 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` David Albright , `` Gophers Earn NCAA Hockey No. 1 Overall Seed , '' ESPN.com , accessed Apr. 9 , 2007 `` . ESPN . 18 March 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Roeder , Tom ( 2 August 2014 ) . `` Air Force Academy superintendent orders investigation of athletic department after Gazette inquiry '' . gazette.com . Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions Eligibility Archived 27 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Air Force Academy Admissions Philosophy , USAFA Fact Sheet , April 2006 . Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ USAFA Admissions : International Student Guidelines Archived 30 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Academy '' . Admissions team , United States Air Force Academy . ^ Jump up to : Roeder , Tom ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` AFA class size grows as Air Force downsizes '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs . Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 1983 ) . `` Military Schools Are Again Popular With Students '' . Education Week ( 19 January 1983 ) . Jump up ^ United States General Accounting Office ( 1992 ) . Service Academies : Historical Proportion of New Officers During Benchmark Periods ( GAO / NSIAD - 92 - 90 ) ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 12 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best Colleges : # 7 United States Air Force Academy '' . Forbes . 5 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( 7 February 2011 ) . `` Academy told to cut enrollment to save money '' . The Gazette . Colorado Springs . Archived from the original on 23 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Commissioning Week Traditions '' . Usna.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Class Ring Heritage '' . Association of Graduates , United States Air Force Academy . Archived from the original on 26 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Erin Emery , 19 AFA Cadets Admit Cheating , Denver Post , 8 Feb. 2007 In April 2004 , cadets were given a military knowledge test over the computer in cadet dorms . An estimated 265 cadets were questioned for cheating then , when academy officials noticed it took only three minutes for cadets to take a 25 - question test . Several cadets resigned during the investigation . Jump up ^ Chase Squires , `` Air Force Academy Investigates Cheating , '' ABC News , 7 February 2007 . Approximately 28 freshmen cadets , including 19 varsity athletes , were investigated for possible cheating on a military knowledge test . The answers were reportedly posted on a social - networking Web site . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Graney , David W. ( 2010 ) . Rogue institution : vigilante injustice , lawlessness , and disorder at the Air Force Academy ( 1st ed . ) . Tucson , AZ : Wheatmark . ISBN 9781604943955 . Jump up ^ `` Report of the Defense Task Force on Sexual Assault and Violence at the Service Academies , June 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` David Kassabian , `` Experts Praise AFA 's Steps Against Sex Assault , '' ' ' Aimpoints , ' ' Oct. 7 , 2005 `` . Aimpoints.hq.af.mil. 7 October 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Annual Report on Sexual Harassment and Violence at the Military Service Academies Academic Program Year 2010 -- 2011 : Report to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Defense . 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 27 December 2011 . The 65 reports represent an increase from the 41 reports made in APY 09 - 10 . The Department does not have the ability to conclusively identify the reasons for this increase in reporting behavior . However , in prior years ' assessments , the Department identified steps the academies could take to encourage more victims to report . Some of the increased reporting of sexual assault may be attributed to these efforts as well as many other factors . Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` 3 AFA cadets charged with rape '' . The Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Philipps , Dave ( 1 December 2013 ) . `` HONOR AND DECEPTION : A secretive Air Force program recruits academy students to inform on fellow cadets and disavows them afterward '' . gazette.com . Colorado Springs Gazette . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Dave ( 9 August 2014 ) . `` Informant Debate Renewed as Air Force Revisits Cadet Misconduct '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 15 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Roeder ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Broken Code : AFA superintendent calls for investigation of athletic transgressions '' . The Gazette . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zealots at the Air Force Academy , editorial , ' ' New York Times , ' ' Jun. 11 , 2005 '' . Select.nytimes.com. 11 June 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Weinstein 's 2006 book With God on Our Side ( ISBN 0 - 312 - 36143 - 2 ) details the alleged proselytization and harassment at the Academy . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Sued over Religion , CBS News , Oct. 6 , 2005 '' . Cbsnews.com. 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Report of HQ Review Group Concerning the Religious Climate at the U.S. Air Force Academy , 22 June 2005 . Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Neela , `` Religion and Its Role Are in Dispute at the Service Academies '' , New York Times , 25 June 2008 Jump up ^ Associated Press , `` Colorado : Academy Accommodates Wiccans '' , New York Times , 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Correll , DeeDee , `` Cross Found At Air Force Pagan Center '' , Los Angeles Times , 3 February 2010 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Elliot , Dan , `` 41 % Of Non-Christian AF Cadets Cite Proselytizing '' , Atlanta Journal - Constitution , 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Benzel , Lance , `` AFASurvey : Cadets Fear Racial , Religious Bias '' , Colorado Springs Gazette , 30 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Lisee , Chris . `` Debate reignites over religion at Air Force Academy . '' Religion News Service , 16 July 2012 . References ( edit ) Bruegmann , Robert . Modernism at Mid-Century : The Architecture of the United States Air Force Academy . University of Chicago Press : 1995 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 07693 - 8 . Celebrating the U.S. Air Force Academy 's Golden Anniversary , ( Colorado Springs ) Gazette , Special Edition , Spring 2004 . Contrails ( various years ) Fagan , George V. Air Force Academy : An Illustrated History . Johnson Books : 1988 . ISBN 1 - 55566 - 032 - 0 . Fifty Years of Excellence : Building Leaders of Character for the Nation , 2004 . Lui , Elizabeth Gill . Spirit and Flight : A Photographic Salute to the United States Air Force Academy . 1996 . ISBN 0 - 9652585 - 0 - 5 . Nauman , Robert Allen . ( 2004 ) . On the Wings of Modernism : the United States Air Force Academy . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 02891 - 5 ; OCLC 52542599 Schemo , Diana Jean . Skies to Conquer : A Year Inside the Air Force Academy . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. : 2010 . Schifani , Katherine L. `` Bring Me Men : Intertextual Identity Formation at the US Air Force Academy . '' ( Masters Theses , U of Massachusetts - Amherst , 2008 ) : online free Stiehm , Judith . Bring Me Men and Women : Mandated Change at the U.S. Air Force Academy ( 1981 ) online free . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Air Force Academy . 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9 ISNI : 0000 0001 0722 8794 LCCN : n79109909 SUDOC : 027215598 VIAF : 134468964 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Air_Force_Academy&oldid=841427801 '' Categories : United States Air Force Academy Installations of the United States Air Force in Colorado Air force academies Buildings and structures in El Paso County , Colorado Direct reporting units of the United States Air Force Economy of Colorado Springs , Colorado Education in El Paso County , Colorado Liberal arts colleges in Colorado Military academies of the United States Organizations based in Colorado Springs , Colorado Tourist attractions in El Paso County , Colorado Unincorporated communities in El Paso County , Colorado Military history of El Paso County , Colorado Educational institutions established in 1954 1954 establishments in Colorado Unincorporated communities in Colorado Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from May 2017 TEMP - 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what are freshmen called at the air force academy

The student body of the Academy is known as the Cadet Wing . The students , called `` cadets '' , are divided into four classes , based on their year in school , much like a civilian college . They are not referred to as freshmen , sophomores , juniors and seniors , however , but as fourth - , third - , second - and first class cadets , respectively . Fourth class cadets ( freshmen ) are often referred to as `` doolies , '' a term derived from the Greek word δοῦλος ( `` doulos '' ) meaning `` slave '' or `` servant . '' Members of the three lower classes are also referred to as `` 4 degrees , '' `` 3 degrees '' or `` 2 degrees '' based on their class . First - class cadets ( seniors ) are referred to as `` firsties . '' In the military structure of the Cadet Wing , first class cadets hold the positions of cadet officers , second class cadets act as the cadet non-commissioned officers and third class cadets represent the cadet junior non-commissioned officers .

Shelley Morrison - wikipedia Shelley Morrison Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shelley Morrison Rachel Mitrani ( 1936 - 10 - 26 ) October 26 , 1936 ( age 81 ) New York City , New York U.S. Other names Rachel Dominguez Occupation Actress Years active 1961 -- 2016 Spouse ( s ) Walter Dominguez ( m . 1973 ) Website http://shelleymorrison.com/ Shelley Morrison ( born Rachel Mitrani ; October 26 , 1936 ) is an American actress . Early in her career , she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez . Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s , predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles . Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace , which she played from 1999 to 2006 . She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto , a nun known mostly for mangling the English language ; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Cancer 4 Activism 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Morrison was born in New York City , the only daughter of Sephardic Jewish ( specifically , Spanish Jewish ) parents , originally surnamed Mitrani . She was raised in the Bronx , New York , and her first language was Spanish . Her father , Maurice Morris , was a clothing manufacturer . Morrison moved to California with her parents in 1946 . Career ( edit ) Morrison went on to study acting at Los Angeles City College and landed early film roles in Divorce American Style and How to Save a Marriage ( And Ruin Your Life ) . From 1965 to 1967 , she appeared four times as an American Indian , Linda Little Trees , in the NBC western television series Laredo ( in the episodes `` Yahoo '' , `` Jinx '' , `` No Bugles , One Drum '' , and `` Split the Difference . '' ) In 1967 , she capitalized on her own experiences learning English to play the Puerto Rican nun , Sister Sixto , who had trouble with English in Sally Field 's show The Flying Nun . She would keep this role until the show was cancelled in 1970 . Morrison 's most widely recognizable recent role has been as the Salvadoran maid Rosario Inés Consuelo Yolanda Salazar on the NBC sitcom Will & Grace . She appeared in 68 episodes from 1999 to 2006 ( as well as a brief cameo appearance on the September 2016 Will & Grace webisode in support of Hillary Clinton 's presidential campaign ) . The role was originally created for a brief one - episode appearance , but Rosario was so popular with viewers that she became a recurring character . In addition to sparring with her libertine and very spoiled employer , Karen Walker ( Megan Mullally ) , Rosario married Karen 's gay friend Jack McFarland ( Sean Hayes ) to prevent her impending deportation . Among approximately 25 film appearances and 200 television appearances , Morrison has portrayed a maid or housekeeper on 32 separate occasions . Morrison had just informed her agent not to offer her any more `` maid parts '' when the call came for Will & Grace . In 2017 , NBC revived Will & Grace for a new series of episodes . On August 3 , 2017 , co-creator Max Mutchnick announced to reporters that Morrison had been asked to reprise her role as Salazar on the show , but that she had ultimately decided to retire completely from acting . Although her last official acting role was a voiceover in the 2012 animated film Foodfight ! , her final appearance as an actress was the 2016 election - themed webisode of Will & Grace . Cancer ( edit ) Morrison underwent a lumpectomy for breast cancer in 1988 , followed by a full mastectomy when the cancer recurred in 1998 . She had lung cancer and underwent surgery to remove the upper third of her right lung . Morrison 's lung cancer went into remission , but her breast cancer returned after the treatment in 1988 and 1998 . Activism ( edit ) Morrison endorsed U.S. Congressman Dennis Kucinich for President in 2008 , actively fundraising , contributing to his campaign , and seeking votes for him . Personal Life ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Morrison lives with her husband of many years , Walter Domínguez , a Mexican - American , in a three - story apartment in Los Angeles -- the same apartment in which her father had settled the family five decades earlier . Morrison and Dominguez adopted three sons and three daughters ( adopted through a traditional Native American ceremony ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt . `` The Greatest Shows on Earth '' . TV Guide . 61 ( 3194 - 3195 ) : 16 -- 19 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sheridan , Patricia ( August 23 , 2004 ) . `` Shelley Morrison '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' . Internet Movie Data Base . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Shelley Morrison '' , IMDb and `` The Flying Nun '' , IMDb Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ; Goldberg , Lesley ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' : Why Shelley Morrison 's Rosario wo n't return for the revival '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Shelley Morrison on IMDb VIAF : 68651172 LCCN : no2004106384 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Morrison&oldid=811177829 '' Categories : 1936 births American film actresses American television actresses Jewish American actresses Actresses from New York City Living people American people of Spanish - Jewish descent American Sephardic Jews Los Angeles City College alumni Lung cancer survivors People from the Bronx People from the Greater Los Angeles Area 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL BLP articles lacking sources from May 2012 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Português Suomi اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017 , at 00 : 34 . 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who played rosario on will & grace and is she still alive

Shelley Morrison ( born Rachel Mitrani ; October 26 , 1936 ) is an American actress . Early in her career , she was sometimes credited as Rachel Domínguez . Morrison has been a theater and television actress since the early 1960s , predominantly as a character actress in ethnic roles . Her most recognizable role has been as the maid Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series Will & Grace , which she played from 1999 to 2006 . She was a regular performer on the sitcom The Flying Nun playing Sister Sixto , a nun known mostly for mangling the English language ; and she continued in television guest roles until securing a recurring role in the soap opera General Hospital in 1982 .

Smokey Bear - wikipedia Smokey Bear Jump to : navigation , search Smokey Bear Smokey Bear in a poster based on the `` Uncle Sam / Lord Kitchener '' poster First appearance 1944 Created by Advertising Council Smokey Bear is an American advertising mascot created by the Ad Council with artist Albert Staehle , possibly in collaboration with writer and art critic Harold Rosenberg . It is administered by the Ad Council , the United States Forest Service , and the National Association of State Foresters to educate the public about the dangers of wildfires . A campaign featuring Smokey and the slogan `` Smokey Says -- Care Will Prevent 9 out of 10 Forest Fires '' began in 1944 . His later slogan , `` Remember ... Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires '' was created in 1947 . In April 2001 , the message was updated to `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires . '' According to the Ad Council , he and his message are recognized in the United States by 95 % of adults and 77 % of children . In 1952 , the songwriters Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins had a successful song named `` Smokey the Bear '' . The pair said `` the '' was added to Smokey 's name to keep the song 's rhythm . During the 1950s , that variant of the name became widespread both in popular speech and in print , including at least one standard encyclopedia . A 1955 book in the Little Golden Books series was called Smokey the Bear and he calls himself by this name in the book . It depicted him as an orphaned cub rescued in the aftermath of a forest fire in the Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque , New Mexico . From the beginning , his name was intentionally spelled differently from the adjective `` smoky '' . Smokey Bear 's name and image are protected by U.S. federal law , the Smokey Bear Act of 1952 ( 16 U.S.C. 580 ( p - 2 ) ; 18 U.S.C. 711 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Campaign beginnings 2 Living symbol 2.1 Smokey Bear II 3 Popularity 4 Legacy 5 Voices 6 Adaptations 7 Fire ecology 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Campaign beginnings ( edit ) Smokey Bear 's debut poster . Art by Albert Staehle Although the U.S. Forest Service fought wildfires long before World War II , the war brought a new importance and urgency to the effort . The forest service began using colorful posters to educate Americans about the dangers of forest fires . Since most able - bodied men were already serving in the armed forces , none could be spared to fight forest fires on the West Coast . The hope was that local communities , educated about the danger of forest fires , could prevent them from starting in the first place . On August 13 , 1942 , Disney 's fifth full - length animated motion picture Bambi premiered in New York City . Soon after , Walt Disney allowed his characters to appear in fire prevention public service campaigns . However , Bambi was only loaned to the government for a year , so a new symbol was needed . A bear was chosen . His name was inspired by `` Smokey '' Joe Martin , a New York City Fire Department hero who suffered burns and blindness during a bold 1922 rescue . Smokey 's debut poster was released on August 9 , 1944 , which is considered the character 's birthday . Overseen by the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign , the first poster was illustrated by Albert Staehle . In it Smokey was depicted wearing jeans and a campaign hat , pouring a bucket of water on a campfire . The message underneath reads , `` Smokey says -- Care will prevent 9 out of 10 forest fires ! '' Knickerbocker Bears gained the license to produce Smokey Bear dolls in 1944 . Also in 1944 , Forest Service worker Rudy Wendelin became the full - time campaign artist ; he was considered Smokey Bear 's `` manager '' until Wendelin retired in 1973 . In addition , during World War II , the Empire of Japan considered wildfires as a possible weapon . During the Lookout Air Raids of September 1942 , the Japanese military attempted without success to set ablaze coastal forests in southwest Oregon . U.S. planners also hoped that if Americans knew how wildfires would harm the war effort , they would better cooperate with the Forest Service to eliminate any kind of fire . The Japanese military renewed their wildfire strategy late in the war : from November 1944 to April 1945 , launching some 9,000 fire balloons into the jet stream , with an estimated 10 % reaching the U.S. In the end the balloon bombs caused a total of six fatalities : five school children and their teacher , Elsie Mitchell , who were killed by one of the bombs near Bly , Oregon , on May 5 , 1945 . A memorial was erected at what today is called the Mitchell Recreation Area . In 1947 , the slogan associated with Smokey Bear for more than five decades was finally coined : `` Remember ... only YOU can prevent forest fires . '' In 2001 , it was officially amended to replace `` forest fires '' with `` wildfires '' , as a reminder that other areas ( such as grasslands ) are also in danger of burning . Living symbol ( edit ) Tahoe National Forest Fire Engine 731 and Crew at Smokey Bear Vista Point in June 1990 ( Temporarily assigned to Lincoln National Forest ) . Capitan Gap is the pass located in the distance between the Engine and the sign . The living symbol of Smokey Bear was an American black bear three - month - old cub who in the spring of 1950 was caught in the Capitan Gap fire , a wildfire that burned 17,000 acres ( 69 km ) in the Lincoln National Forest , in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico . Smokey had climbed a tree to escape the blaze , but his paws and hind legs had been burned . According to some stories , he was rescued by a game warden after the fire , but according to the New Mexico State Forestry Division , it was actually a group of soldiers from Fort Bliss , Texas , who had come to help fight the fire , that discovered the bear cub and brought him back to the camp . The original Smokey Bear , playing in his pool at the National Zoo , sometime during the 1950s . At first he was called Hotfoot Teddy , but he was later renamed Smokey , after the mascot . There are conflicting stories regarding the individual or individuals who first helped nurse the cub after the fire . According to the New York Times obituary for Homer C. Pickens , then Assistant Director of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish , he kept the cub at his home for a while , trying to nurse him back to health . According to other records , including a story in Life magazine , New Mexico Department of Game and Fish Ranger Ray Bell took him to Santa Fe , where he , his wife Ruth , and their children Don and Judy cared for the cub . The story was picked up by the national news services and Smokey became a celebrity . Soon after , Smokey was flown in a Piper Cub airplane to the National Zoo in Washington , D.C. A special room was prepared for him at the St. Louis zoo for an overnight fuel stop during the trip , and when he arrived at the National Zoo , several hundred spectators , including members of the Boy Scouts , Girl Scouts , photographers , and media , were there to welcome him . Smokey Bear eating from the new `` honey tree '' -- a tree that automatically dispenses honey and berries -- installed in Smokey 's cage in the Summer of 1984 . Smokey Bear lived at the National Zoo for 26 years . During that time he received millions of visitors as well as so many letters addressed to him ( up to 13,000 a week ) that in 1964 the United States Postal Service gave him his own ZIP code ( 20252 ) . He developed a love for peanut butter sandwiches , in addition to his daily diet of bluefish and trout . Upon his death on November 9 , 1976 , Smokey 's remains were returned by the government to Capitan , New Mexico , and buried at what is now the Smokey Bear Historical Park . He was buried in a metal box starting around 10 pm . A group of hunters from Houston , who happened to be at the nearby Smokey Bear Cafe , helped with the burial . Two of the hunters reported that the possible reasons for the late night burial were that a freeze was expected the next morning so the grave needed to be covered before then , or that the rangers wanted as little publicity as possible . The plaque at his grave reads , `` This is the resting place of the first living Smokey Bear ... the living symbol of wildfire prevention and wildlife conservation . '' The Washington Post ran a semi-humorous obituary for Smokey , labeled `` Bear '' , calling him a transplanted New Mexico native who had resided for many years in Washington , D.C. , with many years of government service . It also mentioned his family , including his wife , Goldie Bear , and `` adopted son '' Little Smokey . The obituary noted that Smokey and Goldie were not blood - relatives , despite the fact that they shared the same `` last name '' of `` Bear '' . The Wall Street Journal included an obituary for Smokey Bear on the front page of the paper , on November 11 , 1976 , and so many newspapers included articles and obituaries that the National Zoo archives include four complete scrapbooks devoted to them ( Series 12 , boxes 66 - 67 ) . Smokey Bear II ( edit ) In 1962 , Smokey was paired with a female bear , `` Goldie Bear '' , with the hope that perhaps Smokey 's descendants would take over the Smokey Bear title . In 1971 , when the pair still had not produced any young , the zoo added `` Little Smokey '' , another orphaned bear cub from the Lincoln Forest , to their cage -- announcing that the pair had `` adopted '' this cub . On May 2 , 1975 , Smokey Bear officially `` retired '' from his role as living mascot , and the title , `` Smokey Bear II '' , was bestowed upon Little Smokey in an official ceremony . He died August 11 , 1990 . Upon his death Smokey 's remains were transported to a U.S. Forest Service facility in Capitan , where he was buried . The facility is now a forest fire / Smokey interpretive center . In the garden adjacent to the interpretive center is the bear 's grave . Thousands every year stop by to pay homage . Popularity ( edit ) `` Only YOU can prevent forest fires ! '' The character became a notable part of American popular culture in the 1950s . He appeared on radio programs , in comic strips , and in cartoons . In 1952 , after Smokey Bear attracted considerable commercial interest , the Smokey Bear Act , an act of Congress , was passed to remove the character from the public domain and place it under the control of the Secretary of Agriculture . The act provided for the use of Smokey 's royalties for continued education on the subject of forest fire prevention . More than three million dollars have been collected . A Smokey Bear doll was produced by Ideal Toys beginning in 1952 ; the doll included a mail - in card for children to become Junior forest rangers . Within three years half a million children had applied . In April 1964 , the character was given his own ZIP code ( postal code ) : 20252 . In 1955 , the first children 's book was published , followed by many sequels and coloring books . Soon thousands of dolls , toys , and other collectibles were on the market . During the 1950s and 1960s , the Ad Council sponsored radio advertisements , featuring Smokey Bear `` in conversation '' with prominent American celebrity stars such as Bing Crosby , Art Linkletter , Dinah Shore , and Roy Rogers . In 1959 , on an episode of Rocky and Friends , there was a Dudley Do - Right episode entitled `` Stokey The Bear '' which was a parody of Smokey . As a result , this episode was eliminated from further distribution . However , it was revived on DVD in 2005 for `` The Complete Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends '' . Smokey 's name and image has been loaned to the Smokey Bear Awards , which are awarded by the United States Forest Service to `` recognize outstanding service in the prevention of wildland fires and to increase public recognition and awareness of the need for continuing fire prevention efforts . '' The Beach Boys bring a reminder of Smokey the Bear on their 1964 album `` All Summer Long '' in the song `` Drive - In '' in the lines `` If you say you watch the movie you 're a couple of liars And ' Remember only you can prevent forest fires ' '' . Though Smokey was originally drawn wearing the campaign hat of the U.S. National Park Service ( which was in turn derived from the cavalry who protected the early U.S. national parks ) , the hat itself later became famous by association with the Smokey cartoon character . As such , it is sometimes today called a `` Smokey Bear '' hat by both the military service branches and state police who still employ it . For that reason , truck drivers often refer to state police officers as `` Smokey '' or `` bears '' . Legacy ( edit ) Smokey Bear with members of the Boy Scouts of America and the Camp Fire Girls in 1960 For Smokey 's 40th anniversary in 1984 , he was honored with a U.S. postage stamp that pictured a cub hanging onto a burned tree . It was illustrated by Rudy Wendelin . The commercial for his 50th anniversary portrayed woodland animals about to have a surprise birthday party for Smokey , with a cake with candles . When Smokey comes blindfolded , he smells smoke , not realizing it is birthday candles for his birthday . He uses his shovel to destroy the cake . When he takes off his blindfold , he sees that it was a birthday cake for him and apologizes . In 2004 , Smokey 's 60th anniversary was celebrated in several ways , including a Senate resolution designating August 9 , 2004 , as `` Smokey Bear 60th Anniversary '' , calling upon the President to issue a proclamation `` calling upon the people of the United States to observe the day with appropriate ceremonies and activities . '' According to Richard Earle , author of The Art of Cause Marketing , the Smokey Bear campaign is among the most powerful and enduring of all public service advertising : `` Smokey is simple , strong , straightforward . He 's a denizen of those woods you 're visiting , and he cares about preserving them . Anyone who grew up watching Bambi realizes how terrifying a forest fire can be . But Smokey would n't run away . Smokey 's strong . He 'll stay and fight the fire if necessary , but he 'd rather have you douse it and cover it up so he does n't have to . '' On the anniversary of finding Smokey Bear in the Capitan Gap fire , May 9 , 2000 , Marianne Gould from the Smokey Bear Ranger District , Eddie Tudor from the Smokey Bear Museum and Neal Jones from the local Ruidoso , New Mexico radio station created `` Smokey Bear Days '' . The event celebrates the fire prevention message from the Smokey Bear campaign as well as wilderness environment conservation with music concerts , chainsaw carving contests , a firefighter 's `` muster '' competition , food , vendors and a parade . The `` Smokey Bear Days '' celebration is held in Smokey 's hometown of Capitan , New Mexico the first weekend of May every year . In 2008 through 2011 , new commercials featuring Smokey rendered in CGI were released . Voices ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Washington , D.C. , radio station WMAL personality Jackson Weaver served as the primary voice representing Smokey until Weaver 's death in October 1992 . Others who have provided a voice to Smokey include Jim Cummings , Roger C. Carmel , Jack Angel , Los Angeles radio station KNX 's George Walsh , and Gene Moss . In June 2008 , the Forest Service launched a new series of public service announcements voiced by actor Sam Elliott , simultaneously giving Smokey a new visual design intended to appeal to young adults . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of an anonymous park ranger . Adaptations ( edit ) Smokey Bear at the 2005 National Scout Jamboree Smokey with Thomas Tidwell , Chief of the United States Forest Service , and Arnold Schwarzenegger Smokey Bear -- and parodies of the character -- have been appearing in animation for more than fifty years . In 1956 , he made a cameo appearance in the Walt Disney short film In the Bag with a voice provided by Jackson Weaver . Rankin / Bass Productions , in cooperation with Tadahito Mochinaga 's MOM Production in Japan , produced an `` Animagic '' stop motion animated television special , The Ballad of Smokey the Bear , narrated by James Cagney . It aired on November 24 , 1966 as part of the General Electric Fantasy Hour on NBC . During the 1969 -- 1970 television season , Rankin / Bass also produced a weekly Saturday Morning cartoon series for ABC , The Smokey Bear Show . This series is animated by Toei Animation in Japan . Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins 's song `` Smokey the Bear '' has been covered by the group Canned Heat , among others . The track is on their CD The Boogie House Tapes 1969 - 1999 . `` Smokey the Bear Sutra '' is a 1969 poem by Gary Snyder , which presents environmental concerns in the form of a Buddhist sutra , and depicts Smokey as the reincarnation of the Great Sun Buddha . Fire ecology ( edit ) Main article : Fire ecology The Smokey Bear campaign has been criticized by wildfire policy experts in cases where decades of fire suppression and the indigenous fire ecology were not taken into consideration , creating forests unnaturally dense with fuel . Periodic low - intensity wildfires are an integral component of certain ecosystems that evolved to depend on natural fires for vitality , rejuvenation , and regeneration . Examples are chaparral and closed - cone pine forest habitats , which need fire for seeds and cones to sprout . Wildfires also play a role in the preservation of pine barrens , which are well adapted to small ground fires and rely on periodic fires to remove competing species . When a brushland , woodland , or forested area is not impacted by fire for a long period , large quantities of flammable leaves , branches and other organic matter tend to accumulate on the forest floor and above in brush thickets . When a forest fire eventually does occur , the increased fuel creates a crown fire , which destroys all vegetation and affects surface soil chemistry . Frequent small ' natural ' ground fires prevent the accumulation of fuel and allow large , slow - growing vegetation ( e.g. trees ) to survive . There is increasing use of controlled burns directed by skilled firefighters , and allowing wildland fires not causing human harm or threat to burn out . The goal and theme of the Smokey Bear campaign was adjusted in the 2000s , from `` Only you can prevent forest fires '' to `` Only you can prevent wildfires '' . The purpose is to respond to the criticism , and to distinguish ' bad ' intentional or accidental wildfires from the needs of sustainable forests via natural ' good ' fire ecology . See also ( edit ) Media related to Smokey Bear at Wikimedia Commons Johnny Horizon Mark Trail Woodsy Owl References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` About the Campaign '' . SmokeyBear.com ( Ad Council ) . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . On August 9 , 1944 , the creation of Smokey Bear was authorized by the Forest Service , and the first poster was delivered on October 10 by artist Albert Staehle . ^ Jump up to : Smokey Bear at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howe , Irving ( 1984 ) . A Margin of Hope . Harvest Books . ISBN 978 - 0156572453 . excerpted in `` Arguing the World '' . ( official website ) PBS . Harold Rosenberg had an enviable part - time job at the Advertising Council , where he created Smokey the ( sic ) Bear . ( The sheer deliciousness of it : this cuddly artifact of commercial folklore as the creature of our unyielding modernist ! ) The official Smokey Bear website the by Ad Council does not mention Rosenberg . No mention is made of Smokey Bear at Rosenberg 's obituary at Russell , John ( July 13 , 1978 ) . `` Harold Rosenberg Is Dead at 72 Art Critic for The New Yorker '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Campaign History '' . Ad Council . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The Ad Council At A Glance '' . adcouncil.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires . - Resources '' . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ World Book Encyclopedia . Fire prevention . 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Smokey Bear Act of 1952 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Public Law 82 - 359 , 66 Stat. 92 . Government Printing Office . May 23 , 1952 . p. 92 . Jump up ^ `` History of Smokey Bear '' . U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires '' . Smokey Bear . 7 December 1941 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ralph Blumenthal ( November 20 , 2002 ) . `` Books of the Times : Their Battle Is Joined With an Inhuman Enemy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The story of the creation of Smokey Bear , told by the late Albert Staehle 's wife '' . South-florida.us . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2015 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Knickerbocker Bears antique teddy bear encyclopedia '' . Luckybears.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese balloon bomb killed six 60 years ago today '' . Herald and News . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires '' . Smokey Bear . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Homer Pickens , 91 - Saved Smokey Bear '' . The New York Times . February 23 , 1995 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ A June 2005 article in Smithsonian ( `` A Bear - Handed Grab '' , pp. 47 - 48 , identified the soldier as G.W. Chapman , who turned the injured bear over to a park ranger , who cared for him at his residence between veterinarian visits . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Smokey Bear ' The Living Symbol ' `` , New Mexico State Forestry Division , Smokey Bear National Park information '' . Emnrd.state.nm.us . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tad Bennicoff ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Bearly Survived to become an Icon '' . The Bigger Picture . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Hawes ( December 2002 ) . `` Smokey Comes to Washington '' . Zoogoer . Smithsonian National Zoological Park . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Smokeybearpark.com '' . Smokeybearpark.com . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Klopsteck , Cindy ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Iconic bear 's story recalled '' . San Antonio Express - News . p . C8 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : John Kelly ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` The biography of Smokey Bear : the cartoon came first '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Larry Bleiberg ( June 29 , 1997 ) . `` New Mexico -- Town Still Celebrates Smokey Bear 's Legend '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Zoological Park , Office of Public Affairs , Records '' . Record Unit 365 . Smithsonian Institution Archives . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Campaign '' . New Mexico State Forestry Division . Retrieved 25 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Lawter , William Clifford Jr. ( 1994 ) . Smokey Bear 20252 : A Biography . Lindsay Smith . ISBN 0964001713 . Jump up ^ `` Forest Fire Prevention - Smokey Bear ( 1944 - Present ) '' . Ad Council . Archived from the original on 18 November 2010 . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smokey Bear Awards Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . National Symbols Cache . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2006 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Only You Can Prevent Wildfires '' . Smokey Bear . Retrieved 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Record , Senate , July 22 , 2004 . Books.google.com . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Richard Earle ( 2000 ) . The Art of Cause Marketing . New York : McGraw - Hill . p. 230 . Jump up ^ Neal Jones , originator of `` Smokey Bear Days '' 2000 Jump up ^ Snyder , Gary . Smokey the Bear Sutra . Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : Mike Anton ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` At 65 , Smokey Bear is still fighting fires '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) SmokeyBear.com A collection of Smokey Bear - related media The Real Smokey Bear - slideshow by Life magazine Inventory of the Rudolph Wendelin Papers , 1930 - 2005 in the Forest History Society Library and Archives , Durham , NC Smokey Bear Days The short film History of Smokey Bear ( ncwg.gov ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Smokey 's Story , from the Texas Archive of the Moving Image Teddy bears Manufacturers Build - A-Bear Workshop Chad Valley J.K. Farnell Gund Ideal Toy Company Margarete Steiff GmbH Merrythought Teddy Atelier Stursberg Teddy - Hermann Ty Inc . Vermont Teddy Bear Company Types AG Bear Beanie Babies Boyds Bears Care Bears Coffee Bean Bears Forever Friends Freddy Teddy Gund Snuffles Holiday Beanie Babies Me to You Bears WereBears Museums Dorset Teddy Bear Museum Teddy bear museum Teddy Bear Museum of Naples Famous teddies Aloysius Archibald Ormsby - Gore Benjamin Bear Bamse Berlino Duffy the Disney Bear Corduroy Fozzie Bear Freddy Fazbear Grizzly Teddy Lotso Microsoft Bear Misha Nassur Nev Paddington Bear Pooky Pudsey Bear Rilakkuma Roosevelt Rupert Bear Rupert ( Family Guy ) Smokey Sooty SuperTed Teddy ( Mr. Bean ) Teddy Ruxpin Uszatek Mr Whoppit Winnie - the - Pooh Yogi Bear Film and television The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin Bear Behaving Badly Becky and Barnaby Bear Boonie Bears C Bear and Jamal Colargol Disney 's Adventures of the Gummi Bears Issi Noho Old Bear Stories Paddington The Secret World of Benjamin Bear SuperTed Ted Ted 2 Teddybears The Teddy Bear Master Teddy Edward The Upstairs Downstairs Bears The Yogi Bear Show Books Corduroy Little Bear Old Bear and Friends Teddy Dressing The Berenstain Bears Polar the Titanic Bear Uppo - Nalle Winkie Winnie - the - Pooh Music `` ( Let Me Be Your ) Teddy Bear '' `` Psycho Teddy '' `` Teddy Bears ' Picnic '' `` The Teddy Bear Song '' Video games Build - A-Bear Workshop Hubert the Teddy Bear : Winter Games Opération Teddy Bear Teddy Together Related topics The Bear Club Peter Bull Gummy bears Round and Round the Garden SGUL Teddy Bear Hospital Richard Steiff Stuffed toys Sudanese blasphemy case Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012 Teddy bear parachuting Teddy Bear Review Teddy bear toss Teddy Grahams Children 's programming on the American Broadcasting Company in the 1960s First - run animated series Rocky and His Friends ( 1959 -- 73 ) The New Casper Cartoon Show ( 1963 -- 70 ) Hoppity Hooper ( 1964 -- 67 ) The Beatles ( 1965 -- 69 ) The Porky Pig Show Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales Milton the Monster ( 1965 -- 68 ) The King Kong Show ( 1966 -- 69 ) Fantastic Four ( 1967 -- 70 ) Spider - Man ( 1967 -- 70 ) Journey to the Center of the Earth ( 1967 -- 69 ) George of the Jungle ( 1967 -- 70 ) The Adventures of Gulliver ( 1968 -- 70 ) Fantastic Voyage ( 1968 -- 70 ) The Smokey the Bear Show The Cattanooga Cats Show ( 1969 -- 71 ) Hot Wheels ( 1969 -- 71 ) The Hardy Boys ( 1969 -- 71 ) Skyhawks ( 1969 -- 71 ) First - run live - action series Lunch with Soupy Sales ( 1959 -- 61 ) The Magic Land of Allakazam ( 1962 -- 64 ) Discovery ( 1962 -- 71 ) American Bandstand ( 1957 -- 87 ) Shenanigans ( 1964 -- 65 ) Rebroadcasts Top Cat ( 1962 -- 63 ) The Bugs Bunny Show ( 1962 -- 68 ) My Friend Flicka The Jetsons ( 1962 -- 64 ) Beany and Cecil ( 1962 -- 88 ) Buffalo Bill , Jr . Annie Oakley The Magilla Gorilla Show Schedules 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Related Animation in the United States in the television era MusicBrainz : b0f49465 - 646b - 4b96 - 9a52 - 9b31f24745b1 NARA : 10643577 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smokey_Bear&oldid=843185217 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1944 Public service announcement characters American mascots Cartoon mascots Fictional bears Fictional gamekeepers and park rangers Fictional firefighters Fire prevention Public service announcements of the United States United States Forest Service Wildfire ecology Bear mascots 1976 animal deaths National Zoological Park ( United States ) Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 13 : 25 . 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who is the voice of smokey the bear

Washington , D.C. , radio station WMAL personality Jackson Weaver served as the primary voice representing Smokey until Weaver 's death in October 1992 . Others who have provided a voice to Smokey include Jim Cummings , Roger C. Carmel , Jack Angel , Los Angeles radio station KNX 's George Walsh , and Gene Moss . In June 2008 , the Forest Service launched a new series of public service announcements voiced by actor Sam Elliott , simultaneously giving Smokey a new visual design intended to appeal to young adults . Patrick Warburton provides the voice of an anonymous park ranger .

New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of New Zealand CGF code NZL CGA New Zealand Olympic Committee Website www.olympic.org.nz in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 251 in 17 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Sophie Pascoe Flag bearer ( closing ) Stacey Michelsen Medals Ranked 5th Gold 15 Silver 16 Bronze 15 Total 46 Officials Rob Waddell ( chef de mission ) Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Australia , from 4 to 15 April 2018 . It was the nations 's 21st appearance at the Commonwealth Games , having competed at every Games since their inception in 1930 . The New Zealand team consisted of 251 athletes , 130 men and 121 women , across 17 sports . The New Zealand team collected 46 medals : 15 gold , 16 silver and 15 bronze , an increase of one medal from the previous games . The medals came across twelve sports . The nation won its first medal in beach volleyball , which was introduced at the Games , and its first gold medal in hockey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medal tables 2 Competitors 3 Aquatics 3.1 Diving 3.2 Swimming 4 Athletics 5 Badminton 6 Basketball 6.1 Men 's tournament 6.2 Women 's tournament 7 Beach volleyball 8 Boxing 9 Cycling 9.1 Road 9.2 Track 9.3 Mountain bike 10 Gymnastics 10.1 Artistic 10.2 Rhythmic 11 Hockey 11.1 Men 's tournament 11.2 Women 's tournament 12 Lawn bowls 13 Netball 14 Rugby sevens 14.1 Men 's tournament 14.2 Women 's tournament 15 Shooting 16 Squash 17 Triathlon 18 Weightlifting 19 Wrestling 20 References Medal tables ( edit ) Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins , Ethan Mitchell , Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Webster , Sam Sam Webster Cycling -- Track Men 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 200 m individual medley SM10 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Edwards , Jo Jo Edwards Lawn bowls Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King Squash Women 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Pascoe , Sophie Sophie Pascoe Swimming Women 's 100 m breaststroke SB9 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Liti , David David Liti Weightlifting Men 's + 105 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Walsh , Tomas Tomas Walsh Athletics Men 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Ratcliffe , Julia Julia Ratcliffe Athletics Women 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Gaze , Sam Sam Gaze Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Sam Charlton Sam Harrison Brooke Neal Tarryn Davey Pippa Hayward Grace O'Hanlon Frances Davies Rose Keddell Amy Robinson Madison Doar Anita McLaren Sally Rutherford Shiloh Gloyn Olivia Merry Kelsey Smith Ella Gunson Stacey Michelsen Liz Thompson Hockey Women 's tournament 14 April 01 ! Gold Nyika , David David Nyika Boxing Men 's 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold King , Joelle Joelle King , Amanda Landers - Murphy Squash Women 's doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand women 's rugby sevens team Shakira Baker Theresa Fitzpatrick Stacey Waaka Michaela Blyde Sarah Goss Niall Williams Kelly Brazier Tyla Nathan - Wong Tenika Willison Gayle Broughton Alena Saili Portia Woodman Rugby sevens Women 's tournament 15 April 01 ! Gold New Zealand men 's rugby sevens team Kurt Baker Trael Joass Sione Molia Dylan Collier Vilimoni Koroi Etene Nanai - Seturo Scott Curry Andrew Knewstubb Akuila Rokolisoa Sam Dickson Tim Mikkelson Regan Ware Rugby sevens Men 's tournament 15 April 02 ! Silver Botha , Bryony Bryony Botha , Rushlee Buchanan , Kirstie James , Racquel Sheath Cycling -- Track Women 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming , Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's scratch race 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Barber , Alana Alana Barber Athletics Women 's 20 km walk 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's 1 km time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Stewart , Campbell Campbell Stewart Cycling -- Track Men 's points race 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Robinson , Holly Holly Robinson Athletics Women 's javelin throw F46 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Coll , Paul Paul Coll Squash Men 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Villumsen , Linda Linda Villumsen Cycling -- Road Women 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Noble , Mark Mark Noble , Bruce Wakefield , Barry Wynks Lawn bowls Open para triples 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Cooper , Anton Anton Cooper Cycling -- Mountain bike Men 's cross-country 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Adams , Valerie Valerie Adams Athletics Women 's shot put 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver McCartney , Eliza Eliza McCartney Athletics Women 's pole vault 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Williams , Georgia Georgia Williams Cycling -- Road Women 's road race 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver New Zealand men 's hockey team ( Black Sticks ) Corey Bennett Devon Manchester Jared Panchia Marcus Child Shea McAleese Hayden Phillips Hugo Inglis Harry Miskimmin Nick Ross Stephen Jenness George Muir Kane Russell Richard Joyce Dominic Newman Aidan Sarikaya Dane Left Arun Panchia Nic Woods Hockey Men 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze Kennett , Dylan Dylan Kennett Cycling -- Track Men 's individual pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Dawkins , Eddie Eddie Dawkins Cycling -- Track Men 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Clareburt , Lewis Lewis Clareburt Swimming Men 's 400 m individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Hewitt , Andrea Andrea Hewitt , Tayler Reid , Ryan Sissons , Nicole van der Kaay Triathlon Mixed relay 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Cumming , Emma Emma Cumming Cycling -- Track Women 's 500 m time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Hansen , Natasha Natasha Hansen Cycling -- Track Women 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Bond , Hamish Hamish Bond Cycling -- Road Men 's time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Benny , Tasmyn Tasmyn Benny Boxing Women 's 48 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze O'Dea , Ben Ben O'Dea , Sam O'Dea Beach volleyball Men 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 03 ! Bronze Pritchard , Alexis Alexis Pritchard Boxing Women 's 57 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Garton , Troy Troy Garton Boxing Women 's 60 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Mailata , Patrick Patrick Mailata Boxing Men 's + 91 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Coll , Paul Paul Coll , Joelle King Squash Mixed doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand women 's basketball team ( Tall Ferns ) Jessica Bygate Jordan Hunter Kalani Purcell Micaela Cocks Zara Jillings Erin Rooney Antonia Farnworth Charlisse Leger - Walker Josephine Stockill Deena Franklin Chevannah Paalvast Natalie Taylor Basketball Women 's tournament 14 April 03 ! Bronze New Zealand men 's basketball team ( Tall Blacks ) Tom Abercrombie Rob Loe Ethan Rusbatch Finn Delany Jordan Ngatai Tohi Smith - Milner Shea Ili Alex Pledger Reuben Te Rangi Jarrod Kenny Derone Raukawa Mika Vukona Basketball Men 's tournament 15 April Medals by sport Sport Total Cycling 9 5 17 Athletics 0 6 Squash Swimming 0 Rugby sevens 0 0 Hockey 0 Lawn bowls 0 Boxing 0 5 Weightlifting 0 0 Basketball 0 0 Beach volleyball 0 0 Triathlon 0 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by date Date Total 5 April 0 6 April 0 7 April 5 8 April 5 9 April 0 6 10 April 11 April 0 0 12 April 13 April 0 5 14 April 6 15 April 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Medals by gender Gender Total Male 7 6 7 20 Female 8 9 6 23 Mixed / open 0 Total 15 16 15 46 Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Athletics 8 9 17 Badminton Basketball 12 12 24 Beach volleyball Boxing 5 8 Cycling 20 14 34 Diving 5 Gymnastics 5 7 Hockey 18 18 36 Lawn bowls 10 7 17 Netball N / A 12 12 Rugby sevens 13 13 26 Shooting 7 11 Squash 5 7 Swimming 9 8 17 Triathlon 6 Weightlifting 6 6 12 Wrestling 6 Total 130 121 251 Aquatics ( edit ) The New Zealand aquatics selections were announced on 22 December 2017 . Lewis Clareburt was added on 15 February 2018 and three divers were the following day . Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand participated with a team of 5 athletes ( 2 men and 3 women ) . Men Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Liam Stone 1 m springboard 255.90 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 325.95 15 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins 3 m springboard 326.70 14 Did not advance Anton Down - Jenkins Liam Stone 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 332.64 8 Women Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Shaye Boddington 1 m springboard 237.95 9 Q 194.50 12 Elizabeth Cui 1 m springboard 198.80 13 Did not advance 3 m springboard 241.20 10 Q 247.10 12 Elizabeth Cui Yu Qian Goh 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 251.70 Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Chris Arbuthnott 100 m freestyle S9 58.78 5 Q N / A 58.65 5 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 08.72 7 Q N / A 1 : 07.85 7 Bradlee Ashby 200 m backstroke 2 : 02.32 14 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 00.30 11 N / A Did not advance 200 m individual medley 2 : 00.57 5 Q N / A 1 : 59.59 5 400 m individual medley 4 : 18.83 5 Q N / A 4 : 18.61 5 Lewis Clareburt 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.54 10 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 1 : 58.32 6 Q N / A 1 : 58.51 7 200 m individual medley 2 : 01.33 8 Q N / A 2 : 01.13 7 400 m individual medley 4 : 19.16 6 Q N / A 4 : 14.42 03 ! Celyn Edwards 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 25.06 5 Q N / A 1 : 25.63 6 200 m individual medley SM8 2 : 40.28 4 Q N / A 2 : 35.07 Daniel Hunter 50 m freestyle 22.32 8 Q 22.34 9 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.65 = 10 Q 49.11 8 Q 49.30 8 50 m butterfly 24.01 5 Q 23.93 5 Q 23.87 5 Corey Main 100 m backstroke 54.99 4 Q 55.02 7 Q 54.88 7 200 m backstroke 2 : 01.73 11 Did not advance Sam Perry 50 m freestyle 22.93 16 Q 23.13 16 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 49.90 16 Q 49.83 14 Did not advance 50 m butterfly 24.23 7 Q 23.99 6 Q 23.96 6 Jesse Reynolds 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 00.06 6 Q N / A 1 : 00.03 6 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 06.46 4 Q N / A 1 : 05.50 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 21.82 4 Q N / A 1 : 21.65 Matthew Stanley 100 m freestyle 49.79 14 Q 49.61 11 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 1 : 48.75 12 N / A Did not advance Daniel Hunter Sam Perry Corey Main Matthew Stanley 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3 : 17.96 3 Q N / A 3 : 16.60 Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Carina Doyle 100 m freestyle 56.27 13 Q 56.18 12 Did not advance 200 m freestyle 2 : 00.01 10 N / A Did not advance 400 m freestyle 4 : 13.33 8 Q N / A 4 : 15.89 8 Helena Gasson 50 m butterfly 27.10 = 9 Q 27.19 11 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.00 14 Q 59.70 12 Did not advance 200 m butterfly 2 : 13.25 13 Did not advance Bobbi Gichard 50 m backstroke 28.81 10 Q 28.56 = 10 Did not advance 100 m backstroke 1 : 01.33 9 Q 1 : 01.75 12 Did not advance 200 m backstroke 2 : 17.88 13 N / A Did not advance Georgia Marris 100 m freestyle 56.98 15 Q 56.48 15 Did not advance 100 m butterfly 1 : 00.43 15 Q 1 : 00.58 16 Did not advance Tupou Neiufi 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 18.08 6 Q N / A 1 : 17.10 6 Sophie Pascoe 100 m breaststroke SB9 1 : 17.92 1 Q N / A 1 : 18.09 01 ! 200 m individual medley SM10 2 : 27.26 1 Q N / A 2.27. 72 01 ! Bronagh Ryan 50 m breaststroke 32.18 15 Q 32.70 16 Did not advance 100 m breaststroke 1 : 10.78 17 Did not advance Laticia - Leigh Transom 50 m freestyle 25.96 10 Q 25.95 12 Did not advance 100 m freestyle 56.32 14 Q 56.26 13 Did not advance Carina Doyle Helena Gasson Georgia Marris Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m freestyle relay N / A 3 : 43.77 Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Bronagh Ryan Laticia - Leigh Transom 4 × 100 m medley relay N / A 4 : 07.47 6 Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced fifteen athletes to compete at the games on 2 February 2018 . Para-athlete Holly Robinson had been confirmed on 22 November 2017 . Brothers Jake and Zane Robertson were added on 9 February 2018 . Sprinter Joseph Millar was added on 23 February 2018 . Siositina Hakeai was conditionally added on 28 February 2018 . Zane Robertson withdrew from the team on 5 April 2018 . Men Track & road Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Joseph Millar 200 m 21.10 23 Q 21.01 16 Did not advance Cameron French 400 m hurdles 50.60 14 Did not advance Brad Mathas 800 m 1 : 46.32 5 q N / A 1 : 46.07 5 Jake Robertson 10000 m N / A 27 : 30.90 NR 5 Quentin Rew 20 km walk N / A 1 : 13 : 22 5 Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Ben Langton Burnell Javelin throw 75.29 9 q 73.77 10 Nick Southgate Pole vault N / A NH Tom Walsh Shot put 22.45 GR 1 Q 21.41 01 ! Women Track & road Athlete Event Heat Final Result Rank Result Rank Angie Petty 800 m 2 : 00.62 7 Did not advance Camille Buscomb 5000 m N / A 15 : 55.45 12 10000 m N / A 32 : 23.91 14 Alana Barber 20 km walk N / A 1 : 34 : 18 02 ! Field Athlete ( s ) Event Qualifying Final Result Rank Result Rank Valerie Adams Shot put 18.52 1 Q 18.70 02 ! Siositina Hakeai Discus throw N / A 57.16 Eliza McCartney Pole vault N / A 4.70 02 ! Olivia McTaggart N / A 4.30 9 Julia Ratcliffe Hammer throw N / A 69.94 01 ! Holly Robinson Javelin throw F46 ( para ) N / A 43.32 02 ! Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Two badminton player were announced to compete at the games on 31 January 2018 : Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Susannah Leydon - Davis Oliver Leydon - Davis Mixed doubles Bye McNee & Bailey ( JAM ) W 2 -- 1 Ellis & Smith ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . The men 's team qualified as being one of the top three teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) , while the women 's team was invited by FIBA and the CGF . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Tom Abercrombie Finn Delany Shea Ili Jarrod Kenny Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Alex Pledger Derone Raukawa Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona ( c ) Pool A Team PLD PF PA PD Points Australia 0 271 183 + 88 6 New Zealand 265 204 + 61 5 Canada 197 244 - 47 Nigeria 0 187 289 - 102 Qualified for the Semifinals Qualified for the Qualifying finals 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 20 : 00 Boxscore Nigeria 65 -- 110 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 24 , 20 -- 26 , 8 -- 31 , 22 -- 29 Pts : Dike 15 Rebs : Achiuwa 8 Asts : Ofoegbu , Achiuwa 2 Pts : Abercrombie 21 Rebs : Pledger 10 Asts : Ili , Kenny 6 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) , Unsworth ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 73 -- 79 Australia Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 19 -- 16 , 19 - 21 , 14 - 23 Pts : Ili 22 Rebs : Delany 6 Asts : Ili 4 Pts : Kay 21 Rebs : Sobey 6 Asts : Cadee 3 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Liszka ( POL ) , Dodds ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Canada 60 -- 82 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 14 -- 20 , 17 -- 20 , 12 -- 23 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Kapinga 19 Rebs : Morgan 6 Asts : Diawara , Kapinga 2 Pts : Abercrombie 17 Rebs : Abercrombie 9 Asts : Ili 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Boyer ( AUS ) , Decastro ( MOZ ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 88 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 22 , 26 -- 23 , 16 -- 30 , 28 -- 13 Pts : Ili 23 Rebs : Mika Vukona 15 Asts : Ili 7 Pts : Diressa 22 Rebs : Pierre - Charles 7 Asts : Tutu 6 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kato ( JPN ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 09 : 00 Boxscore Scotland 69 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 14 -- 22 , 9 -- 18 , 25 -- 20 Pts : Bunyan 13 Rebs : Fraser 6 Asts : Bunyan 5 Pts : Abercrombie 26 Rebs : Loe 10 Asts : Loe 4 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Beattie ( USA ) , Weiland ( CAN ) , Boyer ( AUS ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the New Zealand roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . New Zealand women 's national basketball team - 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 1.5 ! G 0 Jillings , Zara 7003725000000000000 ♠ 19 -- ( 1998 - 05 - 30 ) 30 May 1998 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Fordham Rams USA ! 1.5 ! G Rooney , Erin 7004100760000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 09 - 03 ) 3 September 1990 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) PDS BBC Troistorrents SUI ! 1.5 ! G Cocks , Micaela 7004116610000000000 ♠ 31 -- ( 1986 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1986 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Townsville Fire AUS ! 3.5 ! F Purcell , Kalani 7003848300000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 01 - 13 ) 13 January 1995 1.84 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Melbourne Boomers AUS ! 1.5 ! G 6 Hunter , Jordan 7004100900000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1990 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) Sturt Sabres AUS ! 1.5 ! G 7 Farnworth , Antonia 7004112880000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1987 1.81 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Perth Lynx AUS ! 3.5 ! F 8 Taylor , Natalie 7004128860000000000 ♠ 35 -- ( 1982 - 12 - 24 ) 24 December 1982 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) Brisbane Spartans AUS ! 2.5 ! G / F 10 Paalvast , Chevannah 7003971000000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1991 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Canberra Capitals AUS ! 3.5 ! F 11 Bygate , Jessica 7003958200000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1992 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1992 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sandringham Sabres AUS ! 5.0 ! C 13 Stockill , Josephine 7003886300000000000 ♠ 24 -- ( 1993 - 12 - 29 ) 29 December 1993 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Sunbury Jets AUS ! 3.5 ! F 15 Franklin , Deena 7003846000000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1995 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1995 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Harbour Breeze NZL ! 1.5 ! G 55 Leger - Walker , Charlisse 7003604600000000000 ♠ 16 -- ( 2001 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 2001 1.74 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) Waikato Wizards NZL ! Head coach Guy Molloy Assistant coach ( es ) Jody Cameron Aik Ho Legend ( C ) Team captain Club - describes last club before the tournament Age - describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 256 148 + 108 6 Qualifying finals Jamaica 196 195 + 1 5 Malaysia 187 239 − 52 India 0 184 241 − 57 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 86 -- 44 Malaysia Scoring by quarter : 24 -- 10 , 27 -- 15 , 15 -- 3 , 20 -- 16 Pts : Cocks 15 Rebs : Purcell 12 Asts : Hunter 6 Pts : Yap Fook Yee 12 Rebs : Pang Hui Pin 7 Asts : Pang Hui Pin 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : James Boyer ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 11 : 30 Boxscore New Zealand 80 -- 49 Jamaica Scoring by quarter : 17 -- 16 , 24 -- 9 , 19 -- 14 , 20 -- 10 Pts : Leger - Walker 18 Rebs : Leger - Walker 6 Asts : Cocks 6 Pts : George 12 Rebs : Jackson 7 Asts : L Gordon , Jackson 2 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Artur Decastro ( MOZ ) , Ceciline Michael Vincent ( IND ) , Christine Vuong ( CAN ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore India 55 -- 90 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 12 -- 31 , 10 -- 23 , 19 -- 19 , 14 -- 17 Pts : Kumari 14 Rebs : Skaria 9 Asts : Sidhu , Limaye 3 Pts : Cocks 21 Rebs : Farnworth 7 Asts : Farnworth 5 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Simon Unsworth ( ENG ) , James Boyer ( AUS ) Qualifying final 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Mozambique 63 -- 79 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 7 -- 18 , 19 -- 23 , 15 -- 19 , 22 -- 19 Pts : Mafanela 15 Rebs : Lhavanguane , Mucauro 7 Asts : Cossa , Mucauro 5 Pts : Taylor 25 Rebs : Taylor 8 Asts : Hunter 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Joyce Muchenu ( ZIM ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 109 -- 50 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 12 , 28 -- 16 , 30 -- 6 , 26 -- 16 Pts : Cambage 21 Rebs : Griffin , Kunek 7 Asts : O'Hea 6 Pts : Cocks , Leger - Walker , Taylor 9 Rebs : Paalvast 5 Asts : Cocks , Purcell 3 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Wojciech Liszka ( POL ) , Viola Gyoergyi ( NOR ) , Chris Dodds ( GBR ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 18 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 74 -- 58 Canada Scoring by quarter : 16 -- 12 , 18 -- 14 , 23 -- 13 , 17 -- 19 Pts : Leger - Walker , Taylor 18 Rebs : Purcell 7 Asts : Cocks 7 Pts : Nofuente 18 Rebs : Hamblin , Kiss - Rusk , Provo 6 Asts : Masikewich , Traer 2 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Jon Chapman ( AUS ) , Sarah Carey ( AUS ) , Kate Webb ( ENG ) Beach volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Beach volleyball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The women 's pair was named on 10 January 2018 . The men 's pair was added on 20 February 2018 . Athlete Event Preliminary round Standing Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Men 's Pool C Apostolou -- Chrysostomou ( CYP ) W 2 -- 1 Acacio -- Soares ( MOZ ) W 2 -- 1 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 1 Stewart -- Williams ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 Pedlow -- Schachter ( CAN ) L 0 -- 2 Gregory -- Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Kelsie Wills Shaunna Polley Women 's Pool C Nzayisenga -- Mutatsimpundu ( RWA ) W 2 -- 0 Lau -- Ong ( SGP ) W 2 -- 0 Matauatu -- Pata ( VAN ) W 2 -- 0 Angelopoulou -- Konstantinou ( CYP ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The eight - member boxing team was announced on 22 February 2018 . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Richard Hadlow 64 kg Volcere ( SEY ) W 4 -- 1 Vidanalage ( SRI ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Leroy Hindley 69 kg Katta ( SLE ) W 5 -- 0 Moshoeshoe ( LES ) W 4 -- 1 Walsh ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Ryan Scaife 75 kg Bye Owuor ( KEN ) W 5 -- 0 Ntsengue ( CMR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance David Nyika 91 kg N / A Aska ( ANT ) W 5 -- 0 Ndzie Tsoye ( CMR ) W W / O Clarke ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 Whateley ( AUS ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Patrick Mailata 91 kg+ N / A Barton ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 McMonagle ( NIR ) W 5 -- 0 Clarke ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance 03 ! Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Tasmyn Benny 48 kg N / A Modukanele ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 O'Hara ( NIR ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Alexis Pritchard 57 kg Ranone ( LES ) W RSC Hansika ( SRI ) W 5 -- 0 Walsh ( NIR ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance 03 ! Troy Garton 60 kg Bye Kasemang ( BOT ) W 5 -- 0 Stridsman ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance 03 ! Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The team of 33 cyclists was named on 17 February 2018 . Jason Christie replaced Alex Frame , and Hayden McCormick replaced Hamish Bond in the road race , leaving Bond to focus solely on the time trial , on 22 March 2018 . Road ( edit ) Men Athlete Event Time Rank Shane Archbold Road race 3 : 57 : 01 6 Jack Bauer 3 : 57 : 22 13 Jason Christie 3 : 57 : 58 16 Sam Gaze 3 : 57 : 04 10 Hayden McCormick 3 : 57 : 01 5 James Oram 3 : 57 : 10 11 Hamish Bond Time trial 48 : 45.45 03 ! James Oram 49 : 40.72 5 Women Athlete Event Time Rank Bryony Botha Road race DNF Rushlee Buchanan 3 : 05 : 40 26 Sharlotte Lucas 3 : 02 : 18 Kate McIlroy 3 : 03 : 32 19 Linda Villumsen 3 : 02 : 43 12 Georgia Williams 3 : 02 : 18 02 ! Rushlee Buchanan Time trial 37 : 39.28 5 Linda Villumsen 36 : 03.01 02 ! Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's sprint 9.704 7 Q Truman ( ENG ) L 10.222 Did not advance Ethan Mitchell 9.654 3 Q Constable ( AUS ) W 10.518 Schmid ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Sam Webster 9.809 12 Q Hindes ( ENG ) W 10.167 Owens ( ENG ) W 10.250 , W 10.188 Sahrom ( MAS ) W 10.334 , W 10.151 Carlin ( SCO ) W 10.123 , W 9.952 01 ! Eddie Dawkins Ethan Mitchell Sam Webster Men 's team sprint 42.822 GR 1 Q N / A England ( ENG ) W 42.877 01 ! Emma Cumming Women 's sprint 11.079 8 Q Stewart ( NIR ) W 11.800 Morton ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Natasha Hansen 10.760 3 Q Coster ( WAL ) W 11.389 Mustapa ( MAS ) W 11.242 , W 11.670 Genest ( CAN ) W 11.317 , L , W 11.672 Morton ( AUS ) L , L 02 ! Olivia Podmore 10.985 5 Q Walsh ( CAN ) W 11.769 McCulloch ( AUS ) L , L Did not advance Emma Cumming Natasha Hansen Women 's team sprint 33.321 2 Q N / A Australia ( AUS ) L 33.115 02 ! Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Eddie Dawkins Men 's keirin 1 Q 3 Q 03 ! Bradly Knipe 6 Did not advance Sam Webster 2 Q N / A 1 Q 5 Emma Cumming Women 's keirin 3 Q 11 Natasha Hansen 1 Q N / A 2 Q 03 ! Olivia Podmore 5 1 Q 2 Q 6 Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Eddie Dawkins Men 's time trial 59.928 02 ! Dylan Kennett 1 : 01.546 7 Zac Williams 1 : 01.132 Ellesse Andrews Women 's time trial 35.850 12 Emma Cumming 34.230 03 ! Natasha Hansen 34.238 Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Jared Gray Men 's pursuit 4 : 22.752 12 Did not advance Dylan Kennett 4 : 13.414 3 QB Kerby ( AUS ) W 4 : 18.373 03 ! Nicholas Kergozou 4 : 23.429 13 Did not advance Regan Gough Nicholas Kergozou Tom Sexton Campbell Stewart Men 's team pursuit DSQ Did not advance Ellesse Andrews Women 's pursuit 3 : 33.707 6 Did not advance Bryony Botha 3 : 35.394 9 Kirstie James 3 : 29.192 5 Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Kirstie James Racquel Sheath Women 's team pursuit 4 : 22.331 2 Q Australia ( AUS ) L OVL 02 ! Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Regan Gough Men 's point race 28 2 Q 43 9 Campbell Stewart 9 9 Q 69 02 ! Tom Sexton 12 4 Q 43 10 Rushlee Buchanan Women 's points race N / A 10 5 Michaela Drummond 10 Racquel Sheath 0 17 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Dylan Kennett Men 's scratch race 7 Q 15 Nicholas Kergozou 6 Q 17 Campbell Stewart 6 Q 02 ! Michaela Drummond Women 's scratch race N / A 10 Kirstie James 5 Racquel Sheath 15 Mountain bike ( edit ) Athlete Event Time Rank Anton Cooper Men 's cross-country 1 : 17 : 36 02 ! Sam Gaze 1 : 17 : 36 01 ! Ben Oliver 1 : 18 : 41 Samara Sheppard Women 's cross-country 1 : 23 : 46 9 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The first five gymnasts were announced on 22 December 2017 . An additional two gymnasts were announced on 5 February 2018 . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Final & Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB David Bishop Team N / A 12.500 12.450 13.800 N / A 12.450 N / A Ethan Dick 13.700 Q 11.800 12.650 14.000 13.350 10.800 76.300 16 Q Devy Dyson 11.150 10.200 13.825 Q N / A 12.800 13.200 N / A Kyleab Ellis 13.100 N / A N / A 14.300 Q 13.225 N / A N / A Mikhail Koudinov 13.600 12.350 12.900 13.900 13.750 12.800 79.300 9 Q Total 40.400 36.650 39.375 42.200 40.325 38.450 237.400 6 Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Ethan Dick All - around 13.600 12.850 12.700 13.900 12.500 12.400 77.950 11 Floor 13.500 N / A 13.500 5 Devy Dyson Rings N / A 13.533 N / A 13.533 6 Kyleab Ellis Vault N / A 13.933 N / A 13.933 7 Mikhail Koudinov All - around 12.200 12.850 13.000 13.600 11.950 11.600 75.200 15 Women Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft Qualification 13.100 10.000 11.750 10.875 45.725 14 Q Individual Finals Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Stella Ashcroft All - around 12.950 9.900 11.700 11.500 46.050 13 Rhythmic ( edit ) Individual Qualification Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Stella Ebert Qualification 10.400 7.400 9.300 7.550 34.650 22 Hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand has qualified both men 's and women 's hockey teams for a total of 36 athletes ( 18 men and 18 women ) . Both teams qualified as being one of the top nine teams in the Commonwealth ( besides the host nation , Australia ) according to their FIH World Rankings as of 31 October 2017 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Corey Bennett Marcus Child Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Harry Miskimmin George Muir Dominic Newman Arun Panchia ( c ) Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Nick Ross Kane Russell Aidan Sarikaya Nic Woods Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 0 16 + 14 12 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 6 + 12 9 Scotland 0 7 14 − 7 5th -- 6th place match Canada 0 12 − 9 7th -- 8th place match 5 South Africa 0 14 − 10 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 2 Canada Russell 28 ' Woods 31 ' Muir 41 ' Lett 42 ' Jenness 42 ' Inglis 60 ' Report Kirkpatrick 47 ' Johnston 58 ' Umpires : Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Paul Walker ( GBR ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 6 -- 0 South Africa Russell 4 ' , 25 ' J. Panchia 26 ' Woods 27 ' Muir 50 ' Ross 53 ' Report Umpires : Jamie Hooper ( WAL ) Paul Walker ( ENG ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 5 -- 2 Scotland Russell 3 ' , 30 ' , 34 ' J. Panchia 4 ' Inglis 50 ' Report Forsyth 20 ' , 53 ' Umpires : Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) Deepak Joshi ( IND ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 16 : 30 Australia 2 -- 1 New Zealand Whetton 20 ' Mitton 57 ' Report Bennett 59 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Semifinal 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 21 : 45 India 2 -- 3 New Zealand H. Singh 30 ' , 56 ' Report Inglis 7 ' Jenness 13 ' Child 40 ' Umpires : Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Rawi Anbananthan ( MAS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 21 : 15 Australia 2 -- 0 New Zealand Kleinschmidt 21 ' Dawson 28 ' Report Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster Sam Charlton Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Rose Keddell Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen ( c ) Brooke Neal Grace O'Hanlon Amy Robinson Sally Rutherford Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 8 0 + 8 10 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 + 17 8 Canada 5 + 3 5 5th -- 6th place match Scotland 6 8 − 2 7th -- 8th place match 5 Ghana 0 0 27 − 26 0 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 11 : 30 Scotland 1 -- 6 New Zealand Howie 53 ' Report Smith 10 ' Neal 12 ' Gloyn 18 ' , 48 ' Keddell 18 ' , 45 ' Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( USA ) Cookie Tan ( SGP ) 6 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) 16 : 30 New Zealand 12 -- 0 Ghana Doar 10 ' , 50 ' , 53 ' Smith 14 ' Charlton 16 ' Gloyn 28 ' Michelsen 33 ' Merry 35 ' Harrison 43 ' McLaren 49 ' , 59 ' Robinson 51 ' Report Umpires : Catherine Wright ( GBR ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 11 : 30 New Zealand 0 -- 0 Canada Report Umpires : Wanri Venter ( RSA ) Nur Hafiza Azman ( MAS ) 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 21 : 30 Australia 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Semifinal 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 19 : 00 England 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Penalties Danson Bray Martin Toman Pearne - Webb 1 -- 2 Charlton Thompson Harrison Gunson Michelsen Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Aleisha Neumann ( AUS ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 12 : 45 New Zealand 4 -- 1 Australia Gloyn 28 ' Keddell 34 ' Merry 42 ' McLaren 56 ' Report Kenny 50 ' Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lawn Bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC named seven para-bowlers to compete at the games on 22 November 2017 . with the ten able - bodied bowlers named in January 2018 . Men Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Shannon McIlroy Singles Newell ( JAM ) W 21 -- 0 Kumar ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 15 Kimani ( KEN ) W 21 -- 12 Paxton ( ENG ) L 18 -- 21 Xalxo ( IND ) W 21 -- 0 1 Q Paxton ( ENG ) L 16 -- 21 Did not advance Shannon McIlroy Blake Signal Pairs Botswana W 27 -- 8 Papua New Guinea W 24 -- 11 Cook Islands W 26 -- 12 Fiji W 18 -- 11 England W 14 -- 12 1 Q Wales L 20 -- 7 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Triples Singapore W 28 -- 6 Niue W 36 -- 8 Canada W 18 -- 13 Namibia W 28 -- 8 N / A 1 Q Australia L 10 -- 25 Did not advance Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Mike Nagy Blake Signal Fours Cook Islands W 21 -- 4 Papua New Guinea W 20 -- 12 Canada W 21 -- 11 Wales W 11 -- 10 N / A 1 Q England L 2 -- 20 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Rank Match 1 Match 2 Match 3 Match 4 Match 5 Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Jo Edwards Singles Pinki ( IND ) W 20 -- 16 Blumsky ( NIU ) W 21 -- 11 Rednall ( ENG ) L 17 -- 21 Tikoisuva ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 10 Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 7 1 Q Saroji ( MAS ) W 21 -- 9 Piketh ( RSA ) W 21 -- 17 Daniels ( WAL ) W 21 -- 17 01 ! Jo Edwards Val Smith Pairs Fiji W 17 -- 16 Tonga W 29 -- 6 Canada L 16 -- 18 Norfolk Island L 11 -- 20 N / A Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Triples Zambia W 24 -- 12 Namibia W 21 -- 15 Jersey W 24 -- 8 Wales W 19 -- 15 N / A 1 Q Canada L 16 -- 18 Did not advance Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Katelyn Inch Val Smith Fours Jersey W 20 -- 15 Zambia W 21 -- 8 Norfolk Island W 28 -- 5 South Africa L 11 -- 16 N / A 2 Q South Africa L 8 -- 16 Did not advance Para Athlete Event Group stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Sue Curran Ann Muir ( guide ) David Stallard Peter Blick ( guide ) Mixed para pairs Wales W 14 -- 11 South Africa L 12 -- 14 Australia L 11 -- 16 Scotland L 5 -- 23 England W 16 -- 13 5 Did not advance Mark Noble Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Open para triples Wales W 26 -- 5 England L 12 -- 13 Scotland W 17 -- 9 South Africa W 19 -- 11 Australia L 11 -- 16 3 Q England W 18 -- 11 Australia L 14 -- 13 02 ! Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games New Zealand qualified a netball team by virtue of being ranked in the top 11 ( excluding the host nation , Australia ) of the INF World Rankings on 1 July 2017 . The team was announced on 8 February 2018 . Roster Katrina Grant ( c ) Maria Folau ( vc ) Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification England 5 5 0 0 342 202 + 140 10 Semi-finals New Zealand 5 0 292 235 + 57 6 Uganda 5 0 287 248 + 39 6 Classification matches Malawi 5 0 277 284 − 7 6 5 Scotland 5 0 195 289 − 94 6 Wales 5 0 0 5 215 350 − 135 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 11 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 18 : 30 Report New Zealand 64 -- 51 Uganda Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Helen George Kate Stephenson Reserve umpire : Gary Burgess Folau 22 / 22 ( 100 % ) Ekenasio 19 / 26 ( 73 % ) Selby - Rickit 13 / 14 ( 93 % ) Mes 10 / 17 ( 59 % ) Proscovia 37 / 42 ( 88 % ) Nanyonga 14 / 16 ( 88 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 13 : 00 Report Wales 44 -- 70 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Theresa Prince Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Moseley 21 / 30 ( 70 % ) Lewis 21 / 31 ( 68 % ) Llewelyn 1 / 1 ( 100 % ) Rowe 1 / 2 ( 50 % ) Selby - Rickit 28 / 31 ( 90 % ) Folau 19 / 23 ( 83 % ) Ekenasio 13 / 17 ( 76 % ) Mes 10 / 14 ( 71 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 18 : 30 Report Malawi 57 -- 53 New Zealand Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Joshua Bowring Gary Burgess Reserve umpire : Theresa Prince Kumwenda 41 / 46 ( 89 % ) Chimaliro 16 / 20 ( 80 % ) Folau 31 / 39 ( 79 % ) Selby - Rickit 15 / 17 ( 88 % ) Mes 7 / 12 ( 58 % ) Ekenasio 0 / 2 ( 0 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 20 : 30 Report New Zealand 60 -- 29 Scotland Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Kate Stephenson Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Selby - Rickit 33 / 37 ( 89 % ) Folau 27 / 35 ( 77 % ) Goodwin 23 / 28 ( 82 % ) Gallagher 6 / 7 ( 86 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2018 09 : 00 Report New Zealand 45 -- 54 England Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Michelle Phippard Marc Henning Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 30 / 39 ( 77 % ) Selby - Rickit 12 / 19 ( 63 % ) Mes 3 / 4 ( 75 % ) Housby 27 / 32 ( 84 % ) Harten 27 / 31 ( 87 % ) Semifinal 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 17 : 00 Report Australia 65 -- 44 New Zealand Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Thwaites 24 / 25 ( 96 % ) Bassett 17 / 18 ( 94 % ) Pettitt 15 / 16 ( 94 % ) Wood 9 / 12 ( 75 % ) Folau 32 / 41 ( 78 % ) Ekenasio 7 / 9 ( 78 % ) Selby - Rickit 3 / 5 ( 60 % ) Mes 2 / 3 ( 67 % ) Bronze medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 11 : 00 Report New Zealand 55 -- 60 Jamaica Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Marc Henning Michelle Phippard Reserve umpire : Joshua Bowring Folau 34 / 44 ( 77 % ) Mes 12 / 20 ( 60 % ) Ekenasio 9 / 13 ( 69 % ) Aiken 24 / 31 ( 77 % ) Fowler - Reid 21 / 22 ( 95 % ) Beckford 15 / 18 ( 83 % ) Rugby Sevens ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The New Zealand men 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Sevens Series ranking , while the New Zealand women 's side qualified due to their 2016 -- 17 World Rugby Women 's Sevens Series ranking . Both the men 's and women 's teams were announced on 21 March 2018 . Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Team Kurt Baker Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Akuila Rokolisoa Regan Ware Travelling reserve : Teddy Stanaway Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 127 14 + 113 9 Semi-finals Kenya 0 80 50 + 30 7 Classification semi-finals Canada 0 64 59 + 5 5 Zambia 0 0 0 148 − 148 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 10 : 37 New Zealand 54 -- 0 Zambia Try : Koroi 1 ' c Nanai - Seturo 4 ' c Molia 7 ' m Mikkelson 8 ' c Rokolisoa 8 ' c Baker 10 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Ware 14 ' c Con : Baker ( 2 / 3 ) 1 ' , 8 ' Koroi ( 1 / 1 ) 4 ' Rokolisoa ( 2 / 2 ) 9 ' , 10 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 11 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 14 : 17 New Zealand 40 -- 7 Kenya Try : Nanai - Seturo ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 6 ' c Molia 3 ' c Ware 8 ' c Curry 9 ' c Knewstubb 11 ' c Con : Koroi ( 2 / 3 ) 3 ' , 6 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 8 ' Knewstubb ( 2 / 2 ) 10 ' , 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Oliech 12 ' c Con : Oliech ( 1 / 1 ) 13 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sam Grove - White ( Scotland ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 20 : 49 New Zealand 33 -- 7 Canada Try : Curry 1 ' m Ware ( 2 ) 3 ' c , 8 ' c Koroi 5 ' c Baker 11 ' c Con : Knewstubb ( 3 / 4 ) 3 ' , 5 ' , 8 ' Baker ( 1 / 1 ) 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Cejvanovic 13 ' c Con : Hirayama ( 1 / 1 ) 14 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 43 England 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rasta Rasivhenge ( South Africa ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 15 : 01 New Zealand 14 -- 0 Fiji ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Damon Murphy ( Australia ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Team Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Stacey Waaka Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Travelling reserve : Risi Pouri - Lane Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification New Zealand 0 0 110 7 + 103 9 Semi-finals Canada 0 60 36 + 24 7 Kenya 0 31 79 − 48 5 Classification semi-finals South Africa 0 0 10 89 − 79 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 16 : 53 New Zealand 45 -- 0 Kenya Try : Woodman ( 3 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c , 9 ' c Brazier 2 ' c Broughton 7 ' c Williams ( 2 ) 11 ' c , 14 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 5 / 6 ) 3 ' , 7 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' , 11 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rose LaBreche ( Canada ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 19 : 33 New Zealand 41 -- 0 South Africa Try : Goss 1 ' c Woodman ( 2 ) 1 ' m , 8 ' c Blyde 6 ' m Broughton 7 ' m Williams 9 ' c Brazier 12 ' m Con : Nathan - Wong ( 3 / 6 ) 1 ' , 8 ' , 9 ' Willison ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 12 : 49 New Zealand 24 -- 7 Canada Try : Woodman 2 ' m Blyde ( 2 ) 9 ' m , 12 ' c Waaka 14 ' c Con : Nathan - Wong ( 2 / 4 ) 12 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Greenshields 7 ' c Con : Landry ( 1 / 1 ) 7 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Semifinal 15 April 2018 11 : 21 New Zealand 26 -- 5 England ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) Gold medal match 15 April 2018 14 : 39 Australia 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced eleven shooters to compete at the Games on 17 January 2018 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Myles Browne - Cole Trap 109 19 Did not advance Owen Robinson Trap 115 12 Did not advance Ryan Taylor 50 m rifle prone 619.4 2 Q 184.1 5 Scott Wilson Double trap 127 11 Did not advance Ricky Zhao 50 m pistol 511 - 3x 14 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Janet Hunt 50 m rifle prone N / A 608.2 10 Sally Johnston N / A 607.8 11 Natalie Rooney Trap 66 + 7 7 Did not advance Chloe Tipple Skeet 68 7 Did not advance Open Queen 's Prize ( full bore ) Athlete Event Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Total Points Points Points Points Rank Brian Carter Individual 105 - 14v 148 - 19v 145 - 9v 398 - 42v 15 John Snowden 105 - 14v 147 - 11v 148 - 10v 400 - 35v 8 Brian Carter John Snowden Pairs 296 - 34v 285 - 16v N / A 581 - 50v 5 Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member squash team was announced on 7 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Men 's singles Bye Ndhlovu ( ZAM ) W 3 -- 1 Yuen ( MAS ) W 3 -- 0 Selby ( ENG ) W 3 -- 1 Makin ( WAL ) W 3 -- 2 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 02 ! Campbell Grayson Khalil ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 Moran ( SCO ) W 3 -- 0 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Evan Williams Kelly ( CAY ) W 3 -- 0 Adnan ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Joelle King Women 's singles Bye Saffery ( WAL ) W 3 -- 0 Subramaniam ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 Chinappa ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 David ( MAS ) W 3 - 1 Perry ( ENG ) W 3 - 2 01 ! Amanda Landers - Murphy Bye Methsarani ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Massaro ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Men 's doubles Doyle & Snagg ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Aslam & Zaman ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 Alexander & Palmer ( AUS ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Lance Beddoes Evan Williams Adnan & Yuen ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Bailey & Wilson ( SVG ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Selby & Waller ( ENG ) L 0 -- 2 Did not advance Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Women 's doubles Arnold & Subramaniam ( MAS ) L 0 -- 2 Cardwell & Nunn ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q N / A Duncalf & Waters ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 Grinham & Urquhart ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pallikal Karthik ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 01 ! Paul Coll Joelle King Mixed doubles Vai & Suari ( PNG ) W 2 -- 0 Hindle & Kellas ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 1 Q Best & Simpson ( BAR ) W 2 -- 0 Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 Pallikal Karthik & Ghosal ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Waters & Selby ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 03 ! Zac Millar Amanda Landers - Murphy Duncalf & Waller ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 Sultana & Zammit - Lewis ( MLT ) W 2 -- 0 2 Q Chinappa & Pal Sandhu ( IND ) L 1 -- 2 Did not advance Triathlon ( edit ) Main article : Triathlon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced five triathletes to compete at the games on 9 November 2017 . Tony Dodds was added on 14 February 2018 . Individual Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Transition 1 Bike ( 20 km ) Transition 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Tony Dodds Men 's 8 : 57 0 : 35 28 : 04 0 : 25 17 : 28 55 : 29 16 Tayler Reid 8 : 49 0 : 33 27 : 45 0 : 24 16 : 17 53 : 48 11 Ryan Sissons 9 : 01 0 : 36 27 : 57 0 : 25 14 : 50 52 : 49 5 Andrea Hewitt Women 's 9 : 59 0 : 37 31 : 16 0 : 29 18 : 27 1 : 00 : 48 13 Rebecca Spence 9 : 46 0 : 38 30 : 13 0 : 28 18 : 07 59 : 12 10 Nicole van der Kaay 9 : 46 0 : 34 30 : 15 0 : 27 17 : 29 58 : 31 7 Mixed Relay Athletes Event Total Times per Athlete ( Swim 250 m , Bike 7 km , Run 1.5 km ) Total Group Time Rank Nicole van der Kaay Ryan Sissons Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Mixed relay 20 : 14 18 : 53 21 : 11 19 : 10 1 : 19 : 28 03 ! Weightlifting ( edit ) Main article : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The NZOC announced twelve weightlifters to compete at the Games on 24 November 2017 . Nomination criteria : Men Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Ianne Guiñares -- 62 kg 116 145 261 7 Vester Villalon -- 69 kg 118 -- -- DNF Cameron McTaggart -- 77 kg 130 160 290 7 Richie Patterson -- 85 kg -- N / A DNF Stanislav Chalaev -- 105 kg 148 -- -- DNF David Liti + 105 kg 174 229 403 GR 01 ! Women Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Phillipa Patterson -- 53 kg 76 95 171 6 Alethea Boon -- 58 kg 81 100 181 5 Andrea Hams -- 69 kg 95 109 204 6 Bailey Rogers -- 75 kg 88 116 204 Tracey Lambrechs -- 90 kg 93 120 213 5 Laurel Hubbard + 90 kg 120 -- -- DNF Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games The seven - member wrestling team was announced on 21 February 2018 . Repechage format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Brahm Richards Men 's freestyle - 65 kg Bajrang ( IND ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Daniel ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Akash Khullar Men 's freestyle - 74 kg Marianne ( MRI ) W 4 -- 0 Evans ( AUS ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Toby Fitzpatrick Men 's freestyle - 86 kg Bye Eslami ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Sam Belkin Men 's freestyle - 97 kg Erasmus ( RSA ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Verreynne ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Steen ( CAN ) L 0 -- 4 Group stage format Athlete Event Group Stage Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Ana Moceyawa Women 's freestyle - 57 kg Schaefer ( CAN ) L 0 -- 5 Dhanda ( IND ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Nordic format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Tayla Ford Women 's freestyle - 62 kg Fazzari ( CAN ) L 1 -- 4 Etane Ngolle ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Adeniyi ( NGR ) L 0 -- 4 Malik ( IND ) L 1 -- 3 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sophie Pascoe named Commonwealth Games flag bearer '' . Radio New Zealand News . 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stacey Michelsen to lead NZ at closing ceremony '' . RNZ News . 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 70 Nations and Territories. 6 Continents. 2 Billion citizens . 1 commonwealth family '' . Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas on backburner for Sophie Pascoe as she targets Commonwealth Games success '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage Wellington swimmer Lewis Clareburt added to Commonwealth Games team '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Teenage divers added to New Zealand 's Commonwealth Games squad '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Valerie Adams leads NZ athletics team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 2 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robinson sole NZ track and field para-athlete for Gold Coast Games '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 November 2017 . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robertson brothers added to Commonwealth Games team '' . New Zealand Herald . 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sprinter Joseph Millar added to New Zealand Commonwealth Games team '' . Newshub. 23 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hakeai added to team for Gold Coast '' . Athletics New Zealand . 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 28 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ian ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` New Zealand runner Zane Robertson pulls out of Commonwealth Games on Gold Coast '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Badminton siblings to represent New Zealand at another Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff. 31 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mika Vukona eyes revenge as he leads strong Tall Blacks lineup to Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tall Ferns squad naming completes NZ Commonwealth Games team at 251 athletes '' . Stuff.co.nz. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TALL FERNS NAMED FOR COMMONWEALTH GAMES '' . Basketball New Zealand . Retrieved 31 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ women 's beach volleyballers named for Gold Coast '' . Bay of Plenty Times . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two more volleyball players added to Games team '' . Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : David Nyika headlines New Zealand 's boxing team for Gold Coast games '' . Newshub . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rowing great Hamish Bond part of New Zealand 's cycling team for Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cyclist added to Games team despite failed appeal '' . Radio New Zealand . 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Misha Koudinov heads five - strong New Zealand Commonwealth Games gymnastics team '' . 21 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.newshub.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` 15 - year - old duo called up to Commonwealth Games gymnastics squad '' . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 -- via www.nzherald.co.nz . Jump up ^ `` Arun Panchia to lead Black Sticks hockey team at third Commonwealth Games '' . Stuff.co.nz. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sticks Women name experienced 18 - strong squad for Commonwealth Games '' . TVNZ. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bowls : New Zealand team named for Commonwealth Games '' . New Zealand Herald . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Uganda to make Commonwealth Games netball debut at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dakin , Rebecca ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Competing nations announced for GC2018 Netball Competition '' . www.mygc.com.au/ . myGC . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Netball Federation : 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Silver Ferns name squad for Gold Coastnamed '' . Newhub. 8 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sevens : Commonwealth Games teams named '' . New Zealand Herald . 21 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Rooney spearheads NZ Gold Coast Commonwealth Games shooting team '' . Stuff.co.nz. 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Shooting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Joelle King and Paul Coll headline New Zealand 's tilt at squash glory in the Gold Coast '' . Newshub. 7 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triathlon : Commonwealth Games team named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodds added to Comm Games triathlon team '' . Radio New Zealand . 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two NZ weightlifters set to make history '' . Radio New Zealand . 24 November 2017 . Retrieved 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games nomination criteria -- Weightlifting '' ( PDF ) . New Zealand Olympic Committee . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Seven named in wrestling team for Gold Coast '' . News Zealand Herald . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . 2018 New Zealand Commonwealth Games team Athletics Valerie Adams Alana Barber Camille Buscomb Cameron French Siositina Hakeai Marshall Hall Ben Langton Burnell Brad Mathas Eliza McCartney Olivia McTaggart Joseph Millar Angie Petty Julia Ratcliffe Quentin Rew Jake Robertson Holly Robinson Nick Southgate Tom Walsh Badminton Oliver Leydon - Davis Susannah Leydon - Davis Basketball Tom Abercrombie Jessica Bygate Micaela Cocks Finn Delany Antonia Farnworth Deena Franklin Jordan Hunter Shea Ili Zara Jillings Jarrod Kenny Charlisse Leger - Walker Rob Loe Jordan Ngatai Chevannah Paalvast Alex Pledger Kalani Purcell Derone Raukawa Erin Rooney Ethan Rusbatch Tohi Smith - Milner Josie Stockill Natalie Taylor Reuben Te Rangi Mika Vukona Beach volleyball Ben O'Dea Sam O'Dea Shaunna Polley Kelsie Wills Boxing Tasmyn Benny Troy Garton Richard Hadlow Leroy Hindley Patrick Mailata David Nyika Alexis Pritchard Ryan Scaife Cycling Ellesse Andrews Shane Archbold Jack Bauer Hamish Bond Bryony Botha Rushlee Buchanan Jason Christie Anton Cooper Emma Cumming Eddie Dawkins Michaela Drummond Sam Gaze Regan Gough Jared Gray Natasha Hansen Kirstie James Dylan Kennett Nicholas Kergozou Bradly Knipe Sharlotte Lucas Hayden McCormick Kate McIlroy Ethan Mitchell Ben Oliver James Oram Olivia Podmore Tom Sexton Racquel Sheath Samara Sheppard Campbell Stewart Linda Villumsen Sam Webster Georgia Williams Zac Williams Diving Shaye Boddington Elizabeth Cui Anton Down - Jenkins Yu Qian Goh Liam Stone Gymnastics Stella Ashcroft David Bishop Ethan Dick Devy Dyson Stella Ebert Kyleab Ellis Misha Koudinov Hockey Corey Bennett Sam Charlton Marcus Child Tarryn Davey Frances Davies Madison Doar Shiloh Gloyn Ella Gunson Sam Harrison Pippa Hayward Hugo Inglis Stephen Jenness Richard Joyce Rose Keddell Dane Left Devon Manchester Shea McAleese Anita McLaren Olivia Merry Stacey Michelsen Harry Miskimmin George Muir Brooke Neal Dominic Newman Grace O'Hanlon Arun Panchia Jared Panchia Hayden Phillips Amy Robinson Nick Ross Kane Russell Sally Rutherford Aidan Sarikaya Kelsey Smith Liz Thompson Nic Woods Lawn bowls Peter Blick Mandy Boyd Tayla Bruce Sue Curran Jo Edwards Ali Forsyth Paul Girdler Katelyn Inch Shannon McIlroy Ann Muir Mike Nagy Mark Noble Blake Signal Val Smith David Stallard Bruce Wakefield Barry Wynks Netball Katrina Grant Maria Folau Ameliaranne Ekenasio Temalisi Fakahokotau Shannon Francois Kelly Jury Grace Kara Claire Kersten Bailey Mes Te Paea Selby - Rickit Michaela Sokolich - Beatson Samantha Sinclair Rugby sevens Kurt Baker Shakira Baker Michaela Blyde Kelly Brazier Gayle Broughton Dylan Collier Scott Curry Sam Dickson Theresa Fitzpatrick Sarah Goss Trael Joass Vilimoni Koroi Andrew Knewstubb Tim Mikkelson Sione Molia Etene Nanai - Seturo Tyla Nathan - Wong Alena Saili Ruby Tui Stacey Waaka Regan Ware Joe Webber Niall Williams Tenika Willison Portia Woodman Shooting Myles Browne - Cole Brian Carter Janet Hunt Sally Johnston Owen Robinson Natalie Rooney John Snowden Ryan Taylor Chloe Tipple Scott Wilson Ricky Zhao Squash Lance Beddoes Paul Coll Campbell Grayson Joelle King Amanda Landers - Murphy Zac Millar Evan Williams Swimming Chris Arbuthnott Bradlee Ashby Lewis Clareburt Carina Doyle Celyn Edwards Helena Gasson Bobbi Gichard Daniel Hunter Corey Main Georgia Marris Tupou Neiufi Sophie Pascoe Sam Perry Jesse Reynolds Bronagh Ryan Matthew Stanley Laticia - Leigh Transom Triathlon Tony Dodds Andrea Hewitt Tayler Reid Ryan Sissons Rebecca Spence Nicole van der Kaay Weightlifting Alethea Boon Stanislav Chalaev Ianne Guiñares Andrea Hams Laurel Hubbard Tracey Lambrechs David Liti Cameron McTaggart Phillipa Patterson Richie Patterson Bailey Rogers Vester Villalon Wrestling Sam Belkin Toby Fitzpatrick Tayla Ford Akash Khullar Ana Moceyawa Brahm Richards Chef de Mission : Rob Waddell New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 New Zealand hosted the games in 1950 , 1974 , and 1990 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=837106292 '' Categories : New Zealand at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in New Zealand sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 19 : 08 . About Wikipedia

how many gold medals did nz win in the 2018 commonwealth

New Zealand at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of New Zealand CGF code NZL CGA New Zealand Olympic Committee Website www.olympic.org.nz in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 251 in 17 sports Flag bearer ( opening ) Sophie Pascoe Flag bearer ( closing ) Stacey Michelsen Medals Ranked 5th Gold 15 Silver 16 Bronze 15 Total 46 Officials Rob Waddell ( chef de mission ) Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018

General Hospital cast members - Wikipedia General Hospital cast members Parts of this article ( those related to Recurring cast ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( October 2017 ) General Hospital is an American television soap opera , airing on ABC . Created by Frank and Doris Hursley , the serial premiered on April 1 , 1963 . The longest - running cast member is Leslie Charleson , who has portrayed Dr. Monica Quartermaine since August 17 , 1977 , also making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Former cast member Rachel Ames was previously the series ' longest - running cast member , portraying Audrey Hardy from 1964 to 2007 , and making guest appearances in 2009 and 2013 , the latter for the series ' fiftieth anniversary . Ames made a special appearance on October 30 , 2015 . Actors Genie Francis and Kin Shriner , who portray Laura Spencer and Scott Baldwin , are the second and third longest - running cast members , having joined General Hospital in February and August 1977 , respectively . Actress Jacklyn Zeman -- who portrays Bobbie Spencer -- is the fourth longest - running cast member , joining the serial in December 1977 . Actress Jane Elliot , who joined the serial in June 1978 as Tracy Quartermaine , is the fifth longest - running cast member , joining General Hospital in June 1978 until her departure in May 2017 . Former cast member Anthony Geary , who portrayed Luke Spencer , was the sixth longest - running cast member , having joined General Hospital in November 1978 . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series . Contents 1 Current cast members 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Debuting 2.2 Departing 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citations 5 External links Current cast members Main cast Actor Character Duration Maurice Benard Sonny Corinthos 1993 -- Tamara Braun Carly Corinthos 2001 -- 05 , 2014 Kim Nero 2017 -- Steve Burton Jason Morgan 1991 -- 2012 , 2017 -- Matt Cohen Griffin Munro 2016 -- William deVry Julian Jerome 2013 -- Chad Duell Michael Corinthos 2010 -- Michael Easton John McBain 2012 -- 13 Stephen Clay 2013 Silas Clay 2013 -- 15 Hamilton Finn 2016 -- Hayley Erin Kiki Jerome 2015 -- Genie Francis Laura Spencer Collins 1977 -- 84 , 1993 -- 2002 , 2006 , 2008 , 2013 , 2015 -- Nancy Lee Grahn Alexis Davis 1996 -- Elizabeth Hendrickson Margaux Dawson 2018 -- Rebecca Herbst Elizabeth Webber 1997 -- Jessie Brewer 2015 Roger Howarth Todd Manning 2012 -- 13 Franco Baldwin 2013 -- Finola Hughes Anna Devane 1985 -- 91 , 1995 , 2006 -- 08 , 2012 -- Liesl Obrecht 2013 Alex Devane 2017 Lisa LoCicero Olivia Falconeri 2008 -- Eden McCoy Josslyn Jacks 2015 -- Billy Miller Jason Morgan 2014 -- 17 Andrew Cain 2017 -- Kelly Monaco Sam McCall 2003 -- Alicia Montenegro 2005 Emme Rylan Lulu Spencer Falconeri 2013 -- Michelle Stafford Nina Reeves 2014 -- Kirsten Storms Maxie Jones 2005 -- B.J. Jones 2009 Donnell Turner Curtis Ashford 2015 -- Maura West Ava Jerome 2013 -- Laura Wright Carly Corinthos 2005 -- Lena Spencer 2015 Recurring cast Actor Character Duration Lexi Ainsworth Kristina Davis 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- Bradford Anderson Damian Spinelli 2006 -- Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford 2014 -- Patricia Bethune Nurse Mary Pat 2018 -- Casey Biggs Chad Wainwright Dr. Lasaris 2018 -- Sally Brown James West 2018 -- Ryan Carnes Lucas Jones 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- Phil Brewer 2015 Leslie Charleson Monica Quartermaine 1977 -- Derk Cheetwood Max Giambetti 2002 -- Drew Cheetwood Milo Giambetti 2006 -- Patrick Cox Rupert Watson 2018 -- Celesta DeAstis Avery Jerome 2018 Francesca Cavallo 2018 -- James DePaiva David Bensch 2017 -- Risa Dorken Amy Driscoll 2016 -- Sonya Eddy Epiphany Johnson 2006 -- Scarlett Fernandez Charlotte Cassadine 2016 -- Lily Fisher Georgie Spinelli 2017 -- Max Gail Mike Corbin 2018 -- Leif Gantvoort Carson 2018 -- Kathleen Gati Liesl Obrecht 2012 -- Carla Hall Cook II 2018 -- Nathaniel Harris Sergeant Robinson 2006 -- Carolyn Hennesy Diane Miller 2007 -- Lynn Herring Lucy Coe 1986 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2012 -- Cassandra James Terry Randolph 2018 -- Verity Jann Leo Falconeri 2015 -- Wally Kurth Ned Ashton 1991 -- 2007 , 2012 -- Jon Lindstrom Ryan Chamberlain 1992 -- 95 , 2018 -- Kevin Collins 1993 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2013 -- William Lipton Cameron Spencer 2018 -- Christine Lozano Christi Limg 2012 -- Kimberly McCullough Robin Scorpio - Drake 1985 -- 2000 , 2004 -- Donna Mills Madeline Reeves 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- O'Neill Monahan Rocco Falconeri 2017 -- Anthony Montgomery Aaron 2011 Andre Maddox 2015 -- Haley Pullos Molly Lansing 2009 -- Wes Ramsey Peter August 2017 -- James Read Gregory Chase 2018 -- Tequan Richmond TJ Ashford 2012 -- Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio 1980 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 16 , 2018 -- Marc Anthony Samuel Felix DuBois 2012 -- Brytni Sarpy Valerie Spencer 2015 -- Owen Saxon Carson 's henchman 2018 -- Ava & Grace Scarola Avery Jerome 2014 -- Brooklyn Rae Silzer Emma Drake 2011 -- Parry Shen Brad Cooper 2013 -- Kin Shriner Scott Baldwin 1977 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- Suanne Spoke Rita Ferlito 2017 -- Garren Stitt Oscar Nero 2017 -- Deborah Strang Betsy Frank 2017 -- James Patrick Stuart Valentin Cassadine 2016 -- Josh Swickard Harrison Chase 2018 -- Jessica Tuck Cassandra Pierce 2017 -- Chris Van Etten Chet Driscoll 2017 -- Kristina Wagner Felicia Scorpio 1984 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- Robert Palmer Watkins Dillon Quartermaine 2015 -- Vernee Watson - Johnson Stella Henries 2017 -- TK Weaver Danny Morgan 2016 -- Hudson West Jake Spencer 2016 -- John J. York Mac Scorpio 1991 -- James Meadows 1997 -- 98 Jacklyn Zeman Bobbie Spencer 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 -- Cast changes Debuting Actor Character Date Ref . Briana Nicole Henry Jordan Ashford September 2018 Departing Actor Character Date Ref . Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford TBA 2018 Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio See also List of previous General Hospital cast members List of General Hospital characters References Citations Jump up ^ `` Character Monica Quartermaine Biography '' . General Hospital . United States : ABC Daytime . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 17 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rachel Ames to appear on GH '' . About.com . New York City : IAC . October 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Well , Hello , Audrey ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Publications . 19 ( 45 ) : 11 . November 9 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch , Lynda ( February 21 , 1977 ) . `` Frank Plans To Divorce Nancy ; Mac Moves Back With Rachel '' . The Soaps . Toledo Blade . Toledo , Ohio : Block Communications . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hart , Marla ( March 10 , 1993 ) . `` Seeing ` General Hospital ' Through Good Times And Ill '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago : tronc , inc . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Jackie Zeman headed back to General Hospital '' . SoapCentral . United States : Soap Central Live . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reed , Jon - Michael ( June 14 , 1978 ) . `` ' Cliff Hangers ' Keeping Viewers Tuned In '' . Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida : New Media Investment Group . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Set to Leave General Hospital '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jane Elliot Leaving GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` GH ANNOUNCES JANE ELLIOT 'S FINAL AIRDATE '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ West , Abby ( March 31 , 2008 ) . `` Tony Geary Reflects on 30 Years of GH '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York City : EW.com . Time Inc . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital brings back Genie Francis '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Genie Francis Set For Return To ABC 's ' General Hospital ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maloney , Michael ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Laura Returns ! Genie Francis Is Checking Back Into General Hospital '' . TV Insider . United States : TVGM Holdings , LLC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Eden McCoy Put on Contract at General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` Nurse Mary Pat on GENERAL HOSPITAL -- Everything You Need to Know ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( June 14 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital casts Patricia Bethune of ' True Blood ' as Nurse Mary Pat '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` Everything You Need to Know About Dr. Lasiris on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cushman , Dustin ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Casting Calls , Auditions & Dayplayer Roles '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` GH BABY NEWS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Who Is Nurse Francesca on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? - Meet Celesta DeAstis ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Who Plays Georgie on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Lily Fisher ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Brings Back Sonny 's Dad -- Find Out Who 's Playing Him '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 9 , 2018 ) . `` That 's Leif Gantvoort as the Villain Holding Anna and Finn Captive on GENERAL HOSPITAL '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Leif Gantvoort joins General Hospital '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Chew 's Carla Hall Guests On GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Comings & Goings '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Cassandra James Joins ' General Hospital ' as Liz 's Old Friend '' . We Love Soaps . United State : Blogger . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushman , Dustin ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Liz Is Shocked Her Childhood Boyfriend Terry Is Now a Woman '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` Jon Lindstrom guests on ' Dishing With Digest Podcast ' '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital welcomes back Donna Mills '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Recast : O'Neill Monahan in as General Hospital 's Rocco '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Montgomery Joins ' General Hospital ' as Dr. Andre Maddox '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH as Finn and Chase 's Dad '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` James Read to GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( August 8 , 2018 ) . `` Who Kidnapped Anna on GENERAL HOSPITAL ? -- Meet Owen Saxon '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` GH Taps New Oscar '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL COMINGS & GOINGS '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Who Plays Curtis ' Aunt Stella on General Hospital ? -- Meet Vernee Watson ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` GENERAL HOSPITAL 's TK Weaver Makes an Unexpected Connection With Fellow Child Star Nicolas Bechtel ! '' . ABC Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows . `` John Joseph Robert York '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive : GH Hires New Jordan ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2018 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` General Hospital Has Found Their New Jordan '' . Michael Fairman TV . United States : The Michael Fairman Company . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( July 16 , 2018 ) . `` Vinessa Antoine Off GH ; Jordan to be Recast '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 21 , 2018 ) . `` Tristan Rogers Wraps at GH '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 21 , 2018 . External links SoapCentral.com GH `` Comings and Goings '' IMDb.com `` Full Cast and Crew for General Hospital '' General Hospital Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew Frank and Doris Hursley Frank Valentini Shelly Altman Chris Van Etten Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy / Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio / Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles ( spin - off ) Night Shift ( spin - off ) What If ... Port Charles ( setting ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Peter August Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Drew Cain Scout Cain Charlotte Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Lucy Coe Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Mike Corbin Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Scorpio Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Andre Maddox Sam McCall Diane Miller Danny Morgan Jason Morgan Griffin Munro Oscar Nero Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Ned Quartermaine Nina Reeves Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Cameron Webber Elizabeth Webber Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Nelle Benson Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Kristina Davis Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Levi Dunkleman Dante Falconeri Nora Hanen Buchanan Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Ric Lansing Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Robert Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Holly Sutton - Scorpio Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Heather Webber Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Hospital_cast_members&oldid=856928529 '' Categories : General Hospital Lists of actors by soap opera television series Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles in need of updating from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 12 : 54 ( UTC ) . 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who is the actor playing terry on general hospital

Actor Character Duration Lexi Ainsworth Kristina Davis 2009 -- 11 , 2015 -- Bradford Anderson Damian Spinelli 2006 -- Vinessa Antoine Jordan Ashford 2014 -- Patricia Bethune Nurse Mary Pat 2018 -- Casey Biggs Chad Wainwright Dr. Lasaris 2018 -- Sally Brown James West 2018 -- Ryan Carnes Lucas Jones 2004 -- 05 , 2014 -- Phil Brewer 2015 Leslie Charleson Monica Quartermaine 1977 -- Derk Cheetwood Max Giambetti 2002 -- Drew Cheetwood Milo Giambetti 2006 -- Patrick Cox Rupert Watson 2018 -- Celesta DeAstis Avery Jerome 2018 Francesca Cavallo 2018 -- James DePaiva David Bensch 2017 -- Risa Dorken Amy Driscoll 2016 -- Sonya Eddy Epiphany Johnson 2006 -- Scarlett Fernandez Charlotte Cassadine 2016 -- Lily Fisher Georgie Spinelli 2017 -- Max Gail Mike Corbin 2018 -- Leif Gantvoort Carson 2018 -- Kathleen Gati Liesl Obrecht 2012 -- Carla Hall Cook II 2018 -- Nathaniel Harris Sergeant Robinson 2006 -- Carolyn Hennesy Diane Miller 2007 -- Lynn Herring Lucy Coe 1986 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2012 -- Cassandra James Terry Randolph 2018 -- Verity Jann Leo Falconeri 2015 -- Wally Kurth Ned Ashton 1991 -- 2007 , 2012 -- Jon Lindstrom Ryan Chamberlain 1992 -- 95 , 2018 -- Kevin Collins 1993 -- 2001 , 2004 , 2013 -- William Lipton Cameron Spencer 2018 -- Christine Lozano Christi Limg 2012 -- Kimberly McCullough Robin Scorpio - Drake 1985 -- 2000 , 2004 -- Donna Mills Madeline Reeves 2014 -- 15 , 2018 -- O'Neill Monahan Rocco Falconeri 2017 -- Anthony Montgomery Aaron 2011 Andre Maddox 2015 -- Haley Pullos Molly Lansing 2009 -- Wes Ramsey Peter August 2017 -- James Read Gregory Chase 2018 -- Tequan Richmond TJ Ashford 2012 -- Tristan Rogers Robert Scorpio 1980 -- 92 , 1995 , 2006 , 2008 , 2012 -- 16 , 2018 -- Marc Anthony Samuel Felix DuBois 2012 -- Brytni Sarpy Valerie Spencer 2015 -- Owen Saxon Carson 's henchman 2018 -- Ava & Grace Scarola Avery Jerome 2014 -- Brooklyn Rae Silzer Emma Drake 2011 -- Parry Shen Brad Cooper 2013 -- Kin Shriner Scott Baldwin 1977 -- 83 , 1987 -- 93 , 1998 , 2000 -- 04 , 2007 -- 08 , 2013 -- Suanne Spoke Rita Ferlito 2017 -- Garren Stitt Oscar Nero 2017 -- Deborah Strang Betsy Frank 2017 -- James Patrick Stuart Valentin Cassadine 2016 -- Josh Swickard Harrison Chase 2018 -- Jessica Tuck Cassandra Pierce 2017 -- Chris Van Etten Chet Driscoll 2017 -- Kristina Wagner Felicia Scorpio 1984 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- Robert Palmer Watkins Dillon Quartermaine 2015 -- Vernee Watson - Johnson Stella Henries 2017 -- TK Weaver Danny Morgan 2016 -- Hudson West Jake Spencer 2016 -- John J. York Mac Scorpio 1991 -- James Meadows 1997 -- 98 Jacklyn Zeman Bobbie Spencer 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 --

Government of Australia - wikipedia Government of Australia This article describes the federal government of Australia . For a description of other jurisdictions , politics and political institutions , see Politics of Australia . Government of the Commonwealth of Australia Appointer Governor - General Australia This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Australia Constitution ( show ) Constitution of Australia Statute of Westminster Adoption Act Australia Act The Crown ( show ) Monarch : Elizabeth II Governor - General : Sir Peter Cosgrove Executive ( show ) Prime Minister : Scott Morrison Deputy Prime Minister : Michael McCormack Federal Executive Council Ministry Current ( 71st ) Cabinet Legislature ( show ) Parliament Senate President : Scott Ryan House of Representatives Speaker : Tony Smith Opposition Leader : Bill Shorten Shadow Ministry Judiciary ( show ) High Court Lower Courts Laws of Australia Elections ( show ) Federal electoral system Electoral divisions Political parties Recent elections Federal : 2016 2013 Federal by - elections Referendums States and territories ( show ) Governors and Administrators Premiers and Chief Ministers Parliaments and Assemblies State courts State electoral systems Local government ( show ) NSW Vic Qld WA SA Tas NT Related topics ( show ) Regions Foreign relations Defence Force Public holidays Republicanism Other countries Atlas The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia ( also referred to as the Australian Government , the Commonwealth Government , the Federal Government , and formally Her Majesty 's Government ) is the government of the Commonwealth of Australia , a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy . The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self - governing British colonies , which became the six states . The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution , which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums . The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor - General of Australia , with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government , the Prime Minister of Australia . The Government of the Commonwealth of Australia is divided into the executive branch , composed of the Federal Executive Council presided by the Governor - General , which delegates powers to the Cabinet of Australia led by the Prime Minister , the legislative branch composed of the Parliament of Australia 's House of Representatives and Senate , and the judicial branch composed of the High Court of Australia and federal courts . Separation of powers is implied by the structure of the Constitution , the three branches of government being set out in separate chapters ( chapters I to III ) . The Australian system of government combines elements of the Westminster and Washington systems with unique Australian characteristics , and has been characterised as a `` Washminster mutation '' . Contents 1 Structure 2 Legislature 3 Executive 3.1 Head of state 3.2 Executive Council 3.3 Cabinet 3.4 Departments 4 Judiciary 5 Publicly owned entities 5.1 Corporations prescribed by acts of parliament 5.2 Government Business Enterprises 5.3 Other public non-financial corporations 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Footnotes 7.2 Citations 8 External links Structure ( edit ) The three branches of the federal government of Australia The legislature : Parliament House in Canberra , the seat of the Federal Parliament The Executive : Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull ( left ) representing the Federal Executive Council , and Governor - General Peter Cosgrove ( right ) who by convention follows the Council 's advice The judiciary : The High Court of Australia , the nation 's highest court Section 1 of the Australian Constitution creates a democratic legislature , the bicameral Parliament of Australia which consists of the Queen of Australia , and two houses of parliament , the Senate and the House of Representatives . Section 51 of the Constitution provides for the Commonwealth Government 's legislative powers and allocates certain powers and responsibilities ( known as `` heads of power '' ) to the Commonwealth government . All remaining responsibilities are retained by the six States ( previously separate colonies ) . Further , each State has its own constitution , so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments , none of which can encroach on the functions of any other . The High Court of Australia arbitrates on any disputes which arise between the Commonwealth and the States , or among the States , concerning their respective functions . The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution . To become effective , the proposals must be put to a referendum of all Australians of voting age , and must receive a `` double majority '' : a majority of all votes , and a majority of votes in a majority of States . The Commonwealth Constitution also provides that the States can agree to refer any of their powers to the Commonwealth . This may be achieved by way of an amendment to the Constitution via referendum ( a vote on whether the proposed transfer of power from the States to the Commonwealth , or vice versa , should be implemented ) . More commonly powers may be transferred by passing other acts of legislation which authorise the transfer and such acts require the legislative agreement of all the state governments involved . This `` transfer '' legislation may have a `` sunset clause '' , a legislative provision that nullifies the transfer of power after a specified period , at which point the original division of power is restored . In addition , Australia has several `` territories '' , two of which are self - governing : the Australian Capital Territory ( ACT ) and the Northern Territory ( NT ) . These territories ' legislatures , their Assemblies , exercise powers devolved to them by the Commonwealth ; the Commonwealth Parliament remains able to override their legislation and to alter their powers . Australian citizens in these territories are represented by members of both houses of the Commonwealth Parliament . The territory of Norfolk Island was self - governing from 1979 until 2016 , although it was never represented as such in the Commonwealth Parliament . The other territories that are regularly inhabited -- Jervis Bay , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands -- have never been self - governing . The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the Parliament of Australia were the subject of protracted negotiations among the colonies during the drafting of the Constitution . The House of Representatives is elected on a basis that reflects the differing populations of the States . Thus New South Wales has 48 members while Tasmania has only five . But the Senate is elected on a basis of equality among the States : all States elect 12 Senators , regardless of population . This was intended to allow the Senators of the smaller States to form a majority and thus be able to amend or reject bills originating in the House of Representatives . The ACT and the NT each elect two Senators . The third level of government after Commonwealth and State / Territory is Local government , in the form of shires , towns and cities . The Councils of these areas are composed of elected representatives ( known as either councillor or alderman , depending on the State ) , usually serving part - time . Their powers are devolved to them by the State or Territory in which they are located . Government at the Commonwealth level and the State / Territory level is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government : Legislature : The Commonwealth Parliament Executive : The Sovereign of Australia , whose executive power is exercisable by the Governor - General , the Prime Minister , Ministers and their Departments Judiciary : The High Court of Australia and subsidiary Federal courts . The Separation of powers is the principle whereby the three arms of government undertake their activities largely separately from each other : the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills , and provides a legislative framework for the operations of the other two arms ; the sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament , but takes no active role in these matters , except that ( representing the sovereign ) Governors - General , State Governors and Territory Administrators sign enactments into law through providing Royal Assent the Executive administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law , applying both statute law and the common law ; the Australian courts can not give an advisory opinion on the constitutionality of a law , but the High Court of Australia can determine whether an existing law is constitutional the Judiciary is appointed by the sovereign 's representatives , on the advice of the Commonwealth or State / Territory government ; but the Legislature and the Executive should not try to influence its decisions . Until the passage of the Australia Act 1986 , and associated legislation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , some Australian cases could be referred to the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council for final appeal . With this act , Australian law was made unequivocally sovereign , and the High Court of Australia was confirmed as the highest court of appeal . The theoretical possibility of the British Parliament enacting laws to override the Australian Constitution was also removed . Legislature ( edit ) Main article : Parliament of Australia The Australian Senate chamber The Australian House of Representatives chamber The Legislature makes the laws , and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws when appropriate . The Australian Parliament is bicameral , consisting of the Queen of Australia , a 76 - member Senate and a 150 - member House of Representatives . Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six - year terms , using proportional representation and the single transferable vote ( known in Australia as `` quota - preferential voting '' : see Australian electoral system ) , with half elected every three years . In addition to the state Senators , two senators are elected by voters from the Northern Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Indian Ocean Territories , Christmas Island and the Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ) , while another two senators are elected by the voters of the Australian Capital Territory ( which for this purpose includes the Jervis Bay Territory ) . Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting , but their term of office is not fixed ; it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends on the day before the next such election . The members of the House of Representatives are elected by majority - preferential voting using the non-proportional Instant - runoff voting system from single - member constituencies allocated among the states and territories . In ordinary legislation , the two chambers have co-ordinate powers , but all proposals for appropriating revenue or imposing taxes must be introduced in the House of Representatives . Under the prevailing Westminster system , the leader of the political party or coalition of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is invited to form a government and is named Prime Minister . The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament , of which they must , in most circumstances , be members . General elections are held at least once every three years . The Prime Minister has a discretion to advise the Governor - General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time , but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods prescribed in the Constitution . The most recent general election was on 2 July 2016 . The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures operate within the conventions of the Westminster system , with a recognised Leader of the Opposition , usually the leader of the largest party outside the government , and a Shadow Cabinet of Opposition members who `` shadow '' each member of the Ministry , asking questions on matters within the Minister 's portfolio . Although the Government , by virtue of commanding a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature , can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house , the Opposition can considerably delay the passage of legislation and obstruct government business if it chooses . The day - to - day business of the House of Representatives is usually negotiated between the Leader of the House , appointed by the Prime Minister , and the Manager of Opposition Business in the House , appointed by the Leader of the Opposition in the Commonwealth parliament , currently Bill Shorten . Executive ( edit ) Head of state ( edit ) Main articles : Monarchy of Australia and Governor - General of Australia The Australian Constitution dates from 1901 , when the Dominions of the British Empire were not sovereign states , and does not use the term `` head of state '' . As Australia is a constitutional monarchy , government and academic sources describe the Queen as head of state . In practice , the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people , the Queen of Australia and the Governor - General of Australia , who is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister of Australia . Though in many respects the Governor - General is the Queen 's representative , and exercises various constitutional powers in her name , they independently exercise many important powers in their own right . The governor - general represents Australia internationally , making and receiving state visits . Government House , Canberra The Sovereign of Australia , currently Queen Elizabeth II , is also the Sovereign of fifteen other Commonwealth realms including the United Kingdom . Like the other Dominions , Australia gained legislative independence from the Parliament of the United Kingdom by virtue of the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which was adopted in Australia in 1942 with retrospective effect from 3 September 1939 . By the Royal Style and Titles Act 1953 , the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title Queen of Australia , and in 1973 titles with any reference to her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and Defender of the Faith as well were removed , making her Queen of Australia . Section 61 of the Constitution provides that ' The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor ‐ General as the Queen 's representative , and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution , and of the laws of the Commonwealth ' . Section 2 of the Australian Constitution provides that a Governor - General shall represent the Queen in Australia . In practice , the Governor - General carries out all the functions usually performed by a head of state , without reference to the Queen . Under the conventions of the Westminster system the Governor - General 's powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers . The Governor - General retains reserve powers similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom . These are rarely exercised , but during the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975 Governor - General Sir John Kerr used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister . Australia has periodically experienced movements seeking to end the monarchy . In a 1999 referendum , the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution . The proposal would have removed references to the Queen from the Constitution and replaced the Governor - General with a President nominated by the Prime Minister , but subject to the approval of a two - thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament . The proposal was defeated . The Australian Republican Movement continues to campaign for an end to the monarchy in Australia , opposed by Australians for Constitutional Monarchy and Australian Monarchist League . Further information : Constitutional history of Australia , Australian republicanism , and Australian head of state dispute Executive Council ( edit ) Main article : Federal Executive Council ( Australia ) The Federal Executive Council is a formal body which exists and meets to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet , and to carry out various other functions . All Ministers are members of the Executive Council and are entitled to be styled `` The Honourable '' , a title which they retain for life . The Governor - General usually presides at Council meetings , but in his or her absence another Minister nominated as the Vice-President of the Executive Council presides at the meeting of the Council . Since 20 December 2017 , the Vice-President of the Federal Executive Council has been Senator Mathias Cormann . There are times when the government acts in a `` caretaker '' capacity , principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election . Cabinet ( edit ) Main articles : Cabinet of Australia and List of Australian Ministers The Cabinet of Australia is the council of senior Ministers of the Crown , responsible to the Federal Parliament . The ministers are appointed by the Governor - General , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who serve at the former 's pleasure . Cabinet meetings are strictly private and occur once a week where vital issues are discussed and policy formulated . Outside the cabinet there is an outer ministry and also a number of junior ministers , called Parliamentary secretaries , responsible for a specific policy area and reporting directly to a senior Cabinet minister . The Constitution of Australia does not recognise the Cabinet as a legal entity ; it exists solely by convention . Its decisions do not in and of themselves have legal force . However , it serves as the practical expression of the Federal Executive Council , which is Australia 's highest formal governmental body . In practice , the Federal Executive Council meets solely to endorse and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet . All members of the Cabinet are members of the Executive Council . While the Governor - General is nominal presiding officer , he almost never attends Executive Council meetings . A senior member of the Cabinet holds the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council and acts as presiding officer of the Executive Council in the absence of the Governor - General . Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet . The growth of the ministry in the 1940s and 1950s made this increasingly impractical , and in 1956 Robert Menzies created a two - tier ministry , with only senior ministers holding Cabinet rank , also known within parliament as the front bench . This practice has been continued by all governments except the Whitlam Government . When the non-Labor parties are in power , the Prime Minister makes all Cabinet and ministerial appointments at their own discretion , although in practice they consult with senior colleagues in making appointments . When the Liberal Party and its predecessors ( the Nationalist Party and the United Australia Party ) have been in coalition with the National Party or its predecessor the Country Party , the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right to nominate their party 's members of the Coalition ministry , and to be consulted by the Prime Minister on the allocation of their portfolios . When the Labor first held office under Chris Watson , Watson assumed the right to choose members of his Cabinet . In 1907 , however , the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party , the Caucus , and the Prime Minister would retain the right to allocate portfolios . This practice was followed until 2007 . Between 1907 and 2007 , Labor Prime Ministers exercised a predominant influence over who was elected to Labor ministries , although the leaders of the party factions also exercised considerable influence . Prior to the 2007 general election , the then Leader of the Opposition , Kevin Rudd , said that he and he alone would choose the ministry should he become Prime Minister . His party won the election and he chose the ministry , as he said he would . The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in state capitals , most frequently Sydney and Melbourne . Kevin Rudd was in favour of the Cabinet meeting in other places , such as major regional cities . There are Commonwealth Parliament Offices in each State Capital , with those in Sydney located in Phillip Street . Departments ( edit ) There are 18 departments of the Australian Government . Attorney - General 's Department Department of Agriculture and Water Resources Department of Communications and the Arts Department of Defence Department of Education and Training Department of Employment Department of the Environment and Energy Department of Finance Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Department of Health Department of Home Affairs Department of Human Services Department of Industry , Innovation and Science Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Department of Social Services Department of the Treasury Department of Veterans ' Affairs Judiciary ( edit ) Main article : Australian court hierarchy Courtroom 1 in the High Court in Canberra . As a federation , in Australia judicial power is exercised by both federal and state courts . Federal judicial power is vested in the High Court of Australia and such other federal courts created by the Federal Parliament , including the Federal Court of Australia , the Family Court of Australia , and the Federal Circuit Court of Australia . Additionally , unlike in the United States , the federal legislature has the power to enact laws which vest federal jurisdiction in State courts . Since the Australian Constitution requires a separation of powers at the federal level , only courts may exercise federal judicial power ; and conversely , non-judicial functions can not be vested in courts . State judicial power is exercised by each State 's Supreme Court , and such other courts and tribunals created by the State Parliaments . The High Court is the final court of appeal in Australia and has the jurisdiction to hear appeals on matters of both federal and state law . It has both original and appellate jurisdiction , the power of judicial review over laws passed by federal and State parliaments , and has jurisdiction to interpret the Constitution of Australia . Unlike in the United States , there is only one common law of Australia , rather than separate common laws for each State . Publicly owned entities ( edit ) Corporations prescribed by acts of Parliament ( edit ) The following corporations are prescribed by Acts of Parliament : Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ) Special Broadcasting Service ( Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ) Government business Enterprises ( edit ) The following corporate Commonwealth entities are prescribed as Government Business Enterprises ( GBEs ) by section 5 ( 1 ) of the Public Governance , Performance and Accountability ( PGPA ) Rule : Australian Postal Corporation ( `` Australia Post '' ) Defence Housing Australia The following Commonwealth companies are prescribed as GBEs by section 5 ( 2 ) of the PGPA Rule : ASC Pty Ltd Australian Rail Track Corporation Limited Moorebank Intermodal Company Limited ( ACN 161 635 105 ) NBN Co Limited ( ACN 136 533 741 ) Other public non-financial corporations ( edit ) Airservices Australia Snowy Hydro Limited See also ( edit ) Australian federal budget Australian Public Service Referendums in Australia ( and non-binding plebiscites ) Second Turnbull Ministry References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Prior to 1931 , the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King , with dominion ministers , if they met the King at all , escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister . After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as His ministers as of right , equal in Commonwealth status to Britain 's ministers , meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for , or an acceptance of , the presence of British ministers . The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the Irish Free State . Australia and other dominions soon followed . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ House of Representatives , The Australian System of Government ( PDF ) , Australian Government Publishing Service , p. 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 March 2011 , retrieved 10 March 2011 Jump up ^ `` History and Culture : Quick Answers '' . Parliamentary Education Office . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Protocol > Protocol guidelines > The Australian Government '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Australian Public Service Commission . `` About the Commission > The Australian experience of public sector reform > The Constitutional and Government framework '' . Australian Government Publishing Service . Archived from the original on 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Citizenship -- Our Common Bond '' ( PDF ) . Department of Immigration and Citizenship . August 2012 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Elaine ( 1980 ) . `` The `` Washminster '' Mutation `` . Australian Journal of Political Science . 15 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Australia Act 1986 '' . Office of Legislative Drafting , Attorney - General 's Department . Commonwealth of Australia . Jump up ^ `` Australia : Replacing Plurality Rule with Majority - Preferential Voting '' . Palgrave Macmillan Ltd . Jump up ^ `` The first Parliament : Developments in the Parliament of Australia '' . Parliamentary Education Office of the Government of Australia . Jump up ^ The Constitution ( 2012 ) Overview by the Attorney - General 's Department and Australian Government Solicitor ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Governor - General 's Role '' . Office of the Governor - General . 20 July 2015 . Retrieved 1 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Worsley , Ben ( 11 September 2007 ) . `` Rudd seizes power from factions '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ `` Cutting bureaucracy wo n't hurt services : Rudd '' . News Online . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 28 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . archive.org. 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.pmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/files/renamed_depts-21_Sept_2015.pdf Jump up ^ `` List of departments and agencies '' . Australian Government . Archived from the original on 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Robert French , ' Two Chapters about Judicial Power ' , speech given at the Peter Nygh Memorial Lecture , 15 October 2012 , Hobart , p 3 . Jump up ^ R v Kirby ; Ex parte Boilermakers ' Society of Australia ( 1956 ) 94 CLR 254 . Jump up ^ Lange v Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( 1997 ) 189 CLR 520 at 563 . Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983 ' ( 2 ) ' Jump up ^ Federal Register of Legislation - Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991 ' ( 3 ) ' ^ Jump up to : Australian Government - Current Government Business Enterprises ' ( 4 ) ' External links ( edit ) Library resources about Government of Australia Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Australian Federal Government Government of Australia States New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Territories Australian Capital Territory Jervis Bay Territory Northern Territory External territories Ashmore and Cartier Islands Australian Antarctic Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Coral Sea Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands Norfolk Island Governments of Australia Barton Deakin I Watson Reid Deakin II Fisher I Deakin III Fisher II Cook Fisher III Hughes Bruce Scullin Lyons Menzies I Fadden Curtin Chifley Menzies II Holt Gorton McMahon Whitlam Fraser Hawke Keating Howard Rudd I Gillard Rudd II Abbott Turnbull Morrison Governments of Oceania Sovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated states of New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependencies and other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna Australia articles History Timeline Bibliography Prehistory Archaeology European Exploration Territorial evolution 1788 -- 1850 1851 -- 1900 1901 -- 1945 Since 1945 By topic Constitutional Diplomatic Economic Federation Immigration Indigenous Military Monarchy Railway Geography Climate Continent Deserts Environment issues Earthquakes Flora Fauna Forests Geology Islands Mountains Regions Protected areas Rivers Subdivisions States and territories Capitals Cities Politics Constitution Courts Elections Donations Electoral system Parties Federal budget Foreign relations Government Governor - General Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Intelligence and security Law Constitution Judiciary Enforcement Military Monarchy National debt Parliament Public Service Women Government leaders Government ministers Economy Agriculture Dollar ( currency ) Energy Gross state product Home ownership Public housing Household income Manufacturing Media Mining Poverty Reserve Bank Stock Exchange Superannuation Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Welfare system Society Crime Demographics Education Ethnic groups Health care Homelessness Immigration Languages Religion Women Culture Architecture Art Arts Australian English Cinema Cuisine Dance Literature Music Public holidays Radio Sport Symbols Television Theatre Outline Index Book Portal Departments of the Australian Government Australian Government Agriculture and Water Resources Attorney - General 's Communications and the Arts Defence Education and Training Jobs and Small Business Environment and Energy Finance Foreign Affairs and Trade Health Home Affairs Human Services Infrastructure , Regional Development and Cities Industry , Innovation and Science Prime Minister and Cabinet Social Services Treasury Veterans ' Affairs List of Australian government entities Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Australia&oldid=856920345 '' Categories : Government of Australia Westminster system governments Hidden categories : EngvarB from July 2016 Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Português Русский Simple English 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 33 ( UTC ) . 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The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 as a result of an agreement among six self - governing British colonies , which became the six states . The terms of this contract are embodied in the Australian Constitution , which was drawn up at a Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of the colonies at referendums . The Australian head of state is the Queen of Australia who is represented by the Governor - General of Australia , with executive powers delegated by constitutional convention to the Australian head of government , the Prime Minister of Australia .

National food security Act , 2013 - Wikipedia National food security Act , 2013 Jump to : navigation , search National Food Security Act , 2013 Food security and insecurity in India Enacted by Parliament of India Date signed 12 September 2013 Status : In force The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( also Right to Food Act ) is an Act of the Parliament of India which aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India 's 1.2 billion people . It was signed into law on 12 September 2013 , retroactive to 5 July 2013 . The National Food Security Act , 2013 ( NFSA 2013 ) converts into legal entitlements for existing food security programmes of the Government of India . It includes the Midday Meal Scheme , Integrated Child Development Services scheme and the Public Distribution System . Further , the NFSA 2013 recognizes maternity entitlements . The Midday Meal Scheme and the Integrated Child Development Services Scheme are universal in nature whereas the PDS will reach about two - thirds of the population ( 75 % in rural areas and 50 % in urban areas ) . Under the provisions of the bill , beneficiaries of the Public Distribution System ( or , PDS ) are entitled to 5 kilograms ( 11 lb ) per person per month of cereals at the following prices : Rice at ₹ 3 ( 4.6 ¢ US ) per kg Wheat at ₹ 2 ( 3.1 ¢ US ) per kg Coarse grains ( millet ) at ₹ 1 ( 1.5 ¢ US ) per kg . Pregnant women , lactating mothers , and certain categories of children are eligible for daily free cereals . The bill has been highly controversial . It was introduced into India 's parliament on 22 December 2011 , promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013 , and enacted into law on 12 September 2013 . Odisha government implemented food security bill in 14 district from 17 November 2015 Assam government implemented Act on 24 December 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Salient features 2 Intent 3 Scope 4 Commentary 4.1 Critics 4.2 Advocates 5 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act 6 See also 7 References 8 External links 8.1 Official Documents 8.2 Media coverage and comments Salient features ( edit ) Coverage and entitlement under Targeted Public Distribution System ( TPDS ) : Up to 75 % of the rural population and 50 % of the urban population will be covered under TPDS , with uniform entitlement of 5 kg per person per month . However , since Antyodaya Anna Yojana ( AAY ) households constitute poorest of the poor , and are presently entitled to 35 kg per household per month , entitlement of existing AAY households will be protected at 35 kg per household per month . State-wise coverage : Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75 % and 50 % in the rural and urban areas , State-wise coverage will be determined by the Central Government . Planning Commission has determined the State-wise coverage by using the NSS Household Consumption Survey data for 2011 - 12 ... Subsidised prices under TPDS and their revision : Foodgrains under TPDS will be made available at subsidised prices of Rs. 3 / 2 / 1 per kg for rice , wheat and coarse grains for a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act . Thereafter prices will be suitably linked to Minimum Support Price ( MSP ) . In case , any State 's allocation under the Act is lower than their current allocation , it will be protected up to the level of average offtake under normal TPDS during last three years , at prices to be determined by the Central Government . Existing prices for APL households i.e. Rs. 6.10 per kg for wheat and Rs 8.30 per kg for rice has been determined as issue prices for the additional allocation to protect the average offtake during last three years . Identification of Households : Within the coverage under TPDS determined for each State , the work of identification of eligible households is to be done by States / UTs . Nutritional Support to women and children : Pregnant women and lactating mothers and children in the age group of 6 months to 14 years will be entitled to meals as per prescribed nutritional norms under Integrated Child Development Services ( ICDS ) and Mid-Day Meal ( MDM ) schemes . Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed for malnourished children up to 6 years of age . Maternity Benefit : Pregnant women and lactating mothers will also be entitled to receive maternity benefit of not less than Rs. 6,000 . Women Empowerment : Eldest woman of the household of age 18 years or above to be the head of the household for the purpose of issuing of ration cards . Grievance Redressal Mechanism : Grievance redressal mechanism at the District and State levels . States will have the flexibility to use the existing machinery or set up separate mechanism . Cost of intra-State transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers ' margin : Central Government will provide assistance to States in meeting the expenditure incurred by them on transportation of foodgrains within the State , its handling and FPS dealers ' margin as per norms to be devised for this purpose . Transparency and Accountability : Provisions have been made for disclosure of records relating to PDS , social audits and setting up of Vigilance Committees in order to ensure transparency and accountability . Food Security Allowance : Provision for food security allowance to entitled beneficiaries in case of non-supply of entitled foodgrains or meals . Penalty : Provision for penalty on public servant or authority , to be imposed by the State Food Commission , in case of failure to comply with the relief recommended by the District Grievance Redressal Officer . Intent ( edit ) The intent of the National Food Security Bill is spelled out in the Lok Sabha committee report , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , which states , `` Food security means availability of sufficient foodgrains to meet the domestic demand as well as access , at the individual level , to adequate quantities of food at affordable prices . '' The report adds , `` The proposed legislation marks a paradigm shift in addressing the problem of food security -- from the current welfare approach to a right based approach . About two thirds ( approx 67 % ) of the population will be entitled to receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted Public Distribution System . In a country where almost 40 % of children are undernourished the importance of the scheme increases significantly . '' Scope ( edit ) The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) has referred to the Bill as the `` biggest ever experiment in the world for distributing highly subsidized food by any government through a ' rights based ' approach . '' The Bill extends coverage of the Targeted Public Distribution System , India 's principal domestic food aid program , to two thirds of the population , or approximately 820 million people . Initially , the Lok Sabha Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution estimated a `` total requirement of foodgrains , as per the Bill would be 61.55 million ( metric ) tons in 2012 - 13 . '' The CACP calculated in May 2013 , `` ... the requirement for average monthly PDS offtake is calculated as 2.3 mt for wheat ( 27.6 mt annually ) and 2.8 mt for rice ( 33.6 mt annually ) ... '' When volumes needed for the Public Distribution System and `` Other Welfare Schemes '' were aggregated , the CACP estimated rice and wheat requirements to total an `` annual requirement of 61.2 '' million metric tons . However , the final version of the Bill signed into law includes on page 18 an annex , `` Schedule IV '' , which estimates the total food grain allocation as 54.926 million metric tons . The Standing Committee estimated that the value of additional food subsidies ( i.e. , on top of the existing Public Distribution System ) `` during 2012 - 13 works out to be ... Rs. 2409 crores , '' that is , 24.09 billion rupees , or about $446 million at the then - current exchange rate , for a total expenditure of 1.122 trillion rupees ( or between $20 and $21 billion ) . However , the Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices ( CACP ) calculated , `` Currently , the economic cost of FCI for acquiring , storing and distributing foodgrains is about 40 percent more than the procurement price . '' The Commission added , The stated expenditure of Rs 1 , 20,000 crore annually in NFSB is merely the tip of the iceberg . To support the system and the welfare schemes , additional expenditure is needed for the envisaged administrative set up , scaling up of operations , enhancement of production , investments for storage , movement , processing and market infrastructure etc . The existing Food Security Complex of Procurement , Stocking and Distribution - which NFSB perpetuates - would increase the operational expenditure of the Scheme given its creaking infrastructure , leakages & inefficient governance . The Commission concluded that the total bill for implementation of the Bill `` ... may touch an expenditure of anywhere between Rs 125,000 to 150,000 crores , '' i.e. , 1.25 to 1.5 trillion rupees . As of the implementation deadline of 4 October 2014 , only 11 states had either implemented the Act or declared readiness to do so . On 28 November 2014 , the Indian government announced , `` Allocation of foodgrains to 11 States / Union Territories ( UTs ) namely , Bihar , Chandigarh , Chhattisgarh , Delhi , Haryana , Himachal Pradesh , Karnataka , Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Punjab and Rajasthan has started under the Act ... '' and that the `` remaining 25 States / UTs have not completed the preparatory measures required for implementation of the Act . '' The Indian government extended the deadline for implementation of the Act `` by another six months , i.e. till 04.04. 2015 . '' Commentary ( edit ) Critics ( edit ) Criticism of the National Food Security Bill includes accusations of both political motivation and fiscal irresponsibility . One senior opposition politician , Murli Manohar Joshi , went so far as to describe the bill as a measure for `` vote security '' ( for the ruling government coalition ) rather than food security . Another political figure , Mulayam Singh Yadav , declared , `` It is clearly being brought for elections ... Why did n't you bring this bill earlier when poor people were dying because of hunger ? ... Every election , you bring up a measure . There is nothing for the poor . '' The report of the 33rd meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy stated , `` ... Food prices are still elevated and the food security bill will aggravate food price inflation as it will tilt supply towards cereals and away from other farm produce ( proteins ) , which will raise food prices further ... Members desired that the Reserve Bank impress on the government the need to address supply side constraints which are causing inflationary pressure , especially on the food front . '' Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla warned , `` The food security bill ... if implemented honestly , will cost 3 per cent of the GDP in its very first year . '' The writer Vivek Kaul noted , The government 's estimated cost of food security comes at 11.10 % ... of the total receipts . The CACP 's estimated cost of food security comes at 21.5 % ... of the total receipts . Bhalla 's cost of food security comes at around 28 % of the total receipts ... Once we express the cost of food security as a percentage of the total estimated receipts of the government , during the current financial year , we see how huge the cost of food security really is . The Indian Ministry of Agriculture 's Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices warned that enactment of the Bill could be expected to `` induce severe imbalance in the production of oilseeds and pulses , '' and `` ... will create demand pressures , which will inevitably spillover to market prices of food grains . Furthermore , the higher food subsidy burden on the budget will raise the fiscal deficit , exacerbating macro level inflationary pressures . '' The Commission argued further that the Bill would restrict private initiative in agriculture , reduce competition in the marketplace due to government domination of the grain market , shift money from investments in agriculture to subsidies , and continue focus on cereals production when shifts in consumer demand patterns indicate a need to focus more on protein , fruits and vegetables . Advocates ( edit ) The bill was very widely viewed as a `` pet project '' of Indian National Congress ( INC ) President , Sonia Gandhi . Gandhi addressed Parliament the night of the August 2013 Lok Sabha vote on the bill , saying its passage would be a `` chance to make history '' . Former National Advisory Council member and development economist Professor Jean Drèze , reputedly one of the architects of the original , 2011 version of the bill , wrote , `` ... the Bill is a form of investment in human capital . It will bring some security in people 's lives and make it easier for them to meet their basic needs , protect their health , educate their children , and take risks . '' Professor Drèze dismissed opposition from business interests , saying , `` Corporate hostility does not tell us anything except that the Food Bill does not serve corporate interests . Nobody is claiming that it does , nor is that the purpose of the Bill . '' Minister of Consumer Affairs , Food , and Public Distribution K.V. Thomas stated in an interview , This is no mean task , a task being accomplished in the second most populated country in the world . All the while , it has been a satisfying journey . The responsibility is not just of the Central Government but equally of the States / ( Union Territories ) . I am sure together we can fulfill this dream . The day is not far off , when India will be known the world over for this important step towards eradication of hunger , malnutrition and resultant poverty ... By providing food security to 75 percent of the rural and 50 percent of the urban population with focus on nutritional needs of children , pregnant and lactating women , the National Food Security Bill will revolutionize food distribution system . In a rebuttal to Dr. Surjit S. Bhalla , three economists responded , `` ... the food subsidy bill should roughly double and come to around 1.35 % of GDP , which is still way less than the numbers he put out . '' Chhattisgarh food security Act ( edit ) The Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 law was enacted by the Chhattisgarh government . It was passed on 21 December 2012 , by the State Assembly unopposed to ensure `` access to adequate quantity of food and other requirements of good nutrition to the people of the State , at affordable prices , at all times to live a life of dignity . ' ' . The Act divides households into four groups -- Antodaya , Priority , General and Excluded households . The priority households will have monthly public distribution system ( PDS ) entitlement of 35 kg rice , wheat flour , pulses , gram and iodised salt at subsidised price . `` The new act will make the acclaimed PDS more comprehensive . Nearly 90 % of the provisions incorporated in the Act were already covered under the PDS '' , the chief minister Raman Singh said. The new initiative will put a burden of Rs. 2311 crore on the state exchequer . The act will not cover those who are income tax payees , own over 4 hectares of irrigated or 8 hectares of non-irrigated land in non-scheduled areas and who are liable to pay property tax in urban areas . The Act benefits 42 lakh families living here . It will also cover families headed by a destitute , a widow or a differently abled person . It will also take care of poor , children living in hostels / ashrams , pregnant women as well as those hit by disaster . See also ( edit ) Right to food Public distribution system Food Security Bill References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Govt defers promulgation of ordinance on Food Security Bill '' . Times of India . 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Food Security Bill , 2013 Receives the Assent of the President , Published in the Gazette of India as Act No. 20 of 2013 '' ( Press release ) . Press Information Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5 '' . Bloomberg TV India . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 Jump up ^ National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 Jump up ^ http://dfpd.nic.in/Salient-features-National-Food-Security-Act.htm ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati & Surbhi Jain ( May 2013 ) . `` Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs and Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry of Consumer Affairs , Food and Public Distribution ( Department Of Food and Public Distribution ) ( January 2013 ) . `` The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report '' ( PDF ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , September 10 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : Ashok Gulati ; et al. ( December 2012 ) . `` National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , Ministry of Agriculture , Government of India . Jump up ^ Dipak K Dash ( 8 Oct 2014 ) . `` Food security deadline for states expires without extension '' . Times of India . The eleven states as of 4 October 2014 , were reportedly Assam , Uttarakhand , Chhattisgarh , Haryana , Maharashtra , Rajasthan , Punjab , Bihar , Delhi , Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka . Jump up ^ `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act '' . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 28 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shekhar Iyer ( 26 August 2013 ) . `` This is n't food security , it 's vote security , says BJP '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Shweta Punj ( 29 September 2013 ) . `` Digestion pangs '' . Business Today . Jump up ^ `` Food bill : Experts seek proper selection , revamped PDS '' . Times of India , 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Praful Bidwai ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is a first step '' . The Daily Star . Jump up ^ `` Food Security Bill passed in Lok Sabha after nine - hour debate '' . FirstPost. 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ RBI Committee meeting cautions the government against Food Security Bill Jump up ^ RBI releases Minutes of 24 July 2013 Meeting of the Technical Advisory Committee on Monetary Policy Jump up ^ `` Manmonia 's FSB : 3 % of GDP '' . Indian Express . 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vivek Kaul ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Food Bill is the biggest mistake India might have made till date '' . Firstpost . Jump up ^ `` Lok Sabha passes Sonia Gandhi 's ambitious Food Bill '' . moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) . 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament clears Sonia 's pet Food Security Bill , Cong eyes poll gain '' . CNN - IBN. 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Edited by Deepshikha Ghosh ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sonia Gandhi fine , ' relieved ' that Food Bill was passed , Narendra Modi wishes her good health '' . NDTV . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Why The Food Bill Is Sound Economics '' . Tehelka. 13 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Revati Laul ( 7 September 2013 ) . `` ' The Food Security Bill Can Help To Protect The People From Poverty And Insecurity ' , '' . Tehelka . Jump up ^ Milind Murugkar ; Ashok Kotwal ; Bharat Ramaswami ( 28 August 2013 ) . `` Correct costs of the Food Security Bill '' . Ideas for India . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/food-security-act-should-centre-emulate-chhattisgarh-yes/article4249370.ece External links ( edit ) Official Documents ( edit ) The National Food Security Bill , 2011 ; Bill No. 132 of 2011 ( original bill as submitted in 2011 ) Report of the Expert Committee on National Food Security Bill , Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister , Government of India , January 2011 Gulati , Ashok , et al , National Food Security Bill , Challenges and Options , Discussion Paper No. 2 , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , December 2012 Standing Committee on Food , Consumer Affairs And Public Distribution ( 2012 - 13 ) , Fifteenth Lok Sabha , Ministry Of Consumer Affairs , Food And Public Distribution ( Department Of Food And Public Distribution ) , The National Food Security Bill , 2011 , Twenty Seventh Report , January 2013 Joshi , Pramod K. , `` National Food Security Bill and need for a stronger implementation strategy , '' Government Knowledge Centre Think Pieces , 7 March 2013 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , Indian Cabinet Approves National Food Security Bill 2013 , GAIN Report IN3037 , 11 April 2013 National Food Security Bill , 2013 ( version of April 2013 ) Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Amendments in the National Food Security Bill Introduced in the Lok Sabha , 2 May 2013 Gulati , Ashok , and Surbhi Jain , Buffer Stocking Policy in the wake of NFSB : Concepts , Empirics , and Policy Implications , Commission on Agricultural Costs and Prices , May 2013 National Food Security Ordinance , No. 7 of 2013 , 5 July 2013 The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 of 2013 , as introduced in Lok Sabha The National Food Security Bill , 2013 , Bill No. 109 - C of 2013 , as passed by Lok Sabha on 26 August 2013 National Food Security Bill , Registered No . DL - ( N ) 04 / 0007 / 2003 - 13 , as published by the Ministry of Law and Justice , 10 September 2013 CHHATTISGARH FOOD SECURITY ACT , 2012 U.S. Department of Agriculture , New Delhi , India , National Food Security Bill Becomes Law , GAIN Report IN3105 , 16 September 2013 `` State Food Ministers meet to discuss implementation of National Food Security Act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 27 September 2013 `` A Novel Approach to Food Security '' , by Avinash Kishore , P.K. Joshi , and John Hoddinott , Chapter 3 of 2013 Global Food Policy Report , Washington : IFPRI , 2014 `` States gets another six months for implementation of national food security act , '' Press Information Bureau , Government of India , press release , 28 November 2014 Media coverage and comments ( edit ) Drèze , Jean , `` Summary Of The National Food Security Bill 2013 '' , Tehelka , 22 March 2013 Sugden , Joanna , `` Q&A : Pros and Cons of The Food Security Bill , '' Wall Street Journal , 8 May 2013 ( interview with Dr. P.K. Joshi of the International Food Policy Research Institute office in New Delhi ) `` How much will food security bill cost exchequer ? '' , moneycontrol.com ( CNBC ) , 8 June 2013 ( `` Ashok Gulati chairman of the commission on agricultural costs and prices , T Nanda Kumar , former agriculture secretary and Sonal Varma chief economist at Nomura discuss the nuances of the Food Security Bill on Indianomics . '' ) Drèze , Jean , `` The Food Security Debate in India '' , New York Times blog , 9 July 2013 Kumar , Ashok , `` The Anatomy of the National Food Security Act 2013 '' , NewsYaps , 14 March 2014 ( hide ) Indian legislation Constitution of India ( amendments ) Indian Penal Code Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973 Acts of the Parliament Ordinance In Force Consumer Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016 Consumer Protection Act , 1986 Essential Commodities Act Essential Services Maintenance Act Corruption Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988 Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015 Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988 The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013 Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957 Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 Criminal Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007 Arms Act , 1959 Army Act , 1950 Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013 Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act Indian Evidence Act Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015 National Security Act ( India ) Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 Education Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009 University Grants Commission Act , 1956 Environment Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act Biological Diversity Act , 2002 CAMPA bill Environment Protection Act , 1986 Indian Forest Act , 1927 National Green Tribunal Act Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001 Wildlife Protection Act , 1972 Financial Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016 Banking Regulation Act , 1949 Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act Depositories Act The Electricity Act , 2003 Expenditure Tax Act , 1987 Finance Act ( India ) Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003 Foreign Contribution Regulation Act Foreign Exchange Management Act Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999 Government Securities Act , 2006 Indian Contract Act , 1872 Indian Stamp Act , 1899 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016 Insurance Act , 1938 Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881 Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002 The Competition Act , 2002 The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978 The Income - tax Act , 1961 Transfer of Property Act 1882 Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976 Healthcare Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973 Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010 Dentist Act Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940 Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954 Indian Medical Council Act Mental Health Act , 1987 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985 Labour Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 Factories Act , 1948 , India Industrial Disputes Act , 1947 Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979 Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017 Minimum Wages Act 1948 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005 Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013 Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008 Personal Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 ) Majority Act ( India ) Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act Hindu Succession Act , 1956 Special Marriage Act , 1954 The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955 The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986 Social Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act National Food Security Act , 2013 Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006 The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006 Street Vendors Act , 2014 State Laws Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949 Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009 Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012 Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009 Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act State Reorganisation Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014 Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000 Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966 States Reorganisation Act , 1956 Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000 Terrorism Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act Transportation Aircraft Act Motor Vehicles Act , 1988 National Waterways Act , 2016 Inland Vessels Act Metro Railways Act , 1978 Metro Railway Act , 2002 Organisation / Body Chartered Accountants Act , 1949 Companies Act 2013 Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008 Indian Trusts Act , 1882 Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996 Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 The Indian Partnership Act , 1932 Societies Registration Act , 1860 The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008 Repeal Repealing and Amending Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015 Repealing and Amending Act , 2016 Repealing and Amending Act , 2017 Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017 Other All India Services Act , 1951 Delimitation Act Enemy Property Act , 1968 Information Technology Act , 2000 Nuclear Liability Act Official Secrets Act ( India ) Representation of the People Act , 1951 Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013 Right to Information Act , 2005 State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005 The Foreigners Act , 1946 Repealed Pre-Independence Age of Consent Act , 1891 Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850 Criminal Tribes Act Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856 English Education Act 1835 Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907 Post-Independence Anti-Copying Act , 1992 Foreign Exchange Regulation Act Gift Tax Act , 1958 Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983 Interest Tax Act , 1974 Maintenance of Internal Security Act Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002 Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968 Wealth Tax Act , 1957 Bills Proposed Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013 Geospatial Information Regulation Bill Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act Marriage Laws Amendment Bill Road Transport and Safety Bill Uniform civil code Lapsed Judges Assets Bill Women 's Reservation Bill Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Food_Security_Act,_2013&oldid=833538951 '' Categories : Welfare in India 2013 in India Acts of the Parliament of India 2013 Food security Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use Indian English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 05 : 37 . 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when was national food security act introduced in rajasthan

The bill has been highly controversial . It was introduced into India 's parliament on 22 December 2011 , promulgated as a presidential ordinance on 5 July 2013 , and enacted into law on 12 September 2013 .

Good Morning America - Wikipedia Good Morning America Jump to : navigation , search For the Japanese rock band , see Good Morning America ( band ) . Good Morning America Genre Morning news and talk Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Robin Roberts George Stephanopoulos Lara Spencer Michael Strahan Amy Robach Ginger Zee ( See full list ) Theme music composer Marvin Hamlisch ( 1975 -- 87 ) Frank Gari ( 1988 -- 92 ) Non-Stop Music ( 1992 -- 96 ) Michael Whalen ( 1997 -- 99 ) Desmond Child ( 1999 -- 2004 ) VideoHelper ( 2004 -- 06 ) DreamArtists Studios ( 2007 -- ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 41 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Corn ( 2014 -- present ) , Roxanna Sherwood ( 2017 - Present ) Location ( s ) ABC News Headquarters , New York , New York ( 1975 -- 99 ) Times Square Studios New York , New York ( 1999 -- ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC News Productions Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1975 -- 2005 ) 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2005 -- ) Original release November 3 , 1975 ( 1975 - 11 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by AM America ( 1975 ) Related shows America This Morning External links Website gma.yahoo.com Good Morning America ( GMA ) is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC . It debuted on November 3 , 1975 , and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3 , 1993 . The Sunday edition was canceled in 1999 ; weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4 , 2004 . The weekday program airs from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 a.m. in all U.S. time zones ( live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay elsewhere across the country ) . The Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABC 's stations live at 7 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , although stations in some markets air them at different times . Viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports . A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008 , exclusively on ABC News Now . The program features news , interviews , weather forecasts , special - interest stories , and feature segments such as `` Pop News '' ( featuring pop culture and entertainment news , and viral videos ) , the `` GMA Heat Index '' ( featuring a mix of entertainment , lifestyle and human - interest stories ) and `` Play of the Day '' ( featuring a selected viral video or television program clip ) . It is produced by ABC News and broadcasts from the Times Square Studios in New York City 's Times Square district . The primary anchors are Robin Roberts , George Stephanopoulos , Lara Spencer and Michael Strahan along with newsreader Amy Robach and weather anchor Ginger Zee . Good Morning America has been the most watched morning show in total viewers and key demos each year since Summer 2012 . GMA generally placed second in the ratings , behind NBC 's Today from 1995 to 2012 . It overtook its rival for a period from the early to mid-1980s with anchors David Hartman and Joan Lunden , from the late 1980s to the mid-1990s with Charles Gibson and Lunden , and in April 2012 with Roberts and Stephanopoulos . Good Morning America won the first three Daytime Emmy Awards for `` Outstanding Morning Program '' , sharing the inaugural 2007 award with Today and winning the 2008 and 2009 awards outright . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1975 : The inaugural year 1.2 1976 -- 89 : Growth and change 1.3 1990 -- 98 : Rise and decline 1.4 January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer 1.5 May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts 1.6 June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts 1.7 December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos 1.8 April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer 1.9 September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan 2 Spin - off 2.1 Good Afternoon America 2.2 GMA Wake Up Call 2.3 GMA Lunch Break 2.4 GMA Deals 3 On - air staff ( weekday editions ) 3.1 Anchors 3.2 Contributors and correspondents 3.3 Former on - air staff 3.3. 1 Co-Anchors 3.3. 2 News anchors 3.3. 3 Weather anchors 3.3. 4 Contributors and correspondents 4 Weekend editions 4.1 On - air staff ( weekend editions ) 4.1. 1 Anchors 4.1. 2 Former on - air staff 4.1. 2.1 Anchors 4.1. 2.2 Weather anchors 5 International broadcasts 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) 1975 : the inaugural year ( edit ) On January 6 , 1975 , ABC launched AM America in an attempt to compete with NBC 's Today . The program was hosted by Bill Beutel and Stephanie Edwards , with Peter Jennings and Robert Kennedy reading the news . Because the show could not find an audience against Today ( and its anchor team of Jim Hartz and Barbara Walters ) , ABC sought a new approach . The network found that one of its affiliates , WEWS in Cleveland , Ohio , had been pre-empting AM America in favor of airing a locally produced show called The Morning Exchange . Unlike AM America and Today , The Morning Exchange featured an easygoing and less dramatic approach by offering news and weather updates only at the top and bottom of every hour and used the rest of the time to discuss general - interest / entertainment topics . The Morning Exchange also established a group of regular guests who were experts in certain fields , including health , entertainment , consumer affairs and travel . Also unlike both the NBC and ABC shows , The Morning Exchange was not broadcast from a newsroom set but instead one that resembled a suburban living room . In the process of screening the Cleveland morning program as a creative source , ABC also began looking at another local show , Good Morning ! , which was produced by Boston ABC affiliate WCVB - TV . Good Morning ! was very similar in format to The Morning Exchange , but with a lesser emphasis on news and weather . In fact , once the revamped ABC morning show took to the air late in 1975 under the title Good Morning America , WCVB station manager Bob Bennett accused ABC entertainment president Fred Silverman of deliberately stealing the title of Good Morning ! ; no legal cease and desist action was finalized against ABC in the matter , however . The launch of Good Morning America did result in the Boston morning show changing its name -- to Good Day ! . ABC took an episode of The Morning Exchange and used it as a pilot episode . After very positive reviews for the pilot , the format replaced AM America in November 1975 as Good Morning America . The first host of the new program was David Hartman , featuring Nancy Dussault as his co-host . Dussault was replaced in 1977 by Sandy Hill . For the first seven years , weather forecasts were presented by John Coleman , former chief meteorologist for ABC owned - and - operated station WLS - TV in Chicago , who would leave GMA in 1982 to start The Weather Channel with Landmark Communications CEO Frank Batten . Dave Murray ( now chief meteorologist at KTVI in St. Louis ) provided the forecasts for both Good Morning America and ABC 's early morning news program ABC News This Morning from 1983 to 1986 . In August 1986 , he was replaced by Spencer Christian , who worked at WABC - TV in New York City and served as fill - in meteorologist for both Coleman and Murray whenever they were away on vacation or assignment . 1976 -- 89 : growth and change ( edit ) The program 's ratings climbed slowly , but steadily throughout the 1970s and into the 1980s while Today experienced a slight slump in viewership , especially with Walters ' decision to leave NBC for a job at ABC News . On August 30 , 1976 , Tom Brokaw began anchoring Today while the program began a search for a female co-host . Within a year , Today managed to beat back the Good Morning America ratings threat with Brokaw and new co-host Jane Pauley , featuring art and entertainment contributor Gene Shalit . Good Morning America continued to threaten Today 's ratings dominance into the 1980s , especially after Brokaw left the latter program to become co-anchor of NBC Nightly News with Roger Mudd for 17 months before being named sole anchor of that program . For the first time , Good Morning America became the highest - rated morning news program in the United States as Today fell to second place . At the outset , Good Morning America was a talk program with a main host , Hartman , who was joined by a sidekick co-host ; Dussault and Hill were scripted as less - than - equal hosts . In 1980 , an exasperated Hill left Good Morning America after run - ins with Hartman , who was said to have `` had a problem with strong women . '' She was replaced by Joan Lunden , then a reporter at ABC 's New York City flagship station WABC - TV . Hartman and Lunden led the show through several years of success . Lunden 's popularity led to her promotion to co-anchor in 1986 , and to more equal footing with Hartman than any woman before her . The partnership ended on February 20 , 1987 , when Hartman retired after 3,189 broadcasts . After Hartman 's departure , Lunden was paired with ABC News correspondent Charles Gibson on February 23 , 1987 , which ultimately resulted in ratings for the program skyrocketing . The team of Lunden and Gibson became the most popular news partnership on television in the late 1980s and early 1990s , and for the first time Good Morning America regularly won the ratings against Today . At one point prior to Spencer Christian 's arrival in 1986 , forecasts on the program were provided by WXYZ - TV chief meteorologist Jerry Hodak via a split screen between the WXYZ studios in Detroit and the Good Morning America set in New York City . 1990 -- 98 : rise and decline ( edit ) Good Morning America entered the 1990s with continued overwhelming ratings success . Gibson and Lunden became a hard team to beat ; however , the program stumbled from its top spot in late 1995 , falling to second place behind Today ( in what would begin a 16 - year streak as the top - rated morning news program for that show , which began the week of December 11 , 1995 ) . Lunden began to discuss working less and mentioned to network executives that the morning schedule is the hardest in the business . ABC executives promised Lunden that a prime time program ; Behind Closed Doors would premiere on the network in 1996 . On September 5 , 1997 , Lunden decided to step down as host of Good Morning America after 17 years and was replaced by ABC News correspondent Lisa McRee . The pairing of Gibson and McRee fared well in the ratings . However , ratings sharply declined when Gibson also left the show to make way for Kevin Newman on May 1 , 1998 . With McRee and Newman as anchors , longtime viewers of Good Morning America switched to Today , whose ratings skyrocketed . January 1999 -- May 2005 : Gibson -- Sawyer ( edit ) To improve Good Morning America 's ratings performance , which briefly fell to third place among the morning shows in January 1999 , ABC News management selected Shelley Ross from the field of executive producer candidates . As part of Rossʼs proposed changes , Ross ousted the McRee - Newman team and lobbied to bring in Diane Sawyer and team her with Charles Gibson , who had been reluctant to return . On January 18 , 1999 , the Gibson - Sawyer team paired by Ross debuted on - air , which during the first full season resulted in a dramatic increase in viewership while all other network news franchises saw losses . 2002 -- 2006 logo The show moved from the ABC News headquarters in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square district to its present home at the Times Square Studios on September 13 , 1999 . The new location made it possible for the program to feature a live audience inside the studio , similar to the `` Window on the World '' set used by Today . Under Ross , Good Morning America became a competitive 24 / 7 news operation with more exclusive bookings , news and live stock market updates for West Coast viewers and new on - screen graphics that included a news ticker . Good Morning America began originating entire shows from unique locations , which , according to Nielsen Media Research , resulted in more people watching the program and for longer periods of time . GMA became the first to originate a live show from an aircraft carrier during wartime ( the U.S.S. Enterprise ) , from The White House ( after the Columbine shootings ) , from The Pentagon ( for the reopening of the wing damaged during the September 11 attacks in 2001 ) , from The Vatican ( for the 25th anniversary of John Paul II 's election as Pope ) , and from the Tower of London ( on the 50th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth ʼs accession to the throne ) . Viewership during this time increased by nearly 1 million households , and revenue soared . Although Today remained the top - rated morning news show , the Sawyer , Gibson and Ross team inched close , creating a viable rival . According to Linda McLoof , executive director of news research at ABC News from 2001 to 2009 , `` When Shelley left , her viewing momentum was initially sustained , but a season later , the audience began to decline . It is like passing the baton in a relay race . '' Antonio Mora served as newsreader for the program until March 18 , 2002 , when he left to become an anchor at CBS owned - and - operated station WBBM - TV in Chicago . He was replaced by former ESPN anchor and correspondent Robin Roberts . May 2005 -- June 2006 : Gibson -- Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) On May 23 , 2005 , ABC News announced that Robin Roberts would be promoted from newsreader to co-anchor of Good Morning America , joining Gibson and Sawyer . Roberts had previously served as a regular substitute for Gibson and Sawyer when either of them were on vacation or on assignment . On November 3 , 2005 , Good Morning America celebrated its 30th anniversary with retrospectives on and clips from the show 's history and by decorating Times Square . Former co-hosts Hartman and Lunden , along with former meteorologist Spencer Christian , were among the guests of honor . Hartman signed off the show that day with his trademark close : `` From all of us , make it a good day . '' That same day , Good Morning America became the first network morning news program to begin broadcasting in high definition . On December 2 , 2005 , weather anchor Tony Perkins left the program after six years . The last ten minutes of that day 's edition were dedicated to Perkins , during which he gave thanks to one of the show 's producers and a heartfelt goodbye to anchors Gibson , Roberts and Sawyer . Perkins left the program to return to his family in Washington , D.C. and join Fox owned - and - operated station WTTG , where he previously served as a weather anchor . He affectionately said to his young son on - air , `` Connor , if you 're watching , daddy 's comin ' home . '' Perkins was replaced by Mike Barz , former weekday morning sports anchor at WGN - TV in Chicago . Gibson left Good Morning America for the second time on June 28 , 2006 . That day 's edition was dedicated to his 19 years as anchor of the program and celebrated his new role as anchor of ABC World News . Gibson ended his tenure at GMA by stating , `` For nineteen years , my mornings have been not just good -- they 've been great . '' June 2006 -- December 2009 : Sawyer -- Roberts ( edit ) There had been speculation that Sawyer would leave Good Morning America when her contract expired in 2007 to assume the anchor position at ABC World News that was given to Gibson . In August 2006 , Chris Cuomo was named news anchor while continuing his anchoring duties on the newsmagazine Primetime and serving as ABC News 's senior legal correspondent . Meanwhile , Sam Champion , longtime evening meteorologist at WABC - TV , was named as the new weather anchor for the program and as weather editor for ABC News . Both Cuomo and Champion began their respective duties on the program on September 5 , 2006 , when Good Morning America instituted a new graphics package and new news area for Cuomo to report headlines . The following week , on September 13 , 2006 , the program introduced a new logo -- this time with gold Avant Garde font on a blue background , which bears a resemblance to the original Good Morning America logo that was used up to early 1987 . On June 29 , 2007 , the program 's longtime film critic Joel Siegel died of complications from colon cancer at age 63 . The July 9 edition of GMA was dedicated to Siegel , with former hosts Hartman , Hill , Lunden , Newman , Christian , Perkins and Gibson all appearing to share their memories . One month later , on July 31 , 2007 , Robin Roberts announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer after discovering a lump in her breast during a self - examination while preparing the Siegel tribute episode . Roberts remained as anchor while undergoing chemotherapy and completed radiation treatments on March 28 , 2008 . On October 22 , 2007 , Good Morning America introduced a new on - air graphics package . Using much of the design features of its former graphics , it went from a basic blue background to a more orangish - gold setting . The program 's opening changed from the camera 's zooming in on the hosts while introducing the host to an opening with new music ( by the New York City - based music production company DreamArtists Studios ) and a background with the Good Morning America logo descending onto the frame . It also changed its news ticker and time - and - temperature bug for the first time in years . The ticker featured an orange background with a modified ABC News logo as a breakpoint for each headline . The bug still featured the time and current local temperature to the left , but with an orange backdrop with an alternate `` GMA '' logo and the ABCNews.com logo to the right . On January 15 , 2008 , during an interview with Diane Sawyer on the program , actress Diane Keaton commented on Sawyer 's physical attractiveness , stating that if she had lips like Sawyer 's , `` then I would n't have worked on my ( expletive ) personality ! '' Keaton quickly apologized for the remark and Sawyer jokingly threatened to have her mother `` work on your personality with soap in your mouth . '' Officials with the Federal Communications Commission declined to take action for the fleeting expletive . Following the death of Michael Jackson , Charles Gibson returned to the Good Morning America anchor desk with Roberts on June 26 , 2009 , while Sawyer was away . In September 2008 , Good Morning America 's anchors rode an Amtrak train to tour the United States as part of ABC News 's `` 50 States in 50 Days '' event , for which the program was broadcast from different locations around the U.S. each day throughout that month . The tour 's first telecast stop was in Stockbridge , Massachusetts . December 2009 -- April 2014 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos ( edit ) On September 2 , 2009 , ABC announced that Sawyer would replace Gibson as anchor of ABC World News at the end of that year . Speculation had abounded that either George Stephanopoulos , news anchor Chris Cuomo , weekend anchor Bill Weir , or World News Saturday anchor David Muir would replace Sawyer on the program . Representatives for ABC News stated that it wanted to return the show to the original male - female anchor format . On December 10 , 2009 , Stephanopoulos was announced as Sawyer 's replacement , with Juju Chang replacing Cuomo as newsreader ; the changes took effect four days later on December 14 . In April 2010 , the anchor desk in the studio was relocated back in front of the window overlooking Times Square , where it had been when Good Morning America moved to the Times Square Studios facility in 1999 ; the news desk was also moved in front of a window . On May 3 , 2010 , the program debuted new `` light blue and sunny '' graphics , and new theme music by DreamArtists Studios . An entirely new set for the program was introduced on January 31 , 2011 ; the monitor used for national weather segments ( used mainly during the 7 : 00 a.m. hour only ) was moved closer to the anchor desk while the news desk remained in the same place . This was the first major set change since the show upgraded to high definition in November 2005 . On March 17 , 2011 , ABC News President Ben Sherwood announced that former GMA national correspondent Lara Spencer would be rejoining the program in a newly created lifestyle anchor position . On March 29 , 2011 , ESPN anchor Josh Elliott was named news anchor of the program following the departure of Juju Chang . In the summer of 2011 , Good Morning America decided to vacate the second floor of the Times Square studios , which overlooked Times Square , due to cost issues . On September 6 , 2011 , the program began broadcasting from an entirely new studio set located on the first floor ( ground level ) of the Times Square studios . The main `` window '' behind the presenters in the new set , which also shows a view overlooking Times Square from an above - ground level , is actually a back - projection , although there are several real windows used in other parts of the set . Amid declining ratings at Today in the aftermath of reports of Matt Lauer 's alleged role in Ann Curry 's departure as co-host ( though ratings had been in a steady decline for that program during Curry 's co-hosting tenure ) , viewership for Good Morning America increased starting in 2012 . The program beat Today for the first time in 16 years during the week of April 9 , 2012 , ending that program 's streak of 852 consecutive weeks as the most - watched network morning news program , by a margin of 31,000 more viewers than the NBC program . Good Morning America beat Today once again during the week of April 16 , 2012 , by a much larger margin of 166,000 viewers . During the week of April 1 , 2012 , ABC News special correspondent Katie Couric , who had recently joined the network as part of a deal to host a syndicated talk show distributed by corporate sister Disney - ABC Domestic Television , filled for Robin Roberts on Good Morning America . Couric had hosted the rival NBC morning program Today from 1991 to 2006 ; her Good Morning America stint marked her return to morning news after six years . On August 30 , 2012 , Roberts went on medical leave after undergoing a bone marrow transplant ( donated by her sister and fellow news anchor SallyAnn Roberts ) following her diagnosis with myelodysplastic syndrome . GMA correspondent Amy Robach and 20 / 20 anchor Elizabeth Vargas served as the primary substitutes , typically alternating every other week . Others , including some celebrities , also served as special guest anchors during this time such as Kelly Ripa , Jessica Simpson , Barbara Walters and Elisabeth Hasselbeck . On January 14 , 2013 , Roberts announced that she hoped to return to the program sometime that February ; Roberts performed dry run rehearsals during the week of January 21 in preparation for her return ; she and her doctors evaluated her body 's reaction to the makeup , the lighting , her hair , and the number of people she comes in contact with to avoid compromising her then - gradually - improving health . Roberts returned to Good Morning America part - time on February 20 , 2013 ; she announced in August 2013 that she would return to full - time hosting duties on September 3 of that year . In 2013 , GMA won its first May sweeps ratings period in 18 years . On December 4 , 2013 , weather anchor Sam Champion departed Good Morning America and ABC News after seven years on the program to join The Weather Channel , where he became primary anchor of the competing morning program America 's Morning Headquarters ( which debuted in March 2014 ) . He was succeeded the following day by Ginger Zee , who had been serving as meteorologist for the weekend editions of GMA and was also appointed to Champion 's former position as weather editor for ABC News . On March 30 , 2014 , news anchor Josh Elliott left ABC News after three years as news anchor of GMA to become a correspondent for NBC Sports , amid reports that contract negotiations to increase his annual salary ( from $1.2 million to $8 million ) broke down ; Elliott was replaced as news anchor by Amy Robach later that week . The program continued to dominate over the competition , even with the loss of two major co-hosts in Champion and Elliott . In early April 2014 , several media reports speculated that Michael Strahan would be joining GMA as a contributing anchor , while maintaining his co-host duties on Live ! with Kelly and Michael ( which is also syndicated by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ) . Strahan 's new position was confirmed on April 15 , 2014 , when he was introduced to the audience as the new contributing anchor on the program . April 2014 -- September 2016 : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer ( edit ) On April 18 , 2014 , Lara Spencer was promoted to co-anchor effective immediately , receiving top billing on the program alongside Roberts and Stephanopoulos . In September 2014 , former NFL player Tim Tebow was announced to be joining the program as a part - time correspondent to help launch the new segment , `` Motivate Me Mondays '' . He made his debut on the program on September 15 , 2014 . On November 19 , 2015 , the program celebrated its 40th anniversary , with all the main anchors and most of the news and weather anchors returning to join the celebration and share their stories . Clips from all 40 years were shown . On April 19 , Strahan announced that he would be leaving Live ! with Kelly and Michael to join Good Morning America full - time . September 2016 -- present : Roberts -- Stephanopoulos -- Spencer -- Strahan ( edit ) On September 6 , 2016 , Michael Strahan began his run as official full - time co-host of the program along with Roberts , Stephanopoulos , and Spencer . A new title sequence was debuted not including Spencer 's name . The first hour focuses on the news of the morning anchored by Roberts , Stephanopulos , and Strahan . Zee does segments of the weather and Robach reads the morning headlines . The second hour is in the second floor studio and is taped in front of a live studio audience . It focuses on `` soft news '' and entertainment . It is anchored by the four main co-anchors and features guests and talk show panel discussion . Spin - off ( edit ) Good Afternoon America ( edit ) The title card for Good Afternoon America , which aired for a nine - week period . A special summer afternoon edition of Good Morning America , titled Good Afternoon America , premiered on July 9 , 2012 , as a temporary replacement for the canceled talk / lifestyle show The Revolution in the 2 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time weekday slot . Good Afternoon America was taped immediately after the morning program and focused on lighter fare , with the exception of the July 20 edition , which provided live coverage of the Aurora Century 16 theater shooting . Like its morning counterpart , Good Afternoon America originated from Times Square Studios . The limited - run program , which ended on September 7 , 2012 , was hosted by then Good Morning America news anchor Josh Elliott and lifestyle anchor Lara Spencer . GMA Wake up Call ( edit ) GMA Wake Up Call is a pre-morning show hosted by Ginger Zee . Substitute hosts include Rob Marciano . This spin - off is a lead in to the actual GMA program airing live stream on social media outlets . The show airs between 6 : 45 and 6 : 50am ET and runs for 10 -- 15 minutes . GMA lunch Break ( edit ) GMA Lunch Break is a half - hour afternoon show airing on social media outlets between Noon and 1pm also hosted by Zee . This focuses on a featured lunch recipe . GMA deals ( edit ) GMA Deals airs on social media outlets on select days at 8 : 30am . Hosted by Zee and Tory Johnson , this focuses on deals and steals . On - air Staff ( weekday editions ) ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Anchors ( edit ) Robin Roberts co-anchor ; 2002 -- George Stephanopoulos co-anchor ; 2009 -- Lara Spencer co-anchor ; 2013 -- Michael Strahan co-anchor ; 2016 -- Amy Robach news anchor ; 2014 -- Ginger Zee chief meteorologist ; 2013 -- Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Debut Dr. Tim Johnson medical correspondent Brian Ross investigative reporter Emeril Lagasse food contributor David Muir correspondent & fill - in anchor 2005 Becky Worley technology editor 2005 Mellody Hobson financial contributor 2006 Sara Moulton food contributor 2006 Cameron Mathison features correspondent 2009 Abbie Boudreau Los Angeles bureau correspondent Dan Abrams legal analyst 2011 Rachel Smith features correspondent 2012 Amy Atkins T.J. Holmes correspondent & fill - in anchor 2014 Sara Haines popular culture contributor 2013 Rebecca Jarvis Chief Business , Technology and Economics Correspondent 2013 Former on - air staff ( edit ) Co-Anchors ( edit ) David Hartman ( 1975 -- 1987 ) Nancy Dussault ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Sandy Hill ( 1977 -- 1980 ) Joan Lunden ( 1980 -- 1997 ) Charles Gibson ( 1987 -- 1998 & 1999 -- 2006 ) Lisa McRee ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Kevin Newman ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Diane Sawyer ( 1999 -- 2009 ) News anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note Steve Bell 1975 -- 1986 retired Kathleen Sullivan 1986 -- 1987 retired Jed Duvall 1987 -- 1988 retired Forrest Sawyer 1988 -- 1989 retired Paula Zahn 1988 -- 1990 Mike Schneider 1989 -- 1993 Morton Dean 1993 -- 1996 Elizabeth Vargas 1996 -- 1997 now on 20 / 20 Kevin Newman 1997 -- 1998 Antonio Mora 1998 -- 2002 Robin Roberts 2002 -- 2005 became co-host Chris Cuomo 2006 -- 2009 now co-anchor of CNN 's New Day Juju Chang 2009 -- 2011 went to co-anchor of Nightline Josh Elliott 2011 -- 2014 later anchor at CBSN Weather anchors ( edit ) Name Duration Note John Coleman 1975 -- 1982 retired Spencer Christian 1986 -- 1998 chief meteorologist at KGO - TV in San Francisco Tony Perkins 1999 -- 2005 anchor at WTTG - TV in Washington , DC Mike Barz 2005 -- 2006 anchor at KDVR / KWGN in Denver Sam Champion 2006 -- 2013 went to The Weather Channel Contributors and correspondents ( edit ) Name Role Duration Note Jack Anderson commentator 1975 -- 1984 deceased Pat Collins film correspondent 1975 -- 1981 retired Katie Couric contributing correspondent 2011 -- 2013 now with Yahoo News Don Dahler national correspondent 1999 -- 2007 now with CBS News Hattie Kauffman special correspondent and substitute anchor 1987 -- 1990 Elisabeth Leamy consumer correspondent 2005 -- 2013 correspondent at The Dr. Oz Show Reena Ninan correspondent 2012 -- 2015 now with CBS News Geraldo Rivera correspondent 1975 -- 1977 now with Fox News Channel Dr. Nancy Snyderman medical correspondent 1987 -- 2002 Returned to teaching Joel Siegel movie critic 1981 -- 2007 deceased Jake Tapper political correspondent 2003 -- 2012 now with CNN Lara Spencer correspondent & lifestyle anchor 1999 -- 2003 & 2011 -- 14 became co-host Robin Roberts sports contributor 1995 -- 2002 became co-host Tony Reali contributor , Social Square 2014 Dr. Richard Besser senior medical and health correspondent 2009 - 2017 became CEO of Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Jesse Palmer contributor 2015 - 2017 now at Daily Mail TV Weekend editions ( edit ) Good Morning America Weekend Genre Morning news and talk show Created by Donald L. Perris William F. Baker Presented by Dan Harris Paula Faris Ron Claiborne Rob Marciano Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 No. of episodes 1,560 ( as of September 2012 ) Production Location ( s ) ABC Television Center , Lincoln Square , Manhattan ( most broadcasts ) Times Square Studios , Times Square ( special events ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 44 minutes Release Original network ABC Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1993 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2009 ) , 1080i / 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2009 -- present ) Original release January 3 , 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 03 ) ( original Sunday edition ) September 4 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 04 ) ( current incarnation ) -- present External links Website gma.yahoo.com The first weekend edition of Good Morning America premiered on January 3 , 1993 , airing only on Sundays ; it was hosted at various points by Willow Bay , Aaron Brown , John Hockenberry , Dana King , Lisa McRee , Antonio Mora , Kevin Newman and Bill Ritter . The program was cancelled on February 28 , 1999 . In August 2010 , Bill Weir left the weekend edition to become co-anchor of Nightline ; Marysol Castro left the show the following month . While Dan Harris officially took over as Weir 's replacement that October , meteorologists from various ABC affiliates across the country filled in to provide the national weather segments for over a year after Castro 's departure ; eventually in November 2011 , Ginger Zee , who previously served as a meteorologist at NBC O&O WMAQ - TV in Chicago , was appointed as weather anchor for the weekend editions . After Zee was promoted to weather anchor of the weekday edition of Good Morning America in December 2013 , the program returned to having ABC affiliate meteorologists to substitute on the Saturday and Sunday editions , until ABC announced the appointment of Rob Marciano ( a former CNN meteorologist who had recently departed as co-host of Entertainment Tonight ) as full - time weekend weather anchor in July 2014 , effective that September . In July 2014 , Bianna Golodryga announced she would be leaving ABC to take a correspondent role at Yahoo News . Paula Faris ( who previously substituted for Golodryga in the spring of 2012 , while she was on maternity leave ) was named as Golodryga 's replacement as weekend co-anchor . Most weeks , the GMA Weekend shows originate from the main ABC News set at the ABC Television Center in Manhattan 's Lincoln Square neighborhood rather than Times Square Studios ; the set 's large rear - projection screen is used to project the Times Square background seen in the background of the weekday GMA to provide continuity . Previously the weekend edition of `` GMA '' was also aired from the Times Square Studio but was moved to the ABC News set to cut costs . On September 10 , 2016 , Sara Haines left the program as lifestyle anchor to take a full - time position as co-host of ABC 's The View . On - air staff ( weekend editions ) ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Dan Harris -- anchor ( 2010 -- present ) Paula Faris -- anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Ron Claiborne -- news anchor ( 2004 -- present ) Rob Marciano -- weather anchor ( 2014 -- present ) Adrienne Bankert -- entertainment anchor ( 2017 - present ) Former on - air staff ( edit ) Anchors ( edit ) Bill Ritter ( 1993 -- 1994 and 1997 -- 1998 ; now at WABC - TV in New York City ) Dana King ( 1993 ; retired from journalism ) Lisa McRee ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Willow Bay ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Antonio Mora ( 1994 -- 1995 ; now at Al - Jazeera America ) John Hockenberry ( 1995 -- 1996 ) Kevin Newman ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Aaron Brown ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Bill Weir ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at CNN ) Kate Snow ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at NBC News ) Bianna Golodryga ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Rachel Smith -- lifestyle anchor ( 2012 -- 2014 ; remains with GMA as features correspondent and as substitute weekend lifestyle anchor ) Sara Haines -- lifestyle anchor ( 2013 -- 2016 ; remains with ABC as co-host of The View and contributor for GMA weekday ) Weather anchors ( edit ) Marysol Castro ( 2004 -- 2010 ; now at WPIX in New York City ) Ginger Zee ( 2011 -- 2013 ; now weather anchor of the program 's weekday editions ) International broadcasts ( edit ) In Australia , Nine Network broadcasts Good Morning America on its stations in metropolitan areas , and regional affiliates SC9 and NBN , on a one - day delay ( by way of Australia and the United States being on different ends of the International Date Line ) each Tuesday through Friday from 3.30 to 5 : 00 , Saturdays from 4.30 to 6 : 00 and Monday mornings from 4 : 00 to 5 : 00 a.m. ( Nine does not air the Saturday edition of the program ) . The Nine broadcasts features a map providing forecasts for Australia in place of national U.S. weather map ( which itself is also , in a separate feature within the main weather segment , used as a cutaway to weather updates provided by local ABC affiliates ) . Although it airs at the same time as Seven Network and Network Ten 's broadcasts of NBC 's Today and CBS This Morning , Good Morning America 's broadcasts by Nine is unchallenged ratings-wise in some regions where other affiliates preempt their networks ' U.S. breakfast programs with paid and religious programming . OSN airs Good Morning America on OSN First HD live each weekday at 5 : 00 UAE / 4 : 00 KSA in the Middle East and North Africa Countries . Accolades ( edit ) In 1992 and 1993 , Good Morning America won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk / Service Show . In 2010 , the program was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding TV Journalism Segment '' for the segment `` Total Transformation : Why Chaz Bono Decided to Change '' . See also ( edit ) ABC News Breakfast television List of years in television References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( August 26 , 2014 ) . `` Michael Corn Named Senior EP of GMA ; Almin Karamehmedovic Named EP of World News '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GMA profile '' . Deadline.com . August 2013 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Morning Show Ratings : ' Today ' Makes It 14 Years at # 1 '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell Robertson ( March 20 , 2006 ) . `` Bill Beutel , 75 , Dies ; Longtime Anchor of ' Eyewitness News ' in New York '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` The Evening News -- Google News Archive Search '' . news.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Hartman 's Silent Partner No More , Joan Lunden Wins New Status on Good Morning America : People.com '' . www.people.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ David Bauder ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` NBC 's ' Today ' show streak hits 15 years '' . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles Gibson ( June 28 , 2006 ) . `` Charlie 's Goodbye -- An Emotional Tribute to Friends and Co-Workers '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brooks Boliek ( January 16 , 2008 ) . `` Diane Keaton Swears on TV , FCC Stammers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News : Gibson Retiring , Sawyer Will Be Anchor '' . Yahoo ! News . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( December 10 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ `` ABC Appoints Chris Cuomo To Be GMA Host '' . Google News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News President Ben Sherwood announces the addition of Lara Spencer to Good Morning America as `` Lifestyle Anchor '' `` . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . March 17 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Juju Chang Out , Josh Elliott In at Good Morning America '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Ariens ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` New Director , Upgrades to Times Square Studio for ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Mediabistro.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musical chairs at ' Good Morning America ' '' . NewscastStudio . September 6 , 2011 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' Weeklong Win Over ' Today ' Confirmed ; First Win in 16 Years '' . The Wrap . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' GMA ' is # 1 for Week of April 23rd by 166,000 Total Viewers -- Takes 2 of Last 3 Weeks '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2It / Tribune Media . April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katie Couric Makes ' Good Morning America ' Guest - Hosting Debut , Visits ' Dancing With the Stars ' Set ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America 's ' Robin Roberts to take medical leave for bone marrow transplant '' . Fox News . Associated Press . July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` With Roberts Back , ' Good Morning America ' Looks to Widen Ratings Gap Over ' Today ' '' . The New York Times . February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Robin Roberts Plans to Return Full Time to ' Good Morning America ' '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Morning Show Ratings : Week of May 20 and May Sweeps '' . TVNewser . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion exits ABC for Weather Channel '' . CNNMoney.com . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Reveals Name of New Weather Channel Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Champion Leaving ABC for The Weather Channel '' . TVNewser . December 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ABC 's Josh Elliott leaving ' Good Morning America ' for NBC Sports '' . CNNMoney.com . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Morning America ' shake - up : Amy Robach succeeds Josh Elliott '' . The Washington Post . March 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Jordan ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Lara Spencer Named Co-Host of ' Good Morning America ' '' . TVNewser . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Little , Lyneka ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tim Tebow Signs On With ' Good Morning America ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Michael Strahan Joins ' Good Morning America ' Full - Time , Leaving ' Live ' '' . ABC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Block ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Good Morning America ' Afternoon Spinoff Might Tap Different Hosts '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Names Josh Elliott And Lara Spencer To Host ' Good Afternoon America ' Run '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Barz '' . kdvr.com . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Moraes , Lisa de ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) . `` Richard Besser Exiting ABC News As Chief Health And Medical Editor '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Hires Two Anchors from NBC Station in Chicago '' . TVNewser . November 2011 . Retrieved July 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alyssa Bernstein ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Rob Marciano Joins ABC News as Senior Meteorologist '' . ABC News ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Jordan Chariton ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Bianna Golodryga Leaving ' GMA ' for Yahoo ! ; Paula Faris Promoted to Co-Anchor '' . TVNewser . Jump up ^ http://www.osn.com/en/find-watch/osn-schedules.aspx Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Official website Good Morning America on IMDb Good Morning America at TV.com Links to related articles ABC News personalities Chief Anchor George Stephanopoulos ( Breaking News and Election Coverage ) ABC World News Tonight David Muir ( anchor and managing editor ) Tom Llamas ( weekend anchor ) Good Morning America Robin Roberts ( co-anchor ) George Stephanopoulos ( co-anchor ) Michael Strahan ( co-anchor ) Lara Spencer ( co-anchor ) Amy Robach ( news anchor ) Ginger Zee ( chief meteorologist ) GMA Weekend Paula Faris ( co-anchor ) Dan Harris ( co-anchor ) Ron Claiborne ( news anchor ) Rob Marciano ( senior meteorologist ) Nightline Byron Pitts ( co-anchor ) Juju Chang ( co-anchor ) Dan Harris ( co-anchor ) 20 / 20 Elizabeth Vargas ( co-anchor ) David Muir ( co-anchor ) This Week George Stephanopoulos ( anchor ) Martha Raddatz ( co-anchor ) What Would You Do ? 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good morning america what time does it start

Good Morning America ( GMA ) is an American morning television show that is broadcast on ABC . It debuted on November 3 , 1975 , and first expanded to weekends with the debut of a Sunday edition on January 3 , 1993 . The Sunday edition was canceled in 1999 ; weekend editions returned on both Saturdays and Sundays on September 4 , 2004 . The weekday program airs from 7 : 00 to 9 : 00 a.m. in all U.S. time zones ( live in the Eastern Time Zone and on tape delay elsewhere across the country ) . The Saturday and Sunday editions are one hour long and are transmitted to ABC 's stations live at 7 : 00 a.m. Eastern Time , although stations in some markets air them at different times . Viewers in the Pacific Time Zone receive an updated feed with a specialized opening and updated live reports . A third hour of the weekday broadcast aired from 2007 to 2008 , exclusively on ABC News Now .

Dave 's Gourmet - wikipedia Dave 's Gourmet This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dave 's Gourmet hot sauce Dave 's Gourmet is a company notable for creating and introducing Dave 's Insanity Sauce , which formerly held the title of `` world 's hottest sauce . '' The sauce is widely distributed through gourmet hot sauce boutiques and online hot - sauce sites . Contents 1 History 2 Varieties 2.1 Standard sauces 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) The original Dave 's Insanity Sauce premiered around 1993 and was one of the first sauces to be made directly from capsaicin extract , allowing it to be hotter than the hottest habanero - pepper sauces of the day . It has been rated at 180,000 Scoville units , compared with 2,500 - 5,000 for Tabasco sauce . Part of the intrigue behind the sauce name ( Insanity ) was founder Dave Hirschkop 's wearing of a straitjacket at events promoting his products . Dave 's Gourmet has since introduced sauces with increasingly greater concentrations of capsaicin under names such as Dave 's Commemorative Insanity , Dave 's Total Insanity , and Dave 's Ultimate Insanity , which has been reported variously as from 90,000 to 250,000 on the Scoville scale and comes with a caveat Use this product one drop at a time . '' Keep away from eyes , children and pets . Not for people with heart or respiratory problems . Also offered is Dave 's Private Reserve which comes in a coffin - shaped package and has been reported variously as from 500,000 to 750,000 Scoville units . His most recent release is a super-limited holiday edition , which is two to three times as hot as his private reserve , and was limited to 200 bottles total , selling for $199 per bottle . Varieties ( edit ) The following varieties of Dave 's Gourmet sauces are currently available : Standard sauces ( edit ) Cool Cayenne Sauce Ginger Peach Hot Sauce Hurtin ' Jalapeño Sauce Hurtin ' Habanero Sauce Jammin ' Jerk Sauce Roasted Garlic Hot Sauce Roasted Red Pepper & Chipotle Hot Sauce Scotch Bonnet Hot Sauce Dave 's Steak Sauce Temporary Insanity Sauce Insanity Sauce Total Insanity Sauce Ultimate Insanity Sauce Ghost Pepper Naga Jolokia Hot Sauce Scorpion Sauce References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The world 's spiciest hot sauces '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Dave 's Gourmet , Inc . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website `` The Scoville Heat Scale '' . www.chilliworld.com . Clarkson , Jeremy ( October 4 , 2009 ) . `` Help , quick -- I 've unscrewed the top on a ticking bomb '' . The Sunday Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2010 . Hot sauces Adobo Ají Ajika Ajvar Bajan pepper sauce Biber salçası Blair 's Sauces and Snacks Búfalo Cholula Hot Sauce Crystal Hot Sauce D'Elidas Dave 's Gourmet Dog - Gone Sauce Doubanjiang Erős Pista Filfel chuma Frank 's RedHot Gochujang Harissa Huy Fong Foods Jeow bong Ljutenica Llajwa Louisiana Hot Sauce Marie Sharp 's Mojito isleño Mojo Muhammara Nam phrik Pebre Pickapeppa sauce Pinđur Piri piri Ro - Tel Sambal Scorpion Bay Hot Sauce Shito Smokeshow Sriracha sauce Huy Fong Foods Tabasco sauce Tapatío hot sauce Texas Pete Trappey 's Hot Sauce Valentina Zhug List of hot sauces Food portal WikiProject Food and drink Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave%27s_Gourmet&oldid=851384335 '' Categories : Hot sauces Brand name condiments Condiment companies of the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 22 : 38 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

what kind of peppers are in dave's insanity sauce

The original Dave 's Insanity Sauce premiered around 1993 and was one of the first sauces to be made directly from capsaicin extract , allowing it to be hotter than the hottest habanero - pepper sauces of the day . It has been rated at 180,000 Scoville units , compared with 2,500 - 5,000 for Tabasco sauce . Part of the intrigue behind the sauce name ( Insanity ) was founder Dave Hirschkop 's wearing of a straitjacket at events promoting his products .

Vitamin K - wikipedia Vitamin K This article is about the family of vitamers . For vitamin K , the form usually used as a supplement , see Phytomenadione . Vitamin K Drug class Vitamin K structures . MK - 4 and MK - 7 are both subtypes of K . Class identifiers Use Vitamin K deficiency , Warfarin overdose ATC code B02BA Biological target Gamma - glutamyl carboxylase Clinical data Drugs.com Medical Encyclopedia External links MeSH D014812 In Wikidata Vitamin K is a group of structurally similar , fat - soluble vitamins that the human body requires for complete synthesis of certain proteins that are prerequisites for blood coagulation ( K from Koagulation , Danish for `` coagulation '' ) and which the body also needs for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues . The vitamin K - related modification of the proteins allows them to bind calcium ions , which they can not do otherwise . Without vitamin K , blood coagulation is seriously impaired , and uncontrolled bleeding occurs . Preliminary clinical research indicates that deficiency of vitamin K may weaken bones , potentially leading to osteoporosis , and may promote calcification of arteries and other soft tissues . Chemically , the vitamin K family comprises 2 - methyl - 1 , 4 - naphthoquinone ( 3 - ) derivatives . Vitamin K includes two natural vitamers : vitamin K and vitamin K. Vitamin K , in turn , consists of a number of related chemical subtypes , with differing lengths of carbon side chains made of isoprenoid groups of atoms . Vitamin K , also known as phylloquinone , is made by plants , and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis . It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K , including its activity in the production of blood - clotting proteins . Animals may also convert it to vitamin K . Bacteria in the gut flora can also convert K into vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In addition , bacteria typically lengthen the isoprenoid side chain of vitamin K to produce a range of vitamin K forms , most notably the MK - 7 to MK - 11 homologues of vitamin K. All forms of K other than MK - 4 can only be produced by bacteria , which use these forms in anaerobic respiration . The MK - 7 and other bacterially derived forms of vitamin K exhibit vitamin K activity in animals , but MK - 7 's extra utility over MK - 4 , if any , is unclear and is a matter of investigation . Because a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , may be toxic by interfering with the function of glutathione , it is no longer used to treat vitamin K deficiency . Contents ( hide ) 1 Health effects 1.1 Osteoporosis 1.2 Cardiovascular health 1.3 Cancer 1.4 Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning 2 Side effects 3 Interactions 4 Chemistry 4.1 Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K 4.2 Vitamin K 5 Physiology 6 Absorption and dietary need 7 Dietary recommendations 8 Food sources 8.1 Vitamin K 9 Deficiency 10 Biochemistry 10.1 Function in animals 10.2 Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins 10.3 Methods of assessment 10.4 Function in bacteria 11 Injection in newborns 11.1 United States 11.2 United Kingdom 11.3 Controversy 12 History 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Health effects ( edit ) Osteoporosis ( edit ) A review of 2014 concluded that there is positive evidence that monotherapy using MK - 4 , one of the forms of Vitamin K , reduces fracture incidence in post-menopausal women with osteoporosis , and suggested further research on the combined use of MK - 4 with bisphosphonates . In contrast , an earlier review article of 2013 concluded that there is no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation helps prevent osteoporosis or fractures in postmenopausal women . A Cochrane systematic review of 2006 suggested that supplementation with Vitamin K and with MK4 reduces bone loss ; in particular , a strong effect of MK - 4 on incident fractures among Japanese patients was emphasized . A review article of 2016 suggested to consider , as one of several measures for bone health , increasing the intake of foods rich in vitamins K and K . Cardiovascular Health ( edit ) Adequate intake of vitamin K is associated with the inhibition of arterial calcification and stiffening , but there have been few interventional studies and no good evidence that vitamin K supplementation is of any benefit in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease . One 10 - year population study , the Rotterdam Study , did show a clear and significant inverse relationship between the highest intake levels of menaquinone ( mainly MK - 4 from eggs and meat , and MK - 8 and MK - 9 from cheese ) and cardiovascular disease and all - cause mortality in older men and women . Cancer ( edit ) Vitamin K has been promoted in supplement form with claims it can slow tumor growth ; however , no good medical evidence supports such claims . Warfarin overdose and Coumadin poisoning ( edit ) Vitamin K is one of the treatments for bleeding events caused by overdose of the anticoagulant drug warfarin ( Coumadin ® ) . Vitamin K is also part of the suggested treatment regime for poisoning by rodenticide ( coumarin poisoning ) . Side effects ( edit ) Although allergic reaction from supplementation is possible , no known toxicity is associated with high doses of the phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) or menaquinone ( vitamin K ) forms of vitamin K , so no tolerable upper intake level ( UL ) has been set . Blood clotting ( coagulation ) studies in humans using 45 mg per day of vitamin K ( as MK - 4 ) and even up to 135 mg per day ( 45 mg three times daily ) of K ( as MK - 4 ) , showed no increase in blood clot risk . Even doses in rats as high as 250 mg / kg , body weight did not alter the tendency for blood - clot formation to occur . Unlike the safe natural forms of vitamin K and vitamin K and their various isomers , a synthetic form of vitamin K , vitamin K ( menadione ) , is demonstrably toxic at high levels . The U.S. FDA has banned this form from over-the - counter sale in the United States because large doses have been shown to cause allergic reactions , hemolytic anemia , and cytotoxicity in liver cells . Interactions ( edit ) Phylloquinone ( K ) or menaquinone ( K ) are capable of reversing the anticoagulant activity of the anticoagulant warfarin ( tradename Coumadin ) . Warfarin works by blocking recycling of vitamin K , so that the body and tissues have lower levels of active vitamin K , and thus a deficiency of vitamin K . Supplemental vitamin K ( for which oral dosing is often more active than injectable dosing in human adults ) reverses the vitamin K deficiency caused by warfarin , and therefore reduces the intended anticoagulant action of warfarin and related drugs . Sometimes small amounts of vitamin K are given orally to patients taking warfarin so that the action of the drug is more predictable . The proper anticoagulant action of the drug is a function of vitamin K intake and drug dose , and due to differing absorption must be individualized for each patient . The action of warfarin and vitamin K both require two to five days after dosing to have maximum effect , and neither warfarin or vitamin K shows much effect in the first 24 hours after they are given . The newer anticoagulants dabigatran and rivaroxaban have different mechanisms of action that do not interact with vitamin K , and may be taken with supplemental vitamin K . Chemistry ( edit ) Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) . In menaquinone , the side chain is composed of a varying number of isoprenoid residues . The most common number of these residues is four , since animal enzymes normally produce menaquinone - 4 from plant phylloquinone . A sample of phytomenadione for injection , also called phylloquinone The three synthetic forms of vitamin K are vitamins K ( menadione ) , K , and K , which are used in many areas , including the pet food industry ( vitamin K ) and to inhibit fungal growth ( vitamin K ) . Conversion of vitamin K to vitamin K ( edit ) Vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) -- both forms of the vitamin contain a functional naphthoquinone ring and an aliphatic side chain . Phylloquinone has a phytyl side chain . The MK - 4 form of vitamin K is produced by conversion of vitamin K in the testes , pancreas , and arterial walls . While major questions still surround the biochemical pathway for this transformation , the conversion is not dependent on gut bacteria , as it occurs in germ - free rats and in parenterally administered K in rats . In fact , tissues that accumulate high amounts of MK - 4 have a remarkable capacity to convert up to 90 % of the available K into MK - 4 . There is evidence that the conversion proceeds by removal of the phytyl tail of K to produce menadione as an intermediate , which is then condensed with an activated geranylgeranyl moiety ( see also prenylation ) to produce vitamin K in the MK - 4 ( menatetrenone ) form . Vitamin K ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K Vitamin K ( menaquinone ) includes several subtypes . The two most studied ones are menaquinone - 4 ( menatetrenone , MK - 4 ) and menaquinone - 7 ( MK - 7 ) . Physiology ( edit ) Vitamin K , the precursor of most vitamin K in nature , is a stereoisomer of phylloquinone , an important chemical in green plants , where it functions as an electron acceptor in photosystem I during photosynthesis . For this reason , vitamin K is found in large quantities in the photosynthetic tissues of plants ( green leaves , and dark green leafy vegetables such as romaine lettuce , kale , and spinach ) , but it occurs in far smaller quantities in other plant tissues ( roots , fruits , etc . ) . Iceberg lettuce contains relatively little . The function of phylloquinone in plants appears to have no resemblance to its later metabolic and biochemical function ( as `` vitamin K '' ) in animals , where it performs a completely different biochemical reaction . Vitamin K ( in animals ) is involved in the carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residues . The modified residues are often ( but not always ) situated within specific protein domains called Gla domains . Gla residues are usually involved in binding calcium , and are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla proteins . At this time , 17 human proteins with Gla domains have been discovered , and they play key roles in the regulation of three physiological processes : Blood coagulation : prothrombin ( factor II ) , factors VII , IX , and X , and proteins C , S , and Z Bone metabolism : osteocalcin , also called bone Gla protein ( BGP ) , matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , periostin , and the recently discovered Gla - rich protein ( GRP ) . Vascular biology : growth arrest - specific protein 6 ( Gas6 ) Unknown function : proline - rich γ - carboxyglutamyl proteins ( PRGPs ) 1 and 2 , and transmembrane γ - carboxy glutamyl proteins ( TMGs ) 3 and 4 . Like other lipid - soluble vitamins ( A , D , and E ) , vitamin K is stored in the fatty tissue of the human body . Absorption and dietary need ( edit ) Previous theory held that dietary deficiency is extremely rare unless the small intestine was heavily damaged , resulting in malabsorption of the molecule . Another at - risk group for deficiency were those subject to decreased production of K by normal intestinal microbiota , as seen in broad - spectrum antibiotic use . Taking broad - spectrum antibiotics can reduce vitamin K production in the gut by nearly 74 % in people compared with those not taking these antibiotics . Diets low in vitamin K also decrease the body 's vitamin K concentration . Those with chronic kidney disease are at risk for vitamin K deficiency , as well as vitamin D deficiency , and particularly those with the apoE4 genotype . Additionally , the elderly have a reduction in vitamin K . Dietary recommendations ( edit ) The U.S. Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) updated Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) and Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for vitamin K in 1998 . The IOM does not distinguish between K and K -- both are counted as vitamin K . At that time , t sufficient information was not available to establish EARs and RDAs for vitamin K . In instances such as these , the board sets Adequate Intakes ( AIs ) , with the understanding that at some later date , AIs will be replaced by more exact information . The current AIs for adult women and men ages 19 and up are 90 and 120 μg / day , respectively . AI for pregnancy is 90 μg / day . AI for lactation is 90 μg / day . For infants up to 12 months , the AI is 2.0 - 2.5 μg / day ; for children ages 1 -- 18 years the AI increases with age from 30 to 75 μg / day . As for safety , the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels ( known as ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . Vitamin K has no UL , as human data for adverse effects from high doses are inadequate . Collectively , the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority ( EFSA ) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values , with Population Reference Intake ( PRI ) instead of RDA , and Average Requirement instead of EAR . AI and UL are defined the same as in United States . For women and men over age 18 the AI is set at 70 μg / day . AI for pregnancy is 70 μg / day , ad for lactation 70 μg / day . For children ages 1 -- 17 years , the AIs increase with age from 12 to 65 μg / day . These AIs are lower than the U.S. RDAs . The EFSA also reviewed the safety question and reached the same conclusion as in United States - that there was not sufficient evidence to set a UL for vitamin K . For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes , the amount in a serving is expressed as a percentage of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For vitamin K labeling purposes , 100 % of the Daily Value was 80 μg , but as of May 27 , 2016 , it was revised upwards to 120 μg , to bring it into agreement with the AI . A table of the old and new adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake . The original deadline to be in compliance was July 28 , 2018 , but on September 29 , 2017 , the FDA released a proposed rule that extended the deadline to January 1 , 2020 for large companies and January 1 , 2021 for small companies . Food sources ( edit ) See also : Vitamin K2 § Dietary sources Vitamin K ( edit ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Food Serving size Vitamin K ( μg ) Kale , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 531 Parsley , raw ​ ⁄ cup 246 Spinach , cooked ​ ⁄ cup , 77g 444 Spinach , raw 1 cup 145 Collards , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 418 Collards , raw 1 cup 184 Swiss chard , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 287 Swiss chard , raw 1 cup 299 Mustard greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 210 Mustard greens , raw 1 cup 279 Turnip greens , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 265 Turnip greens , raw 1 cup 138 Broccoli , cooked 1 cup 220 Broccoli , raw 1 cup 89 Brussels sprouts , cooked 1 cup 219 Endive , raw 1 cup 116 Cabbage , cooked ​ ⁄ cup 82 Green leaf lettuce 1 cup 71 Asparagus 4 spears 48 Romaine lettuce , raw 1 cup 57 Table from `` Important information to know when you are taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' , Clinical Center , National Institutes of Health Drug Nutrient Interaction Task Force . Vitamin K is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach , swiss chard , lettuce and Brassica vegetables ( such as cabbage , kale , cauliflower , broccoli , and brussels sprouts ) and often the absorption is greater when accompanied by fats such as butter or oils . Some fruits , such as avocados , kiwifruit and grapes , also contain vitamin K. Some vegetable oils , notably soybean oil , contain vitamin K , but at levels that would require relatively large calorie consumption to meet the recommended amounts . The tight binding of vitamin K to thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts makes it less bioavailable . For example , cooked spinach has a 5 % bioavailability of phylloquinone , however , fat added to it increases bioavailability to 13 % due to the increased solubility of vitamin K in fat . Deficiency ( edit ) Main article : Vitamin K deficiency Average diets are usually not lacking in vitamin K , and primary deficiency is rare in healthy adults . Newborn infants are at an increased risk of deficiency . Other populations with an increased prevalence of vitamin K deficiency include those who suffer from liver damage or disease ( e.g. alcoholics ) , cystic fibrosis , or inflammatory bowel diseases , or have recently had abdominal surgeries . Secondary vitamin K deficiency can occur in people with bulimia , those on stringent diets , and those taking anticoagulants . Other drugs associated with vitamin K deficiency include salicylates , barbiturates , and cefamandole , although the mechanisms are still unknown . Vitamin K deficiency can result in coagulopathy , a bleeding disorder . Symptoms of K deficiency include anemia , bruising , nosebleeds and bleeding of the gums in both sexes , and heavy menstrual bleeding in women . Osteoporosis and coronary heart disease are strongly associated with lower levels of K ( menaquinone ) . Vitamin K ( as menaquinones MK - 4 through MK - 10 ) intake level is inversely related to severe aortic calcification and all - cause mortality . Biochemistry ( edit ) Function in animals ( edit ) Mechanism of action of vitamin K . The function of vitamin K in the animal cell is to add a carboxylic acid functional group to a glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residue in a protein , to form a gamma - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) residue . This is a somewhat uncommon posttranslational modification of the protein , which is then known as a `` Gla protein '' . The presence of two − COOH ( carboxylic acid ) groups on the same carbon in the gamma - carboxyglutamate residue allows it to chelate calcium ions . The binding of calcium ions in this way very often triggers the function or binding of Gla - protein enzymes , such as the so - called vitamin K - dependent clotting factors discussed below . Within the cell , vitamin K undergoes electron reduction to a reduced form called vitamin K hydroquinone , catalyzed by the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase ( VKOR ) . Another enzyme then oxidizes vitamin K hydroquinone to allow carboxylation of Glu to Gla ; this enzyme is called gamma - glutamyl carboxylase or the vitamin K - dependent carboxylase . The carboxylation reaction only proceeds if the carboxylase enzyme is able to oxidize vitamin K hydroquinone to vitamin K epoxide at the same time . The carboxylation and epoxidation reactions are said to be coupled . Vitamin K epoxide is then reconverted to vitamin K by VKOR . The reduction and subsequent reoxidation of vitamin K coupled with carboxylation of Glu is called the vitamin K cycle . Humans are rarely deficient in vitamin K because , in part , vitamin K is continuously recycled in cells . Warfarin and other 4 - hydroxycoumarins block the action of VKOR . This results in decreased concentrations of vitamin K and vitamin K hydroquinone in tissues , such that the carboxylation reaction catalyzed by the glutamyl carboxylase is inefficient . This results in the production of clotting factors with inadequate Gla . Without Gla on the amino termini of these factors , they no longer bind stably to the blood vessel endothelium and can not activate clotting to allow formation of a clot during tissue injury . As it is impossible to predict what dose of warfarin will give the desired degree of clotting suppression , warfarin treatment must be carefully monitored to avoid overdose . Gamma - carboxyglutamate proteins ( edit ) Main article : Gla domain The following human Gla - containing proteins ( `` Gla proteins '' ) have been characterized to the level of primary structure : blood coagulation factors II ( prothrombin ) , VII , IX , and X , anticoagulant proteins C and S , and the factor X-targeting protein Z . The bone Gla protein osteocalcin , the calcification - inhibiting matrix Gla protein ( MGP ) , the cell growth regulating growth arrest specific gene 6 protein ( Gas6 ) , and the four transmembrane Gla proteins ( TMGPs ) , the function of which is at present unknown . Gas6 can function as a growth factor to activate the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase and stimulate cell proliferation or prevent apoptosis in some cells . In all cases in which their function was known , the presence of the Gla residues in these proteins turned out to be essential for functional activity . Gla proteins are known to occur in a wide variety of vertebrates : mammals , birds , reptiles , and fish . The venom of a number of Australian snakes acts by activating the human blood - clotting system . In some cases , activation is accomplished by snake Gla - containing enzymes that bind to the endothelium of human blood vessels and catalyze the conversion of procoagulant clotting factors into activated ones , leading to unwanted and potentially deadly clotting . Another interesting class of invertebrate Gla - containing proteins is synthesized by the fish - hunting snail Conus geographus . These snails produce a venom containing hundreds of neuroactive peptides , or conotoxins , which is sufficiently toxic to kill an adult human . Several of the conotoxins contain two to five Gla residues . Methods of assessment ( edit ) Vitamin K status can be assessed by : The prothrombin time ( PT ) test measures the time required for blood to clot . A blood sample is mixed with citric acid and put in a fibrometer ; delayed clot formation indicates a deficiency . This test is insensitive to mild deficiency , as the values do not change until the concentration of prothrombin in the blood has declined by at least 50 % . Undercarboxylated prothrombin ( PIVKA - II ) ; in a study of 53 newborns , found `` PT ( prothrombin time ) is a less sensitive marker than PIVKA II '' , and as indicated above , PT is unable to detect subclinical deficiencies that can be detected with PIVKA - II testing . Plasma phylloquinone was found to be positively correlated with phylloquinone intake in elderly British women , but not men , but an article by Schurgers et al. reported no correlation between responses in a food frequency questionnaire and plasma phylloquinone . Urinary γ - carboxyglutamic acid responds to changes in dietary vitamin K intake . Several days are required before any change can be observed . In a study by Booth et al. , increases of phylloquinone intakes from 100 μg to between 377 and 417 μg for five days did not induce a significant change . Response may be age - specific . Undercarboxylated osteocalcin ( UcOc ) levels have been inversely correlated with stores of vitamin K and bone strength in developing rat tibiae . Another study following 78 post-menopausal Korean women found a supplement regimen of vitamins K and D , and calcium , but not a regimen of vitamin D and calcium , was inversely correlated with reduced UcOc levels . Function in bacteria ( edit ) Many bacteria , such as Escherichia coli found in the large intestine , can synthesize vitamin K ( menaquinone - 7 or MK - 7 , up to MK - 11 ) , but not vitamin K ( phylloquinone ) . In these bacteria , menaquinone transfers two electrons between two different small molecules , during oxygen - independent metabolic energy production processes ( anaerobic respiration ) . For example , a small molecule with an excess of electrons ( also called an electron donor ) such as lactate , formate , or NADH , with the help of an enzyme , passes two electrons to menaquinone . The menaquinone , with the help of another enzyme , then transfers these two electrons to a suitable oxidant , such fumarate or nitrate ( also called an electron acceptor ) . Adding two electrons to fumarate or nitrate converts the molecule to succinate or nitrite plus water , respectively . Some of these reactions generate a cellular energy source , ATP , in a manner similar to eukaryotic cell aerobic respiration , except the final electron acceptor is not molecular oxygen , but fumarate or nitrate . In aerobic respiration , the final oxidant is molecular oxygen ( O ) , which accepts four electrons from an electron donor such as NADH to be converted to water . E. coli , as facultative anaerobes , can carry out both aerobic respiration and menaquinone - mediated anaerobic respiration . Injection in newborns ( edit ) The blood clotting factors of newborn babies are roughly 30 -- 60 % that of adult values ; this may be due to the reduced synthesis of precursor proteins and the sterility of their guts . Human milk contains 1 -- 4 μg / L of vitamin K , while formula - derived milk can contain up to 100 μg / L in supplemented formulas . Vitamin K concentrations in human milk appear to be much lower than those of vitamin K. Occurrence of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the first week of the infant 's life is estimated at 0.25 -- 1.7 % , with a prevalence of 2 -- 10 cases per 100,000 births . Premature babies have even lower levels of the vitamin , so they are at a higher risk from this deficiency . Bleeding in infants due to vitamin K deficiency can be severe , leading to hospitalization , blood transfusions , brain damage , and death . Supplementation can prevent most cases of vitamin K deficiency bleeding in the newborn . Intramuscular administration ( known as the Vitamin K shot ) is more effective in preventing late vitamin K deficiency bleeding than oral administration . United States ( edit ) As a result of the occurrences of vitamin K deficiency bleeding , the Committee on Nutrition of the American Academy of Pediatrics has recommended 0.5 -- 1 mg of vitamin K be administered to all newborns shortly after birth . United kingdom ( edit ) In the UK , vitamin K supplementation is recommended for all newborns within the first 24 hours . This is usually given as a single intramuscular injection of 1 mg shortly after birth but as a second - line option can be given by three oral doses over the first month . Controversy ( edit ) Controversy arose in the early 1990s regarding this practice , when two studies suggested a relationship between parenteral administration of vitamin K and childhood cancer . However , poor methods and small sample sizes led to the discrediting of these studies , and a review of the evidence published in 2000 by Ross and Davies found no link between the two . Doctors reported emerging concerns in 2013 , after treating children for serious bleeding problems . They cited lack of newborn vitamin K administration as the reason that the problems occurred , and recommended that breastfed babies could have an increased risk unless they receive a preventative dose . History ( edit ) In 1929 , Danish scientist Henrik Dam investigated the role of cholesterol by feeding chickens a cholesterol - depleted diet . He initially replicated experiments reported by scientists at the Ontario Agricultural College ( OAC ) . McFarlane , Graham and Richardson , working on the chick feed program at OAC , had used chloroform to remove all fat from chick chow . They noticed that chicks fed only fat - depleted chow developed hemorrhages and started bleeding from tag sites . Dam found that these defects could not be restored by adding purified cholesterol to the diet . It appeared that -- together with the cholesterol -- a second compound had been extracted from the food , and this compound was called the coagulation vitamin . The new vitamin received the letter K because the initial discoveries were reported in a German journal , in which it was designated as Koagulationsvitamin . Edward Adelbert Doisy of Saint Louis University did much of the research that led to the discovery of the structure and chemical nature of vitamin K. Dam and Doisy shared the 1943 Nobel Prize for medicine for their work on vitamin K ( K and K ) published in 1939 . Several laboratories synthesized the compound ( s ) in 1939 . For several decades , the vitamin K - deficient chick model was the only method of quantifying vitamin K in various foods : the chicks were made vitamin K - deficient and subsequently fed with known amounts of vitamin K - containing food . The extent to which blood coagulation was restored by the diet was taken as a measure for its vitamin K content . Three groups of physicians independently found this : Biochemical Institute , University of Copenhagen ( Dam and Johannes Glavind ) , University of Iowa Department of Pathology ( Emory Warner , Kenneth Brinkhous , and Harry Pratt Smith ) , and the Mayo Clinic ( Hugh Butt , Albert Snell , and Arnold Osterberg ) . The first published report of successful treatment with vitamin K of life - threatening hemorrhage in a jaundiced patient with prothrombin deficiency was made in 1938 by Smith , Warner , and Brinkhous . The precise function of vitamin K was not discovered until 1974 , when three laboratories ( Stenflo et al. , Nelsestuen et al. , and Magnusson et al . ) isolated the vitamin K - dependent coagulation factor prothrombin ( factor II ) from cows that received a high dose of a vitamin K antagonist , warfarin . It was shown that , while warfarin - treated cows had a form of prothrombin that contained 10 glutamate ( Glu ) amino acid residues near the amino terminus of this protein , the normal ( untreated ) cows contained 10 unusual residues that were chemically identified as γ - carboxyglutamate ( Gla ) . The extra carboxyl group in Gla made clear that vitamin K plays a role in a carboxylation reaction during which Glu is converted into Gla . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Vitamin K '' . Micronutrient Information Center , Linus Pauling Institute , Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR . July 2014 . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K Overview '' . University of Maryland Medical Center . Jump up ^ Hamidi , M. S. ; Gajic - Veljanoski , O. ; Cheung , A. M. ( 2013 ) . `` Vitamin K and bone health '' . Journal of Clinical Densitometry ( Review ) . 16 ( 4 ) : 409 -- 413 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocd. 2013.08. 017 . PMID 24090644 . 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Jump up ^ Hartley , L. ; Clar , C. ; Ghannam , O. ; Flowers , N. ; Stranges , S. ; Rees , K. ( Sep 2015 ) . `` Vitamin K for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( Systematic review ) . 9 ( 9 ) : CD011148 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011148. pub2 . PMID 26389791 . ^ Jump up to : Geleijnse , J. M. ; Vermeer , C. ; Grobbee , D. E. ; Schurgers , L. J. ; Knapen , M. H. ; van der Meer , I. M. ; Hofman , A. ; Witteman , J. C. ( Nov 2004 ) . `` Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease : the Rotterdam Study '' . Journal of Nutrition. 134 ( 11 ) : 3100 -- 3105 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 134.11. 3100 . PMID 15514282 . Jump up ^ Ades , T. B. , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary and Alternative Cancer Therapies ( 2nd ed . ) . American Cancer Society . pp. 558 -- 563 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944235 - 71 - 3 . 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Jump up ^ Ushiroyama , T. ; Ikeda , A. ; Ueki , M ( Mar 2002 ) . `` Effect of continuous combined therapy with vitamin K and vitamin D on bone mineral density and coagulofibrinolysis function in postmenopausal women '' . Maturitas. 41 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 221 . doi : 10.1016 / S0378 - 5122 ( 01 ) 00275 - 4 . PMID 11886767 . Jump up ^ Asakura , H. ; Myou , S. ; Ontachi , Y. ; Mizutani , T. ; Kato , M. ; Saito , M. ; Morishita , E. ; Yamazaki , M. ; Nakao , S. ( Dec 2001 ) . `` Vitamin K administration to elderly patients with osteoporosis induces no hemostatic activation , even in those with suspected vitamin K deficiency '' . Osteoporosis International . 12 ( 12 ) : 996 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1007 / s001980170007 . PMID 11846334 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Groenen - van Dooren , M. M. ; Hornstra , G. ; Vermeer , C. ( Jul 1997 ) . `` Modulation of arterial thrombosis tendency in rats by vitamin K and its side chains '' . Atherosclerosis. 132 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 67 . doi : 10.1016 / S0021 - 9150 ( 97 ) 00087 - 7 . PMID 9247360 . Jump up ^ Ansell , J. ; Hirsh , J. ; Poller , L. ; Bussey , H. ; Jacobson , A. ; Hylek , E ( Sep 2004 ) . `` The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists : the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy '' . Chest. 126 ( 3 Suppl . ) : 204S -- 233S . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 126.3 _suppl. 204S . PMID 15383473 . Jump up ^ Crowther , M. A. ; Douketis , J. D. ; Schnurr , T. ; Steidl , L. ; Mera , V. ; Ultori , C. ; Venco , A. ; Ageno , W. ( Aug 2002 ) . `` Oral vitamin K lowers the international normalized ratio more rapidly than subcutaneous vitamin K in the treatment of warfarin - associated coagulopathy . A randomized , controlled trial '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 137 ( 4 ) : 251 -- 254 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 137 - 4 - 200208200 - 00009 . PMID 12186515 . ^ Jump up to : `` Important Information to Know When You Are Taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . National Institute of Health Clinical Center Drug - Nutrient Interaction Task Force . Retrieved 17 Apr 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Guidelines For Warfarin Reversal With Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . Retrieved 17 Apr 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pradaxa Drug Interactions '' . Pradaxapro.com. 10 July 2017 . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Bauersachs , R. ; Berkowitz , S. D. ; Brenner , B. ; Buller , H. R. ; Decousus , H. ; Gallus , A. S. ; Lensing , A. W. ; Misselwitz , F. ; Prins , M. H. ; Raskob , G. E. ; Segers , A. ; Verhamme , P. ; Wells , P. ; Agnelli , G. ; Bounameaux , H. ; Cohen , A. ; Davidson , B. L. ; Piovella , F. ; Schellong , S. ( Dec 2010 ) . `` Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism '' ( PDF ) . New England Journal of Medicine . 363 ( 26 ) : 2499 -- 2510 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1007903 . PMID 21128814 . Jump up ^ McGee , W. ( 1 Feb 2007 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . MedlinePlus . Retrieved 2 Apr 2009 . Jump up ^ Shearer , M. J. ; Newman , P. ( Oct 2008 ) . `` Metabolism and cell biology of vitamin K '' . Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 100 ( 4 ) : 530 -- 547 . doi : 10.1160 / TH08 - 03 - 0147 . PMID 18841274 . ^ Jump up to : Davidson , R. T. ; Foley , A. L. ; Engelke , J. A. ; Suttie , J. W. ( Feb 1998 ) . `` Conversion of dietary phylloquinone to tissue menaquinone - 4 in rats is not dependent on gut bacteria '' . Journal of Nutrition. 128 ( 2 ) : 220 -- 223 . PMID 9446847 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ; Vermeer , C. ; Thijssen , H. H. ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone -- menaquinone - 4 conversion in the rat '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1379 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4165 ( 97 ) 00089 - 5 . PMID 9468334 . Jump up ^ Thijssen , H ... H. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ( Sep 1994 ) . `` Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues : dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone - 4 '' . The British Journal of Nutrition. 72 ( 3 ) : 415 -- 425 . doi : 10.1079 / BJN19940043 . PMID 7947656 . Jump up ^ Will , B. H. ; Usui , Y. ; Suttie , J. W. ( Dec 1992 ) . `` Comparative metabolism and requirement of vitamin K in chicks and rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 122 ( 12 ) : 2354 -- 2360 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 122.12. 2354 . PMID 1453219 . Jump up ^ Ronden , J. E. ; Drittij - Reijnders , M. J. ; Vermeer , C. ; Thijssen , H. H. ( Jan 1998 ) . `` Intestinal flora is not an intermediate in the phylloquinone - menaquinone - 4 conversion in the rat '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 1379 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 75 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4165 ( 97 ) 00089 - 5 . PMID 9468334 . Jump up ^ Al Rajabi , Ala ( 2011 ) . The Enzymatic Conversion of Phylloquinone to Menaquinone - 4 ( PhD thesis ) . Tufts University , Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy . Jump up ^ Furie , B. ; Bouchard , B. A. ; Furie , B. C. ( Mar 1999 ) . `` Vitamin K - dependent biosynthesis of gamma - carboxyglutamic acid '' . Blood . 93 ( 6 ) : 1798 -- 1808 . PMID 10068650 . Jump up ^ Mann , K. G. ( Aug 1999 ) . `` Biochemistry and physiology of blood coagulation '' . Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 82 ( 2 ) : 165 -- 174 . PMID 10605701 . Jump up ^ Price , P. A. ( 1988 ) . `` Role of vitamin - K - dependent proteins in bone metabolism '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 8 : 565 -- 583 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 08.070188. 003025 . PMID 3060178 . Jump up ^ Coutu , D. L. ; Wu , J. H. ; Monette , A. ; Rivard , G. E. ; Blostein , M. D. ; Galipeau , J ( Jun 2008 ) . `` Periostin , a member of a novel family of vitamin K - dependent proteins , is expressed by mesenchymal stromal cells '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 26 ) : 17991 -- 18001 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M708029200 . PMID 18450759 . Jump up ^ Viegas , C. S. ; Simes , D. C. ; Laizé , V. ; Williamson , M. K. ; Price , P. A. ; Cancela , M. L. ( Dec 2008 ) . `` Gla - rich protein ( GRP ) , a new vitamin K - dependent protein identified from sturgeon cartilage and highly conserved in vertebrates '' . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 283 ( 52 ) : 36655 -- 36664 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M802761200 . PMC 2605998 . PMID 18836183 . Jump up ^ Viegas , C. S. ; Cavaco , S. ; Neves , P. L. ; Ferreira , A. ; João , A. ; Williamson , M. K. ; Price , P. A. ; Cancela , M. L. ; Simes , D. C. ( Dec 2009 ) . `` Gla - rich protein is a novel vitamin K - dependent protein present in serum that accumulates at sites of pathological calcifications '' . American Journal of Pathology. 175 ( 6 ) : 2288 -- 2298 . doi : 10.2353 / ajpath. 2009.090474 . PMC 2789615 . PMID 19893032 . Jump up ^ Hafizi , S. ; Dahlbäck , B. ( Dec 2006 ) . `` Gas6 and protein S. Vitamin K - dependent ligands for the Axl receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily '' . The FEBS Journal . 273 ( 23 ) : 5231 -- 5244 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1742 - 4658.2006. 05529. x . PMID 17064312 . Jump up ^ Kulman , J. D. ; Harris , J. E. ; Xie , L. ; Davie , E. W. ( May 2007 ) . `` Proline - rich Gla protein 2 is a cell - surface vitamin K - dependent protein that binds to the transcriptional coactivator Yes - associated protein '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 21 ) : 8767 -- 8772 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0703195104 . PMC 1885577 . PMID 17502622 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . MedlinePlus . US National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health . Sep 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Conly , J ; Stein , K. ( Dec 1994 ) . `` Reduction of vitamin K concentrations in human liver associated with the use of broad spectrum antimicrobials '' . Clinical and Investigative Medicine . 17 ( 6 ) : 531 -- 539 . PMID 7895417 . Jump up ^ Ferland , G. ; Sadowski , J. A. ; O'Brien , M. E. ( Apr 1993 ) . `` Dietary induced subclinical vitamin K deficiency in normal human subjects '' . Journal of Clinical Investigation . 91 ( 4 ) : 1761 -- 1768 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI116386 . PMC 288156 . PMID 8473516 . Jump up ^ Holden , R. M. ; Morton , A. R. ; Garland , J. S. ; Pavlov , A. ; Day , A. G. ; Booth , S. L. ( Apr 2010 ) . `` Vitamins K and D status in stages 3 - 5 chronic kidney disease '' . Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 5 ( 4 ) : 590 -- 597 . doi : 10.2215 / CJN. 06420909 . PMC 2849681 . PMID 20167683 . Jump up ^ Hodges , S. J. ; Pilkington , M. J. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Bitensky , L. ; Chayen , J ( Jan 1990 ) . `` Age - related changes in the circulating levels of congeners of vitamin K , menaquinone - 7 and menaquinone - 8 '' . Clinical Science . 78 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 66 . doi : 10.1042 / cs0780063 . PMID 2153497 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K '' . Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A , Vitamin K , Arsenic , Boron , Chromium , Copper , Iodine , Iron , Manganese , Molybdenum , Nickel , Silicon , Vanadium , and Zinc . National Academy Press . 2001 . pp. 162 -- 196 . Jump up ^ `` Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products , Nutrition and Allergies '' ( PDF ) . 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals '' ( PDF ) . European Food Safety Authority . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Register May 27 , 2016 Food Labeling : Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels . FR page 33982 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Changes to the Nutrition Facts Panel - Compliance Date '' ^ Jump up to : Rhéaume - Bleue , p. 42 Jump up ^ `` Important information to know when you are taking : Warfarin ( Coumadin ) and Vitamin K '' ( PDF ) . National Institutes of Health Clinical Center . 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Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 48 ( 3 ) : 207 -- 215 . doi : 10.3177 / jnsv. 48.207 . PMID 12350079 . Jump up ^ Sano , M. ; Fujita , H. ; Morita , I. ; Uematsu , H. ; Murota , S. ( Dec 1999 ) . `` Vitamin K ( menatetrenone ) induces iNOS in bovine vascular smooth muscle cells : no relationship between nitric oxide production and gamma - carboxylation '' . Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology. 45 ( 6 ) : 711 -- 723 . doi : 10.3177 / jnsv. 45.711 . PMID 10737225 . Jump up ^ Gast , G. C ; de Roos , N. M. ; Sluijs , I. ; Bots , M. L. ; Beulens , J. W. ; Geleijnse , J. M. ; Witteman , J. C. ; Grobbee , D. E. ; Peeters , P. H. ; van der Schouw , Y. T. ( Sep 2009 ) . `` A high menaquinone intake reduces the incidence of coronary heart disease '' . Nutrition , Metabolism , and Cardiovascular Diseases . 19 ( 7 ) : 504 -- 510 . doi : 10.1016 / j. numecd. 2008.10. 004 . PMID 19179058 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , J. ; Bevans , C. G. ; Müller , C. R. ; Watzka , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 ( VKORC1 ) : the key protein of the vitamin K cycle '' . Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 8 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 347 -- 353 . doi : 10.1089 / ars. 2006.8. 347 . PMID 16677080 . Jump up ^ Suttie , J. W. ( 1985 ) . `` Vitamin K - dependent carboxylase '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 54 : 459 -- 477 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. bi. 54.070185. 002331 . PMID 3896125 . Jump up ^ Presnell , S. R. ; Stafford , D. W. ( Jun 2002 ) . `` The vitamin K - dependent carboxylase '' . Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 87 ( 6 ) : 937 -- 946 . PMID 12083499 . Jump up ^ Stafford , D. W. ( Aug 2005 ) . `` The vitamin K cycle '' . Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 3 ( 8 ) : 1873 -- 1878 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 7836.2005. 01419. x . PMID 16102054 . Jump up ^ Rhéaume - Bleue , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Whitlon , D. S. ; Sadowski , J. A. ; Suttie , J. W. ( Apr 1978 ) . `` Mechanism of coumarin action : significance of vitamin K epoxide reductase inhibition '' . Biochemistry . 17 ( 8 ) : 1371 -- 1377 . doi : 10.1021 / bi00601a003 . PMID 646989 . Jump up ^ Terlau , H. ; Olivera , B. M. ( Jan 2004 ) . `` Conus venoms : a rich source of novel ion channel - targeted peptides '' . Physiological Reviews . 84 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 68 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev. 00020.2003 . PMID 14715910 . Jump up ^ Buczek , O. ; Bulaj , G. ; Olivera , BM ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Conotoxins and the posttranslational modification of secreted gene products '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 62 ( 24 ) : 3067 -- 3079 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 005 - 5283 - 0 . PMID 16314929 . Jump up ^ `` Prothrombin Time '' . WebMD . Jump up ^ Dituri , F. ; Buonocore , G. ; Pietravalle , A. ; Naddeo , F. ; Cortesi , M ; Pasqualetti , P ; Tataranno M. L. ; R. , Agostino ( Sep 2012 ) . `` PIVKA - II plasma levels as markers of subclinical vitamin K deficiency in term infants '' . Journal of Maternal , Fetal & Neonatal Medicine . 25 ( 9 ) : 1660 -- 1663 . doi : 10.3109 / 14767058.2012. 657273 . PMID 22280352 . Jump up ^ Thane , C. W. ; Bates , C. J. ; Shearer , M. J. ; Unadkat , N ; Harrington , D. J. ; Paul , A . A. ; Prentice , A. ; Bolton - Smith , C. ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Plasma phylloquinone ( vitamin K ) concentration and its relationship to intake in a national sample of British elderly people '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 87 ( 6 ) : 615 -- 622 . doi : 10.1079 / BJNBJN2002582 . PMID 12067432 . Jump up ^ McKeown , N. M. ; Jacques , P. F. ; Gundberg , C. M. ; Peterson , J. W. ; Tucker , K. L. ; Kiel , D. P. ; Wilson , P. W. ; Booth , SL ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Dietary and nondietary determinants of vitamin K biochemical measures in men and women '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Nutrition. 132 ( 6 ) : 1329 -- 1334 . doi : 10.1093 / jn / 132.6. 1329 . PMID 12042454 . Jump up ^ Yamano , M. ; Yamanaka , Y. ; Yasunaga , K. ; Uchida , K. ( Sep 1989 ) . `` Effect of vitamin K deficiency on urinary gamma - carboxyglutamic acid excretion in rats '' . Nihon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi. 52 ( 6 ) : 1078 -- 1086 . PMID 2588957 . Jump up ^ Matsumoto , T. ; Miyakawa , T. ; Yamamoto , D. ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Effects of vitamin K on the morphometric and material properties of bone in the tibiae of growing rats '' . Metabolism. 61 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 414 . doi : 10.1016 / j. metabol. 2011.07. 018 . PMID 21944271 . Jump up ^ Je , S. - H. ; Joo , N. - S. ; Choi , B. - H. ; Kim , K. - M. ; Kim , B. - T. ; Park , S. - B. ; Cho , D. - Y. ; Kim , K. - N. ; Lee , D. - J. ( Aug 2011 ) . `` Vitamin K supplement along with vitamin D and calcium reduced serum concentration of undercarboxylated osteocalcin while increasing bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women over sixty - years - old '' . Journal of Korean Medical Science . 26 ( 8 ) : 1093 -- 1098 . doi : 10.3346 / jkms. 2011.26. 8.1093 . PMC 3154347 . PMID 21860562 . Jump up ^ Bentley , R. ; Meganathan , R. ( Sep 1982 ) . `` Biosynthesis of vitamin K ( menaquinone ) in bacteria '' ( PDF ) . Microbiological Reviews . 46 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 280 . PMC 281544 . PMID 6127606 . Jump up ^ Haddock , B. A. ; Jones , C. W. ( Mar 1977 ) . `` Bacterial respiration '' ( PDF ) . Bacteriological Reviews . 41 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 99 . PMC 413996 . PMID 140652 . Jump up ^ Shearer , M. J. ( Jan 1995 ) . `` Vitamin K '' . Lancet . 345 ( 8944 ) : 229 -- 234 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 95 ) 90227 - 9 . PMID 7823718 . Jump up ^ `` Vitamin K Shot -- Essential in Preventing Serious Bleeding in Newborns '' . www.cdc.gov. 2017 - 09 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greer , J. P. ; Foerster , J. ; Lukens , J. N. ; Rodgers , G. M. ; Paraskevas , F. ; Glader , B. ( eds . ) . Wintrobe 's Clinical Hematology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Lippincott , Williams and Wilkens . ^ Jump up to : American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus Newborn . ( Jul 2003 ) . `` Controversies concerning vitamin K and the newborn . American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn '' ( PDF ) . Pediatrics. 112 ( 1.1 ) : 191 -- 192 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 112.1. 191 . PMID 12837888 . Jump up ^ Logan , S. ; Gilbert , R. ( 1998 ) . `` Vitamin K For Newborn Babies '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Postnatal care : Routine postnatal care of women and their babies ( CG37 ) '' . www.nice.org.uk . NICE . Jul 2006 . Retrieved 12 Oct 2014 . Jump up ^ Parker , L. ; Cole , M. ; Craft , A. W. ; Hey , E. N. ( 1998 ) . `` Neonatal vitamin K administration and childhood cancer in the north of England : retrospective case - control study '' . BMJ ( Clinical Research Ed . ) . 316 ( 7126 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 316.7126. 189 . PMC 2665412 . PMID 9468683 . Jump up ^ McMillan , D. D. ( 1997 ) . `` Routine administration of vitamin K to newborns '' . Paediatric Child Health . 2 ( 6 ) : 429 -- 431 . Jump up ^ `` Newborns get rare disorder after parents refused shots '' . Having four cases since February just at Vanderbilt was a little bit concerning to me Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1935 ) . `` The Antihaemorrhagic Vitamin of the Chick : Occurrence And Chemical Nature '' . Nature . 135 ( 3417 ) : 652 -- 653 . doi : 10.1038 / 135652b0 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 1941 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize Laureate Lecture . Jump up ^ McAlister , V. C. ( 2006 ) . `` Control of coagulation : a gift of Canadian agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Clinical and Investigative Medicine . 29 ( 6 ) : 373 -- 377 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ MacCorquodale , D. W. ; Binkley , S. B. ; Thayer , S. A. ; Doisy , E. A. ( 1939 ) . `` On the constitution of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 7 ) : 1928 -- 1929 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01876a510 . Jump up ^ Fieser , L.F. ( 1939 ) . `` Synthesis of Vitamin K '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 61 ( 12 ) : 3467 -- 3475 . doi : 10.1021 / ja01267a072 . Jump up ^ Dam , C. P. H. ( 12 Dec 1946 ) . `` The discovery of vitamin K , its biological functions and therapeutical application '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Prize lecture . Jump up ^ Warner , E. D. ; Brinkhous , K. M. ; Smith , H. P. ( 1938 ) . `` Bleeding Tendency of Obstructive Jaundice '' . Proceedings of the Society of Experimental Biology and Medicine . 37 ( 4 ) : 628 -- 630 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 37 - 9668P . Jump up ^ Stenflo , J ; Fernlund , P. ; Egan , W. ; Roepstorff , P. ( Jul 1974 ) . `` Vitamin K dependent modifications of glutamic acid residues in prothrombin '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 71 ( 7 ) : 2730 -- 2733 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.7. 2730 . PMC 388542 . PMID 4528109 . Jump up ^ Nelsestuen , G. L. ; Zytkovicz , T. H. ; Howard , J. B. ( Oct 1974 ) . `` The mode of action of vitamin K. Identification of gamma - carboxyglutamic acid as a component of prothrombin '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biological Chemistry . 249 ( 19 ) : 6347 -- 6350 . PMID 4214105 . Jump up ^ Magnusson , S. ; Sottrup - Jensen , L. ; Petersen , T. E. ; Morris , H. R. ; Dell , A. ( Aug 1974 ) . `` Primary structure of the vitamin K - dependent part of prothrombin '' . FEBS Letters. 44 ( 2 ) : 189 -- 193 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 5793 ( 74 ) 80723 - 4 . PMID 4472513 . Bibliography ( edit ) Rhéaume - Bleue , Kate ( 2012 ) . Vitamin K and the Calcium Paradox . John Wiley & Sons , Canada . ISBN 1 - 118 - 06572 - 7 . External links ( edit ) `` Vitamin K : Another Reason to Eat Your Greens '' . Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α - Carotene β - Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25 - hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol ( 1 , 25 - dihydroxycholecalciferol ) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone ( K ) Menaquinones ( K ) Menadione ( K ) ‡ Menadiol ( K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Enzyme cofactors Active forms vitamins TPP / ThDP ( B ) FMN , FAD ( B ) NAD , NADH , NADP , NADPH ( B ) Coenzyme A ( B ) PLP / P5P ( B ) Biotin ( B ) THFA / H FA , DHFA / H FA , MTHF ( B ) AdoCbl , MeCbl ( B ) Ascorbic acid ( C ) Phylloquinone ( K ) , Menaquinone ( K ) Coenzyme F420 non-vitamins ATP CTP SAMe PAPS GSH Coenzyme B Cofactor F430 Coenzyme M Coenzyme Q Heme / Haem ( A , B , C , O ) Lipoic Acid Methanofuran Molybdopterin / Molybdenum cofactor PQQ THB / BH THMPT / H MPT metal ions Ca Cu Fe , Fe Mg Mn Mo Ni Zn Base forms vitamins : see vitamins Antihemorrhagics ( B02 ) Antihemorrhagics ( coagulation ) Systemic Vitamin K Phytomenadione ( K ) Menadione ( K ) Coagulation factors intrinsic : IX / Nonacog alfa VIII / Moroctocog alfa / Turoctocog alfa extrinsic : VII / Eptacog alfa common : X II / Thrombin I / Fibrinogen XIII / Catridecacog combinations : Prothrombin complex concentrate ( II , VII , IX , X , protein C and S ) Other systemic Etamsylate Carbazochrome Batroxobin thrombopoietin receptor agonist ( Romiplostim Avatrombopag Eltrombopag Lusutrombopag ) Local Absorbable gelatin sponge Oxidized cellulose Tetragalacturonic acid hydroxymethylester Thrombin Collagen Calcium alginate Epinephrine / Adrenalone Antifibrinolytics amino acids ( Aminocaproic acid Tranexamic acid Aminomethylbenzoic acid ) serpins ( Aprotinin Alfa1 antitrypsin C1 - inhibitor Camostat ) NDL : 00576745 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin_K&oldid=849063857 '' Categories : Vitamin K Vitamins Antihemorrhagics 1 , 4 - Naphthoquinones Terpenes and terpenoids Vitamers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Template : drugs.com link with non-standard subpage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2007 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2018 , at 07 : 53 ( UTC ) . 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what are the main sources of vitamin k

Vitamin K , also known as phylloquinone , is made by plants , and is found in highest amounts in green leafy vegetables because it is directly involved in photosynthesis . It may be thought of as the plant form of vitamin K. It is active as a vitamin in animals and performs the classic functions of vitamin K , including its activity in the production of blood - clotting proteins . Animals may also convert it to vitamin K .

Edwardian era - wikipedia Edwardian era This article is about the reign of King Edward VII in the 20th century . For use of the term Edwardian in medieval English history , see Edward I of England . Edwardian era 1901 -- 1914 King Edward VII by Fildes ( c. 1901 ) Preceded by Victorian era Followed by First World War Monarch ( s ) Edward VII George V Leader ( s ) Lord Salisbury Arthur Balfour Sir Henry Campbell - Bannerman H.H. Asquith Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1919 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII , 1901 to 1910 , and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long - term trends from the 1890s to the First World War . The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era . The new king Edward VII was already the leader of a fashionable elite that set a style influenced by the art and fashions of continental Europe . Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian era as a `` leisurely time when women wore picture hats and did not vote , when the rich were not ashamed to live conspicuously , and the sun really never set on the British flag ' '' . The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms . Below the upper class , the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that were largely excluded from wielding power in the past , such as common labourers . Women became increasingly politicised . Contents ( hide ) 1 Perceptions 2 Politics 2.1 Conservative Party 2.2 Liberal Party 2.3 Labour Party 2.4 Boer War 2.5 The Liberal reforms 3 Foreign relations 3.1 Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany 3.2 Naval race with Germany 4 Economy 5 Social change and improved health 5.1 Rising status of women 5.1. 1 Women 's suffrage 5.1. 2 Birth control 5.1. 3 Poverty among working - class women 5.1. 4 Female servants 5.2 Fashion 5.3 Newspapers 6 The arts 6.1 Literature 6.2 Music 6.3 Performing arts 6.4 Architecture 6.5 Film 7 Science and technology 8 Sport 8.1 Football 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Primary sources and year books Perceptions ( edit ) The Edwardian period is sometimes portrayed as a romantic golden age of long summer afternoons and garden parties , basking in a sun that never sets on the British Empire . This perception was created in the 1920s and later by those who remembered the Edwardian age with nostalgia , looking back to their childhoods across the abyss of the Great War . The Edwardian age was also seen as a mediocre period of pleasure between the great achievements of the preceding Victorian age and the catastrophe of the following war . Since 2000 historiographical assessments emphasise the great differences between the wealthy and the poor during this period and describe the age as heralding great changes in political and social life . Historian Lawrence James has argued that the leaders felt increasingly threatened by rival powers such as Germany , Russia , and the United States . The sudden arrival of world war in summer 1914 was completely unexpected ; only the Royal Navy was prepared for war . Politics ( edit ) There was a growing political awareness of the working - class , leading to a rise in trade unions , the Labour movement and demands for better working conditions . The aristocracy remained in control of top government offices . Conservative Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Conservative Party ( UK ) The Conservatives -- at the time called `` Unionists '' -- were the dominant political party from the 1890s until 1906 . The party had many strengths , appealing to voters supportive of imperialism , tariffs , the Church of England , a powerful Royal Navy , and traditional hierarchical society . There was a powerful leadership base in the landed aristocracy and landed gentry in rural England , plus strong support from the Church of England and military interests . Historians have used election returns to demonstrate that Conservatives did surprisingly well in working - class districts . They had an appeal as well to the better - off element of traditional working - class Britons in the larger cities . In rural areas , the national headquarters made highly effective use of paid traveling lecturers , with pamphlets , posters , and especially lantern slides , who were able to communicate effectively with rural voters -- particularly the newly enfranchised agricultural workers . In the first years of the twentieth century , the Conservative government , with Arthur Balfour as Prime Minister , had numerous successes in foreign policy , defence , and education , as well as solutions for the issues of alcohol licensing and land ownership for the peasants of Ireland . Nevertheless , the weaknesses were accumulating , and proved so overwhelming in 1906 that they did not return to complete power until 1922 . The Conservative Party was losing its drive and enthusiasm , especially after the retirement of the charismatic Joseph Chamberlain . There was a bitter split on `` tariff reform '' ( that is , imposing tariffs or taxes on all imports ) , that drove many of the free traders over to the Liberal camp . Tariff reform was a losing issue that the Conservative leadership inexplicably clung to . Support among the top tier of the working - class , and in lower middle - class weakened , and there was dissatisfaction among the intellectuals . The 1906 general election was a landslide victory for the Liberal Party , which saw its total vote share increase by 25 % , while the Conservative total vote held steady . Liberal Party ( edit ) Main article : Liberal Party ( UK ) The Liberal Party lacked a unified ideological base in 1906 . It contained numerous contradictory and hostile factions , such as imperialists and supporters of the Boers ; near - socialists and laissez - faire classical liberals ; suffragettes and opponents of women 's suffrage ; antiwar elements and supporters of the military alliance with France . Non-Conformist Dissenters -- Protestants outside the Anglican fold -- were a powerful element , dedicated to opposing the established church in terms of education and taxation . However , the Dissenters were losing support and society at large and played a lesser and lesser role in party affairs after 1900 . The Party , furthermore , also included Irish Catholics , and secularists from the labour movement . The middle - class business , professional and intellectual communities were generally strongholds , although some old aristocratic families played important roles as well . The working - class element was moving rapidly toward the newly emerging Labour Party . One uniting element was widespread agreement on the use of politics and Parliament as a device to upgrade and improve society and to reform politics . Labour Party ( edit ) Main article : History of the Labour Party ( UK ) The Labour Party was emerging from the rapidly growing trade union movement after 1890 . In 1903 it entered the Gladstone -- MacDonald pact with the Liberals , allowing for cross-party support in elections , and the emergence of a small Labour contingent in Parliament . It was a temporary arrangement until the 1920s , when the Labour Party was strong enough to act on its own , and the Liberals were in an irreversible decline . Subtle social changes in the working - class were producing a younger generation that wanted to act independently . Michael Childs argues that the younger generation had reason to prefer Labour over Liberal political styles . Social factors included secularised elementary education ( with a disappearing role for Dissenting schools that inculcated Liberal viewpoints ) ; the `` New Unionism '' after 1890 brought unskilled workers into a movement previously dominated by the skilled workers ; and new leisure activities , especially the music hall and sports , involved youth while repelling the older generation of Liberal voters . Boer War ( edit ) Main article : Opposition to the Second Boer War The government entered the Second Boer War with great confidence , little expecting that the two small rural Boer republics in southern Africa with a combined White population less than London would hold off the concentrated power of the British Empire for two and half years , and take 400,000 Imperial troops to secure victory . The war split the Liberal Party into anti - and pro-war factions . Great orators , such as Liberal David Lloyd George , who spoke against the war , became increasingly influential . Nevertheless Liberal Unionist Joseph Chamberlain , who was largely in charge of the war , maintained his hold on power . When General Kitchener took command in 1900 , he initiated a scorched earth policy in order to foil Boer guerilla tactics . Captured Boer combatants were transported overseas to other British possessions as prisoners of war . However he relocated noncombatant Boers -- mostly women and children -- into heavily guarded internment camps . The internment camps were overcrowded with bad sanitation and meagre food rations . Contagious diseases such as measles , typhoid and dysentery were endemic . Many of the internees died . Emily Hobhouse visited the camps and brought the conditions to the attention of the British public . Public outcry resulted in the Fawcett Commission which corroborated Hobhouse 's report and eventually led to improved conditions . The Boers surrendered and the Boer Republics were annexed by the British Empire . Jan Smuts -- a leading Boer general -- became a senior official of the new government and even became a top British official in the World War . In 1901 , the six British self - governing colonies of Queensland , New South Wales , Victoria , Tasmania , South Australia , and Western Australia united to form the Commonwealth of Australia , with almost complete control of its internal affairs , but with foreign policy and defence handled by London . Edmund Barton was the first prime minister . The Liberal reforms ( edit ) Further information : Liberal welfare reforms Liberal poster c. 1905 -- 10 The Liberal Party under Henry Campbell - Bannerman rallied Liberals around the traditional platform of free trade and land reform and led them to the greatest electoral victory in Liberal Party history . The Prime Minister was overshadowed by his frontbench , most notably H.H. Asquith at the Exchequer , Edward Grey at the Foreign Office , Richard Burdon Haldane at the War Office and David Lloyd George at the Board of Trade . Campbell - Bannerman retired in 1908 and was succeeded by Asquith . He stepped up the government 's radicalism , especially in the `` People 's Budget '' of 1909 that proposed to fund expanded social welfare programmes with new taxes on land and high incomes . It was blocked by the Conservative - dominated House of Lords , but eventually became law in April 1910 . H.H. Asquith Almost half of the Liberal MPs elected in 1906 were supportive of the ' New Liberalism ' , which advocated government action to improve people 's lives . `` Wild Fare '' . Cartoonist John Bernard Partridge depicts Lloyd George as a giant with a cudgel labelled `` Budget '' in reference to his People 's Budget ; Asquith cowers beneath the table . Punch 28 April 1909 Liberals in 1906 -- 1911 passed major legislation designed to reform politics and society , such as the regulation of working hours , National Insurance and the beginnings of the welfare state , as well as curtailing the power of the House of Lords . Women 's suffrage was not on the Liberal agenda . There were numerous major reforms helping labour , typified by the Trade Boards Act 1909 that set minimum wages in certain trades with the history of `` sweated '' or `` sweatshop '' rates of especially low wages , because of surplus of available workers , the presence of women workers , or the lack of skills . At first it applied to four industries : chain - making , ready - made tailoring , paper - box making , and the machine - made lace and finishing trade . It was later expanded to coal mining and then to other industries with preponderance of unskilled manual labour by the Trade Boards Act 1918 . Under the leadership of David Lloyd George Liberals extended minimum wages to farm workers . Conservative peers in the House of Lords tried to stop the People 's Budget . The Liberals passed the Parliament Act 1911 to sharply reduce the power of the House of Lords to block legislation . The cost was high , however , as the government was required by the king to call two general elections in 1910 to validate its position and ended up frittering away most of its large majority , with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Parliamentary Party members . Foreign relations ( edit ) Main articles : International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) , Causes of World War I , and Timeline of British diplomatic history Diplomatic ties with France and Russia against Germany ( edit ) Main articles : France -- United Kingdom relations and Germany -- United Kingdom relations Germany 's Chancellor Otto von Bismarck dominated European diplomacy from 1872 - 1890 , with the determination to use the balance of power to keep the peace . There were no wars . Bismarck was removed by an aggressive young Kaiser Wilhelm in 1890 , effectively decentralizing the Bismarckian Order that had been shrewdly managed and empowering French efforts to isolate Germany . With the formation of the Triple Entente , Germany began to feel encircled : to the West lay France , with whom rivalry was awakening after a generation of dormancy following the Franco - Prussian War , to the East sat Russia , whose rapid industrialization worried leaders across the Continent , and in the seas , British primacy threatened a unified Germany 's efforts to develop its ports and maintain its new global empire . Joseph Chamberlain , who played a major role in foreign policy in the late 1890s under the Salisbury government , repeatedly tried to open talks with Germany about some sort of an alliance . Germany was not interested . Meanwhile Paris went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain . Key markers were the Franco - Russian Alliance of 1894 , the 1904 Entente Cordiale linking France and Great Britain , and finally the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 which became the Triple Entente . France thus had a formal alliance with Russia , and an informal alignment with Britain , against Germany and Austria . By 1903 good relations had been established with the United States and Japan . Britain abandoned the policy of holding aloof from the continental powers , so called `` Splendid Isolation '' , in the 1900s after being isolated during the Boer War . Britain concluded agreements , limited to colonial affairs , with her two major colonial rivals : the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904 and the Anglo - Russian Entente of 1907 . Britain 's alignment a reaction to an assertive German foreign policy and the buildup of its navy from 1898 which led to the Anglo - German naval arms race . British diplomat Arthur Nicolson argued it was `` far more disadvantageous to us to have an unfriendly France and Russia than an unfriendly Germany '' . The impact of the Triple Entente was to improve British relations with France and its ally Russia and to demote the importance to Britain of good relations with Germany . After 1905 , foreign policy was tightly controlled by The Liberal foreign minister Edward Grey ( 1862 - 1933 ) , who seldom consulted with his party leadership . Grey shared the strong Liberal policy against all wars and against military alliances that would force Britain to take a side in war . However , in the case of the Boer War , Grey held that the Boers had committed an aggression that it was necessary to repulse . The Liberal party split on the issue , with a large faction strongly opposed to the war in Africa The Triple Entente between Britain , France and Russia is often compared to the Triple Alliance between Germany , Austria -- Hungary and Italy , but historians caution against the comparison . The Entente , in contrast to the Triple Alliance or the Franco - Russian Alliance , was not an alliance of mutual defence and Britain therefore felt free to make her own foreign policy decisions in 1914 . The Liberals were highly moralistic , and by 1914 they have been increasingly convinced that German aggression violated international norms , and specifically that its invasion of neutral Belgium was completely unacceptable in terms of morality , Britain and Germany 's obligations under the Treaty of London , and in terms of British policy against any one power controlling the continent of Europe . Until the last few weeks before it started in August 1914 , almost no one saw a world war coming . The expectation among the generals was that because of industrial advances any future war would produce a quick victory for the side that was better - prepared , better armed , and faster to move . No one saw that the innovations of recent decades -- high explosives , long - range artillery and machine guns -- were defensive weapons that practically guaranteed defeat of massed infantry attacks with very high casualties . Naval race with Germany ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - German naval arms race The British Dreadnought ( 1906 ) made all battleships obsolete because it had ten long - range 12 - inch big guns , mechanical computer - like range finders , high speed turbine engines that could make 21 knots , and armour plates 11 inches thick . After 1805 the dominance of Britain 's Royal Navy was unchallenged ; in the 1890s Germany decided to match it . Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz ( 1849 -- 1930 ) dominated German naval policy from 1897 until 1916 . Before the Germany Empire formed in 1871 , Prussia never had a real navy , nor did the other German states . Tirpitz turned the modest little fleet into a world - class force that could threaten the British Royal Navy . The British responded with new technology typified by the Dreadnought revolution . It made every battleship obsolete and , supplemented by the global network of coaling stations and telegraph cables , enabled Britain to stay well in the lead in naval affairs . Apart from a determination to retain a strong naval advantage , the British lacked a military strategy or plans for a major war . Economy ( edit ) The Edwardian era stands out as a time of peace and prosperity . There were no severe depressions , and prosperity was widespread . Britain 's growth rate , manufacturing output and GDP ( but not GDP per capita ) fell behind its rivals , the United States and Germany , but the nation still led the world in trade , finance and shipping , and had strong bases in manufacturing and mining . The industrial sector was slow to adjust to global changes , and there was a striking preference for leisure over entrepreneurship among the elite . However , major achievements should be underlined . London was the financial centre of the world -- far more efficient and wide - ranging than New York , Paris or Berlin . Britain had built up a vast reserve of overseas credits in its formal Empire , as well as in its informal empire in Latin America and other nations . It had huge financial holdings in the United States , especially in railways . These assets proved vital in paying for supplies in the first years of the World War . The amenities , especially in urban life , were accumulating -- prosperity was highly visible . The working classes were beginning to protest politically for a greater voice in government , but the level of industrial unrest on economic issues was not high until about 1908 . Social change and improved health ( edit ) By the late - 1880s , the Industrial Revolution had created new technologies that changed the way people lived . The growth of industry shifts in manufacturing factories , special - purpose machinery and technological innovations , which led to increased productivity . Gender roles shifted as women made use of the new technology to upgrade their lifestyle and their career opportunities . Mortality declined steadily in urban England and Wales 1870 -- 1917 . Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell looked statistically at those factors in the physical environment ( especially population density and overcrowding ) that raised death rates directly , as well as indirect factors such as price and income movements that affected expenditures on sewers , water supplies , food , and medical staff . The statistical data show that increases in the incomes of households and increases in town tax revenues helped cause the decline of mortality . The new money permitted higher spending on food , and also on a wide range of health - enhancing goods and services such as medical care . The major improvement in the physical environment was the quality of the housing stock , which rose faster than the population ; its quality was increasingly regulated by central and local government . Infant mortality fell faster in England and Wales than in Scotland . Clive Lee argues that one factor was the continued overcrowding in Scotland 's housing . During the First World War , infant mortality fell sharply across the country . J.M. Winter attributes this to the full employment and higher wages paid to war workers . Rising status of women ( edit ) For housewives , sewing machines enabled the production of ready made clothing and made it easier for women to sew their own clothes ; more generally , argues Barbara Burman , `` home dressmaking was sustained as an important aid for women negotiating wider social shifts and tensions in their lives . '' Increased literacy in the middle - class gave women wider access to information and ideas . Numerous new magazines appealed to her tastes and help define femininity . The inventions of the typewriter , telephone , and new filing systems offered middle - class women increased employment opportunities . So too did the rapid expansion of the school system , and the emergence of the new profession of nursing . Education and status led to demands for female roles in the rapidly expanding world of sports . Women were very active in church affairs , including attendance at services , Sunday school teaching , fund raising , pastoral care , social work and support for international missionary activities . They quietly submitted to their almost complete exclusion from practically all leadership roles . Women 's suffrage ( edit ) Main article : Women 's suffrage in the United Kingdom As middle - class women rose in status they increasingly supported demands for a political voice . There was significant support for woman suffrage in all the parties , but the Liberal Party was in control after 1906 and a handful of its leaders , especially H.H. Asquith , blocked it . There were numerous organisations which did their work quietly . After 1897 they were increasingly linked together by the National Union of Women 's Suffrage Societies ( NUWSS ) led by Millicent Fawcett . However front page publicity was seized by the Women 's Social and Political Union ( WSPU ) . Founded in 1903 , it was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts , Emmeline Pankhurst ( 1858 -- 1928 ) , and her daughters Christabel Pankhurst ( 1880 -- 1958 ) and Sylvia Pankhurst ( 1882 -- 1960 ) . It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades . This had the effect of energizing all dimensions of the suffrage movement . While there was a majority of support for suffrage in parliament , the ruling Liberal Party refused to allow a vote on the issue ; the result of which was an escalation in the suffragette campaign . The WSPU , in dramatic contrast to its allies , embarked on a campaign of violence to publicize the issue , even to the detriment of its own aims . Birth control ( edit ) Although abortion was illegal , it was nevertheless the most widespread form of birth control in use . Used predominantly by working - class women , the procedure was used not only as a means of terminating pregnancy , but also to prevent poverty and unemployment . Those who transported contraceptives could be legally punished . Contraceptives became more expensive over time and had a high failure rate . Unlike contraceptives , abortion did not need any prior planning and was less expensive . Newspaper advertisements were used to promote and sell abortifacients indirectly . Not all of society was accepting of contraceptives or abortion , and the opposition viewed both as part of one and the same sin . Abortion was much more common among the middle - classes than among those living in rural areas , where the procedure was not readily available . Women were often tricked into purchasing ineffective pills . In addition to fearing legal reprimands , many physicians did not condone abortion because they viewed it as an immoral procedure potentially endangering a woman 's life . Because abortion was illegal and physicians refused to perform the procedure , local women acted as abortionists , often using crochet hooks or similar instruments . Feminists of the era focused on educating and finding jobs for women , leaving aside the controversial issues of contraceptives and abortion , which in popular opinion were often related to promiscuity and prostitution . The Church condemned abortion as immoral and a form of rebellion against the child - bearing role women were expected to assume . Many considered abortion to be a selfish act that allowed a woman to avoid personal responsibility , contributing to a decline in moral values . Abortion was often a solution for women who already had children and did not want more . Consequently , the size of families decreased drastically . Poverty among working - class women ( edit ) The 1834 Poor Law defined who could receive monetary relief . The act reflected and perpetuated prevailing gender conditions . In Edwardian society , men were the source of wealth . The law restricted relief for unemployed , able - bodied male workers , due to the prevailing view that they would find work in the absence of financial assistance . However , women were treated differently . After the Poor Law was passed , women and children received most of the aid . The law did not recognise single independent women , and lumped women and children into the same category . If a man was physically disabled , his wife was also treated as disabled under the law . Unmarried mothers were sent to the workhouse , receiving unfair social treatment such as being restricted from attending church on Sundays . During marriage disputes women often lost the rights to their children , even if their husbands were abusive . At the time , single mothers were the poorest sector in society , disadvantaged for at least four reasons . First , women had longer lifespans , often leaving them widowed with children . Second , women 's work opportunities were few , and when they did find work , their wages were lower than male workers ' wages . Thirdly , women were often less likely to marry or remarry after being widowed , leaving them as the main providers for the remaining family members . Finally , poor women had deficient diets , because their husbands and children received disproportionately large shares of food . Many women were malnourished and had limited access to health care . Female servants ( edit ) Edwardian Britain had large numbers of male and female domestic servants , in both urban and rural areas . Middle and upper - class women relied on servants to run their homes smoothly . Servants were provided with food , clothing , housing , and a small wage , and lived in a self - enclosed social system inside the mansion . The number of domestic servants fell in the Edwardian era due to a declining number of young people willing to be employed in this area . Fashion ( edit ) Main article : 1900s in fashion cartoon in Punch ( 1911 ) compares changes in fashion between 1901 and 1911 . `` The dowdy voluminous clothes of the earlier date , making the grandmother an old lady and the mother seem plain , had been replaced by much simpler looser wear producing a sense of release for all three females . '' The upper - classes embraced leisure sports , which resulted in rapid developments in fashion , as more mobile and flexible clothing styles were needed . During the Edwardian era , women wore a very tight corset , or bodice , and dressed in long skirts . The Edwardian era was the last time women wore corsets in everyday life . According to Arthur Marwick , the most striking change of all the developments that occurred during the Great War was the modification in women 's dress , `` for , however far politicians were to put the clocks back in other steeples in the years after the war , no one ever put the lost inches back on the hems of women 's skirts '' . The Edwardians developed new styles in clothing design . While the Victorian Era is associated with large , ankle - length , heavy , dark velvet gowns and bustles for the classes that could afford them , the Edwardian era favored more tightly fitting skirts and dresses made of lightweight fabrics designed for a more active lifestyle . The 2 pieces dress came into vogue . Skirts hung tight at the hips and flared at the hem , creating a trumpet of lily - like shape . Skirts in 1901 had decorated hems with ruffles of fabric and lace . Some dresses and skirts featured trains . Tailored jackets , first introduced in 1880 , increased in popularity and by 1900 , tailored suits became popular . By 1904 , skirts became fuller and less clingy . In 1905 , skirts fell in soft folds that curved in , then flared out near the hemlines . From 1905 -- 1907 , waistlines rose . In 1901 , the hobble skirt was introduced ; a tight fitting skirt that restricted a woman 's stride . Lingerie dresses , or tea gowns made of soft fabrics , festooned with ruffles and lace were worn indoors . Around 1913 women 's dresses acquired a lower and sometimes V - shaped neckline in opposition to the high collars a generation before . This was considered a scandal and caused an outrage among the clergy throughout Europe . Newspapers ( edit ) The turn of the century saw the rise of popular journalism aimed at the lower middle class and tending to deemphasise highly detailed political and international news , which remain the focus of a handful of low - circulation prestige newspapers . They were family - owned and operated , and were primarily interested not in profits but in influence on the nation 's elite by their control of the news and editorials on serious topics . The new press they reached vastly larger audiences by emphasis on sports , crime , sensationalism , and gossip about famous personalities . Detailed accounts of major speeches and complex international events were not printed . Alfred Harmsworth , 1st Viscount Northcliffe was the chief innovator. . He used his Daily Mail and Daily Mirror to transform the media along the American model of `` Yellow Journalism '' . Lord Beaverbrook said he was `` the greatest figure who ever strode down Fleet Street '' . Harmsworth made a great deal of money , but during the First World War he also wanted political power . For that he purchased the highest prestige newspaper , The Times . P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure conclude that : More than anyone ( he ) ... shaped the modern press . Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central : broad contents , exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices , aggressive marketing , subordinate regional markets , independence from party control . The arts ( edit ) Peter Pan statue , Kensington Gardens The Edwardian era corresponds to the French Belle Époque . Despite its brief pre-eminence , the period is characterised by its own unique architectural style , fashion , and lifestyle . Art Nouveau had a particularly strong influence . Artists were influenced by the development of the automobile and electricity , and a greater awareness of human rights . In November 1910 , Roger Fry organised the exhibition Manet and the Post-Impressionists at the Grafton Galleries , London . This exhibition was the first to prominently feature Gauguin , Manet , Matisse , and Van Gogh in England and brought their art to the public . He followed it up with the Second Post-Impressionist Exhibition in 1912 . George Frampton 's statue of Peter Pan , `` erected in Hyde Park in 1912 ... immediately became a source of contention , sparking debate about the role of public statuary and its role in spaces of recreation . '' Literature ( edit ) In fiction , some of the best - known names are J.M. Barrie , Arnold Bennett , G.K. Chesterton , Joseph Conrad , E.M. Forster , John Galsworthy , Kenneth Grahame , M.R. James , Rudyard Kipling , James Joyce , D.H. Lawrence , Edith Nesbit , Beatrix Potter , Saki , George Bernard Shaw , H.G. Wells , and P.G. Wodehouse . Apart from these famous writers , this was a period when a great number of novels and short stories were being published , and a significant distinction between `` highbrow '' literature and popular fiction emerged . Among the most famous works of literary criticism was A.C. Bradley 's Shakespearean Tragedy ( 1904 ) . Music ( edit ) Live performances , both amateur and professional , were popular . Henry Wood , Edward Elgar , Gustav Holst , Arnold Bax , George Butterworth , Ralph Vaughan Williams , and Thomas Beecham were all active . Military and brass bands often played outside in parks during the summer . The new technology of wax cylinders played on phonographs , made live performances permanently available for repetition at any time . Performing arts ( edit ) Cinema was primitive and audiences preferred live performances to picture shows . Music hall was very popular and widespread ; influential performers included male impersonator Vesta Tilley and comic Little Tich . The most successful playwright of the era was W. Somerset Maugham . In 1908 , he had four plays running simultaneously in London , and Punch published a cartoon of Shakespeare biting his fingernails nervously as he looked at the billboards . Maugham 's plays , like his novels , usually had a conventional plot structure , but the decade also saw the rise of the so - called New Drama , represented in plays by George Bernard Shaw , Harley Granville Barker , and Continental imports by Henrik Ibsen and Gerhardt Hauptmann . The actor / manager system , as managed by Sir Henry Irving , Sir George Alexander , and Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree , was in decline . Architecture ( edit ) See also : Edwardian architecture Notable architects included Edwin Lutyens , Charles Rennie Mackintosh , and Giles Gilbert Scott . In spite of the popularity of Art Nouveau in Europe , the Edwardian Baroque style of architecture was widely favoured for public structures and was a revival of Christopher Wren -- inspired designs of the late 17th and early 18th centuries . The change or reversal in taste from the Victorian eclectic styles corresponded with the historical revivals of the period , most prominently earlier Georgian and Neoclassical styles of the late 18th and early 19th centuries . White City Stadium for the 1908 Summer Olympics was the first Olympic Stadium in the UK . Built on the site of the Franco - British Exhibition , it had a seating capacity of 68,000 was opened by King Edward VII on 27 April 1908 . It was the largest structure of its type in the world , and was designed to be awesome and enhance the love of large - scale spectacle that characterised Edwardian London . Film ( edit ) Filmmakers Mitchell and Kenyon documented many scenes from Britain and Ireland from 1900 -- 1907 , sports , parades , factory exits , parks , city streets , boating and the like . Their films have fortunately survived in very good quality restored from the original negatives . Science and technology ( edit ) The period featured many innovations . Ernest Rutherford published his studies on radioactivity . The first transatlantic wireless signals were sent by Guglielmo Marconi , and the Wright brothers flew for the first time . By the end of the era , Louis Blériot had crossed the English Channel by air ; the largest ship in the world , RMS Olympic , had sailed on its maiden voyage and her larger sister RMS Titanic was under construction ; automobiles were common ; and the South Pole was reached for the first time by Roald Amundsen 's and then Robert Falcon Scott 's teams . Sport ( edit ) 1908 Summer Olympics in London : The water jump in the steeplechase The 1908 Summer Olympic Games were held in London . Popularity of sports tended to conform to class divisions , with tennis and yachting popular among the very wealthy and football favoured by the working class . Football ( edit ) Aston Villa maintained their position as the pre-eminent football team of the era , winning the FA Cup for the fourth time in 1904 -- 05 and their sixth League title in 1909 -- 10 . The club colours of claret and sky blue were adopted by Burnley as a tribute to their success in 1910 . Sunderland achieved their fourth league title in 1901 -- 02 . The era also saw Liverpool ( 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 ) , Newcastle United ( 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 ) and Manchester United ( 1907 -- 08 ) winning their first league titles . See also ( edit ) Historiography of the United Kingdom Progressive Era , for the United States around the same time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Manor House '' PBS ^ Jump up to : Roy Hattersley , The Edwardians ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 , 288 -- 290 . Jump up ^ Battiscombe , Georgina ( 1969 ) . Queen Alexandra . London : Constable . p. 217 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 456560 - 0 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A New England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford UP , 2004 ) Jump up ^ James , Lawrence ( 1994 ) . The Rise and Fall of the British Empire . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 10667 - 0 . Jump up ^ David Brooks , The age of upheaval : Edwardian politics , 1899 -- 1914 ( Manchester University Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Jon Lawrence , `` Class and gender in the making of urban Toryism , 1880 -- 1914 . '' English Historical Review 108.428 ( 1993 ) : 629 -- 652 . Jump up ^ Matthew Roberts , `` Popular Conservatism in Britain , 1832 -- 1914 . '' Parliamentary History 26.3 ( 2007 ) : 387 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Marc Brodie , `` Voting in the Victorian and Edwardian East End of London . '' Parliamentary History 23.2 ( 2004 ) : 225 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Kathryn Rix , `` ' Go Out into the Highways and the Hedges ' : The Diary of Michael Sykes , Conservative Political Lecturer , 1895 and 1907 -- 8 . '' Parliamentary History 20 # 2 ( 2001 ) : 209 -- 231 . Jump up ^ Robert Blake , The Conservative Party : from Peel to Major ( 2nd ed. 1985 ) pp 174 -- 75 Jump up ^ David Dutton , `` Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906 : A Reassessment . '' Historical Journal 22 # 4 ( 1979 ) : 861 -- 876 . Jump up ^ Andrew S. Thompson , `` Tariff reform : an imperial strategy , 1903 -- 1913 . '' Historical Journal 40 # 4 ( 1997 ) : 1033 -- 1054 . Jump up ^ Blake , The Conservative Party : from Peel to Major ( 1985 ) pp 175 -- 89 Jump up ^ Ian Packer , `` The great Liberal landslide : the 1906 General Election in perspective . '' Historian 89 # 1 ( 2006 ) : 8 -- 16 . Jump up ^ John W. Auld , `` The Liberal Pro-Boers . '' Journal of British Studies 14 # 2 ( 1975 ) : 78 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Votes for women in Britain 1867 -- 1928 ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Nabil M. Kaylani , `` Liberal Politics and British - Foreign - Office 1906 - 1912 - Overview . '' International Review of History and Political Science 12.3 ( 1975 ) : 17 -- 48 . Jump up ^ John F. Glaser , `` English Nonconformity and the Decline of Liberalism , '' American Historical Review 63 # 2 ( 1958 ) , pp. 352 -- 363 in JSTOR Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 384 -- 420 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( 2004 ) , pp 185 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Michael Childs , `` Labour Grows Up : The Electoral System , Political Generations , and British Politics 1890 -- 1929 . '' Twentieth Century British History 6 # 2 ( 1995 ) : 123 -- 144 . Jump up ^ G.R. Searle , A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford UP , 20040 pp 275 -- 307 . Jump up ^ Jenny De Reuck , `` Social suffering and the politics of pain : Observations on the concentration camps in the Anglo - Boer War 1899 - 1902 . '' English in Africa ( 1999 ) 26 # 2 : 69 - 88 . in JSTOR ; another copy Jump up ^ Chris Wrigley ( 2002 ) . Winston Churchill : A Biographical Companion . p. 311 . Jump up ^ Helen Irving , To Constitute a Nation : A Cultural History of Australia 's Constitution ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Goldman , Lawrence . `` Oxford DNB theme : The general election of 1906 '' online Jump up ^ Rosemary Rees ( 2003 ) . Britain , 1890 -- 1939 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Ian Packer , Liberal government and politics , 1905 -- 15 ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Sheila Blackburn , `` Ideology and social policy : the origins of the Trade Boards Act . '' The Historical Journal 34 # 1 ( 1991 ) : 43 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Alin Howkins and Nicola Verdon . `` The state and the farm worker : the evolution of the minimum wage in agriculture in England and Wales , 1909 -- 24 . '' Agricultural history review 57.2 ( 2009 ) : 257 -- 274 . online Jump up ^ Samuel R. 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Hinsley , ed. , British Foreign Policy Under Sir Edward Grey ( 1977 ) online p 324 Jump up ^ Gerd Krumeich , `` The War Imagined : 1890 -- 1914 . '' in John Horne , ed . A Companion to World War I ( 2012 ) pp 1 - 18 . Jump up ^ Michael Epkenhans , Tirpitz : Architect of the German High Seas Fleet ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search , pp 23 - 62 Jump up ^ Margaret Macmillan , The War That Ended Peace : The Road to 1914 ( 2013 ) ch 5 Jump up ^ Thomas Hoerber , `` Prevail or perish : Anglo - German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century , '' European Security ( 2011 ) 20 # 1 , pp. 65 -- 79 . abstract Jump up ^ Matthew S. Seligmann , `` Failing to Prepare for the Great War ? The Absence of Grand Strategy in British War Planning before 1914 '' War in History ( 2017 ) 24 # 4 414 - 37 . Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Dormois and Michael Dintenfass , eds. , The British Industrial Decline ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Arthur J Taylor , `` The Economy '' , in Simon Nowell - Smith , ed. , Edwardian England : 1901 -- 1914 ( 1964 ) pp. 105 -- 138 Jump up ^ Robert Millward and Frances N. Bell , `` Economic factors in the decline of mortality in late nineteenth century Britain , '' European Review of Economic History 2 # 3 ( 1998 ) pp. 263 -- 288 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Clive H. Lee , `` Regional inequalities in infant mortality in Britain , 1861 -- 1971 : patterns and hypotheses . '' Population Studies 45.1 ( 1991 ) : 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ J.M. Winter , `` Aspects of the impact of the First World War on infant mortality in Britain . '' Journal of European Economic History 11.3 ( 1982 ) : 713 . Jump up ^ Barbara Burman , `` Made at Home by Clever Fingers : Home Dressmaking in Edwardian England , '' in Barbara Burman , ed . The Culture of Sewing : Gender , Consumption , and Home Dressmaking ( 1999 ) p 34 Jump up ^ Margaret Beetham , A magazine of her own ? : domesticity and desire in the woman 's magazine , 1800 -- 1914 ( Routledge , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Guerriero R. Wilson , `` Women 's work in offices and the preservation of men 's ' breadwinning'jobs in early twentieth - century Glasgow . '' Women 's History Review 10 # 3 ( 2001 ) : 463 -- 482 . Jump up ^ Gregory Anderson , The white - blouse revolution : female office workers since 1870 ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Carol Dyhouse , Girls growing up in late - Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Cartriona M. Parratt , `` Athletic ' Womanhood ' : Exploring sources for female sport in Victorian and Edwardian England . '' Journal of Sport History 16 # 2 ( 1989 ) : 140 -- 157 . Jump up ^ Roger Ottewill , `` ' Skilful and Industrious ' : Women and Congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 . '' Family & Community History 19 # 1 ( 2016 ) : 50 - 62 . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Women 's suffrage in Britain , 1867 -- 1928 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ June Purvis , `` Gendering the Historiography of the Suffragette Movement in Edwardian Britain : some reflections . '' Women 's History Review 22 # 4 ( 2013 ) : 576 - 590 . Jump up ^ Martin Roberts ( 2001 ) . Britain , 1846 - 1964 : The Challenge of Change . Oxford UP . p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jane Marcus , Suffrage and the Pankhursts ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ England , Historic . `` The Struggle for Suffrage Historic England '' . historicengland.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Melanie Phillips , The Ascent of Woman : A History of the Suffragette Movement and the Ideas behind it ( Abacus , 2004 ) . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Patricia ( 1977 ) . `` Women and Abortion in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop. 4 : 57 -- 68 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 4.1. 57 . ^ Jump up to : McLaren , Angus ( 1977 ) . `` Abortion in England 1890 -- 1914 '' . Victorian Studies : 379 -- 400 . ^ Jump up to : Thane , Pat ( 1978 ) . `` Women and the Poor Law in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . History Workshop : 29 -- 51 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 6.1. 29 . JSTOR 4288190 . Jump up ^ Benson , John ( 2007 ) . `` One Man and His Woman : Domestic Service in Edwardian England '' . Labour History Review . 72 ( 3 ) : 203 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Davidoff , Lenore ( 1973 ) . `` Mastered for Life : Servant and Wife in Victorian and Edwardian England '' . Society for the Study of Labour History . 73 ( 27 ) : 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Pooley , Sian ( 2008 ) . `` Domestic Servants and Their Urban Employers : A Case Study of Lancaster 1880 -- 1914 '' . The Economic History Review . 62 ( 2 ) : 405 -- 429 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2008. 00459. x . Jump up ^ Donald Read , Edwardian England 1901 - 15 : society and politics ( 1972 ) pp 257 - 58 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Constanzo , `` ' One Ca n't Shake Off the Women ' : Images of Sport and Gender in Punch , 1901 -- 10 . '' The International journal of the history of sport 19 # 1 ( 2002 ) : 31 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Sarah Cosbey , Mary Lynn Damhorst , and Jane Farrell - Beck . `` Diversity of daytime clothing styles as a reflection of women 's social role ambivalence from 1873 through 1912 . '' Clothing and Textiles Research Journal 21 # 3 ( 2003 ) : 101 -- 119 . Jump up ^ Marwick , Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Deluge . British Society and the First World War ( Second ed . ) . Basingstoke : Macmillan . p. 151 . ISBN 0 - 333 - 54846 - 9 . Jump up ^ Olian , JoAnne ( 1998 ) . Victorian and Edwardian fashions from `` La Mode Illustrée '' . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 9780486297118 . Jump up ^ Ann Beth Presley , `` Fifty years of change : Societal attitudes and women 's fashions , 1900 -- 1950 . '' Historian 60 # 2 ( 1998 ) : 307 -- 324 . Jump up ^ Kristina Harris , Victorian & Edwardian Fashions for Women , 1840 to 1919 ( Schiffer Publishing , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Sarah Edwards , `` ' Clad in Robes of Virgin White ' : The Sexual Politics of the ' Lingerie'Dress in Novel and Film Versions of The Go - Between . '' Adaptation 5 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 18 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Alison Gernsheim ( 1963 ) . Victorian & Edwardian Fashion : A Photographic Survey . Courier Corporation . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24205 - 7 . Jump up ^ R.C.K. Ensor , England , 1870 - 1914 ( 1936 ) pp 309 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lord Beaverbrook , Politicians and the War , 1914 -- 1916 ( 1928 ) 1 : 93 . Jump up ^ J. Lee Thompson , `` Fleet Street Colossus : The Rise and Fall of Northcliffe , 1896 -- 1922 . '' Parliamentary History 25.1 ( 2006 ) : 115 - 138 . Jump up ^ P.P. Catterall and Colin Seymour - Ure , `` Northcliffe , Viscount . '' in John Ramsden , ed . The Oxford Companion to Twentieth - Century British Politics ( 2002 ) p. 475 . Jump up ^ Linkof , Ryan . review of The Edwardian Sense : Art , Design , and Performance in Britain , 1901 -- 1910 , ( review no . 1121 ) , Institute of Historical Research Jump up ^ Priestley , J.B. ( 1970 ) . The Edwardians . London : Heinemann . pp. 176 -- 178 . ISBN 0 - 434 - 60332 - 5 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 132 -- 139 . Jump up ^ J.B. Priestley The Edwardians ( 1970 ) , pp. 172 -- 176 . Jump up ^ A.S. Gray , Edwardian Architecture : A Biographical Dictionary ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ David Littlefield , `` White City : The Art of Erasure and Forgetting the Olympic Games . '' Architectural Design 82 # 1 ( 2012 ) : 70 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Toulmin and Simon Popple , eds. , The Lost World of Mitchell and Kenyon : Edwardian Britain on Film ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ see for example `` The Lost World Of Mitchell And Kenyon -- Episode 1 -- 4 / 6 '' Jump up ^ A.R. Ubbelohde , `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Jump up ^ James Anthony Mangan , ed . A sport - loving society : Victorian and Edwardian middle - class England at play ( Routledge , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Tony Mason , `` ' Our Stephen and our Harold ' : Edwardian footballers as local heroes . '' The International Journal of the History of Sport 13 # 1 ( 1996 ) : 71 -- 85 . Further reading ( edit ) 1911 Michelin Guide Black , Mark . Edwardian Britain : A Very Brief History ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Brooks , David . The Age of Upheaval : Edwardian Politics , 1899 - 1914 ( 1995 ) Delap , Lucy . `` The Superwoman : Theories of Gender and Genius in Edwardian Britain '' , Historical Journal ( 2004 ) 47 # 1 pp. 101 -- 126 in JSTOR Dyhouse , Carol . Girls growing up in late Victorian and Edwardian England ( Routledge , 2012 ) . Elton , G.R. Modern Historians on British History 1485 -- 1945 : A Critical Bibliography 1945 -- 1969 ( 1969 ) , annotated guide to 1000 history books on every major topic , plus book reviews and major scholarly articles . online Ensor , R.C.K. England 1870 -- 1914 ( 1936 ) , scholarly survey . Field , Clive D . `` ' The Faith Society ' ? Quantifying Religious Belonging in Edwardian Britain , 1901 -- 1914 . '' Journal of Religious History 37.1 ( 2013 ) : 39 -- 63 . Gray , Anne ( 2004 ) . The Edwardians : Secrets and Desires . National Gallery of Australia . ISBN 978 - 0642541499 . Halévy , Elie . History of the English People , 1905 -- 1914 ( 1934 ) , 686pp . Hamlett , Jane . At Home in the Institution : Material Life in Asylums , Lodging Houses and Schools in Victorian and Edwardian England ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2014 ) Hattersley , Roy . The Edwardians ( 2005 ) , excerpt Hawkins , Alun . `` Edwardian Liberalism '' , History Workshop ( 1977 ) # 4 pp. 143 -- 61 Hearnshaw , F.J.C. , ed . Edwardian England AD 1901 -- 1910 ( 1933 ) online 294pp ; 10 essays by scholars . Heffer , Simon . The Age of Decadence : Britain 1880 to 1914 ( 2017 ) , wide - ranging scholarly survey . Heller , Michael . London Clerical Workers , 1880 -- 1914 ( Pickering & Chatto , 2011 ) Holland , Evangeline . Pocket Guide to Edwardian England ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Horrall , Andrew . Popular culture in London c. 1890 -- 1918 : The transformation of entertainment ( Manchester UP , 2001 ) . Hughes , Michael . `` Archbishop Davidson , the ' Edwardian Crisis , ' and the Defense of the National Church . '' Journal of Church and State 57 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 217 -- 242 . Jenkins , Roy . Asquith : portrait of a man and an era ( 1964 ) Liddington , Jill . Rebel Girls : How votes for women changed Edwardian lives ( Hachette UK , 2015 ) Meacham , Standish . A life apart : The English working class , 1890 -- 1914 ( Harvard UP , 1977 ) , scholarly social history . Nowell - Smith , Simon , ed . Edwardian England , 1901 -- 14 ( 1964 ) , 620pp ; 15 wide - ranging essays by scholars . Ottewill , Roger Martin . `` Faith and good works : congregationalism in Edwardian Hampshire 1901 -- 1914 '' ( PhD . Diss . University of Birmingham , 2015 ) online . Bibliography pp 389 -- 417 . Prior , Christopher . Edwardian England and the Idea of Racial Decline : An Empire 's Future ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 ) Read , Donald . Edwardian England ( 1972 ) 288pp ; survey by scholar . Roberts , Clayton , and David F. Roberts . A History of England , Volume 2 : 1688 to the present ( 2013 ) university textbook ; 1985 edition online Ross , Ellen . `` ' Fierce Questions and Taunts ' : Married Life in Working - Class London , 1870 -- 1914 . '' Feminist Studies 8.3 ( 1982 ) : 575 -- 602 . in JSTOR Russell , A.K. Liberal landslide : the general election of 1906 ( 1973 ) . Searle , G.R. A new England ? : peace and war , 1886 -- 1918 ( Oxford University Press , 2004 ) , wide - ranging survey , 952 pp . Spender , J.A. Great Britain : empire and commonwealth , 1886 - 1935 ( 1936 ) pp 159 -- 401 , Focus on UK politics Sutherland , Gillian . `` Self - education , class and gender in Edwardian Britain : women in lower middle class families . '' Oxford Review of Education 41 # 4 ( 2015 ) : 518 -- 533 . Thackeray , David , `` Rethinking the Edwardian Crisis of Conservatism '' , Historical Journal ( 2011 ) 54 # 1 pp. 191 -- 213 in JSTOR Thompson , Paul . The Edwardians : The Remaking of British Society ( 2nd ed. 1992 ) online Trumble , Angus , and Andrea Wolk Rager , eds . Edwardian Opulence : British Art at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century ( 2012 ) . Ubbelohde , A.R. `` Edwardian Science and Technology : Their Interactions '' , British Journal for the History of Science ( 1963 ) 1 # 3 pp. 217 -- 226 in JSTOR Primary sources and year books ( edit ) Annual Register 1901 Annual Register 1902 Annual Register 1903 Annual Register 1906 Annual Register 1907 Statistical Abstract of the United Kingdom annual 1901 -- 1909 , online The Liberal Year Book : 1908 . 1907 . , 370pp United Kingdom articles History Chronology Formation Georgian era Victorian era Edwardian era First World War Interwar Second World War UK since 1945 ( social history ) By topic Economic Empire Maritime Military Geography Administrative Countries of the United Kingdom Crown dependencies Overseas territories City status Towns Former colonies Physical British Isles terminology Great Britain Coastline Geology Lakes and lochs Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Resources Energy / Renewable energy Biodiesel Coal Geothermal Hydraulic frac . Hydroelectricity Marine North Sea oil Solar Wind Food Agriculture Fishing English Scottish Hunting Materials Flora Forestry Mining Politics Constitution Courts Devolution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Judiciary Law Law enforcement Legislation Monarchy monarchs Nationality Parliament House of Commons House of Lords Political parties Government Cabinet list Civil service Departments Prime Minister list Military Royal Navy Army Royal Air Force Weapons of mass destruction Economy Banks Bank of England Budget Economic geography Manufacturing Pound ( currency ) Stock Exchanges ( London Exchange ) Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Transport British Rail Society Affordability of housing Crime Demography Drug policy Education Ethnic groups Health Immigration Innovation Languages Poverty Prostitution Public holidays Social care Social structure Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Cultural icons Identity Literature Media Music Religion Sport Symbols Theatre Countries of the United Kingdom England History social timeline Geography Politics Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Northern Ireland History Geography Politics Assembly Executive First Minister and deputy Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Scotland History timeline Geography Politics Parliament Government First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Wales History Geography Welsh Government Politics Assembly First Minister Law Economy tourism Education Health care Culture Religion Symbols Outline Index Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edwardian_era&oldid=840834557 '' Categories : Edwardian era Edward VII 1900s in the United Kingdom 1910 in the United Kingdom Historical eras History of the United Kingdom by period Modern history of the United Kingdom 20th century in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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when did the edwardian era start and end

The Edwardian era or Edwardian period of British history covers the brief reign of King Edward VII , 1901 to 1910 , and is sometimes extended in both directions to capture long - term trends from the 1890s to the First World War . The death of Queen Victoria in January 1901 marked the end of the Victorian era . The new king Edward VII was already the leader of a fashionable elite that set a style influenced by the art and fashions of continental Europe . Samuel Hynes described the Edwardian era as a `` leisurely time when women wore picture hats and did not vote , when the rich were not ashamed to live conspicuously , and the sun really never set on the British flag ' '' . The Liberals returned to power in 1906 and made significant reforms . Below the upper class , the era was marked by significant shifts in politics among sections of society that were largely excluded from wielding power in the past , such as common labourers . Women became increasingly politicised .

Bone symphony - wikipedia Bone symphony Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bone Symphony were a short - lived synthpop / new wave active in the early 1980s . The group consisted of Scott Wilk on lead vocals and synthesizer , Marc Levinthal ( guitar , bass synthesizer and sequencer , drum machine , 808 programming ) and keyboard artist Jacob Magnusson ( Iceland ) . All band members played synthesizer keyboards . They were signed to Capitol Records and released only one record , Bone Symphony EP , in 1983 `` It 's A Jungle Out There '' - 4 : 55 `` Everything I Say Is A Lie '' - 3 : 52 `` I 'll Be There For You '' - 3 : 54 `` Piece Of My Heart '' - 4 : 10 `` Dome Of Spheres '' - 5 : 33 They are most famous for their song `` One Foot in Front of the Other '' which appeared in the film Revenge of the Nerds , an episode of Family Guy , and the film Ted 2 . Scott Wilk and Marc Levinthal also wrote the score for the film Valley Girl , which featured Nicolas Cage in his first starring role . Discography ( edit ) Bone Symphony EP ( Capitol Records , 1983 ) MusicBrainz : 4918a671 - e824 - 4544 - 931d - 7f34bafe178f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bone_Symphony&oldid=732017643 '' Categories : American synthpop groups American new wave musical groups Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2010 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2016 , at 01 : 09 . About Wikipedia

who sang put one foot in front of the other

They are most famous for their song `` One Foot in Front of the Other '' which appeared in the film Revenge of the Nerds , an episode of Family Guy , and the film Ted 2 . Scott Wilk and Marc Levinthal also wrote the score for the film Valley Girl , which featured Nicolas Cage in his first starring role .

Copperhead ( Politics ) - wikipedia Copperhead ( Politics ) Copperhead Democrats Historical leaders Clement Vallandigham Alexander Long Founded 1860 ( 1860 ) Dissolved 1868 ( 1868 ) Ideology Anti-abolitionism Anti-Civil War Jacksonianism Traditionalism National affiliation Democratic Party Politics of United States Political parties Elections In the 1860s , the Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates . Republicans started calling anti-war Democrats `` Copperheads '' , likening them to the venomous snake . Those Democrats accepted the label , reinterpreting the copper `` head '' as the likeness of Liberty , which they cut from Liberty Head large cent coins and proudly wore as badges . By contrast , Democratic supporters of the war were called War Democrats . The Copperheads represented the more extreme wing of the Northern Democrats . Notable Copperheads included two Democratic Congressmen from Ohio : Clement L. Vallandigham and Alexander Long . Republican prosecutors accused some prominent Copperheads of treason in a series of trials in 1864 . Copperheadism was a highly contentious grass - roots movement . It had its strongest base in the area just north of the Ohio River as well as in some urban ethnic wards . Some historians have argued that it represented a traditionalistic element alarmed at the rapid modernization of society sponsored by the Republican Party and that it looked back to Jacksonian democracy for inspiration . Weber ( 2006 ) argues that the Copperheads damaged the Union war effort by opposing conscription ( the `` draft '' ) , encouraging desertion and forming conspiracies , but other historians say that the draft was already in disrepute and that the Republicans greatly exaggerated the conspiracies for partisan reasons . Historians such as Wood Gray and Jennifer Weber argue that the Copperheads were inflexibly rooted in the past and were naive about the refusal of the Confederates to return to the Union . Convinced that the Republicans were ruining the traditional world they loved , they were obstructionist partisans . In turn , the Copperheads became a major target of the National Union Party in the 1864 presidential election , where they were used to discredit the main Democratic candidates . Copperhead support increased when Union armies did poorly and decreased when they won great victories . After the fall of Atlanta in September 1864 , Union military success seemed assured and Copperheadism collapsed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Agenda 2 Newspapers 3 Copperhead resistance 4 Characteristics 5 Historiography 6 Notable Peace Democrats 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Agenda ( edit ) Copperhead pamphlet from 1864 by Charles Chauncey Burr , a magazine editor from New York City During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the Copperheads nominally favored the Union and strongly opposed the war , for which they blamed abolitionists and they demanded immediate peace and resisted draft laws . They wanted President Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans ousted from power , seeing the President as a tyrant destroying American republican values with despotic and arbitrary actions . Some Copperheads tried to persuade Union soldiers to desert . They talked of helping Confederate prisoners of war seize their camps and escape . They sometimes met with Confederate agents and took money . The Confederacy encouraged their activities whenever possible . Newspapers ( edit ) The Copperheads had numerous important newspapers , but the editors never formed an alliance . In Chicago , Wilbur F. Storey made the Chicago Times into Lincoln 's most vituperative enemy . The New York Journal of Commerce , originally abolitionist , was sold to owners who became Copperheads , giving them an important voice in the largest city . A typical editor was Edward G. Roddy , owner of the Uniontown , Pennsylvania Genius of Liberty . He was an intensely partisan Democrat who saw African Americans as an inferior race and Lincoln as a despot and dunce . Although he supported the war effort in 1861 , he blamed abolitionists for prolonging the war and denounced the government as increasingly despotic . By 1864 , he was calling for peace at any price . John Mullaly 's Metropolitan Record was the official Catholic newspaper in New York City . Reflecting Irish American opinion , it supported the war until 1863 before becoming a Copperhead organ . In the spring and summer of 1863 , the paper urged its Irish working - class readers to pursue armed resistance to the draft passed by Congress earlier in the year . When the draft began in the city , working class European Americans , largely Irish , responded with violent riots from July 13 to 16 , lynching , beating and hacking to death more than 100 black New Yorkers and burning down black - owned businesses and institutions , including an orphanage for 233 black children . On August 19 , 1864 , John Mullaly was arrested for inciting resistance to the draft . Even in an era of extremely partisan journalism , Copperhead newspapers were remarkable for their angry rhetoric . Wisconsin newspaper editor Marcus M. Pomeroy of the La Crosse Democrat referred to Lincoln as `` Fungus from the corrupt womb of bigotry and fanaticism '' and a `` worse tyrant and more inhuman butcher than has existed since the days of Nero ( ... ) The man who votes for Lincoln now is a traitor and murderer ( ... ) And if he is elected to misgovern for another four years , we trust some bold hand will pierce his heart with dagger point for the public good '' . Copperhead resistance ( edit ) Clement Vallandigham , leader of the Copperheads , coined the slogan : `` To maintain the Constitution as it is , and to restore the Union as it was '' The Copperheads sometimes talked of violent resistance and in some cases started to organize . However , they never actually made an organized attack . As war opponents , Copperheads were suspected of disloyalty and their leaders were sometimes arrested and held for months in military prisons without trial . One famous example was General Ambrose Burnside 's 1863 General Order Number 38 , issued in Ohio , which made it an offence ( to be tried in military court ) to criticize the war in any way . The order was used to arrest Ohio congressman Clement L. Vallandigham when he criticized the order itself . However , Lincoln commuted his sentence while requiring his exile to the Confederacy . Probably the largest Copperhead group was the Knights of the Golden Circle . Formed in Ohio in the 1850s , it became politicized in 1861 . It reorganized as the Order of American Knights in 1863 and again in early 1864 as the Order of the Sons of Liberty , with Vallandigham as its commander . One leader , Harrison H. Dodd , advocated violent overthrow of the governments of Indiana , Illinois , Kentucky and Missouri in 1864 . Democratic Party leaders and a Federal investigation , thwarted his conspiracy . In spite of this Copperhead setback , tensions remained high . The Charleston Riot took place in Illinois in March 1864 . Indiana Republicans then used the sensational revelation of an antiwar Copperhead conspiracy by elements of the Sons of Liberty to discredit Democrats in the 1864 House elections . The military trial of Lambdin P. Milligan and other Sons of Liberty revealed plans to set free the Confederate prisoners held in the state . The culprits were sentenced to hang , but the Supreme Court intervened in ex parte Milligan , saying they should have received civilian trials . Most Copperheads actively participated in politics . On May 1 , 1863 , former Congressman Vallandigham declared the war was being fought not to save the Union , but to free the blacks and enslave Southern whites . The army then arrested him for declaring sympathy for the enemy . He was court - martialed by the Army and sentenced to imprisonment , but Lincoln commuted the sentence to banishment behind Confederate lines . The Democrats nevertheless nominated him for governor of Ohio in 1863 . He campaigned from Canada , but lost after an intense battle . He operated behind the scenes at the 1864 Democratic convention in Chicago . This convention adopted a largely Copperhead platform and selected Ohio Representative George Pendleton ( a known Peace Democrat ) as the vice presidential candidate . However , it chose a pro-war presidential candidate , General George B. McClellan . The contradiction severely weakened the party 's chances to defeat Lincoln . Characteristics ( edit ) The values of the Copperheads reflected the Jacksonian democracy of an earlier agrarian society . The Copperhead movement attracted Southerners who had settled north of the Ohio River , the poor and merchants who had lost profitable Southern trade . They were most numerous in border areas , including southern parts of Ohio , Illinois and Indiana ( in Missouri , comparable groups were avowed Confederates ) . The movement has scattered bases of support outside the lower Midwest . There was a Copperhead element in Connecticut that dominated the Democratic Party there . The Copperhead coalition included many Irish American Catholics in eastern cities , mill towns and mining camps ( especially in the Pennsylvania coal fields ) . They were also numerous in German Catholic areas of the Midwest , especially Wisconsin Historian Kenneth Stampp has captured the Copperhead spirit in his depiction of Congressman Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana : There was an earthy quality in Voorhees , `` the tall sycamore of the Wabash . '' On the stump his hot temper , passionate partisanship , and stirring eloquence made an irresistible appeal to the western Democracy ( i.e. the Democratic Party ) . His bitter cries against protective tariffs and national banks , his intense race prejudice , his suspicion of the eastern Yankee , his devotion to personal liberty , his defense of the Constitution and State 's rights faithfully reflected the views of his constituents . Like other Jacksonian agrarians , he resented the political and economic revolution then in progress . Voorhees idealized a way of life which he thought was being destroyed by the current rulers of his country . His bold protests against these dangerous trends made him the idol of the Democracy of the Wabash Valley . Historiography ( edit ) Two central questions have run through the historiography of the Copperheads , i.e. `` How serious a threat did they pose to the Union war effort and hence to the nation 's survival ? '' and `` to what extent and with what justification did the Lincoln administration and other Republican officials violate civil liberties to contain the perceived menace ? '' . The first book - length scholarly treatment of the Copperheads appeared in 1942 . In The Hidden Civil War , Wood Gray decried the `` defeatism '' of the Copperheads . He argued they deliberately served the Confederacy 's war aims . Also in 1942 , George Fort Milton published Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column , which likewise condemned the traitorous Copperheads and praised Lincoln as a model defender of democracy . Gilbert R. Tredway , a professor of history , in his 1973 study Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana found most Indiana Democrats were loyal to the Union and desired national reunification . He documented Democratic counties in Indiana having outperformed Republican counties in the recruitment of soldiers . Tredway found that Copperhead sentiment was uncommon among the rank - and - file Democrats in Indiana . The chief historians who favored the Copperheads are Richard O. Curry and Frank L. Klement . Klement devoted most of his career to debunking the idea that the Copperheads represented a danger to the Union . Klement and Curry have downplayed the treasonable activities of the Copperheads , arguing the Copperheads were traditionalists who fiercely resisted modernization and wanted to return to the old ways . Klement argued in the 1950s that the Copperheads ' activities , especially their supposed participation in treasonous anti-Union secret societies , were mostly false inventions by Republican propaganda machines designed to discredit the Democrats at election time . Curry sees Copperheads as poor traditionalists battling against the railroads , banks and modernization . In his standard history Battle Cry of Freedom ( 1988 ) , James M. McPherson asserted Klement had taken `` revision a bit too far . There was some real fire under that smokescreen of Republican propaganda '' . Jennifer Weber 's Copperheads ( 2006 ) agrees more with Gray and Milton than with Klement . She argues that first . Northern antiwar sentiment was strong , so strong that Peace Democrats came close to seizing control of their party in mid-1864 . Second , she shows the peace sentiment led to deep divisions and occasional violence across the North . Third , Weber concluded that the peace movement deliberately weakened the Union military effort by undermining both enlistment and the operation of the draft . Indeed , Lincoln had to divert combat troops to retake control of New York City from the anti-draft rioters in 1863 . Fourth , Weber shows how the attitudes of Union soldiers affected partisan battles back home . The soldiers ' rejection of Copperheadism and their overwhelming support for Lincoln 's reelection in 1864 was decisive in securing the Northern victory and the preservation of the Union . The Copperheads ' appeal , she argues , waxed and waned with Union failures and successes in the field . Notable Peace Democrats ( edit ) Jesse D. Bright of Indiana Henry Clay Dean of Virginia Alexander Long of Ohio Edson B. Olds of Ohio George Pendleton of Ohio Horatio Seymour of New York Fernando Wood of New York Clement Vallandigham of Ohio Daniel W. Voorhees of Indiana Marcus M. Pomeroy of Wisconsin Wilbur F. Storey of Illinois William Taylor Davidson of Illinois Lewis W. Ross of Illinois See also ( edit ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Bixby letter Bourbon Democrat Copperhead ( 2013 film ) Doughface Knights of the Golden Circle Opposition to the American Civil War Red Strings War Democrat Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benjamin P. Thomas , Abraham Lincoln : A Biography ( 1952 ) p. 377 . Jump up ^ Wertheim , ( 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew L. Slap ; Michael Thomas Smith ( 2013 ) . This Distracted and Anarchical People : New Answers for Old Questions about the Civil War - Era North . Fordham UP . p. 47 . Jump up ^ Joseph George Jr. , `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor , '' Civil War History ( 1968 ) 14 # 3 pp. 226 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear '' , Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 , pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online . Jump up ^ William A. Tidwell , April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . Kent State University Press . 1995 . pp. 155 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh ( 1963 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Wahlgren Summers , A Dangerous Stir : Fear , Paranoia , And the Making of Reconstruction ( 2009 ) p. 38 Jump up ^ George Henry Porter ( 1911 ) . Ohio Politics During the Civil War Period . Columbia UP . p. 159 . Jump up ^ Michael Kent Curtis , `` Lincoln , Vallandigham , and Anti-War Speech in the Civil War . '' William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal 7 ( 1998 ) pp. 105 + . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , The Copperheads in the Middle West . Jump up ^ Frank L. Klement , `` Clement L. Vallandigham 's Exile in the Confederacy , May 25 - June 17 , 1863 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1965 ) : 149 -- 163 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation , A History of the United States '' Vol I , ( Houghton Mifflin Co. , 2001 ) pp. 393 -- 395 . Jump up ^ Eugene H. Roseboom , `` Southern Ohio and the Union in 1863 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1952 ) : 29 -- 44 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert H. Abzug , `` The Copperheads : Historical Approaches to Civil War Dissent in the Midwest . '' Indiana Magazine of History ( 1970 ) : 40 -- 55 . online . Jump up ^ Joanna D. Cowden , `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut . '' New England Quarterly ( 1983 ) : 538 -- 554 . in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Weber , Copperheads ( 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Stampp ( 1949 ) , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Charles W. Calhoun , `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History 35.4 ( 2007 ) , pp - 530 -- 537 online at Project Muse . Jump up ^ Gilbert R. Tredway , Democratic Opposition to the Lincoln Administration in Indiana . Indianapolis , Indiana : Indiana Historical Bureau , 1973 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Calhoun , Charles W . `` The Fire in the Rear , '' Reviews in American History ( 2007 ) 35 # 4 pp. 530 -- 537 10.1353 / rah. 2007.0078 online ; Historiography . Cowden , Joanna D . `` The Politics of Dissent : Civil War Democrats in Connecticut , '' The New England Quarterly , Vol. 56 , No. 4 ( December 1983 ) , pp. 538 -- 554 in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O. `` Copperheadism and Continuity : the Anatomy of a Stereotype '' Journal of Negro History ( 1972 ) 57 ( 1 ) : 29 -- 36 . in JSTOR . Curry , Richard O . `` The Union as it Was : a Critique of Recent Interpretations of the ' Copperheads . ' '' Civil War History 1967 13 ( 1 ) : 25 - 39 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' Abraham Africanus I ' : President Lincoln Through the Eyes of a Copperhead Editor . '' Civil War History 1968 14 ( 3 ) : 226 - 239 . George , Joseph , Jr . `` ' A Catholic Family Newspaper ' Views the Lincoln Administration : John Mullaly 's Copperhead Weekly . '' Civil War History 1978 24 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 132 . Gray , Wood . The Hidden Civil War : The Story of the Copperheads ( 1942 ) , emphasizes treasonous activity . Hershock , Martin J. `` Copperheads and Radicals : Michigan Partisan Politics during the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1865 , '' Michigan Historical Review ( 1992 ) 18 # 1 pp. 28 -- 69 . Kleen , Michael , `` The Copperhead Threat in Illinois : Peace Democrats , Loyalty Leagues , and the Charleston Riot of 1864 , '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society ( 2012 ) , 105 # 1 pp. 69 -- 92 . Klement , Frank L. The Copperheads in the Middle West ( 1960 ) . Klement , Frank L. The Limits of Dissent : Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War ( 1998 ) . Klement , Frank L. Lincoln 's Critics : The Copperheads of the North ( 1999 ) . Klement , Frank L. Dark Lanterns : Secret Political Societies , Conspiracies , and Treason Trials in the Civil War ( 1984 ) . Landis , Michael Todd . Northern Men with Southern Loyalties : The Democratic Party and the Sectional Crisis . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 2014 . Lendt , David L. Demise of the Democracy : The Copperhead Press in Iowa . ( 1973 ) . Lendt , David L. `` Iowa and the Copperhead Movement . '' Annals of Iowa 1970 40 ( 6 ) : 412 -- 426 . Manber , Jeffrey , Dahlstrom , Neil . Lincoln 's Wrath : Fierce Mobs , Brilliant Scoundrels and a President 's Mission to Destroy the Press ( 2005 ) . Milton , George F. Abraham Lincoln and the Fifth Column ( 1942 ) . Nevins , Allan . The War for the Union ( 4 vol. 1959 -- 1971 ) , the standard scholarly history of wartime politics and society . Rodgers , Thomas E. `` Copperheads or a Respectable Minority : Current Approaches to the Study of Civil War - Era Democrats . '' Indiana Magazine of History 109 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 114 -- 146 . in JSTOR ; historiography focused on Klement , Weber and Silbey . Silbey , Joel H. A Respectable Minority : The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era , 1860 -- 1868 ( 1977 ) online edition . Stampp , Kenneth M. Indiana Politics during the Civil War ( 1949 ) online edition . Smith , Adam . No Party Now : Politics in the Civil War North ( 2006 ) , excerpt and text search . Tidwell , William A. April ' 65 : Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War . ( 1995 ) . Walsh , Justin E. `` To Print the News and Raise Hell : Wilbur F. Storey 's Chicago ' Times . ' '' Journalism Quarterly ( 1963 ) 40 # 4 pp. 497 -- 510 . doi : 10.1177 / 107769906304000402 . Weber , Jennifer L. Copperheads : The Rise and Fall of Lincoln 's Opponents in the North ( 2006 ) . Wertheim , Lewis J. `` The Indianapolis Treason Trials , the Elections of 1864 and the Power of the Partisan Press . '' Indiana Magazine of History 1989 85 ( 3 ) : 236 -- 250 . Wubben , Hubert H. Civil War Iowa and the Copperhead Movement ( 1980 ) . External links ( edit ) The Old Guard -- a Copperhead magazine 1863 -- 1867 is online at Making of America Ohio Copperhead History An Anti-Copperhead Broadside Denouncing Former President Franklin Pierce As A Traitor . Shapell Manuscript Foundation . hide American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. 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what was the copperheads position on fighting the war

In the 1860s , the Copperheads were a vocal faction of Democrats in the Northern United States of the Union who opposed the American Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates .

Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer - wikipedia Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the fictional character . For the song , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) . For other uses , see Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( disambiguation ) . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Cover of one of the books of the Robert L. May story by Maxton Publishers , Inc . First appearance 1939 Created by Robert L. May Voiced by Billie Mae Richards ( TV series , 1964 -- 2010 ) Kathleen Barr ( movie ) Information Nickname ( s ) Rudolph in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie : Red , Rudy , Rudy the Red nosed Reject , Neon - nose . Species Reindeer Gender Male Title The Red Nosed Reindeer Family Donder ( father in 1964 film ) Mrs. Donder ( mother in 1964 film ) Blitzen ( father in 1998 film ) Mitzi ( mother in 1998 film ) Rusty ( brother in Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ) Arrow ( cousin in 1998 film ) Comet , Cupid and Dasher ( uncles in 1998 film ) Leroy , the Redneck Reindeer ( cousin from the Joe Diffie song of the same name , on the album , Mr. Christmas ) Spouse ( s ) Clarice ( in 1964 film and 2001 film ) / Zoey in Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Children Robbie ( son in the Robbie the Reindeer films ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , popularly known as `` Santa 's ninth reindeer '' , is a fabled reindeer created by Robert Lewis May . Rudolph is usually depicted as the lead reindeer pulling Santa 's sleigh on Christmas Eve , though he is a young buck who has only adolescent antlers and a glowing red nose . Though he receives scrutiny for it , the luminosity of his nose is so great that it illuminates the team 's path through harsh winter weather . Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward , the department store . The story is owned by The Rudolph Company , LP and has been adapted in numerous forms including a popular song , the iconic 1964 television special and sequels , and a feature film and sequel . Character Arts , LLC manages the licensing for the Rudolph Company , LP . In many countries , Rudolph has become a figure of Christmas folklore . 2014 marked the 75th anniversary of the character and the 50th anniversary of the television special . A series of postage stamps featuring Rudolph was issued by the United States Postal Service on November 6 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 The story 3 In media 3.1 Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) 3.2 Song ( 1949 ) 3.3 Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) 3.4 Children 's book ( 1958 ) 3.5 Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) 3.6 Animated feature - length films 3.7 Other 4 Homages in media 4.1 Film 4.2 Games 4.3 Music 4.4 Television and webisodes 5 Relatives in different adaptations 5.1 Parents 5.2 Offspring 5.3 Siblings 5.4 Aunts , uncles , and cousins 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) Robert L. May created Rudolph in 1939 as an assignment for Chicago - based Montgomery Ward . The retailer had been buying and giving away coloring books for Christmas every year and it was decided that creating their own book would save money . May considered naming the reindeer `` Rollo '' or `` Reginald '' before deciding upon using the name `` Rudolph . '' In its first year of publication , Montgomery Ward distributed 2.4 million copies of Rudolph 's story . The story is written as a poem in anapestic tetrameter , the same meter as `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' ( also known as `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' ) . Publication and reprint rights for the book Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer are controlled by Pearson PLC . While May was pondering how best to craft a Christmas story about a reindeer , while staring out his office window in downtown Chicago , a thick fog from Lake Michigan blocked his view -- giving him a flash of inspiration . `` Suddenly I had it ! '' he recalled . `` A nose ! A bright red nose that would shine through fog like a spotlight . '' The cultural significance of a red nose has changed since the story 's publication . In 1930 's popular culture , a bright red nose was closely associated with chronic alcoholism and drunkards , so the story idea was initially rejected . May asked his illustrator friend at Montgomery Ward , Denver Gillen , to draw `` cute reindeer '' , using zoo deer as models . The alert , bouncy character Gillen developed convinced management to support the idea . Maxton Books published the first mass - market edition of Rudolph in 1947 and a sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Shines Again , in 1954 . In 1992 , Applewood Books published Rudolph 's Second Christmas , an unpublished sequel that Robert May wrote in 1947 . In 2003 , Penguin Books issued a reprint version of the original Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer with new artwork by Lisa Papp . Penguin also reprinted May 's sequels , Rudolph Shines Again and Rudolph 's Second Christmas ( now retitled Rudolph to the Rescue ) . The story ( edit ) The story chronicles the experiences of Rudolph , a youthful reindeer buck ( male ) who possesses an unusual luminous red nose . Mocked and excluded by his peers because of this trait , Rudolph proves himself one Christmas Eve with poor visibility due to inclement weather after Santa Claus catches sight of Rudolph 's nose and asks Rudolph to lead his sleigh for the evening . Rudolph agrees and is finally favored by his fellow reindeer for his heroism and accomplishment . In media ( edit ) Theatrical cartoon short ( 1948 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film ) Rudolph made his first screen appearance in 1948 , in a cartoon short produced by Max Fleischer for the Jam Handy Corporation that was more faithful to May 's original story than Marks ' song , which had not yet been written . It was reissued in 1951 with the song added . Song ( 1949 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( song ) May 's brother - in - law , Johnny Marks , adapted the story of Rudolph into a song . Gene Autry 's recording of the song hit No. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart the week of Christmas 1949 . Autry 's recording sold 2.5 million copies the first year , eventually selling a total of 25 million , and it remained the second best - selling record of all time until the 1980s . Comic books ( beginning in 1950 ) ( edit ) DC Comics , then known as National Periodical Publications , published a series of 13 annuals titled Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer from 1950 to 1962 . Rube Grossman drew most of the 1950s stories . In 1972 , DC Comics published a 14th edition in an extra-large format . Subsequently , they published six more in that format : Limited Collectors ' Edition C - 24 , C - 33 , C - 42 , C - 50 and All - New Collectors ' Edition C - 53 , C - 60 . Additionally , one digest format edition was published as The Best of DC # 4 ( March -- April 1980 ) . The 1970s Rudolph stories were written and drawn by Sheldon Mayer . Children 's book ( 1958 ) ( edit ) In 1958 , Little Golden Books published an illustrated storybook , adapted by Barbara Shook Hazen and illustrated by Richard Scarry . The book , similar in story to the Max Fleischer cartoon short , is no longer in print , but a revised Little Golden Books version of the storybook was reissued in 1972 . Stop - motion animation television special ( 1964 ) and sequels ( 1976 -- 79 ) ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( TV special ) Young Rudolph ( right ) and Hermey the Elf as seen in the 1964 TV special . Perhaps the most well - known version of all the Rudolph adaptations is the Rankin / Bass Productions version of 1964 . Filmed in Japan , with all sound recordings done in Toronto , Canada , the show premièred on NBC . As the producers of the special only had the song as source material and did not have a copy of the original book , they interpolated an original story around the central narrative of the song , one that differed from the book . This re-telling chronicles Rudolph 's social rejection among his peers and his decision to run away from home . Rudolph is accompanied by a similarly outcast elf named Hermey , who skipped elf practice to become a dentist , along with a loud , boisterous , eager prospector named Yukon Cornelius who was in search of wealth . Additional original characters include Rudolph 's love interest , Clarice ; the antagonistic `` Abominable Snow Monster '' ; and , as narrator , the living Sam the Snowman , voiced by Burl Ives . In the 1964 stop - motion movie , Rudolph is born to Donder the Reindeer and Donder 's wife . He is discovered by Santa to have a shiny , glowing red nose . Donder , regardless of Rudolph 's defect , trains him to be a normal reindeer with skills such as gathering food and hiding from the `` Abominable Snow Monster '' , a giant , furry white beast . To hide Rudolph 's nose , Donder puts dirt on it to cover it with a black coating . This causes Rudolph to talk in a funny accent , as told by the Rudolph 's peers . A short time later , Rudolph joins his peers at the Reindeer Games , where he meets Fireball , who is initially friendly and has a shock of strawberry blond hair on his head , and Clarice , a female spectator who takes a liking to Rudolph . Clarice 's flirtation inspires Rudolph to perform better than all of his peers at flying , but in his excitement he knocks the black cover off his nose , revealing a red glow that causes Fireball and the others to turn against him ; this distraction , in turn , prompts the coach ( Comet ) to ban Rudolph from the Reindeer Games . Clarice remains loyal to him , only to be ordered by her father not to shame the family by associating with `` a red - nosed reindeer . '' Rudolph soon runs into Hermey , an elf who was forced out of his job at the North Pole 's toy factory ; Hermey showed a total lack of interest in the toymaking and singing aspects of being an elf and instead wanted to pursue dentistry . They come to the conclusion that they 're both misfits and decide to run away together . On their aimless journey , they run into Yukon Cornelius , the self - described `` greatest prospector of the North '' who nevertheless seems to never find any silver or gold , and attempt to stay away from the Bumble , a huge abominable snow monster . Their journey leads them to the Island of Misfit Toys , where sentient but unorthodox toys go when they are abandoned by their owners . King Moonracer , the winged lion that lords over the Island , refuses to let them stay there permanently , instead telling the trio to return home and tell Santa Claus of the toys ' plight , in exchange for one night 's stay on the island . Rudolph refuses the offer and , fearing for his friends ' life , runs off alone . A now older Rudolph , still unable to find a place in the world , returns home to the North Pole , only to find that his family and Clarice had left to look for him and are now about to be eaten by the Bumble . With the help of Hermey and Yukon ( who arrived separately ) , they lure the Bumble away and pacify him by knocking him unconscious and allowing Hermey ( with dental skills he has acquired by reading books ) to remove his sharp teeth . Everyone eventually returns to Santa 's workshop , where a dismayed Santa Claus breaks the bad news that the weather is too bad to take the sleigh out and that Christmas would be canceled . Santa changes his mind when he notices Rudolph 's red nose and asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh team , which he happily accepts . After the story 's initial broadcast , its closing credits were revised . Images of wrapped presents being dropped from Santa 's sleigh were replaced by a scene in which Santa stops to pick up the Misfit Toys and delivers them to the homes of children below , where they were found by children who loved them . The changes were prompted by viewer feedback pleading for a happy ending for each toy . The special now airs annually on CBS , rather than NBC , and is hailed as a classic by many . The special 's original assortment of characters have acquired iconic status , and an uncertainty surrounding an error in the special 's copyright has allowed the special to be widely parodied and imitated in the decades since its original airing . The sequel Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( premier air date December 10 , 1976 ) continued the reindeer 's journeys , and the series was made into a trilogy with the 1979 feature - length film Christmas in July , which integrated the Rudolph universe into that of Rankin / Bass 's adaptation of Frosty the Snowman . Animated feature - length films ( edit ) Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) is an animated feature film . It received only a limited theatrical release before debuting on home video . Its inclusion of a villain , a love interest , a sidekick , and a strong protector are more derivative of the Rankin / Bass adaptation of the story than the original tale and song ( the characters of Stormella , Zoey , Arrow , Slyly , and Leonard parallel the Rankin / Bass characters of the Bumble , Clarice , Fireball , Hermey , and Yukon , respectively ) . The movie amplifies the early backstory of Rudolph 's harassment by his schoolmates ( primarily his cousin Arrow ) during his formative years . Main article : Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys GoodTimes Entertainment , the producers of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie , brought back most of the same production team for a CGI animated sequel , Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) . Unlike the previous film , the sequel featured the original characters from the Rankin / Bass special ( as GoodTimes soon learned that Rankin / Bass had made a copyright error that made the characters unique to their special free to use ) . Role Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 ) Director William R. Kowalchuk Producer Writer Michael Aschner Composer Al Kasha and Michael Lloyd Bruce Roberts and Diana B Editor Tom Hok Lennie Nelson Production Companies GoodTimes Entertainment Golden Books Family Entertainment Tundra Productions Distributor Legacy Releasing GoodTimes Entertainment Running Time 80 minutes 74 minutes Release Date October 6 , 1998 October 30 , 2001 Other ( edit ) A live - action version of Rudolph ( complete with glowing nose ) along with Donder and Blitzen appears in the Doctor Who Christmas special , `` Last Christmas '' which was broadcast on BBC One on 25 December 2014 . In this special , Santa is able to park him like a car and turn off his nose . Nathaniel Dominy , an anthropology professor at Dartmouth College ( Robert L. May 's alma mater ) , published a scholarly paper on Rudolph 's red nose in the open access online journal Frontiers for Young Minds in 2015 . In the paper , Dominy noted that reindeer eyes can perceive shorter wavelengths of light than humans , allowing them to see ultraviolet light ; ultraviolet light , however , is much more easily scattered in fog , which would blind reindeer . Thus , Rudolph 's red nose , emitting longer - wavelength red light , would penetrate the fog more easily . A summary of Dominy 's findings was released in an Associated Press article on December 22 . Homages in media ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Film ( edit ) In the film remake of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) , The Grinch disguises his dog , Max , as Rudolph for his plan to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal everything in each house in Whoville , to stop Christmas from coming . He also changes Rudolph 's story saying , he hates Christmas and is gon na steal it . He then yells `` Action ! '' through a megaphone . But Max takes off the fake red nose the Grinch had put on him . In the film Fred Claus ( 2007 ) , Rudolph is mentioned and briefly seen , although his red nose is not glowing . Fred ( Vince Vaughn ) is filling in for his injured brother Nick ( Paul Giamatti ) delivering the toys on Christmas Eve . While en route , he crashes the sleigh through a billboard advertisement for Pepsi Cola featuring Santa Claus and tells Rudolph to `` shake it off '' . There are quick edits of Fred flying through the night making his deliveries . Willie the elf says , `` Fred , I have a bad feeling about this '' , followed by a shot of the full moon . The sleigh zips by and turns to go head on into the camera . Here , you can see Rudolph leading the pack . In slow motion , you can clearly count nine reindeer . Games ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the video game Army of Two ( 2008 ) during a tutorial video about the use of the game 's Aggro feature . In Guild Wars Nightfall ( 2006 ) , player characters are accompanied by a reindeer named Rudy whose nose begins to glow red when coming into range of presents that the player is tasked to find in a holiday themed quest . Music ( edit ) Rudolph is mentioned in the Beach Boys ' song `` Little Saint Nick '' ( 1963 ) in the following lyric : `` Now haulin ' through the snow at a frightening speed with a half a dozen deer with Rudy to lead . '' `` Run Rudolph Run '' ( 1958 ) is a Christmas song popularized by Chuck Berry and written by Johnny Marks and Marvin Brodie and published by St. Nicholas Music ( ASCAP ) . The song was released as a single on Chess Records ( label no . 1714 ) and has since been covered by numerous other artists , sometimes under the title `` Run , Run , Rudolph '' . The song is a 12 - bar blues and has a clear musical parallel to Chuck Berry 's popular and recognizable song , `` Johnny B. Goode '' ( 1958 ) ; it is also melodically identical to Berry 's `` Little Queenie '' ( 1959 ) . In Ray Stevens ' novelty song `` Santa Claus Is Watching You '' ( 1962 ) , Rudolph is replaced on Santa 's team by `` Clyde the Camel '' , a character from Steven 's earlier hit , `` Ahab the Arab '' . In the original version , aimed at children in a similar fashion to `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , Rudolph was said to be recuperating from an injury sustained during `` a twist contest '' ; a later version , warning a lover away from infidelity because Santa is watching , has Rudolph on a `` stakeout at ( the lover 's ) house '' . Television and webisodes ( edit ) In the Doctor Who promotional mini-webisode , `` Songtaran Carols '' ( 2012 ) , the Sontaran warrior - nurse - detective , Strax , stated : `` Rudolph the red - nosed reindeer , had a very shiny nose . It proved to be a tactical disadvantage , because it enabled me to punch him in the dark . '' Rudolph along with Donder and Blitzen appear in the Doctor Who Christmas special , Last Christmas . The anime and manga series One Piece has a main character called Tony Tony Chopper , a shapeshifter born on Christmas Eve , who was often discriminated against because of his blue nose . However his background and story is otherwise very different . MadTV featured Rudolph in a parody of the 1964 Rankin - Bass special called Raging Rudolph . Rudolph is beaten up for his red nose , and decides to get revenge on Santa Claus with Hermie the Elf by hiring Yukon Cornelius ( a hitman in the special ) to kill and decapitate Santa . Rudolph then takes over the North Pole . A sequel to the skit , The Reinfather , shows Rudolph exacting revenge for his hitman 's death in a nod to The Godfather . Relatives in different adaptations ( edit ) Main article : Santa Claus 's reindeer § Additional reindeer Parents ( edit ) Robert L. May 's original book does not name Rudolph 's parents . The animated specials produced by both Rankin / Bass and GoodTimes Entertainment have given Rudolph different sets of parents : In Rankin / Bass 's holiday special , he is Donder 's son , and his mother is a tan doe who is called Mrs. Donder . In GoodTimes ' retelling , Rudolph 's father is Blitzen , and his mother is named Mitzi . Offspring ( edit ) Three BBC animations carry on the legend by introducing Rudolph 's son , Robbie the Reindeer . However , Rudolph is never directly mentioned by name ( references are replaced by the first and second films ' villain Blitzen interrupting with the phrase , `` Do n't say that name ! '' , or something similar , presumably for copyright reasons . ) Siblings ( edit ) Rudolph is also given a younger brother , Rusty Reindeer , in the American special , Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Did n't Happen ( 2006 ) . Unlike in the `` Robbie the Reindeer '' cartoons , Rudolph 's name is mentioned in the film . Michael Fry and T. Lewis have given Rudolph another brother in a series of Over the Hedge comic strips : an overweight , emotionally damaged reindeer named Ralph , the Infra - Red nosed Reindeer , who is referred to as Rudolph 's older brother . Ralph 's red nose is good for defrosting Santa 's sleigh and warming up toast and waffles ; he enviously complains about his brother Rudolph 's publicity and his own anonymity . Aunts , uncles , and cousins ( edit ) Rudolph has a cousin , Leroy , in Joe Diffie 's 1995 song , `` Leroy the Redneck Reindeer '' ( 1995 ) , which tells the story of Leroy 's joining the sleigh team to substitute for Rudolph , who was ill . In GoodTimes ' retelling , three of Santa 's reindeer ( Dasher , Comet , and Cupid ) are his uncles , and Cupid 's son Arrow is Rudolph 's cousin and rival . See also ( edit ) Holidays portal Santa Claus Santa Claus 's reindeer Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer video game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara ; Mikkelson , David P. ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Urban Legends Reference Pages . Snopes.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ; Talbot , Toby ( photo ) ( December 23 , 2011 ) . `` Scrapbook tells how Rudolph went down in history '' . Hanover , NH : Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kim , Wook ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Yule Laugh , Yule Cry : 10 Things You Did n't Know About Beloved Holiday Songs '' . Time . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Parrella , Andrew ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` From The Archives : Rudolph Turns 75 '' . New Hampshire Public Radio . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer celebrates 50th anniversary '' . CBS News . December 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rudolph all red - nosed over stamp of approval '' . United States Postal Service . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the nation 's longest - running and highest - rated Christmas television special ' went down in history ' to receive its stamp of approval today . The set of four Limited Edition Forever stamps depicting Rudolph , Hermey , Santa and Bumble were created from still television frames from the special which premiered 50 years ago in 1964 . Jump up ^ http://www.altogetherchristmas.com/traditions/rudolph.html Jump up ^ `` Old Fashioned Christmas '' . University Place / Wisconsin Historical Society . December 12 , 2010 . 0 : 28 minutes in . Wisconsin Public Television . Jump up ^ Moreau , Jennifer ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Rudolph 's Burnaby roots '' . Burnaby Now . p . A11 . Jump up ^ Powell , J. Mark . `` The Jewish man who created a Christmas classic '' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Chow , Wanda ( December 2010 ) . `` How Rudolph the reindeer came to be '' . Burnaby Now : A3 . Jump up ^ https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=3289176038&tab=1&searchurl= ^ Jump up to : `` Library of Congress Unveils Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Restoration '' . Animation World Network . December 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Kenneth T. Jackson ; Markoe , Karen ; Markoe , Arnie ( 1998 ) . The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives . Simon and Schuster . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex ( 2010 ) . `` 1950s '' . In Dolan , Hannah . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . DC began an annual tradition of producing a Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Christmas special . Following the success of the famous song ( released in 1949 ) , DC licensed the character and put Rudolph at the center of a series of lighthearted adventures ... The Christmas Special would continue until 1962 , and then return from 1972 -- 1977 . Jump up ^ Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer at the Grand Comics Database and Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Annual at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Markstein , Don . `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Limited Collectors ' Edition # C - 20 , # C - 24 , # C - 33 , # C - 42 , and # C - 50 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ All - New Collectors ' Edition # C - 53 and # C - 60 at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` The Best of DC # 4 '' . Grand Comics Database. 1980 . Jump up ^ Markstein , Don ( 2006 ) . `` Sheldon Mayer '' . Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2011 . Retrieved December 3 , 2011 . ( Mayer ) also worked on several tabloid - formatted comic books for DC in the mid-1970s , including the company 's first use of Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer since the early 60s . Jump up ^ Arnold , Mark ( December 2012 ) . `` You Know Dasher and Dancer : Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 7 -- 10 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who '' . BBC . December 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . In the North Pole the Doctor and Clara are joined by a familiar figure ... and his reindeer ! Jump up ^ Ramer , Holly ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Rudolph 's shiny red nose may be tied to eyes that glow blue '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Little Saint Nick '' Lyrics `` . Lyricsfreak.com . n.d. Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer . Manuscript of the Montgomery Ward book Official Licensor for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Official CBS website for Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Rudolph The Red Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 ) Full Film ( public domain footage ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer on IMDb Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Jam Handy ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Rudolph The Red - Nosed Reindeer ( Rankin / Bass ) at The Big Cartoon DataBase Preceded by `` Mule Train '' by Frankie Laine U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores number - one single January 7 , 1950 ( Gene Autry ) Succeeded by `` I Can Dream , Ca n't I '' by The Andrews Sisters Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Music `` Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer `` Run Rudolph Run '' Film and television adaptations Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1948 film short ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( 1964 TV special ) Rudolph 's Shiny New Year ( 1976 TV special ) Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July ( 1979 TV film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie ( 1998 film ) Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys ( 2001 made - for - video film ) Related Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer ( video game ) Santa Claus 's reindeer Robert L. May Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Lord of Misrule Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer&oldid=834052386 '' Categories : Christmas children 's books Christian folklore Fictional characters introduced in 1939 Fictional deer and moose Montgomery Ward Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa 's helpers Holiday characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 18 : 02 . 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when was rudolph the red nosed reindeer written

Rudolph first appeared in a 1939 booklet written by Robert L. May and published by Montgomery Ward , the department store .

List of Lucifer episodes - wikipedia List of Lucifer episodes Lucifer is an American fantasy police procedural comedy - drama television series developed by Tom Kapinos that premiered on Fox on January 25 , 2016 . It features a character created by Neil Gaiman , Sam Kieth , and Mike Dringenberg taken from the comic book series The Sandman , which later became the protagonist of the spin - off comic book series Lucifer written by Mike Carey , both published by DC Comics ' Vertigo imprint . On May 11 , 2018 , Fox canceled the series after three seasons . On June 15 , 2018 , it was announced that Netflix had picked the series up for a fourth season of ten episodes , which is set to be released in 2019 . As of May 28 , 2018 , 57 episodes of Lucifer have aired , concluding the third season . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.4 Season 4 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Notes 5 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) Fox 18 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 26 October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 10 2019 ( 2019 ) Netflix Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Len Wiseman Tom Kapinos January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 276096 7.16 Lucifer Morningstar , the retired ruler of Hell , owns a high - end night club in Los Angeles . When the pop star he tries to help is murdered in front of him by a drug dealer , he uses his powers of persuasion to assist Detective Chloe Decker in apprehending the true culprit behind the murder . All the while , he must deal with his brother , the dark - winged angel Amenadiel , who is putting pressure on him from their father to return to running Hell . `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 4X6502 6.00 Lucifer and Chloe work together again to solve a homicide , this time that of a movie star 's son who was killed by an overeager paparazzo who frequently created volatile situations in order to get the `` first scoop '' on the story . `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' Louis Milito Jason Ning & Jenn Kao February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 4X6510 5.47 When a football star whom Lucifer convinced to lose his virginity is arrested for the murder of the girl with whom he had sex , Lucifer works to prove his innocence . `` Manly Whatnots '' Matt Earl Beesley Ildy Modrovich February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 4X6503 5.13 Chloe and Lucifer investigate a missing persons case involving a girl , Lindsay Jolson , who was involved with a pick - up artist . The investigation is complicated by Lucifer 's repeated attempts to seduce Chloe in an effort to better understand her . Meanwhile , Amenadiel confronts a reluctant Mazikeen about Lucifer . At Lucifer 's encouragement , Chloe shoots him in the leg . To Lucifer 's bewilderment , he feels pain and bleeds . 5 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' Tim Matheson Sheri Elwood February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 4X6504 4.86 Chloe begs Lucifer to help her in a case involving an artist / high - end shoe designer who was once in a street gang . In doing so , Lucifer knowingly puts himself in danger , finding it exciting to test his mortality . He and Chloe are ultimately rescued from a hostile situation by Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Amenadiel surprises Dr. Martin by showing up at her office after hours , stating he is a fellow psychotherapist , who has just moved into the office next door . The two agree to have drinks and openly discuss patients . 6 6 `` Favorite Son '' David Paymer Jason Ning February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 4X6505 3.91 When a warehouse is robbed and the security guard murdered , it turns out that the stolen container belongs to Lucifer . He and Chloe then work to find the culprit , which Lucifer sees as protecting his reputation in the city . Meanwhile , Lucifer continues to struggle with his identity and Amenadiel continues to try to use Dr. Martin to get to Lucifer . It is revealed that the stolen shipping container holds Lucifer 's wings . 7 7 `` Wingman '' Eriq La Salle Alex Katsnelson March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 4X6506 4.24 Lucifer continues the search for his wings and turns to Amenadiel for help . Amenadiel rejects at first , so Lucifer enlists Chloe to assist him . Meanwhile , Chloe asks Dan for help in investigating the Palmetto case in the hopes that she can find something to confirm her suspicions against Malcolm , the cop who is in coma . The wings are apparently about to be sold at an auction . Lucifer goes to the auction where Amenadiel shows up to help Lucifer . Lucifer regains his wings , but burns them to anger Amenadiel and halt his own return to his former throne as the King of Hell . Whereas , Chloe and Dan find a new lead on the Palmetto case . 8 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 4X6507 3.86 Feeling reborn , Lucifer celebrates his `` rebirthday '' at the Lux . And Malcolm , who wakes up from his coma , also celebrates his coming back . Chloe and Lucifer investigate the murder of a controversial therapist who advocates adultery as a means of saving relationships . Meanwhile , Lucifer shoehorns his own therapist , Dr. Linda Martin , into the case in an attempt to `` solve '' Chloe 's issue with Dan . While solving the murder case , Lucifer realizes what is happening to him . Malcolm meets Chloe to explain that whoever shot him dead clearly does not have a problem shooting cops . Chloe and Lucifer then look for Malcolm 's partner but find him dead with a suicide note , while Dan mysteriously meets with Malcolm . 9 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' David Frazee Chris Rafferty March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 4X6508 3.82 Lucifer and Chloe investigate when a priest asks for Lucifer 's help in stopping a drug ring he believes is being headed by the counselor at a local youth center . However , a problem arises when the youth counselor is found dead and suspicion quickly falls on the priest . Meanwhile , Amenadiel meets with Malcolm to discuss the reason he brought him back from Hell , which is to kill someone . 10 10 `` Pops '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 4X6509 3.76 Chloe and Lucifer investigate the poisoning death of the owner / chef at an upscale Mexican restaurant whom Lucifer admires . Suspicion falls on the owner 's estranged son , a recovering drug addict , and the sous - chef , Anne , who would assume control of the restaurant if the son were out of the picture . The investigation is complicated by the surprise arrival of Chloe 's mother , Penelope Decker , whom Lucifer also much admires . At home , Chloe and Penelope argue about Trixie , causing Trixie to run away to find Lucifer , but she ends up making friends with Mazikeen . Meanwhile , Malcolm reveals to Dan his plan to kill Lucifer , as directed by Amenadiel , and Mazikeen starts visiting Dr. Martin as a patient . Dan meets with Malcolm again saying that he could not let Malcolm kill Lucifer , so they end up fighting and Dan is knocked unconscious . 11 11 `` St. Lucifer '' Mairzee Almas Sheri Elwood & David McMillan April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 4X6511 3.44 Lucifer finds doing charitable work thrilling and begins to explore it by donating to a local charity in honor of its murdered founder , Tim Dunlear . Amenadiel finds unlikely companionship . Meanwhile , Dan , held captive by Malcolm , tries to escape and warn Lucifer before Malcolm gets to him . Also , Lucifer learns something new about his mortality . 12 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' Greg Beeman Ildy Modrovich April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 4X6512 3.81 When a member of a satanic church is killed , Lucifer is greatly disturbed that anyone would kill in his name . When it turns out that Malcolm is the one killing those people to honor him , Lucifer threatens torment but then he is interrupted by Amenadiel , which allows Malcolm to run away . They start fighting each other until they are stopped by Mazikeen . Later , Chloe stops by the Lux to talk to Lucifer , but instead finds the dead body of the street preacher who was seen arguing with Lucifer on TV . Elsewhere , Lucifer 's realization that Chloe makes him physically vulnerable leads to him becoming paranoid . 13 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 4X6513 3.89 Amenadiel saves Lucifer from being arrested by Chloe and they go to Amenadiel 's office to talk . Dr. Martin shows up and advises the brothers . They go looking for Malcolm while Mazikeen helps Chloe hunt for Lucifer . Amenadiel finds Malcolm , they fight and Malcolm wounds Amenadiel with one of Mazikeen 's daggers . Mazikeen saves the dying Amenadiel with the feather she kept from Lucifer 's wings . Dan turns himself in clearing Lucifer of the murder . Chloe seizes Malcolm 's money and he kidnaps Trixie to force her to give it back . At the exchange , Lucifer is fatally shot when he intervenes to try and save Chloe and Trixie . Lucifer prays to God offering to return to work for him if he saves Chloe . God restores Lucifer 's powers and they kill Malcolm . A worried Lucifer tells Amenadiel that God has asked him to hunt for a soul who has escaped from Hell , their mother . Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' Nathan Hope Joe Henderson September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) T13. 20051 4.36 As Lucifer helps Chloe with a murder case involving a stand - in for a popular teen show actress , he becomes convinced that his mother 's soul is occupying the body of the murderer to torment him . Lucifer tells Dr. Martin the story of how the union of his father and mother created the universe , but his mother was ultimately banished to Hell forever . Chloe tells Lucifer that she has some of his blood from the shooting and plans to test it to either prove or disprove his claims of being the devil . When Amenadiel finds out about this , he makes up a story for Chloe that portrays Lucifer as delusional , but human . Like Lucifer , Amenadiel starts to show signs of losing his angelic powers on Earth . Dan is reinstated to the police force , but gets demoted . Maze also returns from her absence , saying that she went to see a friend and wants to figure out how she fits into this world . At the end of the episode , Lucifer 's mother shows up at his door , seeking help . 15 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' Louis Milito Ildy Modrovich October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) T13. 20052 3.67 Lucifer 's mother is shown awakening in her new body in pain , finding a screwdriver lodged in her neck . She explains her story to Lucifer and they return to the hotel room that she last remembers being in , finding two murdered bodies . Lucifer is convinced his mother committed the crimes and gets Chloe and Dan to investigate . Lucifer later learns that the body his mother occupies is that of Charlotte Richards , a law firm 's managing partner who had been having an affair with the man she recently promoted to senior partner . Cocaine is also found hidden in Charlotte 's home , giving the team more suspects . The investigation ultimately shows that Charlotte was a victim and Charlotte was not the murderer . With the crime solved , Lucifer chastises Charlotte for abandoning him when he was banished to Hell . She replies that God initially wanted to end Lucifer 's existence , but she convinced God to send him to Hell instead . Lucifer seems to accept the explanation and walks away , after which Charlotte looks to the sky with a sly grin . 16 `` Sin - Eater '' Mairzee Almas Alex Katsnelson October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) T13. 20053 3.67 Chloe and Dan bring Lucifer in on a case involving a serial killer , whose methods of torturing victims bother Lucifer because he sees it as someone usurping his role . They find a connection to an online video - sharing company headed by Leila Simms , as the murder victims are revealed to have shot and posted videos of other people being humiliated . Back at the precinct , Chloe and Dan discuss their effect on Trixie , with Dan finally saying they need to get a divorce . Charlotte insists that Lucifer let her see her other son , Amenadiel . Although Lucifer refuses to help , Charlotte manages to speak to Amenadiel at Lux while she is there alone . Lucifer walks in on the discussion and comes to a decision on the punishment he will give his mother for escaping Hell : she will be sentenced to live among the humanity that she so despises . 17 `` Lady Parts '' Ben Bray Sheri Elwood October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) T13. 20054 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer investigate a young woman 's dead body found discarded in the woods . The woman has a triangle - shaped stamp on her wrist which becomes a key clue when they find another female victim with the same stamp . With Chloe depressed over her pending divorce , Maze , Dr. Martin , and Ella take her to a bar for girls night . Chloe sees a man who has the triangle stamp on his wrist and soon learns the stamp comes from an underground sex club . They discover a man named Yuri had a connection to both victims and photos on his phone help them find the killer . Elsewhere , Charlotte struggles to adjust to her domestic life , while Amenadiel agonizes over his diminishing angelic powers . He then learns of Lucifer 's deal with God : return Charlotte to Hell in exchange for sparing Chloe 's life . Amenadiel says Lucifer 's punishment of Charlotte does not fulfill the deal and wonders if God will take back his half of the bargain . Just then , Chloe is shown driving when a car smashes into hers . 18 5 `` Weaponizer '' Karen Gaviola Jason Ning October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) T13. 20055 3.55 Chloe 's car accident is revealed to have been caused by Uriel , Lucifer 's and Amenadiel 's brother who has the special ability to foresee patterns . Chloe is not badly hurt and she goes right back to work , starting the case of murdered action star Wesley Cabot . Uriel tells Lucifer that the accident was a message : return Charlotte to Hell within 24 hours or Chloe will die . Lucifer visits Charlotte , telling her Uriel is a sign of God 's anger and that others will come to take her to Hell if she does not go willingly . Charlotte refuses . Amenadiel and Uriel soon get in a fight . With Amenadiel 's weakness and Uriel anticipating his moves , Uriel easily wins . Lucifer finally sees that Amenadiel has lost his powers . Lucifer then confronts Uriel and sees him with Azrael 's dagger , acquired from the angel of death . Realizing Uriel intends to use the dagger to end Charlotte 's existence permanently , Lucifer fights with his brother and loses . Maze arrives to battle with Uriel and , in the scuffle , Uriel loses hold of the dagger . Lucifer retrieves the instrument and plunges the blade into Uriel , which kills him for good , but not before he says something in Lucifer 's ear . 19 6 `` Monster '' Eagle Egilsson Chris Rafferty October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) T13. 20056 3.42 At a zombie - themed wedding , shots from an unseen source wound the groom and kill the bride . Chloe and Dan investigate and Lucifer later arrives hung over , still shaken from exterminating Uriel . Chloe reluctantly agrees to let Maze take Trixie out trick - or - treating so she can continue working the case . Maze reveals part of her true face to Trixie and Trixie thinks it is a costume . Amenadiel visits Charlotte , who praises the way he has always done what his Father asked . Amenadiel then starts to criticize God for allowing everything that has happened to the family . Chloe tracks the wedding sniper to a pharmaceutical company and Lucifer steps in front of the man 's next intended victim , hoping to be shot himself . Chloe then ambushes the shooter and arrests him without incident . Lucifer visits Dr. Martin and confesses to killing his brother . He says he has always been a punisher , but never killed anyone before . As Lucifer tells the story , Dr. Martin interrupts , asking him to stop speaking in metaphors and insisting he be honest . Lucifer then reveals his true face to Dr. Martin to prove he is not lying , leaving her in a state of shock . 20 7 `` My Little Monkey '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jenn Kao November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) T13. 20057 3.52 Chloe gets a case that hits close to home , when she learns the man convicted of killing Officer John Decker , her father , is being released from prison under supervision to attend his granddaughter 's Christening . When the prisoner and his driver / guard subsequently end up murdered , Chloe and Dan reinvestigate and learn that the wrong man was in prison . During the case , Lucifer , still disgusted with himself , tries to look and act like Dan to feel more useful . Elsewhere , Dr. Martin says she has to drop Maze as a friend upon learning that she is a demon . Maze , meanwhile , is searching for a profession to fulfill her existence on earth . When she helps Chloe and the team find Deputy Warden Perry Smith , the man who ordered the killing of John Decker , Maze decides she will be a bounty hunter . 21 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' Nathan Hope Jeff Lieber November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) T13. 20058 3.87 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer take on the case of a female stabbing victim , who is revealed to have been a member of a yoga group that borders on a cult . Lucifer also asks Ella for help in his own case : finding out who stole Azrael 's dagger from Uriel 's grave . Ella helps lead Lucifer to Charlotte 's law firm . When confronted , Charlotte reveals she released the dagger into the world to get God 's attention . Chloe 's and Lucifer 's cases cross when several members of the yoga group are found stabbed to death with Azrael 's blade resting in the final victim . Dan briefly holds the blade and threatens Lucifer for ruining his family , but Dan manages to break free of the blade 's hold through sheer willpower . Later , Amenadiel tells Lucifer he wants things back in their proper places with Lucifer in Hell and Charlotte in Heaven , but Charlotte says she wants her entire family back in Heaven . Lucifer says he despised living in Hell , but the thought of Heaven is even worse . He says the only place he feels respected is on Earth . Meanwhile , Lucifer resumes his sessions with Dr. Martin , who begins to realize Lucifer is like a lot of her therapy patients : a damaged individual from a dysfunctional family . 22 9 `` Homewrecker '' Greg Beeman Mike Costa November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) T13. 20059 3.63 Chloe , Dan , and Lucifer tackle the murder of a wealthy real estate mogul who owned the entire block that includes Lux . Their investigation turns up multiple people with motives , including the victim 's son , his fiancée who comes from modest means , and a rival real estate developer who wants to tear down the whole block , including Lux , to put up a shopping mall . The developer is about to get her wish until Chloe manages to get the building that houses Lux declared a historic landmark . Meanwhile , Charlotte becomes friendly with Dan and starts to strongly believe that Chloe is the reason Lucifer wants to stay on Earth . Charlotte meets with a bomb maker and plans to blow up Chloe when she steps into her car . 23 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' Nathan Hope Ildy Modrovich & Julia Fontana November 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 28 ) T13. 20060 4.09 Charlotte 's attempt to kill Chloe is stopped by Amenadiel , who convinces her that eliminating Chloe would only cause Lucifer to be relentless in finding her killer . Lucifer later learns Charlotte tried to kill Chloe , but his thoughts soon turn to the trial of John Decker 's murder , with Charlotte assigned to defend Warden Smith . Lucifer takes the stand as a witness and testifies that Chloe was first on the scene , putting a conviction at risk because Chloe provides reasonable doubt . Charlotte tries to convince Chloe to lie on the stand and paint Lucifer 's testimony as false , which is the only way the warden could be convicted , but Chloe instead says Lucifer told the truth . Amenadiel later meets Chloe 's mother Penelope , who is distraught over her husband 's killer being set free . Amenadiel remembers meeting Penelope and John Decker 35 years ago , when he was sent by God to assist in a miracle , allowing Penelope to get pregnant . He then meets with Charlotte , telling her the story and stating that Lucifer 's coming to Earth and meeting Chloe was predestined . 24 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) T13. 20061 3.97 When the only apparent connection between two murder victims is the fact that they 'd once shared Lucifer 's bed , Chloe interviews all of his lovers ( male and female ) from the past two months to try and find the culprit . Lucifer comes to the uncomfortable realization that he was never more to them than they were to him , in the process derailing his confidence in pursuing his burgeoning affections towards Chloe . Meanwhile , the actual connection in the murders is a mysterious figure for whom the victims were smuggling an unknown but deadly substance , which goes undiscovered by the police . Mazikeen continues to search for her own identity and learns a valuable truth from Dr. Linda , while Amenadiel tries to manipulate Lucifer towards Chloe at their mother 's behest . In the end , Lucifer decides to stop pursuing Chloe , telling her that she is special and he is not worthy of her . His extolling of the things that make her special makes Chloe see that he has come to care for her as more than just a conquest and she kisses him . 25 12 `` Love Handles '' Karen Gaviola Alex Katsnelson January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) T13. 20062 4.17 Lucifer is a bit confused when Chloe acts more carefree and relaxed in his presence , exchanging barbs with him . Lucifer and Chloe keep trying to track down the owner of the mysterious package after a college student is found dead due to an unknown poison . Clues lead them to Professor Carlisle , who had been chastised for saving himself and his dissertation from a burning vehicle , leaving the driver to die . Carlisle is conducting morbid `` experiments '' to prove all humans would make the choice he did . Meanwhile , Maze hears about Chloe 's birth story from Charlotte , and agrees to meet with Lucifer to tell him the truth , in the very bar where Amenadiel met Penelope 35 years ago . As Maze changes her mind , Lucifer sees a photo of Amenadiel and a younger Penelope on the bar wall , and Charlotte confirms that Chloe is a miracle ordered by God . Lucifer goes to confront Chloe , and sees she has the symptoms of Carlisle 's poison . 26 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' Alrick Riley Joe Henderson & Chris Rafferty January 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) T13. 20063 4.19 Lucifer and Chloe desperately search for an antidote to save her , learning that the Professor sourced the ingredients for his poisons from an amateur artist . Chloe collapses and is hospitalized , while Dan and Lucifer learn that the formula for the antidote was known only to Carlisle . With no other options , Lucifer has Maze and Linda stop his heart , allowing him to enter Hell and find Carlisle 's soul , which is now eternally tormented by a recreation of the car accident . Lucifer offers him a chance at absolution in exchange for the formula , but Carlisle fails to assuage his guilt sufficiently . While waiting to be revived , however , Lucifer stumbles upon an illusion of Uriel , who forces Lucifer to kill him again and again . Charlotte sends herself to Hell to free him , but ends up succumbing to her own guilt , forcing Lucifer to drag her away . Upon being revived , Lucifer meets up with Dan and Ella , who have retrieved the ingredients , and creates the antidote . Charlotte tries to reconnect with her son , but he disowns her for deceiving him . When Chloe visits Lux later , she is shocked to find it closed for business with Lucifer nowhere to be found . 27 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' Claudia Yarmy Jenn Kao May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) T13. 20064 3.41 Lucifer returns to Los Angeles after two weeks and introduces his wife Candy to Chloe and Dan . Chloe becomes upset , both with Lucifer 's cavalier attitude and his decision to marry . When Ash Corrigan , a musician in a local band , turns up dead , Lucifer tries to help Chloe , but she pushes him away . Meanwhile , Amenadiel and Charlotte also discover that Lucifer is married and Charlotte suspects that Lucifer is planning some sort of revenge . When Maze suggests that Chloe needs a mediator , Chloe impersonates Candy as a means of getting an appointment with the mediator Ash saw for his divorce . Amenadiel confronts Lucifer for hurting Chloe 's feelings . Lucifer tells him he is not trying to hurt her ; rather , he is protecting her . The two discover that Doug , the drummer of Ash 's band , is the murderer and take him into custody . Lucifer and Chloe agree to become partners again . It is revealed that Lucifer never married Candy , who turns out to be an actress who helped Lucifer in return for his saving her life in Las Vegas . 28 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' Brad Tanenbaum Mike Costa & Julia Fontana May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) T13. 20065 3.25 Lucifer retrieves Azrael 's blade , which turns out to be the Flaming Sword that once guarded Eden and can cut through the Gates of Heaven , allowing Charlotte to return home . As the Lightbringer , Lucifer is the only one who can reignite the blade , but fails to do so as it can only be triggered by extreme emotion . Chloe and Dan investigate the murder of an admissions officer at a prestigious elementary school ; despite uncovering embezzlement by the assistant dean , they are unable to find any leads . Chloe and Maze pose as a married couple and attend a party in honor of the deceased , where the real murderer , a teacher whose affair was discovered by the victim , is caught and subdued by Maze . Linda suggests to Lucifer that his inability to use the blade may be because he suppresses all of the pain and heartbreak in his life and , by channeling pain instead of anger , he is able to briefly ignite the Sword . It is revealed then that Charlotte is desperate to return to Heaven because her human form is weakening . 29 16 `` God Johnson '' Sherwin Shilati Jason Ning May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) T13. 20066 3.05 Lucifer and Chloe investigate the murder of an orderly at a mental institution . The suspect is a patient calling himself `` God Johnson '' who proves to be immune to Lucifer 's powers and knows to call him Samael . Ella identifies the man as Earl Johnson , a businessman who was committed after giving away all his wealth . Lucifer feigns insanity to get himself committed . Upon seeing Johnson heal a woman that would have been the killer 's second victim , Lucifer believes that he is God . Learning that Johnson has no knowledge of Charlotte escaping Hell , Lucifer and Linda break him out and set up a surprise date between the two . Amenadiel reveals to Maze that Lucifer is returning to Heaven , leaving her behind . Johnson and Charlotte begin to reconcile , but Chloe takes him and Lucifer back to the hospital . Lucifer and Johnson are then abducted by the real killer , one of the nurses , and make peace with one another . After being rescued , Lucifer discovers that Johnson 's belt buckle was part of Azrael 's Blade and that Johnson was filled with the knowledge and power of God while wearing it . Realizing that his real Father would never reconcile with him , his hatred becomes even stronger . 30 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) T13. 20067 3.03 Lucifer , Amenadiel , and Charlotte cut a deal with a smuggler for the last piece of the Blade . However , the smuggler is robbed and murdered before he can turn over the piece . Lucifer gets Chloe assigned to the case , who discovers that the killer is Chet Ruiz , one of Charlotte 's clients and a powerful crime lord . Amenadiel and Dan bond over feeling unable to compete with Lucifer . Linda is stripped of her medical license for ethics violations and Lucifer unintentionally botches her appeal by revealing his sexual arrangement with her . Maze attacks Lucifer for manipulating her during their time on Earth . Charlotte is coerced into stealing Chet 's phone from the police , but Chloe finds out . She also learns that Charlotte is the `` ex-wife of Lucifer 's dad '' and gets her to take part in a sting operation . The piece turns out to be a rare tome that only Amenadiel can read . Maze forces the chairman of the ethics board to restore Linda 's license and Charlotte accidentally kills Chet by exposing him to divine light after he stabs her . Lucifer and Amenadiel discover that the latter 's necklace contains the third piece of the Blade and that Amenadiel is their Father 's favorite son . 31 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) T13. 20068 3.31 Linda attempts to conceal Charlotte 's wound but Lucifer recognizes that her body will soon burst . He sends Maze to find Amenadiel while he covers up Chet 's murder . Ella finds the cleaners Charlotte hired and Chloe confronts Lucifer about letting his personal problems interfere with work . Amenadiel refuses to reassemble the Blade , citing renewed loyalty to his Father . Charlotte escapes , apparently kills one of the cleaners , and forces Linda to reveal Lucifer 's plan . She then threatens to kill Chloe unless the last piece of the Blade , which is in Dan 's possession , is delivered to her . While Amenadiel stops time for Maze to help Linda , Chet 's brother , the cleaner 's real killer , attempts to shoot Lucifer and Charlotte . Lucifer ignites the Blade and opens a rift leading outside the universe , where his mother can create her own world free from God 's influence , and throws the Blade through with her . Later , the real Charlotte is revived , having no memory of the time her body was inhabited . At the hospital , Linda encourages Lucifer to reveal his true nature to Chloe . Before he can , however , he is knocked out cold and wakes up to find himself in the desert with his wings restored . Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code US viewers ( millions ) 32 `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T13. 20751 3.92 Lucifer encounters a fleeing criminal and steals his clothes before getting the police to return him to Los Angeles . He asks Linda to remove his wings , but she refuses . Chloe brings him onto a new case , a dehydrated corpse found in the desert where Lucifer woke up , while overseen by her new lieutenant , Marcus Pierce . The body turns out to be that of a wealthy man and his close friend reveals that he paid `` kidnappers '' to prank the victim . While attempting to restore his wings , Amenadiel discovers a severed pair from Lucifer . Lucifer tries to show Chloe his true `` devilface , '' but can not . To lure out the `` kidnappers , '' Pierce instructs Dan to get himself kidnapped , which Lucifer arranges . However , he makes himself the target at the last moment because he suspects the kidnappers to be behind his own abduction . He interrogates them and learns that the dead man was turned over to another kidnapper . The man reveals that he was hired by the Sinnerman , a mysterious crime boss , to abduct Lucifer . Lucifer , whose wings grew back after he cut them off again , initially suspects that God restored his wings as punishment for sending Charlotte to a void , but eventually comes to believe that it is `` something darker '' connected to Sinnerman . 33 `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' Louis Milito Joe Henderson October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T13. 20752 3.33 After failing to connect a recent murder to the Sinnerman , Lucifer is told by Chloe that he has to either bring her evidence that he exists or allow the case to die . Pierce assigns them a new case : a murdered comedian who accused his rival , Bobby Lowe , of stealing his jokes . Amenadiel asks Linda to help him destroy Lucifer 's severed wings . While attending one of Bobby 's shows , Lucifer storms the stage and accidentally shoots him with a gun hidden in a hand puppet . It turns out that Bobby did steal the jokes and wanted to be fired from the show . Pierce warns Lucifer that the Sinnerman is real and killed someone close to him during his previous posting in Chicago . Lucifer and Dan run a sting operation , netting an old friend of Bobby 's who reveals that the dead man was working on a new set with Sheila , Bobby 's warm - up act . They find and arrest her and Pierce makes an agreement with Lucifer to help find the Sinnerman so long as he keeps Chloe out of it . Inspired by something Sheila said , Lucifer decides to focus not on his regrowing wings or the loss of his `` devilface , '' but on his skill as a granter of favors . 34 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' Tara Nicole Weyr Joe Henderson & Alex Katsnelson October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T13. 20069 3.19 Bored with her life , Maze decides to hunt a more challenging target : a serial killer named Ben Rivers , who has evaded every attempt at capture . Tracking him to Canada , she eventually finds a witness and blackmails him into revealing the location of Rivers ' girlfriend . Lucifer and Chloe question Rivers ' former attorney and learn that he is a master manipulator . Against Chloe 's concerns that Maze might be in trouble , Lucifer sends her the bounty 's address . Rivers then reveals that he used to work as a bounty hunter for Lt. Herrera , the cop who sent Maze to catch him , and the two form an unlikely bond . Dan arrives at Chloe 's request , but Rivers escapes to avoid being returned to police custody . With Lucifer 's help , Chloe proves Rivers to be innocent , allowing them to bring Herrera , the real murderer , to justice . Despite her feelings for him , Maze decides to leave Rivers behind and return home . Rivers warns her that Herrera was working for someone very powerful and that she is likely now in danger . A shadowy figure is then shown placing a file on Maze into a drawer filled with files on all the protagonists . 35 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' Eagle Egilsson Jason Ning October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T13. 20753 3.26 When Amenadiel shares his insights with Lucifer , the latter suggests that Amenadiel needs to `` walk in his shoes '' in order to understand him . Marcus assigns Chloe a new case . The victim , a counselor who worked with troubled kids , is shown to have been murdered with a tool belonging to a missing resident . Lucifer calls in a favor , finds the resident , and brings him back to the station . He turns out to be innocent , despite Lucifer 's insistence that juveniles are incapable of reform . To prove his point , he sets up a marijuana distribution ring with the other kids , inadvertently providing Chloe with a lead that uncovers the murder weapon . Amenadiel gets arrested after assaulting a pimp , but Dan bails him out . The two talk and Amenadiel realizes that Lucifer 's excessive lifestyle just covers up how lonely he is . As Pierce and Chloe track the new murder suspect , Pierce is shot by the man while protecting Chloe . Lucifer , angered , tracks down the shooter and nearly kills him , but Amenadiel intervenes . Based on his experiences , Amenadiel concludes that his `` test '' is to have Lucifer 's back . Lucifer rebukes him , enraged by the thought that his feelings for Chloe are responsible for what he has become . 36 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' Nathan Hope Chris Rafferty October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) T13. 20754 3.37 Simon Fisher , a chemist at a pudding company , is found dead in one of his vats and the company 's owner turns out to be represented by Charlotte Richards , for whom Lucifer still has conflicting feelings . He and Chloe learn that the dead man wanted to sell his secret formula to a rival company and identify a fixer who had been spying on him . An encounter with Dan inspires Charlotte to visit Lucifer for help filling in her missing memories ; however , she mistakenly believes that they were romantically involved . After Lucifer clears things up , he discovers that she was trapped in Hell while his mother inhabited her body . He encourages her to confess her sins , which include withholding crucial evidence from Chloe . Using it , Ella determines that the pudding 's ingredients can cause renal failure and that Simon committed suicide to expose the company 's wrongdoing . Overwhelmed with guilt , Charlotte has a breakdown and holds the owner , fixer , and rival owner hostage to force them to reveal who killed Simon . Lucifer talks her down and Chloe uses a recording he made to charge them with endangering public health . Lucifer meets Charlotte and admits that she is not to blame for his mother 's actions ; the two agree to start a professional relationship . 37 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' Karen Gaviola Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) T13. 20072 3.48 At Chloe 's birthday celebration , Lucifer receives word that Candy , his fake wife , has disappeared . Without telling Chloe , he and Ella travel to Las Vegas , where they find a woman dressed as Candy murdered in her apartment . Lucifer suspects that a loan shark who once tried to seize Candy 's father 's club was responsible , but he turns up dead as well . While investigating the loan shark 's wife , a pit boss at a nearby casino , Ella is caught counting cards at blackjack and she and Lucifer are thrown out . Candy , who had been posing as a waitress while following the same lead , admits that the dead woman was a friend of hers . Lucifer and Ella set a trap at the club and discover that Jedd , the bartender , was the killer ; Ella subdues him and they return home . Entering his apartment , Lucifer discovers that Chloe , Dan , and Linda threw a party and attempted unsuccessfully to break into his safe . After admitting to Chloe that he was wrong not to tell her why he was leaving , he opens the safe and presents her with a gift : a necklace made from the bullet she shot him with when they first started working together . 38 7 `` Off the Record '' Eduardo Sánchez Story by : Jen Graham Imada Teleplay by : Chris Rafferty & Mike Costa November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) T13. 20071 3.58 After waking up from a coma , Linda 's estranged husband Reese Getty , an investigative reporter , discovers her affair with Lucifer . Enraged , he decides to write an exposé to ruin his reputation . Lucifer and Chloe investigate a serial killer and Linda serves Reese with divorce papers . Lucifer confronts Reese and persuades him to drop his investigation ; just as Reese accepts that Lucifer is right , he witnesses him use his Devil face to obtain a confession . A year later , a nearly deranged Reese is asked by Chloe to assist in the still - ongoing investigation and decides to kill Lucifer , shooting him in the middle of a therapy session . Linda explains that she knows Lucifer 's true nature and considers him her friend , but Reese storms out . He then tracks down the killer and gets him to target Lucifer , but an innocent woman is killed instead . Reese blames Lucifer for his actions . Lucifer counters that humans like Reese are responsible for damning themselves . After attacking Linda in a rage , Reese uses himself as bait to lure the killer out , accepting his fate . It is then revealed that the whole episode was Reese 's damned soul seeking redemption , trapped in a time loop in Hell . 39 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' Louis Milito Julia Fontana November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) T13. 20755 3.26 Lucifer grows concerned when Amenadiel calls him `` boring '' sets out to prove him wrong . A woman named Kim Jones is murdered and Chloe traces the last call she made to Top Meet , a popular dating app . Chloe attends the company 's mixer and adopts Lucifer 's mannerisms to blend in . She and Dan locate a man who reveals that Kim was about to receive a large sum of money . It turns out that Kim founded Top Meet and wanted to make it more accessible , and that Mac , whom she chose as CEO , killed her to preserve the app 's exclusivity . While planning her ex-husband's funeral , Linda has an existential crisis , and reveals that Reese 's passing has made her fear death . Amenadiel manages to calm her by explaining that he once had a similar crisis , and they manage to fix their friendship . Wanting to avoid damnation , Charlotte lies to Ella about wanting to study forensics , giving her an excuse to follow the latter around . When Ella points out that being `` good '' means not just words , but actions , Charlotte decides to leave her practice and join the district attorney 's office . Lucifer briefly contemplates whether being boring is for him , before deciding it is not . 40 9 `` The Sinnerman '' Marisol Adler Jenn Kao December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) T13. 20756 3.39 Pierce rejects Chloe 's request for a personal day . Joey Pileggi , who asked Lucifer for a favor months before , winds up murdered . Lucifer reveals the favor was getting him work as a mob courier . Maze becomes uneasy about Linda and Amenadiel growning closer . Charlotte , as a prosecutor , joins Chloe and Lucifer as they question Frankie Ferrante , the mobster who mentored Joey , and learn that his death was not mob - related . Another body turns up , which Lucifer recognizes as another client . Ella identifies the killer as the Sinnerman , who lures Lucifer into an abandoned building and traps him inside . With Charlotte 's help , Chloe manipulates Frankie into going after the Sinnerman , but Charlotte feels hurt that Chloe did n't tell her the plan . Maze finds Lucifer and forces him to acknowledge her feelings before freeing him . Pierce tells Chloe that he plans to get revenge against the Sinnerman for murdering his brother . The Sinnerman ambushes Frankie , but Chloe and Pierce manage to capture him . Maze asks Linda to stop seeing Amenadiel . Dan comforts Charlotte and tells her being `` good '' takes time and commitment . Lucifer tries using his powers on the Sinnerman , but the latter gouges his own eyes out before he can do so . 41 10 `` The Sin Bin '' Greg Beeman Sheri Elwood December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) T13. 20757 3.36 The Sinnerman claims that a woman will soon be drowned in a spot only he knows . Chloe tracks a possible lead , which takes them to the woman 's car and a planted bomb . Realizing the only option , Chloe has Ella help her smuggle the Sinnerman out . Trixie encourages Charlotte to be a better mother . Pierce and Chloe manage to save the woman , but Lucifer and the Sinnerman vanish . The woman apparently owed the Sinnerman a debt , and set up her own kidnapping . The Sinnerman wakes up in Lucifer 's private estate , where Maze proceeds to torture him close to death . Despite a celestial rule dictating that angels may not take human lives , Lucifer concludes that killing him is the only solution . Maze abandons him in disgust . Lucifer realizes that the Sinnerman 's true desire is to die by his hand . Pierce arrives with Chloe and shoots the Sinnerman dead . Trixie gets Charlotte to go on a date with Dan . After deducing that the Sinnerman was working for someone more powerful , Lucifer calls Pierce to Lux . It is revealed that Pierce is in fact the immortal Cain , the world 's first murderer who is destined to wander the earth forever . 42 11 `` City of Angels ? '' Mark Tonderai Jason Ning & Jenn Kao January 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 01 ) T13. 20070 3.11 In 2011 , Lucifer leaves Hell for Los Angeles . His brother Amenadiel demands that he return to Hell , but Lucifer talks him into delaying their departure . Amenadiel is shot and his necklace is stolen . Knowing the danger of exposing humans to divinity , he persuades Lucifer to help him find it in return for a favor . Meanwhile , beat cop Chloe Decker and her husband , Det. Dan Espinoza , investigate the murder of MMA fighter Aiden Scott . Lucifer abducts the promoter who tried to fix Aiden 's last fight , summoning his demon torturer Mazikeen to interrogate him . Chloe visits the promoter 's lawyer , Charlotte Richards , and pressures her into setting up a sting operation with her client . Lucifer sets up a fight with Amenadiel to show that they are the same . Amenadiel dominates the fight , but allows Lucifer to win by submission to prove that , unlike Lucifer , he can control his pride . The sting nets Aiden 's mentor Gil , but Lucifer and Amenadiel snatch him up and force him to confess to murder and theft before leaving him to be arrested . Lucifer uses his favor to get Amenadiel to leave him on Earth . He takes over the promoter 's club and has Maze cut off his wings . 43 12 `` All About Her '' Tara Nicole Weyr Alex Katsnelson January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) T13. 20758 3.77 Lucifer accuses Pierce of working for God , but he denies it . A surfer 's body is found on a private beach . Chloe , furious with Lucifer for going behind her back , blocks him from the investigation . Charlotte chastises Pierce for yelling at Ella , and Amenadiel learns , falsely , that he has contracted chlamydia . Linda advises Lucifer to pay more attention to Chloe 's needs and Dan tells him to be helpful without getting in her way . Chloe suspects that a surfer gang may have been involved in the murder , sending Dan to go undercover and work their leader , Wild Child . After learning that Pierce intends to skip town , Lucifer discovers that he wishes to die , and had previously put himself and Chloe in danger hoping to be killed after learning that Lucifer is vulnerable around Chloe . Wild Child tells Dan that the gang had nothing to do with the murder , and Chloe deduces that the `` owners '' of the beach were framing them to cover up their illegal acquisition of the land . Linda tells Amenadiel that she is not comfortable dating him due to Maze 's objections , but they kiss , and Maze sees them . Lucifer makes a deal with Pierce to end his life . 44 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' Sherwin Shilati Mike Costa January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) T13. 20759 3.67 Pierce loses faith in Lucifer 's lack of progress . Maze theorizes that he must have an exploitable weakness . Murdered woman , June Lee , turns out to be a criminal named Sandra Jiang , whose death is found to be connected to her role cooking ecstasy . Lucifer collects the mobster who once employed Sandra . He agrees to cooperate with the investigation in return for one of Sandra 's recipes . To prove that Sandra was selling her product independently , Chloe decides to have Lucifer and Pierce pose as a married couple in order to infiltrate her neighborhood . Dan and Charlotte go on their first date , but Maze crashes it due to her attraction to Charlotte 's pain . The cops learn that a `` watchdog '' who has been terrorizing the neighborhood is connected Sandra 's death . Lucifer lures him out , but he turns out be innocent . His wife turns out to be the killer , having mistakingly believed Sandra to be having an affair with her husband . Charlotte decides that she needs some time away from relationships in order to refocus . Pierce notes that as much as Lucifer wants to help him , he is more interested in using him to get revenge on his father . 45 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' Claudia Yarmy Joe Henderson & Jason Ning February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) T13. 20760 3.71 Lucifer , realizing that he understands nothing about Cain 's Mark , decides to ask Amenadiel for help , but he refuses . Ella 's older brother , Jay Lopez , disappears after a man he was meeting with is murdered . Chloe asks Ella to recuse herself from the investigation , but she and Maze go off to find him anyway . Charlotte is turned down by Linda when she asks for a consultation , as she still fears her . The victim is tied to a jewelry store heist , and Lucifer and Chloe check with the owner , who reveals that the `` robbery '' was actually insurance fraud . Pierce tracks down Amenadiel , who he knows gave him the mark , and assaults him in anger . Chloe and Dan confirm that Jay was , in fact , hired to `` clean '' the stolen diamonds . Jay flees , and goes after the real killer , the store 's investigator , but gets captured . Pierce points out that he and Amenadiel both tried to kill their brothers , but that Amenadiel 's failure makes him worse . Maze eliminates the killer and saves Jay . Linda decides to treat Charlotte . Lucifer catches Jay stealing the diamonds , and vows to punish him if he ever commits a crime again . Amenadiel decides that he will do whatever it takes to protect his brother from Pierce . 46 15 `` High School Poppycock '' Louis Milito Chris Rafferty & Jen Graham Imada February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) T13. 20761 3.18 Lucifer has a nightmare about Chloe dying . On his quest to help Pierce , Lucifer uses murdered author Kathleen Pike 's latest work to overcome his lack of ideas . Linda and Amenadiel continue their romance in secret , unaware that Maze already knows . Chloe learns that the characters in Kathleen 's books are based on people from her high school days . Lucifer agrees to go undercover with her at an upcoming reunion to find the killer . Maze intentionally sets up Linda and Amenadiel on blind dates with herself and Todd , the man Lucifer impersonates at the reunion , as revenge for their deception . Maze angrily storms out after Linda defends her actions . Chloe and Lucifer discover that all of the party attendees have an alibi except for Todd , who explains that Kathleen had a different ending for her book from what her editor wanted . Chloe uses that information to set a trap for him . Lucifer has a breakdown when he realizes that Kathleen 's work was destroyed , and leaves . Linda breaks up with Amenadiel for Maze 's sake . Lucifer throws Chloe the prom she never had and also has an epiphany : to break Pierce 's curse , he has to prevent the circumstances that caused it . 47 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' Eagle Egilsson Jenn Kao & Julia Fontana March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) T13. 20762 3.13 To break Pierce 's curse , Lucifer proposes resurrecting Abel from Hell . However , the plan goes awry when Abel is revived in the body of Bree Garland , the assistant to B movie producer Alexa Lee , whose office was recently blown up by a bomb . Based on information provided by Maze , Lucifer and Pierce track Abel to a pool party . Amenadiel arrives and tries to persuade Abel to commit suicide by claiming he is still in Hell . Chloe 's investigation uncovers links between Alexa 's film studio and a Bolivian drug cartel , and she realizes that Bree , who had been aware of her employer 's crimes , was trying to expose her . Abel encounters Pierce and shoots him , but he is unharmed . Chloe takes Bree and Lucifer to Alexa 's office for evidence , where they narrowly manage to defuse another bomb . Using a recovered fingerprint , Chloe has Alexa arrested for money laundering . Charlotte makes progress in therapy with Linda , while Amenadiel , after fighting with Maze , calls her childish for ruining his chance at romance . Abel , having somewhat reconciled with his brother , asks for some space to figure himself out . Lucifer , concerned about Chloe 's safety , informs Pierce that he is ending their partnership and Abel is killed by an ambulance . 48 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' Alrick Riley Ildy Modrovich & Sheri Elwood March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) T13. 20763 2.97 Pop singer Axara sees her life threatened when one of her backup dancers ( wearing a mask and the same outfit as Axara ) gets killed by a high - powered firework . Chloe investigates without much help from Lucifer , who is still worried about putting Chloe in danger and tries to avoid her . He does offer to quarantine Axara at Lux until the killer is found , though . Suspicion falls on a crazed fan , who is soon found dead himself , then to Axara 's manager , before evidence ultimately leads Chloe to Axara 's former high school friend and current tour manager , Cece . Elsewhere , Pierce is dejected over Lucifer backing off on helping him die and the fact that Abel could not kill him either . Ella convinces him to talk to Dan , which does no good , and Pierce also has a conversation with Amenadiel that seems to help . Pierce starts to believe again that Chloe is the key , and he asks her out on a date in full view of Lucifer . Meanwhile , Linda tries to reconcile her friendship with Maze , even getting Charlotte to mediate their dispute , but Maze will not budge off her high horse . 49 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' Hanelle Culpepper Alex Katsnelson & Mike Costa March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) T13. 20764 3.23 In 1958 , Pierce , an LAPD detective , is assigned to investigate a serial murderer known as the `` Broken Hearts Killer '' . In the present , two new victims are found that match the killer 's MO . Lucifer tries to get between what he suspects is a growing romance between Chloe and Pierce . Dan tells a drunken Maze to pull herself together for Chloe 's sake . More victims turn up , validating Pierce 's belief that a copycat is responsible . Amenadiel runs into Charlotte , and Linda advises him to keep his distance . Pierce visits the granddaughter of his partner in 1958 , getting back his files on the case . Maze and Dan argue , and Maze ends up insulting Trixie unaware that she is behind her . Using a radio call - in show to set up a sting , Chloe and Pierce pose as a cheating couple and lure out the killer , who turns out to be a man who found the original killer 's journals and became obsessed with them . Charlotte persuades Amenadiel to reveal the truth to her . Pierce decides to pursue a relationship with Chloe , with Lucifer 's blessing . 50 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' Nathan Hope Jenn Kao March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) T13. 20765 3.19 Maze asks Lucifer to send her back to Hell ; Lucifer refuses and suggests that she needs to blow off some steam . Linda warns Charlotte not to see Amenadiel again . Security footage of a new murder seems to implicate Maze as the killer , and Chloe learns that the victim was one of her bounties . Maze subsequently turns herself in , claiming guilt , and even hands over the murder weapon . However , when Chloe presses her , it becomes clear that Maze only wants to take the fall . Charlotte forces Lucifer to tell her about his mother . Maze escapes custody , and Chloe determines that someone is framing her . Pierce becomes increasingly jealous of the `` special relationship '' between Lucifer and Chloe . A conversation with a former bounty leads them to a wealthy winery owner , who blames Maze for getting her son killed . Chloe persuades Maze to spare the owner 's life ; instead , she stabs her in the foot . Lucifer , prompted by Amenadiel , reveals his true self to Charlotte . When Lucifer tries to persuade her to stay , Maze , angry that he refuses to consider her feelings , prepares to leave town . However , Pierce stops her , and promises to help her if she helps him . 51 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jason Ning April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) T13. 20766 3.18 A man is killed during a home invasion , but the homeowner survives due to the intervention of a `` guardian angel '' . A news story then surfaces of a guardian angel rescuing a victim in San Bernardino , leading Lucifer to wonder whether he could be responsible , even though he has no memory of the deeds . Pierce 's relationship with Chloe is strained by her refusal to let him meet Trixie . Linda suggests that Lucifer may not be aware of his actions because he is unconsciously trying to distract himself ; both he and Amenadiel suspect that God is responsible . Charlotte starts behaving outlandishly , as she believes that she will end up in Heaven no matter what she does . Chloe finds a video of a fight involving the victim , which leads them to an actor who was hired to keep him from breaking his addiction to heroin . Lucifer 's refusal to sleep interferes with his work , and Chloe accuses him of being jealous . Lucifer forces the murderer to confess , after which Maze visits him and reveals that she is the `` angel '' , having done so to keep Lucifer from figuring out Pierce 's plan to use Chloe . However , Pierce changes his mind and dumps Chloe , breaking her heart in the process . Furious , Lucifer attacks Pierce , whose mark has vanished , rendering him mortal . 52 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' Jim Vickers Alex Katsnelson April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) T13. 20767 2.82 Pierce contemplates suicide , but realizes he truly loves Chloe . Seeing a chance for a normal life where he can grow old with her and die , he tries to win her back . A new murder case comes in : Reina Markova , a prima ballerina who was strangled while practicing . Lucifer decides that the only way to get Chloe back is to outshine Pierce in every way . Pierce reneges on his plan to frame Lucifer for his murder , which angers Maze . Reina 's former understudy reveals that she was set to host a reality competition show , but ultimately backed out ; it then turns out that the show 's creator was blackmailed into offering her the job . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to help him expose Pierce as the Sinnerman . Lucifer and Chloe uncover an affair between Reina and the ballet company chairman , while Charlotte is caught trying to follow Pierce and attempts to seduce him , but fails . Ella and Dan deduce that Reina 's partner Miguel was behind the blackmail and killed her to protect himself . Pierce and Lucifer both invite Chloe to have dinner with them , but Pierce makes the decision to tell Chloe how he feels and proposes to her , just as Lucifer arrives to do the same thing . 53 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' Eduardo Sánchez Sheri Elwood April 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 30 ) T13. 20768 2.84 Ella plans Chloe 's bachelorette party . Lucifer and Dan investigate the murder of a dog trainer , with Lucifer taking the lead to `` understand '' Chloe better . Pierce 's Mark reappears , which Maze interprets as a sign that Chloe is unsure of her love . Amenadiel recruits Charlotte to break off the engagement . Dan enters a gambling den in search of a suspect , before Lucifer stages a surprise police raid . Maze intentionally throws a boring party , and Linda , Ella , and Charlotte hire a party bus instead . Amenadiel tries to persuade Pierce against losing his immortality . The murder suspect reveals that he is an amateur trainer , and that his purebred mastiff is expecting puppies which could fetch high prices . Ella figures out that Maze and Charlotte are both trying to manipulate Chloe , and stops the party . A drunken Chloe rides off in the bus , while Dan and Lucifer deduce that the victim 's partner is the killer and arrest him . Maze learns that Pierce 's Mark is fake and tries to kill him , but he uses Trixie to force her to leave . Dan expresses his feelings for Charlotte , and they begin a real relationship . Chloe ends her engagement and resumes working with Lucifer , to Pierce 's anger . 54 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' Claudia Yarmy Ildy Modrovich May 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 07 ) T13. 20769 2.90 Charlotte continues to have nightmares of Hell . Lucifer struggles to tell Chloe how he feels . Retired baseball player Forest Clay 's wife is murdered . Charlotte identifies him as the killer , revealing that she destroyed evidence of another murder for him years before . Amenadiel tries to restore his wings . Ella discredits Clay 's alibi , and Chloe discovers that both he and his wife were cheating on each other . Pierce and Maze plan to kill Amenadiel so Pierce can get his Mark back . Charlotte stages a distraction while Amenadiel steals information from her former law firm , which leads them to a murder matching Charlotte 's version of events . Chloe contemplates her feelings for Lucifer . Charlotte assists Chloe in apprehending Clay . When Maze turns on Pierce , he sedates her and shoots at Amenadiel , only to kill Charlotte when she shields him . Lucifer confesses his feelings and that he is the Devil to Chloe , who says he is not , at least not to her , and they kiss . A grieving Amenadiel regains his wings , using them to bring Charlotte 's soul to Heaven as Lucifer and Chloe receive a phone call , leading to Chloe , Lucifer , and Dan arriving at the crime scene where they find Charlotte 's body . 55 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' Eagle Egilsson Joe Henderson May 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) T13. 20770 3.20 Pierce takes control of the investigation into Charlotte 's death . Dan finds Charlotte 's notes on Pierce , and informs Chloe and Lucifer that Pierce is the killer . Pierce arranges for one of the criminals Charlotte was prosecuting to be framed for her murder . Dan has Ella tip off Pierce on their progress , prompting him to send a hitman for Dan , but the hitman is captured . Believing that Linda is in danger , Maze escapes Pierce 's men to find her . Maze and Linda reconcile . Lucifer tells Ella that he suspects Amenadiel is right ; God is not responsible for changing him , he is . The captured hitman gives Chloe information that leads her and Lucifer into an ambush . Chloe is shot and Lucifer uses his wings to shield her . He carries her to safety before using his wings to subdue Pierce 's henchmen . Pierce confronts Lucifer with one of Maze 's daggers , but Lucifer kills Pierce with it instead . Pierce believes that he will be going to Heaven as he feels no regrets , but Lucifer reveals that Pierce will be haunted by the murder of Charlotte for eternity in Hell . The anger Lucifer feels causes his devil face to return , allowing Chloe to see his true nature . Bonus episodes 56 25 `` Boo Normal '' Lisa Demaine Jen Graham Imada May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20771 2.42 As Ella contemplates moving back to Detroit , she assists on the case of a murdered psychologist . While doing so , she is visited by Rae - Rae , a `` ghost '' who first appeared to Ella when she survived a car crash at the age of 8 . However , Ella had not seen or heard from Rae - Rae since leaving Detroit five years ago , and she tries to figure out why she has reappeared . After hearing the story , Lucifer realizes that Rae - Rae is Azrael , the Angel of Death . In a conversation between the two , Azrael tells Lucifer that she was behind Ella moving to California and working for the LAPD . She explains that because she could not be in either one 's lives , she wanted to ensure her `` favorite brother and favorite human '' would be together in the same place . 57 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' Kevin Alejandro Story by : Ricardo Lopez Jr . Teleplay by : Ildy Modrovich & Joe Henderson May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) T13. 20772 2.42 God narrates events in an alternate timeline , where Chloe 's father , John Decker , survived the shooting that was supposed to take his life . Thus , Chloe is not inspired to become a cop and has instead remained an actress . The story ponders if Chloe and Lucifer would have still found each other . They do when Chloe 's friend , a stunt man in her current film , is murdered at Lux , and both Chloe and Lucifer become interested in finding the killer . They manage to solve the case with the help of Ella ( who in this reality is a professional carjacker and mechanic ) , and John confesses that while he is proud of his daughter , he does not want her to follow her dream of joining the police because of his fear that she would be in harm 's way . Nevertheless , Chloe decides that she wants to consider the possibility , and Lucifer jokes that perhaps they will get to work together again . The episode ends with God reflecting on the fact that , despite being in completely different circumstances , Chloe and Lucifer are destined to be together as in the original timeline . Season 4 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 58 `` Everything 's Okay '' Sherwin Shilati Joe Henderson 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 59 `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' Sam Hill Ildy Modrovich 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA 60 `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' Jessika Borsiczky Jason Ning 2019 ( 2019 ) TBA Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' January 25 , 2016 2.4 / 7 7.16 1.4 3.63 3.8 10.78 `` Lucifer , Stay . Good Devil . '' February 1 , 2016 2.0 / 6 6.00 1.1 3.30 3.1 9.30 `` The Would - Be Prince of Darkness '' February 8 , 2016 1.7 / 5 5.47 1.1 3.00 2.8 8.46 `` Manly Whatnots '' February 15 , 2016 1.6 / 4 5.13 1.1 2.97 2.7 8.10 5 `` Sweet Kicks '' February 22 , 2016 1.5 / 4 4.86 1.1 2.97 2.6 7.83 6 `` Favorite Son '' February 29 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.91 1.1 3.00 2.4 6.91 7 `` Wingman '' March 7 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.24 1.0 2.80 2.3 7.04 8 `` Et Tu , Doctor ? '' March 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.86 1.1 3.05 2.3 6.91 9 `` A Priest Walks into a Bar '' March 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.82 1.1 3.04 2.3 6.86 10 `` Pops '' March 28 , 2016 1.2 / 4 3.76 1.1 2.94 2.3 6.68 11 `` St. Lucifer '' April 11 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.44 1.0 2.86 2.1 6.28 12 `` # TeamLucifer '' April 18 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.81 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.49 13 `` Take Me Back to Hell '' April 25 , 2016 1.3 / 4 3.89 0.9 2.68 2.2 6.57 Season 2 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Everything 's Coming Up Lucifer '' September 19 , 2016 1.3 / 4 4.36 0.9 2.75 2.2 7.11 `` Liar , Liar , Slutty Dress on Fire '' October 3 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.67 0.9 2.69 2.0 6.37 `` Sin - Eater '' October 10 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.67 0.9 2.63 1.9 6.30 `` Lady Parts '' October 17 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.63 0.7 2.30 1.8 5.92 5 `` Weaponizer '' October 24 , 2016 1.0 / 4 3.55 0.8 2.26 1.8 5.81 6 `` Monster '' October 31 , 2016 0.9 / 3 3.42 0.9 2.40 1.8 5.82 7 `` My Little Monkey '' November 7 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.52 0.8 2.51 1.8 6.03 8 `` Trip to Stabby Town '' November 14 , 2016 1.1 / 4 3.87 0.7 2.26 1.8 6.13 9 `` Homewrecker '' November 21 , 2016 1.0 / 3 3.63 0.8 2.24 1.8 5.87 10 `` Quid Pro Ho '' November 28 , 2016 1.1 / 4 4.09 0.7 2.13 1.8 6.22 11 `` Stewardess Interruptus '' January 16 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.97 0.8 2.28 1.9 6.25 12 `` Love Handles '' January 23 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.17 0.7 2.23 1.9 6.40 13 `` A Good Day to Die '' January 30 , 2017 1.2 / 4 4.19 0.7 2.01 1.9 6.20 14 `` Candy Morningstar '' May 1 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.41 0.7 2.09 1.7 5.50 15 `` Deceptive Little Parasite '' May 8 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.25 0.7 1.91 1.6 5.16 16 `` God Johnson '' May 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.05 0.7 2.05 1.5 5.10 17 `` Sympathy for the Goddess '' May 22 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.03 0.7 2.07 1.5 5.10 18 `` The Good , the Bad , and the Crispy '' May 29 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.31 0.7 2.00 1.6 5.30 Season 3 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` They 're Back , Are n't They ? '' October 2 , 2017 1.1 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A `` The One with the Baby Carrot '' October 9 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.33 0.6 1.82 1.5 5.16 `` Mr. & Mrs. Mazikeen Smith '' October 16 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.19 N / A 1.71 N / A 4.90 `` What Would Lucifer Do ? '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.26 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.13 5 `` Welcome Back , Charlotte Richards '' October 30 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.37 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Vegas with Some Radish '' November 6 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.48 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Off the Record '' November 13 , 2017 1.0 / 4 3.58 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Chloe Does Lucifer '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 3.26 0.5 1.73 1.4 4.99 9 `` The Sinnerman '' December 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 3.39 N / A 1.87 N / A 5.26 10 `` The Sin Bin '' December 11 , 2017 0.8 / 3 3.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` City of Angels ? '' January 1 , 2018 0.7 / 2 3.11 0.7 N / A 1.4 N / A 12 `` All About Her '' January 22 , 2018 0.9 / 3 3.77 0.6 1.73 1.5 5.51 13 `` Til Death Do Us Part '' January 29 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.67 N / A N / A N / A N / A 14 `` My Brother 's Keeper '' February 5 , 2018 1.0 / 4 3.71 N / A 1.73 N / A 5.44 15 `` High School Poppycock '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.18 0.5 1.67 1.3 4.85 16 `` Infernal Guinea Pig '' March 5 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.13 0.5 1.65 1.2 4.77 17 `` Let Pinhead Sing ! '' March 12 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.97 0.5 1.69 1.2 4.66 18 `` The Last Heartbreak '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.23 0.4 1.58 1.2 4.69 19 `` Orange Is the New Maze '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 3.19 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` The Angel of San Bernardino '' April 16 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.18 N / A 1.52 N / A 4.70 21 `` Anything Pierce Can Do I Can Do Better '' April 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.82 N / A 1.55 N / A 4.37 22 `` All Hands on Decker '' April 30 , 2018 0.6 / 3 2.84 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.33 23 `` Quintessential Deckerstar '' May 7 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.90 N / A 1.49 N / A 4.39 24 `` A Devil of My Word '' May 14 , 2018 0.8 / 4 3.20 0.4 1.35 1.2 4.56 25 `` Boo Normal '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A 26 `` Once Upon a Time '' May 28 , 2018 0.5 / 2 2.42 N / A N / A N / A N / A Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Before the series was cancelled , co-showrunner Ildy Modrovich stated that two episodes produced for the third season were set to be moved to a potential fourth season . Both episodes were broadcast on Fox on May 28 , 2018 as a singular two - hour bonus episode . Jump up ^ Season 2 episodes 14 -- 17 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . Jump up ^ Of the third season , episodes 1 - 4 , 15 and 18 - 24 were broadcast one day earlier in Canada . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` Fox Nabs DC Entertainment ' Lucifer ' Drama From Tom Kapinos As Put Pilot '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' Idol , ' ' New Girl ' get Fox winter premiere dates '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Turchiano , Danielle ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' Canceled After Three Seasons at Fox '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Lucifer Resurrected ! Netflix Picks Up Season 4 of Cancelled Fox Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ingham , Alexandria ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` FOX and Netflix 's reasons behind Lucifer decisions show something needs to change '' . HiddenRemote.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ildy Modrovich ( @ Ildymojo ) ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Season finale was directed by @ eagleegilsson actually ! The last two episodes produced will air next season ... WHEN we get it . Right ? ? ? Everyone cross fingers . @ LuciferDaily # lucifer '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` FOX to Air Two `` Bonus '' Episodes of `` Lucifer '' on Monday `` . The Futon Critic . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' X-Files , ' ' Lucifer ' and ' The Bachelor ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : Grammys and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Gotham ' adjust up , ' Kevin ' and ' Good Place ' hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Conviction , Timeless , Kevin and Scorpion all adjust down , Big Bang and Voice adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voice ' adjusts up ; ' Gotham ' , ' Lucifer ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' and ABC adjust down ; Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV on Twitter : `` It 's not your typical high school reunion . Catch # Lucifer on a new day tonight at 8 / 9mt ... `` '' . twitter . February 25 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 17 - 23 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv mar 24 - 30 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 14 - 20 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 21 - 27 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv apr 28 - may 4 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 5 - 11 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` citl - tv may 12 - 18 '' ( PDF ) . CITL - DT . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Lucifer , ' ' The Bachelor , ' everything else unchanged : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' iZombie ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' American Idol ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust up , ' The Resident ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Man with a Plan ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup adjusts up , ' The Crossing ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 401 is `` Everything 's Okay '' . Written by the incomparable @ Henderson_Joe , directed by the great @ sherwinshilati and on @ netflix ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 17 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 402 is `` Somebody 's Been Reading Dante 's Inferno '' . Written by the incredible @ Ildymojo and directed by the excellent @ SamHill_KinoEye ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 17 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Lucifer Writers Room ( @ LUCIFERwriters ) ( August 29 , 2018 ) . `` The title of Ep. 403 is `` O , Ye Of Little Faith , Father '' . Written by the great @ jkning and directed by the talented @ JessikaBTweets ! # Lucifer # LuciferOnNetflix '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' is your premiere week DVR champion : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' and ' Prison Break ' finales get good bumps : Broadcast Live + 7 ratings for May 29 -- June 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' Winter Premiere Starts 2018 Strong '' . Variety . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' Returns with Biggest Percentage Lifts ; ' The Good Doctor ' , ' This is Us ' Deliver Biggest Raw Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Designated Survivor ' , ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Flash ' , ' iZombie ' Among Largest Percentage Gainers '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : All Three of NBC 's ' Chicago ' Dramas in the Top - 8 of Raw Time - Shifted Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Scandal ' Series Finale on ABC Ranks 7th Among Broadcast Network Prime Time Telecasts in Adults 18 - 49 Raw Lifts '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' Timeless ' Season Finale on NBC Ranks in Broadcast Top Ten for Total Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Lucifer_episodes&oldid=857123989 '' Categories : Lucifer ( TV series ) Lists of American comedy - drama television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does season 3 of lucifer come out

Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) Fox 18 September 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 19 ) May 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 29 ) 26 October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) May 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 10 2019 ( 2019 ) Netflix

New Zealand dollar - Wikipedia New Zealand dollar Jump to : navigation , search New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar ( English ) Tāra o Aotearoa ( Māori ) $5 banknote obverse $1 coin reverse ISO 4217 Code NZD Number 554 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ cent Nickname kiwi Banknotes $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Coins 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics User ( s ) New Zealand 5 territories ( show ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) , alongside Cook Islands dollar Niue ( New Zealand ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Website www.rbnz.govt.nz Printer Note Printing Australia ( provides base polymer note material ) Website www.noteprinting.com Valuation Inflation 0.2 % ( New Zealand only ) Source Reserve Bank of New Zealand , November 2016 Pegged by Cook Islands dollar , Niue dollar and Pitcairn Islands dollar ( all at par ) The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi . Introduced in 1967 , the dollar is subdivided into 100 cents . Altogether there are ten denominations -- five coins and five banknotes -- with the smallest being the 10 - cent coin . Formerly there were lower denominations , but those were discontinued due to inflation and production costs . The New Zealand dollar is consistently one of the 10 most - traded currencies in the world , being approximately 2.0 % of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exchange rate 2 Coins 2.1 History 2.2 Current circulating coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 History 3.2 Current circulating banknotes 4 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries 5 Global foreign exchange market 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the New Zealand dollar in 1967 , the New Zealand pound was the currency of New Zealand , which had been distinct from the pound sterling since 1933 . The pound used the £ sd system , in which the pound was divided into 20 shillings and one shilling was divided into 12 pence , which by the 1950s was considered complicated and cumbersome . Switching to decimal currency had been proposed in New Zealand since the 1930s , although only in the 1950s did any plans come to fruition . In 1957 , a committee was set up by the Government to investigate decimal currency . The idea fell on fertile ground , and in 1963 , the Government decided to decimalise New Zealand currency . The Decimal Currency Act was passed in 1964 , setting the date of transition to 10 July 1967 . Words such as `` fern '' , `` kiwi '' and `` zeal '' were proposed to avoid confusion with the word `` dollar '' , which many people at the time associated with the United States dollar . In the end , the word `` dollar '' was chosen anyway , and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called `` Mr. Dollar '' became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign . On Monday 10 July 1967 ( `` Decimal Currency Day '' ) , the New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound ( one dollar to ten shillings , ten cents to one shilling , ⁄ cent to a penny ) . Some 27 million new banknotes were printed and 165 million new coins were minted for the changeover . Exchange rate ( edit ) The New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to the US dollar at US $1.43 = NZ $1 . This rate changed on 21 November of the same year to US $1.12 = NZ $1 after the devaluation of the British pound ( see Bretton Woods system ) , although New Zealand devalued more than the UK . In 1971 the US devalued its dollar relative to gold , leading New Zealand on 23 December to peg its dollar at US $1.216 with a 4.5 % fluctuation range , keeping the same gold value . From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985 the dollar 's value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies . The NZ $ was floated on 4 March 1985 at the initial rate of US $0.4444 . Since then the dollar 's value has been determined by the financial markets , and has been in the range of about US $0.39 to 0.88 . The dollar 's post-float low was US $0.3922 on 22 November 2000 , and it reached a post-float high on 9 July 2014 of US $0.8821 . Much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates . The New Zealand dollar 's value is often strongly affected by currency trading , and is among the 10 most - traded currencies . On 11 June 2007 the Reserve Bank sold an unknown worth of New Zealand dollars for nine billion USD in an attempt to drive down its value . This is the first intervention in the markets by the Bank since the float in 1985 . Two suspected interventions followed , but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective , with the dollar dropping to approximately US $0.7490 from near US $0.7620 . However , within little more than a month it had risen to new post-float highs , reaching US $0.8103 on 23 July 2007 . After reaching its post-float record high in early 2008 , the value of the NZ $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from `` riskier '' currencies such as the NZ $ . The NZ $ bottomed out at approximately US $0.50 on 6 March 2009 . However , it rebounded strongly as the year progressed , reaching the US $0.75 range by November 2009 . By late 2012 , the dollar was holding above 80 US cents , occasionally reaching 85c , prompting calls from the Green Party for quantitative easing . Unions also called on the Government and the Reserve Bank to take action , but as of February 2013 both had declined . As of early June , 2017 , the NZD was trading at approximately US $0.71 . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) On the introduction of the dollar , coins came in denominations of 1c , 2c , 5c , 10c , 20c , and 50c . The 1c and 2c coins were bronze , the others were cupro - nickel . To ease transition , the 5c , 10c and 20c were the same size as the sixpence , shilling and florin that they respectively replaced . Until 1970 the 10c coin bore the additional legend `` One Shilling '' . The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin 's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND ( date ) . The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally intended for them . Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to a newspaper and met a very negative public reaction . The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations . In 1986 , New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf 's new portrait of the Queen . The 1c and 2c coins were last minted for circulation in 1987 , with collector coins being made for 1988 . The coins were demonetised on 30 April 1990 . The lack of 1c and 2c coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5c ( 10c from 2006 ) , a process known as Swedish rounding . On 11 February 1991 , aluminium - bronze $1 and $2 coins were introduced to replace existing $1 and $2 notes . In 1999 , Ian Rank - Broadley 's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II . On 11 November 2004 the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5c coin out of circulation and to make the 50c , 20c and 10c coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter . After a three - month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005 , the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March that it would go ahead with the proposed changes . The changeover period started on 31 July 2006 , with the old coins usable until 31 October 2006 . The old 50c , 20c , 10c and 5c pieces are now no longer legal tender , but are still redeemable at the Reserve Bank . Prior to the change over these coins were similar , save for the legend and reverse artwork , to international ( mainly Commonwealth ) coins of the same British - derived sizes , which led to coins from other currencies , particularly older coins , being accepted by vending machines and many retailers . Current circulating coins ( edit ) The reverse designs of the current circulating New Zealand dollar coins . Image by Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Value Technical Parameters Description Date of issue Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 10c 20.50 mm 1.58 mm 3.30 g Copper - plated steel Plain Queen Elizabeth II A Māori koruru , or carved head . 31 July 2006 20c 21.75 mm 1.56 mm 4.00 g Nickel - plated steel `` Spanish flower '' Queen Elizabeth II Māori carving of Pukaki , a chief of the Ngati Whakaue iwi 31 July 2006 50c 24.75 mm 1.70 mm 5.00 g Plain HM Bark Endeavour and Mount Taranaki $1 23.00 mm 2.74 mm 8 g Aluminium bronze Intermittent milling Queen Elizabeth II Kiwi and silver fern 11 February 1991 $2 26.50 mm 2.70 mm 10 g Grooved Kotuku ( great egret ) These images are to scale at 2.5 pixels per millimetre . For table standards , see the coin specification table . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) In 1967 , notes were introduced in denominations of $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 and $100 , with all except the $5 replacing their pound predecessors . The original series of dollar notes featured on the obverse a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II wearing Queen Alexandra 's Kokoshnik tiara , King George 's VI festoon necklace , and Queen Mary 's floret earrings , while the reverse featured native birds and plants . The notes were changed slightly in 1981 due to a change of printer ( from De La Rue to Bradbury , Wilkinson & Co . ) - the most noticeable difference being the portrait based upon a photograph by Peter Grugeon , in which Queen Elizabeth II is wearing Grand Duchess Vladimir 's tiara and Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee necklace . The $50 note was added in 1983 to fill the long gap between the $20 and the $100 notes . $1 and $2 notes were discontinued in 1991 after being replaced with coins . A new series of notes was introduced in 1992 . The obverse of each note featured a notable New Zealander , while the reverse featured a native New Zealand bird and New Zealand scenery . In 1999 , polymer notes replaced the paper notes . The designs remained much the same , but were changed slightly to accommodate new security features , with the most obvious changes being the two transparent windows . New banknotes are being printed in New Zealand at the moment . The new notes are the same sizes and denominations as the older banknotes , and they will continue to be made of the same flexible plastic material . The themes of the notes remain the same , with the same respected New Zealanders , the Queen , and flora and fauna remaining central to the designs . The $5 and $10 notes were released in October 2015 , with the $20 , $50 and $100 notes set to release in April 2016 . The old New Zealand banknotes and the new ' Brighter Money ' banknotes can be used interchangeably for the time being . Since the older banknotes were first issued in 1999 , security features and the technology for designing and printing banknotes have all advanced considerably . And while counterfeiting rates in New Zealand are low compared to the rest of the world , the New Zealand public and government agree that it is in the best interest to `` stay one step ahead of the game '' , hence the new notes . Current circulating banknotes ( edit ) New Zealand $5 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $10 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $20 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $50 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $100 Note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand 's five - dollar note has been named the banknote of the year for 2015 , a `` clear winner '' among nearly 40 eligible designs from a record 20 countries . The Reserve Bank of New Zealand released the new $5 and $10 notes in October as part of its Brighter Money range . The $5 shows mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary facing the South Island 's Aoraki / Mount Cook , and , on the other side , a rare yellow - eyed penguin and local flora . Value Main Colour Description Date of issue Obverse Reverse Watermark $5 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Massey Ferguson tractor Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $5 ( 1 ) 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Kaokao patterning Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island Campbell Island Daisy The number 5 2015 $10 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Whio ( blue duck ) River scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $10 ( 2 ) 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Mangaroa ( purapura whetu ) patterning Whio ( blue duck ) with ducklings Pineapple Scrub New Zealand Kiokio The number 10 2015 $20 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) New Zealand alpine scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $20 ( 3 ) 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Poutama patterning Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) Tapuae - o - Uenuku / Mount Tapuaenuku Marlborough rock daisy The number 20 2016 $50 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Conifer broadleaf forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $50 ( 4 ) 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Poutama patterning Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Pureora Forest Park Sky - blue mushroom The number 50 2016 $100 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Beech forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $100 ( 5 ) 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Whakaaro Kotahi patterning Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Eglinton Valley ( in Fiordland National Park ) The number 100 2016 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries ( edit ) With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , both Australia and New Zealand converted the mostly - fixed foreign exchange regimes to a moving peg against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia moved to a peg against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce fluctuations associated with its peg to the US dollar . The peg to the TWI was changed to a moving peg in November 1976 , causing the actual value of the peg to be periodically adjusted . Since the late 1990s , and certainly since the end of the Cold War the US dollar has had less and less overall influence over the value of both the NZ $ and A $ against other currencies . Current NZD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY Global foreign exchange market ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( $ ) 80.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 37.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The New Zealand dollar contributes greatly to the total global exchange market - far in excess of New Zealand 's relative share of population or global GDP . According to the Bank for International Settlements , the New Zealand dollar 's share of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2016 was 2.1 % ( up from 1.6 % in 2010 ) giving it a rank of 11th . Trading in the currency has climbed steadily since the same survey in 1998 when the NZD 's ranking was 17th and the share of turnover was just 0.2 % . See also ( edit ) Economy of New Zealand Cook Islands dollar History of Chatham Islands numismatics Postal orders of the Chatham Islands Postal orders of New Zealand Pitcairn Islands dollar Australian dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Dollar ( NZD ) Profile Foreign Exchange Conversion - Money Calculator '' . currency7.com . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazial Crossley ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Currency Kiwi Follows Aussie Dollar Down '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey , April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Bank for International Settlements . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ( pg. 10 of PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Explaining New Zealand 's currency '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal Currency Act 1964 No 27 ( as at 01 February 1990 ) , Public Act Contents -- New Zealand Legislation '' . www.legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand adopts decimal currency '' . nzhistory.govt.nz . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand dollar '' . Global Exchange . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Film Archive . `` Decimal Currency , Mr. Dollar '' . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ New Zealand official yearbook. 72 . New Zealand Department of Statistics . 1967 . p. 1126 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` New Zealand Dollar ( USD per NZD ) '' . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Victoria Batchelor and Chris Young , Cullen Says N.Z. Dollar Has ' Peaked , ' Expects Decline ( Update1 ) 2 August 2007 Bloomberg ( access date 10 February 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : 23 , 8 May : 00PM GMT . `` New Zealand Dollar : CURRENCY : NZD quotes & news - Google Finance '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Greens call for quantitative easing '' . 3 News NZ. 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labour sees merit in Green call to print cash '' . NZ Herald . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt rejects call to print money '' . 3 News NZ. 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=NZD&date=2017-06-01 ^ Jump up to : History of New Zealand Coinage , Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Accessed 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tim Watkin , Figure of unity , NZ Listener , 13 -- 19 November 2004 , Vol 196 , No 3366 . Accessed 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` New Zealand '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.brightermoney.co.nz/ Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . External links ( edit ) ANZ New Zealand -- View the current exchange rate graphs of NZ $ / inr Reserve bank of New Zealand - Money issuing Authority Historical New Zealand Trading bank notes -- Old extremely rare banknotes of New Zealand Images of historic and modern New Zealand bank notes Current and historical banknotes of New Zealand ( in English ) ( in German ) Preceded by : New Zealand pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of New Zealand 10 July 1967 -- Succeeded by : Current Economy of New Zealand History Head tax , 1881 IC&A Act , 1894 Wool boom , 1951 Black Budget , 1958 Think Big , 1979 -- 84 Rogernomics , 1984 -- 90 Ruthanasia , 1990 -- 93 Mother of all Budgets , 1991 Leaky homes crisis , 2000s Finance company collapses , 2006 -- 12 Currency New Zealand dollar Dollar banknotes twenty Dollar coins one Twenty - cent coin New Zealand pound Government Taxation New Zealand Treasury New Zealand budget New Zealand Trade and Enterprise Reserve Bank of New Zealand Official Cash Rate Overseas Investment Office Commerce Commission KiwiSaver Industry Agriculture New Zealand Meat Producers Board New Zealand Dairy Board New Zealand Wool Board Beer Fishing Aquaculture Whaling Forestry Woodchipping Kauri gum Licensing trust Mining Tourism Wine Economic conditions Social class Income Poverty International rankings Agreements Closer Economic Relations Free trade agreements Malaysia China Trans - 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The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi .

Mount Shasta - wikipedia Mount Shasta Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the volcano in California . For the town , see Mount Shasta , California . For other peaks named Shasta , see List of peaks named Shasta . Mount Shasta Aerial view of Mount Shasta from the west Highest point Elevation 14,179 ft ( 4,322 m ) NAVD88 Prominence 9,772 ft ( 2,979 m ) Isolation 335 mi ( 539 km ) Parent peak North Palisade Listing World most prominent peaks 96th North America highest peaks 48th North America prominent peak 18th US most prominent peaks 11th North America isolated peaks 28th US highest major peaks 34th California highest major peaks 5th California fourteeners 5th California county high points 5th Coordinates 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Coordinates : 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W  /  41.409196033 ° N 122.194888358 ° W  / 41.409196033 ; - 122.194888358 Geography Location Siskiyou County , California Parent range Cascade Range Topo map USGS Mount Shasta Geology Age of rock About 593,000 years Mountain type Stratovolcano Volcanic arc Cascade Volcanic Arc Last eruption 1786 Climbing First ascent 1854 by E.D. Pearce and party Easiest route Avalanche Gulch ( `` John Muir '' ) route : talus / snow climb U.S. National Natural Landmark Designated 1976 Mount Shasta ( Karuk : Úytaahkoo or `` White Mountain '' ) is a potentially active volcano at the southern end of the Cascade Range in Siskiyou County , California . At an elevation of 14,179 feet ( 4321.8 m ) , it is the second - highest peak in the Cascades and the fifth - highest in the state . Mount Shasta has an estimated volume of 85 cubic miles ( 350 km ) , which makes it the most voluminous stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc . The mountain and surrounding area are part of the Shasta -- Trinity National Forest . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 2.1 Religion and legends 3 Geology 3.1 Volcanic status 4 Climbing 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Description ( edit ) Mount Shasta is connected to its satellite cone of Shastina , and together they dominate the landscape . Shasta rises abruptly to tower nearly 10,000 feet ( 3,000 m ) above its surroundings . On a clear winter day , the mountain can be seen from the floor of the Central Valley 140 miles ( 230 km ) to the south . The mountain has attracted the attention of poets , authors , and presidents . The mountain consists of four overlapping volcanic cones that have built a complex shape , including the main summit and the prominent satellite cone of 12,330 ft ( 3,760 m ) Shastina , which has a visibly conical form . If Shastina were a separate mountain , it would rank as the fourth - highest peak of the Cascade Range ( after Mount Rainier , Rainier 's Liberty Cap , and Mount Shasta itself ) . Mount Shasta 's surface is relatively free of deep glacial erosion except , paradoxically , for its south side where Sargents Ridge runs parallel to the U-shaped Avalanche Gulch . This is the largest glacial valley on the volcano , although it does not now have a glacier in it . There are seven named glaciers on Mount Shasta , with the four largest ( Whitney , Bolam , Hotlum , and Wintun ) radiating down from high on the main summit cone to below 10,000 ft ( 3,000 m ) primarily on the north and east sides . The Whitney Glacier is the longest , and the Hotlum is the most voluminous glacier in the state of California . Three of the smaller named glaciers occupy cirques near and above 11,000 ft ( 3,400 m ) on the south and southeast sides , including the Watkins , Konwakiton , and Mud Creek glaciers . History ( edit ) The oldest - known human settlement in the area dates to about 7,000 years ago . At the time of Euro - American contact in the 1820s , the Native American tribes who lived within view of Mount Shasta included the Shasta , Okwanuchu , Modoc , Achomawi , Atsugewi , Karuk , Klamath , Wintu , and Yana tribes . The historic eruption of Mount Shasta in 1786 may have been observed by Lapérouse , but this is disputed . Although perhaps first seen by Spanish explorers , the first reliably reported land sighting of Mount Shasta by a European or American was by Peter Skene Ogden ( a leader of a Hudson 's Bay Company trapping brigade ) in 1826 . In 1827 , the name `` Sasty '' or `` Sastise '' was given to nearby Mount McLoughlin by Ogden . The name was transferred to present - day Mount Shasta in 1841 , partly as a result of work by the United States Exploring Expedition . Mount Shasta as seen from a small farm south of Weed , California Beginning in the 1820s , Mount Shasta was a prominent landmark along what became known as the Siskiyou Trail , which runs at Mount Shasta 's base . The Siskiyou Trail was on the track of an ancient trade and travel route of Native American footpaths between California 's Central Valley and the Pacific Northwest . The California Gold Rush brought the first Euro - American settlements into the area in the early 1850s , including at Yreka , California and Upper Soda Springs . The first recorded ascent of Mount Shasta occurred in 1854 ( by Elias Pearce ) , after several earlier failed attempts . In 1856 , the first women ( Harriette Eddy , Mary Campbell McCloud , and their party ) reached the summit . Clarence King exploring the Whitney Glacier in 1870 . This was the first glacier in the continental United States discovered and named . It was named for Josiah Whitney , head of the California Geological Survey . By the 1860s and 1870s , Mount Shasta was the subject of scientific and literary interest . A book by California pioneer and entrepreneur James Hutchings , titled Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , contained an account of an early summit trip in 1855 . The summit was achieved ( or nearly achieved ) by John Muir , Josiah Whitney , Clarence King , and John Wesley Powell . In 1877 , Muir wrote a dramatic popular article about his surviving an overnight blizzard on Mount Shasta by lying in the hot sulfur springs near the summit . This experience was inspiration to Kim Stanley Robinson 's short story `` Muir on Shasta '' . The 1887 completion of the Central Pacific Railroad , built along the line of the Siskiyou Trail between California and Oregon , brought a substantial increase in tourism , lumbering , and population into the area around Mount Shasta . Early resorts and hotels , such as Shasta Springs and Upper Soda Springs , grew up along the Siskiyou Trail around Mount Shasta , catering to these early adventuresome tourists and mountaineers . In the early 20th century , the Pacific Highway followed the track of the Siskiyou Trail to the base of Mount Shasta , leading to still more access to the mountain . Today 's version of the Siskiyou Trail , Interstate 5 , brings thousands of people each year to Mount Shasta . From February 13 -- 19 , 1959 , the Mount Shasta Ski Bowl obtained the record for the most snowfall during one storm in the U.S. , with a total of 15.75 feet ( 480 cm ) . Mount Shasta was declared a National Natural Landmark in December 1976 . Religion and legends ( edit ) Main article : Legends of Mount Shasta Sunrise on Mount Shasta The lore of some of the Klamath Tribes in the area held that Mount Shasta is inhabited by the Spirit of the Above - World , Skell , who descended from heaven to the mountain 's summit at the request of a Klamath chief . Skell fought with Spirit of the Below - World , Llao , who resided at Mount Mazama by throwing hot rocks and lava , probably representing the volcanic eruptions at both mountains . Italian settlers arrived in the early 1900s to work in the mills as stonemasons and established a strong Catholic presence in the area . Many other faiths have been attracted to Mount Shasta over the years -- more than any other Cascade volcano . Mount Shasta City and Dunsmuir , California , small towns near Shasta 's western base , are focal points for many of these , which range from a Buddhist monastery ( Shasta Abbey , founded by Houn Jiyu - Kennett in 1971 ) to modern - day Native American rituals . A group of Native Americans from the McCloud River area practice rituals on the mountain . Mount Shasta has also been a focus for non-Native American legends , centered on a hidden city of advanced beings from the lost continent of Lemuria . The legend grew from an offhand mention of Lemuria in the 1880s , to a description of a hidden Lemurian village in 1925 . In 1931 , Wisar Spenle Cerve wrote Lemuria : the lost continent of the Pacific , published by the Rosicrucians , about the hidden Lemurians of Mount Shasta that cemented the legend in many readers ' minds . In August 1987 , believers in the spiritual significance of the Harmonic Convergence described Mount Shasta as one of a small number of global `` power centers '' . Mount Shasta remains a focus of `` New Age '' attention . Geology ( edit ) Satellite ( Landsat 8 ) view of Mount Shasta About 593,000 years ago , andesitic lavas erupted in what is now Mount Shasta 's western flank near McBride Spring . Over time , an ancestral Mount Shasta stratovolcano was built to a large but unknown height ; sometime between 300,000 and 360,000 years ago the entire north side of the volcano collapsed , creating an enormous landslide or debris avalanche , 6.5 cu mi ( 27 km ) in volume . The slide flowed northwestward into Shasta Valley , where the Shasta River now cuts through the 28 - mile - long ( 45 km ) flow . What remains of the oldest of Mount Shasta 's four cones is exposed at Sargents Ridge on the south side of the mountain . Lavas from the Sargents Ridge vent cover the Everitt Hill shield at Mount Shasta 's southern foot . The last lavas to erupt from the vent were hornblende - pyroxene andesites with a hornblende dacite dome at its summit . Glacial erosion has since modified its shape . The next cone to form is exposed south of Mount Shasta 's current summit and is called Misery Hill . It was formed 15,000 to 20,000 years ago from pyroxene andesite flows and has since been intruded by a hornblende dacite dome . Nearby Black Butte from Weed , California There are many buried glacial scars on the mountain which were created in recent glacial periods ( `` ice ages '' ) of the present Wisconsinian glaciation . Most have since been filled in with andesite lava , pyroclastic flows , and talus from lava domes . Shastina , by comparison , has a fully intact summit crater indicating Shastina developed after the last ice age . Shastina has been built by mostly pyroxene andesite lava flows . Some 9,500 years ago , these flows reached about 6.8 mi ( 10.9 km ) south and 3 mi ( 4.8 km ) north of the area now occupied by nearby Black Butte . The last eruptions formed Shastina 's present summit about a hundred years later . But before that , Shastina , along with the then forming Black Butte dacite plug dome complex to the west , created numerous pyroclastic flows that covered 43 sq mi ( 110 km ) , including large parts of what is now Mount Shasta , California and Weed , California . Diller Canyon ( 400 ft ( 120 m ) deep and 0.25 mi ( 400 m ) wide ) is an avalanche chute that was probably carved into Shastina 's western face by these flows . The last to form , and the highest cone , the Hotlum Cone , formed about 8,000 years ago . It is named after the Hotlum glacier on its northern face ; its longest lava flow , the 500 - foot - thick ( 150 - metre ) Military Pass flow , extends 5.5 mi ( 8.9 km ) down its northeast face . Since the creation of the Hotlum Cone , a dacite dome intruded the cone and now forms the summit . The rock at the 600 - foot - wide ( 180 - metre ) summit crater has been extensively hydrothermally altered by sulfurous hot springs and fumaroles there ( only a few examples still remain ) . In the last 8,000 years , the Hotlum Cone has erupted at least eight or nine times . About 200 years ago the last significant Mount Shasta eruption came from this cone and created a pyroclastic flow , a hot lahar ( mudflow ) , and three cold lahars , which streamed 7.5 mi ( 12.1 km ) down Mount Shasta 's east flank via Ash Creek . A separate hot lahar went 12 mi ( 19 km ) down Mud Creek . This eruption was thought to have been observed by the explorer La Pérouse , from his ship off the California coast , in 1786 , but this has been disputed . Volcanic status ( edit ) During the last 10,000 years , Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years , but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years . The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago . Diller Canyon on Shastina from Weed Mount Shasta can release volcanic ash , pyroclastic flows or dacite and andesite lava . Its deposits can be detected under nearby small towns . Mount Shasta has an explosive , eruptive history . There are fumaroles on the mountain , which show Mount Shasta is still alive . The worst - case scenario for an eruption is a large pyroclastic flow , such as what occurred in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens . Since there is ice , such as Whitney Glacier and Mud Creek Glacier , lahars would also result . Ash would probably blow inland , perhaps as far as eastern Nevada . There is a small chance an eruption could result in a collapse of the mountain , as happened when Mount Mazama in Oregon collapsed to form what is now called Crater Lake , but this is of much lower probability . The United States Geological Survey monitors Mount Shasta and rates it as a very high - threat volcano . Climbing ( edit ) Mount Shasta 's west face , June 2009 Many climbers attempt the summit of Mount Shasta . The summer climbing season runs from late April until October , although many attempts are made in the winter . In winter , Sargents Ridge and Casaval Ridge , to the east and west of Avalanche Gulch , respectively , become the most traveled routes , to avoid avalanche danger . Mount Shasta is also a popular destination for backcountry skiing . Many of the climbing routes can be descended by experienced skiers , and there are numerous lower - angled areas around the base of the mountain . The most popular route on Mount Shasta is Avalanche Gulch route , which begins at the Bunny Flat Trailhead and gains about 7,300 feet ( 2,200 m ) of elevation in approximately 11.5 miles ( 18.5 km ) round trip . The crux of this route is considered to be to climb from Lake Helen , at approximately 10,443 feet ( 3,183 m ) , to the top of Red Banks . The Red Banks are the most technical portion of the climb , as they are usually full of snow / ice , are very steep , and top out at around 13,000 feet ( 4,000 m ) before the route heads to Misery Hill . The Casaval Ridge route is a steeper , more technical route on the mountain 's southwest ridge best climbed when there 's a lot of snow pack . This route tops out to the left ( north ) of the Red Banks , directly west of Misery Hill . So the final sections involve a trudge up Misery Hill to the summit plateau , similar to the Avalanche Gulch route . Mount Shasta 's west face as seen from Hidden Valley high on the mountain . The west face gulley is an alternate climbing route to the summit . No quota system currently exists for climbing Mount Shasta , and reservations are not required . However , climbers must obtain a summit pass and a wilderness permit to climb the mountain . Permits and passes are available at the ranger station in Mount Shasta and the ranger station in McCloud , or climbers can obtain self - issue permits and passes at any of the trailheads 24 hours a day . See also ( edit ) List of mountain peaks of California List of highest points in California by county List of Ultras of the United States List of volcanoes in the United States Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Shasta , California '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` MT SHASTA '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global Volcanism Program - Shasta '' . volcano.si.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Selters , Andy ; Michael Zanger ( 2006 ) . The Mount Shasta Book ( 3rd ed . ) . Wilderness Press . ISBN 0 - 89997 - 404 - X . Jump up ^ Bright , William ; Susan Gehr . `` Karuk Dictionary and Texts '' . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ The origin of the name `` Shasta '' is vague , perhaps from Russian ( Чистая , meaning `` white , clean , pure '' or Счастье , meaning `` happiness , luck , fortune , felicity '' ) ; the name might have been given to the mountain by the early Russian settlers in California . Jump up ^ Dan Dzurisin ; Peter H. Stauffer ; James W. Hendley II ; Sara Boore ; Bobbie Myers ; Susan Mayfield ( 1997 ) . `` Living with Volcanic Risk in the Cascades '' ( PDF ) . USGS . USGS . p. 2 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Orr , Elizabeth L. ; William N. Orr ( 1996 ) . Geology of the Pacific Northwest . New York : The McGraw - Hill Companies . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 048018 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta and Vicinity , California '' . USGS . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ In 1878 the Coast and Geodetic Survey triangulated between heliotropes atop Mount Shasta and Mount St. Helena , 192 miles ( 309 km ) south . Jump up ^ Miller , Joaquin ; Malcolm Margolin ; Alan Rosenus ( January 1996 ) ( 1873 ) . Life amongst the Modocs : unwritten history . Berkeley : Urion Press ( distributed by Heyday Books ) . ISBN 0 - 930588 - 79 - 7 . Jump up ^ Muir , John 1838 - 1914 . Letters , 1874 - 1888 , of a personal nature , about Mount Shasta . In : Bade , William Frederic . The Life and Letters of John Muir . New York : Houghton Mifflin Co. , 1923 . Vol. II , pp. 29 - 41 , 49 - 50 , 82 - 85 , 219 . Two Volumes . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS176 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Theodore 1858 - 1919 . Letter to Harrie Cassie Best , dated Nov. 12 , 1908 , White House . In : James , George Wharton 1858 - 1923 . Harry Cassie Best : Painter of the Yosemite Valley , California Oaks , and California Mountains. 1930 ? p. 18 . Cited at Mount Shasta Collection MS1032 Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sargents Ridge '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/library/shasta/documents/upshasta.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Scenes of Wonder and Curiosity in California , ( 1862 ) by James M. Hutchings Jump up ^ `` Snow - Storm on Mount Shasta '' ( PDF ) . siskiyous.edu . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Snowfall '' . Welcome to the Storm King . Mic Mac Publishing . 28 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . NPS : Nature & Science '' National Natural Landmarks . National Park Service . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` History of Crater Lake '' . Oregon Explorer . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` In The Light of Reverence '' . POV . Public Broadcasting Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Origin of the Lemurian Legend '' . Folklore of Mount Shasta . College of the Siskiyous . Jump up ^ `` Harmonic Convergence '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Legends : Ascended Masters '' . College of the Siskiyous. 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Volcanoes . Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 643140 - X . Jump up ^ http://www.siskiyous.edu/shasta/his/ Jump up ^ Program , Volcano Hazards . `` USGS : Volcano Hazards Program CalVO Mount Shasta '' . volcanoes.usgs.gov . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` An Assessment of Volcanic Threat and Monitoring Capabilities in the United States : NVEWS Framework for a National Volcano Early Warning System '' ( PDF ) . USGS. 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Avalanche Gulch '' . Mount Shasta Avalanche Center . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Casaval Ridge '' . SummitPost . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta Wilderness Permits and Summit Passes '' . U.S. Forest Service . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Sources ( edit ) Crandell , D.R. ; C.D. Miller ; H.X. Glicken ; R.L. Christiansen ; C.G. Newhall ( March 1984 ) . `` Catastrophic debris avalanche from ancestral Mount Shasta volcano , California '' . Geology. 12 ( 3 ) : 143 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1984Geo ... 12 ... 143C . ISSN 0091 - 7613 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1984 ) 12 < 143 : CDAFAM > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Crandell , D.R. ; Nichols , D.R. ( 1987 ) . Volcanic hazards at Mount Shasta , California . Reston , Va. : U.S. Department of the Interior , U.S. Geological Survey . Harris , Stephen L. ( 2005 ) . Fire Mountains of the West : The Cascade and Mono Lake Volcanoes ( 3rd ed . ) . Mountain Press Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87842 - 511 - X . `` Mount Shasta Collection '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Miesse , William C. ( June 17 , 2005 ) . `` Mount Shasta Fact Sheet '' . College of the Siskiyous Library . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Miesse , William C. `` The Name ' Shasta ' '' . Mount Shasta Annotated Bibliography . College of the Siskiyous Library . Retrieved 2006 - 02 - 11 . Peterson , Robyn ; Miesse , William C. ( 2008 ) . Sudden and solitary : Mount Shasta and its artistic legacy , 1841 - 2008 . Redding , California : Turtle Bay Exploration Park . ISBN 1 - 59714 - 088 - 0 . `` Peninsula Geological Society and Stanford GES - 052Q combined field trip , Mount Shasta - Klamathnorthern Coast Range area , NW California , 05 / 17 - 05 / 20 / 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Peninsula Geological Society . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 21 . Wood , Charles A. ; Kienle , Jürgen , eds. ( 1990 ) . Volcanoes of North America . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43811 - X . Zanger , Michael ( 1992 ) . Mount Shasta : History , Legend , Lore . Celestial Arts . ISBN 0 - 89087 - 674 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Mount Shasta ( category ) `` Mount Shasta Webcam '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Live webcam '' . SnowCrest Inc . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Sisson Museum '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta '' . SummitPost.org . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 07 . `` Geology of Mount Shasta '' . College of the Siskiyous . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Summiting the Volcano '' . Vimeo.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Land of the Giants '' . Vimeo.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . `` Mount Shasta Climbing Above Red Banks '' . Timberline Trails . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 08 . The 124 highest major summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Saint Elias Popocatépetl Mount Foraker Mount Lucania Iztaccíhuatl King Peak Mount Bona Mount Steele Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Wood Mount Vancouver Mount Slaggard Nevado de Toluca Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Walsh Mount Hunter La Malinche Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson McArthur Peak Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Nevado de Colima Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Strickland Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Avalanche Peak Atna Peaks Volcán Tajumulco Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Cofre de Perote Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard Volcán Tacaná West Buffalo Peak Mount Craig Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Mount Waddington Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 100 most prominent summits of greater North America Denali Mount Logan Pico de Orizaba Mount Rainier Volcán Tajumulco Mount Fairweather Chirripó Grande Gunnbjørn Fjeld Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Waddington Mount Marcus Baker Pico Duarte Mount Lucania Mount Whitney Popocatépetl Mount Shasta Monarch Mountain Shishaldin Volcano Mount Robson Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier Nevado de Colima Mount Vancouver Mount Sir Sandford Mount Baker Mount Torbert Pic la Selle Barbeau Peak San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Skihist Mountain Mount Hubbard Mount Ratz Mount Odin Mount Isto Mount Monashee Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Columbia Mount Queen Bess Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Mount Cooper Wheeler Peak Ulysses Mountain Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Blue Mountain Peak Wedge Mountain Otter Mountain Mount Griggs Nevado de Toluca Kwatna Peak Outlook Peak Mount Foraker Golden Hinde White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Stauning Alper Cerro Teotepec Scud Peak Keele Peak Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Razorback Mountain Mount Vsevidof Mount Odin Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Hesperus Picacho del Diablo Mount Farnham Palup Qaqa HP Mount Bona Oscar Peak Pic Macaya Montaña de Santa Bárbara Mount Assiniboine Mount Jancowski Cerro Las Minas Mount Drum Gladsheim Peak Milne Land HP Mount Dawson Payers Tinde Beitstad Peak Mount Chiginagak Mount Edith Cavell Alsek Peak Mount Valpy Perserajoq Mount Cairnes The 107 most isolated major summits of greater North America Denali Gunnbjørn Fjeld Pico de Orizaba Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Pico Duarte Chirripó Grande Shishaldin Volcano Barbeau Peak Mount Caubvick Volcán Tajumulco Melville Island HP La Grande Soufrière Tanaga Volcano Avannaarsua HP Mount Isto Cerro San Rafael Mathiassen Mountain Mount Logan Angilaaq Mountain Signal Hill Mount Odin Cerro el Potosí Mount Waddington Melville Hills HP Keele Peak Mount Shasta Perserajoq Mealy Mountains HP Peary Land HP The Cabox Volcán Everman Greenland Ice Sheet HP Gannett Peak Mont Yapeitso Mount Robson Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Ulysses Mountain Cerro de Punta Cerro Gordo Pico San Juan Mont Jacques - Cartier Nevado de Colima Sukkertoppen Humphreys Peak Haffner Bjerg Victoria Island HP Wheeler Peak Revaltoppe Kisimngiuqtuq Peak Mount Vsevidof Mont Forel Beitstad Peak Hahn Land HP Pico La Laguna Volcán Las Tres Vírgenes Isla Guadalupe HP Mount Veniaminof Picacho del Diablo Cerro el Nacimiento Mount Ratz Hall Island HP Dillingham HP Mount Paatusoq Petermann Bjerg Spruce Knob Blue Mountain Peak Kings Peak Outlook Peak Sierra Blanca Peak Devon Ice Cap HP Point 1740 San Gorgonio Mountain Manuel Peak Katahdin Peak 4030 Howson Peak Mount Baldy Borah Peak Sierra Fría Cloud Peak Cerro Mohinora Fox Mountain Cap Mountain Sierra la Madera Black Elk Peak Mount Frank Rae Mount Nirvana Slide Mountain Durham Heights Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Pico Turquino Pic Macaya Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mont Raoul - Blanchard Mount Marcus Baker Mount Hayes Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather The 46 highest major summits of California Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Darwin Mount Kaweah Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Mount Tom Mount Dubois Mount Pinchot Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain Mount Lyell Mount Dana Mount Conness Needham Mountain Twin Peaks Olancha Peak Eagle Peak Tower Peak Mount Patterson San Joaquin Mountain Leavitt Peak Kern Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Sonora Peak Waucoba Mountain Glass Mountain Keynot Peak Telescope Peak Mammoth Mountain Highland Peak Freel Peak Mount Hoffmann San Jacinto Peak Lassen Peak Round Top Mount San Antonio Pyramid Peak Peak 9980 Sugarloaf Mountain Eagle Peak California Fourteeners Mount Whitney Mount Williamson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Shasta Mount Sill Mount Russell Split Mountain Mount Langley Mount Tyndall Mount Muir Middle Palisade Glaciers of Mount Shasta Bolam Hotlum Konwakiton Mud Creek Watkins Whitney Wintun Cascade Volcanoes British Columbia Silverthrone Caldera Franklin Glacier Volcano Mount Meager Mount Cayley Mount Garibaldi Washington Mount Baker Black Buttes Glacier Peak Mount Rainier Goat Rocks Mount St. Helens Mount Adams Indian Heaven Oregon Mount Hood Mount Jefferson Three Sisters Broken Top Mount Bachelor Newberry Volcano Diamond Peak Mount Thielsen Mount Mazama ( Crater Lake ) Yamsay Mountain Mount McLoughlin California Medicine Lake Volcano Mount Shasta Mount Tehama Lassen Peak State of California Sacramento ( capital ) Topics Culture Food Music `` Myth '' Sports Demographics Earthquakes Economy Education Environment Geography Climate Ecology Flora Fauna Government Districts Congressional delegations Healthcare History Law Landmarks State Historic Landmarks National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks NRHP listings Politics Elections People Protected areas State parks State symbols Transportation Water Index of articles Regions Antelope Valley Big Sur California Coast Ranges Cascade Range Central California Central Coast Central Valley Channel Islands Coachella Valley Coastal California Conejo Valley Cucamonga Valley Death Valley East Bay ( SF Bay Area ) East County ( SD ) Eastern California Emerald Triangle Gold Country Great Basin Greater San Bernardino Inland Empire Klamath Basin Lake Tahoe Greater Los Angeles Los Angeles Basin Lost Coast Mojave Desert Mountain Empire North Bay ( SF ) North Coast North Coast ( SD ) Northern California Owens Valley Oxnard Plain Peninsular Ranges Pomona Valley Sacramento Valley Salinas Valley San Fernando Valley San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Peninsula San Gabriel Valley San Joaquin Valley Santa Clara Valley Santa Clara River Valley Santa Clarita Valley Santa Ynez Valley Shasta Cascade Sierra Nevada Silicon Valley South Bay ( LA ) South Bay ( SD ) South Bay ( SF ) South Coast Southern Border Region Southern California Tech Coast Transverse Ranges Tri-Valley Victor Valley Wine Country Metro regions Metropolitan Fresno Los Angeles metropolitan area Greater Sacramento San Bernardino - 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when was the last time mount shasta was active

During the last 10,000 years , Mount Shasta has erupted an average of every 800 years , but in the past 4,500 years the volcano has erupted an average of every 600 years . The last significant eruption on Mount Shasta may have occurred about two centuries ago .

Great Barrier Reef - Wikipedia Great Barrier Reef Coral reef system off the east coast of Australia , World Heritage Site Great Barrier Reef UNESCO World Heritage site Satellite image of part of the Great Barrier Reef adjacent to the Queensland coastal areas of Airlie Beach and Mackay . Location Off the east coast of the Queensland mainland , Australia Criteria Natural : vii , viii , ix , x Reference 154 Inscription 1981 ( 5th Session ) Area 34,870,000 ha Website www.gbrmpa.gov.au Coordinates 18 ° 17 ′ 10 '' S 147 ° 42 ′ 00 '' E  /  18.28611 ° S 147.70000 ° E  / - 18.28611 ; 147.70000 Coordinates : 18 ° 17 ′ 10 '' S 147 ° 42 ′ 00 '' E  /  18.28611 ° S 147.70000 ° E  / - 18.28611 ; 147.70000 Center of the Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef ( Australia ) Show map of Queensland Show map of Australia Show all The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia . The Great Barrier Reef can be seen from outer space and is the world 's biggest single structure made by living organisms . This reef structure is composed of and built by billions of tiny organisms , known as coral polyps . It supports a wide diversity of life and was selected as a World Heritage Site in 1981 . CNN labelled it one of the seven natural wonders of the world . The Queensland National Trust named it a state icon of Queensland . A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , which helps to limit the impact of human use , such as fishing and tourism . Other environmental pressures on the reef and its ecosystem include runoff , climate change accompanied by mass coral bleaching , and cyclic population outbreaks of the crown - of - thorns starfish . According to a study published in October 2012 by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , the reef has lost more than half its coral cover since 1985 . The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples , and is an important part of local groups ' cultures and spirituality . The reef is a very popular destination for tourists , especially in the Whitsunday Islands and Cairns regions . Tourism is an important economic activity for the region , generating over AUD $ 3 billion per year . In November 2014 , Google launched Google Underwater Street View in 3D of the Great Barrier Reef . A March 2016 report stated that coral bleaching was more widespread than previously thought , seriously affecting the northern parts of the reef as a result of warming ocean temperatures . In October 2016 , Outside published an obituary for the reef ; the article was criticized for being premature and hindering efforts to bolster the resilience of the reef . In March 2017 , the journal Nature published a paper showing that huge sections of a 800 - kilometre ( 500 mi ) stretch in the northern part of the reef had died in the course of 2016 due to high water temperatures , an event that the authors put down to the effects of global climate change . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology and geography 2 Ecology 3 Environmental threats 3.1 Climate change 3.2 Pollution 3.2. 1 Loss of coastal wetland 3.2. 2 Eutrophication 3.2. 3 Sediment runoff 3.2. 4 Pesticides 3.2. 5 Pollution from mining 3.3 Crown of thorns 3.4 Overfishing 3.5 Shipping 4 Protection and preservation 5 Human use 5.1 Management 5.1. 1 Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Fishing 5.4 Dugong hunting 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geology and geography Aerial photography The Great Barrier Reef is a distinct feature of the East Australian Cordillera division . It reaches from Torres Strait ( between Bramble Cay , its northernmost island , and the south coast of Papua New Guinea ) in the north to the unnamed passage between Lady Elliot Island ( its southernmost island ) and Fraser Island in the south . Lady Elliot Island is located 1,915 km ( 1,190 mi ) southeast of Bramble Cay as the crow flies . It includes the smaller Murray Islands . The Plate tectonic theory indicates Australia has moved northwards at a rate of 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) per year , starting during the Cenozoic . Eastern Australia experienced a period of tectonic uplift , which moved the drainage divide in Queensland 400 km ( 250 mi ) inland . Also during this time , Queensland experienced volcanic eruptions leading to central and shield volcanoes and basalt flows . Some of these became high islands . After the Coral Sea Basin formed , coral reefs began to grow in the Basin , but until about 25 million years ago , northern Queensland was still in temperate waters south of the tropics -- too cool to support coral growth . The Great Barrier Reef 's development history is complex ; after Queensland drifted into tropical waters , it was largely influenced by reef growth and decline as sea level changed . Reefs can increase in diameter by 1 to 3 centimetres ( 0.39 to 1.18 in ) per year , and grow vertically anywhere from 1 to 25 cm ( 0.39 to 9.84 in ) per year ; however , they grow only above a depth of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) due to their need for sunlight , and can not grow above sea level . When Queensland edged into tropical waters 24 million years ago , some coral grew , but a sedimentation regime quickly developed with erosion of the Great Dividing Range ; creating river deltas , oozes and turbidites , unsuitable conditions for coral growth . 10 million years ago , the sea level significantly lowered , which further enabled sedimentation . The reef 's substrate may have needed to build up from the sediment until its edge was too far away for suspended sediments to inhibit coral growth . In addition , approximately 400,000 years ago there was a particularly warm interglacial period with higher sea levels and a 4 ° C ( 7 ° F ) water temperature change . The Great Barrier Reef is clearly visible from aircraft flying over it . Heron Island , a coral cay in the southern Great Barrier Reef The land that formed the substrate of the current Great Barrier Reef was a coastal plain formed from the eroded sediments of the Great Dividing Range with some larger hills ( most of which were themselves remnants of older reefs or , in rare cases , volcanoes ) . The Reef Research Centre , a Cooperative Research Centre , has found coral ' skeleton ' deposits that date back half a million years . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) considers the earliest evidence of complete reef structures to have been 600,000 years ago . According to the GBRMPA , the current , living reef structure is believed to have begun growing on the older platform about 20,000 years ago . The Australian Institute of Marine Science agrees , placing the beginning of the growth of the current reef at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum . At around that time , sea level was 120 metres ( 390 ft ) lower than it is today . From 20,000 years ago until 6,000 years ago , sea level rose steadily around the world . As it rose , the corals could then grow higher on the newly submerged maritime margins of the hills of the coastal plain . By around 13,000 years ago the sea level was only 60 metres ( 200 ft ) lower than the present day , and corals began to surround the hills of the coastal plain , which were , by then , continental islands . As the sea level rose further still , most of the continental islands were submerged . The corals could then overgrow the submerged hills , to form the present cays and reefs . Sea level here has not risen significantly in the last 6,000 years . The CRC Reef Research Centre estimates the age of the present , living reef structure at 6,000 to 8,000 years old . The shallow water reefs that can be seen in air - photographs and satellite images cover an area of 20,679 km2 , most ( about 80 % ) of which has grown on top of limestone platforms that are relics of past ( Pleistocene ) phases of reef growth . The remains of an ancient barrier reef similar to the Great Barrier Reef can be found in The Kimberley , Western Australia . The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area has been divided into 70 bioregions , of which 30 are reef bioregions . In the northern part of the Great Barrier Reef , ribbon reefs and deltaic reefs have formed ; these structures are not found in the rest of the reef system . There are no atolls in the system , and reefs attached to the mainland are rare . Fringing reefs are distributed widely , but are most common towards the southern part of the Great Barrier Reef , attached to high islands , for example , the Whitsunday Islands . Lagoonal reefs are found in the southern Great Barrier Reef , and further north , off the coast of Princess Charlotte Bay . Cresentic reefs are the most common shape of reef in the middle of the system , for example the reefs surrounding Lizard Island . Cresentic reefs are also found in the far north of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park , and in the Swain Reefs ( 20 -- 22 degrees south ) . Planar reefs are found in the northern and southern parts , near Cape York Peninsula , Princess Charlotte Bay , and Cairns . Most of the islands on the reef are found on planar reefs . Ecology Main article : Threatened species known to occur in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area A variety of colourful corals on Flynn Reef near Cairns The Great Barrier Reef supports a diversity of life , including many vulnerable or endangered species , some of which may be endemic to the reef system . A green sea turtle on the Great Barrier Reef Thirty species of whales , dolphins , and porpoises have been recorded in the Great Barrier Reef , including the dwarf minke whale , Indo - Pacific humpback dolphin , and the humpback whale . Large populations of dugongs live there . More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef , including the clownfish , red bass , red - throat emperor , and several species of snapper and coral trout . Forty - nine species mass spawn , while eighty - four other species spawn elsewhere in their range . Seventeen species of sea snake live on the Great Barrier Reef in warm waters up to 50 metres ( 160 ft ) deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section . None found in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area are endemic , nor are any endangered . Six species of sea turtles come to the reef to breed : the green sea turtle , leatherback sea turtle , hawksbill turtle , loggerhead sea turtle , flatback turtle , and the Olive Ridley . The green sea turtles on the Great Barrier Reef have two genetically distinct populations , one in the northern part of the reef and the other in the southern part . Fifteen species of seagrass in beds attract the dugongs and turtles , and provide fish habitat . The most common genera of seagrasses are Halophila and Halodule . Saltwater crocodiles live in mangrove and salt marshes on the coast near the reef . Nesting has not been reported , and the salt water crocodile population in the GBRWHA is wide - ranging but low density . Around 125 species of shark , stingray , skates or chimaera live on the reef . Close to 5,000 species of mollusc have been recorded on the reef , including the giant clam and various nudibranchs and cone snails . Forty - nine species of pipefish and nine species of seahorse have been recorded . At least seven species of frog inhabit the islands . 215 species of birds ( including 22 species of seabirds and 32 species of shorebirds ) visit the reef or nest or roost on the islands , including the white - bellied sea eagle and roseate tern . Most nesting sites are on islands in the northern and southern regions of the Great Barrier Reef , with 1.4 to 1.7 million birds using the sites to breed . The islands of the Great Barrier Reef also support 2,195 known plant species ; three of these are endemic . The northern islands have 300 -- 350 plant species which tend to be woody , whereas the southern islands have 200 which tend to be herbaceous ; the Whitsunday region is the most diverse , supporting 1,141 species . The plants are propagated by birds . A Striped surgeonfish amongst the coral on Flynn Reef There are at least 330 species of ascidians on the reef system with the diameter of 1 -- 10 cm ( 0.4 -- 4 in ) . Between 300 -- 500 species of bryozoans live on the reef . Four hundred coral species , both hard corals and soft corals inhabit the reef . The majority of these spawn gametes , breeding in mass spawning events that are triggered by the rising sea temperatures of spring and summer , the lunar cycle , and the diurnal cycle . Reefs in the inner Great Barrier Reef spawn during the week after the full moon in October , while the outer reefs spawn in November and December . Its common soft corals belong to 36 genera . Five hundred species of marine algae or seaweed live on the reef , including thirteen species of genus Halimeda , which deposit calcareous mounds up to 100 metres ( 110 yd ) wide , creating mini-ecosystems on their surface which have been compared to rainforest cover . Environmental threats Main article : Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef Sea temperature and bleaching of the Great Barrier Reef Climate change , pollution , crown - of - thorns starfish and fishing are the primary threats to the health of this reef system . Other threats include shipping accidents , oil spills , and tropical cyclones . Skeletal Eroding Band , a disease of bony corals caused by the protozoan Halofolliculina corallasia , affects 31 coral species . According to a 2012 study by the National Academy of Science , since 1985 , the Great Barrier Reef has lost more than half of its corals with two - thirds of the loss occurring from 1998 due to the factors listed before . Climate change The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority considers the greatest threat to the Great Barrier Reef to be climate change , causing ocean warming which increases coral bleaching . Mass coral bleaching events due to elevated ocean temperatures occurred in the summers of 1998 , 2002 and 2006 , and coral bleaching is expected to become an annual occurrence . As global warming continues , corals will not be able to keep up with increasing ocean temperatures . Coral bleaching events lead to increased disease susceptibility , which causes detrimental ecological effects for reef communities . World Heritage Committee meeting will take place in Kraków , Poland , in July 2017 . UNESCO , in a draft decision published in June 2017 as part of the agenda for the meeting , expressed serious concern about the impact of coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef . The draft decision also warned Australia that it will not meet the targets of the Reef 2050 report without considerable work to improve water quality . Climate change has implications for other forms of reef life -- some fish 's preferred temperature range leads them to seek new habitat , thus increasing chick mortality in predatory seabirds . Climate change will also affect the population and sea turtle 's available habitat . Bleaching events in benthic coral communities ( deeper than 20 metres or 66 feet ) in the Great Barrier reef are not as well documented as those at shallower depths , but recent research has shown that benthic communities are just as negatively impacted in the face of rising ocean temperatures . Five Great Barrier Reef species of large benthic corals were found bleached under elevated temperatures , affirming that benthic corals are vulnerable to thermal stress . Pollution Another key threat faced by the Great Barrier Reef is pollution and declining water quality . The rivers of north eastern Australia pollute the Reef during tropical flood events . Over 90 % of this pollution comes from farm runoff. 80 % of the land adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef is used for farming including intensive cropping of sugar cane , and major beef cattle grazing . Farming practices damage the reef due to overgrazing , increased run - off of agricultural sediments , nutrients and chemicals including fertilisers , herbicides and pesticides representing a major health risk for the coral and biodiversity of the reefs . Sediments containing high levels of copper and other heavy metals sourced from the Ok Tedi Mine in Papua New Guinea are a potential pollution risk for the far northern Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait regions . Some 67 % of corals died in the reef 's worst - hit northern section , the ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies report said . Loss of coastal Wetland The runoff problem is exacerbated by the loss of coastal wetlands which act as a natural filter for toxins and help deposit sediment . It is thought that the poor water quality is due to increased light and oxygen competition from algae . Eutrophication Farming fertiliser runoff release nitrogen , phosphorus , and potassium into the oceanic ecosystem , these limiting nutrients cause massive algal growth which leads to depletion in oxygen available for other creatures which decreases the biodiversity in the affected areas , altering the species composition . A study by Katharina Fabricius and Glen Death of Australian Institute of Marine Science found that hard corals numbers were almost double on reefs that were far from agricultural areas . Fertilizers also increase the amount of phytoplankton available for the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae to consume . A study showed that a doubling of the chlorophyll in the water leads to a tenfold increase in the crown - of - thorns starfish larvae 's survival rate . Sediment runoff Sediment runoff from farming carries chemicals into the reef environment also reduces the amount of light available to the corals decreasing their ability to extract energy from their environment . Pesticides Pesticides used in farming are made up of heavy metals such as lead , mercury , arsenic and other toxins are released into the wider environment due to erosion of farm soil , which has a detrimental effect on the coral . Pollution from mining Mining company Queensland Nickel discharged nitrate - laden water into the Great Barrier Reef in 2009 and 2011 -- on the later occasion releasing 516 tonnes ( 508 long tons ; 569 short tons ) of waste water . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( GBRMPA ) stated `` We have strongly encouraged the company to investigate options that do not entail releasing the material to the environment and to develop a management plan to eliminate this potential hazard ; however , GBRMPA does not have legislative control over how the Yabulu tailings dam is managed '' . Crown of thorns Crown - of - thorns starfish The crown - of - thorns starfish preys on coral polyps . Large outbreaks of these starfish can devastate reefs . In 2000 , an outbreak contributed to a loss of 66 % of live coral cover on sampled reefs in a study by the RRC ( Reefs Research Centre . ) Outbreaks are believed to occur in natural cycles , worsened by poor water quality and overfishing of the starfish 's predators . Overfishing The unsustainable overfishing of keystone species , such as the Giant Triton , can disrupt food chains vital to reef life . Fishing also impacts the reef through increased water pollution from boats , by - catch of unwanted species ( such as dolphins and turtles ) and habitat destruction from trawling , anchors and nets . As of the middle of 2004 , approximately one - third of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park is protected from species removal of any kind , including fishing , without written permission . The Shen Neng 1 aground on the Great Barrier Reef , 5 April 2010 . Shipping Shipping accidents are a pressing concern , as several commercial shipping routes pass through the Great Barrier Reef . Although the route through the Great Barrier Reef is not easy , reef pilots consider it safer than outside the reef in the event of mechanical failure , since a ship can sit safely while being repaired . There have been over 1,600 known shipwrecks in the Great Barrier Reef region . On 3 April 2010 , bulk coal carrier Shen Neng 1 ran aground on Douglas Shoals , spilling up to four tonnes of oil into the water and causing extensive damage to the reef . Protection and preservation The 2050 Plan In March 2015 , the Australian and Queensland 's governments formed a plan for the protection and preservation of the reef 's universal heritage until 2050 . This 35 years plan , titled ' Reef 2050 Plan ' is a document proposing possible measures for the long - term management of the pollution , climate change and other issues that threaten the life span and value of this global heritage . The plan contains all the elements for measurement and improvements , including ; long - term sustainability plan , water quality improvement plan and the investment plan for the protection and preservation of The Reef until 2050 . Human Use The Great Barrier Reef has long been known to and used by the Aboriginal Australian and Torres Strait Islander peoples . Aboriginal Australians have been living in the area for at least 40,000 years , and Torres Strait Islanders since about 10,000 years ago . For these 70 or so clan groups , the reef is also an important cultural feature . In 1768 Louis de Bougainville found the reef during an exploratory mission , but did not claim the area for the French . On 11 June 1770 , the HM Bark Endeavour , captained by explorer James Cook , ran aground on the Great Barrier Reef , sustaining considerable damage . Lightening the ship and re-floating it during an incoming tide eventually saved it . One of the most famous wrecks was the HMS Pandora , which sank on 29 August 1791 , killing 35 men . The Queensland Museum has led archaeological digs to the Pandora since 1983 . Because the reef had no atolls , it was largely unstudied in the 19th century . During this time , some of the reef 's islands were mined for deposits of guano , and lighthouses were built as beacons throughout the system . as in Raine Island , the earliest example . In 1922 , the Great Barrier Reef Committee began carrying out much of the early research on the reef . Management This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Map showing the extent of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Royal Commissions disallowed oil drilling in the Great Barrier Reef , in 1975 the Government of Australia created the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and prohibited various activities . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park does not include the entire Great Barrier Reef Province . The park is managed , in partnership with the Government of Queensland , through the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority to ensure that it is used in a sustainable manner . A combination of zoning , management plans , permits , education and incentives ( such as eco-tourism certification ) are employed in the effort to conserve the reef . In 1999 , the Australian Parliament passed the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , which improved the operation of national environmental law by providing guidance about regional biodiversity conservation priorities . The marine bioregional planning process came from the implementation of this law . This process conserves marine biodiversity by considering the whole ecosystem a species is in and how different species interact in the marine environment . There are two steps to this process . The first step is to identify regional conservation priorities in the five ( currently ) different marine regions . The second step is to identify marine reserves ( protected areas or marine parks ) to be added to Australia 's National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas . Like protected areas on land , marine reserves are created to protect biodiversity for generations to come . Marine reserves are identified based on criteria written in a document created by Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council called `` Guidelines for establishing the national representative system of marine protected areas '' , also known as just `` the Guidelines '' . These guidelines are nationally recognised and implemented at the local level based on the Australian policy for implementation outlined in the `` Goals and Principles for the Establishment of the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas in Commonwealth Waters '' . These policies are in place to make sure that a marine reserve is only added to the NRSMPA after careful evaluation of different data . The priorities for each region are created based on human and environmental threats and the Marine Bioregional Plans are drafted to address these priorities . To assess different region 's priorities , three steps are taken , first , a bioregional profile is created , second , a bioregional plan is drafted , and third , the plan is finalised . After the plan is finalised , activity in different bioregions may become limited based on particular threats an activity may pose . In 2001 , the GBRMPA released a report about the declining water quality in the Great Barrier Reef and detailed the importance of this issue . In response to this report , in 2003 , the Australian and Queensland governments launched a joint initiative to improve the quality of water entering the Great Barrier Reef . The decline in the quality of water over the past 150 years ( due to development ) has contributed to coral bleaching , algal blooms , and pesticide pollution . These forms of pollution have made the reef less resilient to climate change . When the plan was introduced in October 2003 , it originally contained 65 actions built on previous legislation . Their immediate goal was to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering the reef by 2013 . By 2020 , they hope that the quality of the water entering in the reef improves enough so that it does n't have a detrimental impact on the health of the Great Barrier Reef . To achieve these goals they decided to reduce pollutants in the water entering the reef and to rehabilitate and conserve areas of the reef that naturally help reduce water pollutants . To achieve the objectives described above , this plan focuses on non-point sources of pollution , which can not be traced to a single source such as a waste outlet . The plan specifically targets nutrients , pesticides and sediment that make their way into the reef as a result of agricultural activities . Other non-point sources of pollution that are attributed to urban areas are covered under different legislation . In 2009 , the plan was updated . The updated version states that to date , none of the efforts undertaken to improve the quality of water entering the reef has been successful . The new plan attempts to address this issue by `` targeting priority outcomes , integrating industry and community initiatives and incorporating new policy and regulatory frameworks ( Reef Plan 5 ) '' . This updated version has improved the clarity of the previous plan and targets set by that plan , have improved accountability and further improved monitoring and assessment . The 2009 report found that 41 out of the 65 actions met their original goals , however , 18 were not progressing well according to evaluation criteria as well as 6 were rated as having unsatisfactory levels of progress . Some key achievements made since the plan 's initial passing in 2003 were the establishment of the Reef Quality Partnership to set targets , report findings and monitor progress towards targets , improved land condition by landowners was rewarded with extended leases , Water Quality Improvement Plans were created to identify regional targets and identified management changes that needed to be made to reach those targets , Nutrient Management Zones have been created to combat sediment loss in particular areas , education programs have been started to help gather support for sustainable agriculture , changes to land management practices have taken place through the implementation of the Farm Management Systems and codes of practice , the creation of the Queensland Wetland program and other achievements were made to help improve the water quality flowing into the coral reefs . A taskforce of scientists was also created to assess the impact of different parts of the plan on the quality of water flowing into the coral reefs . They found that many of the goals have yet to be reached but found more evidence that states that improving the water quality of the Great Barrier Reef will improve its resilience to climate change . The Reefocus summit in 2008 , which is also detailed in the report , came to similar conclusions . After this , a stakeholder working group was formed that worked between several groups as well as the Australian and Queensland governments to update reef goals and objectives . The updated version of the plan focuses on strategic priority areas and actions to achieve 2013 goals . Also quantitative targets have been made to critically assess whether targets are being met . Some examples of the water quality goals outlined by this plan are that by 2013 , there will be a 50 % reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus loads at the end of catchments and that by 2020 , there will be a reduction in sediment load by 20 % . The plan also outlines a number of steps that must be taken by landholders to help improve grazing , soil , nutrient , and chemical management practices . There are also a number of supporting initiatives to take place outlined in the plan to help create a framework to improve land use practices which will in turn improve water quality . Through these means the governments of Australia and Queensland hope to improve water quality by 2013 . The 2013 outlook report and revised water quality plan will assess what needs to be done in the future to improve water quality and the livelihoods of the wildlife that resides there . A Blue Starfish ( Linckia laevigata ) resting on hard Acropora and Porites corals . In July 2004 , a new zoning plan took effect for the entire Marine Park , and has been widely acclaimed as a new global benchmark for marine ecosystem conservation . The rezoning was based on the application of systematic conservation planning techniques , using marxan software . While protection across the Marine Park was improved , the highly protected zones increased from 4.5 % to over 33.3 % . At the time , it was the largest Marine Protected Area in the world , although in 2006 , the new Northwestern Hawaiian Islands National Monument became the largest . In 2006 , a review of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act of 1975 recommended are that there should be no further zoning plan changes until 2013 , and that every five years , a peer - reviewed outlook report should be published , examining the reef 's health , management , and environmental pressures . In each outlook report , several assessments are required . Each assessment has a set of assessment criteria that allows for better presentation of available evidence . Each assessment is judged by these criteria and given a grade . Every outlook report follows the same judging and grading process so that information can be tracked over time . No new research is done to produce the report . Only readily available information goes into the report so little of what is known about the Reef is actually featured in each outlook report . Abbot Point coal port dredge dumping controversy In December 2013 , Greg Hunt , the Australian environment minister , approved a plan for dredging to create three shipping terminals as part of the construction of a coalport . According to corresponding approval documents , the process will create around 3 million cubic metres of dredged seabed that will be dumped within the Great Barrier Reef marine park area . On 31 January 2014 , the GBRMPA issued a dumping permit that will allow three million cubic metres of sea bed from Abbot Point , north of Bowen , to be transported and unloaded in the waters of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . Potential significant harms have been identified in relation to dredge spoil and the process of churning up the sea floor in the area and exposing it to air : firstly , new research shows the finer particles of dredge spoil can cloud the water and block sunlight , thereby starving sea grass and coral up to distances of 80 km away from the point of origin due to the actions of wind and currents . Furthermore , dredge spoil can literally smother reef or sea grass to death , while storms can repeatedly resuspend these particles so that the harm caused is ongoing ; secondly , disturbed sea floor can release toxic substances into the surrounding environment . The dredge spoil from the Abbot Point port project is to be dumped 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) away , near Bowen in north Queensland , and the approval from the Authority will result in the production of an extra 70 million tonnes of coal annually , worth between A $1.4 billion and $2.8 billion . Authority chairman , Dr Russell Reichelt , stated after the confirmation of the approval : This approval is in line with the agency 's view that port development along the Great Barrier Reef coastline should be limited to existing ports . As a deepwater port that has been in operation for nearly 30 years , Abbot Point is better placed than other ports along the Great Barrier Reef coastline to undertake expansion as the capital and maintenance dredging required will be significantly less than what would be required in other areas . It 's important to note the seafloor of the approved disposal area consists of sand , silt and clay and does not contain coral reefs or seagrass beds . The approval was provided with a corresponding set of 47 new environmental conditions that include the following : A long - term water quality monitoring plan extending five years after the disposal activity is completed . A heritage management plan to protect the Catalina second world war aircraft wreck in Abbot Bay . The establishment of an independent dredging and disposal technical advice panel and a management response group , to include community representatives . The Australian Federal Government announced on 13 November that there would now be a ban on the dumping of dredge spoil in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park . The World Heritage Committee asked Environment Minister Greg Hunt to investigate alternative options to dump on land instead . The Queensland government and the Commonwealth have now accepted the alternative option and advice from The World Heritage Committee and will now commence dumping on land . Tourism Main article : Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef A scuba diver looking at a giant clam on the Great Barrier Reef Helicopter view of the reef and boats Due to its vast biodiversity , warm clear waters and accessibility from the tourist boats called `` live aboards '' , the reef is a very popular destination , especially for scuba divers . Tourism on the Great Barrier Reef is concentrated in Cairns and also The Whitsundays due to their accessibility . These areas make up 7 % -- 8 % of the Park 's area . The Whitsundays and Cairns have their own Plans of Management . Many cities along the Queensland coast offer daily boat trips . Several continental and coral cay islands are now resorts , including Green Island and Lady Elliot Island . As of 1996 , 27 islands on the Great Barrier Reef supported resorts . In 1996 , most of the tourism in the region was domestically generated and the most popular visiting times were during the Australian winter . At this time , it was estimated that tourists to the Great Barrier Reef contributed A $ 776 million per annum . As the largest commercial activity in the region , it was estimated in 2003 that tourism generated over A $4 billion annually , and the 2005 estimate increased to A $5.1 billion . A Deloitte report published by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority in March 2013 states that the Reef 's 2,000 kilometres of coastline attracts tourism worth A $6.4 billion annually and employs more than 64,000 people . Approximately two million people visit the Great Barrier Reef each year . Although most of these visits are managed in partnership with the marine tourism industry , there is a concern among the general public that tourism is harmful to the Great Barrier Reef . A variety of boat tours and cruises are offered , from single day trips , to longer voyages . Boat sizes range from dinghies to superyachts . Glass - bottomed boats and underwater observatories are also popular , as are helicopter flights . By far , the most popular tourist activities on the Great Barrier Reef are snorkelling and diving , for which pontoons are often used , and the area is often enclosed by nets . The outer part of the Great Barrier Reef is favoured for such activities , due to water quality . Management of tourism in the Great Barrier Reef is geared towards making tourism ecologically sustainable . A daily fee is levied that goes towards research of the Great Barrier Reef . This fee ends up being 20 % of the GBRMPA 's income . Policies on cruise ships , bareboat charters , and anchorages limit the traffic on the Great Barrier Reef . The problems that surround ecotourism in the Great Barrier Reef revolve around permanent tourism platforms . Platforms are large , ship - like vessels that act as a base for tourists while scuba diving and snorkelling in the Great Barrier Reef . Seabirds will land on the platforms and defecate which will eventually be washed into the sea . The feces carry nitrogen , phosphorus and often DDT and mercury , which cause aspergillosis , yellow - band disease , and black band disease . Areas without tourism platforms have 14 out of 9,468 ( 1.1 % ) diseased corals versus areas with tourism platforms that have 172 out of 7,043 ( 12 % ) diseased corals . Tourism is a major economic activity for the region . Thus , while non-permanent platforms could be possible in some areas , overall , permanent platforms are likely a necessity . Solutions have been suggested to siphon bird waste into gutters connecting to tanks helping lower runoff that causes coral disease . The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority has also placed many permanent anchorage points around the general use areas . These act to reduce damage to the reef due to anchoring destroying soft coral , chipping hard coral , and disturbing sediment as it is dragged across the bottom . Tourism operators also must comply with speed limits when travelling to or from tourist destinations , to prevent excessive wake from the boats disturbing the reef ecosystem . Fishing The fishing industry in the Great Barrier Reef , controlled by the Queensland Government , is worth A $ 1 billion annually . It employs approximately 2000 people , and fishing in the Great Barrier Reef is pursued commercially , for recreation , and as a traditional means for feeding one 's family . Dugong hunting Under the Native Title Act 1993 , native title holders retain the right to legally hunt dugongs and green turtles for `` personal , domestic or non-commercial communal needs '' . Four traditional owners groups agreed to cease the hunting of dugongs in the area in 2011 due to their declining numbers , partially accelerated by seagrass damage from Cyclone Yasi . See also Australia portal Queensland portal Oceania portal Islands portal Marine life portal Catlin Seaview Survey Islands on the Great Barrier Reef Galápagos Islands Komodo National Park List of reefs Sixth extinction Valdes Peninsula References ^ Jump up to : UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre ( 1980 ) . `` Protected Areas and World Heritage -- Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area '' . Department of the Environment and Heritage . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Values '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2008 . Jump up ^ The Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area , which is 348,000 km squared , has 2900 reefs . 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Environmental Microbiology Reports . 3 ( 6 ) : 651 -- 660 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1758 - 2229.2010. 00234. x . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef : Australia must act urgently on water quality , says Unesco . Archived 3 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine . The Guardian Retrieved on 3 June 2017 Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Climate change and the Great Barrier Reef '' . Archived from the original on 8 December 2006 . Retrieved 16 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , C. ; Heinz , P. ; Kucera , M. ; Uthicke , Sven ( 2011 ) . `` Temperature - induced stress leads to bleaching in larger benthic foraminifera hosting endosymbiotic diatoms '' ( PDF ) . Limnology and Oceanography. 56 ( 5 ) : 1587 -- 1602 . doi : 10.4319 / lo. 2011.56. 5.1587 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal water quality '' ( PDF ) . The State of the Environment Report Queensland 2003 . Environment Protection Agency Queensland. 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Impact on the Great Barrier Reef '' . University of Michigan . Archived from the original on 29 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Harris , P.T. , 2001 . Environmental Management of Torres Strait : a Marine Geologist 's Perspective , in : Gostin , V.A. ( Ed . ) , Gondwana to Greenhouse : environmental geoscience - an Australian perspective . Geological Society of Australia Special Publication , Adelaide , pp. 317 - 328 Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef suffered worst bleaching on record in 2016 , report finds '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 28 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Wetlands '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Brodie , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Nutrient management zones in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment : A decision system for zone selection '' ( PDF ) . Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 March 2017 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Australian Government Productivity Commission ( 2003 ) . `` Industries , Land Use and Water Quality in the Great Barrier Reef Catchment -- Key Points '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Principal water quality influences on Great Barrier Reef ecosystems '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Milman , Oliver ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Clive Palmer 's nickel refinery pumped toxic waste into Great Barrier Reef park '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 23 February 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Report No. 32 -- Crown - of - thorns starfish ( Acanthaster planci ) in the central Great Barrier Reef region . Results of fine - scale surveys conducted in 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . Jump up ^ RRC Reef Research Centre . `` Crown - of - thorns starfish on the Great Barrier Reef '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 August 2006 . Retrieved 28 August 2006 . Jump up ^ CSIRO Marine Research ( 1998 ) . `` Environmental Effects of Prawn Trawling '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Marine Park Zoning '' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority : : Shipping '' . Archived from the original on 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reef Dreams : Working The Reef TV documentary , Australian Broadcasting Corporation , broadcast 6 July 2006 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 23 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Environmental Protection Agency / Queensland Parks and Wildlife Services . `` About the Reef '' . Archived from the original on 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 23 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Safety Investigation Report -- Preliminary -- Independent investigation into the grounding of the Chinese registered bulk carrier Shen Neng 1 at Douglas Shoal , Queensland , on 3 April 2010 '' . Australian Transport Safety Bureau . 15 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Coal being removed at sea from stricken Shen Neng 1 carrier '' . The Australian . News Ltd. 13 May 2010 . Retrieved 13 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Griffith , Hywel ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Barrier Reef coral bleaching ' worst ever ' '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Department of the Environment and Energy '' . Department of the Environment and Energy . Archived from the original on 4 March 2018 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2006 ) . `` Fact Sheet No. 4 -- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People and the Great Barrier Reef . Region '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 June 2007 . Retrieved 28 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` reefED -- GBR Traditional Owners '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Culture & Dugongs and Turtles '' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 23 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Bell , Peter . `` A history of exploration and research on the Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Institute of Marine Science . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 11 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Captain Cook 's Journal During the First Voyage Round the World at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Queensland Museum . `` HMS Pandora '' . Archived from the original on 29 August 2006 . Retrieved 12 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Raine Island Corporation '' . Archived from the original on 2 November 2007 . Retrieved 20 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia ( 1975 ) . `` Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Act 1975 '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rewards Program '' . Onboard : The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 27 August 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FACT SHEET -- MARINE BIOREGIONAL PLANNING -- THE PROCESS '' ( PDF ) . environment.gov.au . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reef Water Quality Protection Plan 2009 '' ( PDF ) . reefplan.qld.gov.au. 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Zoning Plan 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandes et al. ( 2005 ) Establishing representative no - take areas in the Great Barrier Reef : large - scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas , Conservation Biology , 19 ( 6 ) , 1733 -- 1744 . Jump up ^ World Wildlife Fund Australia . `` Great Barrier Reef -- WWF - Australia '' . Archived from the original on 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 November 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 15 June 2006 ) . `` Bush creates new marine sanctuary '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 28 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2011 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report 2009 in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Oliver Milman ( 10 December 2013 ) . `` Greg Hunt approves dredging off Queensland to create huge coalport '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dermot O'Gorman ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Dredge dumping : just because you can does n't mean you should '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marine Parks dredge dumping permit '' ( PDF ) . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dredge dumping banned on Great Barrier Reef '' . Australian Geographic . 13 November 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` Protecting Biodiversity Brochure 2005 '' . Archived from the original on 17 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Driml , Sally ; Common , Mick ( 1996 ) . `` Ecological Economics Criteria for Sustainable Tourism : Application to the Great Barrier Reef and Wet Tropics World Heritage Areas , Australia '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 4 ( 1 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2003 ) . `` Summary report of the social and economic impacts of the rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Ove Hoegh - Guldberg ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Is Australia shooting itself in the foot with reef port expansions ? '' . The Conversation . Archived from the original on 14 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . `` Number of Tourists Visiting The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park '' . Retrieved 19 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` What You Do '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Saltzer , Rebecca ( February 2002 ) . `` Understanding Great Barrier Reef visitors preliminary results '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Hildebrandt , Amy ( January 2003 ) . `` Understanding Tourist Use of the Great Barrier Reef : The Whitsundays Visitor '' ( PDF ) . CRC Reef Project B2. 1.1 : Understanding Tourist Use of the GBRWHA . Cooperative Research Centre for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ( 2005 ) . `` How is the Money Used ? '' . Onboard -- The Tourism Operator 's Handbook for the Great Barrier Reef . Archived from the original on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 11 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Joleah ; Bette Willis ( August 2011 ) . `` Using coral disease prevalence to assess the effects of concentrating tourism activities on offshore reefs in a tropical marine park '' . Conservation Biology . 25 ( 5 ) : 1044 -- 1052 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2011. 01724. x . PMID 21848962 . Jump up ^ Kight , Caitlin . `` Are Coral Reefs Literally Sick of Ecotourists ? '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` DUGONGS AND TURTLES '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turtle and dugong footage causes controversy '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Further reading Bell , Peter ( 1998 ) . AIMS : The First Twenty - five Years . Townsville : Australian Institute of Marine Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 642 - 32212 - 8 . Bowen , James ; Bowen , Margarita ( 2002 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : history , science , heritage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82430 - 3 . Done , T.J. ( 1982 ) . `` Patterns in the distribution of coral communities across the central Great Barrier Reef '' . Coral Reefs. 1 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 107 . Bibcode : 1982CorRe ... 1 ... 95D . doi : 10.1007 / BF00301691 . `` Research Publications '' . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Hutchings , Pat ; Kingsford , Mike ; Hoegh - Guldberg , Ove ( 2008 ) . The Great Barrier Reef : Biology , Environment and Management . CSIRO Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 643 - 09557 - 1 . Lucas , P.H.C. ; et al. ( 1997 ) . The outstanding universal value of the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority . ISBN 0 - 642 - 23028 - 5 . Mather , P. ; Bennett , I. , eds. ( 1993 ) . A Coral Reef Handbook : A Guide to the Geology , Flora and Fauna of the Great Barrier Reef ( 3rd ed . ) . Chipping North : Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty Ltd . ISBN 0 - 949324 - 47 - 7 . External links Media related to Great Barrier Reef at Wikimedia Commons `` How the Great Barrier Reef Works '' . howstuffworks.com . Great Barrier Reef travel guide from Wikivoyage World heritage listing for Great Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority CRC Reef Research Centre `` Dive into the Great Barrier Reef '' . National Geographic . Battle for the Reef -- Four Corners -- ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die - off of corals recorded . 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is the great barrier reef the biggest reef in the world

The Great Barrier Reef is the world 's largest coral reef system composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands stretching for over 2,300 kilometres ( 1,400 mi ) over an area of approximately 344,400 square kilometres ( 133,000 sq mi ) . The reef is located in the Coral Sea , off the coast of Queensland , Australia .

Rise of the Planet of the Apes - wikipedia Rise of the Planet of the Apes Jump to : navigation , search Rise of the Planet of the Apes Theatrical release poster Directed by Rupert Wyatt Produced by Peter Chernin Dylan Clark Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Written by Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver Based on Premise suggested by Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle Starring James Franco Freida Pinto John Lithgow Brian Cox Tom Felton Andy Serkis Music by Patrick Doyle Cinematography Andrew Lesnie Edited by Conrad Buff Mark Goldblatt Production company Chernin Entertainment Dune Entertainment Big Screen Productions Ingenious Film Partners Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date August 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 05 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $93 million Box office $481.8 million Rise of the Planet of the Apes is a 2011 American science fiction film directed by Rupert Wyatt and starring James Franco , Freida Pinto , John Lithgow , Brian Cox , Tom Felton , David Oyelowo , and Andy Serkis . Written by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver , it is 20th Century Fox 's reboot of the Planet of the Apes series , intended to act as an origin story for a new series of films . Its premise is similar to the fourth film in the original series , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) , but it is not a direct remake of that film . Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Humans 2.2 Apes 3 Production 3.1 Development and writing 3.2 Filming 3.3 Visual effects 3.4 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 4.3 Home media 4.4 Awards 5 Sequels 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Will Rodman , a scientist at the San Francisco biotech company Gen - Sys , is testing the viral - based drug ALZ - 112 on chimpanzees to find a cure for Alzheimer 's disease . ALZ - 112 is given to a chimp named Bright Eyes , greatly increasing her intelligence . But then , during Will 's presentation for the drug , Bright Eyes is forced from her cage , goes on a rampage , and is shot to death . Will 's boss Steven Jacobs terminates the project and has the chimps slaughtered . However , Will 's assistant Robert Franklin discovers that the reason for Bright Eyes ' rampage was that she had recently given birth to an infant chimp . Will reluctantly agrees to take in the chimp , who is named Caesar . Will learns that Caesar has inherited his mother 's intelligence and decides to raise him . Three years later , Will introduces Caesar to the redwood forest at Muir Woods National Monument . Meanwhile , Will treats his dementia - suffering father Charles with ALZ - 112 , which seems to restore his cognitive ability . Five years later , when Caesar reaches adolescence and sees a dog on a leash like his own , he questions his identity and learns of his origins from Will . Meanwhile , Charles 's condition returns as he becomes resistant to ALZ - 112 . Caesar injures a neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker , while defending a confused Charles . As a result , he is placed in a primate shelter where he is tormented by a chimp named Rocket and the chief guard , Dodge Landon , but also where he befriends an orangutan named Maurice who came from a circus . Caesar learns how to unlock his cage , gaining free access to the common area . With the assistance of a gorilla named Buck , he confronts the sanctuary 's alpha , Rocket and claims that position . Meanwhile , Jacobs clears development of a more powerful , gaseous version of the drug -- ALZ - 113 -- when Will tells him it can also improve intelligence . Will takes the drug home to try to save his father , but Charles declines further treatment and dies overnight . After attempting to test the drug on a scarred bonobo test subject named Koba , Franklin becomes exposed to ALZ - 113 and becomes ill . Attempting to warn Will at his home , he sneezes blood onto Hunsiker and is later discovered dead . Will attempts to reclaim Caesar , but the chimp refuses to go home with him so he could look after the other apes . Instead , he escapes from the facility and returns to Will 's house , where he takes canisters of the ALZ - 113 . Upon returning , Caesar releases the gas and allows it to enhance the intelligence of the other apes . When Dodge attempts to get him back into his cage , Caesar speaks for the first time , yelling `` No ! '' and gets in a fight which inadvertently leads to Dodge 's death . The apes flee the facility , release the remaining chimps from Gen - Sys , and free more apes from the San Francisco Zoo on the way . A battle ensues as the ape army fights their way past a police blockade on the Golden Gate Bridge to escape into the redwood forest . Buck sacrifices himself to save Caesar by jumping into the helicopter in which Jacobs is riding . The helicopter crashes onto the bridge , trapping Jacobs in the wreckage . Koba seizes his chance for revenge and sends Jacobs falling to his death in the bay below . As the apes find their way into the forest , Will arrives and warns Caesar that the humans will hunt them down , and begs him to return home . In response , Caesar hugs him and says that , `` Caesar is home . '' Will , realizing that this is indeed their last goodbye , respects Caesar 's wishes . The apes embrace their new lifestyle in the forest . In a mid-credits scene , an infected Hunsiker leaves his house for work as an airline pilot , arriving at San Francisco International Airport for his flight to Paris . His nose begins to drip blood onto the floor . A graphic traces the spread of the humanity - ravaging virus around the globe via international flight routes . Cast ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) James Franco as Dr. William `` Will '' Rodman , a biologist who is trying to discover a cure for his father 's Alzheimer 's disease by testing ALZ - 112 on chimps . He is a father figure to Caesar . James Franco was cast after talks with Tobey Maguire broke down . Freida Pinto as Caroline Aranha , a primatologist who starts a relationship with Will and grows attached to Caesar . John Lithgow as Charles Rodman , Will 's Alzheimer 's - afflicted father and a former music teacher who improves after Will gives him the ALZ - 112 and forms a grandfatherly bond with Caesar . Brian Cox as John Landon , manager of the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar is confined for a time . His full name is a reference to one of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . Tom Felton as Dodge Landon , John 's son and an animal caretaker at the shelter , who abuses the apes for sport . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts in the original Planet of the Apes . David Oyelowo as Steven Jacobs , Will 's arrogant boss . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . Tyler Labine as Robert Franklin , a chimp handler at Gen - Sys and one of Will 's friends . His surname is a reference to Franklin Schaffner , the director of the original film . Jamie Harris as Rodney , a caretaker and a nightwatchman who is much kinder to the apes at the sanctuary and is regularly mocked by Dodge for this . David Hewlett as Douglas Hunsiker , Will 's hot - headed neighbor . Chelah Horsdal as Irena , a nurse who is looking after Charles . Apes ( edit ) Andy Serkis as Caesar , a common chimpanzee whose intelligence is increased from inheriting ALZ - 112 from his mother during her pregnancy , and who is raised by Will for eight years . Karin Konoval as Maurice , a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who was retired from the circus and knows sign language ; he becomes Caesar 's closest ally . Konoval also cameos as the court clerk whom Will briefly argues with about his appeal . His name is a reference to Maurice Evans who portray Dr. Zaius in the original Planet of the Apes . Terry Notary as Rocket , the dominant common chimpanzee at the ape sanctuary , until Caesar overthrows him . Notary also plays Bright Eyes , Caesar 's mother who was captured in Africa . Richard Ridings as Buck , a Western lowland gorilla who pledges his allegiance to Caesar after he is freed by him . Devyn Dalton as Cornelia , a female common chimpanzee in the ape sanctuary . Jay Caputo as Alpha , the dominant male common chimpanzee of Bright Eyes ' troop and Caesar 's father . Christopher Gordon as Koba , a scarred and aggressive bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans . Production ( edit ) Development and writing ( edit ) In 2006 , screenwriter - producer Rick Jaffa was searching for a script idea . As Jaffa searched a newspaper articles clipping , one about pet chimpanzees that become troublesome to their owners and heartbroken for not adapting well to the human environment intrigued him . As Jaffa eventually realized it fit the Planet of the Apes series , he called his wife and screenwriting partner Amanda Silver to express his ideas of such a chimpanzee eventually starting the ape revolution , and then the couple started developing the character of Caesar . Jaffa indicated that `` it 's a reinvention '' and if he had to pick between calling it a prequel or a reboot he would say it is a reboot : `` It 's a different story of who Caesar is , and how he came to be . So it 's really kind of hard to put a label on it . We are hopefully rebooting it . '' He went on to say that `` we tried really hard to create a story that would stand on its own and yet also pay homage and honor the movies that came before us . '' Jaffa and Silver then wrote a script and sold it to Fox , producers of the Apes franchise . The script added other elements which the couple had researched , such as genetic engineering . Several tributes to specific scenes , characters , and cast and crew from the previous Apes film series were added in the script . In particular , Caesar 's treatment at the primate sanctuary parallels Taylor 's treatment as a captive in the original film . In a segment of a video blog post , director Rupert Wyatt commented on the originality of the plot : `` This is part of the mythology and it should be seen as that . It 's not a continuation of the other films ; it 's an original story . It does satisfy the people who enjoy those films . The point of this film is to achieve that and to bring that fan base into this film exactly like Batman Begins . '' In a 2009 interview , Wyatt said , `` We 've incorporated elements from Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , in terms of how the apes begin to revolt , but this is primarily a prequel to the 1968 film ... Caesar is a revolutionary figure who will be talked about by his fellow apes for centuries ... This is just the first step in the evolution of the apes , and there 's a lot more stories to tell after this . I imagine the next film will be about the all - out war between the apes and humans . '' Mark Bomback did an uncredited rewrite of the script . Filming ( edit ) Filming began in July 2010 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming also happened in San Francisco , California ( the primary setting of the film ) , and around Oahu , Hawaii , which doubled for the African jungle as the schedule and budget did not allow for location shooting in Africa . Visual effects ( edit ) As the apes in Rise were meant to be actual apes , the producers decided not to use actors in ape suits . After considering real apes , instead Weta Digital created the apes digitally in almost every case through performance capture . Advances in the technology allowed the use of performance capture in an exterior environment , affording the film - makers the freedom to shoot much of the film on location with other actors , as opposed to the confines of a soundstage . The main breakthrough was a camera that enabled viewing the motion capture dots in daylight , employed mostly for the Golden Gate Bridge battle . A maximum of six actors could have their movements captured , with larger ape crowds using fully digital animals animated using Weta 's move library . The Golden Gate Bridge set used both a physical set which was extended digitally , and a fully computer - generated model of the bridge that also included the ocean and nearby hills . After shooting the actors playing humans interacting with others wearing the motion capture suits , a clean plate was shot with actors for extra reference . Actor - stuntman Terry Notary guided the actors on realistic ape movement , while Weta studied the chimps in the Wellington Zoo for reference . The digital apes also received detailed models with skeletons , muscles and nerve tissue layers for accurate animation . Cast models of apes ' heads and limbs helped the texture department replicate skin details such as wrinkles and pores . Given the difference between human and chimpanzee facial muscles , the animators tweaked the performance through a new facial muscle system adding dynamics , ballistics , and secondary motion . As the silent performance required expressive eyes , a new eye model was made to depict both greater accuracy in muscle movement in and around the eyes , and also tears , pupil dilation , and light refraction . While Andy Serkis was the primary performer for Caesar , as the effects team considered that at times `` Andy overcame the character , '' other motion capture team actors were also used , especially Devyn Dalton , whose height matched that of a chimpanzee . Along with that , they used Notary to play Caesar in stunt - filled scenes such as the Golden Gate Bridge scene . Music ( edit ) The score for the film was written by Patrick Doyle and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony conducted by James Shearman . The main concern was to have the music help progress the plot in the scenes without dialogue , for instance , conveying the emotions of Caesar 's relationships with Will and Charles . To turn the score into a `` driving force that keeps audiences paying attention , '' Doyle employed an African - American chorus and focused on percussion and `` low and deep '' orchestra sounds . Doyle collaborated closely with the sound department to make the music complement the sound effects , including writing a recurring theme based on their recording of a chimpanzee . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 81 % based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Led by Rupert Wyatt 's stylish direction , some impressive special effects , and a mesmerizing performance by Andy Serkis , Rise of the Planet of the Apes breathes unlikely new life into a long - running franchise . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised the role of Caesar and Andy Serkis by stating it was a `` wonderfully executed character '' and `` one never knows exactly where the human ends and the effects begin , but Serkis and / or Caesar gives the best performance in the movie . '' Giving the film 5 out of 5 stars , Joe Neumaier of Daily News labelled Rise of the Planet of the Apes as the summer 's best popcorn flick . Nick Pinkerton of The Village Voice wrote , `` Caesar 's prison conversion to charismatic pan-ape revolutionist is near - silent filmmaking , with simple and precise images illustrating Caesar 's General - like divining of personalities and his organization of a group from chaos to order . '' Roger Moore of Orlando Sentinel wrote , `` Audacious , violent and disquieting , `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' is a summer sequel that 's better than it has any right to be . '' He gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . Manohla Dargis of The New York Times praised the film by saying , `` Precisely the kind of summer diversion that the studios have such a hard time making now . It 's good , canny - dumb fun . '' She also gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone noted that the film has mixed `` twists lifted from 1972 's Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and 1999 's Deep Blue Sea '' . Box Office ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes made its debut in the United States and Canada on roughly 5,400 screens within 3,648 theaters . It grossed $19,534,699 on opening day and $54,806,191 in its entire opening weekend , making it # 1 for that weekend as well as the fourth - highest - grossing August opening ever . The film held on to the # 1 spot in its second weekend , dropping 49.2 % , and grossing $27,832,307 . Rise of the Planet of the Apes crossed the $150 million mark in the United States and Canada on its 26th day of release . Entertainment Weekly said that this was quite an accomplishment for the film since the month of August is a difficult time for films to make money . The film ended its run at the box office on December 15 , 2011 , with a gross of $176,760,185 in the U.S. and Canada as well as $305,040,864 internationally , for a total of $481,801,049 worldwide . Home media ( edit ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on Blu - ray Disc , DVD , and Digital Copy on December 13 , 2011 . Awards ( edit ) Award Recipient Result 84th Academy Awards Best Visual Effects Joe Letteri , Dan Lemmon , R. Christopher White and Daniel Barrett Nominated Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Annie Awards Character Animation in a Live Action Production Eric Reynolds Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Action Film Nominated Empire Awards Best Film Nominated Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy Nominated Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Genesis Awards Best Feature Film Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Won Houston Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Technical Achievement Won IGN Best of 2011 Best Movie Nominated Best Sci - Fi Movie Won Best Movie Actor Andy Serkis ( also for The Adventures of Tintin ) Nominated Best Movie Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated IGN Summer Movie Awards Best Summer Movie Nominated Funniest Line `` Why cookie Rocket ? '' Nominated Best All - Out Brawl Apes vs. Humans on the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Favorite Kill Helicopter Pushed Over the Golden Gate Bridge Nominated Coolest Creature Caesar Won Favorite Hero Caesar -- Andy Serkis Won Las Vegas Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Won London Film Critics Circle Technical Achievement Joe Letteri Nominated Phoenix Film Critics Society Best Visual Effects Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Andy Serkis Nominated Best Visual Effects Jeff Capogreco , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White Nominated Saturn Awards Best Science Fiction Film Won Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Won Best Director Rupert Wyatt Nominated Best Writing Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Nominated Best Special Effects Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , R. Christopher White , and Daniel Barrett Won Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Dan Lemmon , Joe Letteri , Cyndi Ochs , Kurt Williams Won Outstanding Animated Character in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Caesar -- Daniel Barrett , Florian Fernandez , Matthew Muntean , Eric Reynolds Won Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture Thelvin Cabezas , Mike Perry , R. Christopher White , Erik Winquist Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture Jean - Luc Azzis , Quentin Hema , Simon Jung , Christoph Salzmann Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Best Supporting Actor Andy Serkis Nominated Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : Dawn of the Planet of the Apes and War for the Planet of the Apes Regarding the story setting up possible sequels , director Rupert Wyatt commented : `` I think we 're ending with certain questions , which is quite exciting . To me , I can think of all sorts of sequels to this film , but this is just the beginning . '' Screenwriter and producer Rick Jaffa also stated that Rise of the Planet of the Apes would feature several clues as to future sequels : `` I hope that we 're building a platform for future films . We 're trying to plant a lot of the seeds for a lot of the things you are talking about in terms of the different apes and so forth . '' On May 31 , 2012 , 20th Century Fox announced that the sequel would be named Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . Reports said that Wyatt was leaving the sequel due to his concern that a May 2014 release date would not give him enough time to properly make the film ; he was replaced by Cloverfield director Matt Reeves . Jaffa and Silver returned as producers and to pen the screenplay , with rewrites from Scott Z . Burns and Mark Bomback . Taking place ten years after Rise , Dawn follows Caesar 's growing nation of evolved apes threatened by human survivors that put both sides in the brink of war . Andy Serkis , Terry Notary and Karin Konoval reprised their roles as Caesar , Rocket and Maurice . James Franco returned as Will Rodman in a `` cameo via video '' . Judy Greer and Toby Kebbell replace Devyn Dalton and Christopher Gordon as Cornelia and Koba , respectively . Filming of Dawn of the Planet of the Apes started on North Vancouver Island in April 2013 . The film was released July 11 , 2014 . On January 6 , 2014 , 20th Century Fox announced a third installment with Reeves returning to direct and co-write along with Bomback , with a planned July 2016 release . In January 2015 , Fox delayed the release to July 14 , 2017 . On May 14 , 2015 , the title was given as War of the Planet of the Apes , later re-titled to War for the Planet of the Apes . See also ( edit ) Uplift ( science fiction ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LUMIERE : Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 4 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Apes ' will rise above ' Change - Up ' at box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Lussier , Germain ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` Collider Visits The Set of RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES ; Plus Video Blog '' . Collider.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` James Franco plays lead in Apes prequel '' . CBC.ca . May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Spider - Man lost the lead role in ' Rise Of The Apes ' to the Green Goblin '' . HitFix . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Zaki ( August 17 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Rise of the Planet of the Apes Writers Amanda Silver and Rick Jaffa '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Mythology of the Apes '' , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ Rebecca Keegan ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' : 21 nods to classic ' Apes ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Sci - Fi Magazine ( August 2011 ) '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wolverine ' Writer Tapped for ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tom Felton Begins Shooting `` Rise of the Apes , '' Stars in Ashley Greene Film `` . OnTheRedCarpet.com . July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rupert Wyatt audio commentary , Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray ^ Jump up to : `` A New Generation of Apes , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Andy Serkis : ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes was a challenge ' '' . Blockbuster.co.uk . July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hugh ( July 19 , 2011 ) . `` Hail Caesar : Motion - Capturing Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Lead Simian '' Wired.com . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Breaking Motion Capture Boundaries , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Weta Digital Monkey Business '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Genius of Andy Serkis , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - Ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( Patrick Doyle ) '' . Filmtracks. 2011 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Composing the Score with Patrick Doyle , '' Rise of the Planet of the Apes Blu - ray Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) , '' Rotten Tomatoes . Accessed June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Ebert 's review of Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' review : James Franco and Freida Pinto star in best flick of summer '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Simian Disobedience '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Moore 's review of `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes `` '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manohla Dargis 's review of Rise of the Planet of the apes '' . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Friday Report : ' Apes ' Rise '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Hail the Conquering ' Apes ' '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Apes ' Cling to Top Spot , ' Help ' Cleans Up '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Help ' crosses $100 million at box office ; ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' climbs past $150 million '' . InsideMovies.EW.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Planet of the Apes '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 EDA Awards Nominees -- Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . Alliance of Women Film Journalists . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Annie Awards '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Blog 17th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2012 ) '' . Broadcast Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Empire Awards Nominees '' . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominees '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards 2011 '' . IGN . Jump up ^ `` award listings '' . Las Vegas Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Film Critics Select Top Films for 2011 '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees International Press Academy '' . Satellite Award . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES and SUPER 8 lead Saturn Awards with 3 awards each . '' . saturnawards.org . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards Nominees Visual Effects Society '' . Visual Effects Society . Retrieved February 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington DC Critics Winners : THE ARTIST , George Clooney , Michelle Williams , THE SKIN I LIVE IN '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Interview : Director Rupert Wyatt on ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' and The End of Cinema '' . FilmSchoolProjects.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( May 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Another Fox Shocker : Is Rupert Wyatt Exiting ' Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes ? ' '' . www.deadline.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain . `` Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm ' Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ' '' . Slashfilm.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Contagion ' Writer Tapped to Pen ' Rise of the Planet of the Apes ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2012 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Andy Serkis Closes Big ' Planet Of The Apes ' Deal ; Should Fox Campaign For Oscar ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No One Bothered Telling James Franco He 's In Dawn Of The Planet Of The Apes '' . CinemaBlend.com. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Campbell River gets ready for ape invasion '' . CTV News . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Reeves To Helm ' Planet Of The Apes 3 ′ '' . Deadline . January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / ERCboxoffice : The damn dirty apes will return yet again , as UNTITLED PLANET OF THE APES ( not the official title ) stakes out 7 / 29 / 16 . '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's X-Men Spinoff to Hit Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` Channing Tatum 's ' Gambit ' Gets 2016 Release Date , ' Fantastic Four ' Sequel Moves Up '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Planet of the Apes Movie Title Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website Rise of the Planet of the Apes on IMDb Planet of the Apes Films Original series Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Remake Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Reboot series Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Television Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) Video games Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) Other La Planète des Singes Characters Comics Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern Films directed by Rupert Wyatt The Escapist ( 2008 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Gambler ( 2014 ) Captive State ( 2018 ) Films by Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver Written and produced Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) Written The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 , Silver only ) Eye for an Eye ( 1996 ) The Relic ( 1997 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Produced Love Shack ( 2010 ) War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) Soylent Green ( 1973 ) Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Superman ( 1978 ) Alien ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Superman II ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) RoboCop ( 1987 ) Alien Nation ( 1988 ) Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Stargate ( 1994 ) 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) The Matrix ( 1999 ) X-Men ( 2000 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Children of Men ( 2006 ) Cloverfield ( 2007 ) Iron Man ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Inception ( 2010 ) Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Gravity ( 2013 ) Interstellar ( 2014 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) VIAF : 181353993 LCCN : no2011120634 GND : 1057944262 BNF : cb169401537 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Planet_of_the_Apes&oldid=799957079 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films Planet of the Apes films 2010s science fiction films 20th Century Fox films American films American science fiction films American Sign Language films Annie Award winners Dune Entertainment films Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about animal rights Films about rebellions Films about viral outbreaks Films directed by Rupert Wyatt Films set in Africa Films set in forests Films set in San Francisco Films set in the future Films shot in Hawaii Films shot in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Performance capture in film Reboot films Techno - thriller films Films produced by Peter Chernin Film scores by Patrick Doyle Dystopian films Smart drugs in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca भोजपुरी Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 20 : 40 . 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which is first dawn of the planet of the apes or rise of the planet of the apes

Rise of the Planet of the Apes was released on August 5 , 2011 , to critical and commercial success . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects . It was also nominated for five Saturn Awards including Best Director for Wyatt and Best Writing for Jaffa and Silver , winning Best Science Fiction Film , Best Supporting Actor for Serkis and Best Special Effects . Serkis 's performance as Caesar was widely acclaimed , earning him many nominations from associations which do not usually recognize performance capture as traditional acting . A sequel to the film , Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 11 , 2014 , and a third film , War for the Planet of the Apes , was released on July 14 , 2017 .

Coriolis force - wikipedia Coriolis force Jump to : navigation , search For the psychophysical perception effect , see Coriolis effect ( perception ) . In the inertial frame of reference ( upper part of the picture ) , the black ball moves in a straight line . However , the observer ( brown dot ) who is standing in the rotating / non-inertial frame of reference ( lower part of the picture ) sees the object as following a curved path due to the Coriolis and centrifugal forces present in this frame . In physics , the Coriolis force is an inertial force that acts on objects that are in motion relative to a rotating reference frame . In a reference frame with clockwise rotation , the force acts to the left of the motion of the object . In one with anticlockwise rotation , the force acts to the right . Deflection of an object due to the Coriolis force is called the Coriolis effect . Though recognized previously by others , the mathematical expression for the Coriolis force appeared in an 1835 paper by French scientist Gaspard - Gustave de Coriolis , in connection with the theory of water wheels . Early in the 20th century , the term Coriolis force began to be used in connection with meteorology . Newton 's laws of motion describe the motion of an object in an inertial ( non-accelerating ) frame of reference . When Newton 's laws are transformed to a rotating frame of reference , the Coriolis force and centrifugal force appear . Both forces are proportional to the mass of the object . The Coriolis force is proportional to the rotation rate and the centrifugal force is proportional to its square . The Coriolis force acts in a direction perpendicular to the rotation axis and to the velocity of the body in the rotating frame and is proportional to the object 's speed in the rotating frame ( more precisely , to the component of its velocity that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation ) . The centrifugal force acts outwards in the radial direction and is proportional to the distance of the body from the axis of the rotating frame . These additional forces are termed inertial forces , fictitious forces or pseudo forces . They allow the application of Newton 's laws to a rotating system . They are correction factors that do not exist in a non-accelerating or inertial reference frame . In popular ( non-technical ) usage of the term `` Coriolis effect '' , the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth . Because the Earth spins , Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects . The Earth completes one rotation per day , so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces ; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time , such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean . Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth , so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important . This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right ( with respect to the direction of travel ) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles , since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there , and decreases to zero at the equator . Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure , as they would in a non-rotating system , winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it . This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones ( see Coriolis effects in meteorology ) . For an intuitive explanation of the origin of the Coriolis force , consider an object moving northward in the northern hemisphere . Viewed from outer space , the object does not appear to go due north , but has an eastward motion ( it rotates around toward the right along with the surface of the Earth ) . The further north you go , the smaller the `` horizontal diameter '' of the Earth , and so the slower the eastward motion of its surface . As the object moves north , to higher latitudes , it has a tendency to maintain the eastward speed it started with ( rather than slowing down to match the reduced eastward speed of local objects on the Earth 's surface ) , so it veers east ( i.e. to the right of its initial motion ) . Though not obvious from this example , which considers northward motion , the horizontal deflection occurs equally for objects moving east or west ( or any other direction ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formula 3 Causes 4 Length scales and the Rossby number 5 Simple cases 5.1 Cannon on turntable 5.1. 1 Trajectory in the inertial frame 5.1. 1.1 Accelerations 5.1. 1.1. 1 Components of acceleration 5.1. 1.1. 2 Producing accelerations 5.2 Tossed ball on a rotating carousel 5.3 Bounced ball 6 Applied to the Earth 6.1 Intuitive explanation 6.2 Rotating sphere 6.3 Meteorology 6.3. 1 Flow around a low - pressure area 6.3. 2 Inertial circles 6.3. 3 Other terrestrial effects 6.4 Eötvös effect 6.4. 1 Intuitive example 6.5 Draining in bathtubs and toilets 6.6 Ballistic trajectories 7 Visualization of the Coriolis effect 8 Coriolis effects in other areas 8.1 Coriolis flow meter 8.2 Molecular physics 8.3 Gyroscopic precession 8.4 Insect flight 8.5 Lagrangian point stability 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Further reading 10.1. 1 Physics and meteorology 10.1. 2 Historical 11 External links History ( edit ) Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a cannonball should deflect to the right of its target on a rotating Earth , because the rightward motion of the ball is faster than that of the tower . Image from Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus ( 1674 ) of C.F.M. Dechales , showing how a ball should fall from a tower on a rotating Earth . The ball is released from F. The top of the tower moves faster than its base , so while the ball falls , the base of the tower moves to I , but the ball , which has the eastward speed of the tower 's top , outruns the tower 's base and lands further to the east at L . Italian scientist Giovanni Battista Riccioli and his assistant Francesco Maria Grimaldi described the effect in connection with artillery in the 1651 Almagestum Novum , writing that rotation of the Earth should cause a cannonball fired to the north to deflect to the east . In 1674 Claude François Milliet Dechales described in his Cursus seu Mundus Mathematicus how the rotation of the earth should cause a deflection in the trajectories of both falling bodies and projectiles aimed toward one of the planet 's poles . Riccioli , Grimaldi , and Dechales all described the effect as part of an argument against the heliocentric system of Copernicus . In other words , they argued that the Earth 's rotation should create the effect , and so failure to detect the effect was evidence for an immobile Earth . The Coriolis acceleration equation was derived by Euler in 1749 and the effect was described in the tidal equations of Pierre - Simon Laplace in 1778 . Gaspard - Gustave Coriolis published a paper in 1835 on the energy yield of machines with rotating parts , such as waterwheels . That paper considered the supplementary forces that are detected in a rotating frame of reference . Coriolis divided these supplementary forces into two categories . The second category contained a force that arises from the cross product of the angular velocity of a coordinate system and the projection of a particle 's velocity into a plane perpendicular to the system 's axis of rotation . Coriolis referred to this force as the `` compound centrifugal force '' due to its analogies with the centrifugal force already considered in category one . The effect was known in the early 20th century as the `` acceleration of Coriolis '' , and by 1920 as `` Coriolis force '' . In 1856 , William Ferrel proposed the existence of a circulation cell in the mid-latitudes with air being deflected by the Coriolis force to create the prevailing westerly winds . The understanding of the kinematics of how exactly the rotation of the Earth affects airflow was partial at first . Late in the 19th century , the full extent of the large scale interaction of pressure gradient force and deflecting force that in the end causes air masses to move ' along ' isobars was understood . Formula ( edit ) See also : Fictitious force In non-vector terms : at a given rate of rotation of the observer , the magnitude of the Coriolis acceleration of the object is proportional to the velocity of the object and also to the sine of the angle between the direction of movement of the object and the axis of rotation . The vector formula for the magnitude and direction of the Coriolis acceleration is derived through vector analysis and is a C = − 2 Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) where ( here and below ) a C ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) ) is the acceleration of the particle in the rotating system , v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) \ , ) is the velocity of the particle with respect to the rotating system , and Ω is the angular velocity vector having magnitude equal to the rotation rate ω , with direction along the axis of rotation of the rotating reference frame , and the × ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ times ) ) ) symbol represents the cross product operator . The equation may be multiplied by the mass of the relevant object to produce the Coriolis force : F C = − 2 m Ω × v ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 \ , m \ , ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) ) . See fictitious force for a derivation . The Coriolis effect is the behavior added by the Coriolis acceleration . The formula implies that the Coriolis acceleration is perpendicular both to the direction of the velocity of the moving mass and to the frame 's rotation axis . So in particular : if the velocity is parallel to the rotation axis , the Coriolis acceleration is zero . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving north or south relative to Earth 's surface . ) if the velocity is straight inward to the axis , the acceleration is in the direction of local rotation . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator falling downward , as in the Dechales illustration above , where the falling ball travels further to the east than does the tower . ) if the velocity is straight outward from the axis , the acceleration is against the direction of local rotation . ( In the tower example , a ball launched upward would move toward the west . ) if the velocity is in the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is outward from the axis . ( For example , on Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving east relative to Earth 's surface . It would move upward as seen by an observer on the surface . This effect ( see Eötvös effect below ) was discussed by Galileo Galilei in 1632 and by Riccioli in 1651 . ) if the velocity is against the direction of local rotation , the acceleration is inward to the axis . ( On Earth , this situation occurs for a body on the equator moving west , which would deflect downward as seen by an observer . ) Causes ( edit ) The Coriolis force exists only when one uses a rotating reference frame . In the rotating frame it behaves exactly like a real force ( that is to say , it causes acceleration and has real effects ) . However , the Coriolis force is a consequence of inertia , and is not attributable to an identifiable originating body , as is the case for electromagnetic or nuclear forces , for example . From an analytical viewpoint , to use Newton 's second law in a rotating system , the Coriolis force is mathematically necessary , but it disappears in a non-accelerating , inertial frame of reference . For example , consider two children on opposite sides of a spinning roundabout ( Merry - go - round ) , who are throwing a ball to each other . From the children 's point of view , this ball 's path is curved sideways by the Coriolis force . Suppose the roundabout spins anticlockwise when viewed from above . From the thrower 's perspective , the deflection is to the right . From the non-thrower's perspective , deflection is to the left . For a mathematical formulation see Mathematical derivation of fictitious forces . In meteorology , a rotating frame ( the Earth ) with its Coriolis force provides a more natural framework for explanation of air movements than a non-rotating , inertial frame without Coriolis forces . In long - range gunnery , sight corrections for the Earth 's rotation are based upon the Coriolis force . These examples are described in more detail below . The acceleration entering the Coriolis force arises from two sources of change in velocity that result from rotation : the first is the change of the velocity of an object in time . The same velocity ( in an inertial frame of reference where the normal laws of physics apply ) is seen as different velocities at different times in a rotating frame of reference . The apparent acceleration is proportional to the angular velocity of the reference frame ( the rate at which the coordinate axes change direction ) , and to the component of velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation . This gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . The minus sign arises from the traditional definition of the cross product ( right hand rule ) , and from the sign convention for angular velocity vectors . The second is the change of velocity in space . Different positions in a rotating frame of reference have different velocities ( as seen from an inertial frame of reference ) . For an object to move in a straight line , it must accelerate so that its velocity changes from point to point by the same amount as the velocities of the frame of reference . The force is proportional to the angular velocity ( which determines the relative speed of two different points in the rotating frame of reference ) , and to the component of the velocity of the object in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation ( which determines how quickly it moves between those points ) . This also gives a term − Ω × v ( \ displaystyle - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) ) . Length scales and the Rossby number ( edit ) Further information : Rossby number The time , space and velocity scales are important in determining the importance of the Coriolis force . Whether rotation is important in a system can be determined by its Rossby number , which is the ratio of the velocity , U , of a system to the product of the Coriolis parameter , f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) , and the length scale , L , of the motion : R o = U f L . ( \ displaystyle Ro = ( \ frac ( U ) ( fL ) ) . ) The Rossby number is the ratio of inertial to Coriolis forces . A small Rossby number indicates a system is strongly affected by Coriolis forces , and a large Rossby number indicates a system in which inertial forces dominate . For example , in tornadoes , the Rossby number is large , in low - pressure systems it is low , and in oceanic systems it is around 1 . As a result , in tornadoes the Coriolis force is negligible , and balance is between pressure and centrifugal forces . In low - pressure systems , centrifugal force is negligible and balance is between Coriolis and pressure forces . In the oceans all three forces are comparable . An atmospheric system moving at U = 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) occupying a spatial distance of L = 1,000 km ( 621 mi ) , has a Rossby number of approximately 0.1 . A baseball pitcher may throw the ball at U = 45 m / s ( 100 mph ) for a distance of L = 18.3 m ( 60 ft ) . The Rossby number in this case would be 32,000 . Baseball players do n't care about which hemisphere they 're playing in . However , an unguided missile obeys exactly the same physics as a baseball , but can travel far enough and be in the air long enough to experience the effect of Coriolis force . Long - range shells in the Northern Hemisphere landed close to , but to the right of , where they were aimed until this was noted . ( Those fired in the Southern Hemisphere landed to the left . ) In fact , it was this effect that first got the attention of Coriolis himself . Simple cases ( edit ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( March 2014 ) Cannon on turntable ( edit ) This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Fictitious force § Crossing a carousel Cannon at the center of a rotating turntable . To hit the target located at position 1 on the perimeter at time t = 0 s , the cannon must be aimed ahead of the target at angle θ . That way , by the time the cannonball reaches position 3 on the periphery , the target is also at that position . In an inertial frame of reference , the cannonball travels a straight radial path to the target ( curve y ) . However , in the frame of the turntable , the path is arched ( curve y ) , as also shown in the figure . Successful trajectory of cannonball as seen from the turntable for three angles of launch θ . Plotted points are for the same equally spaced times steps on each curve . Cannonball speed v is held constant and angular rate of rotation ω is varied to achieve a successful `` hit '' for selected θ . For example , for a radius of 1 m and a cannonball speed of 1 m / s , the time of flight t = 1 s , and ωt = θ → ω and θ have the same numerical value if θ is expressed in radians . The wider spacing of the plotted points as the target is approached show the speed of the cannonball is accelerating as seen on the turntable , due to fictitious Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Acceleration components at an earlier time ( top ) and at arrival time at the target ( bottom ) Coriolis acceleration , centrifugal acceleration and net acceleration vectors at three selected points on the trajectory as seen on the turntable . The animation at the top of this article is a classic illustration of Coriolis force . Another visualization of the Coriolis and centrifugal forces is this animation clip . Given the radius R of the turntable in that animation , the rate of angular rotation ω , and the speed of the cannonball ( assumed constant ) v , the correct angle θ to aim so as to hit the target at the edge of the turntable can be calculated . The inertial frame of reference provides one way to handle the question : calculate the time to interception , which is t = R / v . Then , the turntable revolves an angle ω t in this time . If the cannon is pointed an angle θ = ω t = ω R / v , then the cannonball arrives at the periphery at position number 3 at the same time as the target . No discussion of Coriolis force can arrive at this solution as simply , so the reason to treat this problem is to demonstrate Coriolis formalism in an easily visualized situation . Trajectory in the inertial frame ( edit ) The trajectory in the inertial frame ( denoted A ) is a straight line radial path at angle θ . The position of the cannonball in ( x , y ) coordinates at time t is : r A ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ θ , sin ⁡ θ ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( A ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos \ theta , \ \ sin \ theta \ right ) \ . ) In the turntable frame ( denoted B ) , the x - y axes rotate at angular rate ω , so the trajectory becomes : r B ( t ) = v t ( cos ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) , sin ⁡ ( θ − ω t ) ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ( t ) = vt \ \ left ( \ cos ( \ theta - \ omega t ) , \ \ sin ( \ theta - \ omega t ) \ right ) \ , ) and three examples of this result are plotted in the figure . Accelerations ( edit ) Components of acceleration ( edit ) To determine the components of acceleration , a general expression is used from the article fictitious force : a B = a A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( B ) = \ mathbf ( a ) _ ( A ) ) − 2 Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( ) - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( v ) _ ( B ) ) − Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) ) ) − d Ω d t × r B , ( \ displaystyle ( ) - ( \ frac ( d ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) ) ( dt ) ) \ times \ mathbf ( r ) _ ( B ) \ , ) in which the term in Ω × v is the Coriolis acceleration and the term in Ω × ( Ω × r ) is the centrifugal acceleration . The results are ( let α = θ − ωt ) : Ω × r B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v t cos ⁡ α v t sin ⁡ α 0 ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ vt \ cos \ alpha &vt \ sin \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ ) = ω t v ( − sin ⁡ α , cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = \ omega tv \ left ( - \ sin \ alpha , \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ , ) Ω × ( Ω × r B ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ \ times ) ) \ left ( ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times r_ ( B ) ) \ right ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω − ω t v sin ⁡ α ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ - \ omega tv \ sin \ alpha & \ omega tv \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) Producing accelerations ( edit ) Producing a centrifugal acceleration : a C f g l ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cfgl ) ) ) ) = ω 2 v t ( cos ⁡ α , sin ⁡ α ) = ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) vt \ left ( \ cos \ alpha , \ sin \ alpha \ right ) = \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) Also : v B = d r B ( t ) d t = ( v cos ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( v_ ( B ) ) = ( \ frac ( d \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) ) ( dt ) ) = ( v \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha , ) v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α , 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ v \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha , \ 0 ) \ \ , ) Ω × v B ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) \ mathbf ( \ times v_ ( B ) ) ) = i j k 0 0 ω v cos ⁡ α v sin ⁡ α + ω t v sin ⁡ α − ω t v cos ⁡ α 0 , ( \ displaystyle = ( \ begin ( vmatrix ) \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( i ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( j ) ) & \ ! ( \ boldsymbol ( k ) ) \ \ 0&0& \ omega \ \ v \ cos \ alpha \ quad &v \ sin \ alpha \ quad & \ quad \ \ \ ; + \ omega t \ v \ sin \ alpha & \ ; - \ omega t \ v \ cos \ alpha &0 \ end ( vmatrix ) ) \ \ , ) producing a Coriolis acceleration : a C o r ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cor ) ) ) ) = − 2 ( − ω v ( sin ⁡ α − ω t cos ⁡ α ) , ( \ displaystyle = - 2 \ left ( - \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha - \ omega t \ cos \ alpha \ right ) , \ right . ) ... ω v ( cos ⁡ α + ω t sin ⁡ α ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ left. ( \ color ( white ) ... ) \ \ omega v \ left ( \ cos \ alpha + \ omega t \ sin \ alpha \ right ) \ right ) \ ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) ) − 2 ω 2 r B ( t ) . ( \ displaystyle - 2 \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ . ) These accelerations are shown in the diagrams for a particular example . It is seen that the Coriolis acceleration not only cancels the centrifugal acceleration , but together they provide a net `` centripetal '' , radially inward component of acceleration ( that is , directed toward the center of rotation ) : a C p t l = − ω 2 r B ( t ) , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( \ mathrm ( Cptl ) ) ) = - \ omega ^ ( 2 ) \ mathbf ( r_ ( B ) ) ( t ) \ , ) and an additional component of acceleration perpendicular to r ( t ) : a C ⊥ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( a_ ( C \ perp ) ) ) = 2 ω v ( sin ⁡ α , − cos ⁡ α ) . ( \ displaystyle = 2 \ omega v \ left ( \ sin \ alpha , \ - \ cos \ alpha \ right ) \ . ) The `` centripetal '' component of acceleration resembles that for circular motion at radius r , while the perpendicular component is velocity dependent , increasing with the radial velocity v and directed to the right of the velocity . The situation could be described as a circular motion combined with an `` apparent Coriolis acceleration '' of 2ωv . However , this is a rough labelling : a careful designation of the true centripetal force refers to a local reference frame that employs the directions normal and tangential to the path , not coordinates referred to the axis of rotation . These results also can be obtained directly by two time differentiations of r ( t ) . Agreement of the two approaches demonstrates that one could start from the general expression for fictitious acceleration above and derive the trajectories shown here . However , working from the acceleration to the trajectory is more complicated than the reverse procedure used here , which , of course , is made possible in this example by knowing the answer in advance . As a result of this analysis an important point appears : all the fictitious accelerations must be included to obtain the correct trajectory . In particular , besides the Coriolis acceleration , the centrifugal force plays an essential role . It is easy to get the impression from verbal discussions of the cannonball problem , which focus on displaying the Coriolis effect particularly , that the Coriolis force is the only factor that must be considered , but that is not so . A turntable for which the Coriolis force is the only factor is the parabolic turntable . A somewhat more complex situation is the idealized example of flight routes over long distances , where the centrifugal force of the path and aeronautical lift are countered by gravitational attraction . Tossed ball on a rotating carousel ( edit ) A carousel is rotating counter-clockwise . Left panel : a ball is tossed by a thrower at 12 : 00 o'clock and travels in a straight line to the center of the carousel . While it travels , the thrower circles in a counter-clockwise direction . Right panel : The ball 's motion as seen by the thrower , who now remains at 12 : 00 o'clock , because there is no rotation from their viewpoint . The figure illustrates a ball tossed from 12 : 00 o'clock toward the center of a counter-clockwise rotating carousel . On the left , the ball is seen by a stationary observer above the carousel , and the ball travels in a straight line to the center , while the ball - thrower rotates counter-clockwise with the carousel . On the right the ball is seen by an observer rotating with the carousel , so the ball - thrower appears to stay at 12 : 00 o'clock . The figure shows how the trajectory of the ball as seen by the rotating observer can be constructed . On the left , two arrows locate the ball relative to the ball - thrower . One of these arrows is from the thrower to the center of the carousel ( providing the ball - thrower 's line of sight ) , and the other points from the center of the carousel to the ball. ( This arrow gets shorter as the ball approaches the center . ) A shifted version of the two arrows is shown dotted . On the right is shown this same dotted pair of arrows , but now the pair are rigidly rotated so the arrow corresponding to the line of sight of the ball - thrower toward the center of the carousel is aligned with 12 : 00 o'clock . The other arrow of the pair locates the ball relative to the center of the carousel , providing the position of the ball as seen by the rotating observer . By following this procedure for several positions , the trajectory in the rotating frame of reference is established as shown by the curved path in the right - hand panel . The ball travels in the air , and there is no net force upon it . To the stationary observer the ball follows a straight - line path , so there is no problem squaring this trajectory with zero net force . However , the rotating observer sees a curved path . Kinematics insists that a force ( pushing to the right of the instantaneous direction of travel for a counter-clockwise rotation ) must be present to cause this curvature , so the rotating observer is forced to invoke a combination of centrifugal and Coriolis forces to provide the net force required to cause the curved trajectory . Bounced ball ( edit ) Bird 's - eye view of carousel . The carousel rotates clockwise . Two viewpoints are illustrated : that of the camera at the center of rotation rotating with the carousel ( left panel ) and that of the inertial ( stationary ) observer ( right panel ) . Both observers agree at any given time just how far the ball is from the center of the carousel , but not on its orientation . Time intervals are 1 / 10 of time from launch to bounce . The figure describes a more complex situation where the tossed ball on a turntable bounces off the edge of the carousel and then returns to the tosser , who catches the ball . The effect of Coriolis force on its trajectory is shown again as seen by two observers : an observer ( referred to as the `` camera '' ) that rotates with the carousel , and an inertial observer . The figure shows a bird 's - eye view based upon the same ball speed on forward and return paths . Within each circle , plotted dots show the same time points . In the left panel , from the camera 's viewpoint at the center of rotation , the tosser ( smiley face ) and the rail both are at fixed locations , and the ball makes a very considerable arc on its travel toward the rail , and takes a more direct route on the way back . From the ball tosser 's viewpoint , the ball seems to return more quickly than it went ( because the tosser is rotating toward the ball on the return flight ) . On the carousel , instead of tossing the ball straight at a rail to bounce back , the tosser must throw the ball toward the right of the target and the ball then seems to the camera to bear continuously to the left of its direction of travel to hit the rail ( left because the carousel is turning clockwise ) . The ball appears to bear to the left from direction of travel on both inward and return trajectories . The curved path demands this observer to recognize a leftward net force on the ball . ( This force is `` fictitious '' because it disappears for a stationary observer , as is discussed shortly . ) For some angles of launch , a path has portions where the trajectory is approximately radial , and Coriolis force is primarily responsible for the apparent deflection of the ball ( centrifugal force is radial from the center of rotation , and causes little deflection on these segments ) . When a path curves away from radial , however , centrifugal force contributes significantly to deflection . The ball 's path through the air is straight when viewed by observers standing on the ground ( right panel ) . In the right panel ( stationary observer ) , the ball tosser ( smiley face ) is at 12 o'clock and the rail the ball bounces from is at position one ( 1 ) . From the inertial viewer 's standpoint , positions one ( 1 ) , two ( 2 ) , three ( 3 ) are occupied in sequence . At position 2 the ball strikes the rail , and at position 3 the ball returns to the tosser . Straight - line paths are followed because the ball is in free flight , so this observer requires that no net force is applied . Applied to the Earth ( edit ) An important case where the Coriolis force is observed is the rotating Earth . Unless otherwise stated , directions of forces and motion apply to the Northern Hemisphere . Intuitive explanation ( edit ) As the Earth turns around its axis , everything attached to it turns with it ( imperceptibly to our senses ) . An object that is moving without being dragged along with this rotation travels in a straight motion over the turning Earth . From our rotating perspective on the planet , its direction of motion changes as it moves , bending in the opposite direction to our actual motion . When viewed from a stationary point in space directly above the north pole , any land feature in the Northern Hemisphere turns anticlockwise -- and , fixing our gaze on that location , any other location in that hemisphere rotates around it the same way . The traced ground path of a freely moving body travelling from one point to another therefore bends the opposite way , clockwise , which is conventionally labeled as `` right , '' where it will be if the direction of motion is considered `` ahead , '' and `` down '' is defined naturally . Rotating sphere ( edit ) Coordinate system at latitude φ with x-axis east , y - axis north and z - axis upward ( that is , radially outward from center of sphere ) . Consider a location with latitude φ on a sphere that is rotating around the north - south axis . A local coordinate system is set up with the x axis horizontally due east , the y axis horizontally due north and the z axis vertically upwards . The rotation vector , velocity of movement and Coriolis acceleration expressed in this local coordinate system ( listing components in the order east ( e ) , north ( n ) and upward ( u ) ) are : Ω = ω ( 0 cos ⁡ φ sin ⁡ φ ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ \ cos \ varphi \ \ \ sin \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( v n sin ⁡ φ − v u cos ⁡ φ − v e sin ⁡ φ v e cos ⁡ φ ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ sin \ varphi - v_ ( u ) \ cos \ varphi \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ sin \ varphi \ \ v_ ( e ) \ cos \ varphi \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) When considering atmospheric or oceanic dynamics , the vertical velocity is small , and the vertical component of the Coriolis acceleration is small compared to gravity . For such cases , only the horizontal ( east and north ) components matter . The restriction of the above to the horizontal plane is ( setting v = 0 ) : v = ( v e v n ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a c = ( v n − v e ) f , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( c ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( n ) \ \ - v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ f \ , ) where f = 2 ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle f = 2 \ omega \ sin \ varphi \ , ) is called the Coriolis parameter . By setting v = 0 , it can be seen immediately that ( for positive φ and ω ) a movement due east results in an acceleration due south . Similarly , setting v = 0 , it is seen that a movement due north results in an acceleration due east . In general , observed horizontally , looking along the direction of the movement causing the acceleration , the acceleration always is turned 90 ° to the right and of the same size regardless of the horizontal orientation . As a different case , consider equatorial motion setting φ = 0 ° . In this case , Ω is parallel to the north or n - axis , and : Ω = ω ( 0 1 0 ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega ) ) = \ omega ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) 0 \ \ 1 \ \ 0 \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) v = ( v e v n v u ) , ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) = ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) v_ ( e ) \ \ v_ ( n ) \ \ v_ ( u ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ , ) a C = − 2 Ω × v = 2 ω ( − v u 0 v e ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ boldsymbol ( a ) ) _ ( C ) = - 2 ( \ boldsymbol ( \ Omega \ times v ) ) = 2 \ , \ omega \ , ( \ begin ( pmatrix ) - v_ ( u ) \ \ 0 \ \ v_ ( e ) \ end ( pmatrix ) ) \ . ) Accordingly , an eastward motion ( that is , in the same direction as the rotation of the sphere ) provides an upward acceleration known as the Eötvös effect , and an upward motion produces an acceleration due west . For additional examples in this article see cannon on turntable and tossed ball . In other articles , see rotating spheres , apparent motion of stationary objects , and carousel . Meteorology ( edit ) This low - pressure system over Iceland spins counterclockwise due to balance between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force . Schematic representation of flow around a low - pressure area in the Northern Hemisphere . The Rossby number is low , so the centrifugal force is virtually negligible . The pressure - gradient force is represented by blue arrows , the Coriolis acceleration ( always perpendicular to the velocity ) by red arrows Schematic representation of inertial circles of air masses in the absence of other forces , calculated for a wind speed of approximately 50 to 70 m / s ( 110 to 160 mph ) . Cloud formations in a famous image of Earth from Apollo 17 , makes similar circulation directly visible Perhaps the most important impact of the Coriolis effect is in the large - scale dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere . In meteorology and oceanography , it is convenient to postulate a rotating frame of reference wherein the Earth is stationary . In accommodation of that provisional postulation , the centrifugal and Coriolis forces are introduced . Their relative importance is determined by the applicable Rossby numbers . Tornadoes have high Rossby numbers , so , while tornado - associated centrifugal forces are quite substantial , Coriolis forces associated with tornadoes are for practical purposes negligible . Because surface ocean currents are driven by the movement of wind over the water 's surface , the Coriolis force also affects the movement of ocean currents and cyclones as well . Many of the ocean 's largest currents circulate around warm , high - pressure areas called gyres . Though the circulation is not as significant as that in the air , the deflection caused by the Coriolis effect is what creates the spiraling pattern in these gyres . The spiraling wind pattern helps the hurricane form . The stronger the force from the Coriolis effect , the faster the wind spins and picks up additional energy , increasing the strength of the hurricane . Air within high - pressure systems rotates in a direction such that the Coriolis force is directed radially inwards , and nearly balanced by the outwardly radial pressure gradient . As a result , air travels clockwise around high pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . Air around low - pressure rotates in the opposite direction , so that the Coriolis force is directed radially outward and nearly balances an inwardly radial pressure gradient . Flow around a low - pressure area ( edit ) Main article : Low - pressure area If a low - pressure area forms in the atmosphere , air tends to flow in towards it , but is deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis force . A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement , or a cyclonic flow . Because the Rossby number is low , the force balance is largely between the pressure gradient force acting towards the low - pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure . Instead of flowing down the gradient , large scale motions in the atmosphere and ocean tend to occur perpendicular to the pressure gradient . This is known as geostrophic flow . On a non-rotating planet , fluid would flow along the straightest possible line , quickly eliminating pressure gradients . Note that the geostrophic balance is thus very different from the case of `` inertial motions '' ( see below ) , which explains why mid-latitude cyclones are larger by an order of magnitude than inertial circle flow would be . This pattern of deflection , and the direction of movement , is called Buys - Ballot 's law . In the atmosphere , the pattern of flow is called a cyclone . In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low - pressure area is anticlockwise . In the Southern Hemisphere , the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there . At high altitudes , outward - spreading air rotates in the opposite direction . Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region . Inertial circles ( edit ) An air or water mass moving with speed v ( \ displaystyle v \ , ) subject only to the Coriolis force travels in a circular trajectory called an ' inertial circle ' . Since the force is directed at right angles to the motion of the particle , it moves with a constant speed around a circle whose radius R ( \ displaystyle R ) is given by : R = v f ( \ displaystyle R = ( \ frac ( v ) ( f ) ) \ , ) where f ( \ displaystyle f ) is the Coriolis parameter 2 Ω sin ⁡ φ ( \ displaystyle 2 \ Omega \ sin \ varphi ) , introduced above ( where φ ( \ displaystyle \ varphi ) is the latitude ) . The time taken for the mass to complete a full circle is therefore 2 π / f ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi / f ) . The Coriolis parameter typically has a mid-latitude value of about 10 s ; hence for a typical atmospheric speed of 10 m / s ( 22 mph ) the radius is 100 km ( 62 mi ) , with a period of about 17 hours . For an ocean current with a typical speed of 10 cm / s ( 0.22 mph ) , the radius of an inertial circle is 1 km ( 0.6 mi ) . These inertial circles are clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ( where trajectories are bent to the right ) and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere . If the rotating system is a parabolic turntable , then f ( \ displaystyle f ) is constant and the trajectories are exact circles . On a rotating planet , f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies with latitude and the paths of particles do not form exact circles . Since the parameter f ( \ displaystyle f ) varies as the sine of the latitude , the radius of the oscillations associated with a given speed are smallest at the poles ( latitude = ± 90 ° ) , and increase toward the equator . Other terrestrial effects ( edit ) The Coriolis effect strongly affects the large - scale oceanic and atmospheric circulation , leading to the formation of robust features like jet streams and western boundary currents . Such features are in geostrophic balance , meaning that the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces balance each other . Coriolis acceleration is also responsible for the propagation of many types of waves in the ocean and atmosphere , including Rossby waves and Kelvin waves . It is also instrumental in the so - called Ekman dynamics in the ocean , and in the establishment of the large - scale ocean flow pattern called the Sverdrup balance . Eötvös effect ( edit ) Main article : Eötvös effect The practical impact of the `` Coriolis effect '' is mostly caused by the horizontal acceleration component produced by horizontal motion . There are other components of the Coriolis effect . Westward - travelling objects are deflected downwards ( feel heavier ) , while Eastward - travelling objects are deflected upwards ( feel lighter ) . This is known as the Eötvös effect . This aspect of the Coriolis effect is greatest near the equator . The force produced by this effect is similar to the horizontal component , but the much larger vertical forces due to gravity and pressure mean that it is generally unimportant dynamically . In addition , objects travelling upwards ( i.e. , out ) or downwards ( i.e. , in ) are deflected to the west or east respectively . This effect is also the greatest near the equator . Since vertical movement is usually of limited extent and duration , the size of the effect is smaller and requires precise instruments to detect . However , in the case of large changes of momentum , such as a spacecraft being launched into orbit , the effect becomes significant . The fastest and most fuel - efficient path to orbit is a launch from the equator that curves to a directly eastward heading . Intuitive example ( edit ) Imagine a train that travels through a frictionless railway line along the equator . Assume that , when in motion , it moves at the necessary speed to complete a trip around the world in one day ( 465 m / s ) . The Coriolis effect can be considered in three cases : when the train travels west , when it is at rest , and when it travels east . In each case , the Coriolis effect can be calculated from the rotating frame of reference on Earth first , and then checked against a fixed inertial frame . The image below illustrates the three cases in an inertial frame as observed from a fixed point above Earth along its axis of rotation : 1 . The train travels toward the west : In that case , it moves against the direction of rotation . Therefore , on the Earth 's rotating frame the Coriolis term is pointed inwards towards the axis of rotation ( down ) . This additional force downwards should cause the train to be heavier while moving in that direction . If one looks at this train from the fixed non-rotating frame on top of the center of the Earth , at that speed it remains stationary as the Earth spins beneath it . Hence , the only force acting on it is gravity and the reaction from the track . This force is greater ( by 0.34 % ) than the force that the passengers and the train experience when at rest ( rotating along with Earth ) . This difference is what the Coriolis effect accounts for in the rotating frame of reference . 2 . The train comes to a stop : From the point of view on the Earth 's rotating frame , the velocity of the train is zero , thus the Coriolis force is also zero and the train and its passengers recuperate their usual weight . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train now rotates along with the rest of the Earth. 0.34 % of the force of gravity provides the centripetal force needed to achieve the circular motion on that frame of reference . The remaining force , as measured by a scale , makes the train and passengers `` lighter '' than in the previous case . 3 . The train travels east . In this case , because it moves in the direction of Earth 's rotating frame , the Coriolis term is directed outward from the axis of rotation ( up ) . This upward force makes the train seem lighter still than when at rest . Graph of the force experienced by a 10 kilograms object as a function of its speed moving along Earth 's equator ( as measured within the rotating frame ) . ( Positive force in the graph is directed upward . Positive speed is directed eastward and negative speed is directed westward ) . From the fixed inertial frame of reference above Earth , the train travelling east now rotates at twice the rate as when it was at rest -- so the amount of centripetal force needed to cause that circular path increases leaving less force from gravity to act on the track . This is what the Coriolis term accounts for on the previous paragraph . As a final check one can imagine a frame of reference rotating along with the train . Such frame would be rotating at twice the angular velocity as Earth 's rotating frame . The resulting centrifugal force component for that imaginary frame would be greater . Since the train and its passengers are at rest , that would be the only component in that frame explaining again why the train and the passengers are lighter than in the previous two cases . This also explains why high speed projectiles that travel west are deflected down , and those that travel east are deflected up . This vertical component of the Coriolis effect is called the Eötvös effect . The above example can be used to explain why the Eötvös effect starts diminishing when an object is travelling westward as its tangential speed increases above Earth 's rotation ( 465 m / s ) . If the westward train in the above example increases speed , part of the force of gravity that pushes against the track accounts for the centripetal force needed to keep it in circular motion on the inertial frame . Once the train doubles its westward speed at 930 m / s that centripetal force becomes equal to the force the train experiences when it stops . From the inertial frame , in both cases it rotates at the same speed but in the opposite directions . Thus , the force is the same cancelling completely the Eötvös effect . Any object that moves westward at a speed above 930 m / s experiences an upward force instead . In the figure , the Eötvös effect is illustrated for a 10 kilogram object on the train at different speeds . The parabolic shape is because the centripetal force is proportional to the square of the tangential speed . On the inertial frame , the bottom of the parabola is centered at the origin . The offset is because this argument uses the Earth 's rotating frame of reference . The graph shows that the Eötvös effect is not symmetrical , and that the resulting downward force experienced by an object that travels west at high velocity is less than the resulting upward force when it travels east at the same speed . Draining in bathtubs and toilets ( edit ) Contrary to popular misconception , water rotation in home bathrooms under normal circumstances is not related to the Coriolis effect or to the rotation of the Earth , and no consistent difference in rotation direction between toilet drainage in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres can be observed . The formation of a vortex over the plug hole may be explained by the conservation of angular momentum : The radius of rotation decreases as water approaches the plug hole , so the rate of rotation increases , for the same reason that an ice skater 's rate of spin increases as they pull their arms in . Any rotation around the plug hole that is initially present accelerates as water moves inward . Of course , the Coriolis force does still impact the direction of the flow of water , but only minutely . Only if the water is so still that the effective rotation rate of the Earth is faster than that of the water relative to its container , and if externally applied torques ( such as might be caused by flow over an uneven bottom surface ) are small enough , the Coriolis effect may indeed determine the direction of the vortex . Without such careful preparation , the Coriolis effect is likely to be much smaller than various other influences on drain direction such as any residual rotation of the water and the geometry of the container . Despite this , the idea that toilets and bathtubs drain differently in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres has been popularized by several television programs and films , including Escape Plan , Wedding Crashers , The Simpsons episode `` Bart vs. Australia '' , Pole to Pole , and The X-Files episode `` Die Hand Die Verletzt '' . Several science broadcasts and publications , including at least one college - level physics textbook , have also stated this . In 1908 , the Austrian physicist Ottokar Tumlirz described careful and effective experiments that demonstrated the effect of the rotation of the Earth on the outflow of water through a central aperture . The subject was later popularized in a famous 1962 article in the journal Nature , which described an experiment in which all other forces to the system were removed by filling a 6 ft ( 1.8 m ) tank with 300 U.S. gal ( 1,100 L ) of water and allowing it to settle for 24 hours ( to allow any movement due to filling the tank to die away ) , in a room where the temperature had stabilized . The drain plug was then very slowly removed , and tiny pieces of floating wood were used to observe rotation . During the first 12 to 15 minutes , no rotation was observed . Then , a vortex appeared and consistently began to rotate in an anticlockwise direction ( the experiment was performed in Boston , Massachusetts , in the Northern Hemisphere ) . This was repeated and the results averaged to make sure the effect was real . The report noted that the vortex rotated , `` about 30,000 times faster than the effective rotation of the Earth in 42 ° North ( the experiment 's location ) '' . This shows that the small initial rotation due to the Earth is amplified by gravitational draining and conservation of angular momentum to become a rapid vortex and may be observed under carefully controlled laboratory conditions . Ballistic trajectories ( edit ) The Coriolis force is important in external ballistics for calculating the trajectories of very long - range artillery shells . The most famous historical example was the Paris gun , used by the Germans during World War I to bombard Paris from a range of about 120 km ( 75 mi ) . The Coriolis force minutely changes the trajectory of a bullet , affecting accuracy at extremely long distances . It is adjusted for by accurate long - distance shooters , such as snipers . Unlike large - scale motions of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean , a bullet 's path is not constrained to be horizontal , and the vertical component of the Coriolis force is often more important than the horizontal component : westward shots hit low , and eastward shots hit high . The effects of the Coriolis force on ballistic trajectories should not be confused with the curvature of the paths of missiles , satellites , and similar objects when the paths are plotted on two - dimensional ( flat ) maps , such as the Mercator projection . The projections of the three - dimensional curved surface of the Earth to a two - dimensional surface ( the map ) necessarily results in distorted features . The apparent curvature of the path is a consequence of the sphericity of the Earth and would occur even in a non-rotating frame . Visualization of the Coriolis effect ( edit ) Fluid assuming a parabolic shape as it is rotating Object moving frictionlessly over the surface of a very shallow parabolic dish . The object has been released in such a way that it follows an elliptical trajectory . Left : The inertial point of view . Right : The co-rotating point of view . The forces at play in the case of a curved surface . Red : gravity Green : the normal force Blue : the net resultant centripetal force . To demonstrate the Coriolis effect , a parabolic turntable can be used . On a flat turntable , the inertia of a co-rotating object forces it off the edge . However , if the turntable surface has the correct paraboloid ( parabolic bowl ) shape ( see the figure ) and rotates at the corresponding rate , the force components shown in the figure make the component of gravity tangential to the bowl surface exactly equal to the centripetal force necessary to keep the object rotating at its velocity and radius of curvature ( assuming no friction ) . ( See banked turn . ) This carefully contoured surface allows the Coriolis force to be displayed in isolation . Discs cut from cylinders of dry ice can be used as pucks , moving around almost frictionlessly over the surface of the parabolic turntable , allowing effects of Coriolis on dynamic phenomena to show themselves . To get a view of the motions as seen from the reference frame rotating with the turntable , a video camera is attached to the turntable so as to co-rotate with the turntable , with results as shown in the figure . In the left panel of the figure , which is the viewpoint of a stationary observer , the gravitational force in the inertial frame pulling the object toward the center ( bottom ) of the dish is proportional to the distance of the object from the center . A centripetal force of this form causes the elliptical motion . In the right panel , which shows the viewpoint of the rotating frame , the inward gravitational force in the rotating frame ( the same force as in the inertial frame ) is balanced by the outward centrifugal force ( present only in the rotating frame ) . With these two forces balanced , in the rotating frame the only unbalanced force is Coriolis ( also present only in the rotating frame ) , and the motion is an inertial circle . Analysis and observation of circular motion in the rotating frame is a simplification compared to analysis or observation of elliptical motion in the inertial frame . Because this reference frame rotates several times a minute rather than only once a day like the Earth , the Coriolis acceleration produced is many times larger and so easier to observe on small time and spatial scales than is the Coriolis acceleration caused by the rotation of the Earth . In a manner of speaking , the Earth is analogous to such a turntable . The rotation has caused the planet to settle on a spheroid shape , such that the normal force , the gravitational force and the centrifugal force exactly balance each other on a `` horizontal '' surface . ( See equatorial bulge . ) The Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth can be seen indirectly through the motion of a Foucault pendulum . Coriolis effects in other areas ( edit ) Coriolis flow meter ( edit ) A practical application of the Coriolis effect is the mass flow meter , an instrument that measures the mass flow rate and density of a fluid flowing through a tube . The operating principle involves inducing a vibration of the tube through which the fluid passes . The vibration , though not completely circular , provides the rotating reference frame that gives rise to the Coriolis effect . While specific methods vary according to the design of the flow meter , sensors monitor and analyze changes in frequency , phase shift , and amplitude of the vibrating flow tubes . The changes observed represent the mass flow rate and density of the fluid . Molecular physics ( edit ) In polyatomic molecules , the molecule motion can be described by a rigid body rotation and internal vibration of atoms about their equilibrium position . As a result of the vibrations of the atoms , the atoms are in motion relative to the rotating coordinate system of the molecule . Coriolis effects are therefore present , and make the atoms move in a direction perpendicular to the original oscillations . This leads to a mixing in molecular spectra between the rotational and vibrational levels , from which Coriolis coupling constants can be determined . Gyroscopic precession ( edit ) When an external torque is applied to a spinning gyroscope along an axis that is at right angles to the spin axis , the rim velocity that is associated with the spin becomes radially directed in relation to the external torque axis . This causes a Coriolis force to act on the rim in such a way as to tilt the gyroscope at right angles to the direction that the external torque would have tilted it . This tendency has the effect of keeping spinning bodies stably aligned in space . Insect flight ( edit ) Flies ( Diptera ) and some moths ( Lepidoptera ) exploit the Coriolis effect in flight with specialized appendages and organs that relay information about the angular velocity of their bodies . Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects ' bodies . In the case of flies , their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called `` halteres '' . The fly 's halteres oscillate in a plane at the same beat frequency as the main wings so that any body rotation results in lateral deviation of the halteres from their plane of motion . In moths , their antennae are known to be responsible for the sensing of Coriolis forces in the similar manner as with the halteres in flies . In both flies and moths , a collection of mechanosensors at the base of the appendage are sensitive to deviations at the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the pitch and roll planes , and at twice the beat frequency , correlating to rotation in the yaw plane . Lagrangian point stability ( edit ) In astronomy , Lagrangian points are five positions in the orbital plane of two large orbiting bodies where a small object affected only by gravity can maintain a stable position relative to the two large bodies . The first three Lagrangian points ( L , L , L ) lie along the line connecting the two large bodies , while the last two points ( L and L ) each form an equilateral triangle with the two large bodies . The L and L points , although they correspond to maxima of the effective potential in the coordinate frame that rotates with the two large bodies , are stable due to the Coriolis effect . The stability can result in orbits around just L or L , known as Tadpole orbits , where trojans can be found . It can also result in orbits that encircle L , L , and L , known as horseshoe orbits . See also ( edit ) Physics portal Analytical mechanics Applied mechanics Classical mechanics Dynamics ( physics ) Earth 's rotation Equatorial Rossby wave Frenet -- Serret formulas Gyroscope Kinetics ( physics ) Mechanics of planar particle motion Reactive centrifugal force Secondary flow Statics Uniform circular motion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Frautschi , Steven C. ; Olenick , Richard P. ; Apostol , Tom M. ; Goodstein , David L. ( 2007 ) . The Mechanical Universe : Mechanics and Heat , Advanced Edition ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 71590 - 4 . Extract of page 208 Jump up ^ Bhatia , V.B. ( 1997 ) . Classical Mechanics : With introduction to Nonlinear Oscillations and Chaos . Narosa Publishing House . p. 201 . ISBN 81 - 7319 - 105 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Coriolis Effect : Because the Earth turns -- Teacher 's guide '' ( PDF ) . Project ATMOSPHERE . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 10 April 2015 . 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Springer Science & Business Media , 2012. , p. 225 Jump up ^ Persson , A . `` The Coriolis Effect : Four centuries of conflict between common sense and mathematics , Part I : A history to 1885 . '' History of Meteorology 2 ( 2005 ) : 1 - 24 . Jump up ^ Cartwright , David Edgar ( 2000 ) . Tides : A Scientific History . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 74 . Jump up ^ G-G Coriolis ( 1835 ) . `` Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps '' . J. de l'Ecole royale polytechnique. 15 : 144 -- 154 . Jump up ^ Dugas , René and J.R. Maddox ( 1988 ) . A History of Mechanics . Courier Dover Publications : p. 374 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 65632 - 2 Jump up ^ Bartholomew Price ( 1862 ) . A Treatise on Infinitesimal Calculus : Vol. IV . The dynamics of material systems . Oxford : University Press . pp. 418 -- 420 . Jump up ^ Arthur Gordon Webster ( 1912 ) . The Dynamics of Particles and of Rigid , Elastic , and Fluid Bodies . B.G. Teubner . p. 320 . ISBN 1 - 113 - 14861 - 6 . 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Fundamentals of Scientific Mathematics ( original edition published by Harper & Row , New York , 1964 ed . ) . Courier Dover Publications . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 42808 - 7 . Jump up ^ Morton Tavel ( 2002 ) . Contemporary Physics and the Limits of Knowledge . Rutgers University Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3077 - 6 . Jump up ^ James R Ogden ; M Fogiel ( 1995 ) . High School Earth Science Tutor . Research & Education Assoc . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 87891 - 975 - 9 . Jump up ^ James Greig McCully ( 2006 ) . Beyond the moon : A Conversational , Common Sense Guide to Understanding the Tides . World Scientific . pp. 74 -- 76 . ISBN 981 - 256 - 643 - 0 . Jump up ^ William Menke ; Dallas Abbott ( 1990 ) . Geophysical Theory . Columbia University Press . pp. 124 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06792 - 5 . Jump up ^ James R. Holton ( 2004 ) . An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . Burlington , MA : Elsevier Academic Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 354015 - 1 . 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Cengage Learning . pp. 168 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 01088 - 3 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Y.A. Stepanyants ; G.H. Yeoh ( 2008 ) . `` Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge '' . Journal of Fluid Mechanics. 604 ( 1 ) : 77 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2008JFM ... 604 ... 77S . doi : 10.1017 / S0022112008001080 . Jump up ^ Creative Media Applications ( 2004 ) . A Student 's Guide to Earth Science : Words and terms . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32902 - 9 . Jump up ^ Plait , Philip C. ( 2002 ) . Bad Astronomy : Misconceptions and Misuses Revealed , from Astrology to the Moon Landing `` Hoax '' ( illustrated ed . ) . Wiley . p. 22 , 26 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 40976 - 2 . Jump up ^ Palin , Michael ( 1992 ) . Pole to Pole with Michael Palin ( illustrated ed . ) . BBC Books . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 36283 - 8 . Jump up ^ Emery , C. Eugene , Jr . ( May 1 , 1995 ) . `` X-Files coriolis error leaves viewers wondering '' . Skeptical Inquirer Jump up ^ Fraser , Alistair . `` Bad Coriolis '' . Bad Meteorology . Pennsylvania State College of Earth and Mineral Science . Retrieved 17 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Tipler , Paul ( 1998 ) . Physics for Engineers and Scientists ( 4th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman , Worth Publishers . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57259 - 616 - 0 ... on a smaller scale , the coriolis effect causes water draining out a bathtub to rotate anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere ... Jump up ^ Tumlirz , Ottokar ( 1908 ) . `` Ein neuer physikalischer Beweis für die Achsendrehung der Erde '' . Sitzungsberichte der math. - nat . Klasse der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften IIa. 117 : 819 -- 841 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Ascher H. ( 1962 ) . `` Bath - Tub Vortex '' . Nature . 196 ( 4859 ) : 1080 -- 1081 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 196.1080 S . doi : 10.1038 / 1961080b0 . Jump up ^ ( Vorticity , Part 1 ) . Web.mit.edu . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ When a container of fluid is rotating on a turntable , the surface of the fluid naturally assumes the correct parabolic shape . This fact may be exploited to make a parabolic turntable by using a fluid that sets after several hours , such as a synthetic resin . For a video of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Geophysical fluid dynamics lab demonstration Archived 20 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . John Marshall , Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Jump up ^ For a java applet of the Coriolis effect on such a parabolic surface , see Brian Fiedler Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine . School of Meteorology at the University of Oklahoma . Jump up ^ John Marshall ; R. Alan Plumb ( 2007 ) . Atmosphere , Ocean , and Climate Dynamics : An Introductory Text . Academic Press . p. 101 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 558691 - 4 . Jump up ^ Omega Engineering . `` Mass Flowmeters '' . Jump up ^ califano , S ( 1976 ) . Vibrational states . Wiley . pp. 226 -- 227 . ISBN 0471129968 . Jump up ^ Fraenkel , G. ; Pringle , W.S. ( 21 May 1938 ) . `` Halteres of Flies as Gyroscopic Organs of Equilibrium '' . Nature . 141 ( 3577 ) : 919 -- 920 . Bibcode : 1938Natur. 141 ... 919F . doi : 10.1038 / 141919a0 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Haltere - mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly , Drosophila melanogaster '' ( PDF ) . Phil . Trans . R. Soc . Lond. 354 ( 1385 ) : 903 -- 916 . PMC 1692594 . PMID 10382224 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1999.0442 . ^ Jump up to : Sane S. , Dieudonné , A. , Willis , M. , Daniel , T. ( February 2007 ) . `` Antennal mechanosensors mediate flight control in moths '' ( PDF ) . Science . 315 : 863 -- 866 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315 ... 863S . PMID 17290001 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133598 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Fox , J ; Daniel , T ( 2008 ) . `` A neural basis for gyroscopic force measurement in the halteres of Holorusia '' . Journal of Comparative Physiology. 194 ( 10 ) : 887 -- 897 . PMID 18751714 . doi : 10.1007 / s00359 - 008 - 0361 - z . Jump up ^ Spohn , Tilman ; Breuer , Doris ; Johnson , Torrence ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Elsevier . p. 60 . ISBN 0124160344 . Further reading ( edit ) Physics and Meteorology ( edit ) Riccioli , G.B. , 1651 : Almagestum Novum , Bologna , pp. 425 -- 427 ( Original book ( in Latin ) , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1832 : `` Mémoire sur le principe des forces vives dans les mouvements relatifs des machines . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 13 , pp. 268 -- 302 . ( Original article ( in French ) , PDF file , 1.6 MB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Coriolis , G.G. , 1835 : `` Mémoire sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps . '' Journal de l'école Polytechnique , Vol 15 , pp. 142 -- 154 ( Original article ( in French ) PDF file , 400 KB , scanned images of complete pages . ) Gill , A.E. Atmosphere - Ocean dynamics , Academic Press , 1982 . Robert Ehrlich ( 1990 ) . Turning the World Inside Out and 174 Other Simple Physics Demonstrations . Princeton University Press . p . Rolling a ball on a rotating turntable ; p. 80 ff . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02395 - 6 . Durran , D.R. , 1993 : Is the Coriolis force really responsible for the inertial oscillation ? , Bull . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 74 , pp. 2179 -- 2184 ; Corrigenda . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 75 , p. 261 Durran , D.R. , and S.K. Domonkos , 1996 : An apparatus for demonstrating the inertial oscillation , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 77 , pp. 557 -- 559 . Marion , Jerry B. 1970 , Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems , Academic Press . Persson , A. , 1998 ( 1 ) How do we Understand the Coriolis Force ? Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 79 , pp. 1373 -- 1385 . Symon , Keith . 1971 , Mechanics , Addison -- Wesley Akira Kageyama & Mamoru Hyodo : Eulerian derivation of the Coriolis force James F. Price : A Coriolis tutorial Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute ( 2003 ) McDonald , James E. ( May 1952 ) . `` The Coriolis Effect '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American : 72 -- 78 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 04 . Everything that moves over the surface of the Earth -- water , air , animals , machines and projectiles -- sidles to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern . Elementary , non-mathematical ; but well written . Historical ( edit ) Grattan - Guinness , I. , Ed. , 1994 : Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences . Vols . I and II . Routledge , 1840 pp . 1997 : The Fontana History of the Mathematical Sciences . Fontana , 817 pp. 710 pp . Khrgian , A. , 1970 : Meteorology : A Historical Survey . Vol. 1 . Keter Press , 387 pp . Kuhn , T.S. , 1977 : Energy conservation as an example of simultaneous discovery . The Essential Tension , Selected Studies in Scientific Tradition and Change , University of Chicago Press , 66 -- 104 . Kutzbach , G. , 1979 : The Thermal Theory of Cyclones . A History of Meteorological Thought in the Nineteenth Century . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 254 pp . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coriolis effect . The definition of the Coriolis effect from the Glossary of Meteorology The Coriolis Effect -- a conflict between common sense and mathematics PDF - file . 20 pages . A general discussion by Anders Persson of various aspects of the coriolis effect , including Foucault 's Pendulum and Taylor columns . 10 Coriolis Effect Videos and Games - from the About.com Weather Page Coriolis Force -- from ScienceWorld Coriolis Effect and Drains An article from the NEWTON web site hosted by the Argonne National Laboratory . Catalog of Coriolis videos Coriolis Effect : A graphical animation , a visual Earth animation with precise explanation An introduction to fluid dynamics SPINLab Educational Film explains the Coriolis effect with the aid of lab experiments Do bathtubs drain counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere ? by Cecil Adams . Bad Coriolis . An article uncovering misinformation about the Coriolis effect . By Alistair B. Fraser , Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at Pennsylvania State University The Coriolis Effect : A ( Fairly ) Simple Explanation , an explanation for the layperson Observe an animation of the Coriolis effect over Earth 's surface Animation clip showing scenes as viewed from both an inertial frame and a rotating frame of reference , visualizing the Coriolis and centrifugal forces . Vincent Mallette The Coriolis Force @ INWIT NASA notes Interactive Coriolis Fountain lets you control rotation speed , droplet speed and frame of reference to explore the Coriolis effect . 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coriolosis component of acceleration can be found in

In popular ( non-technical ) usage of the term `` Coriolis effect '' , the rotating reference frame implied is almost always the Earth . Because the Earth spins , Earth - bound observers need to account for the Coriolis force to correctly analyze the motion of objects . The Earth completes one rotation per day , so for motions of everyday objects the Coriolis force is usually quite small compared to other forces ; its effects generally become noticeable only for motions occurring over large distances and long periods of time , such as large - scale movement of air in the atmosphere or water in the ocean . Such motions are constrained by the surface of the Earth , so only the horizontal component of the Coriolis force is generally important . This force causes moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected to the right ( with respect to the direction of travel ) in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere . The horizontal deflection effect is greater near the poles , since the effective rotation rate about a local vertical axis is largest there , and decreases to zero at the equator . Rather than flowing directly from areas of high pressure to low pressure , as they would in a non-rotating system , winds and currents tend to flow to the right of this direction north of the equator and to the left of this direction south of it . This effect is responsible for the rotation of large cyclones ( see Coriolis effects in meteorology ) .

Somebody 's Watching Me - wikipedia Somebody 's Watching Me Jump to : navigation , search For the album , see Somebody 's Watching Me ( album ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Side - A label of US 12 - inch vinyl single Single by Rockwell from the album Somebody 's Watching Me B - side `` Somebody 's Watching Me ( Instrumental ) '' Released 1984 Format 7 '' single cassette single Genre Synth - funk Length 4 : 59 ( Album version ) 4 : 00 ( Single version ) 3 : 33 ( Radio version ) Label Motown M 1702 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Curtis Anthony Nolen Rockwell Rockwell singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 1984 ) `` Obscene Phone Caller '' ( 1984 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' is a song by American singer Rockwell from his debut studio album Somebody 's Watching Me ( 1984 ) . It was released as Rockwell 's debut single and lead single from the album on January 14 , 1984 , by Motown . It features former Jackson 5 members Michael Jackson ( vocals in the chorus ) and Jermaine Jackson ( additional backing vocals ) . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' became a commercial success internationally , topping the charts in Belgium , France and Spain . `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' also peaked at number two on the US Billboard Hot 100 , as well as reaching number six on the UK Singles Chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 3.1 Plot 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Sales and certifications 5 DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' 6 Beatfreakz version 6.1 Track listing 6.2 Chart performance 7 Other cover versions 8 Sampling 9 Appearances in other media 9.1 TV 9.2 Film 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Rockwell is a son of Motown CEO Berry Gordy . At the time of the recording , Rockwell was estranged from his father and living with Ray Singleton , his father 's ex-wife and the mother of his older half - brother , Kerry Gordy . Singleton served as executive producer on the project and would occasionally play some demo tracks to Berry . The elder Gordy was less than enthusiastic about Rockwell 's music until he heard the single with a familiar voice featured prominently on background vocals . Produced by Curtis Anthony Nolen , the song featured backing vocals by Michael Jackson and Alan Murray on percussion . Due in part to the popularity of the music video , the song is sometimes used for Halloween celebrations , with cover versions found in various collections of Halloween music . Composition ( edit ) The song is written in the key of C - sharp minor in 4 4 time with a tempo of 124 beats per minute . The vocals span from C to C . Music video ( edit ) The single 's music video underscores the song 's paranoid tone with a haunted house - inspired theme , including imagery of floating heads , ravens , graveyards , and shower scenes referencing Psycho . Plot ( edit ) The video opens with Rockwell coming home to discover that the wrong newspaper has been delivered to his doorstep . As he takes a quick shower , he begins to have strange visions ( in a manner recalling The Dead Zone ) of himself being pursued around his house by assorted ghoulish appartions , of the looming figure of a cadaverous - looking man , and of finding a tombstone engraved with his own name . His shower is interrupted when he hears something outside and goes out on his balcony to investigate . He is shocked to see the man from his visions standing at his gate , but as he struggles to get a better look in spite of the sun in his face he is greatly relieved to see that he is merely a mailman , come to deliver the correct newspaper . As the mailman walks up the path towards the front porch , however , a brief close - up of his arm reveals that he is , in fact , a zombie . Rockwell emerges onto the porch to receive the paper , which the mailman genially hands over . As the mailman brings his other arm around to strike , Rockwell has just enough time to notice that he is not human . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) France ( IFOP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 Norway ( VG - lista ) 7 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 5 Spain ( AFYVE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Cash Box US Dance / Disco Top 80 ( Billboard ) US Top Tracks ( Billboard ) 31 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1984 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 13 Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) 28 France ( IFOP ) 46 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 46 Italy ( FIMI ) 84 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 26 US Cash Box 21 US Top Black Singles ( Billboard ) 12 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Gold 5,000 France 354,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone DJ BoBo version : `` Somebody Dance with Me '' ( edit ) Main article : Somebody Dance with Me DJ BoBo based his 1992 single `` Somebody Dance with Me '' on `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' with new lyrics and rap . The DJ BoBo single peaked at no . 1 in Sweden and Switzerland , no . 3 in Austria , Netherlands and Norway , at no . 4 in Germany and no . 13 in Australia . In 2012 , a remix of the hit was made by Remady titled `` Somebody Dance With Me ( Remady 2013 Mix ) '' by DJ BoBo featuring Manu - L. Released early in 2013 , it charted in Swiss Hitparade reaching no . 4 . The mix was made on the 20th anniversary of the initial hit by DJ BoBo in November 1992 . Beatfreakz version ( edit ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' Single by Beatfreakz Released April 24 , 2006 ( UK ) June 9 , 2006 ( US ) Format CD single Genre Dance , house Length 2 : 48 Songwriter ( s ) Kennedy `` Rockwell '' Gordy Producer ( s ) Beatfreakz Beatfreakz singles chronology `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Superfreak '' ( 2006 ) Music video `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' on YouTube In 2006 , Dutch dance group Beatfreakz recorded a pseudo-cover of the song which sampled the chorus but omitted the verses . Their version peaked at no . 1 in Spain , no . 3 in the UK Singles Chart , no . 3 in the German Official Dance Chart , no . 4 in Russia , no . 5 in Ireland , no . 7 in Finland and New Zealand , no . 12 in the Dutch Top 40 , no . 18 in France , no . 36 in the Belgium Ultratop 50 , and no . 38 in Australia . Track listing ( edit ) CD single Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Edit ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Hi Tack Club Mix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( E-Craig's 2006 Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( DeNnis Christopher Remix ) Somebody 's Watching Me ( Ian Carey Club Mix ) Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Flanders ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Dance Wallonia ) 17 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 28 France ( SNEP ) 18 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 28 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 65 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Other cover versions ( edit ) A cover of the song by Morris Day ( lead singer of The Time ) was included on The Haunted Mansion : Haunted Hits , the soundtrack album for the 2003 Walt Disney Pictures film The Haunted Mansion . Finnish power metal band Warmen included a cover of the song on their 2005 album Accept the Fact . Their version featured melodic death metal singer Alexi Laiho . Danish industrial metal band Raunchy covered the song for their 2008 album Wasteland Discotheque . Electro / hip hop artist / DJ / producers , Mysto & Pizzi , recorded a cover of the song for a series of GEICO television commercials . Sampling ( edit ) TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' . Jamaican dancehall group T.O.K. sampled the song with additional rap lyrics for their 2001 album My Crew , My Dawgs as a hidden track . Christian pop artist tobyMac sampled the chorus for his song `` Somebody 's Watching '' from his 2001 album Momentum . In 2001 , French hip hop group Fonky Family sampled the song in `` Art de Rue '' . R&B artist Ciara incorporated a portion of `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' for her 2006 hit single `` Get Up '' . Hip hop group The Pack incorporates parts of the song , including the chorus , in their single `` I 'm Shinin ' '' from their 2007 album Based Boys . In 2008 , Internet celebrity Jeffree Star used the chorus of the song in his own track `` Starstruck '' which features the band Danger Radio . In 2009 , Christian hip hop artist Andy Mineo released a song entitled `` Who 's Watching '' ( from the album `` Sin Is Wack '' ) that samples both the melody and parts of the chorus , which he altered to produce a seemingly entirely different song . For the 2011 Cirque du Soleil show Michael Jackson : The Immortal World Tour , the background vocals from this song found their way into a medley that included `` Is It Scary ? '' , `` Threatened '' , and `` Thriller . '' It was released on Michael Jackson 's album Immortal in 2011 . In Nephew 's 2012 album , they sample the song in the chorus of their song `` Åh Gud ( Jeg Håber Du Holder Øje Med Mig ) '' . The title literally means : Oh God ( I Hope That You Are Watching Me . ) In 2016 , Canadian singer - songwriter Virginia to Vegas sampled the song on his single `` Lights Out '' . Appearances in other Media ( edit ) TV ( edit ) It was featured in the pilot episode of the hit 1980s TV show , Miami Vice . The song appears in the Season 1 episode `` Everybody Hates Playboy '' of Everybody Hates Chris , as Chris and Greg plan to steal the titular magazine back from the assistant principal 's office . The song was comically sung in a television commercial for NHL 08 . The Mysto & Pizzi cover version was featured in a series of commercials for GEICO that began airing in December 2008 and throughout 2009 . The campaign , created by The Martin Agency , consisted of various advertisements in which people would happen upon Kash , a stack of money with googly eyes , while the song is played in the background . The song was used in The Cleveland Show 's series 3 episode 6 `` Sex and the Biddy '' . A remixed clip of the song is used in promotional sequences for the upcoming ABC television show , The Glass House . The song was featured in Ellen 's Halloween dance mix . Film ( edit ) The song was featured in the classic 1999 skateboarding film Round 2 . The song was also featured in You Do n't Mess with the Zohan ( 2008 ) . The song was used as Number Four 's ringtone in the 2011 film adaptation of I Am Number Four . See also ( edit ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1984 ( U.S. ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1984 List of number - one singles of 1984 ( France ) List of number - one singles of 1984 ( Spain ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huey , Steve . `` Rockwell -- Artist Biography '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 . Son of Berry Gordy who scored a number two Hot 100 hit with the 1983 synth - funk single `` Somebody 's Watching Me . '' ^ Jump up to : Somebody 's Watching Me ( Media notes ) . Rockwell . Hollywood , California : Motown Records . 1984 . Jump up ^ Gordy Singleton , Raynoma ( 1990 ) . `` Super Three '' . Berry , Me and Motown ( 1st ed . ) . Chicago : Contemporary Books . pp. 297 -- 299 . ISBN 0 - 8092 - 4340 - 7 . As they finished mixing down the record , I could barely wait to rush it over and play it for Berry . Jump up ^ Higginson , Cheryl ( May 1 , 1984 ) . `` Rockwell Rockets Up The Popular Charts '' . Luddington Daily News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Somebody 's Watching Me By Rockwell -- Digital Sheet Music '' . Musicnotes . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 6316 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Toutes les Chansons N ° 1 des Années 80 's '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli più venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Rockwell - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( R ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockwell -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs for Rockwell . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending MARCH 24 , 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 03 - 10 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . March 10 , 1984 . pp. 22 , 57 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 41 , No. 17 , January 05 1985 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1984 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jahrescharts -- 1984 '' ( in German ) . Offiziellecharts.de . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1984 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` BB - 1984 - 12 - 22 '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 22 , 1984 . pp. 14 , TA -- 19 , TA -- 21 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1984 '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2012 ... Cash Box . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes Tout Temps de 45 T. / Singles '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Rockwell -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- 50 DANCE 03 / 06 / 2006 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beatfreakz : Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Somebodys Watching Me '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Beatfreakz - Somebody 's Watching Me search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( in Romanian ) `` Issue nr : 23 / 2006 ( 12 Iunie -- 18 Iunie 2006 ) '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2006 ... see last week position . Romanian Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Beatfreakz -- Somebody 's Watching Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` GEICO -- The Remake of Somebody 's Watching Me ... '' . January 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` TRU 's I Always Feel Like ... sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` tobyMac feat . Joanna Valencia 's Somebody 's Watching sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jean ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Isleym : Premier album ' Où ça nous mène ' en 2014 '' . Evous ( in French ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Pack 's I 'm Shinin ' sample of Rockwell feat . Michael Jackson 's Somebody 's Watching Me '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved July 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parpis , Elefteria ( December 25 , 2008 ) . `` Kash Debuts for Geico '' . Adweek . Retrieved December 19 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Michael Jackson songs Discography Got to Be There `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Got to Be There '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' Ben `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' Music & Me `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music & Me '' Forever , Michael `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' Off the Wall `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Workin ' Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' Thriller `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. 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who sings i always feel like somebody's watching me

TRU incorporated the lyrics and main melody of the chorus into their 1997 single `` I Always Feel Like ( Somebody 's Watching Me ) '' .

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=854476469 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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where is lebron on the all time scoring list

Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 7 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,038 1,143 27.2 11,280 1,616 6,862 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 25,417 1,054 24.1 9,088 1,341 5,900 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,868 1,405 17.7 8,990 2,106 4,782 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,082 982 22.5 8,038 463 5,543 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 36 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 20,913 771 27.1 7,093 1,433 5,294 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 39 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,776 1,196 17.4 7,938 173 4,727 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724

There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back - wikipedia There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Jump to : navigation , search `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Single by Shawn Mendes from the album Illuminate Released April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) Format Digital download Recorded August 2016 Genre Pop rock Length 3 : 19 Label Island Universal Songwriter ( s ) Shawn Mendes Teddy Geiger Geoff Warburton Scott Harris Producer ( s ) Teddy Geiger Andrew Maury Shawn Mendes singles chronology `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) `` Mercy '' ( 2016 ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on YouTube `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Live performances 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Usage in media 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Certifications 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' is a `` dance - y '' pop rock track . A Billboard editor noted it features some electric guitar and `` strained '' vocals on the chorus . As the upbeat track progresses , it incorporates handclaps , funky guitar riffs , and foot - tapping bass . The pre-chorus was inspired by early works of Timbaland and Justin Timberlake . Critical reception ( edit ) Writing for Billboard , Taylor Weatherby noted `` the song 's sound falls right in line with the guitar - laced goodness he brought on his sophomore effort , but this time bringing in a little more edge . '' Allison Bowsher for Much opined the sound `` is a return to the earworms that launched Mendes ' career back in 2015 . Reminiscent of the high energy pop sensibilities of Mendes ' `` Something Big , '' today 's new track plays with lifts and falls throughout , allowing Mendes to show off the strength of his voice . '' In MTV News , Madeline Roth thought the track is `` more danceable than anything in his catalog . His voice is gritty and hoarse , especially on the passionate , aggressive hook . '' Live performances ( edit ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is featured on the Illuminate World Tour setlist . The singer performed the single on The Graham Norton Show on June 9 , 2017 , at Capital FM 's Summertime Ball 2017 on June 10 , The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on June 19 and at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards on August 27 . Chart performance ( edit ) In the United States , the song has peaked at number six . It has also reached higher positions on the charts of other countries , such as Australia and the UK , reaching number four in both , and in Mendes ' home country of Canada , where it has achieved number six . Music video ( edit ) The music video for the song was released on June 20 , 2017 . The clip , filmed in Paris , Amsterdam and the United Kingdom , sees Mendes and his love interest ( played by actress Ellie Bamber ) exploring Europe while the singer is out on tour . The couple races through transportation hubs , ride trains and trek along the coastline . The video also shows footage from Mendes ' concerts . Usage in Media ( edit ) The song is heard in the television series The Good Doctor . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download ( NOTD Remix ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( NOTD remix ) -- 3 : 14 Digital download ( Acoustic ) `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 21 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 17 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 12 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Pop Airplay ) 20 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 6 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Costa Rica ( Monitor Latino ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 8 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Guatemala ( Monitor Latino ) 11 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 9 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Malaysia ( RIM ) 10 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 15 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 7 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 6 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 11 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 8 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) Uruguay ( Monitor Latino ) 16 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela English ( Record Report ) 7 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 3 × Platinum 240,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 90,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . United States April 25 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio Original Island Republic Worldwide May 12 , 2017 Digital download NOTD Remix Island France July 6 , 2017 Acoustic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Deezer . Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes Launch World Arena Tour , Debut New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' : The Dancey Differenc '' . KYLD . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feeney , Nolan ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` How early - 2000s Timbaland inspired Shawn Mendes ' dancey new single '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bowsher , Allison ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Listen To Shawn Mendes ' New Track ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Much . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roth , Madeline ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Releases ' There 's Nothing Holding Me Back ' & It 's Fire '' . MTV News . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Graham Norton Show Episode 10 '' . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Scheduled To Perform On June 19 `` Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon '' `` . Headline Planet . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Shawn Mendes ' Adventurous ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music from The Good Doctor S1E04 '' . Tunefind . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( NOTD Remix ) - Single on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ( Acoustic ) - Single '' . iTunes Store ( FR ) . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 29 de Mayo al 4 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . May 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Chart '' ( in Portuguese ) . Billboard Brasil . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia -- Semana 29 del 2017 - Del 14 / 07 / 2017 al 20 / 07 / 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Chile -- Del 11 al 16 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201737 into search . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201726 into search . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 30 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Latino -- Top 20 General -- Guatemala -- Del 19 al 25 de Junio , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . monitorlatino.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 25 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . VG - lista . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201731 into search . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201717 into search . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Uruguay -- Del 11 al 17 de Septiembre , 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 4 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Music Canada . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shawn Mendes ; ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( in Portuguese ) . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' ( To access search `` Shawn Mendes '' and click on `` Sök '' . ) ( in Swedish ) . Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Enter There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Shawn Mendes -- There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / Mainstream '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Shawn Mendes Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Handwritten Illuminate Live albums Live at Madison Square Garden EPs The Shawn Mendes EP Singles `` Life of the Party '' `` Something Big '' `` Stitches '' `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Treat You Better '' `` Mercy '' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' Featured singles `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' Promotional singles `` Believe '' Concert tours # ShawnsFirstHeadlines Shawn Mendes World Tour Illuminate World Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=There%27s_Nothing_Holdin%27_Me_Back&oldid=809093488 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Shawn Mendes songs Songs written by Teddy Geiger Songs written by Scott Harris ( songwriter ) Songs written by Shawn Mendes Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Հայերեն Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 33 . 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who wrote there's nothing holdin me back

`` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' is a song recorded by Canadian singer and songwriter Shawn Mendes . Written by Mendes , Teddy Geiger , Geoff Warburton and Scott Harris , and produced by Geiger and Andrew Maury , it was released as a single on April 20 , 2017 . The song was included in the reissue of his second studio album Illuminate ( 2016 ) . The song 's accompanying music video was released on June 20 , 2017 .

Silicon - wikipedia Silicon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Silicon ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with the silicon - containing synthetic polymer silicone . `` Element 14 '' redirects here . For other uses , see Element 14 ( disambiguation ) . Silicon , Si General properties Pronunciation / ˈsɪlɪkən / or / ˈsɪlɪkɒn / SIL - ik - ən or SIL - ik - on Appearance crystalline , reflective with bluish - tinged faces Standard atomic weight ( A ) ( 7001280840000000000 ♠ 28.084 , 7001280860000000000 ♠ 28.086 ) conventional : 7001280850000000000 ♠ 28.085 Silicon in the periodic table Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury ( element ) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson ↑ Si ↓ Ge aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus Atomic number ( Z ) 14 Group , period group 14 ( carbon group ) , period 3 Block p - block Element category metalloid Electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p Electrons per shell 2 , 8 , 4 Physical properties Phase ( at STP ) solid Melting point 1687 K ​ ( 1414 ° C , ​ 2577 ° F ) Boiling point 3538 K ​ ( 3265 ° C , ​ 5909 ° F ) Density ( near r.t. ) 2.3290 g / cm when liquid ( at m.p. ) 2.57 g / cm Heat of fusion 50.21 kJ / mol Heat of vaporization 383 kJ / mol Molar heat capacity 19.789 J / ( mol K ) Vapor pressure P ( Pa ) 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T ( K ) 1908 2102 2339 2636 3021 3537 Atomic properties Oxidation states 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 − 1 , − 2 , − 3 , − 4 ​ ( an amphoteric oxide ) Electronegativity Pauling scale : 1.90 Ionization energies 1st : 786.5 kJ / mol 2nd : 1577.1 kJ / mol 3rd : 3231.6 kJ / mol ( more ) Atomic radius empirical : 111 pm Covalent radius 111 pm Van der Waals radius 210 pm Spectral lines Miscellanea Crystal structure ​ face - centered diamond - cubic Speed of sound thin rod 8433 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) Thermal expansion 2.6 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) Thermal conductivity 149 W / ( m K ) Electrical resistivity 2.3 × 10 Ω m ( at 20 ° C ) Band gap 1.12 eV ( at 300 K ) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility − 3.9 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) Young 's modulus 130 -- 188 GPa Shear modulus 51 -- 80 GPa Bulk modulus 97.6 GPa Poisson ratio 0.064 -- 0.28 Mohs hardness 6.5 CAS Number 7440 - 21 - 3 History Naming after Latin ' silex ' or ' silicis ' , meaning flint Prediction Antoine Lavoisier ( 1787 ) Discovery and first isolation Jöns Jacob Berzelius ( 1823 ) Named by Thomas Thomson ( 1817 ) Main isotopes of silicon Isotope Abundance Half - life ( t ) Decay mode Product Si 92.2 % stable Si 4.7 % stable Si 3.1 % stable Si trace 2.62 h β Si trace 153 y β view talk references in Wikidata Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14 . A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue - grey metallic lustre , it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor . It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table , along with carbon above it and germanium , tin , and lead below . It is rather unreactive , though less so than germanium , and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen ; as such , it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius . Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass , but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth 's crust . It is most widely distributed in dusts , sands , planetoids , and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide ( silica ) or silicates . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth 's crust ( about 28 % by mass ) after oxygen . Most silicon is used commercially without being separated , and often with little processing of the natural minerals . Such use includes industrial construction with clays , silica sand , and stone . Silicates are used in Portland cement for mortar and stucco , and mixed with silica sand and gravel to make concrete for walkways , foundations , and roads . They are also used in whiteware ceramics such as porcelain , and in traditional quartz - based soda - lime glass and many other specialty glasses . Silicon compounds such as silicon carbide are used as abrasives and components of high - strength ceramics . Elemental silicon also has a large impact on the modern world economy . Most free silicon is used in the steel refining , aluminium - casting , and fine chemical industries ( often to make fumed silica ) . Even more visibly , the relatively small portion of very highly purified silicon used in semiconductor electronics ( < 10 % ) is essential to integrated circuits -- most computers , cell phones , and modern technology depend on it . Silicon is the basis of the widely used synthetic polymers called silicones . Silicon is an essential element in biology , although only tiny traces are required by animals . However , various sea sponges and microorganisms , such as diatoms and radiolaria , secrete skeletal structures made of silica . Silica is deposited in many plant tissues , such as in the bark and wood of Chrysobalanaceae and the silica cells and silicified trichomes of Cannabis sativa , horsetails and many grasses . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Characteristics 2.1 Physical and atomic 2.2 Isotopes 3 Chemistry and compounds 3.1 Silicides 3.2 Silanes 3.3 Halides 3.4 Silica 3.5 Silicic acids 3.6 Silicate minerals 3.7 Other inorganic compounds 3.8 Organosilicon compounds 3.9 Silicone polymers 4 Occurrence 5 Production 6 Applications 6.1 Compounds 6.2 Alloys 6.3 Electronics 6.4 Mechanical watches 7 Biological role 8 Safety 9 See also 10 Bibliography 11 References 12 External links History Jöns Jacob Berzelius , discoverer of silicon In 1787 Antoine Lavoisier suspected that silica might be an oxide of a fundamental chemical element , but the chemical affinity of silicon for oxygen is high enough that he had no means to reduce the oxide and isolate the element . After an attempt to isolate silicon in 1808 , Sir Humphry Davy proposed the name `` silicium '' for silicon , from the Latin silex , silicis for flint , and adding the `` - ium '' ending because he believed it to be a metal . Most other languages use transliterated forms of Davy 's name , sometimes adapted to local phonology ( e.g. German Silizium , French silicium ) . A few others use instead a calque of the Latin root ( e.g. Russian кремний , from кремень `` flint '' ; Greek πυριτιο from πυρ `` fire '' ; Finnish pii from piikivi `` flint '' ) . In 1811 , Gay - Lussac and Thénard are thought to have prepared impure amorphous silicon , through the heating of recently isolated potassium metal with silicon tetrafluoride , but they did not purify and characterize the product , nor identify it as a new element . Silicon was given its present name in 1817 by Scottish chemist Thomas Thomson . He retained part of Davy 's name but added `` - on '' because he believed that silicon was a nonmetal similar to boron and carbon . In 1823 , Jöns Jacob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon using approximately the same method as Gay - Lussac ( reducing potassium fluorosilicate with molten potassium metal ) , but purifying the product to a brown powder by repeatedly washing it . As a result , he is usually given credit for the element 's discovery . The same year , Berzelius became the first to prepare silicon tetrachloride ; silicon tetrafluoride had already been prepared long before in 1771 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele by dissolving silica in hydrofluoric acid . Silicon in its more common crystalline form was not prepared until 31 years later , by Deville . By electrolyzing a mixture of sodium chloride and aluminium chloride containing approximately 10 % silicon , he was able to obtain a slightly impure allotrope of silicon in 1854 . Later , more cost - effective methods have been developed to isolate several allotrope forms , the most recent being silicene in 2010 . Meanwhile , research on the chemistry of silicon continued ; Friedrich Wöhler discovered the first volatile hydrides of silicon , synthesising trichlorosilane in 1857 and silane itself in 1858 , but a detailed investigation of the silanes was only carried out in the early 20th century by Alfred Stock , despite early speculation on the matter dating as far back as the beginnings of synthetic organic chemistry in the 1830s . Similarly , the first organosilicon compound , tetraethylsilane , was synthesised by Charles Friedel and James Crafts in 1863 , but detailed characterisation of organosilicon chemisry was only done in the early 20th century by Frederick Kipping . Starting in the 1920s , the work of William Lawrence Bragg on X-ray crystallography successfully elucidated the compositions of the silicates , which had previously been known from analytical chemistry but had not yet been understood , together with Linus Pauling 's development of crystal chemistry and Victor Goldschmidt 's development of geochemistry . The middle of the 20th century saw the development of the chemistry and industrial use of siloxanes and the growing use of silicone polymers , elastomers , and resins . In the late 20th century , the complexity of the crystal chemistry of silicides was mapped , along with the solid - state chemistry of doped semiconductors . Because silicon is an important element in high - technology semiconductor devices , many places in the world bear its name . For example , Santa Clara Valley in California acquired the nickname Silicon Valley since the element is the base material used in the semiconductor industry located there . Since then , many other locations have been nicknamed for similar reasons . Characteristics Physical and atomic Silicon crystallizes in a diamond cubic crystal structure A silicon atom has fourteen electrons . In the ground state , they are arranged in the electron configuration ( Ne ) 3s 3p . Of these , four are valence electrons , occupying the 3s orbital and two of the 3p orbitals . Like the other members of its group , the lighter carbon and the heavier germanium , tin , and lead , it has the same number of valence electrons as valence orbitals : hence , it can complete its octet and obtain the stable noble gas configuration of argon by forming sp hybrid orbitals , forming tetrahedral SiX derivatives where the central silicon atom shares an electron pair with each of the four atoms it is bonded to . The first four ionisation energies of silicon are 786.3 , 1576.5 , 3228.3 , and 4354.4 kJ / mol respectively ; these figures are high enough to preclude the possibility of simple cationic chemistry for the element . Following periodic trends , its single - bond covalent radius of 117.6 pm is intermediate between those of carbon ( 77.2 pm ) and germanium ( 122.3 pm ) . The hexacoordinate ionic radius of silicon may be considered to be 40 pm , although this must be taken as a purely notional figure given the lack of a simple Si cation in reality . At standard temperature and pressure , silicon is a shiny semiconductor with a bluish - grey metallic lustre ; as typical for semiconductors , its resistivity drops with temperature . This arises because silicon has a small energy gap between its highest occupied energy levels ( the valence band ) and the lowest unoccupied ones ( the conduction band ) . The Fermi level is about halfway between these and is the energy at which a state is as likely to be occupied by an electron as not . Hence pure silicon is an insulator at room temperature . However , doping silicon with a pnictogen such as phosphorus , arsenic , or antimony introduces one extra electron per dopant and these may then be excited into the conduction band either thermally or photolytically , creating an n - type semiconductor . Similarly , doping silicon with a group 13 element such as boron , aluminium , and gallium results in the introduction of acceptor levels that trap electrons that may be excited from the filled valence band , creating a p - type semiconductor . Joining n - type silicon to p - type silicon creates a p-n junction with a common Fermi level ; electrons flow from n to p , while holes flow from p to n , creating a voltage drop . This p-n junction thus acts as a diode that can rectify alternating curent that allows current to pass more easily one way than the other . A transistor is an n-p-n junction , with a thin layer of weakly p - type silicon between two n - type regions . Biasing the emitter through a small forward voltage and the collector through a large reverse voltage allows the transistor to act as a triode amplifier . Silicon crystallises in a giant covalent structure at standard conditions , specifically in a diamond cubic lattice . It thus has a high melting point of 1414 ° C. It is not known to have any allotropes at standard pressure , but several other crystal structures are known at higher pressures . The general trend is one of increasing coordination number with pressure , culminating in a hexagonal close - packed allotrope at about 40 gigapascals known as Si -- VII ( the standard modification being Si -- I ) . Silicon boils at 3265 ° C : this , while high , is still lower than the temperature at which its lighter congener carbon sublimes ( 3642 ° C ) and silicon similarly has a lower heat of vaporisation than carbon , consistent with the fact that the Si -- Si bond is weaker than the C -- C bond . Isotopes Main article : isotopes of silicon Naturally occurring silicon is composed of three stable isotopes , Si ( 92.23 % ) , Si ( 4.67 % ) , and Si ( 3.10 % ) , with Si being the most abundant . Out of these , only Si is of use in NMR and EPR spectroscopy , as it is the only one with a nuclear spin ( I = 1 / 2 ) . All three are produced in stars through the oxygen - burning process . Twenty radioisotopes have been characterized , with the most stable being Si with a half - life of about 150 years , and Si with a half - life of 2.62 hours . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are less than seven seconds , and the majority of these have half - lives that are less than one tenth of a second . Silicon does not have any known nuclear isomers . Si undergoes low - energy beta decay to P and then stable S. Si may be produced by the neutron activation of natural silicon and is thus useful for quantitative analysis ; it can be easily detected by its characteristic beta decay to stable P , in which the emitted electron carries up to 1.48 MeV of energy . The known isotopes of silicon range in mass number from 22 to 44 . The most common decay mode of the isotopes with mass numbers lower than the three stable isotopes is inverse beta decay , primarily forming aluminium isotopes ( 13 protons ) as decay products . The most common decay mode for the heavier unstable isotopes is beta decay , primarily forming phosphorus isotopes ( 15 protons ) as decay products . Chemistry and compounds C -- X and Si -- X bond energies ( kJ / mol ) X = Si Cl Br O -- N < C -- X 368 360 435 453 351 293 216 ~ 360 ~ 305 Si -- X 360 340 393 565 381 310 234 452 322 Crystalline bulk silicon is rather inert , but becomes more reactive at high temperatures . Like its neighbour aluminium , silicon forms a thin , continuous surface layer of silicon dioxide ( SiO ) that protects the metal from oxidation . Thus silicon does not measurably react with the air below 900 ° C , but formation of the vitreous dioxide rapidly increases between 950 ° C and 1160 ° C and when 1400 ° C is reached , atmospheric nitrogen also reacts to give the nitrides SiN and Si N. Silicon reacts with gaseous sulfur at 600 ° C and gaseous phosphorus at 1000 ° C . This oxide layer nevertheless does not prevent reaction with the halogens ; fluorine attacks silicon vigorously at room temperature , chlorine does so at about 300 ° C , and bromine and iodine at about 500 ° C. Silicon does not react with most aqueous acids , but is oxidised and fluorinated by a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid ; it readily dissolves in hot aqueous alkali to form silicates . At high temperatures , silicon also reacts with alkyl halides ; this reaction can be catalysed by copper to directly synthesise organosilicon chlorides as precursors to silicone polymers . Upon melting , silicon becomes extremely reactive in the liquid state , alloying with most metals to form silicides , and reducing most metal oxides because the heat of formation of silicon dioxide is so large . As a result , containers for liquid silicon must be made of refractory , unreactive materials such as zirconium dioxide or group 4 , 5 , and 6 borides . Tetrahedral coordination is a major structural motif in silicon chemistry just as it is for carbon chemistry . However , the 3p subshell is rather more diffuse than the 2p subshell and does not hybridise as well with the 3s subshell . As a result , the chemistry of silicon and its heavier congeners shows significant differences from that of carbon , and thus octahedral coordination is also significant . For example , the electronegativity of silicon ( 1.90 ) is much less than that of carbon ( 2.55 ) , because the valence electrons of silicon are further from the nucleus than those of carbon and hence experience smaller electrostatic forces of attraction from the nucleus . The poor overlap of 3p orbitals also results in a much lower tendency towards catenation ( formation of Si -- Si bonds ) for silicon than for carbon due to the concomitant weakening of the Si -- Si bond compared to the C -- C bond : the average Si -- Si bond energy is approximately 226 kJ / mol , compared to a value of 356 kJ / mol for the C -- C bond . This results in multiply bonded silicon compounds generally being much less stable than their carbon counterparts , an example of the double bond rule . On the other hand , the presence of 3d orbitals in the valence shell of silicon suggests the possibility of hypervalence , as seen in five - and six - coordinate derivatives of silicon such as SiX − 5 and SiF 2 − 6 . Lastly , because of the increasing energy gap between the valence s and p orbitals as the group is descended , the divalent state grows in importance from carbon to lead , so that a few unstable divalent compounds are known for silicon ; this lowering of the main oxidation state , in tandem with increasing atomic radii , results in an increase of metallic character down the group . Silicon already shows some incipient metallic behaviour , particularly in the behaviour of its oxide compounds and its reaction with acids as well as bases ( though this takes some effort ) , and is hence often referred to as a metalloid rather than a nonmetal . However , metallicity does not become clear until germanium and dominant until tin , with the growing importance of the lower + 2 oxidation state . Silicon shows clear differences with carbon . For example , organic chemistry has very few analogies with silicon chemistry , while silicate minerals have a structural complexity unseen in oxocarbons . Silicon tends to resemble germanium far more than it does carbon , and this resemblance is enhanced by the d - block contraction resulting in the size of the germanium atom being much closer to that of the silicon atom than periodic trends would predict . Nevertheless , there are still some differences because of the growing importance of the divalent state in germanium compared to silicon , that result in germanium being significantly more metallic than silicon . Additionally , the lower Ge -- O bond strength compared to the Si -- O bond strength results in the absence of `` germanone '' polymers that would be analogous to silicone polymers . Silicides Main articles : Silicide and Binary compounds of silicon Phase diagram of the Fe -- Si system Many metal silicides are known , most of which have formulae that can not be explained through simple appeals to valence : their bonding ranges from metallic to ionic and covalent . Some known stoichiometries are M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , M Si , MSi , M Si , MSi , MSi , and MSi . They are structurally more similar to the borides than the carbides , in keeping with the diagonal relationship between boron and silicon , although the larger size of silicon than boron means that exact structural analogies are few and far between . The heats of formation of the silicides are usually similar to those of the borides and carbides of the same elements , but they usually melt at lower temperatures . Silicides are known for all stable elements in groups 1 -- 10 , with the exception of beryllium : in particular , uranium and the transition metals of groups 4 -- 10 show the widest range of stoichiometries . Except for copper , the metals in groups 11 -- 15 do not form silicides . Most instead form eutectic mixtures , although the heaviest post-transition metals mercury , thallium , lead , and bismuth are completely immiscible with liquid silicon . Silicides are usually prepared by direct reaction of the elements . For example , the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals react with silicon or silicon oxide to give silicides . Nevertheless , even with these highly electropositive elements true silicon anions are not obtainable , and most of these compounds are semiconductors . For example , the alkali metal silicides ( M + ) 4 ( E4 − 4 ) contain pyramidal tricoordinate silicon in the Si 4 − 4 anion , isoeelctronic with white phosphorus , P. Metal - rich silicides tend to have isolated silicon atoms ( e.g. Cu Si ) ; with increasing silicon content , catenation increases , resulting in isolated clusters of two ( e.g. U Si ) or four silicon atoms ( e.g. ( K ) ( Si ) ) at first , followed by chains ( e.g. CaSi ) , layers ( e.g. CaSi ) , or three - dimensional networks of silicon atoms spanning space ( e.g. α - ThSi ) as the silicon content rises even higher . The silicides of the group 1 and 2 metals are usually more reactive than the transition metal silicides . The latter usually do not react with aqueous reagents , except for hydrofluoric acid ; however , they do react with much more aggressive reagents like liquid potassium hydroxide , or gaseous fluorine or chlorine when red - hot . The pre-transition metal silicides instead readily react with water and aqueous acids , usually producing hydrogen or silanes : Na Si + 3 H O → Na SiO + 3 H Mg Si + 2 H SO → 2 MgSO + SiH Products often vary with the stoichiometry of the silicide reactant . For example , Ca Si is polar and non-conducting and has the anti-PbCl structure with single isolated silicon atoms , and reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide , hydrated silicon dioxide , and hydrogen gas . CaSi with its zigzag chains of silicon atoms instead reacts to give silanes and polymeric SiH , while CaSi with its puckered layers of silicon atoms does not react with water , but will react with dilute hydrochloric acid : the product is a yellow polymeric solid with stoichiometry Si H O . Silanes Main article : Silanes Speculation on silicon hydride chemistry started from the 1830s , contemporary with the development of synthetic organic chemistry . Silane itself , as well as trichlorosilane , were first synthesised by Friedrich Wöhler and Heinrich Buff in 1857 by reacting aluminium -- silicon alloys with hydrochloric acid , and characterised as SiH and SiHCl by Charles Friedel and Albert Ladenburg in 1867 . Disilane ( Si H ) followed in 1902 , when it was first made by Henri Moissan and Samuel Smiles by the protonolysis of magnesium silicides . Further investigation had to wait until 1916 because of the great reactivity and thermal instability of the silanes ; it was then that Alfred Stock began the study of silicon hydrides in earnest with new greaseless vacuum techniques , as they were found as contaminants of his focus , the boron hydrides . The names silanes and boranes are due to him , based on analogy with the alkanes . Moissan and Smiles ' method of preparation of silanes and silane derivatives via protonolysis of metal silicides is still used , although the yield is lowered by the hydrolysis of the products that occurs simultaneously , and thus the preferred route today is to treat substituted silanes with hydride reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride in etheric solutions at low temperatures . Direct reaction of HX or RX with silicon , possibly with a catalyst such as copper , is also a viable method to produce substituted silanes . The silanes comprise a homologous series of silicon hydrides with the general formula Si H . They are all strong reducing agents . Unbranched and branched trains are known up to n = 8 , and the cycles Si H and Si H are also known . The first two , silane and disilane , are colourless gases ; the heavier members of the series are volatile liquids . All silanes are very reactive and catch fire or explode spontaneously in air . They become less thermally stable with room temperature , so that only silane is indefinitely stable at room temperature , although disilane does not decompose very quickly ( only 2.5 % of a sample decomposes after eight months have passed ) . They decompose to form polymeric polysilicon hydride and hydrogen gas . As expected from the difference in atomic weight , the silanes are less volatile than the corresponding alkanes and boranes , but more volatile than the corresponding germanes . They are much more reactive than the corresponding alkanes , because the larger radius of silicon compared to carbon facilitates nucleophilic attack at the silicon , the greater polarity of the Si -- H bond compared to the C -- H bond , and the ability of silicon to expand its octet and hence form adducts and lower the reaction 's activation energy . Silane pyrolysis gives polymeric species and finally elemental silicon and hydrogen ; indeed ultrapure silicon is commercially produced by the pyrolysis of silane . While the thermal decomposition of alkanes starts by the breaking of a C -- H or C -- C bond and the formation of radical intermediates , polysilanes decompose by eliminating silenes : SiH or : SiHR , as the activation energy of this process ( ~ 210 kJ / mol ) is much less than the Si -- Si and Si -- H bond energies . While pure silanes do not react with pure water or dilute acids , traces of alkali catalyse immediate hydrolysis to hydrated silicon dioxide . If the reaction is carried out in methanol , controlled solvolysis results in the products SiH ( OMe ) , SiH ( OMe ) , and Si ( OMe ) . The Si -- H bond also adds to alkenes , a reaction which proceeds slowly and speeds up with increasing substitution of the silane involved . At 450 ° C , silane participates in an addition reaction with acetone , as well as a ring - opening reaction with ethylene oxide . Direct reaction of the silanes with chlorine or bromine results in explosions at room temperature , but the reaction of silane with bromine at − 80 ° C is controlled and yields bromosilane and dibromosilane . The monohalosilanes may be formed by reacting silane with the appropriate hydrogen halide with an Al X catalyst , or by reacting silane with a solid silver halide in a heated flow reactor : SiH + 2 AgCl 260 ° C → SiH Cl + HCl + 2 Ag Among the derivatives of silane , iodosilane ( SiH I ) and potassium silanide ( KSiH ) are very useful synthetic intermediates in the production of more complicated silicon - containing compounds : the latter is a colourless crystalline ionic solid containing K cations and SiH − 3 anions in the NaCl structure , and is made by the reduction of silane by potassium metal . Additionally , the reactive hypervalent species SiH − 5 is also known . With suitable organic substituents it is possible to produce stable polysilanes : they have surprisingly high electric conductivities , arising from sigma delocalisation of the electrons in the chain . Halides Silicon and silicon carbide readily react with all four stable halogens , forming the colourless , reactive and volatile silicon tetrahalides . Silicon tetrafluoride may also be made by fluorinating the other silicon halides , and is produced by the attack of hydrofluoric acid on glass . Heating two different tetrahalides together also produce a random mixture of mixed halides , which may also be produced by halogen exchange reactions . The melting and boiling points of these species usually rise with increasing atomic weight , though there are many exceptions : for example , the melting and boiling points drop as one passes from SiFBr through SiFClBr to SiFCl Br . The shift from the hypoelectronic elements in group 13 and earlier to the group 14 elements is illustrated by the change from an infinite ionic structure in aluminium fluoride to a lattice of simple covalent silicon tetrafluoride molecules , as dictated by the lower electronegativity of aluminium than silicon , the stoichiometry ( the + 4 oxidation state being too high for true ionicity ) , and the smaller size of the silicon atom compared to the aluminium atom . Silicon tetrachloride is manufactured on a huge scale as a precursor to the production of pure silicon , silicon dioxide , and some silicon esters . The silicon tetrahalides hydrolyse readily in water , unlike the carbon tetrahalides , again because of the larger size of the silicon atom rendering it more open to nucleophilic attack and the ability of the silicon atom to expand its octet which carbon lacks . The reaction of silicon fluoride with excess hydrofluoric acid produces the octahedral hexafluorosilicate anion SiF 2 − 6 . Analogous to the silanes , halopolysilanes Si X are also known . While catenation in carbon compounds is maximised in the hydrogen compounds rather than the halides , the opposite is true for silicon , so that the halopolysilanes are known up to at least Si F , Si Cl , and Si Br . A suggested explanation for this phenomenon is the compensation for the electron loss of silicon to the more electronegative halogen atoms by pi backbonding from the filled p orbitals on the halogen atoms to the empty d orbitals on silicon : this is similar to the situation of carbon monoxide in metal carbonyl complexes and explains their stability . These halopolysilanes may be produced by comproportionation of silicon tetrahalides with elemental silicon , or by condensation of lighter halopolysilanes ( trimethylammonium being a useful catalyst for this reaction ) . Silica Silicon dioxide ( SiO ) , also known as silica , is one of the most well - studied compounds , second only to water . Twelve different crystal modifications of silica are known , the most common being α - quartz , a major constituent of many rocks such as granite and sandstone . It is also known to occur pure as rock crystal ; impure forms are known as rose quartz , smoky quartz , morion , amethyst , and citrine . Some poorly crystalline forms of quartz are also known , such as chalcedony , chrysoprase , carnelian , agate , onyx , jasper , heliotrope , and flint . Other modifications of silicon dioxide are known in some other minerals such as tridymite and cristobalite , as well as the much less common coesite and stishovite . Biologically generated forms are also known as kieselguhr and diatomaceous earth . Vitreous silicon dioxide is known as tectites , and obsidian , and rarely as lechatelierite . Some synthetic forms are known as keatite and W - silica . Opals are composed of complicated crystalline aggregates of partially hydrated silicon dioxide . Quartz Sandstone Smoky quartz Amethyst Citrine Agate Chrysoprase Onyx Jasper Heliotrope Tridymite Cristobalite Coesite Lechatelierite Most crystalline forms of silica are made of infinite arrangements of ( SiO ) tetrahedra connected at their corners , with each oxygen atom linked to two silicon atoms . In the thermodynamically stable room - temperature form , α - quartz , these tetrahedra are linked in intertwined helical chains with two different Si -- O distances ( 159.7 and 161.7 pm ) with a Si -- O -- Si angle of 144 ° . These helices can be either left - or right - handed , so that individual α - quartz crystals are optically active . At 537 ° C , this transforms quickly and reversibly into the similar β - quartz , with a change of the Si -- O -- Si angle to 155 ° but a retention of handedness . Further heating to 867 ° C results in another reversible phase transition to β - tridymite , in which some Si -- O bonds are broken to allow for the arrangement of the ( SiO ) tetrahedra into a more open and less dense hexagonal structure . This transition is slow and hence tridymite occurs as a metastable mineral even below this transition temperature ; when cooled to about 120 ° C it quickly and reversibly transforms by slight displacements of individual silicon and oxygen atoms to α - tridymite , similarly to the transition from α - quartz to β - quartz . β - tridymite slowly transforms to cubic β - cristobalite at about 1470 ° C , which once again exists metastably below this transition temperature and transforms at 200 -- 280 ° C to α - cristobalite via small atomic displacements . β - cristobalite melts at 1713 ° C ; the freezing of silica from themelt is quite slow and vitrification , or the formation of a glass , is likely to occur instead . In vitreous silica , the ( SiO ) tetrahedra remain corner - connected , but the symmetry and periodicity of the crystalline forms are lost . Because of the slow conversions between these three forms , it is possible upon rapid heating to melt β - quartz ( 1550 ° C ) or β - tridymite ( 1703 ° C ) . Silica boils at approximately 2800 ° C. Other high - pressure forms of silica are known , such as coesite and stishovite : these are known in nature , formed under the shock pressure of a meteorite impact and then rapidly quenched to preserve the crystal structure . Similar melting and cooling of silica occurs following lightning strikes , forming glassy lechatelierite . W - silica is an unstable low - density form involving ( SiO ) tetrahedra sharing opposite edges instead of corners , forming parallel chains similarly to silicon disulfide ( SiS ) and silicon diselenide ( SiSe ) : it quickly returns to forming amorphous silica with heat or traces of water . Condensed polysilicic acid Silica is rather inert chemically . It is not attacked by any acids other than hydrofluoric acid . However , it slowly dissolves in hot concentrated alkalis , and does so rather quickly in fused metal hydroxides or carbonates to give metal silicates . Among the elements , it is attacked only by fluorine at room temperature to form silicon tetrafluoride : hydrogen and carbon also react , but require temperatures over 1000 ° C to do so . Silica nevertheless reacts with many metal and metalloid oxides to form a wide variety of compounds important in the glass and ceramic industries above all , but also have many other uses : for example , sodium silicate is often used in detergents due to its buffering , saponifying , and emulsifying properties . Silicic acids Adding water to silica drops its melting point by around 800 ° C due to the breaking of the structure by replacing Si -- O -- Si linkages with terminating Si -- OH groups . Increasing water concentration results in the formation of hydrated silica gels and colloidal silica dispersions . Many hydrates and silicic acids exist in the most dilute of aqueous solutions , but these are rather insoluble and quickly precipitate and condense and cross-link to form various polysilicic acids of variable combinations following the formula ( SiO ( OH ) ) , similar to the behaviour of boron , aluminium , and iron , among other elements . Hence , although some simple silicic acids have been identified in dilute solutions , such as orthosilicic acid Si ( OH ) and metasilicic acid SiO ( OH ) , none of these are likely to exist in the solid state . Silicate minerals Main article : Silicate minerals Typical coordination of metal cations in silicates ( ionic radii in pm ) CN 4 Li ( 59 ) Be ( 27 ) Al ( 39 ) Si ( 26 ) CN 6 Na ( 102 ) Mg ( 72 ) Al ( 54 ) Ti ( 61 ) Fe ( 78 ) CN 8 K ( 151 ) Ca ( 112 ) CN 12 K ( 164 ) About 95 % of the Earth 's crustal rocks are made of silica or silicate and aluminosilicate minerals , as reflected in oxygen , silicon , and aluminium being the three most common elements in the crust ( in that order ) . Measured by mass , silicon makes up 27.7 % of the Earth 's crust . Pure silicon crystals are very rarely found in nature , but notable exceptions are crystals as large as to 0.3 mm across found during sampling gasses from the Kudriavy volcano on the island of Iturup , one of the Kuril Islands . Silicate and aluminosilicate minerals have many different structures and varying stoichiometry , but they may be classified following some general principles . Tetrahedral ( SiO ) units are common to almost all these compounds , either as discrete structures , or combined into larger units by the sharing of corner oxygen atoms . These may be divided into neso - silicates ( discrete ( SiO ) units ) sharing no oxygen atoms , soro - silicates ( discrete ( Si O ) units ) sharing one , cyclo - silicates ( closed ring structures ) and ino - silicates ( continuous chain or ribbon structures ) both sharing two , phyllo - silicates ( continuous sheets ) sharing three , and tecto - silicates ( continuous three - dimensional frameworks ) sharing four . The lattice of oxygen atoms that results is usually close - packed or close to it , with the charge being balanced by other cations in various different polyhedral sites according to size . The orthosilicates MII 2SiO 4 ( M = Be , Mg , Mn , Fe , Zn ) and ZrSiO are neso - silicates . Be SiO ( phenacite ) is rather unusual as both Be and Si occupy tetrahedral four - coordinated sites ; the other divalent cations instead occupy six - coordinated octahedral sites and often isomorphously replace each other as in olivine , ( Mg , Fe , Mn ) SiO . Zircon , ZrSiO , demands eight - coordination of the Zr cations due to stoichiometry and because of their larger ionic radius ( 84 pm ) . Also significant are the garnets , ( MII 3MIII 2 ( SiO 4 ) 3 ) , in which the divalent cations ( e.g. Ca , Mg , Fe ) are eight - coordinated and the trivalent ones are six - coordinated ( e.g. Al , Cr , Fe ) . Regular coordination is not always present : for example , it is not found in Ca SiO , which mixes six - and eight - coordinate sites for Ca . Soro - silicates , involving discrete double or triple tetrahedral units , are quite rare : metasilicates involving cyclic `` ( ( SiO ) ) '' units of corner - abutting tetrahedra forming a polygonal ring are also known . Chain metasilicates , ( SiO 2 − 3 ) ∞ , form by the corner - sharing of an indefinite chain of linked ( SiO ) tetrahedra . Many differences arise due to the differing repeat distances of conformation across the line of tetrahedra . A repeat distance of two is most common , as in most pyroxene minerals , but repeat distances of one , three , four , five , six , seven , nine , and twelve are also known . These chains can then link across each other to form double chains and ribbons , as in the asbestos minerals , involving repeated chains of cyclic tetrahedron rings . A typical zeolite structure Layer silicates , such as the clay minerals and the micas , are very common , and are often formed by horizontal cross-linking of metasilicate chains or planar condensation of smaller units . An example is kaolinite ( Al ( OH ) Si O ) ; in many of these minerals cation and anion replacement is common , so that for example tetrahedral Si may be replaced by Al , octahedral Al by Mg , and OH by F. Three - dimensional framework aluminosilicates are structurally very complex ; they may be conceived of as starting from the SiO structure , but having replaced up to one - half of the Si atoms with Al they require more cations to be included in the structure to balance charge . Examples include feldspars ( the most abundant minerals on the Earth ) , zeolites , and ultramarines . Many feldspars can be thought of as forming part of the ternary system NaAlSi O -- KAlSi O -- CaAl Si O. Their lattice is destroyed by high pressure prompting Al to undergo six - coordination rather than four - coordination , and this reaction destroying feldspars may be a reason for the Mohorovičić discontinuity , which would imply that the crust and mantle have the same chemical composition but different lattices , although this is not a universally held view . Zeolites have many polyhedral cavities in their frameworks ( truncated cuboctahedra being most common , but other polyhedra are also known as zeolite cavities ) , allowing them to include loosely bound molecules such as water in their structure . Ultramarines alternate silicon and aluminium atoms and include a variety of other anions such as Cl , SO 2 − 4 , and S2 − 2 , but are otherwise similar to the feldspars . Other Inorganic compounds Silicon disulfide ( SiS ) is formed by burning silicon in gaseous sulfur at 100 ° C ; sublimation of the resulting compound in nitrogen results in white , flexible long fibres reminiscent of asbestos with a structure similar to W - silica . This melts at 1090 ° C and sublimes at 1250 ° C ; at high temperature and pressure this transforms to a crystal structure analogous to cristobalite . However , SiS lacks the variety of structures of SiO , and quickly hydrolyses to silica and hydrogen sulfide . It is also ammonoloysed quickly and completely by liquid ammonia as follows to form an imide : SiS + 4 NH → Si ( NH ) + 2 NH SH It reacts with the sulfides of sodium , magnesium , aluminium , and iron to form metal thiosilicates : reaction with ethanol results in ethylsilicate Si ( OEt ) and hydrogen sulfide . Ethylsilicate is useful as its controlled hydrolysis produces adhesive or film - like forms of silica . Reacting hydrogen sulfide with silicon tetrahalides yields silicon thiohalides such as S ( SiCl ) , cyclic Cl Si ( μ - S ) SiCl , and crystalline ( SiSCl ) . Despite the double bond rule , stable organosilanethiones RR'Si = S have been made thanks to the stabilising mechanism of intermolecular coordination via an amine group . Silicon nitride , Si N , can be formed by directly reacting silicon with nitrogen above 1300 ° C , but a more economical means of production is by heating silica and coke in a stream of nitrogen and hydrogen gas at 1500 ° C. It would make a promising ceramic if not for the difficulty of working with and sintering it : it is chemically near - totally inert , and even above 1000 ° C it keeps its strength , shape , and continues to be resistant to wear and corrosion . It is very hard ( 9 on the Mohs hardness scale ) , dissociates only at 1900 ° C at 1 atm , and is quite dense ( density 3.185 g / cm ) , because of its compact structure similar to that of phenacite ( Be SiO ) . A similar refractory material is Si N O , formed by heating silicon and silica at 1450 ° C in an argon stream containing 5 % nitrogen gas , involving 4 - coordinate silicon and 3 - coordinate nitrogen alternating in puckered hexagonal tilings interlinked by non-linear Si -- O -- Si linkages to each other . Reacting silyl halides with ammonia or alkylammonia derivatives in the gaseous phase or in ethanolic solution produces various volatile silylamides , which are silicon analogues of the amines : 3 SiH Cl + 4 NH → N ( SiH ) + 3 NH Cl SiH Br + 2 Me NH → SiH NMe + Me NH Br 4 SiH I + 5 N H → ( SiH ) NN ( SiH ) + 4 N H I Many such compounds have been prepared , the only known restriction being that the nitrogen is always tertiary , and species containing the SiH -- NH group are unstable at room temperature . The stoichiometry around the nitrogen atom in compounds such as N ( SiH ) is planar , which has been attributed to ap -- d interaction between a lone pair on nitrogen and an empty d orbital on silicon . Similarly , trisilylamines are weaker as ligands than their carbon analogues , the tertiary amines , although substitution of some SiH groups by CH groups mitigates this weakness . Thus , for example , N ( SiH ) does not form an adduct with BH at all , while MeN ( SiH ) and Me NSiH form adducts at low temperatures that decompose upon warming . Some silicon analogues of imines , with a Si = N double bond , are known : the first found was Bu Si = N -- SiBu , which was discovered in 1986 . Silicon carbide Silicon carbide ( SiC ) was first made by Edward Goodrich Acheson in 1891 , who named it carborundum to reference its intermediate hardness and abrasive power between diamond ( an allotrope of carbon ) and corundum ( aluminium oxide ) . He soon founded a company to manufacture it , and today about one million tonnes are produced each year . Silicon carbide exists in about 250 crystalline forms . The polymorphism of SiC is characterized by a large family of similar crystalline structures called polytypes . They are variations of the same chemical compound that are identical in two dimensions and differ in the third . Thus , they can be viewed as layers stacked in a certain sequence . It is made industrially by reduction of quartz sand with excess coke or anthracite at 2000 -- 2500 ° C in an electric furnace : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO Si + C → SiC It is the most thermally stable binary silicon compound , only decomposing through loss of silicon starting from around 2700 ° C. It is resistant to most aqueous acids , phosphoric acid being an exception . It forms a protective layer of silicon dioxide on the surface and hence only oxidises appreciably in air above 1000 ° C ; removal of this layer by molten hydroxides or carbonates leads to quick oxidation . Silicon carbide is rapidly attacked by chlorine gas , which forms SiCl and carbon at 100 ° C and SiCl and CCl at 1000 ° C. It is mostly used as an abrasive and a refractory materia , as it is chemically stable and very strong , and it fractures to form a very sharp cutting edge . It is also useful as an intrinsic semiconductor , as well as an extrinsic semiconductor upon being doped . In its diamond - like behaviour it serves as an illustration of the chemical similarity between carbon and silicon . Organosilicon compounds Main article : Organosilicon A hydrosilylation reaction , in which Si -- H is added to an unsaturated substrate Because the Si -- C bond is close in strength to the C -- C bond , organosilicon compounds tend to be markedly thermally and chemically stable . For example , tetraphenylsilane ( SiPh ) may be distilled in air even at its boiling point of 428 ° C , and so can its substituted derivatives Ph SiCl and Ph SiCl , which boil at 378 ° C and 305 ° C respectively . Furthermore , since carbon and silicon are chemical congeners , organosilicon chemistry shows some significant similarities with carbon chemistry , for example in the propensity of such compounds for catenation and forming multiple bonds . However , significant differences also arise : since silicon is more electropositive than carbon , bonds to more electronegative elements are generally stronger with silicon than with carbon , and vice versa . Thus the Si -- F bond is significantly stronger than even the C -- F bond and is one of the strongest single bonds , while the Si -- H bond is much weaker than the C -- H bond and is readily broken . Furthermore , the ability of silicon to expand its octet is not shared by carbon , and hence some organosilicon reactions have no organic analogues . For example , nucleophilic attack on silicon does not proceed by the S 2 or S 1 processes , but instead goes through a negatively charged true pentacoordinate intermediate and appears like a substitution at a hindered tertiary atom . This works for silicon , unlike for carbon , because the long Si -- C bonds reduce the steric hindrance and the d - orbital of silicon is geometrically unconstrained for nucleophilic attack , unlike for example a C -- O σ * antibonding orbital . Nevertheless , despite these differences , the mechanism is still often called `` S 2 at silicon '' for simplicity . One of the most useful silicon - containing groups is trimethylsilyl , Me Si -- . The Si -- C bond connecting it to the rest of the molecule is reasonably strong , allowing it to remain while the rest of the molecule undergoes reactions , but is not so strong that it can not be removed specifically when needed , for example by the fluoride ion , which is a very weak nucleophile for carbon compounds but a very strong one for organosilicon compounds . It may be compared to acidic protons ; while trisilylmethyl is removed by hard nucleophiles instead of bases , both removals usually promote elimination . As a general rule , while saturated carbon is best attacked by nucleophiles that are neutral compounds , those based on nonmetals far down on the periodic table ( e.g. sulfur , selenium , or iodine ) , or even both , silicon is best attacked by charged nucleophiles , particularly those involving such highly electronegative nonmetals as oxygen , fluorine , or chlorine . For example , enolates react at the carbon in haloalkanes , but at the oxygen in silyl chlorides ; and when trimethylsilyl is removed from an organic molecule using hydroxide as a nucleophile , the product of the reaction is not the silanol as one would expect from using carbon chemistry as an analogy , because the siloxide is strongly nucleophilic and attacks the original molecule to yield the silyl ether hexamethyldisiloxane , ( Me Si ) O. Conversely , while the S 2 reaction is mostly unaffected by the presence of a partial positive charge ( δ + ) at the carbon , the analogous `` S 2 '' reaction at silicon is so affected . Thus , for example , the silyl triflates are so electrophilic that they react 10 to 10 times faster than silyl chlorides with oxygen - containing nucleophiles . Trimethylsilyl triflate is in particular a very good Lewis acid and is used to convert carbonyl compounds to acetals and silyl enol ethers , reacting them together analogously to the aldol reaction . Si -- C bonds are commonly formed in three ways . In the laboratory , preparation is often carried out in small quantities by reacting tetrachlorosilane with organolithium , Grignard , or organoaluminium reagents , or by catalytic addition of Si -- H across C = C double bonds . The second route has the drawback of not being applicable to the most important silanes , the methyl and phenyl silanes . Organosilanes are made industrially by directly reacting alkyl or aryl halides with silicon with 10 % by weight metallic copper as a catalyst . Standard organic reactions suffice to produce many derivatives ; the resulting organosilanes are often significantly more reactive than their carbon congeners , readily undergoing hydrolysis , ammonolysis , alcoholysis , and condensation to form cyclic oligomers or linear polymers . Silicone polymers Main article : Silicone Structure of polydimethylsiloxane , the principal component of silicones The word `` silicone '' was first used by Frederick Kipping in 1901 . He invented the word to illustrate the similarity of chemical formulae between Ph SiO and benzophenone , Ph CO , although he also stressed the lack of chemical resemblance due to the polymeric structure of Ph SiO , which is not shared by Ph CO . Silicones may be considered analogous to mineral silicates , in which the methyl groups of the silicones correspond to the isoelectronic O of the silicates . They are quite stable to extreme temperatures , oxidation , and water , and have useful dielectric , antistick , and antifoam properties . Furthermore , they are resistant over long periods of time to ultraviolet radiation and weathering , and are inert physiologically . They are fairly unreactive , but do react with concentrated solutions bearing the hydroxide ion and fluorinating agents , and occasionally can be even used as mild reagents for selective syntheses . For example , ( Me Si ) O is valuable for the preparation of derivatives of molybdenum and tungsten oxyhalides , converting a tungsten hexachloride suspension in dichloroethane solution quantitatively to WOCl in under an hour at room temperature , and then to yellow WO Cl at 100 ° C in light petroleum at a yield of 95 % overnight . Occurrence Olivine In the universe , silicon is the seventh most abundant element , coming after hydrogen , helium , carbon , nitrogen , oxygen , and neon . These abundances are not replicated well on Earth due to substantial separation of the elements taking place during the formation of the Solar System . Silicon makes up 27.2 % of the Earth 's crust by weight , second only to oxygen at 45.5 % , with which it is always associated in nature . Further fractionation took place in the formation of the Earth by planetary differentiation : Earth 's core , which makes up 31.5 % of the mass of the Earth , has approximate composition Fe Ni Co S ; the mantle makes up 68.1 % of the Earth 's mass and is composed mostly of denser oxides and silicates , an example being olivine , ( Mg , Fe ) SiO ; while the lighter siliceous minerals rise to the surface and form the crust , making up 0.4 % of the Earth 's mass . The crystallisation of igneous rocks from magma depends on a number of factors ; among them are the chemical composition of the magma , the cooling rate , and some properties of the individual minerals to be formed , such as lattice energy , melting point , and complexity of their crystal structure . As magma is cooled , olivine appears first , followed by pyroxene , amphibole , biotite mica , orthoclase feldspar , muscovite mica , quartz , zeolites , and finally hydrothermal minerals . This sequence shows a trend towards increasingly complex silicate units with cooling , and the introduction of hydroxide and fluoride anions in addition to oxides . Many metals can substitute for silicon . After these igneous rocks undergo weathering , transport , and deposition , sedimentary rocks like clay , shale , and sandstone are formed . Metamorphism also can occur at high temperatures and pressures , creating an even vaster variety of minerals . Production Silicon of 96 -- 99 % purity is made by reducing quartzite or sand with highly pure coke . The reduction is carried out in an electric arc furnace , with an excess of SiO used to stop silicon carbide from accumulating : SiO + 2 C → Si + 2 CO 2 SiC + SiO → 3 Si + 2 CO Ferrosilicon alloy This reaction , known as carbothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , is usually conducted in the presence of scrap iron with low amounts of phosphorus and sulfur , produing ferrosilicon . Ferrosilicon , an iron - silicon alloy that contains varying ratios of elemental silicon and iron , accounts for about 80 % of the world 's production of elemental silicon , with China , the leading supplier of elemental silicon , providing 4.6 million tonnes ( or 2 / 3 of the world output ) of silicon , most of which is in the form of ferrosilicon . It is followed by Russia ( 610,000 t ) , Norway ( 330,000 t ) , Brazil ( 240,000 t ) and the United States ( 170,000 t ) . Ferrosilicon is primarily used by the iron and steel industry ( see below ) with primary use as alloying addition in iron or steel and for de-oxidation of steel in integrated steel plants . Another sometimes used reaction is aluminothermal reduction of silicon dioxide , as follows : 3 SiO + 4 Al → 3 Si + 2 Al O Leaching powdered 96 -- 97 % pure silicon with water results in ~ 98.5 % pure silicon , which is used in the chemical industry . However , even greater purity is needed for semiconductor applications , and this is produced from the reduction of tetrachlorosilane or trichlorosilane . The former is made by chlorinating scrap silicon and the latter is a byproduct of silicone production . These compounds are volatile and hence can be purified by repeated fractional distillation , followed by reduction to elemental silicon with very pure zinc metal as the reeducing agent . The spongy pieces of silicon thus produced are melted and then grown to form cylindrical single crystals , before being purified by zone refining . Other routes use the thermal decomposition of silane or tetraiodosilane . Another process used is the reduction of sodium hexafluorosilicate , a common waste product of the phosphate fertiliser industry , by metallic sodium : this is highly exothermic and hence requires no outside fuel source . Hyperfine silicon is made at a higher purity than almost every other material : transistor production requires impurity levels in silicon crystals less than 1 part per 10 , and in special cases impurity levels below 1 part per 10 are needed and attained . Applications Compounds Most silicon is used industrially without being purified , and indeed often with comparatively little processing from its natural form . Over 90 % of the Earth 's crust is composed of silicate minerals , which are compounds of silicon and oxygen , often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate anions require cations to balance the charge . Many of these have direct commercial uses , such as clays , silica sand and most kinds of building stone . Thus , the vast majority of uses for silicon are as structural compounds , either as the silicate minerals or silica ( crude silicon dioxide ) . Silicates are used in making Portland cement ( made mostly of calcium silicates ) which is used in building mortar and modern stucco , but more importantly , combined with silica sand , and gravel ( usually containing silicate minerals like granite ) , to make the concrete that is the basis of most of the very largest industrial building projects of the modern world . Silica is used to make fire brick , a type of ceramic . Silicate minerals are also in whiteware ceramics , an important class of products usually containing various types of fired clay minerals ( natural aluminium phyllosilicates ) . An example is porcelain which is based on the silicate mineral kaolinite . Traditional glass ( silica - based soda - lime glass ) also functions in many of the same ways , and is also used for windows and containers . In addition , specialty silica based glass fibers are used for optical fiber , as well as to produce fiberglass for structural support and glass wool for thermal insulation . Silicones are often used in waterproofing treatments , molding compounds , mold - release agents , mechanical seals , high temperature greases and waxes , and caulking compounds . Silicone is also sometimes used in breast implants , contact lenses , explosives and pyrotechnics . Silly Putty was originally made by adding boric acid to silicone oil . Other silicon compounds function as high - technology abrasives and new high - strength ceramics based upon silicon carbide . Silicon is a component of some superalloys . Alloys Elemental silicon is added to molten cast iron as ferrosilicon or silicocalcium alloys to improve performance in casting thin sections and to prevent the formation of cementite where exposed to outside air . The presence of elemental silicon in molten iron acts as a sink for oxygen , so that the steel carbon content , which must be kept within narrow limits for each type of steel , can be more closely controlled . Ferrosilicon production and use is a monitor of the steel industry , and although this form of elemental silicon is grossly impure , it accounts for 80 % of the world 's use of free silicon . Silicon is an important constituent of electrical steel , modifying its resistivity and ferromagnetic properties . The properties of silicon can be used to modify alloys with metals other than iron . `` Metallurgical grade '' silicon is silicon of 95 -- 99 % purity . About 55 % of the world consumption of metallurgical purity silicon goes for production of aluminium - silicon alloys ( silumin alloys ) for aluminium part casts , mainly for use in the automotive industry . Silicon 's importance in aluminium casting is that a significantly high amount ( 12 % ) of silicon in aluminium forms a eutectic mixture which solidifies with very little thermal contraction . This greatly reduces tearing and cracks formed from stress as casting alloys cool to solidity . Silicon also significantly improves the hardness and thus wear - resistance of aluminium . Electronics Main article : Semiconductor device fabrication Silicon wafer with mirror finish Most elemental silicon produced remains as a ferrosilicon alloy , and only about 20 % is refined to metallurgical grade purity ( a total of 1.3 -- 1.5 million metric tons / year ) . An estimated 15 % of the world production of metallurgical grade silicon is further refined to semiconductor purity . However , the economic importance of this small very high - purity fraction ( especially the ~ 5 % which is processed to monocrystalline silicon for integrated circuits ) is disproportionately large . Pure monocrystalline silicon is used to produce silicon wafers used in the semiconductor industry , in electronics , and in some high - cost and high - efficiency photovoltaic applications . Pure silicon is an intrinsic semiconductor , which means that unlike metals , it conducts electron holes and electrons released from atoms by heat ; silicon 's electrical conductivity increases with higher temperatures . Pure silicon has too low a conductivity ( i.e. , too high a resistivity ) to be used as a circuit element in electronics . In practice , pure silicon is doped with small concentrations of certain other elements , which greatly increase its conductivity and adjust its electrical response by controlling the number and charge ( positive or negative ) of activated carriers . Such control is necessary for transistors , solar cells , semiconductor detectors , and other semiconductor devices used in the computer industry and other technical applications . In silicon photonics , silicon can be used as a continuous wave Raman laser medium to produce coherent light , though it is ineffective as an everyday light source . In common integrated circuits , a wafer of monocrystalline silicon serves as a mechanical support for the circuits , which are created by doping and insulated from each other by thin layers of silicon oxide , an insulator that is easily produced by exposing the element to oxygen under the proper conditions . Silicon has become the most popular material for both high power semiconductors and integrated circuits because it can withstand the highest temperatures and greatest electrical activity without suffering avalanche breakdown ( an electron avalanche is created when heat produces free electrons and holes , which in turn pass more current , which produces more heat ) . In addition , the insulating oxide of silicon is not soluble in water , which gives it an advantage over germanium ( an element with similar properties which can also be used in semiconductor devices ) in certain fabrication techniques . Monocrystalline silicon is expensive to produce , and is usually justified only in production of integrated circuits , where tiny crystal imperfections can interfere with tiny circuit paths . For other uses , other types of pure silicon may be employed . These include hydrogenated amorphous silicon and upgraded metallurgical - grade silicon ( UMG - Si ) used in the production of low - cost , large - area electronics in applications such as liquid crystal displays and of large - area , low - cost , thin - film solar cells . Such semiconductor grades of silicon are either slightly less pure or polycrystalline rather than monocrystalline , and are produced in comparable quatities as the monocrystalline silicon : 75,000 to 150,000 metric tons per year . The market for the lesser grade is growing more quickly than for monocrystalline silicon . By 2013 , polycrystalline silicon production , used mostly in solar cells , was projected to reach 200,000 metric tons per year , while monocrystalline semiconductor grade silicon was expected to remain less than 50,000 tons / year . Mechanical watches Since 2000 , silicon has found a new use in mechanical watch movements . Several manufacturers of mechanical watch movements have incorporated silicon parts , mainly in the escapements and balance wheel regions . Silicon hair - springs are becoming more common as are silicon escapement wheels and forks . Silicon has several desirable properties when used in these contexts ; It is thermally stable , shock resistant , and requires little to no lubrication . Ulysse Nardin pioneered these applications , with Omega , Breguet , Patek , Rolex , Cartier , and Damasko following . Most of these parts for watch movements are manufactured by deep reactive - ion etching ( DRIE ) . Biological role A diatom , enclosed in a silica cell wall Although silicon is readily available in the form of silicates , very few organisms use it directly . Diatoms , radiolaria and siliceous sponges use biogenic silica as a structural material for skeletons . In more advanced plants , the silica phytoliths ( opal phytoliths ) are rigid microscopic bodies occurring in the cell ; some plants , for example rice , need silicon for their growth . There is some evidence that silicon is important to nail , hair , bone and skin health in humans , for example in studies that show that premenopausal women with higher dietary silicon intake have higher bone density , and that silicon supplementation can increase bone volume and density in patients with osteoporosis . Silicon is needed for synthesis of elastin and collagen , of which the aorta contains the greatest quantity in the human body . Silicon is currently under consideration for elevation to the status of a `` plant beneficial substance by the Association of American Plant Food Control Officials ( AAPFCO ) . '' Silicon has been shown in university and field studies to improve plant cell wall strength and structural integrity , improve drought and frost resistance , decrease lodging potential , and boost the plant 's natural pest and disease fighting systems . Silicon has also been shown to improve plant vigor and physiology by improving root mass and density , and increasing above - ground plant biomass and crop yields . Safety People can be exposed to silicon in the workplace by breathing it in , swallowing it , skin contact , and eye contact . The Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has set the legal limit ( Permissible exposure limit ) for silicon exposure in the workplace as 15 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 10 mg / m total exposure and 5 mg / m respiratory exposure over an 8 - hour workday . See also Amorphous silicon Black silicon Covalent superconductors List of countries by silicon production List of silicon producers Monocrystalline silicon Silicon Nanowires ( SiNWs ) Polycrystalline silicon Printed silicon electronics Silicon tombac Silicon Valley Silicon Wadi Transistor Books View or order collections of articles Silicon Period 3 elements Carbon group Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) Portals Access related topics Chemistry portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Bibliography Clayden , Jonathan ; Greeves , Nick ; Warren , Stuart ( 2012 ) . Organic Chemistry ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927029 - 3 . Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . King , R. Bruce ( 1995 ) . Inorganic Chemistry of Main Group Elements . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 0 - 471 - 18602 - 3 . References Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . Jump up ^ Ram , R.S. ; et al. ( 1998 ) . `` Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D -- X2P Transition of SiH and SiD '' ( PDF ) . J. Mol . Spectr. 190 : 341 -- 352 . PMID 9668026 . Jump up ^ Eranna , Golla ( 2014 ) . Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI . CRC Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 3281 - 3 . Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hopcroft , Matthew A. ; Nix , William D. ; Kenny , Thomas W. ( 2010 ) . `` What is the Young 's Modulus of Silicon ? '' . Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems . 19 ( 2 ) : 229 . doi : 10.1109 / JMEMS. 2009.2039697 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ Nave , R. Abundances of the Elements in the Earth 's Crust , Georgia State University Jump up ^ Nielsen , Forrest H. ( 1984 ) . `` Ultratrace Elements in Nutrition '' . Annual Review of Nutrition. 4 : 21 -- 41 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nu. 04.070184. 000321 . PMID 6087860 . Jump up ^ Cutter , Elizabeth G. ( 1978 ) . Plant Anatomy . Part 1 Cells and Tissues ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Edward Arnold . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 2639 - 6 . Jump up ^ In his table of the elements , Lavoisier listed five `` salifiable earths '' ( i.e. , ores that could be made to react with acids to produce salts ( salis = salt , in Latin ) : chaux ( calcium oxide ) , magnésie ( magnesia , magnesium oxide ) , baryte ( barium sulfate ) , alumine ( alumina , aluminium oxide ) , and silice ( silica , silicon dioxide ) . About these `` elements '' , Lavoisier speculates : `` We are probably only acquainted as yet with a part of the metallic substances existing in nature , as all those which have a stronger affinity to oxygen than carbon possesses , are incapable , hitherto , of being reduced to a metallic state , and consequently , being only presented to our observation under the form of oxyds , are confounded with earths . It is extremely probable that barytes , which we have just now arranged with earths , is in this situation ; for in many experiments it exhibits properties nearly approaching to those of metallic bodies . It is even possible that all the substances we call earths may be only metallic oxyds , irreducible by any hitherto known process . '' -- from page 218 of : Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans. , Elements of Chemistry , ... , 4th ed . ( Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech , 1799 ) . ( The original passage appears in : Lavoisier , Traité Élémentaire de Chimie , ( Paris , France : Cuchet , 1789 ) , vol. 1 , p. 174 . ) ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 328 -- 9 Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) `` Electro chemical researches , on the decomposition of the earths ; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths , and on the amalgam procured from ammonia , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society ( of London ) , 98 : 333 -- 370 . On p. 353 Davy coins the name `` silicium '' : `` Had I been so fortunate as to have obtained more certain evidences on this subject , and to have procured the metallic substances I was in search of , I should have proposed for them the names of silicium ( silicon ) , alumium ( aluminium ) , zirconium , and glucium ( beryllium ) . '' Jump up ^ `` 14 Silicon '' . Elements.vanderkrogt.net . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gay - Lussac and Thenard , Recherches physico - chimiques ... ( Paris , France : Deterville , 1811 ) , vol. 1 , pp. 313 -- 314 ; vol. 2 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Thomas Thomson , A System of Chemistry in Four Volumes , 5th ed . ( London , England : Baldwin , Cradock , and Joy , 1817 ) , vol. 1 . From p. 252 : `` The base of silica has been usually considered as a metal , and called silicium . But as there is not the smallest evidence for its metallic nature , and as it bears a close resemblance to boron and carbon , it is better to class it along with these bodies , and to give it the name of silicon . '' Jump up ^ See : Berzelius announced his discovery of silicon ( `` silicium '' ) in : Berzelius , J. ( presented : 1823 ; published : 1824 ) `` Undersökning af flusspatssyran och dess märkvärdigaste föreningar '' ( Investigation of hydrofluoric acid and of its most noteworthy compounds ) , Kongliga Vetenskaps - Academiens Handlingar ( Proceedings of the Royal Science Academy ) , 12 : 46 -- 98 . The isolation of silicon and its characterization are detailed in the section titled `` Flussspatssyrad kisseljords sönderdelning med kalium , '' pp. 46 -- 68 . The above article was reprinted in German in : J.J. Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` II . Untersuchungen über Flussspathsäure und deren merkwürdigsten Verbindungen '' ( II . Investigations of hydrofluoric acid and its most noteworthy compounds ) , Annalen der Physik , 77 : 169 -- 230 . The isolation of silicon is detailed in the section titled : `` Zersetzung der flussspaths . Kieselerde durch Kalium '' ( Decomposition of silicate fluoride by potassium ) , pp. 204 -- 210 . The above article was reprinted in French in : Berzelius ( 1824 ) `` Décomposition du fluate de silice par le potassium '' ( Decomposition of silica fluoride by potassium ) , Annales de Chimie et de Physique , 27 : 337 -- 359 . Reprinted in English in : Berzelius ( 1825 ) `` On the mode of obtaining silicium , and on the characters and properties of that substance , '' Philosophical Magazine , 65 ( 324 ) : 254 -- 267 . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements : XII . Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium : beryllium , boron , silicon , and aluminum '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 8 ) : 1386 -- 1412 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1386 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1386 . Jump up ^ Voronkov , M.G. ( 2007 ) . `` Silicon era '' . Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry . 80 ( 12 ) : 2190 . doi : 10.1134 / S1070427207120397 . Jump up ^ In 1854 , Deville was trying to prepare aluminium metal from aluminium chloride that was heavily contaminated with silicon chloride . Deville used two methods to prepare aluminium : heating aluminium chloride with sodium metal in an inert atmosphere ( of hydrogen ) ; and melting aluminum chloride with sodium chloride and then electrolyzing the mixture . In both cases , pure silicon was produced : the silicon dissolved in the molten aluminium , but crystallized upon cooling . Dissolving the crude aluminum in hydrochloric acid revealed flakes of crystallized silicon . See : Henri Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1854 ) `` Note sur deux procédés de préparation de l'aluminium et sur une nouvelle forme du silicium '' ( Note on two procedures for the preparation of aluminium and on a new form of silicon ) , Comptes rendus , 39 : 321 -- 326 . Subsequently Deville obtained crystalline silicon by heating the chloride or fluoride of silicon with sodium metal , isolating the amorphous silicon , then melting the amorphous form with salt and heating the mixture until most of the salt evaporated . See : H. Sainte - Claire Deville ( 1855 ) `` Du silicium et du titane '' ( On silicon and titanium ) , Comptes rendus , 40 : 1034 -- 1036 . Jump up ^ Information on silicon -- history , thermodynamic , chemical , physical and electronic properties : Etacude.com . Elements.etacude.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Silicon : History . Nautilus.fis.uc.pt . Retrieved on 2011 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Aufray , B. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; LéAndri , C. ; Ealet , B. ; Le Lay , G. ( 2010 ) . `` Graphene - like silicon nanoribbons on Ag ( 110 ) : A possible formation of silicene '' . Applied Physics Letters. 96 ( 18 ) : 183102 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 96r3102A . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3419932 . Jump up ^ Lalmi , B. ; Oughaddou , H. ; Enriquez , H. ; Kara , A. ; Vizzini , S.B. ; Ealet , B.N. ; Aufray , B. ( 2010 ) . `` Epitaxial growth of a silicene sheet '' . Applied Physics Letters. 97 ( 22 ) : 223109 . arXiv : 1204.0523 . Bibcode : 2010ApPhL ... 97v3109L . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3524215 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 337 -- 40 Jump up ^ Uskali , T. , & Nordfors , D. ( 2007 , 23 May ) . The role of journalism in creating the metaphor of Silicon Valley . Paper presented at the Innovation Journalism 4 Conference , Stanford University , Palo Alto , Calif. , http://www.innovationjournalism.org/ij4/presentations/turouskalidavidnordfors.pdf , retrieved 8 August 2016 Jump up ^ King , pp. xiii -- xviii ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 372 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 331 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : NNDC contributors ( 2008 ) . Alejandro A. Sonzogni ( Database Manager ) , ed . `` Chart of Nuclides '' . Upton ( NY ) : National Nuclear Data Center , Brookhaven National Laboratory . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Jerschow , Alexej . `` Interactive NMR Frequency Map '' . New York University . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 330 -- 1 Jump up ^ Cameron , A.G.W. ( 1973 ) . `` Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System '' ( PDF ) . Space Science Reviews . 15 : 121 -- 146 . Bibcode : 1973SSRv ... 15 ... 121C . doi : 10.1007 / BF00172440 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Kaupp , Martin ( 1 December 2006 ) . `` The role of radial nodes of atomic orbitals for chemical bonding and the periodic table '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Computational Chemistry . 28 ( 1 ) : 320 -- 5 . doi : 10.1002 / jcc. 20522 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : King , pp. 43 -- 4 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 374 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 335 -- 7 Jump up ^ King , pp. 45 -- 7 Jump up ^ E. Wiber , Alfred Stock and the Renaissance of Inorganic Chemistry , '' Pure Appl . Chem. , Vol. 49 ( 1977 ) pp. 691 - 700 . Jump up ^ J.W. Mellor , `` A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry , '' Vol . VI , Longman , Green and Co. ( 1947 ) pp. 223 - 227 . Jump up ^ W.W. Porterfield , Inorganic Chemistry : A Unified Approach , 2nd Ed. `` , Academic Press ( 1993 ) , p. 219 . Jump up ^ Inorganic Chemistry , Holleman - Wiberg , John Wiley & Sons ( 2001 ) p. 844 . Jump up ^ King , p. 47 Jump up ^ Miller , R.D. ; Michl , J. ( 1989 ) . `` Polysilane high polymers '' . Chemical Reviews . 89 ( 6 ) : 1359 . doi : 10.1021 / cr00096a006 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 340 -- 2 ^ Jump up to : King , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 342 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 347 -- 59 Jump up ^ Geological Survey ( U.S. ) ( 1975 ) . Geological Survey professional paper . Jump up ^ Korzhinsky , M.A. ; Tkachenko , S.I. ; Shmulovich , K.I. ; Steinberg , G.S. ( 1995 ) . `` Native AI and Si formation '' . Nature . 375 ( 6532 ) : 544 -- 544 . Bibcode : 1995Natur. 375 ... 544K . doi : 10.1038 / 375544a0 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . Jump up ^ Cordua , Courtesy of Dr Bill ( 1998 - 01 - 10 ) , English : PDF file entitled : `` Silicon , Silica , Silicates and Silicone '' ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 04 - 18 , retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 359 -- 61 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 334 Jump up ^ Cheung , Rebecca ( 2006 ) . Silicon carbide microelectromechanical systems for harsh environments . Imperial College Press . p. 3 . ISBN 1 - 86094 - 624 - 0 . Jump up ^ Morkoç , H. ; Strite , S. ; Gao , G.B. ; Lin , M.E. ; Sverdlov , B. ; Burns , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Large - band - gap SiC , III - V nitride , and II - VI ZnSe - based semiconductor device technologies '' . Journal of Applied Physics. 76 ( 3 ) : 1363 . Bibcode : 1994JAP ... 76.1363 M . doi : 10.1063 / 1.358463 . ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 361 -- 6 ^ Jump up to : Clayden , pp. 668 -- 77 ^ Jump up to : Greenwood and Earnshaw , pp. 329 -- 30 Jump up ^ `` Silicon Commodities Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Zulehner et al. , p. 574 Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 356 Jump up ^ Koch , E.C. ; Clement , D. ( 2007 ) . `` Special Materials in Pyrotechnics : VI . Silicon -- An Old Fuel with New Perspectives '' . Propellants , Explosives , Pyrotechnics. 32 ( 3 ) : 205 . doi : 10.1002 / prep. 200700021 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Tim ( 2005 ) . `` Silly Putty '' . Timeless toys : classic toys and the playmakers who created them . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5571 - 2 . Jump up ^ Apelian , D. ( 2009 ) Aluminum Cast Alloys : Enabling Tools for Improved Performance . North American Die Casting Association , Wheeling , Illinois . ^ Jump up to : Corathers , Lisa A. 2009 Minerals Yearbook . USGS Jump up ^ Semiconductors Without the Quantum Physics . Electropaedia Jump up ^ Silicon hairspring . Woundforlife.com . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ The Silicon revolution . Europastar.com ( 2008 - 08 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Atta - ur - . `` Silicon '' . Studies in Natural Products Chemistry . 35 . p. 856 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 53181 - 0 . Jump up ^ Exley , C. ( 1998 ) . `` Silicon in life : A bioinorganic solution to bioorganic essentiality '' . Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry . 69 ( 3 ) : 139 -- 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0162 - 0134 ( 97 ) 10010 - 1 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Emanuel ( 1999 ) . `` SILICON '' . Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology . 50 : 641 -- 664 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. arplant. 50.1. 641 . PMID 15012222 . Jump up ^ Martin , Keith R. ( 2013 ) . `` Chapter 14 . Silicon : The Health Benefits of a Metalloid '' . In Astrid Sigel ; Helmut Sigel ; Roland K.O. Sigel . Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases . Metal Ions in Life Sciences . 13 . Springer . pp. 451 -- 473 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 94 - 007 - 7500 - 8_14 . Jump up ^ Jugdaohsingh , R. ( Mar -- Apr 2007 ) . `` Silicon and bone health '' . The journal of nutrition , health and aging . 11 ( 2 ) : 99 -- 110 . PMC 2658806 . PMID 17435952 . Jump up ^ Loeper , J. ; Loeper , J. ; Fragny , M. ( 1978 ) . `` The Physiological Role of the Silicon and its AntiAtheromatous Action '' . Biochemistry of Silicon and Related Problems : 281 -- 296 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4018 - 8_13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4613 - 4020 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` AAPFCO Board of Directors 2006 Mid-Year Meeting '' . Association of American Plant Food Control Officials . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Miranda , Stephen R. ; Bruce Barker . `` Silicon : Summary of Extraction Methods '' . Harsco Minerals . August 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silicon nutrition in plants '' ( PDF ) . Plant Health Care , Inc. : 1 . 12 December 2000 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Prakash , Dr. N.B. ( 2007 ) . `` Evaluation of the calcium silicate as a source of silicon in aerobic and wet rice '' . University of Agricultural Science Bangalore : 1 . Jump up ^ `` CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards -- Silicon '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 21 . External links Silicon at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) CDC -- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards New Semiconductor Materials -- Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute St. Petersburg , Russia ( hide ) Periodic table ( Large cells ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 He Li Be O Ne Na Mg Al Si Cl Ar Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Xe 6 Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 7 Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og Alkali metal Alkaline earth metal Lanthanide Actinide Transition metal Post - ​ transition metal Metalloid Polyatomic nonmetal Diatomic nonmetal Noble gas Unknown chemical properties Silicon compounds Si ( II ) SiO SiS Si ( IV ) SiBr SiC SiCl SiF SiH SiI SiO SiS Si N LCCN : sh85122512 GND : 4077445 - 4 BNF : cb11976956v ( data ) NDL : 00565390 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon&oldid=806087910 '' Categories : Silicon Chemical elements Metalloids Group IV semiconductors Pyrotechnic fuels Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements Dietary minerals Reducing agents Native element minerals Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Noindexed articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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when was silicon added to the periodic table

Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14 . A hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue - grey metallic lustre , it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor . It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table , along with carbon above it and germanium , tin , and lead below . It is rather unreactive , though less so than germanium , and has a very large chemical affinity for oxygen ; as such , it was first prepared and characterized in pure form only in 1823 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius .

Vegas Golden Knights - Wikipedia Vegas Golden Knights Jump to : navigation , search Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- 18 Vegas Golden Knights season Conference Western Division Pacific Founded 2017 History Vegas Golden Knights 2017 -- present Home arena T - Mobile Arena City Paradise , Nevada Colors Steel grey , gold , red , black Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( TV ) KRLV ( Fox Sports 1340 / 98.9 ) ( English radio ) KENO ( ESPN Deportes 1460 ) ( Spanish radio ) Owner ( s ) Bill Foley ( 70 % ) Maloof family ( 30 % ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Minor league affiliates Chicago Wolves ( AHL ) Stanley Cups 0 Conference championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Official website nhl.com/goldenknights The Vegas Golden Knights are an ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season , and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background and establishment 1.2 Start of operations : 2017 -- present 2 Team identity 2.1 Logos , colors , and uniforms 2.2 Name 2.3 Mascot 3 Team information 3.1 Broadcasting 3.2 Minor league affiliate 4 Players and personnel 4.1 Current roster 4.2 Head coaches 4.3 General managers 5 Team and league honors 5.1 Awards and trophies 5.2 First - round draft picks 5.3 Retired numbers 6 Records 6.1 Regular season scoring leaders 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Background and establishment ( edit ) The NHL has had a presence in Las Vegas since 1991 , when an outdoor game was held in Las Vegas , with the Los Angeles Kings facing the New York Rangers outside Caesars Palace in a preseason exhibition game . The city has since hosted the Frozen Fury , a preseason competition between the Los Angeles Kings and the Colorado Avalanche , and the NHL Awards ceremonies have been held in Las Vegas since 2009 . In 2009 , the media speculated about a plan involving Hollywood producer Jerry Bruckheimer to move the Phoenix Coyotes to Nevada . Rumors of a Las Vegas expansion team surfaced again in August 2014 , pointing to a new indoor arena on the Strip ( built as a joint venture between Anschutz Entertainment Group , owners of the Los Angeles Kings , and MGM Resorts International ) as the potential home arena , although these rumors were denied by the league . In November 2014 , an unconfirmed report stated that the league had selected billionaire businessman Bill Foley and the Maloof family ( former owners of the National Basketball Association 's Sacramento Kings , and founders of the Palms Casino Resort ) to lead the ownership group for a Las Vegas expansion team . In December 2014 , the NHL 's board of governors decided to allow Foley to hold a season ticket drive to gauge interest in a Las Vegas team , though league commissioner Gary Bettman also warned the media to `` ( not ) make more out of this than it is '' . The season ticket drive began in February 2015 , with interested parties placing ten percent deposits for the 2016 -- 17 season . The drive drew 5,000 deposits in its first day and a half , and reached its goal of 10,000 deposits by April 2015 . In June 2015 , the league officially opened the window for prospective owners to bid on expansion teams . By this point , Foley had secured more than 13,200 season - ticket deposits . Two expansion applications were submitted : Foley 's application for a Las Vegas team , and a bid from Quebecor to revive the Quebec Nordiques at a new arena in Quebec City . Both Las Vegas and Quebec were invited to move into Phase II of the league expansion bid in August 2015 , and subsequently advanced to Phase III . At the league owners ' meeting on June 22 , 2016 , in Las Vegas , the Las Vegas expansion bid was approved by a unanimous vote , with play to begin in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season . The team became the first major professional sports franchise to be based in Las Vegas , and the first NHL expansion team since 2000 . Foley committed to pay the league 's $500 million expansion fee and began the process of hiring the team 's principal staff and determining its official identity . Foley announced that former Washington Capitals general manager George McPhee would be the franchise 's first general manager . On November 22 , 2016 , the name was revealed as the Vegas Golden Knights . Start of operations : 2017 -- present ( edit ) On March 1 , 2017 ( coinciding with the league 's trade deadline ) , the team completed its expansion fee payments and filings , making it eligible to formally begin operations such as free agent acquisition , and participation in league meetings . Five days later , the Golden Knights made their first personnel move by signing Reid Duke to a three - year entry - level contract . Gerard Gallant coaching the Golden Knights during their inaugural 2017 -- 18 season . Gallant was named as the head coach in April 2017 . The team announced inaugural head coach Gerard Gallant on April 13 , 2017 . Over the next two months , the Golden Knights developed their farm system , announcing affiliations with the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League and the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL . The team participated in the 2017 NHL Expansion Draft on June 21 , 2017 , selecting an available player from all 30 teams in the NHL . The draft picks were announced at T - Mobile Arena during the NHL Awards ceremony . Some notable selections included goalie Marc - Andre Fleury from the Pittsburgh Penguins and winger James Neal from the Nashville Predators . At the 2017 NHL Entry Draft , Cody Glass was the first player selected by the Golden Knights . The Golden Knights played their first game on October 6 against the Dallas Stars with Neal scoring the franchise 's first two goals en route to their first victory . The team 's inaugural home game was played on October 10 , 2017 , hosting the Arizona Coyotes as the second game of a home - and - home series . In the aftermath of the October 1 mass shooting , the pre-game ceremonies honored the victims of the attack , and the team issued an appeal for donations to its charitable arm . With their 5 -- 2 win , the Golden Knights increased their unbeaten streak to start the season to 3 -- 0 , an NHL record for an expansion team . The Golden Knights are the first team in NHL history to have started their inaugural season winning eight of their first nine games . During their tenth game , goaltender Oscar Dansk was injured becoming the third Golden Knights ' goaltender to be injured during the season after losing starters Fleury and the recently acquired Malcolm Subban , forcing the team to start a fourth goaltender in 11 games with Maxime Lagace . Fifteen games into the season , Vadim Shipachyov became the first player to retire from the NHL as a Golden Knight when he decided to return to the Kontinental Hockey League . In December , the Golden Knights set another NHL expansion team record of six straight wins , a record they had previously missed when they lost their tenth game of the season , and established a new NHL record with eight straight wins . On February 1 , 2018 , the Golden Knights set the expansion team record for wins in a debut season with 34 wins after only 50 games , and then on February 21 , 2018 , set a record for most points by an expansion team in the inaugural season with 84 . On March 26 , the Golden Knights became the first team since the Edmonton Oilers and Hartford Whalers in the 1979 -- 80 season to make the playoffs in their inaugural season in the league . On March 31 , the Knights clinched the Pacific Division title , becoming the first true expansion team in the four major sports to win its division in its inaugural season ( not counting all - expansion divisions , as was the case in the 1967 -- 68 season ) . They had led the Pacific since December 23 . On April 11 , the franchise won its first playoff game in a 1 -- 0 victory over the Los Angeles Kings in the first game of the series . Six days later on April 17 , the franchise earned their first playoff series win against the Kings , winning the fourth game by a 1 -- 0 score , which also became their first playoff series sweep . The Knights became the first team in NHL history to sweep their first playoff series in their inaugural season . On May 6 , 2018 , the Golden Knights defeated the San Jose Sharks four - games - to - two , becoming the third team in NHL history to win multiple playoff series in their inaugural season , and advanced to the Western Conference Finals . On May 20 , Vegas defeated the Winnipeg Jets to win the Western Conference Finals in five games , becoming the third NHL team to advance to the Stanley Cup Finals in its inaugural season , after the Toronto Arenas in 1918 and the St. Louis Blues in 1968 . Team identity ( edit ) Logos , colors , and uniforms ( edit ) The team 's secondary logo The team 's primary logo is a barbute helmet , superimposed on a black and gold seal , with a V - shaped opening . The secondary logo is two crossing swords behind a red star , designed to resemble a star found on the landmark Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign . The team 's primary color is steel gray , which is said to represent `` strength and durability '' . The other team colors are gold , red ( found in the Las Vegas skyline and at Red Rock Canyon ) , and black ( for `` power and intensity '' ) . The first uniforms in Golden Knights team history were unveiled publicly on June 20 , 2017 . Name ( edit ) The team 's name includes `` Knights '' as a homage to the Black Knights of the United States Military Academy , Foley 's alma mater , and because knights were , according to Foley , `` the epitome of the warrior class '' . Foley had hoped to name his team the Black Knights , but dropped that plan after encountering resistance from federal officials . Foley was unable to call the team the `` Vegas Knights '' due to the London Knights owning the `` Knights '' name in Canada . `` Golden '' was included in the name because gold is , as Foley stated , the `` No. 1 precious metal '' , and because Nevada is the largest gold - producing state in the country . `` Las '' was omitted from the team 's name because , according to Foley , residents tend to refer to the city simply as `` Vegas '' , and because a four - word name would have been too long . The United States Army initially expressed concern after the Golden Knights ' name was announced , because their parachute team uses the same nickname . The Army later disputed the trademark and colors of the team during its first season , to which the team responded : `` We are not aware of a single complaint from anyone attending our games that they were expecting to see the parachute team and not a professional hockey game . '' An objection was also raised by the College of Saint Rose because its sports teams use the same name ; the Vegas team 's initial trademark application was denied as a result , but was later approved on appeal . The team did clear the name with Clarkson University , which also uses the name Golden Knights . Mascot ( edit ) The Golden Knights ' mascot is a Gila monster named Chance . He was unveiled at the team 's second home game on October 13 , 2017 . The team opted against using a knight for a mascot because it found that knight mascots used by other teams were not very child - friendly . Team information ( edit ) Broadcasting ( edit ) AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain ( formerly Root Sports ) is the regional television rightsholder for all Golden Knights games not broadcast nationally by NBCSN or NBC . The team 's designated market includes Nevada , Idaho , Montana , Utah , Wyoming , and parts of Arizona and California . Golden Knights games on AT&T SportsNet are called by former Boston Bruins radio announcer Dave Goucher on play - by - play , and Shane Hnidy , who previously worked color for the Winnipeg Jets on TSN . The team has a three - year radio deal with Lotus Broadcasting . Lotus airs the team 's games on its Fox Sports Radio affiliate , KRLV 1340 / 98.9 . KRLV fronts a network of nine stations across Nevada , California , Arizona , and Utah . One game a week is also aired on the company 's ESPN Deportes Radio affiliate , KENO 1460 , making the team one of only three in the NHL to offer Spanish - language broadcasts . Minor league affiliate ( edit ) On May 16 , 2017 , the Golden Knights entered a multi-year affiliation agreement with a minor league team , the Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League . Like most NHL - AHL affiliation arrangements , the Golden Knights are able to transfer players to and from the Wolves . Although the Wolves are the Golden Knights affiliate , the two teams do not share the same ownership . In addition to the Wolves , the Golden Knights were affiliated with the Quad City Mallards of the ECHL for the 2017 -- 18 season , however , the Mallards ceased operations after the one season . Players and personnel ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights players Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated May 17 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 France ! Bellemare , Pierre - Edouard Pierre - Edouard Bellemare ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 33 2017 Le Blanc - Mesnil , France 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 United States ! Bischoff , Jake Jake Bischoff 2.0 ! D 23 2017 Cambridge , Minnesota 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 United States ! Carpenter , Ryan Ryan Carpenter 4.3 ! C / RW 27 2017 Oviedo , Florida 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 Canada ! Carrier , William William Carrier 6.0 ! LW 23 2017 LaSalle , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Canada ! Eakin , Cody Cody Eakin 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Canada ! Engelland , Deryk Deryk Engelland ( A ) 2.0 ! D 36 2017 Edmonton , Alberta 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Canada ! Ferguson , Dylan Dylan Ferguson 1.0 ! G 19 2017 Lantzville , British Columbia 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 Canada ! Fleury , Marc - Andre Marc - Andre Fleury 1.0 ! G 33 2017 Sorel - Tracy , Quebec 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Canada ! Garrison , Jason Jason Garrison 2.0 ! D 33 2017 White Rock , British Columbia 7001560000000000000 ♠ 56 Finland ! Haula , Erik Erik Haula 6.0 ! LW 27 2017 Pori , Finland 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Canada ! Hunt , Brad Brad Hunt 2.0 ! D 29 2017 Maple Ridge , British Columbia 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Sweden ! Karlsson , William William Karlsson 4.0 ! C 24 2017 Märsta , Sweden 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Canada ! Lagace , Maxime Maxime Lagace 1.0 ! G 25 2017 Longueuil , Quebec 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Sweden ! Lindberg , Oscar Oscar Lindberg 4.0 ! C 26 2017 Skellefteå , Sweden 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 Canada ! Marchessault , Jonathan Jonathan Marchessault 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Cap - Rouge , Quebec 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 United States ! Matteau , Stefan Stefan Matteau 6.0 ! LW 24 2017 Chicago , Illinois 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Canada ! McNabb , Brayden Brayden McNabb 2.0 ! D 27 2017 Davidson , Saskatchewan 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 United States ! Merrill , Jon Jon Merrill 2.0 ! D 26 2017 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Canada ! Miller , Colin Colin Miller 2.0 ! D 25 2017 Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Canada ! Neal , James James Neal ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 30 2017 Whitby , Ontario 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 Czech Republic ! Nosek , Tomas Tomas Nosek 4.0 ! C 25 2017 Pardubice , Czech Republic 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 Canada ! Perron , David David Perron ( A ) 6.0 ! LW 30 2017 Sherbrooke , Quebec 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 Canada ! Pirri , Brandon Brandon Pirri 4.0 ! C 27 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 Canada ! Reaves , Ryan Ryan Reaves 7.0 ! RW 31 2018 Winnipeg , Manitoba 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Canada ! Reinhart , Griffin Griffin Reinhart 2.0 ! D 24 2017 West Vancouver , British Columbia 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 Switzerland ! Sbisa , Luca Luca Sbisa ( A ) 2.0 ! D 28 2017 Ozieri , Italy 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 United States ! Schmidt , Nate Nate Schmidt 2.0 ! D 26 2017 St. Cloud , Minnesota 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Canada ! Smith , Reilly Reilly Smith ( A ) 7.0 ! RW 27 2017 Etobicoke , Ontario 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Canada ! Stoner , Clayton Clayton Stoner 2.0 ! D 33 2017 Port McNeill , British Columbia 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 Canada ! Subban , Malcolm Malcolm Subban 1.0 ! G 24 2017 Toronto , Ontario 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 Slovakia ! Tatar , Tomas Tomas Tatar 6.0 ! LW 27 2018 Ilava , Czechoslovakia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Canada ! Theodore , Shea Shea Theodore 2.0 ! D 22 2017 Langley , British Columbia 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 United States ! Tuch , Alex Alex Tuch 7.0 ! RW 22 2017 Syracuse , New York 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 United States ! Tynan , T.J. T.J. Tynan 3.0 ! F 26 2017 Orland Park , Illinois Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights head coaches Gerard Gallant ( 2017 -- present ) General managers ( edit ) George McPhee ( 2016 -- present ) Team and league honors ( edit ) Awards and trophies ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights award winners Clarence S. Campbell Bowl 2017 -- 18 First - round draft picks ( edit ) Main article : List of Vegas Golden Knights draft picks 2017 : Cody Glass ( 6th overall ) 2017 : Nick Suzuki ( 13th overall ) 2017 : Erik Brannstrom ( 15th overall ) Retired numbers ( edit ) The number 58 was retired by the team on March 31 , 2018 , in honor of the 58 victims killed in the 2017 Las Vegas shooting . The team is also not able to issue the jersey number 99 to any of its players as it was retired league - wide in honor of Wayne Gretzky at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Vegas Golden Knights retired numbers No . Player Position Career No. retirement 58 Victims of 2017 Las Vegas shooting -- -- March 31 , 2018 Records ( edit ) Regular season scoring leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Golden Knights player William Karlsson is the club 's all - time regular season scoring leader , recording 78 points as a member of the Golden Knights . Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G William Karlsson * 82 43 35 78 0.95 Jonathan Marchessault * 77 27 48 75 0.97 David Perron * LW 70 16 50 66 0.94 Reilly Smith * RW 67 22 38 60 0.90 Erik Haula * LW 76 29 26 55 0.72 James Neal * LW 71 25 19 44 0.62 Colin Millier * 82 10 31 41 0.50 Alex Tuch * RW 78 15 22 37 0.47 Nate Schmidt * 76 5 31 36 0.47 Shea Theodore * 61 6 23 29 0.48 Goals Player Pos William Karlsson * 43 Erik Haula * LW 29 Jonathan Marchessault * 27 James Neal * LW 25 Reilly Smith * RW 22 David Perron * LW 16 Alex Tuch * RW 15 Cody Eakin * 11 Colin Millier * 10 Oscar Lindberg * 9 Assists Player Pos David Perron * LW 50 Jonathan Marchessault * 48 Reilly Smith * RW 38 William Karlsson * 35 Colin Millier * 31 Nate Schmidt * 31 Erik Haula * LW 26 Shea Theodore * 23 Alex Tuch * RW 22 James Neal * LW 19 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Introducing the Vegas Golden Knights '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . The team 's colors - steel grey , gold , red and black - reflect the community and the focus of the team : ... Jump up ^ `` Staff Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2017 - 18 Vegas Golden Knights Media Guide . NHL Enterprises , L.P. November 3 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ewing , Mark ( July 16 , 2017 ) . `` Bill Foley And The National Hockey League 's Newest Franchise , The Vegas Golden Knights '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Dan ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL franchise '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitanis , Marcus ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` T - Mobile Arena in Las Vegas to Open Spring 2016 '' . Skyrisecities . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Awards heads to Las Vegas for first time '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 13 , 2009 . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood aspirations for NHL '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Brewer , Ray ( August 27 , 2014 ) . `` NHL says no credibility to report of Las Vegas expansion team '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL denies expansion report , including a second team in Toronto '' . Toronto Star . August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gallagher : Bettman has changed his tune on NHL expansion '' . The Province . Retrieved August 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kosman , Josh ; Brooks , Larry ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` NHL picks owners for likely Vegas team '' . New York Post . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Maloof family joins effort to land Las Vegas NHL team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL gets serious about Las Vegas ; can Canadiens redefine themselves ? '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NHL allows Las Vegas to explore expansion interest '' . The Canadian Press . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snellas , Alan ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` NHL ticket drive already halfway to goal '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snellas , Alan ( April 11 , 2015 ) . `` Businessman behind NHL drive has blue - jeans , relaxed approach '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McLaren , Ian ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas group invited to participate in Phase 2 of NHL expansion application process - NHL on The Score - Scores , standings , news , leaders '' . TheScore.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas awarded NHL expansion team '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Klein , Cutler ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` From six teams to 31 : History of NHL expansion '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Heitner , Darren ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` The NHL Leads the Way in Bringing Pro Sports to Las Vegas '' . Inc.com . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights file paperwork , make final payment to NHL ahead of trade deadline '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Sign Reid Duke To Entry - Level Contract '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reid Duke becomes Vegas Golden Knights ' first signing : Three odd facts to know '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights Name Gerard Gallant Head Coach '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carp , Steve ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' AHL affiliate to be Chicago Wolves '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gotz , Ben ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights form partnership with ECHL 's Mallards '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Sean . `` Neal , Fleury help Golden Knights win first game , defeat Stars '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights opt for # VegasStrong on boards over ads in home opener '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Cam ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights win emotional , historic home opener '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights strike balance between respect , celebration in opener '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights make history with big win in emotional home opener '' . USA Today . October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights goaltenders just ca n't stop getting injured '' . CBS Sports . October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Compton , Brian ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Tavares helps Islanders end Golden Knights winning streak '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights enter the record books again after overtime win '' . Yahoo Sports . December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are the Vegas Golden Knights the best expansion franchise ever ? '' . ESPN . January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights set expansion team record for wins in debut season '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . February 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tuch gets tiebreaker in 2nd , Golden Knights beat Flames 7 - 3 '' . ESPN.com . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Emily ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas first to clinch playoff berth in inaugural season since ' 79 - 80 '' . ESPN . ABC News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schoen , David ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights win , 3 - 2 , clinch Pacific Division title '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Beth ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights make history by sweeping Kings '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dubow , Josh ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights cash Round 3 ticket '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Vegas become just the third team in NHL history to win multiple series in its first season . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights advance to Stanley Cup Final , eliminate Jets in Game 5 '' . NHL.com . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Prewitt , Alex ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` All In : Behind the scenes with the Golden Knights , Vegas 's first major league franchise '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Keefer , Case ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` How Bill Foley and his staff picked Vegas Golden Knights as NHL team name '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cotsonika , Nicholas ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights ' now part of the League ' with uniform unveiled '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Katsilometes , John ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Knight moves : Foley picks a precious metal and drops ' Las ' in new name '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Payne , Marissa ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Despite U.S. Army 's concerns , NHL expansion team 's owner sticking by nickname choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Emily ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Las Vegas ' NHL name search complicated by London Knights '' . Sportsnet.ca . Sportsnet . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kimelman , Adam ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights official team name '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , L.P . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brewer , Contessa ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` US Army files complaint about the colors and team name of NHL 's Vegas Golden Knights '' . CNBC.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carp , Steve ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights get approval for name trademark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Matt ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Vegas Golden Knights , Named to Avoid Trademark Dispute , Face Trademark Dispute '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Get To Know Chance , The Golden Knights New Mascot '' . NHL.com/GoldenKnights . NHL Enterprises , L.P. October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights reveal Chance as team 's mascot '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Knights are looking for a standout fan experience at T - Mobile '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights officially announce TV deal with Root Sports '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Root Sports to become official television home of the Vegas Golden Knights '' ( Press release ) . AT&T SportsNet . May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Root Sports to be TV home of Vegas Golden Knights '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Knights name first TV , radio broadcasters '' . Las Vegas Sun . 2017 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Golden Knights , Lotus Broadcasting happy with partnership '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast Affiliates '' . NHL.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` By broadcasting select games in Spanish , Golden Knights aim to reach new demographic '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Bobby ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Quad - City Mallards to cease operations at end of season '' . Quad City Times . Lee Enterprises . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` George McPhee named GM of Las Vegas expansion team '' . The Washington Post . 2016 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Granger , Jesse ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Knights retire jersey No. 58 to honor shooting victims '' . Las Vegas Sun . Greenspun Media Group . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Golden Knights all - time player list '' . hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ice hockey portal Las Vegas portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vegas Golden Knights . Official website Vegas Golden Knights Founded in 2017 Based in Paradise , Nevada Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks Expansion draft Seasons Inaugural season History Records Award winners Personnel Owner Black Knight Sports & Entertainment ( Bill Foley ( 85 % ) , Maloof family ( 15 % ) ) General manager George McPhee Head coach Gerard Gallant Captain Vacant Current roster Arena T - Mobile Arena Affiliates AHL Chicago Wolves Media AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain KRLV ( AM 1340 / FM 98.9 ) KENO ( AM 1460 ) ( Spanish broadcast ) Culture and lore `` Viva Las Vegas '' `` Vegas Lights '' Links to related articles Vegas Golden Knights seasons 2010s 2010 -- 11 . 2011 -- 12 . 2012 -- 13 . 2013 -- 14 . 2014 -- 15 . 2015 -- 16 . 2016 -- 17 . 2017 -- 18 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season Sports teams based in Nevada Australian rules football USAFL Las Vegas Gamblers Baseball PCL Las Vegas 51s Reno Aces Basketball WNBA Las Vegas Aces NAPB Nevada Desert Dogs Football NFL Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) WFA Sin City Trojans Ice hockey NHL Vegas Golden Knights Roller derby WFTDA Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls Rugby SCRFU Las Vegas Blackjacks RFC Soccer USL Las Vegas Lights FC Reno 1868 FC College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) Nevada UNLV ( NJCAA ) College of Southern Nevada Western Nevada College Sports in Las Vegas Professional Las Vegas Raiders ( 2020 ) Vegas Golden Knights Las Vegas Aces Las Vegas 51s Las Vegas Lights FC USA Sevens Fabulous Sin City Rollergirls National Finals Rodeo Collegiate UNLV Rebels CSN Coyotes Las Vegas Bowl Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vegas_Golden_Knights&oldid=843658950 '' Categories : Vegas Golden Knights Sports teams in Las Vegas Ice hockey clubs established in 2016 Ice hockey teams in Nevada National Hockey League in the Sun Belt T - Mobile Arena 2016 establishments in Nevada Pacific Division ( NHL ) Hidden categories : Use American English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 16 : 01 . 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where do the golden knights hockey team play

The Vegas Golden Knights are an ice hockey team based in the Las Vegas metropolitan area . The team began play in the 2017 -- 18 NHL season , and is a member of the Pacific Division of the Western Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The team is owned by Black Knight Sports & Entertainment , a consortium led by Bill Foley and the Maloof family . The team plays its home games at T - Mobile Arena on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise , Nevada .

Black Sea - wikipedia Black Sea This article is about the body of water . For other uses , see Black Sea ( disambiguation ) . Black Sea Coordinates 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Coordinates : 44 ° N 35 ° E  /  44 ° N 35 ° E  / 44 ; 35 Type Sea Primary inflows Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , Kuban , Rioni , Kızılırmak Primary outflows Bosphorus Basin countries Bulgaria , Georgia , Moldova , Romania , Russia , Turkey , Ukraine Max. length 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) Surface area 436,402 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) Average depth 1,253 m ( 4,111 ft ) Max . depth 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) Water volume 547,000 km ( 131,200 cu mi ) Islands 10 + Black Sea coast of western Georgia , with the skyline of Batumi on the horizon Swallow 's Nest in Crimea A health resort in Sochi , Russia The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and Western Asia . It is supplied by a number of major rivers , such as the Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , and the Rioni . About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea , including the countries of Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Georgia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Turkey and Ukraine . The Black Sea has an area of 436,400 km ( 168,500 sq mi ) ( not including the Sea of Azov ) , a maximum depth of 2,212 m ( 7,257 ft ) , and a volume of 547,000 km ( 131,000 cu mi ) . It is constrained by the Pontic Mountains to the south , Caucasus Mountains to the east , Crimean Mountains to the north , Strandzha to the southwest , Dobrogea Plateau to the northwest , and features a wide shelf to the northwest . The longest east - west extent is about 1,175 km ( 730 mi ) . Important cities along the coast include Batumi , Burgas , Constanța , Giresun , Istanbul , Kerch , Novorossiysk , Odessa , Ordu , Poti , Rize , Samsun , Sevastopol , Sochi , Sukhumi , Trabzon , Varna , Yalta , and Zonguldak . The Black Sea has a positive water balance ; that is , a net outflow of water 300 km ( 72 cu mi ) per year through the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . Mediterranean water flows into the Black Sea as part of a two - way hydrological exchange . The Black Sea outflow is cooler and less saline , and floats over the warm , more saline Mediterranean inflow -- as a result of differences in density caused by differences in salinity -- leading to a significant anoxic layer well below the surface waters . The Black Sea drains into the Mediterranean Sea , via the Aegean Sea and various straits , and is navigable to the Atlantic Ocean . The Bosphorus Strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara , and the Strait of the Dardanelles connects that sea to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean . These waters separate Eastern Europe , the Caucasus and Western Asia . The Black Sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch . The water level has varied significantly . Due to these variations in the water level in the basin , the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been land . At certain critical water levels it is possible for connections with surrounding water bodies to become established . It is through the most active of these connective routes , the Turkish Straits , that the Black Sea joins the world ocean . When this hydrological link is not present , the Black Sea is an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system , like the Caspian Sea for example . Currently the Black Sea water level is relatively high , thus water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean . The Turkish Straits connect the Black Sea with the Aegean Sea , and comprise the Bosphorus , the Sea of Marmara and the Dardanelles . Contents 1 Extent 2 Population 3 Name 3.1 Modern names 3.2 Historical names and etymology 4 Geology and bathymetry 5 Hydrology 6 Hydrochemistry 7 Ecology 7.1 Marine 7.1. 1 Phytoplankton 7.1. 2 Animal species 7.1. 3 Ecological effects of pollution 7.2 Terrestrial 8 Climate 9 Islands 10 History 10.1 Mediterranean connection during the Holocene 10.1. 1 Deluge hypothesis 10.2 Recorded history 10.3 Archaeology 11 Modern use 11.1 Commercial and civic use 11.1. 1 Navigation 11.1. 1.1 Ports and ferry terminals 11.1. 1.2 Merchant fleet and traffic 11.1. 2 Fishing 11.1. 3 Hydrocarbons exploration 11.1. 4 Holiday resorts and spas 11.2 Modern military use 11.2. 1 International and military use of the Straits 12 Trans - sea cooperation 13 See also 14 References 14.1 Informational notes 14.2 Citations 14.3 Bibliography 15 External links Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Black Sea as follows : On the Southwest . The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara ( A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli ( 41 ° 13'N ) ) . In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia ( 45 ° 02'N ) . Population ( edit ) Most populous urban areas along the Black Sea coastline Istanbul Odessa Rank City Country Region / County Population ( urban ) Samsun Constanța Istanbul Turkey Istanbul 14,324,240 Odessa Ukraine Odessa 1,003,705 Samsun Turkey Samsun 535,401 Constanța Romania Constanța 491,498 5 Varna Bulgaria Varna 474,076 6 Sevastopol Russia / Ukraine ( Disputed ) national - level municipality on the Crimean Peninsula 379,200 7 Sochi Russia Krasnodar Krai 343,334 8 Trabzon Turkey Trabzon 305,231 9 Novorossiysk Russia Krasnodar Krai 241,952 10 Burgas Bulgaria Burgas 223,902 11 Batumi Georgia Adjara 190,405 Name ( edit ) Sunset on the Black Sea at Laspi , Crimea The estuary of the Veleka in the Black Sea . Longshore drift has deposited sediment along the shoreline which has led to the formation of a spit , Sinemorets , Bulgaria The Black Sea near Constanţa , Romania Modern names ( edit ) Current names of the sea are usually equivalents of the English name `` Black Sea '' , including these given in the countries bordering the sea : Abkhaz language Амшын Еиқәа , IPA : ( ɑmʂɨn ɛjkwhɑ ) Adyghe language Хы шӏуцӏэ , IPA : ( xə ʃʼəw. t͡sʼa ) Bulgarian language Черно море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɛrno moˈrɛ ) Crimean Tatar language Къара денъиз , IPA : ( qɑrɑ deŋiz ) Georgian language შავი ზღვა , IPA : ( ʃɑvi zɣvɑ ) Laz and Mingrelian languages -- უჩა ზუღა , IPA : ( utʃɑ zuɣɑ ) , or simply ზუღა , IPA : ( zuɣɑ ) , `` Sea '' Romanian language Marea Neagră , ( pronounced ( ˈmare̯a ˈne̯aɡrə ) ( listen ) Russian language Чёрное мо́рe , IPA : ( ˈtɕornəjə ˈmorjə ) Turkish language Karadeniz , IPA : ( kaˈɾadeniz ) Ukrainian language Чорне море , IPA : ( ˈtʃɔrnɛ ˈmɔrɛ ) Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century , but there are indications that they may be considerably older . In Greece , the historical name `` Euxine Sea '' , which holds a different meaning ( see below ) , is still widely used : Greek language Éfxeinos Póntos ( Eύξεινος Πόντος ) ; the literal Mavri Thalassa ( Μαύρη Θάλασσα ) is less common The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms -- the others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . Historical names and etymology ( edit ) The principal Greek name `` Póntos Áxeinos '' itself is generally accepted to be a rendering of Iranian * axšaina - ( `` dark colored '' ) , cf . Avestan axšaēna - ( `` dark colored '' ) , Old Persian axšaina - ( color of turquoise ) , Middle Persian axšēn / xašēn ( `` blue '' ) , and New Persian xašīn ( `` blue '' ) , as well as Ossetic œxsīn ( `` dark gray '' ) . The ancient Greeks subsequently adopted the name , reportedly in all likelihood those who lived to the north of the Black Sea , and altered it into á - xe ( i ) nos . Thereafter , Greek tradition refers to the Black Sea as the `` Inhospitable Sea '' , Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos , first attested in Pindar ( c. 475 BC ) . The name , considered to be `` ominous '' , was then later changed into the euphemism `` Hospitable sea '' , Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos , which was also for the first time attested in Pindar . This became the commonly used designation in Greek for the sea . In contexts related to mythology , the older form `` Póntos Áxeinos '' remained favored . Previously , it was erroneously suggested that the name had to be derived from the color of the water , or at least were to be related to climatic particulars . Black ( or dark ) , in this context however , referred to a system in which colors represented the various `` cardinal points '' of the known world . Black , or dark represented the north , red the south , white for the west , and green or light blue for the east . This symbolism based on cardinal points was used in a plethora of different occasions , and is therefore widely attested . For example , the `` Red Sea '' , a body of water reported since the time of Herodotus ( c. 484 -- c. 425 BC ) in fact designated the Indian Ocean , together with bodies of water known as the Persian Gulf and the `` actual '' Red Sea . According to the same explanation and reasoning , it is therefore considered to be impossible for the Scythians ( who principally roamed in what is present - day Ukraine and Russia ) to have given the designation as they lived to the north of the sea , and it would be therefore a southern antipodal body of water for them . As the name could have only been given by a people that were well aware of both the northern `` black / dark '' and southern `` red '' seas , it is therefore considered probable that it was given its name by the Achaemenids ( 550 -- 330 BC ) . Strabo 's Geographica ( 1.2. 10 ) reports that in antiquity , the Black Sea was often just called `` the Sea '' ( ὁ πόντος ho pontos ) . He also thought that the Black Sea was called `` inhospitable '' before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate , and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes. ( 7.3. 6 ) The name was changed to `` hospitable '' after the Milesians had colonized the southern shoreline , the Pontus , making it part of Greek civilization . In Greater Bundahishn , a sacred Zoroastrian text written in Middle Persian the Black Sea is called Siyābun . A map of Asia dating to 1570 , entitled `` Asiae Nova Descriptio '' , from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , labels the sea Mar Maggior ( `` Great Sea '' , cf . Latin mare major ) . English - language writers of the 18th century often used the name `` Euxine Sea '' ( / ˈjuːksɪn / or / ˈjuːkˌsaɪn / ) to refer to the Black Sea . Edward Gibbon , for instance , calls the sea by this name throughout The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . During the Ottoman Empire period , the Black Sea was called either Bahr - e Siyah or Karadeniz , both meaning `` the Black Sea '' in the Ottoman Turkish . It is worthy to note , that in the tenth - century geography book Hudud al - ' Alam , written in the Persian language by an unknown author , the Black Sea is called `` Georgian Sea '' , `` Sea of Georgians '' ( `` daryä - yi Gurziyan '' ) . Old Georgian sources of 9th -- 14th centuries ( `` The Georgian Chronicles '' ) were using the name `` Speris Zğua '' ( სპერის ზღუა ) , which means `` The Sea of Speri '' , after the name of Kartvelian tribe Speris or Saspers , now in Turkey . The modern names of the Black Sea ( Chyornoye more , Karadeniz , etc . ) , stretch only back to the 13th century . Geology. and bathymetry ( edit ) The bay of Sudak , Crimea The geological origins of the basin can be traced back to two distinct relict back - arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo-Tethys Oceans , but the timings of these events remain controversial . Since its initiation , compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in the basin , interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large - scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , Southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges . The ongoing collision between the Eurasian and African plates and westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Faults dictates the current tectonic regime , which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region . It is these geological mechanisms which , in the long term , have caused the periodic isolations of the Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system . The modern basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The large shelf to the north of the basin is up to 190 km ( 120 mi ) wide , and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1 : 40 and 1 : 1000 . The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however , are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km ( 12 mi ) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1 : 40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions . The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres ( 7,257.22 feet ) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The littoral zone of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt ( black soil belt ) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ) , along the Danube ( northern Serbia , northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . Hydrology ( edit ) This SeaWiFS view reveals the colourful interplay of currents on the sea 's surface The Black Sea is a marginal sea and is the world 's largest body of water with a meromictic basin . The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere . As a result , over 90 % of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water . The Black Sea 's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs , which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure . Because of the extreme stratification , it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . The Black Sea only experiences water transfer with the Mediterranean Sea , so all inflow and outflow occurs in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles . Inflow from the Mediterranean has a higher salinity and density than the outflow , creating the classical estuarine circulation . This means that inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while outflow of fresher Black Sea surface - water into the Marmara Sea occurs near the surface . Fresher surface water is the product of the fluvial inputs , and this makes the Black Sea a positive sea . The net input of freshwater creates an outflow volume about twice that of the inflow . Evaporation and precipitation are roughly equal at about 300 cubic kilometres per year ( 72 cu mi / a ) . Because of the narrowness and shallowness of the Bosphorus and Dardanelles ( their respective depths are only 33 and 70 meters ) , inflow and outflow current speeds are high and there is significant vertical shear . This allows for turbulent mixing of the two layers . Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 psu and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 psu . Likewise , inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 psu experiences a decrease to about 34 psu . Mean surface circulation is cyclonic and waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin - wide shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current . The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50 -- 100 cm / s . Within this feature , two smaller cyclonic gyres operate , occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin . The Eastern and Western Gyres are well - organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn . Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and is subject to interannual variability . Outside of the Rim Current , numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and `` wind curl '' mechanisms . The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations . During the spring , the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea . Beneath the surface waters -- from about 50 -- 100 meters -- there exists a halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer ( CIL ) . This layer is composed of cool , salty surface waters , which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months . It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer . The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100 -- 200 metres ( 330 -- 660 ft ) and this density disparity is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water . Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass , where salinity increases to 22.3 psu and temperatures rise to around 8.9 ° C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic , as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen . Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create a very thick convective bottom layer . Hydrochemistry ( edit ) Because of the anoxic water at depth , organic matter , including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls , are well preserved . During periods of high surface productivity , short - lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region . As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered , such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop , Turkey . Modelling shows the release of the hydrogen sulfide clouds in the event of an asteroid impact into the Black Sea would pose a threat to health -- or even life -- for people living on the Black Sea coast . There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms , possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths . Ecology ( edit ) Marine ( edit ) See also : List of fish of the Black Sea The port of Poti , Georgia The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem , dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient - rich , conditions . As with all marine food webs , the Black Sea features a range of trophic groups , with autotrophic algae , including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers . The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea , but distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification , which is , in turn , dictated by seasonal physiographic development . During winter , strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients , while high summer temperatures result in a marked vertical stratification and a warm , shallow mixed layer . Day length and insolation intensity also controls the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability , as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling , as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to the photic zone , enhancing productivity . In total , Black Sea 's biodiversity contains around one - third of Mediterranean 's , and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or Mediterranizations . Phytoplankton ( edit ) Phytoplankton blooms and plumes of sediment form the bright blue swirls that ring the Black Sea in this 2004 image The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally , the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate - dominated spring production , followed by a weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months and a surface - intensified autumn production . This pattern of productivity is also augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months . Dinoflagellates Annual dinoflagellate distribution is defined by an extended bloom period in subsurface waters during the late spring and summer . In November , subsurface plankton production is combined with surface production , due to vertical mixing of water masses and nutrients such as nitrite . The major bloom - forming dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea is Gymnodinium sp . Estimates of dinoflagellate diversity in the Black Sea range from 193 to 267 species . This level of species richness is relatively low in comparison to the Mediterranean Sea , which is attributable to the brackish conditions , low water transparency and presence of anoxic bottom waters . It is also possible that the low winter temperatures below 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) of the Black Sea prevent thermophilous species from becoming established . The relatively high organic matter content of Black Sea surface water favour the development of heterotrophic ( an organism which uses organic carbon for growth ) and mixotrophic dinoflagellates species ( able to exploit different trophic pathways ) , relative to autotrophs . Despite its unique hydrographic setting , there are no confirmed endemic dinoflagellate species in the Black Sea . Diatoms The Black Sea is populated by many species of marine diatom , which commonly exist as colonies of unicellular , non-motile auto - and heterotrophic algae . The life - cycle of most diatoms can be described as ' boom and bust ' and the Black Sea is no exception , with diatom blooms occurring in surface waters throughout the year , most reliably during March . In simple terms , the phase of rapid population growth in diatoms is caused by the in - wash of silicon - bearing terrestrial sediments , and when the supply of silicon is exhausted , the diatoms begin to sink out of the photic zone and produce resting cysts . Additional factors such as predation by zooplankton and ammonium - based regenerated production also have a role to play in the annual diatom cycle . Typically , Proboscia alata blooms during spring and Pseudosolenia calcar - avis blooms during the autumn . Coccolithophores Coccolithophores are a type of motile , autotrophic phytoplankton that produce CaCO plates , known as coccoliths , as part of their life cycle . In the Black Sea , the main period of coccolithophore growth occurs after the bulk of the dinoflagellate growth has taken place . In May , the dinoflagellates move below the seasonal thermocline , into deeper waters , where more nutrients are available . This permits coccolithophores to utilise the nutrients in the upper waters , and by the end of May , with favourable light and temperature conditions , growth rates reach their highest . The major bloom forming species is Emiliania huxleyi , which is also responsible for the release of dimethyl sulfide into the atmosphere . Overall , coccolithophore diversity is low in the Black Sea , and although recent sediments are dominated by E. huxleyi , Braarudosphaera bigelowii , Holocene sediments have also been shown to contain Helicopondosphaera and Discolithina species . Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are a phylum of picoplanktonic ( plankton ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.0 μm ) bacteria that obtain their energy via photosynthesis , and are present throughout the world 's oceans . They exhibit a range of morphologiies , including filamentous colonies and biofilms . In the Black Sea , several species are present , and as an example , Synechococcus spp . can be found throughout the photic zone , although concentration decreases with increasing depth . Other factors which exert an influence on distribution include nutrient availability , predation and salinity . Animal species ( edit ) Zebra mussel The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea is part of the Zebra mussel 's native range . The mussel has been accidentally introduced around the world and become an invasive species where it has been introduced . Common Carp The Common Carp 's native range extends to The Black Sea along with the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea . Like the Zebra mussel the Common Carp is an invasive species when introduced to other habitats . Round Goby Is another native fish that is also found in the Caspian Sea . It preys upon Zebra mussels . Like the mussels and common carp it has become invasive when introduced to other environments , like the Great Lakes . Marine Mammals and marine megafaunas Marine mammals present within the basin include two species of dolphins ( common and bottlenose ) and harbour porpoise inhabit the sea although all of these are endangered due to pressures and impacts by human activities . All the three species have been classified as a distinct subspecies from those in the Mediterranean and in Atlantic Seas and endemic to Black and Azov Seas , and are more active during nights in Turkish Straits . However , construction of the Crimean Bridge caused increases in nutrients and planktons in the waters , attracting large numbers of fish and more than 1,000 bottlenose dolphins . On the other hand , however , others claim that construction may cause devastating damages on ecosystem including dolphins . Critically endangered Mediterranean monk seals were historically abundant in Black Sea , and are regarded to have become extinct from the basin since in 1997 . Monk seals were present at the Snake Island until 1950s , and several locations such as the Danube Plavni Nature Reserve ( ru ) and Doğankent were last of hauling - out sites in post-1990 . Very few animals still thrive in the Sea of Marmara . Ongoing Mediterranizations may or may not boost in increases of cetacean diversity in Turkish Straits hence in Black and Azov basins . Various species of pinnipeds , sea otter , and beluga whales were introduced into the Black Sea by mankind and later escaped either by accidental or purported causes . Of these , grey seal and beluga whales have been recorded with successful , long - term occurrences . Great white sharks are known to reach into the Sea of Marmara and Bosphorus Strait and basking shark into Dardanelles although it is unclear whether or not these sharks may reach into the Black and Azov basins . Common dolphins porpoising with a ferry at Batumi port Ecological effects of pollution ( edit ) Since the 1960s , rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coast line and the construction of a major dam has significantly increased annual variability in the N : P : Si ratio in the basin . In coastal areas , the biological effect of these changes has been an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms , with diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6 . The non-diatoms , such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi ( coccolithophore ) , Chromulina sp. , and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii are able to out - compete diatom species because of the limited availability of Si , a necessary constituent of diatom frustules . As a consequence of these blooms , benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light , while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals . The decline in macrophytes was further compounded by overfishing during the 1970s , while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in the late 1980s . Additionally , an alien species -- the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi ) -- was able to establish itself in the basin , exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons . The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry , as Ca - producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH , although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified . In central Black Sea waters , Si levels were also significantly reduced , due to a decrease in the flux of Si associated with advection across isopycnal surfaces . This phenomenon demonstrates the potential for localised alterations in Black Sea nutrient input to have basin - wide effects . Pollution reduction and regulation efforts have led to a partial recovery of the Black Sea ecosystem during the 1990s , and an EU monitoring exercise , ' EROS21 ' , revealed decreased N and P values , relative to the 1989 peak . Recently , scientists have noted signs of ecological recovery , in part due to the construction of new sewage treatment plants in Slovakia , Hungary , Romania , and Bulgaria in connection with membership in the European Union . Mnemiopsis leidyi populations have been checked with the arrival of another alien species which feeds on them . Jellyfish Actinia Actinia Goby Stingray Goat fish Hermit crab , Diogenes pugilator Blue sponge Spiny dogfish Seahorse Black Sea Common Dolphins with a kite - surfer off Sochi Terrestrial ( edit ) Statues of a man and a tiger , on the way to Mount Akhun . In the past , the range of the Asiatic lion extended from South Asia to the Balkans , possibly up to the Danube . Places like Turkey and the Trans - Caucasus were in this range . The Caspian tiger occurred in eastern Turkey and the Caucasus , at least . The lyuti zver ( Old Russian for `` fierce animal '' ) that was encountered by Vladimir II Monomakh , Velikiy Kniaz of Kievan Rus ' ( which ranged to the Black Sea in the south ) , may have been a tiger or leopard , rather than a wolf or lynx , due to the way it behaved towards him and his horse . Climate ( edit ) The ice on the Gulf of Odessa Short - term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of the North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses . While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear , it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia , regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean Sea Surface Temperatures ( SST 's ) . The relative strength of these systems also limits the amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter . Other influencing factors include the regional topography , as depressions and storms systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosphorus , Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as wave guides , limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region . Islands ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are some islands in the Black sea that belong to Bulgaria , Romania , Turkey , and Ukraine : St. Thomas Island -- Bulgaria St. Anastasia Island -- Bulgaria St. Cyricus Island -- Bulgaria St. Ivan Island -- Bulgaria St. Peter Island -- Bulgaria Sacalinu Mare Island -- Romania Sacalinu Mic Island -- Romania Novaya Zemliya -- Romania Utrish Island Krupinin Island Sudiuk Island Kefken Island Oreke Island Giresun Island Dzharylgach Island -- Ukraine Zmiinyi ( Snake ) Island -- Ukraine History ( edit ) Mediterranean connection during the Holocene ( edit ) The Bosphorus , taken from the International Space Station Map of the Dardanelles The Black Sea is connected to the World Ocean by a chain of two shallow straits , the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus . The Dardanelles is 55 m ( 180 ft ) deep and the Bosphorus is as shallow as 36 m ( 118 ft ) . By comparison , at the height of the last ice age , sea levels were more than 100 m ( 330 ft ) lower than they are now . There is also evidence that water levels in the Black Sea were considerably lower at some point during the post-glacial period . Some researchers theorize that the Black Sea had been a landlocked freshwater lake ( at least in upper layers ) during the last glaciation and for some time after . In the aftermath of the last glacial period , water levels in the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea rose independently until they were high enough to exchange water . The exact timeline of this development is still subject to debate . One possibility is that the Black Sea filled first , with excess fresh water flowing over the Bosphorus sill and eventually into the Mediterranean Sea . There are also catastrophic scenarios , such as the `` Black Sea deluge theory '' put forward by William Ryan , Walter Pitman and Petko Dimitrov . Deluge hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Black Sea deluge hypothesis The Black Sea deluge is a hypothesized catastrophic rise in the level of the Black Sea circa 5600 BC due to waters from the Mediterranean Sea breaching a sill in the Bosporus Strait . The hypothesis was headlined when The New York Times published it in December 1996 , shortly before it was published in an academic journal . While it is agreed that the sequence of events described did occur , there is debate over the suddenness , dating and magnitude of the events . Relevant to the hypothesis is that its description has led some to connect this catastrophe with prehistoric flood myths . Recorded History ( edit ) A medieval map of the Black Sea by Diogo Homem . Greek colonies ( 8th -- 3rd century BCE ) of the Black Sea ( Euxine , or `` hospitable '' sea ) . The Black Sea was a busy waterway on the crossroads of the ancient world : the Balkans to the west , the Eurasian steppes to the north , Caucasus and Central Asia to the east , Asia Minor and Mesopotamia to the south , and Greece to the south - west . The oldest processed gold in the world was found in Varna , Bulgaria , and the Black Sea was supposedly sailed by the Argonauts . The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea , Colchis , ( now Georgia ) , marked for the Greeks the edge of the known world . The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland ( Urheimat ) of the speakers of the Proto - Indo - European language , ( PIE ) the progenitor of the Indo - European language family , by some scholars such as Marija Gimbutas ; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea , yet others to Anatolia . The Black Sea became an Ottoman Navy lake within five years of Genoa losing the Crimea in 1479 , after which the only Western merchant vessels to sail its waters were those of Venice 's old rival Ragusa . This restriction was gradually changed by the Russian Navy from 1783 until the relaxation of export controls in 1789 because of the French Revolution . The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of World War I and saw both naval and land battles during World War II . Archaeology ( edit ) Ivan Aivazovsky . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia , just before the Crimean War Ancient trade routes in the region are currently being extensively studied by scientists , as the Black Sea was sailed by Hittites , Carians , Colchians , Thracians , Greeks , Persians , Cimmerians , Scythians , Romans , Byzantines , Goths , Huns , Avars , Bulgars , Slavs , Varangians , Crusaders , Venetians , Genoese , Lithuanians , Georgians , Poles , Tatars , Ottomans , and Russians . Perhaps the most promising areas in deepwater archaeology are the quest for submerged prehistoric settlements in the continental shelf and for ancient shipwrecks in the anoxic zone , which are expected to be exceptionally well preserved due to the absence of oxygen . This concentration of historical powers , combined with the preservative qualities of the deep anoxic waters of the Black Sea , has attracted increased interest from marine archaeologists who have begun to discover a large number of ancient ships and organic remains in a high state of preservation . Modern Use ( edit ) Yalta , Crimea Amasra , Turkey , is located on a small island in the Black Sea Commercial and civic Use ( edit ) According to NATO , the Black sea is a strategic corridor that provides smuggling channels for moving legal and illegal goods including drugs , radioactive materials , and counterfeit goods that can be used to finance terrorism . Navigation ( edit ) Ports and ferry terminals ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were at least 30 operating merchant seaports in the Black Sea ( including at least 12 in Ukraine ) . Merchant fleet and traffic ( edit ) According to the International Transport Workers ' Federation 2013 study , there were around 2,400 commercial vessels operating in the Black Sea . Fishing ( edit ) Anchovy : the Turkish commercial fishing fleet catches around 300,000 tons per year on average , and fishery carried out mainly in winter and the highest portion of the stock is caught between November and December . Hydrocarbons exploration ( edit ) Since the 1980s , the Soviet Union started offshore drilling for petroleum in the sea 's western portion ( adjoining Ukraine 's coast ) . The independent Ukraine continued and intensified that effort within its exclusive economic zone , inviting major international oil companies for exploration . Discovery of the new , massive oilfields in the area stimulated an influx of foreign investments . It also provoked a short - term peaceful territorial dispute with Romania which was resolved in 2011 by an international court redefining the exclusive economic zones between the two countries . Holiday resorts and spas ( edit ) Cities of the Black Sea In the years following the end of the Cold War , the popularity of the Black Sea as a tourist destination steadily increased . Tourism at Black Sea resorts became one of the region 's growth industries . The following is a list of notable Black Sea resort towns : 2 Mai ( Romania ) Agigea ( Romania ) Ahtopol ( Bulgaria ) Amasra ( Turkey ) Anaklia ( Georgia ) Anapa ( Russia ) Albena ( Bulgaria ) Alupka ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Alushta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Balchik ( Bulgaria ) Batumi ( Georgia ) Burgas ( Bulgaria ) Byala ( Bulgaria ) Cap Aurora ( Romania ) Chakvi ( Georgia ) Constantine and Helena ( Bulgaria ) Constanța ( Romania ) Corbu ( Romania ) Costineşti ( Romania ) Eforie ( Romania ) Emona ( Bulgaria ) Eupatoria ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Foros ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Feodosiya ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Giresun ( Turkey ) Gagra ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Gelendzhik ( Russia ) Golden Sands ( Bulgaria ) Gonio ( Georgia ) Gurzuf ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Hopa ( Artvin , Turkey ) Istanbul ( Turkey ) Jupiter ( Romania ) Kamchia ( Bulgaria ) Kavarna ( Bulgaria ) Kiten ( Bulgaria ) Kobuleti ( Georgia ) Koktebel ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Lozenetz ( Bulgaria ) Mamaia ( Romania ) Mangalia ( Romania ) Năvodari ( Romania ) Neptun ( Romania ) Nesebar ( Bulgaria ) Novorossiysk ( Russia ) Ordu ( Turkey ) Obzor ( Bulgaria ) Odessa ( Ukraine ) Olimp ( Romania ) Pitsunda ( Abkhazia , Georgia ) Pomorie ( Bulgaria ) Primorsko ( Bulgaria ) Rize ( Turkey ) Rusalka ( Bulgaria ) Samsun ( Turkey ) Saturn ( Romania ) Sinop ( Turkey ) Sochi ( Russia ) Sozopol ( Bulgaria ) Sudak ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Skadovsk ( Ukraine ) Sulina ( Romania ) Sunny Beach ( Bulgaria ) Şile ( Turkey ) Sveti Vlas ( Bulgaria ) Trabzon ( Turkey ) Tsikhisdziri ( Georgia ) Tuapse ( Russia ) Ureki ( Georgia ) Vama Veche ( Romania ) Varna ( Bulgaria ) Venus ( Romania ) Yalta ( Crimea , Russia / Ukraine ( disputed ) ) Zonguldak ( Turkey ) Soviet frigate Bezzavetny ( right ) bumping the USS Yorktown during the 1988 Black Sea bumping incident . Ukrainian Navy artillery boat U170 in the Bay of Sevastopol Modern military Use ( edit ) International and military Use of the Straits ( edit ) The 1936 Montreux Convention provides for a free passage of civilian ships between the international waters of the Black and the Mediterranean Seas . However , a single country ( Turkey ) has a complete control over the straits connecting the two seas . The 1982 amendments to the Montreux Convention allow Turkey to close the Straits at its discretion in both wartime and peacetime . The 1936 Montreux Convention governs the passage of vessels between the Black and the Mediterranean Seas and the presence of military vessels belonging to non-littoral states in the Black Sea waters . Trans - sea cooperation ( edit ) Main articles : Black Sea Euroregion , Superior Prut and Lower Danube , Black Sea Games , and Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation See also ( edit ) 1927 Crimean earthquakes Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks Anoxic event Bulgarian Black Sea Coast Caucasian Riviera Internationalization of the Danube River Karadeniz Technical University Kuma -- Manych Depression Mount Akhun Romanian Black Sea resorts References ( edit ) Informational notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992 , although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia . Abkhazia is n't an independent country , it 's part of Georgia and recognized by international low . occupied by Russia . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ UNEP / GRID - Arendal Maps and Graphics Library ( 2001 ) . `` Socio - economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Geography , Oceanography , Ecology , History '' Living Black Sea Jump up ^ Surface Area -- `` Black Sea Geography '' . University of Delaware College of Marine Studies . 2003 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maximum Depth -- `` Europa -- Gateway of the European Union Website '' . Environment and Enlargement -- The Black Sea : Facts and Figures . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murray , J. W ; Jannasch , H. W ; Honjo , S ; Anderson , R. F ; Reeburgh , W. S ; Top , Z ; Friederich , G. E ; Codispoti , L. A ; Izdar , E ( March 30 , 1989 ) . `` Unexpected changes in the oxic / anoxic interface in the Black Sea '' . Nature Publishing Group . 338 ( 6214 ) : 411 -- 413 . Bibcode : 1989Natur. 338 ... 411M . doi : 10.1038 / 338411a0 . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cât a crescut populația în principalele zone metropolitane ale țării în ultimele două decenii '' . www.analizeeconomice.ro . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkish Statistical Institute '' . Rapor.tuik.gov.tr . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Batumi City Hall website '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Özhan Öztürk ( 2005 ) . Karadeniz Ansiklopedik Sözlük . İstanbul : Heyamola Yayınları . pp. 617 -- 620 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Schmitt 1989 , pp. 310 -- 313 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Joseph H. `` Greater Bundahishn ( text ) '' . www.avesta.org . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Gibbon , Edward . The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire . Everyman 's Library , 1910 ; reprinted 1993 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 42308 - 7 . Passim . Jump up ^ McKenzie , DP ( 1970 ) . `` Plate tectonics of the Mediterranean region '' . Nature . 226 ( 5242 ) : 239 -- 43 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 226 ... 239M . doi : 10.1038 / 226239a0 . PMID 16057188 . Jump up ^ McClusky , S. ; S. Balassanian ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Global Positioning System constraints on plate kinematics and dynamics in the eastern Mediterranean and Caucasus '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 105 ( B3 ) : 5695 -- 5719 . Bibcode : 2000JGR ... 105.5695 M . doi : 10.1029 / 1999JB900351 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Donna J. ; White , Nicky ; Minshull , Timothy A. ; Edwards , Glyn R.H. ; Jones , Stephen M. ; Edwards , Rosemary A. ; Scott , Caroline L. ( 2008 ) . `` Cenozoic evolution of the eastern Black Sea : A test of depth - dependent stretching models '' ( PDF ) . Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 265 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 360 -- 378 . Bibcode : 2008E&PSL. 265 ... 360S . doi : 10.1016 / j. epsl. 2007.10. 033 . Jump up ^ Nikishin , A ( 2003 ) . `` The Black Sea basin : tectonic history and Neogene -- Quaternary rapid subsidence modelling '' . Sedimentary Geology. 156 : 149 -- 168 . Bibcode : 2003SedG ... 156 ... 149N . doi : 10.1016 / S0037 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00286 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barale , Vittorio ; Gade , Martin ( 2008 ) . Remote Sensing of the European Seas . p. 17 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 6771 - 2 . Jump up ^ Prothero , G.W. ( 1920 ) . Anatolia . London : H.M. Stationery Office . Jump up ^ `` Agriculture in the Black Sea Region '' . Bs-agro.com . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Talley , Pickard , Emery , Swift . Jump up ^ `` Meromictic '' . Merriam-webster.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exploring Ancient Mysteries : A Black Sea Journey '' . Ceoe.udel.edu . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Korotaev , G. ( 2003 ) . `` Seasonal , interannual , and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 . Bibcode : 2003JGRC ... 108.3122 K . doi : 10.1029 / 2002JC001508 . Jump up ^ Black Sea Becomes Turquoise Archived October 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schuiling , Roelof Dirk ; Cathcart , Richard B. ; Badescu , Viorel ; Isvoranu , Dragos ; Pelinovsky , Efim ( 2006 ) . `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea . Death by drowning or asphyxiation ? '' . Natural Hazards. 40 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 338 . doi : 10.1007 / s11069 - 006 - 0017 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Asteroid impact in the Black Sea : tsunami and toxic gas emission '' ( PDF ) . www.cosis.net . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. ; H.W. Ducklow ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` A physical - biochemical model of plankton productivity and nitrogen cycling in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Deep - Sea Research Part I. 46 ( 4 ) : 597 -- 636 . Bibcode : 1999DSRI ... 46 ... 597O . doi : 10.1016 / S0967 - 0637 ( 98 ) 00074 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Oguz , T. & A. Merico ( 2006 ) . `` Factors controlling the summer Emiliania huxleyi bloom in the Black Sea : A modeling study '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Marine Systems . 59 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 173 -- 188 . Bibcode : 2006JMS ... 59 ... 173O . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmarsys. 2005.08. 002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Friedrich , J. ; C. Dinkel ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Benthic Nutrient Cycling and Diagenetic Pathways in the North - western Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 369 -- 383 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 369F . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0653 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mechanisms impeding natural Mediterranization process of Black Sea fauna ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Selifonova P.J.. 2011 . Ships ' ballast as a Primary Factor for'Mediterranization'of Pelagic Copepod Fauna ( Copepoda ) in the Northeastern Black Sea ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Eker , E. ; L. Georgieva ; et al. ( 1999 ) . `` Phytoplankton distribution in the western and eastern Black Sea in spring and autumn 1995 '' ( PDF ) . ICES Journal of Marine Science . 56 : 15 -- 22 . doi : 10.1006 / jmsc. 1999.0604 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Eker - Develi , E ( 2003 ) . `` Distribution of phytoplankton in the southern Black Sea in summer 1996 , spring and autumn 1998 '' . Journal of Marine Systems . 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 203 -- 211 . Bibcode : 2003JMS ... 39 ... 203E . doi : 10.1016 / S0924 - 7963 ( 03 ) 00031 - 9 . Jump up ^ Krakhmalny , A.F. ( 1994 ) . `` Dinophyta of the Black Sea ( Brief history of investigations and species diversity ) . '' Algologiya 4 : 99 -- 107 . ^ Jump up to : Gomez , F. & L. Boicenco ( 2004 ) . `` An annotated checklist of dinoflagellates in the Black Sea '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 517 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 59 . doi : 10.1023 / B : HYDR. 0000027336.05452. 07 . Jump up ^ Uysal , Z ( 2006 ) . `` Vertical distribution of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. in the Black , Marmara , Aegean , and eastern Mediterranean seas '' . Deep - Sea Research Part II . 53 ( 17 -- 19 ) : 1976 -- 1987 . Bibcode : 2006DSR ... 53.1976 U . doi : 10.1016 / j. dsr2. 2006.03. 016 . Jump up ^ `` Delphinus delphis ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Common Dolphin , Common Dolphin , Short - beaked Common Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Tursiops truncatus ssp . ponticus ( Black Sea Bottlenose Dolphin , Common Bottlenose Dolphin ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . Jump up ^ `` Phocoena phocoena ssp . relicta ( Black Sea Harbour Porpoise , Harbour Porpoise ) '' . www.iucnredlist.org . ^ Jump up to : First stranding record of a Risso 's Dolphin ( Grampus griseus ) in the Marmara Sea , Turkey ( pdf ) . Retrieved on September 06 , 2017 Jump up ^ Goldman E ... 2017 . Crimean bridge construction boosts dolphin population in Kerch Strait . The Russia Beyond the Headlines . Retrieved on March 10 , 2017 Jump up ^ Reznikova E ... 2017 . Крымские стройки убивают все живое на дне моря . Примечания . Новости Севастополя и Крыма . Retrieved on September 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Karamanlidis , A. ; Dendrinos , P. ( 2015 ) . `` Monachus monachus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2015 : e. T13653A45227543 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2015 - 4. RLTS. T13653A45227543. en . Retrieved 25 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Sergei R. Grinevetsky , Igor S. Zonn , Sergei S. Zhiltsov , Aleksey N. Kosarev , Andrey G. Kostianoy , 2014 , The Black Sea Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Emek Inanmaz , Özgür ; Değirmenci , Özgür ; Gücü , Ali Cemal ( 2014 ) . `` A new sighting of the Mediterranean Monk Seal , Monachus monachus ( Hermann , 1779 ) , in the Marmara Sea ( Turkey ) '' . Zoology in the Middle East . 60 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 280 . doi : 10.1080 / 09397140.2014. 944438 . ^ Jump up to : Frantzis A. , Alexiadou P. , Paximadis G. , Politi E. , Gannier A. , Corsini - Foka M. ( 2003 ) . `` Current knowledge of the cetacean fauna of the Greek Seas '' ( pdf ) . Journal of Cetacean Research and Management . International Whaling Commission . 5 ( 3 ) : 219 -- 232 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Anderson R ... 1992 . Black Sea Whale Aided By Activists . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved on April 21 . 2016 Jump up ^ Gladilina , E.V. ; Kovtun , Oleg ; Kondakov , Andrey ; Syomik , A.M. ; Pronin , K.K. ; Gol'din , Pavel ( January 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grey seal Halichoerus grypus in the Black Sea : The first case of long - term survival of an exotic pinniped '' . Marine Biodiversity Records . 6 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267213000018 -- via ResearchGate . Jump up ^ Kabasakal H ... 2014 . The status of the great white shark ( Carcharodon carcharias ) in Turkey 's waters ( pdf ) . Marine Biodiversity Records . Vol. 7 . pp. 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1755267214000980 ; Vol. 7 ; e109 ; 2014 . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cuma. 2009 . Çanakkale'de 10 metrelik köpekbalığı ! . Retrieved on September 04 , 2017 Jump up ^ Humborg , Christoph ; Ittekkot , Venugopalan ; Cociasu , Adriana ; Bodungen , Bodo v. ( 1997 ) . `` Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecosystem structure '' . Nature . 386 ( 6623 ) : 385 -- 388 . Bibcode : 1997Natur. 386 ... 385H . doi : 10.1038 / 386385a0 . Jump up ^ Sburlea , A. ; L. Boicenco ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Aspects of eutrophication as a chemical pollution with implications on marine biota at the Romanian Black Sea shore '' . Chemicals as Intentional and Accidental Global Environmental Threats . NATO Security through Science Series : 357 -- 360 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5098 - 5_28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5096 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gregoire , M. ; C. Raick ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Numerical modeling of the central Black Sea ecosystem functioning during the eutrophication phase '' . Progress in Oceanography. 76 ( 3 ) : 286 -- 333 . Bibcode : 2008PrOce ... 76 ... 286G . doi : 10.1016 / j. pocean. 2008.01. 002 . Jump up ^ Colin Woodard ( February 11 , 2001 ) . Ocean 's end : travels through endangered seas . Basic Books . pp. 1 -- 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01571 - 9 . Retrieved August 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lancelot , C ( 2002 ) . `` Modelling the Danube - influenced North - western Continental Shelf of the Black Sea . II : Ecosystem Response to Changes in Nutrient Delivery by the Danube River after its Damming in 1972 '' ( PDF ) . Estuarine , Coastal and Shelf Science . 54 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 499 . Bibcode : 2002ECSS ... 54 ... 473L . doi : 10.1006 / ecss. 2000.0659 . Jump up ^ Woodard , Colin , `` The Black Sea 's Cautionary Tale , '' Congressional Quarterly Global Researcher , October 2007 , pp. 244 -- 245 Jump up ^ Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies ( 1988 ) . `` Kyivan Rus ' '' . Encyclopedia of Ukraine . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Geptner , V.G. , Sludskij , A.A. ( 1972 ) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza . Vysšaia Škola , Moskva . ( In Russian ; English translation : Heptner , V.G. , Sludskii , A.A. , Komarov , A. , Komorov , N. ; Hoffmann , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Soviet Union . Vol III : Carnivores ( Feloidea ) . Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation , Washington DC ) . Jump up ^ Hurrell , J.W. ( 1995 ) . `` Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation : Regional Temperatures and Precipitation '' . Science . 269 ( 5224 ) : 676 -- 679 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 269 ... 676H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 269.5224. 676 . PMID 17758812 . Jump up ^ Lamy , F. , Arz , H.W. , Bond , G.C. , Barh , A. and Pätzold , J. ( 2006 ) . `` Multicentennial - scale hydrological changes in the Black Sea and northern Red Sea during the Holocene and the Arctic / North Atlantic Oscillation '' ( PDF ) . Paleoceanography. 21 : n / a . Bibcode : 2006PalOc ... 21.1008 L . doi : 10.1029 / 2005PA001184 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 15 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Türkeş , Murat ( 1996 ) . `` Spatial and temporal analysis of annual rainfall variations in Turkey '' . International Journal of Climatology. 16 ( 9 ) : 1057 -- 1076 . Bibcode : 1996IJCli ... 16.1057 T . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 0088 ( 199609 ) 16 : 9 < 1057 : : AID - JOC75 > 3.3.CO ; 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cullen , H.M. ; A. Kaplan ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Middle Eastern climate and streamflow '' ( PDF ) . Climatic Change . 55 ( 3 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1020518305517 . Jump up ^ Ozsoy , E. & U. Unluata ( 1997 ) . `` Oceanography of the Black Sea : A review of some recent results '' . Earth - Science Reviews . 42 ( 4 ) : 231 -- 272 . Bibcode : 1997ESRv ... 42 ... 231O . doi : 10.1016 / S0012 - 8252 ( 97 ) 81859 - 4 . Jump up ^ Brody , L.R. , Nestor , M.J.R. ( 1980 ) . Regional Forecasting Aids for the Mediterranean Basin . Handbook for Forecasters in the Mediterranean , Naval Research Laboratory . Part 2 . Jump up ^ Wilford , John Noble ( 17 December 1996 ) . `` Geologists Link Black Sea Deluge To Farming 's Rise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 June 2013 . Jump up ^ William Ryan & Walter Pitman ( 1998 ) . Noah 's Flood : The New Scientific Discoveries About the Event That Changed History . New York : Simon & Schuster Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Nicolle ( 1989 ) . The Venetian Empire 1200 -- 1670 . Osprey Publishing . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85045 - 899 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bruce McGowan . Economic Life in Ottoman Europe : Taxation , Trade and the Struggle for Land , 1600 -- 1800 , Studies in Modern Capitalism . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 13536 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Black Sea Security '' . NATO Advanced Research Workshop . NATO . 2010 . Retrieved 31 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Черное море признано одним из самых неблагоприятных мест для моряков '' . International Transport Workers ' Federation . BlackSeaNews . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turkish Black Sea Acoustic Surveys : Winter distribution of anchovy along the Turkish coast Serdar SAKINAN . Middle East Technical University -- Institute of Marine Sciences Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Sea Resorts '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux and The Bosphorus Problem '' ( in Turkish ) . Jump up ^ `` Montreaux Convention and Turkey ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) Stella Ghervas , `` The Black Sea '' , in D. Armitage , A. Bashford and S. Sivasundaram , eds. , Oceanic Histories ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2017 ) , pp. 234 -- 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 1083 - 9972 - 2 Stella Ghervas , `` Odessa et les confins de l'Europe : un éclairage historique '' , in Stella Ghervas et François Rosset ( ed ) , Lieux d'Europe . Mythes et limites ( Paris : Editions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme , 2008 ) , pp. 107 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7351 - 1182 - 4 Charles King , The Black Sea : A History , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 924161 - 9 William Ryan and Walter Pitman , Noah 's Flood , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85920 - 3 Neal Ascherson , Black Sea ( Vintage 1996 ) , ISBN 0 - 09 - 959371 - 8 Schmitt , Rüdiger ( 1989 ) . `` BLACK SEA '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica , Vol. IV , Fasc. 3 . pp. 310 -- 313 . Rüdiger Schmitt , `` Considerations on the Name of the Black Sea '' , in : Hellas und der griechische Osten ( Saarbrücken 1996 ) , pp. 219 -- 224 West , Stephanie ( 2003 ) . ' The Most Marvellous of All Seas ' : the Greek Encounter with the Euxine. 50 . Greece & Rome . pp. 151 -- 167 . Petko Dimitrov ; Dimitar Dimitrov ( 2004 ) . THE BLACK SEA , THE FLOOD AND THE ANCIENT MYTHS . Varna . p. 91 . ISBN 954 - 579 - 335 - X . Dimitrov , D. 2010 . Geology and Non-traditional resources of the Black Sea . LAP Lambert Academic Publishing . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8383 - 8639 - 3 . 244p . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Sea . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Black Sea . 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8 NARA : 10046296 NSK : 000348178 VIAF : 156737072 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea&oldid=855401384 '' Categories : Black Sea Seas of the Mediterranean Sea Anoxic waters Back - arc basins European seas Seas of Russia Seas of Turkey Seas of Ukraine Bodies of water of Bulgaria Bodies of water of Georgia ( country ) Bodies of water of Romania Bodies of water of Crimea Bulgaria -- Romania border Bulgaria -- Turkey border Georgia ( country ) -- Russia border Georgia ( country ) -- Turkey border Romania -- Ukraine border Russia -- Ukraine border Seas of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of Asia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) Use mdy dates from July 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia infobox body of water articles without image Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles containing Greek - 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The Black Sea is a body of water and marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean between Eastern Europe , the Caucasus , and Western Asia . It is supplied by a number of major rivers , such as the Danube , Dnieper , Southern Bug , Dniester , Don , and the Rioni . About a third of Europe drains into the Black Sea , including the countries of Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Georgia , Germany , Hungary , Moldova , Poland , Romania , Russia , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Turkey and Ukraine .

Grand juries in the United States - wikipedia Grand juries in the United States Jump to : navigation , search A grand jury investigating the fire that destroyed the Arcadia Hotel in Boston , Massachusetts in November 1913 . The United States is one of only two common law jurisdictions in the world , along with Liberia , that continues to use the grand jury to screen criminal indictments . Generally speaking , a grand jury may issue an indictment for a crime , also known as a `` true bill , '' only if it finds , based upon the evidence that has been presented to it , that there is probable cause to believe that a crime has been committed by a criminal suspect . Unlike a petit jury , which resolves a particular civil or criminal case , a grand jury ( typically having twelve to twenty - three members ) serves as a group for a sustained period of time in all or many of the cases that come up in the jurisdiction , generally under the supervision of a federal U.S. attorney , a county district attorney , or a state attorney - general and hears evidence ex parte ( i.e. without suspect or person of interest involvement in the proceedings ) . While all states in the U.S. currently have provisions for grand juries , only half of the states actually employ them and twenty - two require their use , to varying extents . The modern trend is to use an adversarial preliminary hearing before a trial court judge , rather than grand jury , in the screening role of determining whether there is evidence establishing probable cause that a defendant committed a serious felony before that defendant is required to go to trial and risk a conviction on those charges . California , Florida , and some other states , also use ' civil grand juries ' , ' investigating grand juries ' , or the equivalent , to oversee and investigate the conduct of government institutions , in addition to dealing with criminal indictments . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Federal law 2.1 Grand Jury Clause 2.2 Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6 2.3 Secrecy 2.4 Investigatory role 2.5 Special grand jury 3 State law 3.1 California 3.2 Kentucky 3.3 Louisiana 3.3. 1 Suggestions for improvement 3.4 Minnesota 3.5 New York 3.6 Virginia 4 Criticism 4.1 Jury makeup 4.2 Limited constitutional rights 4.3 Intimidation tactic 4.4 Rubber stamp for the prosecution 4.5 2014 police incidents 5 Reform of federal grand jury system 6 `` Runaway '' grand jury 7 Grand juries in literature 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) In the early decades of the United States grand juries played a major role in public matters . During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors , ( e.g. , for a twenty - three - person grand jury , twelve people would constitute a bare majority ) . Any citizen could bring a matter before a grand jury directly , from a public work that needed repair , to the delinquent conduct of a public official , to a complaint of a crime , and grand juries could conduct their own investigations . In that era most criminal prosecutions were conducted by private parties , either a law enforcement officer , a lawyer hired by a crime victim or his family , or even by laymen . A layman could bring a bill of indictment to the grand jury ; if the grand jury found there was sufficient evidence for a trial , that the act was a crime under law , and that the court had jurisdiction , it would return the indictment to the complainant . The grand jury would then appoint the complaining party to exercise the authority of an attorney general , that is , one having a general power of attorney to represent the state in the case . The grand jury served to screen out incompetent or malicious prosecutions . The advent of official public prosecutors in the later decades of the 19th century largely displaced private prosecutions . The federal constitutional right to have federal criminal charges screened by a grand jury is one of just a handful of provisions of the federal Bill of Rights that does not also apply to state and local governments . Federal law ( edit ) Grand jury clause ( edit ) The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ... '' Misdemeanors are not presented to a grand jury , and are instead charged by prosecutor 's `` information . '' In the United States armed forces , an Article 32 hearing is used for a similar purpose . The grand jury right may be waived , including by plea agreement . A valid waiver must be made in open court and after the defendant has been advised of the nature of the charge and of the defendant 's rights . Federal rule of criminal Procedure 6 ( edit ) Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure governs grand juries . It requires grand juries to be composed of 16 to 23 members and that 12 members must concur in an indictment . A grand jury is instructed to return an indictment if the probable cause standard has been met . The grand jury 's decision is either a `` true bill '' ( formerly billa vera , resulting in an `` indictment '' ) , or `` no true bill '' . Secrecy ( edit ) Grand jury proceedings are secret . No judge is present ; the proceedings are led by a prosecutor ; and the defendant has no right to present his case or ( in many instances ) to be informed of the proceedings at all . While court reporters usually transcribe the proceedings , the records are sealed . The case for such secrecy was unanimously upheld by the Burger Court in Douglas Oil Co. of Cal . v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) . The dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Burger and Stewart but concurred with the Court 's opinion as to the importance and rationale of grand jury secrecy . Writing for the Court , Justice Powell found that `` if preindictment proceedings were made public , many prospective witnesses would be hesitant to come forward voluntarily '' ; `` witnesses who appeared before the grand jury would be less likely to testify fully and frankly '' ; and `` there also would be the risk that those about to be indicted would flee , or would try to influence individual grand jurors '' . Further , `` persons who are accused but exonerated by the grand jury ( should ) not be held up to public ridicule '' . United States v. Procter & Gamble Co. , 356 US 677 ( 1958 ) , permitted the disclosure of grand jury transcripts under certain restrictions : `` a private party seeking to obtain grand jury transcripts must demonstrate that ' without the transcript a defense would be greatly prejudiced or that without reference to it an injustice would be done ' '' and must make its requests `` with particularity '' . Further , First Amendment protections generally permit the witnesses summoned by a grand jury to discuss their testimony , although Dennis v. United States , 384 US 855 ( 1966 ) , found that such public discussion permits release of the transcripts of their actual testimony . The Jencks Act , 18 U.S.C. § 3500 , requires the government to disclose to the defense any statements made by the accused to the grand jury , and , with respect to non-party witnesses , that after a witness has testified on direct examination at trial , any statement made to the grand jury by such witness be disclosed to the defense . Investigatory role ( edit ) The grand jury can compel a witness to testify . The target of a grand jury investigation has no right to testify or put on a defense before the grand jury . The U.S. Attorney 's Manual anticipates the possibility of allowing investigatory targets to testify . The U.S. Attorneys ' Manual states that prosecutors `` must recognize that the grand jury is an independent body , whose functions include not only the investigation of crime and the initiation of criminal prosecution but also the protection of the citizenry from unfounded criminal charges '' and that targets of investigations have the right to , and can , `` request or demand the opportunity to tell the grand jury their side of the story . '' Special grand jury ( edit ) United States law also provides for the formation of special grand juries . While a regular grand jury primarily decides whether to bring charges , a special grand jury is called into existence to investigate whether organized crime is occurring in the community in which it sits . This could include , for instance , organized drug activity or organized corruption in government . As provided in 18 U.S.C. § 3331 ( a ) , the U.S. District Court in every judicial district having more than four million inhabitants must impanel a special grand jury when requested by a designated official of the Justice Department . State law ( edit ) The grand jury clause of the Fifth Amendment has not been incorporated against the U.S. states . As a matter of state law , the states of Alaska , Arizona , Arkansas , California , Colorado , Delaware , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Idaho , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan ( convened by the Court of Appeals ) , Minnesota , Missouri , Mississippi , Montana , Nebraska , Nevada , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New Mexico , New York , North Carolina , North Dakota , Ohio , Oklahoma , Oregon , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Utah ( convened by a panel of judges ) , Virginia , Washington , West Virginia , Wyoming , as well as the District of Columbia , employ some form of grand jury . California ( edit ) The California constitution requires each county to have at least one grand jury impaneled at all times . Grand juries are governed by Title 4 and Title 5 of the California Penal Code , as well as Government Code 3060 and other more general provisions . In addition , grand juries are not subject to the Brown Act . Most county grand juries in California do not consider criminal matters . A decision to present criminal cases to the grand jury may be made by the county District Attorney , but it is neither a constitutional nor a statutory requirement . These county - level grand juries primarily focus on oversight of government institutions at the county level or lower . This is why California 's grand juries are often called civil grand juries . Almost any entity that receives public money can be examined by the grand jury , including county governments , cities , and special districts . Each panel selects the topics that it wishes to examine each year . A jury is not allowed to continue an oversight from a previous panel . If a jury wishes to look at a subject that a prior jury was examining , it must start its own investigation and independently verify all information . It may use information obtained from the prior jury but this information must be verified before it can be used by the current jury . Upon completing its investigation , the jury may , but is not required to , issue a report detailing its findings and recommendations . Most grand juries are seated on a fiscal cycle , i.e. July through June . Most counties have panels consisting of nineteen jurors , some have as few as eleven jurors , others have as many as twenty - three . Due to the length of service , grand jurors are usually selected on a volunteer basis . The grand jury is required to publish a minimum of one report containing a minimum of one finding and one recommendation . The published reports are the only public record of the grand jury 's work ; there is no minority report . Each published report includes a list of those public entities that are required or requested to respond . The format of these responses is dictated by California Penal Code Section 933.05 , as is the time span in which they must respond . County grand juries develop areas to examine by two avenues : juror interests and public complaints . Complaints filed by the public are kept confidential . The protection of whistleblowers is one of the primary reasons for the confidential nature of the grand jury 's work . Grand juries may charge public officials of `` willful or corrupt misconduct in office . '' The accusation is tried as if it were an indictment , and may not be dismissed for political or extra-legal motives . The definition of `` willful misconduct in office '' is reserved for serious misconduct , that is , criminal behavior or `` purposeful failure to carry out mandatory duties of office . '' In addition to the county grand juries in California , at least twice a year , the state impanels several Federal Grand Juries . The summons arrive in the mail just like regular jury summons . Jurors are requested to come on a certain date to be impaneled on the jury . There are over 500 people that attend this impanelment and multiple grand juries are chosen at this time . When the juries are chosen there are at least 50 alternates chosen as well . Each Grand Jury has 23 members and are expected to attend jury service one day per week for the time impaneled . The California Federal Grand Jury has two sections - the Accusatory and the Investigatory . Accusatory Grand Juries hear shorter less complicated criminal cases and often hear several cases each day in attendance . Accusatory Grand Juries are impaneled for four to six months . Accusatory grand jurors meet one day each week , always on the same day of the week . Each day met , the number of cases varies and jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for these cases . Often accusatory jurors have a shortened day , but this is never predictable . A typical Accusatory Grand Juror 's day begins at 9 : 00 a.m. A Federal Attorney , the prosecutor , presents an indictment to the members of the jury . Then he brings in a witness , usually a Federal agent involved with the case , and questions him . When there are no more questions , the attorney , court reporter , and witness exit the room and the jurors are asked to deliberate the case . Grand jurors do not choose guilt but only decide if the case has probable cause to go to trial . Investigatory Grand Jurors are impaneled for at least one year of service . They meet one day a week , the same day of the week each week , to discuss and hear more involved Federal criminal cases that took place in California and in the county of the grand jury , some extending from week to week . Investigatory Grand Jurors are expected to be available from 9 : 00 a.m. until 4 : 30 p.m. for their cases . They are expected to return each week when called in to continue cases or start new ones . Federal Grand Jurors are paid a nominal fee for all days they are in court and receive travel expenses . The experience opens a small window into the inner workings of criminal proceedings and the input of Grand Jurors is an important check and balance to the government . Jurors are exposed to all manner of cases and work with a cross section of society to come to decisions on probable cause . Kentucky ( edit ) In Kentucky , grand jurors are impaneled in each county , at the Circuit Court level ( felonies only ) for a four - month term ( three panels per year ) . During the trial jury orientation for the given four - month term , the grand jurors are selected from the trial jury pool , although the method of selection is not necessarily random . The meetings are twice a month in most counties ( however , grand juries in more populous counties such as Jefferson ( Louisville ) and Fayette ( Lexington ) generally meet more often ) , with each meeting usually going through 20 - 30 cases in a four - to five - hour period . The indictment rate is about 98 - 99 % ; the grand jury can broaden ( about 1 % of the time ) or narrow ( about 3 % of the time ) the counts in the indictment as well . Usually , fifteen to twenty grand jurors are required to report to meetings ; the hope is that twelve will show to each meeting , which is the number of jurors required to hear cases ( an additional juror may be kept as an alternate while other extra jurors are typically excused for the day ) . It takes nine yes votes to the question of probable cause to sign a true bill of indictment . Fewer than nine yes votes either causes a no true bill or a narrowing of the indictment ( depending on the votes per count ) . The rules are very similar to the federal process ; the grand jury usually only hears from law enforcement personnel , with the exception of property crimes , where store detectives or actual victims of theft or vandalism are called to testify . The only cases brought to the grand jury are those initiated from the Commonwealth 's Attorney 's office ( the prosecutor for felonies ) . For the vast majority of cases , the grand jurors generally only hear a recitation of facts from the police report , crime laboratory & medical examiner reports , and other documentation generated during the evidence gathering process . Grand jurors can ask factual questions of the witnesses and legal questions of the Commonwealth 's Attorney or Assistant Commonwealth 's Attorney . The ability to broaden or narrow indictments does technically allow for grand juries to open new avenues of investigation , although since it is dependent on prosecutors for facts , this is very rarely done . Rules of confidentiality that apply to Kentucky grand jurors are similar to those that apply to federal grand juries . Louisiana ( edit ) Main article : Law of Louisiana The law of Louisiana is distinct from the other 49 states ; it has a civil law legal system rather than a common law system . The start of a grand jury may be attributed to an 1805 enactment of a law requiring all `` crimes , offenses and misdemeanors ( to ) be taken , intended and construed according to and in conformity with the common law of England . '' Provisions for a grand jury are spelled out in Article V Section § 34 ( a ) of the Louisiana Constitution of 1974 which states a grand jury shall consist of twelve members of a community , as peers of an accused , to weigh evidence presented to them to determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense . Secrecy is also covered , to be stipulated by law . Section § 34 ( b ) provides for a witness ' right to counsel stating , `` The legislature may establish by law the terms and conditions under which a witness may have the right to the advice of counsel while testifying before the grand jury . '' However , since a witness has no `` right to counsel '' under the United States Constitution , a Constitutional Amendment would be required to implement this language . Historically , a grand jury was empowered to investigate crimes committed within its jurisdiction , identify persons suspected of having committed offenses , determine whether there is probable cause to charge the person with the offense , and publish its findings to the court . This has changed over time , most notably in Article 209 of the 1928 Code stating the grand jury `` is to investigate non-capital offenses triable within the parish only when called to their attention by the district attorney or the court , '' and further removing the ability `` to act as a censory body of public morals . '' This effectively relegated the grand jury as a tool of the prosecutor . The 1950 Revised Statutes made a return to an 1870 provision that `` any member of the grand jury is required , under penalty of law , to bring to the attention of his fellow members any violation of the criminal law which may have come to his personal knowledge , or of which he may have been informed . '' This gives the view that a grand jury could initiate investigations or file charges on its own . Privileges against self - incrimination and the fact that a prosecutor can declare Nolle prosequi provides limitations . Although a grand jury may have the right to subpoena and to have persons and documents called before it , this is almost always limited to evidence and witnesses presented by a prosecutor . A grand jury is considered a jury of accusation and the petit jury as the jury of conviction . A grand jury may be presented with a bill of indictment , before or after a warrant of arrest on an indictable charge , at the discretion of a district attorney . He or she then presents evidence and witnesses to prove the charge . A grand jury can return a true bill , no true bill or a third option , `` pretermitting entirely the matter investigated '' . This requires nine of the twelve grand jurors to determine there is not enough evidence presented to determine if a person should or should not be charged with a crime . A grand jury is sometimes referred to as the passive collaborator of a prosecutor or a `` rubber stamp '' for an indictment , especially if simple acceptance of the bill of indictment is returned as a `` true bill . '' If a `` No True Bill '' is presented by a grand jury , the case is usually dropped . If a defendant is incarcerated , unless there are other charges , a prosecutor declares nolle prosequi , resubmits an indictment with new evidence , or brings charges of a lesser crime then , providing there is no gross oversight , the defendant is released . The theory is that if a prosecutor can not obtain a true bill , presenting the prosecutorial evidence with no defensive rebuttal , then a conviction is not likely . Suggestions for improvement ( edit ) A 1979 National Criminal Justice Reference Service ( NCJRS ) document identifies three steps that could be taken to remove the adversarial role of the grand jury and make them more independent ; ( 1 ) giving the target of the grand jury investigation the opportunity to testify ; ( 2 ) making a grand jury subpoena returnable only when the grand jury is sitting and identifying the general subject area of the investigation ; and ( 3 ) recording all grand jury proceedings ( except the jurors ' deliberations ) , making them accessible for pretrial discovery . Minnesota ( edit ) Hennepin County , Minnesota ( which contains Minneapolis ) keeps a grand jury impaneled at all times . Each grand jury serves a term of four months , typically meets one day each week , and focuses almost exclusively on homicide cases . New York ( edit ) In the State of New York , while a person can initially be charged with a felony via a sworn written accusation alone ( a `` felony complaint '' ) , the state constitution provides a defendant with a right to have all felonies prosecuted by way of a grand jury indictment . This right can be waived by a defendant , who can then be prosecuted using an indictment substitute called a `` superior court information . '' Grand juries are composed of between 16 and 23 jurors ( 16 being a quorum for all proceedings ) and indictments require a minimum vote of 12 such jurors . Grand juries may produce not only indictments but may direct the filing of misdemeanor charges in local courts , the removal of cases to Family Court , and may also issue `` grand jury reports '' concerning malfeasance of public officials and recommending their discipline . Both the prosecutor and the grand jury itself have the right to call witnesses to testify before the grand jury . With few exceptions , every witness who testifies before a grand jury receives transactional immunity automatically , whether they invoke their right to silence or not . If a grand jury is considering criminal charges against a person , that person has a right to testify before that grand jury , provided they make a timely written demand and then agree to waive their right to immunity . Despite this fact , an unwitting target of a grand jury proceeding has no right to be informed that their case is even being considered by a grand jury in the first place , unless they have already been arraigned on a felony complaint charging a related crime and are awaiting a preliminary hearing on that complaint . A defendant held in the state may testify to the grand jury . Virginia ( edit ) The Commonwealth of Virginia requires that all felonies be presented to a grand jury either directly or , more often , after certification following a preliminary hearing in district court . Commonwealth 's attorneys also have the option of obtaining a misdemeanor indictment from a grand jury . Grand juries are a part of the Commonwealth 's circuit court system and they meet at the beginning of each court term . Criticism ( edit ) Jury makeup ( edit ) The most persistent criticism of grand juries is that jurors are not a representative sampling of the community , and are not qualified for jury service , in that they do not possess a satisfactory ability to ask pertinent questions , or sufficient understanding of local government and the concept of due process . Unlike potential jurors in regular trials , grand jurors are not screened for bias or other improper factors . They are rarely read any instruction on the law , as this is not a requirement ; their job is only to judge on what the prosecutor produced . The prosecutor drafts the charges and decides which witnesses to call . Limited constitutional Rights ( edit ) The prosecutor is not obliged to present evidence in favor of those being investigated . Individuals subject to grand jury proceedings do not have a Sixth Amendment constitutional right to counsel in the grand jury room , nor do they have a Sixth Amendment right to confront and cross-examine witnesses . Additionally , individuals in grand jury proceedings can be charged with holding the court in contempt ( punishable with incarceration for the remaining term of the grand jury ) if they refuse to appear before the jury . Media coverage is not allowed . Furthermore , all evidence is presented by a prosecutor in a cloak of secrecy , as the prosecutor , grand jurors , and the grand jury stenographer are prohibited from disclosing what happened before the grand jury unless ordered to do so in a judicial proceeding . In 1974 the Supreme Court of the United States held in U.S. v. Calandra that `` the exclusionary rule in search - and - seizure cases does not apply to grand jury proceedings because the principal objective of the rule is ' to deter future unlawful police conduct , ' ( ... ) and ' it is unrealistic to assume that application of the rule to grand jury proceedings would significantly further that goal . ' '' Illegally obtained evidence , therefore , is admissible in grand jury proceedings , and the Fourth Amendment 's exclusionary rule does not apply . Intimidation tactic ( edit ) After a grand jury was commissioned to investigate whistleblowers organization WikiLeaks , grand juries have been accused of being used as an intimidation and persecution mechanism against whistleblowers who have been accused of leaking classified information . Rubber stamp for the prosecution ( edit ) According to the American Bar Association ( ABA ) , the grand jury has come under increasing criticism for being a mere `` rubber stamp '' for the prosecution without adequate procedural safeguards . Critics argue that the grand jury has largely lost its historic role as an independent bulwark protecting citizens from unfounded accusations by the government . Grand juries provide little protection to accused suspects and are much more useful to prosecutors . Grand juries have such broad subpoena power that they can investigate alleged crimes very thoroughly and often assist the prosecutor in his or her job . Grand juries sometimes compel witnesses to testify without the presence of their attorneys . Evidence uncovered during the grand jury investigation can be used by the prosecutor in a later trial . Grand jurors also often lack the ability and knowledge to judge sophisticated cases and complicated federal laws . This puts them at the mercy of very well trained and experienced federal prosecutors . Grand jurors often hear only the prosecutor 's side of the case and are usually persuaded by them . Grand juries almost always indict people on the prosecutor 's recommendation . A chief judge of New York State 's highest court , Sol Wachtler , once said that grand juries were so pliable that a prosecutor could get a grand jury to `` indict a ham sandwich . '' And William J. Campbell , a former federal district judge in Chicago , noted : `` ( T ) oday , the grand jury is the total captive of the prosecutor who , if he is candid , will concede that he can indict anybody , at any time , for almost anything , before any grand jury . '' 2014 police incidents ( edit ) The grand jury system in the United States came under renewed criticism following three high - profile cases in 2014 , where police officers caused the deaths of Michael Brown , Eric Garner , and Tamir Rice . In all three cases , after being presented the evidence , the grand juries voted not to return indictments . Public perception was that the officers involved had failed to follow proper police procedure . As a result , these grand jury decisions sparked riots across the United States . Reform of federal grand jury system ( edit ) Due to the criticism against the federal grand jury system there are some reform proposals which include the following proposals : Better instructions from judges to jurors about the grand jury 's powers and its independence from prosecutors Increased access to grand jury transcripts for suspects who are eventually indicted Expanded safeguards against abuse of witnesses , including education about their rights and the presence of their attorneys Notification of targets of investigations that they are targets Optional rather than mandatory appearances by targets of investigations An end to the requirement that prosecutors present defense evidence , and replacement with a requirement that grand jurors be informed that the defense was not represented in the hearing . Besides the above stated reform proposals , the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) established The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury , a bi-partisan , blue - ribbon panel that included current and former prosecutors , as well as academics and defense attorneys . The unanimous conclusions and proposals of this diverse group were contained in the publication Federal Grand Jury Reform Report & ' Bill of Rights ' . Among the reforms detailed in that report were the right to counsel for grand jury witnesses who are not receiving immunity , an obligation to present evidence which may exonerate the target or subject of the offense , and the right for targets or subjects to testify . Researchers Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard of the Center for Justice , Law & Society at George Mason University studied the experiences of prosecutors , defense lawyers , and retired judges in New York and Colorado . Four key reform recommendations emerged from their Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform research study are : Defense representation in the grand jury room , production of witness transcripts for the defense , advance notice for witnesses to appear , and the presentation of exculpatory evidence to the grand jury . The Cato Institute , an American libertarian think tank headquartered in Washington , D.C. , presented a report , A Grand Facade : How the Grand Jury was Captured by Government which addresses the history of , problems with , and reforms for the grand jury system . `` Runaway '' grand jury ( edit ) Occasionally , grand juries go aggressively beyond the control of the prosecuting attorney . When the grand jury does so the situation is called a `` runaway '' grand jury . Runaway grand juries sometimes happen in government corruption or organized crime cases if the grand jury comes to believe that the prosecutor himself has been improperly influenced . Such cases were common in the 19th century but have become infrequent since the 1930s . The 1935 Runaway Grand Jury in New York County was investigating gambling and mobster Dutch Schultz when jury members complained in open court that prosecutors were not pursuing obvious leads and hinted that the district attorney was possibly receiving payoffs . Thomas E. Dewey was appointed as an independent prosecutor . Grand juries in literature ( edit ) Scott Turow 's second novel The Burden of Proof deals extensively with the workings and shortcomings of the Federal Grand Jury system in a fictional county in Illinois . Turow is himself a practicing lawyer and acted as an Assistant U.S. Attorney in Chicago between 1978 and 1986 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nestmann , Mark ( March 15 , 2011 ) . The Lifeboat Strategy . The Nestmann Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9781891266409 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Zapf , Patricia A. ; Roesch , Ronald ; Hart , Stephen D. ( Dec 4 , 2009 ) . Forensic Psychology and Law . Hoboken , N.J. : Wiley . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57039 - 5 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` State Grand Juries '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` FAQs about the Grand Jury System '' . American Bar Association . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` Power to abolish Grand Jury '' . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` CURRENT GRAND JURY REPORTS - Miami Dade Office of the State Attorney '' . www.miamisao.com . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , these 2003 and 2011 grand jury investigation of this type in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2003_09_25_First_Philadelphia_Grand_Jury_Report.pdf http://www.phila.gov/districtattorney/PDFs/GrandJuryWomensMedical.pdf Jump up ^ See , e.g. , this 2002 grand jury investigation of this type in Westchester County , New York http://www.bishop-accountability.org/reports/2002_06_19_Westchester_NY_Grand_Jury/ Jump up ^ See , e.g. , a new report concerning of civil grand jury investigation in DeKalb County , Georgia on February 11 , 2013 http://www.wsbtv.com/news/news/local/judge-refuses-seal-grand-jury-report-burrell-ellis/nWMFK/ Jump up ^ Edwards , George John ( 1906 ) . Richard H. Ward , ed . The grand jury : considered from an historical , political and legal standpoint , and the law and practice relating thereto . University of Michigan : G.T. Bisel . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ If It 's Not a Runaway , It 's Not a Real Grand Jury , Roger Roots , Creighton L.R. , Vol. 33 , No. 4 , 1999 - 2000 , 821 Jump up ^ U.S. Const . amend . V . Jump up ^ `` Rule 7 . The Indictment and the Information '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rule Fed . R. Crim . P. 6 . The Grand Jury '' . LII / Legal Information Institute . 30 November 2011 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( May 13 , 2003 ) , A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government , Cato Institute ^ Jump up to : Powell , J. and Stevens , J . Jump up ^ The opinion of the Court and a dissenting opinion , Douglas Oil Company of California v. Petrol Stops Northwest , 441 US 211 ( 1979 ) , at Justia . Accessed 17 Jun 2013 . Jump up ^ United States v. Leverage Funding System , Inc. , 637 F. 2d 645 ( 9th Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ United States v. Gardner , 516 F. 2d 334 ( 7th Cir. 1975 ) . Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.152 , Requests by Subjects and Targets to Testify Before the Grand Jury '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 9 - 11.010 '' , U.S. Attorneys Manual Jump up ^ `` 158 . Impaneling Special Grand Juries - USAM - Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Jump up ^ Hurtado v. California , 110 U.S. 516 ( 1884 ) . Jump up ^ Miss . Const. § 27 Jump up ^ `` Grand Juries State Links - NCSC.org '' . www.ncsc.org . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 888.2 '' . Jump up ^ `` California Penal Code Section 933.05 '' . ^ Jump up to : Francke , Terry ( 2005 ) . The CalAware Guide : Open Meetings in California . Californians Aware . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769062 - 0 - 9 . Jump up ^ Steiner v. Superior Court , 50 Cal . App . 4th 1771 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ LexisNexis - 1978 Tulane University Tulane Law Review ; Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 Jump up ^ Slovenko , Ralph ( June 1957 ) . `` The Jury System in Louisiana Criminal Law '' . Louisiana Law Review . 17 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Judicial District Attorney 's Office The Grand Jury Procedure ; What action may a grand jury take after hearing evidence in a case ? # 3 . retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 '' . Jump up ^ Toncray , Marla ( 4 August 2013 ) . `` Error results in unnecessary jail time '' . The Ledger Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ J Shropshire ( Fall 1976 ) . `` Louisiana Grand Jury - Its Precarious Relationship With the District Attorney '' . Southern University Law Review . 6 : 151 -- 173 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 100.10 ( 5 ) . Jump up ^ Procedure Law article 180 , NY Const . article 1 , § 6 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law article 195 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.05 & 190.25 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § § 190.60 & 190.85 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.40 . Jump up ^ NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) . ^ Jump up to : NY Criminal Procedure Law § 190.50 ( 5 ) ( a ) . Jump up ^ `` Va . Code Ann . § 19.2 - 237 '' . Legislative Information System . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Olson , Bruce T. ; Edwards , George John ( 1973 ) . `` Preface by Bruce T. Olson '' . In Richard H. Ward . THE GRAND JURY . Tulsa , Oklahoma : AMS Press Inc. 56 East 13th Street , New York , N.Y. 10003 . ISBN 0 - 404 - 09113 - X . Archived from the original on 22 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia . `` U.S. v. Williams , 504 U.S. 36 ( 1992 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice Warren E. Burger . `` U.S. v. Mandujano , 425 U.S. 564 , 581 , 96 S. Ct. 1768 , 1779 , 48 L. Ed . 2d 212 ( 1976 ) '' . Justicia . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chief Justice William Rehnquist . `` Connecticut v. Gabbert , 526 U.S. 286 , 292 ( 1999 ) '' . Cornell University Law School , Legal Information Institute . Retrieved February 15 , 2012 . External link in work = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gosztola , Kevin ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` 2011 - 05 - 11 What to Expect in the WikiLeaks Grand Jury Investigation '' . WL Central . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . Jump up ^ from the dissenting opinion written by Justice William J. Brennan , Jr . `` United States v. Calandra , 414 U.S. 338 , 355 , 94 S. Ct. 613 , 624 , 38 L. Ed . 2d 561 ( 1974 ) '' . Cornell Law . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( 11 May 2011 ) . `` The WikiLeaks Grand Jury and the still escalating War on Whistleblowing '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 12 May 2011 . Retrieved 12 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury Reform Links '' . Grand Jury Resistance Project . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Jury Clause - 5th Amendment '' . Revolutionary War and Beyond . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Zimmerman 's Bill of Rights '' . The New York Sun . 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , William J. ( 1973 ) . Eliminate the Grand Jury , 64 J. Crim . L. & Criminology 174 , 180 . Jump up ^ Dana Ford ; Greg Botelho ; Ben Brumfield ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Protests erupt in wake of chokehold death '' . CNN . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alan Scher Zagier and Jim Salter , Associated Press ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Mayor : No severance package for resigned Ferguson officer '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grand Jury - Hearsay Evidence : Admissible Before A Grand Jury ? , Should The Grand Jury Be Abolished ? , Further Readings '' . law.jrank.org . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ The Commission to Reform the Federal Grand Jury : Elkan Abramowitz , Professor Barbara Bergman , Arnold I. Burns , J. William ( Bill ) Codinha , W. Thomas ( Tom ) Dillard , III , Peter E. Fleming , Jr. , Howard W. Goldstein , Frederick ( Fred ) Hafetz , John W. Keker , Jim E. Lavine , Gerald B. ( Jerry ) Lefcourt , Herbert J. ( Jack ) Miller , Jr. , Robert ( Bob ) Mosteller , William L. ( Bill ) Murphy , Richard Rosen , David S. Rudolf , Neal R. Sonnett , Brendan Sullivan , William W. ( Bill ) Taylor , III , Larry D. Thompson , Anton R. ( Tony ) Valukas , Martin G. ( Marty ) Weinberg , Theodore V. ( Ted ) Wells , Jr. , Frank Wohl ( 18 May 2000 ) . `` Federal Grand Jury Reform Report and Bill of Rights '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Erin Crites , Jon Gould and Colleen Shepard ( November 2011 ) . `` Evaluating Grand Jury Reform in Two States : The Case for Reform '' . The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers ( NACDL ) . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' - Executive Summary `` . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ W. Thomas Dillard ; Stephen R. Johnson ; Timothy Lynch ( 13 May 2003 ) . `` Cato Policy Analysis No. 476 : `` A Grand Façade : How the Grand Jury Was Captured by Government '' '' ( PDF ) . The Cato Institute . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Brenner , Susan ; Lori Shaw ( 2003 ) . `` What is a `` runaway '' grand jury ? `` . University of Dayton School of Law . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fighting Organized Crime : Politics , Justice , and the Legacy of Thomas E. Dewey by Mary M. Stolberg ( Northeastern ( October 5 , 1995 ) ISBN 1 - 55553 - 245 - 4 External Links ( edit ) California Grand Jurors ' Association -- Contains information specific to California and grand juries in general . ( hide ) United States Fifth Amendment criminal procedure case law ( hide ) Grand Jury Clause Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) Ex parte Wilson ( 1885 ) United States v. Petit ( 1885 ) Mackin v. United States ( 1886 ) Ex parte Bain ( 1887 ) Parkinson v. United States ( 1887 ) McNulty v. California ( 1893 ) Wong Wing v. United States ( 1896 ) Maxwell v. Dow ( 1900 ) Lem Woon v. Oregon ( 1913 ) United States v. Moreland ( 1922 ) Costello v. United States ( 1956 ) Lawn v. United States ( 1958 ) Green v. United States ( 1958 ) Stirone v. United States ( 1960 ) Beck v. Washington ( 1962 ) Midland Asphalt Corp. v. United States ( 1989 ) United States v. Cotton ( 2002 ) United States v. Miller ( 2007 ) Double Jeopardy Clause After acquittal United States v. Randenbush ( 1834 ) Ball v. United States ( 1896 ) Burton v. United States ( 1906 ) Helvering v. Mitchell ( 1938 ) Green v. United States ( 1957 ) Fong Foo v. United States ( 1962 ) United States v. Tateo ( 1964 ) Ashe v. Swenson ( 1970 ) Wilson v. United States ( 1975 ) Serfass v. United States ( 1975 ) United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. ( 1977 ) Burks v. United States ( 1978 ) Crist v. Bretz ( 1978 ) Sanabria v. United States ( 1978 ) United States v. Scott ( 1978 ) Bullington v. Missouri ( 1981 ) Tibbs v. Florida ( 1982 ) Arizona v. Rumsey ( 1984 ) Poland v. Arizona ( 1986 ) Witte v. United States ( 1995 ) Sattazahn v. Pennsylvania ( 2003 ) Smith v. Massachusetts ( 2005 ) Yeager v. United States ( 2009 ) After conviction United States v. La Franca ( 1931 ) United States ex rel . Marcus v. Hess ( 1943 ) Rex Trailer Co. v. United States ( 1956 ) United States v. Wilson ( 1975 ) Ludwig v. Massachusetts ( 1976 ) Brown v. Ohio ( 1977 ) Harris v. Oklahoma ( 1977 ) Garrett v. United States ( 1985 ) United States v. Halper ( 1989 ) Grady v. Corbin ( 1990 ) United States v. Felix ( 1992 ) United States v. Dixon ( 1993 ) Department of Revenue of Montana v. Kurth Ranch ( 1994 ) After mistrial United States v. Perez ( 1824 ) United States v. Dinitz ( 1976 ) Arizona v. Washington ( 1978 ) Oregon v. Kennedy ( 1982 ) Renico v. Lett ( 2010 ) Blueford v. Arkansas ( 2012 ) Multiple punishment Ex parte Lange ( 1873 ) Blockburger v. United States ( 1932 ) Whalen v. United States ( 1980 ) Missouri v. Hunter ( 1983 ) Rutledge v. United States ( 1996 ) Dual sovereignty doctrine Bartkus v. Illinois ( 1959 ) Waller v. Florida ( 1970 ) Heath v. Alabama ( 1985 ) United States v. Lara ( 2004 ) Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle ( 2016 ) Other Ex parte Bigelow ( 1885 ) Palko v. Connecticut ( 1937 ) Louisiana ex rel . Francis v. Resweber ( 1947 ) Baxstrom v. Herold ( 1966 ) North Carolina v. Pearce ( 1969 ) Benton v. Maryland ( 1969 ) Morris v. Mathews ( 1986 ) Self - Incrimination Clause Griffin v. California ( 1965 ) Tehan v. United States ex rel . Shott ( 1966 ) Williams v. Florida ( 1970 ) Brooks v. Tennessee ( 1972 ) Lakeside v. Oregon ( 1978 ) Mitchell v. United States ( 1999 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_juries_in_the_United_States&oldid=819773709 '' Categories : Grand juries in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 05 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when can a person be held for a capital crime without benefit of presentment

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` No person shall be held to answer for a capital , or otherwise infamous crime , unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury , except in cases arising in the land or naval forces , or in the Militia , when in actual service in time of War or public danger ... ''

Photography and the law - wikipedia Photography and the law Jump to : navigation , search A `` No Photography '' sign , commonly placed in properties where taking photographs is illegal or objected to by the owner ( though in some jurisdictions , this is not a legal requirement ) ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the English - speaking world and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs attention from an expert in Law . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Law may be able to help recruit an expert . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The intellectual property rights on photographs are protected in different jurisdictions by the laws governing copyright and moral rights . In some cases photography may be restricted by civil or criminal law . Publishing certain photographs can be restricted by privacy or other laws . Photography of certain subject matter can be generally restricted in the interests of public morality and the protection of children . Reactions to photography differ between societies , and even where there are no official restrictions there may be objections to photographing people or places . Reactions may range from complaints to violence for photography which is not illegal . Contents ( hide ) 1 United Kingdom 1.1 Legal restrictions on photography 1.2 Copyright 1.2. 1 Infringement 1.3 Photography and privacy 2 United States 2.1 Public property 2.2 Private property 2.3 Privacy issues 2.4 Commercial photography 2.5 Other issues 3 Hong Kong 4 Hungary 5 Macau 6 South Africa 7 Sudan and South Sudan 8 India 9 Iceland 10 Spain 11 Mexico 12 South Korea 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 External links United Kingdom ( edit ) Legal restrictions on photography ( edit ) Mass photo gathering in UK . Mass photo gathering in UK . In the United Kingdom there are no laws forbidding photography of private property from a public place . Photography on private land is not restricted if the landowner has given permission . However , landowners are permitted to impose any conditions they wish upon entry to a property , including forbidding or restricting photography . Two public locations in the UK , Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square , have a specific provision against photography for commercial purposes without the written permission of the Mayor , or the Squares ' Management Team and paying a fee , and permission is needed to photograph or film for commercial purposes in the Royal Parks . Persistent or aggressive photography of a single individual may come under the legal definition of harassment . It is contempt of court , a criminal offence , to take a photograph in any court of law of any person , being a judge of the court or a juror or a witness in or a party to any proceedings before the court , whether civil or criminal , or to publish such a photograph . This includes photographs taken in a court building or the precincts of the court . Taking a photograph in a court can be seen as a serious offence , leading to a prison sentence . The prohibition on taking photographs in the precincts is vague . It was designed to prevent the undermining of the dignity of the court , through the exploitation of images in low brow `` picture papers '' . Photography of certain subject matter is restricted in the United Kingdom . In particular , the Protection of Children Act 1978 restricts making or possessing pornography of children under 18 , or what looks like pornography of under - 18s . There is no law prohibiting photographing children in public spaces . It is an offence under the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008 to publish or communicate a photograph of a constable ( not including PCSOs ) , a member of the armed forces , or a member of the security services , which is of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism . There is a defence of acting with a reasonable excuse ; however , the burden of proof is on the defence , under section 58A of the Terrorism Act 2000 . A PCSO in 2009 cited Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to prevent a member of the public photographing him . Section 44 actually concerns stop and search powers . However , in January 2010 the stop - and - search powers granted under Section 44 were ruled illegal by the European Court of Human Rights . Following a prolonged campaign , including a series of demonstrations by photographers dealt with by police officers and PCSOs , the Metropolitan Police was forced to issue updated legal advice which confirms that `` Members of the public and the media do not need a permit to film or photograph in public places and police have no power to stop them filming or photographing incidents or police personnel '' and that `` The power to stop and search someone under Section 44 of the Terrorism Act 2000 no longer exists . '' It is an offence under section 58 of the Terrorism Act 2000 to take a photograph of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism , or possessing such a photograph . There is an identical defence of reasonable excuse . This offence ( and possibly , but not necessarily the s . 58 ( a ) offence ) covers only a photograph as described in s . 2 ( 3 ) ( b ) of the Terrorism Act 2006 . As such , it must be of a kind likely to provide practical assistance to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism . Whether the photograph in question is such is a matter for a jury , which is not required to look at the surrounding circumstances . The photograph must contain information of such a nature as to raise a reasonable suspicion that it was intended to be used to assist in the preparation or commission of an act of terrorism . It must call for an explanation . A photograph which is innocuous on its face will not fall foul of the provision if the prosecution adduces evidence that it was intended to be used for the purpose of committing or preparing a terrorist act . The defence may prove a reasonable excuse simply by showing that the photograph is possessed for a purpose other than to assist in the commission or preparation of an act of terrorism , even if the purpose of possession is otherwise unlawful . Copyright ( edit ) Copyright can subsist in an original photograph , i.e. a recording of light or other radiation on any medium on which an image is produced or from which an image by any means be produced , and which is not part of a film . Whilst photographs are classified as artistic works , the subsistence of copyright does not depend on artistic merit . The owner of the copyright in the photograph is the photographer -- the person who creates it , by default . However , where a photograph is taken by an employee in the course of employment , the first owner of the copyright is the employer , unless there is an agreement to the contrary . Copyright which subsists in a photograph protects not merely the photographer from direct copying of his / her work , but also from indirect copying to reproduce his / her work , where a substantial part of his / her work has been copied . Copyright in a photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the year in which the photographer dies . A consequence of this lengthy period of existence of the copyright is that many family photographs which have no market value , but significant emotional value , remain subject to copyright , even when the original photographer can not be traced ( a problem known as copyright orphan ) , has given up photography , or died . In the absence of a licence , it will be an infringement of copyright in the photographs to copy them . When someone dies the rights will have transferred to someone else , perhaps through testamentary deposition ( a will ) or by inheritance . If there was no will , or if the photographer has not specified where the rights in the material should go , then the normal rules of inheritance will apply ( although these rules are not specific to copyright and legal advice should be sought ) . Scanning old family photographs , without permission , to a digital file for personal use is prima facie an infringement of copyright . Certain photographs may not be protected by copyright . Section 171 ( 3 ) of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 gives courts jurisdiction to refrain from enforcing the copyright which subsists in works on the grounds of public interest . For example , patent diagrams are held to be in the public domain , and are thus not subject to copyright . Infringement ( edit ) `` No photographs '' sticker . Designed for persons at conferences who do not want any digital likeness of them taken , including video , photography , audio , etc . Infringement of the copyright which subsists in a photograph can be performed through copying the photograph . This is because the owner of the copyright in the photograph has the exclusive right to copy the photograph . For there to be infringement of the copyright in a photograph , there must be copying of a substantial part of the photograph . A photograph can also be a mechanism of infringement of the copyright which subsists in another work . For example , a photograph which copies a substantial part of an artistic work , such as a sculpture , painting or another photograph ( without permission ) would infringe the copyright which subsists in those works . However , the subject matter of a photograph is not necessarily subject to an independent copyright . For example , in the Creation Records case , a photographer , attempting to create a photograph for an album cover , set up an elaborate and artificial scene . A photographer from a newspaper covertly photographed the scene and published it in the newspaper . The court held that the newspaper photographer did not infringe the official photographer 's copyright . Copyright did not subsist in the scene itself -- it was too temporary to be a collage , and could not be categorised as any other form of artistic work . The protection of photographs in this manner has been criticised on two grounds . Firstly , it is argued that photographs should not be protected as artistic works , but should instead be protected in a manner similar to that of sound recordings and films . In other words , copyright should not protect the subject matter of a photograph as a matter of course as a consequence of a photograph being taken . It is argued that protection of photographs as artistic works is anomalous , in that photography is ultimately a medium of reproduction , rather than creation . As such , it is more similar to a film , or sound recording than a painting or sculpture . Some photographers share this view . For example , Michael Reichmann described photography as an art of disclosure , as opposed to an art of inclusion . Secondly , it is argued that the protection of photographs as artistic works leads to bizarre results . Subject matter is protected irrespective of the artistic merit of a photograph . The subject matter of a photograph is protected even when it is not deserving of protection . For copyright to subsist in photographs as artistic works , the photographs must be original , since the English test for originality is based on skill , labour and judgment . That said , it is possible that the threshold of originality is very low . Essentially , by this , Arnold is arguing that whilst the subject matter of some photographs may deserve protection , it is inappropriate for the law to presume that the subject matter of all photographs is deserving of protection . It is possible to say with a high degree of confidence that photographs of three - dimensional objects , including artistic works , will be treated by a court as themselves original artistic works , and as such , will be subject to copyright . It is likely that a photograph ( including a scan -- digital scanning counts as photography for the purposes of the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) of a two dimensional artistic work , such as another photograph or a painting will also be subject to copyright if a significant amount of skill , labour and judgment went into its creation . Photography and privacy ( edit ) A right to privacy came into existence in UK law as a consequence of the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998 . This can result in restrictions on the publication of photography . Whether this right is caused by horizontal effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 or is judicially created is a matter of some controversy . The right to privacy is protected by Article 8 of the convention . In the context of photography , it stands at odds to the Article 10 right of freedom of expression . As such , courts will consider the public interest in balancing the rights through the legal test of proportionality . A very limited statutory right to privacy exists in the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 . This right is held , for example , by someone who hires a photographer to photograph their wedding . The commissioner , irrespective of any copyright which he does or does not hold in the photograph , of a photograph which was commissioned for private and domestic purposes , where copyright subsists in the photograph , has the right not to have copies of the work issued to the public , the work exhibited in public or the work communicated to the public . However , this right will not be infringed if the rightholder gives permission . It will not be infringed if the photograph is incidentally included in an artistic work , film , or broadcast . United States ( edit ) Local , state , and national laws govern still and motion photography . Laws vary between jurisdictions , and what is not illegal in one place may be illegal in another . Typical laws in the United States are as follows : Public property ( edit ) Some museums do not allow photography . It is legal to photograph or videotape anything and anyone on any public property . Photographing or videotaping a tourist attraction , whether publicly or privately owned , is generally considered legal , unless explicitly prohibited by a specific law or statute . Private property ( edit ) Photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property . However , a property owner generally can not restrict the photographing of the property by individuals who are not within the bounds of the property . Photography on private property that is generally open to the public ( e.g. , a shopping mall ) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs . Even if no such signs are posted , the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing , and if the person refuses to do so , the owner or agent can ask the person to leave ; in some jurisdictions , a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass , and many jurisdictions recognize the common - law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser ; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery , assault , or both . Entry onto private property not normally open to the public usually requires permission from the property owner . Some jurisdictions have laws regarding filming while in a hospital or health care facility . Where permitted , such filming may be useful in gathering evidence in cases of abuse , neglect , or malpractice . Privacy issues ( edit ) Further information : Privacy laws of the United States Photographing private property from within the public domain is not illegal , with the exception of an area that is generally regarded as private , such as a bedroom , bathroom , or hotel room . In some states there is no definition of `` private , '' in which case , there is a general expectation of privacy . Should the subjects not attempt to conceal their private affairs , their actions immediately become public to a photographer using normal photographic equipment . Many places have laws prohibiting photographing private areas under a person 's clothing without that person 's permission . This also applies to any filming of another within a public restroom or locker room . Some jurisdictions have banned the use of a telephone with camera functionality within a restroom or locker room in order to prevent this . The United States enacted the Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 to punish those who intentionally capture an individual 's private areas without consent , when the person knew the subject had an expectation of privacy . State laws have also been passed addressing this issue . Commercial photography ( edit ) In certain locations , such as California State Parks , commercial photography requires a permit and sometimes proof of insurance . In places such as the city of Hermosa Beach in California , commercial photography on both public property and private property is subject to permit regulations and possibly also insurance requirements . At the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park , commercial photography requires a permit under certain circumstances . For photography that involves the advertising of a commercial product or service , or photography that involves sets or props or models , a permit is required . In addition , if the photography has aspects that may be disruptive to others , such as additional equipment or a significant number of personnel or the use of public areas for more than four hours , it is necessary to obtain a permit . If a photographer or related personnel need to access an area during a time when the area is normally closed , or if access to a restricted area is involved , the photography requires a permit . For commercial portrait photographers , there is a streamlined process for photography permits . In the case of National Park system units , commercial filming and / or audio recording requires a permit and liability insurance . Still photography that uses models or props for the purpose of commercial advertising requires a permit and proof of insurance . If a photograph shows private property in such a manner that a viewer of the photograph can identify the owner of the property , the ASMP ( American Society of Media Photographers , Inc . ) recommends that a property release should be used if the photograph is to be used for advertising and / or commercial purposes . According to the ASMP , a property release may be a requirement in such a situation . Other issues ( edit ) Photographing accident scenes and law enforcement activities is usually legal . At the same time , one must not hinder the operations of law enforcement , medical , emergency , or security personnel by filming . Any filming with the intent of doing unlawful harm against a subject may be a violation of the law in itself . Hong Kong ( edit ) A sign declaring `` No Phototaking '' inside a Hong Kong public library In some public property owned by government , such as law courts , government buildings , libraries , civic centres and some of the museums in Hong Kong , photography is not allowed without permission from the government . It is illegal to equip or take photographs and recording in a place of public entertainment , such as cinemas and indoor theaters . In private property , photography may be prohibited or restricted by a property owner on their property . Photography on private property that is generally open to the public ( e.g. , a shopping mall ) is usually permitted unless explicitly prohibited by posted signs . Even if no such signs are posted , the property owner or agent can ask a person to stop photographing , and if the person refuses to do so , the owner or agent can ask the person to leave ; in some jurisdictions , a person who refuses to leave can be arrested for criminal trespass , and many jurisdictions recognize the common - law right to use reasonable force to remove a trespasser ; a person who forcibly resists a lawful removal may be liable for battery , assault , or both . Hungary ( edit ) In Hungary , from 15 March 2014 when the long - awaited Civil Code was published , the law re-stated what had been normal practice , namely , that a person had the right to refuse being photographed . However , implied consent exists : it is not illegal to photograph a person who does not actively object . Macau ( edit ) In Macau , a photographer must not take or publish any photographs of a person against his / her will without legal justification , even in a public place . Besides , everyone has a right to Personality Rights . People are not to be photographed , photographs of them displayed or reproduced without their prior consent . Criminal penalties include imprisonment . Additionally , photography of police officers in Macau is illegal . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa photographing people in public is legal . Reproducing and selling photographs of people is legal for editorial and limited fair use commercial purposes . There exists no case law to define what the limits on commercial use are . Civil law requires the consent of any identifiable persons for advertorial and promotional purposes . Property , including animals , do not enjoy any special consideration . During the media coverage of the Nkandla controversy it emerged that there exists a law , the National Key Points Act , 1980 , prohibiting the photographing of any `` national key points . '' National key points are buildings or structures that serve a strategic or military purpose . Though it was n't revealed what these are as part of state secrecy it was claimed that the presidential residence is one of them and should thus not be shown in media . Subsequent court action resulted in it being ruled that a list of all key points be made public . Although not currently or previously enforced the law is still in effect even after calls for it to be repealed as a relic of apartheid - era secrecy legislation . Sudan and South Sudan ( edit ) Travelers who wish to take any photographs must obtain a photography permit from the Ministry of Interior , Department of Aliens ( Sudan ) or Ministry of Information ( South Sudan ) . India ( edit ) Regulations apply to land - based photography for certain locations . A permit is required for aerial photography in India , which normally takes over a month to be issued . Iceland ( edit ) Calling oneself a photographer , in line with most other trades in Iceland , requires the person to hold a Journeyman 's or Master 's Certificates in the industry . Exceptions can be made in low population areas , or for people coming from within the EEA . Spain ( edit ) Taking pictures of police officers in many circumstances was made illegal by a 2015 `` Citizens ' Security Law '' with the stated purpose of protecting police officers and their families from harassment . The law has generated controversy because it may be harder to denounce police brutality . A far more limited version of the law had been in effect for several decades regarding when police work related to terrorism . A person was fined under this law for taking and publishing online a photograph of an illegally parked police car . Mexico ( edit ) Mexican law is similar to the law in the United States . Authorities may intimidate or prevent any holder of a camera if they come into close perimeters of Government buildings . South Korea ( edit ) Photographing women without their consent is criminal sexual assault in South Korea . In South Korea , taking pictures of women without their consent , even in public , is considered to be criminal sexual assault , punishable by a fine of under 10 million won and up to 5 years imprisonment . In July 2017 an amendment to the law was voted on in favour of allowing for chemical castration of people taking such photographs . See also ( edit ) Freedom of panorama Google Street View privacy concerns Image copyright ( Germany ) Legality of recording by civilians Ballot selfie Model release Public domain Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Illustrated in the Norowzian v Arks case . In this case , it was noted that the copyright in a film would be infringed only though photographic copying of a substantial part , as opposed to mere recreation of the film . It was , however , also held that a film could be protected by copyright both as a film and as a dramatic work , provided , of course , that it fulfilled the requirements of protection of a dramatic work , on the facts . The claimant , was eventually unsuccessful . It was held that whilst the film in question in fact had copyright subsist in it both as a film and as a dramatic work , this copyright was not infringed , because there was no copying of a substantial part . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Photographers Rights And The Law In The UK - the law and photography '' . www.urban75.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Trafalgar Square and Parliament Square Garden ( Amendment No : 1 ) Byelaws 2002 '' ( PDF ) . Greater London Authority Act 1999 , Section 385 ( 1 ) . Greater London Authority . 2002 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/art-culture/trafalgar-square/managing-trafalgar-square/filming-trafalgar-square/application-process Application process Jump up ^ `` Commercial filming and photography '' . The Royal Parks . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Linda Macpherson LL. B , Dip. L.P. , LL. M -- The UK Photographers Rights Guide Jump up ^ Criminal Justice Act 1925 ( c. 86 ) s. 41 Jump up ^ Mobile court photo sentence upheld -- news.bbc.co.uk Jump up ^ Regina v Vincent D No. 2004 / 01739 / A7 ( 2004 ) EWCA Crim 1271 Jump up ^ Rubin , G. `` Seddon , Dell and rock n ' roll : investigating alleged breaches of the ban on publishing photographs taken within courts or their precincts , 1925 -- 1967 '' Crim . L.R. 874 Jump up ^ Cosgrove , Sarah ( 14 April 2009 ) . `` Man questioned under terrorism law after taking picture of police car in park '' . Enfield Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Photography advice '' . Metropolitan Police Service . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ R v K ( 2008 ) EWCA Crim 185 ^ Jump up to : Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 1 ( 1 ) ( a ) and s 4 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 9 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 11 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 11 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 12 Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 16 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Locating a copyright owner '' . Intellectual Property Office . Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 16 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s16 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Creation Records Ltd v News Group Newspapers Ltd ( 1997 ) EMLR 444 ( Ch ) Jump up ^ Lambert , Jane ( February 2000 ) . `` Case Note : Creation Records Ltd. v News Group Newspapers '' . IP / IT - Update . NIPC . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Arnold , `` Copyright in Photographs : A Case for Reform '' ( 2005 ) European Intellectual Property Review 303 Jump up ^ Reichmann , Michael . `` The Art of Photography '' . The Luminous Landscape . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Antiquesportfolio.com plc v Rodney Fitch & Co Ltd '' . Pinsent Masons . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ See Sawkins v Hyperion Records ( 2005 ) EWCA Civ 565 at ( 79 ) - ( 84 ) Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 1998 sections 2 & 3 Jump up ^ Human Rights Act 1998 Schedule 1 , Part 1 , Article 8 ^ Jump up to : Mosley v News Group Newspapers Ltd ( 2008 ) EWHC 1777 ( QB ) Jump up ^ Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd ( 2004 ) UKHL 22 Jump up ^ Murray v Express Newspapers Plc ( 2008 ) EWCA Civ 446 Jump up ^ J. Morgan , `` Privacy in the House of Lords , Again '' ( 2004 ) , 120 Law Quarterly Review 563 , 565 ^ Jump up to : Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 2 Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Paragraph B Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 1 ) a Paragraph C Jump up ^ Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 s 85 ( 2 ) ( a ) ^ Jump up to : Krages II , Bert P . `` The Photographer 's Right '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Krages , Bert P. ( 2007 ) . Legal Handbook for Photographers ( 2nd ed . ) . Buffalo , NY : Amherst Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58428 - 194 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` S. 1301 ( 108th ) : Video Voyeurism Prevention Act of 2004 '' . GovTrack.us . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Video Voyeurism Laws '' . The National Center for Victims of Crime . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ California Code of Regulations , Title 14 , Section 4316 , Commercial Filming . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Commercial Filming Projects '' . State of California . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Film Permit Policy and Application -- City of Hermosa Beach , CA . '' . City of Hermosa Beach . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chesapeake & Ohio Canal National Historical Park -- Commercial Photography Information ( U.S. National Park Service ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` NPS Digest - Commercial Filming and Still Photography Permits '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Code of Federal Regulations , Title 36 , Section 5.5 ( b ) , Commercial photography . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` ASMP : Property and Model Release Tutorial '' . American Society of Media Photographers , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Summary Offences Ordinance Prohibition on taking photographs , etc. , in court '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Civic Centres Regulation '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Civic Centres Regulation Filming '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ `` Prevention Of Copyright Piracy Ordinance '' Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Government of Hong Kong Jump up ^ on the new law prohibits to take any photo even on public places without the consent of the persons appearing on the photo . Jump up ^ Nolan , Daniel ( 14 March 2014 ) . `` Hungary law requires photographers to ask permission to take pictures '' . London : The Guardian . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 不法 進行 錄音 錄像 '' Jump up ^ http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20151206/54508142 Jump up ^ Burchell , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . `` The Legal Protection of Privacy in South Africa : A Transplantable Hybrid '' ( PDF ) . Electronic Journal of Comparative Law . 13.1 . Jump up ^ `` Information for Travelers : Visiting Sudan '' U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Foreign travel advice : South Sudan '' Government of the United Kingdom . Jump up ^ `` Reel India Pictures '' . www.reelindiapictures.com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Information for Tradesmen and Others '' Ministry of Industries and Innovation . Accessed 27 September 2016 Jump up ^ Julian Robinson ( 17 August 2015 ) . `` Spanish woman who took picture of police car parked in disabled bay is fined nearly £ 600 under controversial new ' gagging law ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South Korean law on criminal sexual assault , Chapter 1 Article 14 '' Jump up ^ `` edaily - Court legalizes chemical castration of men convicted of photography related sexual assault '' External links ( edit ) Bert P. Krages Attorney at Law Photographer 's Rights Page Information about photographers ' rights in the US European Court of Human Rights case law factsheet on the right to one 's own image Photography and the Law Photography and the Law Legal Updates Canadian laws with regard to photography Digital Rights Ireland '' Photographer 's Rights UK Photographers Rights Australian street photography legal issues I 'm a Photographer , Not a Terrorist ! , a UK group set up to fight unnecessary and draconian restrictions against individuals taking photographs in public spaces Worldwide Photographer 's Rights free ebook Photography Outline Terminology 35 mm equivalent focal length Angle of view Aperture Black and white Chromatic aberration Circle of confusion Color balance Color temperature Depth of field Depth of focus Exposure Exposure compensation Exposure value F - number Film format Large Medium Film speed Focal length Guide number Hyperfocal distance Metering mode Orb ( optics ) Perspective distortion Photograph Photographic printing Photographic processes Reciprocity Red - eye effect Science of photography Shutter speed Sync Zone System Genres Abstract Aerial Architectural Astrophotography Banquet Conceptual Conservation Cloudscape Documentary Ethnographic Erotic Fashion Fine - art Fire Forensic Glamour High - speed Landscape Lomography Nature Neues Sehen Nude Photojournalism Pornography Portrait Post-mortem Selfie Social documentary Sports Still life Stock Street Vernacular Underwater Wedding Wildlife Techniques Afocal Bokeh Brenizer Contre - jour Cyanotype ETTR Fill flash Fireworks Harris shutter HDRI High - speed Holography Infrared Intentional camera movement Kirlian Kite aerial Long - exposure Macro Mordançage Multiple exposure Night Panning Panoramic Photogram Print toning Redscale Rephotography Rollout Scanography Schlieren photography Sabatier effect Stereoscopy Stopping down Strip Slit - scan Sun printing Tilt -- shift Miniature faking Time - lapse Ultraviolet Vignetting Xerography Composition Diagonal method Framing Headroom Lead room Rule of thirds Simplicity Equipment Camera light - field field instant pinhole press rangefinder SLR still TLR toy view Darkroom enlarger safelight Film base format holder stock Filter Flash beauty dish cucoloris gobo hood hot shoe monolight Reflector snoot Softbox Lens Wide - angle lens Zoom lens Telephoto lens Manufacturers Monopod Movie projector Slide projector Tripod head Zone plate History Timeline of photography technology Analog photography Autochrome Lumière Box camera Calotype Camera obscura Daguerreotype Dufaycolor Heliography Painted photography backdrops Photography and the law Glass plate Visual arts Digital photography Digital camera D - SLR comparison MILC camera back Digiscoping Digital versus film photography Film scanner Image sensor CMOS APS CCD Three - CCD camera Foveon X3 sensor Image sharing Pixel Color photography Color Print film Reversal film Color management color space primary color CMYK color model RGB color model Photographic processing Bleach bypass C - 41 process Cross processing Developer Digital image processing Dye coupler E-6 process Fixer Gelatin silver process Gum printing Instant film K - 14 process Print permanence Push processing Stop bath Lists Most expensive photographs Photographers Norwegian Polish street women Portal Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Photography_and_the_law&oldid=792899132 '' Categories : Privacy law Photography Copyright law Intellectual property law Hidden categories : Articles with limited geographic scope from May 2011 Pages in non-existent country centric categories Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter Articles needing expert attention from January 2009 All articles needing expert attention Law articles needing expert attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 13 : 23 . 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is it an offence to take a picture of someone

Reactions to photography differ between societies , and even where there are no official restrictions there may be objections to photographing people or places . Reactions may range from complaints to violence for photography which is not illegal .

Central Statistics Office ( India ) - Wikipedia Central Statistics Office ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about India 's national statistical agency . For other uses , see Central Statistics Office . The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) is a governmental agency in India under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in India , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . It has a well - equipped Graphical Unit . The CSO is located in Delhi . Some portion of Industrial Statistics work pertaining to Annual Survey of industries is carried out in Calcutta . Contents ( hide ) 1 Activities 2 Organisation 3 Functions 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Activities ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office is responsible for co-ordination of statistical activities in the country , and evolving and maintaining statistical standards . Its activities include National Income Accounting ; conduct of Annual Survey of Industries , Economic Censuses and its follow up surveys , compilation of Index of Industrial Production , as well as Consumer Price Indices for Urban Non-Manual Employees , Human Development Statistics , Gender Statistics , imparting training in Official Statistics , Five Year Plan work relating to Development of Statistics in the States and Union Territories ; dissemination of statistical information , work relating to trade , energy , construction , and environment statistics , revision of National Industrial Classification , etc . Organisation ( edit ) The CSO is headed by the Director - General who is assisted by Five additional Director - Generals and four Deputy Director - Generals , six Joint Directors , seven special task officers , thirty deputy directors , 48 assistant directors and other supporting staff . The CSO is located in Delhi . Functions ( edit ) The Central Statistics Office ( CSO ) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation ( MoS & PI ) is responsible for the compilation of National Accounts Statistics ( NAS ) . At the State level , State Directorates of Economics and Statistics ( DESs ) have the responsibility of compiling their State Domestic Product and other aggregates . History ( edit ) The CSO was set up in the cabinet secretariat on 2 May 1951 . See also ( edit ) List of national and international statistical services References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CSO '' . pib.nic.in . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Official website National statistics agencies CSA INSTAT ONS INDEC ARMSTAT CBS ABS SA SSC BBS SB INSAE INE IBGE NSI NIS INS SC INE NBS DANE INEC INS DZS CSO DST CAPMAS SE CSA SFI SF INSEE NSO SB SM SNZ CSO PBS PSA GUS INE SSA SCB TUIK ONS FSS List of national and international statistical services India topics History Overviews Timeline Years Astronomy Economics Linguistics Maritime Mathematics Metallurgy Military Postal Science and technology Pre-colonial Stone Age Indus Valley Civilization Vedic period Mahajanapadas Mauryas Middle kingdoms Hoysala Chola Pala Kakatiya Delhi Sultanate Vijayanagara Mughals Marathas European trade Colonial Princely East India Company Plassey 1857 rebellion British Raj Railways Economy Army Zamindari Bengali renaissance Political reforms Princely states Partition of Bengal Independence movement 1943 famine World War II Partition Republic Integration Non-Aligned Movement Five - Year Plans Sino - Indian War Indo - Pakistani wars Green Revolution White Revolution Naxal Insurgency Smiling Buddha Space programme The Emergency Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF ) Economic liberalisation Pokhran - II Geography Environment Biosphere reserves Climate Climatic regions Earthquakes Ecoregions Environmental issues Fauna Flora Geology National parks Protected areas Wildlife sanctuaries Landforms Beaches Desert Extreme points Glaciers Islands Lakes Mountains Plains Indo - Gangetic Eastern coastal Western coastal Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Regions East North Northeast South West Subdivisions Autonomous administrative divisions Cities Districts Municipalities States and territories Politics Government Agencies Energy policy Foreign relations Parliament President Vice President Prime Minister Union Council of Ministers Civil Services Cabinet Secretary State governments Law Chief Justice Constitution District Courts Fundamental rights , principles and duties High Courts Human rights Supreme Court Enforcement Federal Border Security Force ( BSF ) Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF ) Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF ) Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) National Security Guard ( NSG ) Railway Protection Force ( RPF ) Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB ) Special Protection Group ( SPG ) Intelligence Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D ) Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI ) Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI ) Enforcement Directorate Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC ) Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB ) National Investigation Agency ( NIA ) Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW ) Military Army Navy Air Force Politics Censorship Elections Nationalism Parliament Lok Sabha Rajya Sabha Political parties INC BJP BSP CPI CPM NCP Reservations Scandals Scheduled groups Secularism Economy Companies BSE SENSEX CNX Nifty Government - owned companies List of companies Governance Ministry of Finance Finance ministers Ministry of Commerce and Industry Commerce ministers Finance Commission Planning Commission Economic Advisory Council Central Statistical Office Securities and Exchange Board of India Enforcement Directorate Foreign trade Remittances Taxation Subsidies Industrial licensing Voluntary guidelines NITI Aayog Make in India FDI in India Currency Indian rupee History Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee Coinage Reserve Bank of India Governors India Government Mint Financial services Banking Banks Insurance Foreign exchange reserves Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange Multi Commodity Exchange Bullion Black money History Economic Development Economic liberalisation Licence Raj Green revolution Government initiatives Numbering system People Billionaires Businesspeople Demography Income Poverty Labour law Pensions EPFO NPS PPF States Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Mizoram Nagaland Odisha Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Sectors Agriculture Livestock Fishing Automotive Defence Construction Education Energy Nuclear Solar Wind Entertainment Forestry Gambling Healthcare Information technology Media Cinema Television Printing Mining Pharmaceuticals Retail Science and technology Biotechnology Telecommunications Textiles Tourism Transport Aviation Civil Ports Rail Utilities Electricity Water Society Culture Society Caste system Corruption Demographics Education Universities in India Medical colleges in India Law colleges in India Engineering colleges in India Ethnic relations Healthcare Hospitals in India Languages Literacy Poverty Prisons Religion Socio - economic issues Standard of living Water supply and sanitation Crime Culture Arts and entertainment Architecture Blogging Cinema Comics Webcomics Cuisine wine Dance Dress Folklore Festivals Literature Media television Martial arts Music Public holidays Sport This article about government in India is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Statistics_Office_(India)&oldid=814074835 '' Categories : National statistical services Statistical organisations in India Executive branch of the Indian government Industry in India Indian government stubs Hidden categories : Use Indian English from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from December 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 19 : 29 . About Wikipedia

when was central statistical organisation of india established

The CSO was set up in the cabinet secretariat on 2 May 1951 .

The Angry Birds Movie - Wikipedia The Angry Birds Movie The Angry Birds Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Clay Kaytis Fergal Reilly Produced by John Cohen Catherine Winder Screenplay by Jon Vitti Story by Mikael Hed Mikko Pöllä John Cohen Based on Angry Birds by Rovio Entertainment Starring Jason Sudeikis Josh Gad Danny McBride Maya Rudolph Kate McKinnon Sean Penn Tony Hale Keegan - Michael Key Bill Hader Peter Dinklage Music by Heitor Pereira Edited by Kent Beyda Ally Garrett Production companies Columbia Pictures Rovio Animation Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) ( Paris ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) ( Finland ) May 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country Finland United States Language English Budget $73 million Box office $352.3 million The Angry Birds Movie ( released in the United Kingdom as Angry Birds ) is a 2016 3D computer - animated comedy film based on Rovio Entertainment 's video game series of the same name , produced by Columbia Pictures and Rovio Animation , and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing . It is directed by Clay Kaytis and Fergal Reilly in their directorial debuts and written by Jon Vitti . The film features the voices of Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Maya Rudolph , Kate McKinnon , Sean Penn , Tony Hale , Keegan - Michael Key , Bill Hader , Peter Dinklage , and Anthony Padilla and Ian Hecox. . The Angry Birds Movie was released in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office success , grossing over $352 million and becoming the second highest - grossing film of all time to be based on a video game . A sequel is scheduled to be released on September 6 , 2019 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Promotion and tie - in games 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Future 7.1 Follow - up media 7.2 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A reclusive , temperamental bird named Red lives in a village on Bird Island with other flightless birds . When his temper causes a `` premature hatching '' of another bird 's egg , he is sentenced to take an anger management class . Red 's classmates Chuck , who is hyperactive and can move at the speed of light , and Bomb , who can cause explosions with his anger and fear , try to befriend him , but he avoids them . One day , a boat docks at the island 's shore , destroying Red 's house . The birds are greeted by green - colored pigs and their captain Leonard , who claim to be peaceful explorers bringing offerings of friendship . The pigs ingratiate with the birds , introducing them to various innovations , notably a giant slingshot , but begin to overwhelm the island with their numbers and Red becomes suspicious . Red recruits Chuck and Bomb to find Mighty Eagle , the only flying bird and the island 's protector , who has not been seen for many years . They find Mighty Eagle on top of Bird Mountain , but he is overweight , self - absorbed , leads the life of a slacker , and refuses to help them . Red discovers the pigs planting dynamite around the island while the other birds are distracted with a rave party , but they arrive too late to warn them as the pigs escape with the eggs and activate the dynamite , destroying the village . The other birds apologize to Red for not believing him , and under his leadership they organize an army and construct a boat from the rubble to follow the pigs to Piggy Island . The birds discover the pigs living in a walled city ruled by Leonard , whose true name is `` King Mudbeard '' . Deducing the eggs are in the castle at the center of the city , the birds use the slingshot to attack by launching themselves over the walls and into the city 's buildings , destroying them . Red , Chuck , and Bomb discover the eggs being lowered into a giant pot from a net , the pigs planning to cook and eat them . Mighty Eagle arrives to retrieve Red 's group and the eggs , having had a change of heart after witnessing their efforts . One egg falls out of the net and Red battles King Mudbeard for it , but learns to control his anger and distracts him long enough to retrieve the egg . An explosion from Bomb ignites the pigs ' reserve of dynamite , but the pot collapses and falls over top of Red , shielding him and the egg from the blast as the city is destroyed . Red reunites with the other birds as the egg hatches , revealing three small blue birds . Mighty Eagle approaches Red , Chuck , and Bomb , claiming he merely appeared lazy to help them find faith in themselves , and takes credit for saving the eggs . On Bird Island , Red discovers the other birds have rebuilt his house in the center of the village and the eggs have hatched into chicks , who sing to him in gratitude . Moved , Red allows Chuck and Bomb to move in with him . The pigs are revealed to have survived , with King Mudbeard plotting to steal the birds ' eggs again . In a mid-credits scene , the three blue birds use the slingshot to launch themselves out to ocean . Cast ( edit ) Jason Sudeikis as Red Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as young Red Josh Gad as Chuck Danny McBride as Bomb Maya Rudolph as Matilda Bill Hader as Leonard / King Mudbeard Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle Kate McKinnon as Stella , Eva Sean Penn as Terence Tony Hale as Ross , Mime , Cyrus Keegan - Michael Key as Judge Peckinpah Blake Shelton as Earl Anthony Padilla as Hal Ian Hecox as Bubbles Charli XCX as Willow Tituss Burgess as Photog Billy Eichner as Chef Pig , Phillip Hannibal Buress as Edward Ike Barinholtz as Tiny Max Charles as Bobby Jillian Bell as Helene , Yoga Instructor Cristela Alonzo as Shirley Danielle Brooks as Monica , Olive Kevin Bigley as Greg Adam Brown as Hug Trader Romeo Santos as Early Bird Geoffrey Arend as Day Care Teacher Bird Ava Acres as Timothy Alex Borstein as Sophie Bird , Peggy Bird Malena Brewer as Arianna Bird Vincent Oswald as Dylan Hatchling Samantha Cohen as Samantha Hatchling Josh Robert Thompson as Brad Bird , Dane the Saxophone Bird Matt McCarthy as Rodney Pig Matt Taylor as Hamilton Pig Ali Wong as Betty Bird Fred Tatasciore as Monty Pig Bella Laudiero as Maya Bird John Cohen as Johnny Bird Clay Kaytis as Clayton the Waiter Bird Fergal Reilly as Foreman Pig Catherine Winder as Billy the Sign Carlos Alazraqui as Earl 's 2nd Brother ( Uncredited ) Pierce Gagnon , Noah Schnapp and Owen Wilder Vaccaro as The Blues Eileen Marra , Indra Raval , Joaquin Raval and Sofie Wolfe as Hatchling Singers Production ( edit ) The film was officially announced in December 2012 , although IGN noted that this was `` after months of speculation '' . The success of the Angry Birds Toons series , according to Rovio employee Jami Laes , `` validated '' the idea of creating a feature film . The first image from the film was revealed in October 2014 , with Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Danny McBride , Bill Hader , Maya Rudolph , and Peter Dinklage as part of its cast . Gad at first declined to star in the movie , feeling it was too similar to his role as Olaf in the 2013 film Frozen but the director eventually convinced him to sign through a 30 - minute `` visual pitch '' . The film 's budget is estimated at $80 million ( € 75 million ) . Rovio and Sony Pictures announced they would spend roughly € 100 million for the marketing and distribution of the film , giving it the largest budget in the film industry in Finland , outvaluing Big Game 's € 8.5 million . Despite the massive budget , Rovio CEO Mikael Hed stated that `` it is the one that I do n't ever lose any sleep over '' , calling it `` tremendously strong as a story '' . During August 2015 , Rovio announced that they were expecting to cut 250 jobs equaling 40 % of the company , the only sector spared being personnel working on the movie . When multiple major studios approached Rovio to discuss the production of the film adaptation in 2010 , Hed eventually decided to have Rovio establish its own in - house animation studio and have it work on the film , rather than risk losing creative control in allowing a third - party studio to produce it . David Maisel , the founding chairman of Marvel Studios , offered to help Hed and Rovio produce the film , as well as John Cohen from Illumination Entertainment and Catherine Winder from Lucasfilm , who later served as the film 's producers . Animation services were handled by Sony Pictures Imageworks . The Angry Birds characters were not depicted in their cinematic designs until the film 's announcements so as to avoid spoiling it for audiences . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) Recorded 2015 - 16 Genre Pop rock country hip hop electronic Length 48 : 43 Label Atlantic The film 's soundtrack , titled The Angry Birds Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , was released on May 6 , 2016 . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` Friends '' Blake Shelton 3 : 04 2 . `` I Will Survive '' Demi Lovato 4 : 05 3 . `` Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) '' Matoma 3 : 30 4 . `` On Top of the World '' Imagine Dragons 3 : 12 5 . `` Explode '' Charli XCX ( as Willow ) 3 : 45 6 . `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' Rick Astley 3 : 34 7 . `` Rock You Like a Hurricane '' Scorpions 4 : 16 8 . `` Fight '' Steve Aoki 3 : 52 9 . `` Wild Thing '' Tone Lōc 4 : 25 10 . `` Sound of da Police '' KRS - One 4 : 18 11 . `` Behind Blue Eyes '' Limp Bizkit 4 : 31 12 . `` The Mighty Eagle Song '' Peter Dinklage 2 : 06 13 . `` The Mighty Red Song '' The Hatchlings and the Blues 0 : 47 14 . `` The Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' Heitor Pereira 3 : 18 ATCO Records released the score on May 12 , 2016 . `` Wonderful Life '' was replaced in international screenings of the film in English with `` You Should Be Dancing '' by the Bee Gees . Release ( edit ) The film was initially scheduled to be released on July 1 , 2016 , but was later moved forward to May 20 . On September 23 , 2015 , the teaser trailer for the film was released , followed by the second trailer four months later . An international trailer made its debut in March 2016 . The film was released in Finland and the UK on May 13 , 2016 , and in the United States on May 20 , 2016 . Promotion and tie - in games ( edit ) The film 's marketing budget was an estimated $300 million , which along with its production budget was $400 million , the biggest ever for an animated Sony Pictures film . Tie - ins with McDonald 's , Citroën , Ziploc , and Panasonic , and a series of six Lego sets were used to promote the film . A balloon themed after Red debuted at the 2015 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . During the film 's marketing campaign , the app icons for most Angry Birds games were changed to depict the cinematic version of Red . A series of free - to - play tie - in games were also produced : Angry Birds Action ! , Angry Birds Evolution , and Angry Birds Match . Home Media ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie was released on digital HD on July 29 , 2016 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on August 16 , 2016 , from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment , with four `` Hatchlings '' shorts included . The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on August 21 , 2016 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie grossed $107.5 million in North America and $244.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $352.3 million . Worldwide , it is the second highest - grossing video game film of all - time behind Warcraft ( $433.5 million ) , and is the most successful Finnish - produced film of all time . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $72 million . In North America , the film opened on May 20 , 2016 alongside Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising and The Nice Guys , and was projected to gross between $35 -- 40 million or as high as $45 million from 3,932 theaters in its opening weekend . Deadline noted that the film had the benefit of being the only animated movies in theaters until Finding Dory on June 17 . The Angry Birds Movie was the top selling film for the weekend , and grossed $800,000 from Thursday night previews and $11 million on its opening day . In its opening weekend it grossed $38.2 million , finishing first at the box office and marked the third biggest Sony animated opening of all time , behind Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2 . It also scored the second - best debut weekend ever for a video game adaptation , behind the $47 million debut of Lara Croft : Tomb Raider . It dropped 51 % in its second weekend , against X-Men : Apocalypse and Alice Through the Looking Glass , grossing $18.7 million . Internationally , The Angry Birds Movie was released in the Philippines on May 11 and in 74 other markets ( 63 % of its total marketplace ) on May 13 , at least one week ahead of its US release . It finished first in 37 territories and second overall at the international box office behind Captain America : Civil War . Benefiting from the 2016 Cannes Film Festival , it grossed $43 million . In its second weekend , it added 9 additional territories including China , South Korea and the Netherlands and grossed $55.5 million from 83 markets . Overall , the top openings for the film was recorded in China ( $29.2 million ) , Russia ( $5.7 million ) , the United Kingdom and Ireland ( $3.1 million ) , Germany ( $2.9 million ) , Mexico ( $2.8 million ) and Brazil ( $2.7 million ) . It opened next in Italy on June 15 and Japan on October 1 . In terms of total earnings , the biggest markets for the film outside North America are China ( $75.8 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $15 million ) , Russia ( $11.99 million ) , and Germany ( $11.97 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Angry Birds Movie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 43 % based on 150 reviews and an average rating of 4.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The Angry Birds Movie is substantially more entertaining than any film adapted from an app has any right to be -- which may or may not be much of an endorsement . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Lindsey Bahr of The Associated Press gave the film a positive review by writing , `` Ultimately , The Angry Birds Movie does a decent job exploring the merits of anger . It 's no Inside Out , but it has heart and life , which is n't too shabby for any film -- app or not '' . Variety 's Guy Lodge called the film : `` A fast , fizzy and frenetically entertaining extension of the manic gaming franchise that , at its zenith , had children of all ages glued to their smartphone screens '' . While Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film 's plot to be `` pretty thin gruel '' , he thought the script was quite funny and that the animation was brightly colored and appealing . Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review , writing , `` The kids of today deserve better . So do I , come to think of it '' . In his review for TheWrap , Alonso Duralde wrote , `` Let 's be clear , then : The Angry Birds Movie is n't pointless because it 's based on an app . It 's pointless because it 's pointless '' . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars , writing , `` The Angry Birds Movie is just fowl '' . Accolades ( edit ) List of awards and nominations Award Date Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Jussi Awards March 24 , 2017 Best Film Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Score -- Animated Film Heitor Pereira Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards March 11 , 2017 Most Wanted Pet Jason Sudeikis Nominated Teen Choice Awards July 31 , 2016 Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Nominated Choice Music : Song from a Movie or TV Show `` I Will Survive '' by Demi Lovato Nominated Future ( edit ) Follow - up Media ( edit ) IDW Publishing launched a comic book miniseries , titled Angry Birds : Flight School and situated after the events of the film , on February 22 , 2017 . Rovio Entertainment has released a new online video miniseries that takes place sometime after the events of the film , titled Angry Birds Blues , and focuses on the mischievous antics of the newborn Blues . The first episode premiered on Toons.TV on March 10 , 2017 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : The Angry Birds Movie 2 In August 2016 , Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film . The sequel , titled The Angry Birds Movie 2 , is planned for a September 6 , 2019 release , coinciding with the tenth anniversary of the original video game . It will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice . Cohen will return as a producer , with Peter Ackerman as writer . Sudeikis , Gad , Hader , McBride and Dinklage have been announced to return , with Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown , Eugenio Derbez , Zach Woods , Awkwafina , Lil Rel Howery , Dove Cameron , Beck Bennett , Brooklynn Prince , and Leslie Jones joining the cast . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Heitor Pereira Coaxes Emotion Out of Music '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Felperrin , Leslie ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie '' . Showcase Cinemas . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angry Birds ( 2016 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan Faughnder ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sony and Rovio hope $400 - million promotional blitz will help ' Angry Birds ' soar '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANGRY BIRDS ( 2D ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke . `` New Spoiler - Heavy ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer Finally Evokes The Game '' . Forbes . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Animation Vets Clay and Fergal Reilly will direct Angry Birds feature '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Vitti takes flight with Angry Birds movie screenplay '' . Rovio. 20 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Movie Casts Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad , Peter Dinklage , Maya Rudolph '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lesnick , Silas ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` By the Power of Grayskull ! Masters of the Universe Movie Sets 2019 Release '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Beck , Jeff . `` Sony 's ANGRY BIRDS 2 nests in theaters 2 weeks earlier -- now set for September . 6 , 2019 instead of Sept. 20 '' . Twitter . Exhibitor Relations . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chuck on Twitter : `` Kallan Holley voice as young Red . And Jason Sudeikis voice as Red . # AngryBirdsMovie '' `` . Twitter . April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Trailer : Sony 's Avians - Vs - Pigs Saga Takes Ire To New Levels '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast and First Image from the Angry Birds Movie Revealed ! '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staskiewicz , Keith ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Blake Shelton to sing and voice a pig in The Angry Birds Movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stone , Natalie . `` Charli XCX to Voice Willow in ' Angry Birds ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Justin . `` ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE ANNOUNCED FOR 2016 '' . IGN . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Takahashi , Dean . `` Rovio 's Jami Laes on keeping Angry Birds in the entertainment vortex ( interview ) '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hadley , Glenn . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' : Why Actor Josh Gad Initially Said ' No ' to the Film '' . inquisitr . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris . `` JOSH GAD SAYS ANGRY BIRDS MOVIE IS `` UNEXPECTEDLY SMART '' `` . IGN . Retrieved 14 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Saarinen , Juhani ; Teivainen , Aleksi ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Rovio splashes over € 100m in animated feature '' . Helsinki Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rossi , Juhana ; Grundberg , Sven . `` Angry Birds Maker Rovio Aims for the Next Level '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd . `` ' Angry Birds ' Maker Rovio to Axe 260 Jobs , But Spares Movie Staff '' . Variety . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Hed : `` We were first approached in early 2010 by Hollywood studios to discuss making Angry Birds into a feature film ... I had in my mind a vision for what the world of Angry Birds was , and I wanted to make sure that we would be in control of what the story of the movie would be . If we had given Angry Birds to another studio to be developed , we would have lost that creative control . So I ultimately decided that we had to try to make the movie ourselves , even if I did n't know how to make that a reality . That is , until I met David . '' Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Seikaly , Andrea ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Pic Nests in Vancouver '' . Variety . Variety Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sorensen , Jim , ed . ( June 1 , 2016 ) . The Art of The Angry Birds Movie . IDW Publishing . p. 9 . Maisel : `` ( W ) e also talked about how to make the movie as big as possible . Mikael and I agreed back in 2011 that ... we should do certain things to protect the movie ... Let 's not let the birds have arms and legs until the movie comes out . Let 's not have CGI - grade animation until the movie comes out . These were things that , we knew , if we could protect those things , then the movie had a chance to be really special ... '' Jump up ^ `` Demi Lovato 's ' Angry Birds ' Soundtrack Song Could Be The 2016 Song Of The Summer '' . Bustle . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . iTunes . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Soundtrack Features Demi Lovato , Charli XCX & Rick Astley '' . Idolator . January 29 , 2016 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blake Shelton - Friends - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Video ) . April 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Demi Lovato - `` I Will Survive '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Matoma - Wonderful Life ( Mi Oh My ) - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . April 22 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Charli XCX - `` Explode '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Angry Birds Movie Peter Dinklage The Mighty Eagle Song . May 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ The Hatchlings - `` The Mighty Red Song '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Heitor Pereira - `` Angry Birds Movie Score Medley '' - From The Angry Birds Movie ( Official Audio ) . May 5 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Sony Takes Worldwide Rights To Angry Birds Movie , Will Release It In 2016 '' . Deadline . May 15 , 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sony 's Angry Birds Movie Gets a New Release Date '' . IGN . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Teaser Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Sony Pictures Entertainment . January 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie -- Official International Theatrical Trailer '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Evan ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Lego Angry Birds Sets Announced '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fahey , Mike ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` So That 's What A LEGO Angry Bird Looks Like '' . Kotaku . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Snider , Mike ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Angry Bird balloon to take flight in annual Macy 's Thanksgiving Day parade '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silas Lesnick ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` August 16 , 2016 : This Week on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Digital and Blu - Ray Release '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now Available on iTunes '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie - Now on Digital and on Blu - ray 8 / 16 ! '' . YouTube . Angry Birds . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas K. Arnold ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds ' Bows at No. 1 on Blu - ray Disc , DVD Sales Chart '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Captain America ' Passes ' Deadpool , ' ' Jungle Book ' Tops ' Batman V Supeman ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie is the most internationally successful Finnish movie of all time ! '' . Rovio . January 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` No. 17 ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Why ' Captain America : Civil War ' Is Poised To Be This Summer 's Top - Grossing Live - Action Film : B.O. Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Captain America ' To Step On ' Angry Birds ' , ' Neighbors 2 ' & ' Nice Guys ' -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 21 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Soars To $11 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' Snags $8 M , ' Nice Guys ' Finishes Fourth '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Hatches $39 M Debut ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Nabs $21.8 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Angry Birds ' Opens To $39 M , ' Neighbors 2 ' And ' Nice Guys ' Disappoint '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world will celebrate `` Red 's Carpet Day '' on May 7 for the Angry Birds movie `` . Inquirer Pop . May 6 , 2016 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Takes Off With $43 M ; ' Captain America : Civil War ' Hits $647 M Offshore , $943 M WW -- Intl B.O. Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men : Apocalypse ' Dawns With $103.3 M ; ' Angry Birds ' Sings $55.5 M ; ' Zootopia ' # 4 Animated Pic Ever WW -- Intl Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Can Angry Birds Take Down Captain America at the Box Office ? '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Angry Birds Movie Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Angry Birds ' Is The Word With $42 M - $44 M No. 1 Opening ; ' Neighbors 2 ' Lower With $25 M -- Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Lindsey Bahr ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Review : An app comes to life in `` The Angry Birds Movie '' `` . bigstory.ap.org/ . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guy Lodge ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rafer Guzman ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' review : Like the app , not thematically rich '' . Newsday.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' a Superficially Amiable Ball of Fluff '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alonso Duralde ( May 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie ' Review : App - Based Cartoon Has All the Fun of Avian Flu '' . Thewrap.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen Whitty ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Angry Birds Movie , ' big screen adaptation of smartphone video game , is dumb and lays an egg '' . Nydailynews.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tässä ovat Jussi - gaalan kaikki voittajat : Hymyilevä mies on paras elokuva - voitti yhteensä 8 palkintoa '' . Iltalehti . March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced : See the `` First Wave '' of Potential Winners `` . E !. Archived from the original on May 25 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paige , Nathan . `` New animated series , `` Angry Birds Blues , '' premieres on Toons TV `` . cleveland.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Angry Birds Movie ' Sequel in the Works at Rovio '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jason Sudeikis , Josh Gad to Return for ' Angry Birds Movie 2 ' Voice Cast '' . Variety . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Leslie Jones , Rachel Bloom , Sterling K. Brown Join Voice Cast of ' Angry Birds 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . 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who plays red's voice in angry birds

Jason Sudeikis as Red Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as young Red

Charles Dickens - wikipedia Charles Dickens Jump to : navigation , search `` Dickens '' and `` Dickensian '' redirect here . For the television series , see Dickensian ( TV series ) . For other uses , see Dickens ( disambiguation ) . Charles Dickens Dickens in New York , circa 1867 -- 1868 Charles John Huffam Dickens ( 1812 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1812 Landport , Hampshire , England 9 June 1870 ( 1870 - 06 - 09 ) ( aged 58 ) Higham , Kent , England Resting place Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey Occupation Writer Nationality British Notable works The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby A Christmas Carol David Copperfield Bleak House Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Spouse Catherine Thomson Hogarth Children Charles Dickens Jr . Mary Dickens Kate Perugini Walter Landor Dickens Francis Dickens Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens Sydney Smith Haldimand Dickens Henry Fielding Dickens Dora Annie Dickens Edward Dickens Signature Charles John Huffam Dickens ( / ˈdɪkɪnz / ; 7 February 1812 -- 9 June 1870 ) was an English writer and social critic . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime , and by the 20th century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius . His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity . Born in Portsmouth , Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was incarcerated in a debtors ' prison . Despite his lack of formal education , he edited a weekly journal for 20 years , wrote 15 novels , five novellas , hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles , lectured and performed readings extensively , was an indefatigable letter writer , and campaigned vigorously for children 's rights , education , and other social reforms . Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers . Dickens was regarded as the literary colossus of his age . His 1843 novella , A Christmas Carol , remains popular and continues to inspire adaptations in every artistic genre . Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted , and , like many of his novels , evoke images of early Victorian London . His 1859 novel , A Tale of Two Cities , set in London and Paris , is his best - known work of historical fiction . Dickens has been praised by fellow writers -- from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G.K. Chesterton -- for his realism , comedy , prose style , unique characterisations , and social criticism . On the other hand , Oscar Wilde , Henry James , and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of psychological depth , loose writing , and a vein of saccharine sentimentalism . The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings , such as poor social conditions or comically repulsive characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Journalism and early novels 3 First visit to the United States 4 Philanthropy 5 Religious views 6 Middle years 7 Last years 8 Second visit to the United States 9 Farewell readings 10 Death 11 Literary style 11.1 Characters 11.2 Autobiographical elements 11.3 Episodic writing 11.4 Social commentary 11.5 Literary techniques 12 Reception 13 Influence and legacy 14 Notable works 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links 17.1 Works 17.2 Organisations and portals 17.3 Museums 17.4 Other Early years Charles Dickens 's birthplace , 393 Commercial Road , Portsmouth 2 Ordnance Terrace , Chatham , Dickens 's home 1817 -- May 1821 Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 , at 1 Mile End Terrace ( now 393 Commercial Road ) , Landport in Portsea Island ( Portsmouth ) , the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens ( née Barrow ; 1789 -- 1863 ) and John Dickens ( 1785 -- 1851 ) . His father was a clerk in the Navy Pay Office and was temporarily stationed in the district . He asked Christopher Huffam , rigger to His Majesty 's Navy , gentleman , and head of an established firm , to act as godfather to Charles . Huffam is thought to be the inspiration for Paul Dombey , the owner of a shipping company in Dickens 's novel Dombey and Son ( 1848 ) . In January 1815 , John Dickens was called back to London , and the family moved to Norfolk Street , Fitzrovia . When Charles was four , they relocated to Sheerness , and thence to Chatham , Kent , where he spent his formative years until the age of 11 . His early life seems to have been idyllic , though he thought himself a `` very small and not - over-particularly - taken - care - of boy '' . Charles spent time outdoors , but also read voraciously , including the picaresque novels of Tobias Smollett and Henry Fielding , as well as Robinson Crusoe and Gil Blas . He read and reread The Arabian Nights and the Collected Farces of Elizabeth Inchbald . He retained poignant memories of childhood , helped by an excellent memory of people and events , which he used in his writing . His father 's brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education , first at a dame school , and then at a school run by William Giles , a dissenter , in Chatham . Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe - blacking factory after his father had been sent to the Marshalsea , published in the 1892 edition of Forster 's Life of Dickens This period came to an end in June 1822 , when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House , and the family ( except for Charles , who stayed behind to finish his final term of work ) moved to Camden Town in London . The family had left Kent amidst rapidly mounting debts , and , living beyond his means , John Dickens was forced by his creditors into the Marshalsea debtors ' prison in Southwark , London in 1824 . His wife and youngest children joined him there , as was the practice at the time . Charles , then 12 years old , boarded with Elizabeth Roylance , a family friend , at 112 College Place , Camden Town . Roylance was `` a reduced ( impoverished ) old lady , long known to our family '' , whom Dickens later immortalised , `` with a few alterations and embellishments '' , as `` Mrs. Pipchin '' in Dombey and Son . Later , he lived in a back - attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court , Archibald Russell , `` a fat , good - natured , kind old gentleman ... with a quiet old wife '' and lame son , in Lant Street in Southwark . They provided the inspiration for the Garlands in The Old Curiosity Shop . On Sundays -- with his sister Frances , free from her studies at the Royal Academy of Music -- he spent the day at the Marshalsea . Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit . To pay for his board and to help his family , Dickens was forced to leave school and work ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , on Hungerford Stairs , near the present Charing Cross railway station , where he earned six shillings a week pasting labels on pots of boot blacking . The strenuous and often harsh working conditions made a lasting impression on Dickens and later influenced his fiction and essays , becoming the foundation of his interest in the reform of socio - economic and labour conditions , the rigours of which he believed were unfairly borne by the poor . He later wrote that he wondered `` how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age '' . As he recalled to John Forster ( from The Life of Charles Dickens ) : The blacking - warehouse was the last house on the left - hand side of the way , at old Hungerford Stairs . It was a crazy , tumble - down old house , abutting of course on the river , and literally overrun with rats . Its wainscoted rooms , and its rotten floors and staircase , and the old grey rats swarming down in the cellars , and the sound of their squeaking and scuffling coming up the stairs at all times , and the dirt and decay of the place , rise up visibly before me , as if I were there again . The counting - house was on the first floor , looking over the coal - barges and the river . There was a recess in it , in which I was to sit and work . My work was to cover the pots of paste - blacking ; first with a piece of oil - paper , and then with a piece of blue paper ; to tie them round with a string ; and then to clip the paper close and neat , all round , until it looked as smart as a pot of ointment from an apothecary 's shop . When a certain number of grosses of pots had attained this pitch of perfection , I was to paste on each a printed label , and then go on again with more pots . Two or three other boys were kept at similar duty down - stairs on similar wages . One of them came up , in a ragged apron and a paper cap , on the first Monday morning , to show me the trick of using the string and tying the knot . His name was Bob Fagin ; and I took the liberty of using his name , long afterwards , in Oliver Twist . When the warehouse was moved to Chandos Street in the smart , busy district of Covent Garden the boys worked in a room in which the window gave onto the street and little audiences gathered and watched them at work -- in Dickens biographer Simon Callow 's estimation , the public display was `` a new refinement added to his misery '' . The Marshalsea around 1897 , after it had closed A few months after his imprisonment , John Dickens 's paternal grandmother , Elizabeth Dickens , died and bequeathed him £ 450 . On the expectation of this legacy , Dickens was released from prison . Under the Insolvent Debtors Act , Dickens arranged for payment of his creditors , and he and his family left Marshalsea , for the home of Mrs Roylance . Charles 's mother , Elizabeth Dickens , did not immediately support his removal from the boot - blacking warehouse . This influenced Dickens 's view that a father should rule the family , and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home : `` I never afterwards forgot , I never shall forget , I never can forget , that my mother was warm for my being sent back '' . His mother 's failure to request his return was a factor in his dissatisfied attitude towards women . Righteous indignation stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working - class people lived became major themes of his works , and it was this unhappy period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite , and most autobiographical , novel , David Copperfield : `` I had no advice , no counsel , no encouragement , no consolation , no assistance , no support , of any kind , from anyone , that I can call to mind , as I hope to go to heaven ! '' Dickens was eventually sent to the Wellington House Academy in Camden Town , where he remained until March 1827 , having spent about two years there . He did not consider it to be a good school : `` Much of the haphazard , desultory teaching , poor discipline punctuated by the headmaster 's sadistic brutality , the seedy ushers and general run - down atmosphere , are embodied in Mr. Creakle 's Establishment in David Copperfield . '' Dickens worked at the law office of Ellis and Blackmore , attorneys , of Holborn Court , Gray 's Inn , as a junior clerk from May 1827 to November 1828 . He was a gifted mimic and impersonated those around him : clients , lawyers , and clerks . He went to theatres obsessively -- he claimed that for at least three years he went to the theatre every single day . His favourite actor was Charles Mathews , and Dickens learnt his monopolylogues , ( farces in which Mathews played every character ) , by heart . Then , having learned Gurney 's system of shorthand in his spare time , he left to become a freelance reporter . A distant relative , Thomas Charlton , was a freelance reporter at Doctors ' Commons , and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four years . This education was to inform works such as Nicholas Nickleby , Dombey and Son , and especially Bleak House -- whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public and served as a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens 's own views regarding , particularly , the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to `` go to law '' . In 1830 , Dickens met his first love , Maria Beadnell , thought to have been the model for the character Dora in David Copperfield . Maria 's parents disapproved of the courtship and ended the relationship by sending her to school in Paris . Journalism and early novels In 1832 , at age 20 , Dickens was energetic and increasingly self - confident . He enjoyed mimicry and popular entertainment , lacked a clear , specific sense of what he wanted to become , and yet knew he wanted fame . Drawn to the theatre -- he became an early member of the Garrick -- he landed an acting audition at Covent Garden , where the manager George Bartley and the actor Charles Kemble were to see him . Dickens prepared meticulously and decided to imitate the comedian Charles Mathews , but ultimately he missed the audition because of a cold . Before another opportunity arose , he had set out on his career as a writer . In 1833 he submitted his first story , `` A Dinner at Poplar Walk '' , to the London periodical Monthly Magazine . William Barrow , a brother of his mother , offered him a job on The Mirror of Parliament and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in 1832 . He rented rooms at Furnival 's Inn and worked as a political journalist , reporting on Parliamentary debates , and he travelled across Britain to cover election campaigns for the Morning Chronicle . His journalism , in the form of sketches in periodicals , formed his first collection of pieces , published in 1836 : Sketches by Boz -- Boz being a family nickname he employed as a pseudonym for some years . Dickens apparently adopted it from the nickname `` Moses '' , which he had given to his youngest brother Augustus Dickens , after a character in Oliver Goldsmith 's The Vicar of Wakefield . When pronounced by anyone with a head cold , `` Moses '' became `` Boses '' -- later shortened to Boz . Dickens 's own name was considered `` queer '' by a contemporary critic , who wrote in 1849 : `` Mr Dickens , as if in revenge for his own queer name , does bestow still queerer ones upon his fictitious creations . '' He contributed to and edited journals throughout his literary career . In January 1835 the Morning Chronicle launched an evening edition , under the editorship of the Chronicle 's music critic , George Hogarth . Hogarth invited Dickens to contribute Street Sketches and Dickens became a regular visitor to his Fulham house , excited by Hogarth 's friendship with a hero of his , Walter Scott , and enjoying the company of Hogarth 's three daughters -- Georgina , Mary , and nineteen - year - old Catherine . Catherine Hogarth Dickens by Samuel Lawrence ( 1838 ) Dickens made rapid progress both professionally and socially . He began a friendship with William Harrison Ainsworth , the author of the highwayman novel Rookwood ( 1834 ) , whose bachelor salon in Harrow Road had become the meeting place for a set that included Daniel Maclise , Benjamin Disraeli , Edward Bulwer - Lytton , and George Cruikshank . All these became his friends and collaborators , with the exception of Disraeli , and he met his first publisher , John Macrone , at the house . The success of Sketches by Boz led to a proposal from publishers Chapman and Hall for Dickens to supply text to match Robert Seymour 's engraved illustrations in a monthly letterpress . Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment , and Dickens , who wanted to write a connected series of sketches , hired `` Phiz '' to provide the engravings ( which were reduced from four to two per instalment ) for the story . The resulting story became The Pickwick Papers , and though the first few episodes were not successful , the introduction of the Cockney character Sam Weller in the fourth episode ( the first to be illustrated by Phiz ) marked a sharp climb in its popularity . The final instalment sold 40,000 copies . In November 1836 Dickens accepted the position of editor of Bentley 's Miscellany , a position he held for three years , until he fell out with the owner . In 1836 as he finished the last instalments of The Pickwick Papers , he began writing the beginning instalments of Oliver Twist -- writing as many as 90 pages a month -- while continuing work on Bentley 's and also writing four plays , the production of which he oversaw . Oliver Twist , published in 1838 , became one of Dickens 's better known stories , and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist . Young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise , 1839 On 2 April 1836 , after a one - year engagement , and between episodes two and three of The Pickwick Papers , Dickens married Catherine Thomson Hogarth ( 1816 -- 1879 ) , the daughter of George Hogarth , editor of the Evening Chronicle . They were married in St. Luke 's Church , Chelsea , London . After a brief honeymoon in Chalk in Kent the couple returned to lodgings at Furnival 's Inn . The first of their ten children , Charley , was born in January 1837 , and a few months later the family set up home in Bloomsbury at 48 Doughty Street , London , ( on which Charles had a three - year lease at £ 80 a year ) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839 . Dickens 's younger brother Frederick and Catherine 's 17 - year - old sister Mary , moved in with them . Dickens became very attached to Mary , and she died in his arms after a brief illness in 1837 . Unusually for Dickens , as a consequence of his shock , he stopped working , and he and Kate stayed at a little farm on Hampstead Heath for a fortnight . Dickens idealised Mary - the character he fashioned after her , Rose Maylie , he found he could not now kill , as he had planned , in his fiction and according to Ackroyd he drew on memories of her for his later descriptions of Little Nell and Florence Dombey . His grief was so great that he was unable to meet the deadline for the June instalment of Pickwick Papers and had to cancel the Oliver Twist instalment that month as well . The time in Hampstead was the occasion for a growing bond between Dickens and John Forster to develop and Forster soon became his unofficial business manager , and the first to read his work . Barnaby Rudge was Dickens 's first popular failure -- but the character of Dolly Varden , `` pretty , witty , sexy , became central to numerous theatrical adaptations '' His success as a novelist continued . The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and Pickwick , staying up until midnight to discuss them . Nicholas Nickleby ( 1838 -- 39 ) , The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1840 -- 41 ) and , finally , his first historical novel , Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of ' Eighty , as part of the Master Humphrey 's Clock series ( 1840 -- 41 ) , were all published in monthly instalments before being made into books . In the midst of all his activity during this period there was discontent with his publishers and John Macrone was bought off , while Richard Bentley signed over all his rights in Oliver Twist . Other signs of a certain restlessness and discontent emerge -- in Broadstairs he flirted with Eleanor Picken , the young fiancée of his solicitor 's best friend , and one night grabbed her and ran with her down to the sea . He declared they were both to drown there in the `` sad sea waves '' . She finally got free but afterwards kept her distance . In June 1841 he precipitately set out on a two - month tour of Scotland and then , in September 1841 , telegraphed Forster that he had decided to go to America . Master Humphrey 's Clock was shut down , though Dickens was still keen on the idea of the weekly magazine , a form he liked , a liking that had begun with his childhood reading of the eighteenth - century magazines Tatler and The Spectator . First visit to the United States In 1842 , Dickens and his wife made their first trip to the United States and Canada . At this time Georgina Hogarth , another sister of Catherine , joined the Dickens household , now living at Devonshire Terrace , Marylebone , to care for the young family they had left behind . She remained with them as housekeeper , organiser , adviser , and friend until Dickens 's death in 1870 . Dickens modeled the character of Agnes Wickfield after Georgina and Mary . Sketch of Dickens in 1842 during his first American tour . Sketch of Dickens 's sister Fanny , bottom left He described his impressions in a travelogue , American Notes for General Circulation . Dickens includes in Notes a powerful condemnation of slavery , which he had attacked as early as The Pickwick Papers , correlating the emancipation of the poor in England with the abolition of slavery abroad citing newspaper accounts of runaway slaves disfigured by their masters . In spite of the abolitionist sentiments gleaned from his trip to America , some modern commentators have pointed out inconsistencies in Dickens 's views on racial inequality , for instance , he has been criticized for his subsequent acquiescence in Governor Eyre 's harsh crackdown during the 1860s Morant Bay rebellion in Jamaica and his failure to join other British progressives in condemning it . From Richmond , Virginia , Dickens returned to Washington , D.C. , and started a trek westward to St. Louis , Missouri . While there , he expressed a desire to see an American prairie before returning east . A group of 13 men then set out with Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie , a trip 30 miles into Illinois . During his American visit , Dickens spent a month in New York City , giving lectures , raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America . He persuaded a group of twenty - five writers , headed by Washington Irving , to sign a petition for him to take to Congress , but the press were generally hostile to this , saying that he should be grateful for his popularity and that it was mercenary to complain about his work being pirated . The popularity he gained caused a shift in his self - perception according to critic Kate Flint , who writes that he `` found himself a cultural commodity , and its circulation had passed out his control '' , causing him to become interested in and delve into themes of public and personal personas in the next novels . She writes that he assumed a role of `` influential commentator '' , publicly and in his fiction , evident in his next few books . His trip to the U.S. ended with a trip to Canada : Niagara Falls , Toronto , Kingston and Montreal where he appeared on stage in light comedies . Soon after his return to England , Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories , A Christmas Carol , written in 1843 , which was followed by The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845 . Of these , A Christmas Carol was most popular and , tapping into an old tradition , did much to promote a renewed enthusiasm for the joys of Christmas in Britain and America . The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens 's mind during a trip to Manchester to witness the conditions of the manufacturing workers there . This , along with scenes he had recently witnessed at the Field Lane Ragged School , caused Dickens to resolve to `` strike a sledge hammer blow '' for the poor . As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest , Dickens became engrossed in the book . He later wrote that as the tale unfolded he `` wept and laughed , and wept again '' as he `` walked about the black streets of London fifteen or twenty miles many a night when all sober folks had gone to bed . '' After living briefly in Italy ( 1844 ) , Dickens travelled to Switzerland ( 1846 ) , where he began work on Dombey and Son ( 1846 -- 48 ) . This and David Copperfield ( 1849 -- 50 ) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens 's career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early works . At about this time , he was made aware of a large embezzlement at the firm where his brother , Augustus , worked ( John Chapman & Co . ) . It had been carried out by Thomas Powell , a clerk , who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to Augustus when he started work . Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day . After further fraudulent activities , Powell fled to New York and published a book called The Living Authors of England with a chapter on Charles Dickens , who was not amused by what Powell had written . One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey ( Dombey and Son ) on Thomas Chapman , one of the principal partners at John Chapman & Co . Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark , editor of the New York literary magazine The Knickerbocker , saying that Powell was a forger and thief . Clark published the letter in the New - York Tribune , and several other papers picked up on the story . Powell began proceedings to sue these publications , and Clark was arrested . Dickens , realising that he had acted in haste , contacted John Chapman & Co. to seek written confirmation of Powell 's guilt . Dickens did receive a reply confirming Powell 's embezzlement , but once the directors realised this information might have to be produced in court , they refused to make further disclosures . Owing to the difficulties of providing evidence in America to support his accusations , Dickens eventually made a private settlement with Powell out of court . Philanthropy Angela Burdett Coutts , heir to the Coutts banking fortune , approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class . Coutts envisioned a home that would replace the punitive regimes of existing institutions with a reformative environment conducive to education and proficiency in domestic household chores . After initially resisting , Dickens eventually founded the home , named `` Urania Cottage '' , in the Lime Grove section of Shepherds Bush , which he managed for ten years , setting the house rules , reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents . Emigration and marriage were central to Dickens 's agenda for the women on leaving Urania Cottage , from which it is estimated that about 100 women graduated between 1847 and 1859 . Religious views As a young man Dickens expressed a distaste for certain aspects of organized religion . In 1836 , in a pamphlet titled Sunday Under Three Heads , he defended the people 's right to pleasure , opposing a plan to prohibit games on Sundays . `` Look into your churches - diminished congregations and scanty attendance . People have grown sullen and obstinate , and are becoming disgusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this , once in every seven . They display their feeling by staying away ( from church ) . Turn into the streets ( on a Sunday ) and mark the rigid gloom that reigns over everything around '' Dickens honoured the figure of Christ -- though some claim he may have denied his divinity . Notwithstanding , Dickens has been characterized as a professing Christian . His son , Henry Fielding Dickens , described Dickens as someone who `` possessed deep religious convictions '' . In the early 1840s Dickens had shown an interest in Unitarian Christianity , and Robert Browning remarked that `` Mr. Dickens is an enlightened Unitarian . '' Writer Gary Colledge , however , asserted that he `` never strayed from his attachment to popular lay Anglicanism '' . He also wrote a religious work called The Life of Our Lord ( 1849 ) , which was a short book about the life of Jesus Christ , written with the purpose of inculcating his faith to his children and family . Dickens disapproved of Roman Catholicism and 19th - century evangelicalism , and was critical of what he saw as the hypocrisy of religious institutions and philosophies like spiritualism , all of which he considered deviations from the true spirit of Christianity . Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky referred to Dickens as `` that great Christian writer '' . Middle years `` Little Dorrit '' 1856 The Francophile Dickens often vacationed in France , and in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French called the French `` the first people in the universe '' . During his visit to Paris , Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas , Victor Hugo , Eugène Scribe , Théophile Gautier , François - René de Chateaubriand and Eugène Sue . Dickens started to write David Copperfield in 1848 . It was published between 1849 and 1850 . Scholars consider it as Dickens 's veiled autobiography with the title character modeled after the author himself . It was Dickens 's personal favourite among his own novels . In late November 1851 , Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote Bleak House ( 1852 -- 53 ) , Hard Times ( 1854 ) , and Little Dorrit ( 1856 ) . It was here that he indulged in the amateur theatricals described in Forster 's Life . During this period he worked closely with the novelist and playwright Wilkie Collins . In 1856 , his income from writing allowed him to buy Gad 's Hill Place in Higham , Kent . As a child , Dickens had walked past the house and dreamed of living in it . The area was also the scene of some of the events of Shakespeare 's Henry IV , Part 1 , and this literary connection pleased him . Ellen Ternan , 1858 In 1857 , Dickens hired professional actresses for the play The Frozen Deep , written by him and his protégé , Wilkie Collins . Dickens fell in love with one of the actresses , Ellen Ternan , and this passion was to last the rest of his life . Dickens was 45 and Ternan 18 when he made the decision , which went strongly against Victorian convention , to separate from his wife , Catherine , in 1858 -- divorce was still unthinkable for someone as famous as he was . When Catherine left , never to see her husband again , she took with her one child , leaving the other children to be raised by her sister Georgina who chose to stay at Gad 's Hill . During this period , whilst pondering a project to give public readings for his own profit , Dickens was approached through a charitable appeal by Great Ormond Street Hospital , to help it survive its first major financial crisis . His ' Drooping Buds ' essay in Household Words earlier on 3 April 1852 was considered by the hospital 's founders to have been the catalyst for the hospital 's success . Dickens , whose philanthropy was well - known , was asked by his friend , the hospital 's founder Charles West , to preside over the appeal , and he threw himself into the task , heart and soul . Dickens 's public readings secured sufficient funds for an endowment to put the hospital on a sound financial footing -- one reading on 9 February 1858 alone raised £ 3,000 . After separating from Catherine , Dickens undertook a series of hugely popular and remunerative reading tours which , together with his journalism , were to absorb most of his creative energies for the next decade , in which he was to write only two more novels . His first reading tour , lasting from April 1858 to February 1859 , consisted of 129 appearances in 49 different towns throughout England , Scotland and Ireland . Dickens 's continued fascination with the theatrical world was written into the theatre scenes in Nicholas Nickleby , but more importantly he found an outlet in public readings . In 1866 , he undertook a series of public readings in England and Scotland , with more the following year in England and Ireland . Dickens at his desk , 1858 Major works soon followed , including A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) and Great Expectations ( 1861 ) , which were resounding successes . During this time he was also the publisher , editor , and a major contributor to the journals Household Words ( 1850 -- 1859 ) and All the Year Round ( 1858 -- 1870 ) . In early September 1860 , in a field behind Gad 's Hill , Dickens made a bonfire of most of his correspondence -- only those letters on business matters were spared . Since Ellen Ternan also destroyed all of his letters to her , the extent of the affair between the two remains speculative . In the 1930s , Thomas Wright recounted that Ternan had unburdened herself to a Canon Benham , and gave currency to rumours they had been lovers . That the two had a son who died in infancy was alleged by Dickens 's daughter , Kate Perugini , whom Gladys Storey had interviewed before her death in 1929 . Storey published her account in Dickens and Daughter , but no contemporary evidence exists . On his death , Dickens settled an annuity on Ternan which made her a financially independent woman . Claire Tomalin 's book , The Invisible Woman , argues that Ternan lived with Dickens secretly for the last 13 years of his life . The book was subsequently turned into a play , Little Nell , by Simon Gray , and a 2013 film . In the same period , Dickens furthered his interest in the paranormal , becoming one of the early members of The Ghost Club . In June 1862 , he was offered £ 10,000 for a reading tour of Australia . He was enthusiastic , and even planned a travel book , The Uncommercial Traveller Upside Down , but ultimately decided against the tour . Two of his sons , Alfred D'Orsay Tennyson Dickens and Edward Bulwer Lytton Dickens , migrated to Australia , Edward becoming a member of the Parliament of New South Wales as Member for Wilcannia between 1889 and 1894 . Last years After the Staplehurst rail crash On 9 June 1865 , while returning from Paris with Ellen Ternan , Dickens was involved in the Staplehurst rail crash . The train 's first seven carriages plunged off a cast iron bridge that was under repair . The only first - class carriage to remain on the track was the one in which Dickens was travelling . Before rescuers arrived , Dickens tended and comforted the wounded and the dying with a flask of brandy and a hat refreshed with water , and saved some lives . Before leaving , he remembered the unfinished manuscript for Our Mutual Friend , and he returned to his carriage to retrieve it . Dickens later used this experience as material for his short ghost story , `` The Signal - Man '' , in which the central character has a premonition of his own death in a rail crash . He also based the story on several previous rail accidents , such as the Clayton Tunnel rail crash of 1861 . Dickens managed to avoid an appearance at the inquest to avoid disclosing that he had been travelling with Ternan and her mother , which would have caused a scandal . Second visit to the United States Crowd of spectators buying tickets for a Dickens reading at Steinway Hall , New York City in 1867 Contemplating a second visit to the United States , the outbreak of the Civil War in America in 1861 delayed his plans . On 9 November 1867 , over two years after the war , Dickens set sail from Liverpool for his second American reading tour . Landing at Boston , he devoted the rest of the month to a round of dinners with such notables as Ralph Waldo Emerson , Henry Wadsworth Longfellow , and his American publisher , James Thomas Fields . In early December , the readings began . He performed 76 readings , netting £ 19,000 , from December 1867 to April 1868 . Dickens shuttled between Boston and New York , where he gave 22 readings at Steinway Hall . Although he had started to suffer from what he called the `` true American catarrh '' , he kept to a schedule that would have challenged a much younger man , even managing to squeeze in some sleighing in Central Park . Poster promoting a reading by Dickens in Nottingham dated 4 February 1869 , two months before he suffered a mild stroke During his travels , he saw a change in the people and the circumstances of America . His final appearance was at a banquet the American Press held in his honour at Delmonico 's on 18 April , when he promised never to denounce America again . By the end of the tour Dickens could hardly manage solid food , subsisting on champagne and eggs beaten in sherry . On 23 April he boarded the Cunard liner Russia to return to Britain , barely escaping a Federal Tax Lien against the proceeds of his lecture tour . Farewell readings Between 1868 and 1869 , Dickens gave a series of `` farewell readings '' in England , Scotland , and Ireland , beginning on 6 October . He managed , of a contracted 100 readings , to deliver 75 in the provinces , with a further 12 in London . As he pressed on he was affected by giddiness and fits of paralysis . He suffered a stroke on 18 April 1869 in Chester . He collapsed on 22 April 1869 , at Preston in Lancashire , and on doctor 's advice , the tour was cancelled . After further provincial readings were cancelled , he began work on his final novel , The Mystery of Edwin Drood . It was fashionable in the 1860s to ' do the slums ' and , in company , Dickens visited opium dens in Shadwell , where he witnessed an elderly addict known as `` Laskar Sal '' , who formed the model for the `` Opium Sal '' subsequently featured in his mystery novel , Edwin Drood . After Dickens had regained sufficient strength , he arranged , with medical approval , for a final series of readings to partially make up to his sponsors what they had lost due to his illness . There were to be 12 performances , running between 11 January and 15 March 1870 , the last at 8 : 00 pm at St. James 's Hall in London . Although in grave health by this time , he read A Christmas Carol and The Trial from Pickwick . On 2 May , he made his last public appearance at a Royal Academy Banquet in the presence of the Prince and Princess of Wales , paying a special tribute on the death of his friend , the illustrator Daniel Maclise . Death Samuel Luke Fildes -- The Empty Chair . Fildes was illustrating `` Edwin Drood '' at the time of Charles Dickens 's death . The engraving shows Dickens 's empty chair in his study at Gads Hill Place . It appeared in the Christmas 1870 edition of The Graphic and thousands of prints of it were sold . Death certificate of Charles Dickens . On 8 June 1870 , Dickens suffered another stroke at his home after a full day 's work on Edwin Drood . He never regained consciousness , and the next day , five years to the day after the Staplehurst rail crash , he died at Gads Hill Place . Biographer Claire Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he suffered the stroke , and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him taken back to Gad 's Hill so the public would not know the truth about their relationship . Contrary to his wish to be buried at Rochester Cathedral `` in an inexpensive , unostentatious , and strictly private manner '' , he was laid to rest in the Poets ' Corner of Westminster Abbey . A printed epitaph circulated at the time of the funeral reads : To the Memory of Charles Dickens ( England 's most popular author ) who died at his residence , Higham , near Rochester , Kent , 9 June 1870 , aged 58 years . He was a sympathiser with the poor , the suffering , and the oppressed ; and by his death , one of England 's greatest writers is lost to the world . His last words were : `` On the ground '' , in response to his sister - in - law Georgina 's request that he lie down . On Sunday , 19 June 1870 , five days after Dickens was buried in the Abbey , Dean Arthur Penrhyn Stanley delivered a memorial elegy , lauding `` the genial and loving humorist whom we now mourn '' , for showing by his own example `` that even in dealing with the darkest scenes and the most degraded characters , genius could still be clean , and mirth could be innocent '' . Pointing to the fresh flowers that adorned the novelist 's grave , Stanley assured those present that `` the spot would thenceforth be a sacred one with both the New World and the Old , as that of the representative of literature , not of this island only , but of all who speak our English tongue . '' In his will , drafted more than a year before his death , Dickens left the care of his £ 80,000 estate to his longtime colleague John Forster and his `` best and truest friend '' Georgina Hogarth who , along with Dickens 's two sons , also received a tax - free sum of £ 8,000 ( about £ 800,000 in present terms ) . Although Dickens and his wife had been separated for several years at the time of his death , he provided her with an annual income of £ 600 and made her similar allowances in his will . He also bequeathed £ 19 19s to each servant in his employment at the time of his death . Literary style Dickens favoured the style of the 18th century picaresque novels that he found in abundance on his father 's shelves . According to Ackroyd , other than these , perhaps the most important literary influence on him was derived from the fables of The Arabian Nights . Dickens 's Dream by Robert William Buss , portraying Dickens at his desk at Gads Hill Place surrounded by many of his characters His writing style is marked by a profuse linguistic creativity . Satire , flourishing in his gift for caricature , is his forte . An early reviewer compared him to Hogarth for his keen practical sense of the ludicrous side of life , though his acclaimed mastery of varieties of class idiom may in fact mirror the conventions of contemporary popular theatre . Dickens worked intensively on developing arresting names for his characters that would reverberate with associations for his readers , and assist the development of motifs in the storyline , giving what one critic calls an `` allegorical impetus '' to the novels ' meanings . To cite one of numerous examples , the name Mr. Murdstone in David Copperfield conjures up twin allusions to `` murder '' and stony coldness . His literary style is also a mixture of fantasy and realism . His satires of British aristocratic snobbery -- he calls one character the `` Noble Refrigerator '' -- are often popular . Comparing orphans to stocks and shares , people to tug boats , or dinner - party guests to furniture are just some of Dickens 's acclaimed flights of fancy . The author worked closely with his illustrators , supplying them with a summary of the work at the outset and thus ensuring that his characters and settings were exactly how he envisioned them . He briefed the illustrator on plans for each month 's instalment so that work could begin before he wrote them . Marcus Stone , illustrator of Our Mutual Friend , recalled that the author was always `` ready to describe down to the minutest details the personal characteristics , and ... life - history of the creations of his fancy '' . Characters Dickens ' characters Dickens 's biographer Claire Tomalin regards him as the greatest creator of character in English fiction after Shakespeare . Dickensian characters are amongst the most memorable in English literature , especially so because of their typically whimsical names . The likes of Ebenezer Scrooge , Tiny Tim , Jacob Marley , Bob Cratchit , Oliver Twist , The Artful Dodger , Fagin , Bill Sikes , Pip , Miss Havisham , Sydney Carton , Charles Darnay , David Copperfield , Mr. Micawber , Abel Magwitch , Daniel Quilp , Samuel Pickwick , Wackford Squeers , and Uriah Heep are so well known as to be part and parcel of British culture , and in some cases have passed into ordinary language : a scrooge , for example , is a miser - or someone who dislikes Christmas festivity . His characters were often so memorable that they took on a life of their own outside his books . `` Gamp '' became a slang expression for an umbrella from the character Mrs Gamp , and `` Pickwickian '' , `` Pecksniffian '' , and `` Gradgrind '' all entered dictionaries due to Dickens 's original portraits of such characters who were , respectively , quixotic , hypocritical , and vapidly factual . Many were drawn from real life : Mrs Nickleby is based on his mother , though she did n't recognise herself in the portrait , just as Mr Micawber is constructed from aspects of his father 's ' rhetorical exuberance ' : Harold Skimpole in Bleak House is based on James Henry Leigh Hunt : his wife 's dwarfish chiropodist recognised herself in Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield . Perhaps Dickens 's impressions on his meeting with Hans Christian Andersen informed the delineation of Uriah Heep . Virginia Woolf maintained that `` we remodel our psychological geography when we read Dickens '' as he produces `` characters who exist not in detail , not accurately or exactly , but abundantly in a cluster of wild yet extraordinarily revealing remarks '' . One `` character '' vividly drawn throughout his novels is London itself . From the coaching inns on the outskirts of the city to the lower reaches of the Thames , all aspects of the capital are described over the course of his body of work . Autobiographical elements An original illustration by Phiz from the novel David Copperfield , which is widely regarded as Dickens 's most autobiographical work Authors frequently draw their portraits of characters from people they have known in real life . David Copperfield is regarded by many as a veiled autobiography of Dickens . The scenes of interminable court cases and legal arguments in Bleak House reflect Dickens 's experiences as a law clerk and court reporter , and in particular his direct experience of the law 's procedural delay during 1844 when he sued publishers in Chancery for breach of copyright . Dickens 's father was sent to prison for debt , and this became a common theme in many of his books , with the detailed depiction of life in the Marshalsea prison in Little Dorrit resulting from Dickens 's own experiences of the institution . Lucy Stroughill , a childhood sweetheart , may have affected several of Dickens 's portraits of girls such as Little Em'ly in David Copperfield and Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities . Dickens may have drawn on his childhood experiences , but he was also ashamed of them and would not reveal that this was where he gathered his realistic accounts of squalor . Very few knew the details of his early life until six years after his death , when John Forster published a biography on which Dickens had collaborated . Though Skimpole brutally sends up Leigh Hunt , some critics have detected in his portrait features of Dickens 's own character , which he sought to exorcise by self - parody . Episodic writing Most of Dickens 's major novels were first written in monthly or weekly instalments in journals such as Master Humphrey 's Clock and Household Words , later reprinted in book form . These instalments made the stories affordable and accessible , and the series of regular cliff - hangers made each new episode widely anticipated . When The Old Curiosity Shop was being serialised , American fans waited at the docks in New York harbor , shouting out to the crew of an incoming British ship , `` Is little Nell dead ? '' Dickens 's talent was to incorporate this episodic writing style but still end up with a coherent novel at the end . `` Charles Dickens as he appears when reading . '' Wood engraving from Harper 's Weekly , 7 December 1867 Another important impact of Dickens 's episodic writing style resulted from his exposure to the opinions of his readers and friends . His friend Forster had a significant hand in reviewing his drafts , an influence that went beyond matters of punctuation . He toned down melodramatic and sensationalist exaggerations , cut long passages ( such as the episode of Quilp 's drowning in The Old Curiosity Shop ) , and made suggestions about plot and character . It was he who suggested that Charley Bates should be redeemed in Oliver Twist . Dickens had not thought of killing Little Nell , and it was Forster who advised him to entertain this possibility as necessary to his conception of the heroine . Dickens 's serialisation of his novels was not uncriticised by other authors . In Robert Louis Stevenson 's novel The Wrecker , there is a comment by Captain Nares , investigating an abandoned ship : `` See ! They were writing up the log , '' said Nares , pointing to the ink - bottle . `` Caught napping , as usual . I wonder if there ever was a captain yet that lost a ship with his log - book up to date ? He generally has about a month to fill up on a clean break , like Charles Dickens and his serial novels . '' Social commentary Nurse Sarah Gamp ( left ) from Martin Chuzzlewit became a stereotype of untrained and incompetent nurses of the early Victorian era , before the reforms of Florence Nightingale Dickens 's novels were , among other things , works of social commentary . He was a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian society . In a New York address , he expressed his belief that `` Virtue shows quite as well in rags and patches as she does in purple and fine linen '' . Dickens 's second novel , Oliver Twist ( 1839 ) , shocked readers with its images of poverty and crime : it challenged middle class polemics about criminals , making impossible any pretence to ignorance about what poverty entailed . Literary techniques Dickens is often described as using idealised characters and highly sentimental scenes to contrast with his caricatures and the ugly social truths he reveals . The story of Nell Trent in The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1841 ) was received as extraordinarily moving by contemporary readers but viewed as ludicrously sentimental by Oscar Wilde . `` You would need to have a heart of stone '' , he declared in one of his famous witticisms , `` not to laugh at the death of little Nell . '' G.K. Chesterton , stated : `` It is not the death of little Nell , but the life of little Nell , that I object to '' , arguing that the maudlin effect of his description of her life owed much to the gregarious nature of Dickens 's grief , his `` despotic '' use of people 's feelings to move them to tears in works like this . The question as to whether Dickens belongs to the tradition of the sentimental novel is debatable . Valerie Purton , in her recent Dickens and the Sentimental Tradition , sees him continuing aspects of this tradition , and argues that his `` sentimental scenes and characters ( are ) as crucial to the overall power of the novels as his darker or comic figures and scenes '' , and that `` Dombey and Son is ( ... ) Dickens 's greatest triumph in the sentimentalist tradition '' . The Encyclopædia Britannica online comments that , despite `` patches of emotional excess '' , such as the reported death of Tiny Tim in A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , `` Dickens can not really be termed a sentimental novelist '' . In Oliver Twist Dickens provides readers with an idealised portrait of a boy so inherently and unrealistically good that his values are never subverted by either brutal orphanages or coerced involvement in a gang of young pickpockets . While later novels also centre on idealised characters ( Esther Summerson in Bleak House and Amy Dorrit in Little Dorrit ) , this idealism serves only to highlight Dickens 's goal of poignant social commentary . Dickens 's fiction , reflecting what he believed to be true of his own life , makes frequent use of coincidence , either for comic effect or to emphasise the idea of providence . For example , Oliver Twist turns out to be the lost nephew of the upper - class family that rescues him from the dangers of the pickpocket group . Such coincidences are a staple of 18th - century picaresque novels , such as Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , which Dickens enjoyed reading as a youth . Reception Dickens portrait ( top left ) , in between Shakespeare and Tennyson , on a stained glass window at the Ottawa Public Library , Ottawa , Canada Dickens was the most popular novelist of his time , and remains one of the best - known and most - read of English authors . His works have never gone out of print , and have been adapted continually for the screen since the invention of cinema , with at least 200 motion pictures and TV adaptations based on Dickens 's works documented . Many of his works were adapted for the stage during his own lifetime , and as early as 1913 , a silent film of The Pickwick Papers was made . He created some of the world 's best - known fictional characters and is regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era . Among fellow writers , Dickens has been both lionised and mocked . Leo Tolstoy , G.K. Chesterton , and George Orwell praised his realism , comic voice , prose fluency , and satiric caricature , as well as his passionate advocacy on behalf of children and the poor . French writer Jules Verne called Dickens his favourite writer , writing his novels `` stand alone , dwarfing all others by their amazing power and felicity of expression . '' Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was inspired by Dickens 's novels in several of his paintings like Vincent 's Chair and in an 1889 letter to his sister stated that reading Dickens , especially A Christmas Carol , was one of the things that was keeping him from committing suicide . Oscar Wilde generally disparaged his depiction of character , while admiring his gift for caricature . His late contemporary William Wordsworth , by then Poet laureate , thought him a `` very talkative , vulgar young person '' , adding he had not read a line of his work ; Dickens in return thought Wordsworth `` a dreadful Old Ass '' . Henry James denied him a premier position , calling him `` the greatest of superficial novelists '' : Dickens failed to endow his characters with psychological depth and the novels , `` loose baggy monsters '' , betrayed a `` cavalier organisation '' . Virginia Woolf had a love - hate relationship with his works , finding his novels `` mesmerizing '' while reproving him for his sentimentalism and a commonplace style . Fyodor Dostoyevsky expressed his admiration for the author , `` We understand Dickens in Russia , I am convinced , almost as well as the English , perhaps even with all the nuances . It may well be that we love him no less than his compatriots do . And yet how original is Dickens , and how very English ! '' . A Christmas Carol is most probably his best - known story , with frequent new adaptations . It is also the most - filmed of Dickens 's stories , with many versions dating from the early years of cinema . According to the historian Ronald Hutton , the current state of the observance of Christmas is largely the result of a mid-Victorian revival of the holiday spearheaded by A Christmas Carol . Dickens catalysed the emerging Christmas as a family - centred festival of generosity , in contrast to the dwindling community - based and church - centred observations , as new middle - class expectations arose . Its archetypal figures ( Scrooge , Tiny Tim , the Christmas ghosts ) entered into Western cultural consciousness . A prominent phrase from the tale , `` Merry Christmas '' , was popularised following the appearance of the story . The term Scrooge became a synonym for miser , and his dismissive exclamation ' Bah ! Humbug ! ' likewise gained currency as an idiom . Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray called the book `` a national benefit , and to every man and woman who reads it a personal kindness '' . Bleak House in Broadstairs , Kent , where Dickens wrote some of his novels At a time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world , Dickens highlighted the life of the forgotten poor and disadvantaged within society . Through his journalism he campaigned on specific issues -- such as sanitation and the workhouse -- but his fiction probably demonstrated its greatest prowess in changing public opinion in regard to class inequalities . He often depicted the exploitation and oppression of the poor and condemned the public officials and institutions that not only allowed such abuses to exist , but flourished as a result . His most strident indictment of this condition is in Hard Times ( 1854 ) , Dickens 's only novel - length treatment of the industrial working class . In this work , he uses vitriol and satire to illustrate how this marginalised social stratum was termed `` Hands '' by the factory owners ; that is , not really `` people '' but rather only appendages of the machines they operated . His writings inspired others , in particular journalists and political figures , to address such problems of class oppression . For example , the prison scenes in The Pickwick Papers are claimed to have been influential in having the Fleet Prison shut down . Karl Marx asserted that Dickens `` issued to the world more political and social truths than have been uttered by all the professional politicians , publicists and moralists put together '' . George Bernard Shaw even remarked that Great Expectations was more seditious than Marx 's Das Kapital . The exceptional popularity of Dickens 's novels , even those with socially oppositional themes ( Bleak House , 1853 ; Little Dorrit , 1857 ; Our Mutual Friend , 1865 ) , not only underscored his almost preternatural ability to create compelling storylines and unforgettable characters , but also ensured that the Victorian public confronted issues of social justice that had commonly been ignored . It has been argued that his technique of flooding his narratives with an ' unruly superfluity of material ' that , in the gradual dénouement , yields up an unsuspected order , influenced the organisation of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species . Influence and legacy Dickens and Little Nell statue in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Museums and festivals celebrating Dickens 's life and works exist in many places with which Dickens was associated . These include the Charles Dickens Museum in London , the historic home where he wrote Oliver Twist , The Pickwick Papers and Nicholas Nickleby ; and the Charles Dickens Birthplace Museum in Portsmouth , the house in which he was born . The original manuscripts of many of his novels , as well as printers ' proofs , first editions , and illustrations from the collection of Dickens 's friend John Forster are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum . Dickens 's will stipulated that no memorial be erected in his honour ; nonetheless , a life - size bronze statue of Dickens entitled Dickens and Little Nell , cast in 1891 by Francis Edwin Elwell , stands in Clark Park in the Spruce Hill neighbourhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Another life - size statue of Dickens is located at Centennial Park , Sydney , Australia . In 2014 , a life - size statue was unveiled near his birthplace in Portsmouth on the 202nd anniversary of his birth ; this was supported by the author 's great - great grandsons , Ian and Gerald Dickens . Dickens was commemorated on the Series E £ 10 note issued by the Bank of England that circulated between 1992 and 2003 . His portrait appeared on the reverse of the note accompanied by a scene from The Pickwick Papers . The Charles Dickens School is a high school in Broadstairs , Kent . A theme park , Dickens World , standing in part on the site of the former naval dockyard where Dickens 's father once worked in the Navy Pay Office , opened in Chatham in 2007 . To celebrate the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Dickens in 2012 , the Museum of London held the UK 's first major exhibition on the author in 40 years . In 2002 , Dickens was number 41 in the BBC 's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons . American literary critic Harold Bloom placed Dickens among the greatest Western Writers of all time . In the UK survey The Big Read , carried out by the BBC in 2003 , five of Dickens 's books were named in the Top 100 . Dickens and his publications have appeared on a number of postage stamps including : UK ( 1970 , 1993 , 2011 and 2012 ) , Soviet Union ( 1962 ) , Antigua , Barbuda , Botswana , Cameroon , Dubai , Fujairah , St Christopher , Nevis and Anguilla , St Helena , St Lucia and Turks and Caicos Islands ( 1970 ) , St Vincent ( 1987 ) , Nevis ( 2007 ) , Alderney , Gibraltar , Jersey and Pitcairn Islands ( 2012 ) , Austria ( 2013 ) , Mozambique ( 2014 ) . Notable works Main article : Charles Dickens bibliography Dickens published well over a dozen major novels and novellas , a large number of short stories , including a number of Christmas - themed stories , a handful of plays , and several non-fiction books . Dickens 's novels were initially serialised in weekly and monthly magazines , then reprinted in standard book formats . The Pickwick Papers ( The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club ; monthly serial , April 1836 to November 1837 ) Oliver Twist ( The Adventures of Oliver Twist ; monthly serial in Bentley 's Miscellany , February 1837 to April 1839 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ; monthly serial , April 1838 to October 1839 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , April 1840 to November 1841 ) Barnaby Rudge ( Barnaby Rudge : A Tale of the Riots of Eighty ; weekly serial in Master Humphrey 's Clock , February to November 1841 ) A Christmas Carol ( A Christmas Carol in Prose : Being a Ghost - story of Christmas ; 1843 ) Martin Chuzzlewit ( The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit ; monthly serial , January 1843 to July 1844 ) The Chimes ( The Chimes : A Goblin Story of Some Bells That Rang an Old Year Out and a New Year In ; 1844 ) The Cricket on the Hearth ( The Cricket on the Hearth : A Fairy Tale of Home ; 1845 ) Dombey and Son ( Dealings with the Firm of Dombey and Son : Wholesale , Retail and for Exportation ; monthly serial , October 1846 to April 1848 ) The Haunted Man ( The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain : A Fancy for Christmas - time ; 1848 ) David Copperfield ( The Personal History , Adventures , Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery ( Which He Never Meant to Publish on Any Account ) ; monthly serial , May 1849 to November 1850 ) Bleak House ( monthly serial , March 1852 to September 1853 ) Hard Times ( Hard Times : For These Times ; weekly serial in Household Words , 1 April 1854 , to 12 August 1854 ) Little Dorrit ( monthly serial , December 1855 to June 1857 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 30 April 1859 , to 26 November 1859 ) Great Expectations ( weekly serial in All the Year Round , 1 December 1860 to 3 August 1861 ) Our Mutual Friend ( monthly serial , May 1864 to November 1865 ) The Signal - Man ( 1866 ) , first published as part of the Mugby Junction collection in the 1866 Christmas edition of All the Year Round . Edwin Drood ( The Mystery of Edwin Drood ; monthly serial , April 1870 to September 1870 ) , left unfinished due to Dickens 's death Book : Charles Dickens Charles Dickens portal References Footnotes Jump up ^ A contemporary obituary in The Times , alleged that Dickens 's last words were : `` Be natural my children . For the writer that is natural has fulfilled all the rules of Art . '' reprinted from The Times , London , August 1870 in Bidwell 1870 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ Slater detects also Ellen Ternan in the portrayal of Lucie Manette . Notes ^ Jump up to : Black 2007 , p. 735 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Chesterton 2005 , pp. 100 -- 126 . Jump up ^ Grossman 2012 , p. 54 ^ Jump up to : Lodge 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ `` The curious staying power of the cliffhanger '' . The New Yorker . 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. 267 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Hauser 1999 , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dickensian '' . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : West , Gilian . `` Huffam and Son . '' Dickensian 95 , no . 447 ( Spring , 1999 ) : 5 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , Simon Callow , p. 5 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 7 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 22 -- 24 : 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 13 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 : ' recklessly improvident ' . Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Forster 2006 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 25 Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Cain 2008 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 1972 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 34 , 36 Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy 1945 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Wilson 1972 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Davis 1998 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Callow , p. 48 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , The Invisible Woman , p. 7 Jump up ^ Claire Tomalin , the Invisible Woman , p. 76 ^ Jump up to : Patten 2001 , pp. 16 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 174 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : Glancy 1999 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Van De Linde 1917 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Callow p. 54 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 56 Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great theatre of the World , p. 60 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 201 , 278 -- 279 . ^ Jump up to : Smiley 2002 , pp. 12 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Schlicke 1999 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ St Luke 's Church -- A Brief History Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 162 , 181 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 74 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 : p = 227 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , p. 77 , 78 ' Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World ' Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` Queen Victoria 's Journals '' . RA VIC / MAIN / QVJ ( W ) . 26 December 1838 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World , p 98 Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Smith 2001 , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 225 -- 229 Jump up ^ Moore 2004 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Marlon James and Charles Dickens : Embrace the art , not the racist artist '' . The Economist. 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 345 -- 346 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 128 -- 132 . ^ Jump up to : Flint 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens in Toronto '' ( PDF ) . Halcyon : The Newsletter of the Friends of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library . University of Toronto . November 1992 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Callow 2009 , pp. 146 -- 148 . Jump up ^ Schlicke 1999 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Moss , Sidney P. ; Moss , Carolyn J. ( 1996 ) . The Charles Dickens - Thomas Powell Vendetta . Troy New York : The Whitston Publishing Company . pp. 42 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Nayder 2011 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 249 ; 530 -- 538 ; 549 -- 550 ; 575 Jump up ^ Hartley 2009 , pp. . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , Charles Dickens and the Great Theatre of the World p. 63 sunday under three heads Archived 25 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Simon Callow , ' Charles Dickens ' . p. 159 Jump up ^ Gary Colledge ( 2012 ) , God and Charles Dickens : Recovering the Christian Voice of a Classic Author , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Rost , Stephen . `` The Faith Behind the Famous : Charles Dickens '' . Christian History . Christianity Today . Retrieved 20 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Colledge 2009 , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Stephen Skelton , Reclaiming ' A Christmas Carol ' . CBN Jump up ^ The Life Of Our Lord Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Dickens y la religión : `` La vida de nuestro Señor '' ( 1846 ) `` . Jump up ^ Sally Ledger , Holly Furneaux , ( 2011 ) , `` Charles Dickens in Context '' , Cambridge University Press . p. 318 . ISBN 0521887003 Jump up ^ Cedric Thomas Watts ( 1976 ) . `` The English novel '' . Sussex Books . p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 159 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 628 ; 634 -- 638 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 648 ; 686 -- 687 ; 772 -- 773 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 32 : 723 : 750 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 788 -- 799 . Jump up ^ Furneaux 2011 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , pp. 80 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 801 , 804 . Jump up ^ Page 1999 , pp. 260 -- 263 for excerpts from the speech . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 809 -- 814 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 1990 , p. 185 . Jump up ^ Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 589 -- 95 ; 848 -- 852 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 2011 , pp. 332 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 881 -- 883 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 914 -- 917 . Jump up ^ Nisbet 1952 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Tomalin 1992 , pp. 142 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Henson 2004 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ashley Alexander Mallett , The Black Lords of Summer : The Story of the 1868 Aboriginal Tour of England , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ University of Sydney . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Sydney Morning Herald , `` Dickens of a time '' , 24 December 2002 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 959 -- 961 . Jump up ^ `` The Staplehurst Disaster '' . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hobsbaum 1998 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Forster , John ( 1874 ) . The Life of Charles Dickens : 1852 - 1870 , Volume 3 . Chapman and Hall . p. 363 . Jump up ^ Wills , Elspeth ( 2010 ) . The Fleet 1840 - 2010 . London : The Open Agency . p. 23 . ISBN 9 780954 245184 . Jump up ^ Jackson 1995 , p. 333 . Jump up ^ Tomalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 377 Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1043 -- 1044 . Jump up ^ Foxcroft 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1069 -- 1070 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Fildes '' . TheFamousArtists.com . Jump up ^ omalin , Claire Charles Dickens : A Life ( 2011 ) p. 395 - 96 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Forster 2006 , p. 628 . Jump up ^ Hughes 1891 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 1077 -- 1078 . Jump up ^ Stanley 1870 , pp. 144 -- 147 : 146 . Jump up ^ `` John Forster , `` The Life of Charles Dickens '' ( 13 ) `` . Archived from the original on 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , pp. 44 -- 45 . ^ Jump up to : Mee 2010 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Vlock 1998 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Stone 1987 , pp. xx -- xxi . Jump up ^ Cohen 1980 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Jones 2012 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Ziegler 2007 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Hawes 1998 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Woolf 1986 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polloczek 1999 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 . Jump up ^ Slater 1983 , pp. 43 , 47 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Glancy 1999 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Davies 1983 , pp. 166 -- 169 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Raina 1986 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bodenheimer 2011 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , p. 441 : In conversation with Ada Leverson . Jump up ^ Chesterton 1911 , pp. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ London : Anthem Press , 2012 , p. xiii , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` novel ( literature ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Marlow 1994 , pp. 149 -- 150 . Jump up ^ Ackroyd 1990 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Trollope 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Swift 2007 Jump up ^ Sasaki 2011 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Morrison 2012 . Jump up ^ Flom , Eric L. ( 5 March 2009 ) . Silent Film Stars on the Stages of Seattle : A History of Performances by Hollywood Notables . McFarland . p. 119 . ISBN 9780786439089 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 page 161 . Jump up ^ Soubigou , Gilles `` Dickens 's Illustrations : France and other countries '' pages 154 - 167 from The Reception of Charles Dickens in Europe edited by Michael Hollington London : A&C Black 2013 pages 164 - 165 . Jump up ^ Ellmann 1988 , pp. 25,359 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie 1870 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , pp. 23 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Mazzeno 2008 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Friedberg , Maurice ( 1997 ) . Literary Translation in Russia : A Cultural History . Penn State Press . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Callow 2009 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hutton 2001 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Cochrane 1996 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Robinson 2005 , p. 316 . ^ Jump up to : Kucich & Sadoff 2006 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Atkinson 1990 , p. 48 , citing Gillian Beer 's Darwin 's Plots ( 1983 , p. 8 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2004 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ `` Down Under with Dickens '' . Sydney Morning Herald `` . Retrieved 18 February 2014 Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Portsmouth erects Britain 's first full - size statue of Charles Dickens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Dickens statue unveiled in Portsmouth '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Werner 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Great Britons -- Top 100 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on 4 December 2002 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold . 1994 . The Western Canon : The Books and School of the Ages . p. 226 . New York : Harcourt Brace . Jump up ^ The Big Read : Top 100 Books BBC Retrieved 2 April 2011 Jump up ^ `` On Dickens and postage stamps '' . Sydney University . Jump up ^ Johnson 1969 for the serial publication dates . Bibliography Ackroyd , Peter ( 1990 ) . Dickens . London : Sinclar - Stevenson . ISBN 1 - 85619 - 000 - 5 . Atkinson , Paul ( 1990 ) . The Ethnographic Imagination : Textual Constructions of Reality . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01761 - 9 . Bidwell , Walter Hilliard , ed . ( July -- December 1870 ) . `` The Eclectic Magazine : Foreign Literature '' . Eclectic magazine : foreign literature , science and art . New Series ( Charles Dickens Obituary ) . New York : E.R. Pelton. 12 : 222 -- 224 . Black , Joseph Laurence ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Black , Joseph Laurence . The age of romanticism . The Victorian era . The twentieth century and beyond . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature. 2 . Broadview Press . pp. 735 -- 743 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 869 - 7 . Bodenheimer , Rosemarie ( 2011 ) . `` London in the Victorian Novel '' . In Manley , Lawrence . The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of London . Cambridge University Press . pp. 142 -- 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 72231 - 5 . Cain , Lynn ( 2008 ) . Dickens , family , authorship : psychoanalytic perspectives on kinship and creativity . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6180 - 1 . Callow , Simon ( 2009 ) . Dickens 's Christmas : A Victorian Celebration . Frances Lincoln Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 3031 - 6 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 2005 ) ( 1906 ) . Charles Dickens : A Critical Study . Kessinger Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4179 - 1996 - 3 . Chesterton , G.K. ( 1911 ) . Appreciations and Criticisms of the Works of Charles Dickens . J.M. DentForgotten Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4400 - 9125 - 4 . Cochrane , Robertson ( 1996 ) . Wordplay : origins , meanings , and usage of the English language . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 7752 - 3 . Cohen , Jane R. ( 1980 ) . Charles Dickens and His Original Illustrators . Ohio State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0284 - 5 . Colledge , Gary L ( 2009 ) . God and Charles Dickens . Baker Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 3778 - 1 . Davis , Paul ( 1998 ) . Charles Dickens A to Z . Facts on File , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 2905 - 1 . Hartley , Jenny ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens and The House of Fallen Women . London : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 413 - 77643 - 3 . Morrison , Richard ( 3 February 2012 ) . `` Champion of the little people '' . The Australian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Davies , James A. ( 1983 ) . John Forster , a Literary Life . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20391 - 9 . Ellmann , Richard ( 1988 ) ( 1987 ) . Oscar Wilde . London : Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009661 - 3 . Flint , Kate ( 2001 ) . `` The middle novels : Chuzzlewit , Dombey and Copperfield '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Forster , John ( 2006 ) ( 1872 -- 1874 ) . Life of Charles Dickens . London : Diderot Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 77932 - 03 - 2 . Foxcroft , Louise ( 2007 ) . The Making of Addiction : The ' Use and Abuse ' of Opium in Nineteenth - Century Britain . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 5633 - 3 . Furneaux , Holly ( 2011 ) . `` Childhood '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Glancy , Ruth ( 1999 ) . Student Companion to Charles Dickens . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30611 - 2 . Grossman , Jonathan H. ( 2012 ) . Charles Dickens 's Networks : Public Transport and the Novel . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 964419 - 3 . Hauser , Arnold ( 1999 ) ( 1951 ) . The Social History of Art : Naturalism , impressionism , the film age . The Social History of Art . 4 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 19948 - 3 . Hawes , Donald ( 1998 ) . Who 's Who in Dickens . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13604 - 4 . Henson , Louise ( 2004 ) . `` ' In the Natural Course of Physical Things ' : Ghosts and Science in Charles Dickens 's All the Year Round '' . In Henson , Louise ; Cantor , Geoffrey ; Dawson , Gowan ; Noakes , Richard ; Shuttleworth , Sally ; Topham , Jonathan R. Culture and Science in the Nineteenth - Century Media . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 113 -- 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3574 - 1 . Hobsbaum , Philip ( 1998 ) ( 1972 ) . A reader 's guide to Charles Dickens . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0475 - 4 . Hughes , William Richard ( 1891 ) . A week 's tramp in Dickens - Land : together with personal reminiscences of the ' Inimitable Boz ' . Oxford : Chapman & Hall . Hutton , Ronald ( 2001 ) . The Stations of the Sun : A History of the Ritual Year in Britain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 285448 - 3 . Jackson , Kenneth T. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of New York City . New York Historical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05536 - 8 . Johnson , E.D.H. ( 1969 ) . Charles Dickens : An Introduction to His Novels . Random House Studies in Language and Literature . Random House . ASIN B0011BLL8W . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jones , Richard ( 2004 ) . Walking Dickensian London . Globetrotter walking guides . London : New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 483 - 8 . Jones , Sam ( 6 February 2012 ) . `` Ebenezer Scrooge named most popular Dickens character '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Kucich , John ; Sadoff , Dianne F. ( 2006 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Kastan , David Scott . The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature , Volume . 1 . Oxford University Press . pp. 154 -- 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516921 - 8 . Lodge , David ( 2002 ) . Consciousness and the Novel . Harvard , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00949 - 3 . Mackenzie , Robery Shelton ( 1870 ) . Life of Charles Dickens. by R. Shelton Mackenzie . With Personal Recollections and Anecdotes ; -- Letters by ' Boz ' , Never Before Published ; -- And ... Prose and Verse . With Portrait and Autograph . Philadelphia : T.B. Peterson & Brothers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5680 - 8 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . Marlow , James E. ( 1994 ) . Charles Dickens : The Uses of Time . Susquehanna University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 945636 - 48 - 9 . Mazzeno , Laurence W. ( 2008 ) . The Dickens industry : critical perspectives 1836 -- 2005 . Studies in European and American literature and culture . Literary criticism in perspective . Camden House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57113 - 317 - 5 . Mee , Jon ( 2010 ) . The Cambridge Introduction to Charles Dickens . Cambridge Introductions to Literature . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67634 - 2 . Moore , Grace ( 2004 ) . Dickens and Empire : Discourses of Class , Race and Colonialism in the Works of Charles Dickens . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3412 - 6 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2011 ) . The other Dickens : a life of Catherine Hogarth . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4787 - 7 . Nisbet , Ada ( 1952 ) . Dickens & Ellen Ternan . University of California Press . Page , Norman ( 1999 ) . Charles Dickens : Family History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Patten , Robert L. ( 2001 ) . `` From Sketches to Nickleby '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Polloczek , Dieter ( 1999 ) . `` Aporias of Retribution and questions of responsibility : the legacy of incarceration in Dickens 's Bleak House '' . Literature and Legal Discourse : Equity and Ethics from Sterne to Conrad . Cambridge University Press . pp. 124 -- 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65251 - 3 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 1945 ) . Charles Dickens 1812 -- 1870 . Chatto and Windus . Raina , Badri ( 1986 ) . Dickens and the Dialectic of Growth . University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 10610 - 2 . Robinson , David J. ( 2005 ) . Disordered personalities ( 3 ed . ) . Rapid Psychler Press , . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894328 - 09 - 8 . Sasaki , Toru ( 2011 ) . `` Modern screen adaptations '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 67 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Schlicke , Paul , ed. ( 1999 ) . Oxford Reader 's Companion to Dickens . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 866213 - 6 . Slater , Michael ( 1983 ) . Dickens and Women . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1180 - 7 . Smiley , Jane ( 2002 ) . Charles Dickens . New York : Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03077 - 5 . Smith , Grahame ( 2001 ) . `` The Life and Times of Charles Dickens '' . In Jordan , John O . The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 66964 - 1 . Stanley , Arthur Penrhyn ( 1870 ) . `` Dean Stanley on Charles Dickens '' . Speeches , letters , and sayings of Charles Dickens . Harper . Stone , Harry ( 1987 ) . Dickens 's working notes for his novels . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 14590 - 7 . Sutherland , John ( 1990 ) . The Stanford Companion to Victorian Fiction . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1842 - 4 . Swift , Simon ( 18 April 2007 ) . `` What the Dickens ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Tomalin , Claire ( 2011 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life . Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 91767 - 9 . Tomalin , Claire ( 1992 ) . The invisible woman : the story of Nelly Ternan and Charles Dickens . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73819 - 0 . Trollope , Anthony ( 2007 ) . `` Charles Dickens '' . In Bloom , Harold . Charles Dickens . Bloom 's Classic Critical Views . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9558 - 4 . Van De Linde , Gérard ( 1917 ) . Reminiscences . Ayer Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 405 - 10917 - 1 . Vlock , Deborah ( 1998 ) . Dickens , Novel Reading , and the Victorian Popular Theatre . Cambridge Studies in Nineteenth - Century Literature and Culture . 19 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64084 - 8 . Werner , Alex ( 9 December 2011 ) . `` Exhibition in focus : Dickens and London , the Museum of London '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Wilson , Angus ( 1972 ) . The World of Charles Dickens . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02026 - 3 . Woolf , Virginia ( 1986 ) . McNeillie , Andrew , ed . The Essays of Virginia Woolf : 1925 -- 1928 ( 2 ed . ) . Hogarth Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7012 - 0669 - 7 . Ziegler , Alan ( 2007 ) . The Writing Workshop Note Book : Notes on Creating and Workshopping . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933368 - 70 - 2 . Further reading `` Dickens , Charles '' . Dictionary of National Biography . London : Smith , Elder & Co. 1885 -- 1900 . Bowen , John ( 2003 ) . Other Dickens : Pickwick to Chuzzlewit ( 2 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926140 - 6 . Bradbury , Nicola , Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations ( St. Martin 's Press , 1990 ) ISBN 978 - 0312056582 Douglas - Fairhurst , Robert , `` Becoming Dickens ' The Invention of a Novelist ' '' , London : Harvard University Press , 2011 Gold , David L. ( 2009 ) . González , Félix Rodríquez ; Buades , Antonio Lillo , eds . Studies in Etymology and Etiology : With Emphasis on Germanic , Jewish , Romance and Slavic Languages . Universidad de Alicante . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7908 - 517 - 9 . Hart , Christopher ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` What , the Dickens World ? '' . The Sunday Times . UK . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Heller , Deborah ( 1990 ) . `` The Outcast as Villain and Victim : Jews in Dickens Oliver Twist and Our Mutual Friend '' . In Cohen , Derek ; Heller , Deborah . Jewish Presences in English Literature . McGill - Queen 's Press . pp. 40 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 0781 - 4 . Pope - Hennessy , Una ( 2007 ) . Charles Dickens . Hennessy Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 5783 - 5 . Jarvie , Paul A. ( 2005 ) . Ready to Trample on All Human Law : Finance Capitalism in the Fiction of Charles Dickens . Studies in Major Literary Authors . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97524 - 7 . Johnson , Edgar , Charles Dickens : his tragedy and triumph , New York : Simon and Schuster , 1952 . In two volumes . Joshi , Prithi ( 2011 ) . `` Race '' . In Ledger , Sally ; Furneaux , Holly . Dickens in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 292 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88700 - 7 . Levine , Gary Martin ( 2003 ) . The merchant of modernism : the economic Jew in Anglo - American Literature , 1864 -- 1939 . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 94109 - 9 . Manning , Mick & Granström , Brita , Charles Dickens : Scenes From An Extraordinary Life , Frances Lincoln Children 's Books , 2011 . Mendelsohn , Ezra ( 1996 ) . Literary Strategies : Jewish Texts and Contexts . Studies in Contemporary Jewry. 12 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511203 - 0 . Meckier , Jerome ( 2002 ) . Dickens 's Great Expectations : Misnar 's Pavilion Versus Cinderella . Lexington , KY : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 978 - 0 - 813 - 12228 - 1 . Moore , Grace ( 2002 ) . `` Reappraising Dickens 's ' Noble Savage ' '' . The Dickensian. 98 ( 458 ) : 236 -- 243 . Nayder , Lillian ( 2002 ) . Unequal Partners : Charles Dickens , Wilkie Collins , and Victorian Authorship . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3925 - 4 . Dickens , Charles ( 1978 ) . `` Introduction '' . In Patten , Robert L. The Pickwick Papers . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 22233 - 4 . Pointer , Michael ( 1996 ) . Charles Dickens on the screen : the film , television , and video adaptations . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 2960 - 2 . Slater , Michael ( 2009 ) . Charles Dickens : A Life Defined by Writing . New Haven / London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11207 - 8 . Slater , Michael ( 2011 ) ( 2004 ) . `` Dickens , Charles John Huffam '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7599 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Waller , John O. ( July 1960 ) . `` Charles Dickens and the American Civil War '' . Studies in Philology. 57 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 548 -- via JSTOR . Waller , Philip J. ( 2006 ) . Writers , Readers , and Reputations : Literary Life in Britain , 1870 -- 1918 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 820677 - 4 . External links Find more aboutCharles Dickensat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata Library resources about Charles Dickens Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Charles Dickens Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Works Works by Charles Dickens at Project Gutenberg Works by Charles Dickens at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Charles Dickens at Internet Archive Works by Charles Dickens at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Charles Dickens collection at The Virtual Library Journalism at Dickens Journals Online , an online edition of Household Words and All the Year Round Online books , and library resources in your library and in other libraries by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens at the British Library Organisations and portals `` Archival material relating to Charles Dickens '' . UK National Archives . Portraits of Charles Dickens at the National Portrait Gallery , London Charles Dickens on the Archives Hub The Dickens Fellowship , an international society dedicated to the study of Dickens and his Writings Correspondence of Charles Dickens , with related papers , ca . 1834 -- 1955 Museums Dickens Museum Situated in a former Dickens House , 48 Doughty Street , London , WC1 Dickens Birthplace Museum Old Commercial Road , Portsmouth Victoria and Albert Museum The V&A 's collections relating to Dickens Other Charles Dickens at Encyclopædia Britannica Dickens on In Our Time at the BBC . Charles Dickens 's Traveling Kit From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens 's Walking Stick From the John Davis Batchelder Collection at the Library of Congress Charles Dickens Collection : First editions of Charles Dickens 's works included in the Leonard Kebler gift , ( dispersed in the Division 's collection ) . From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Archival material at Leeds University Library Media offices Preceded by New position Editor of the Daily News 1846 Succeeded by John Forster ( hide ) Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Works by Charles Dickens Charles Dickens 's The Pickwick Papers ( 1836 ) Characters Samuel Pickwick Sam Weller Alfred Jingle Nathaniel Winkle Mr Wardle Places Goswell Street Dingley Dell Bath Ipswich Fleet Prison Eatanswill Short Stories `` The Stroller 's Tale '' `` The Convict 's Return '' `` A Madman 's Manuscript '' `` The Bagman 's Story '' `` The Parish Clerk , A Tale of True Love '' `` The Old Man 's Tale About the Queer Client '' `` The Story of the Goblins who Stole a Sexton '' `` The True Legend of Prince Bladud '' `` The Story of the Bagman 's Uncle '' Adaptations 1913 film 1921 film 1952 film 1963 musical 1969 TV movie 1985 TV series 1985 film Other `` If I Ruled the World '' George and Vulture Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist Characters Oliver Twist Bill Sikes Fagin Mr. Brownlow Nancy Rose Maylie Monks The Artful Dodger Charley Bates Mr. Sowerberry Film adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1909 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1912 ) Oliver Twist ( 1916 ) Oliver Twist ( 1919 ) Oliver Twist ( 1922 ) Oliver Twist ( 1933 ) Oliver Twist ( 1948 ) Chitti Tammudu ( 1962 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) Oliver Twist ( 1982 ) Las Aventuras de Oliver Twist ( 1987 ) Oliver Twist ( 1997 ) Oliver Twist ( 2005 ) Film retellings Manik ( 1961 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) Twisted ( 1997 ) Twist ( 2003 ) Boy Called Twist ( 2004 ) TV adaptations Oliver Twist ( 1982 TV film ) Oliver Twist ( 1985 TV miniseries ) Saban 's Adventures of Oliver Twist ( 1996 TV series ) Oliver Twist ( 1999 miniseries ) Oliver Twist ( 2007 miniseries ) Play Oliver ! ( 1960 ) Songs `` As Long as He Needs Me '' `` Consider Yourself '' D'banj's 2012 song `` Food , Glorious Food '' `` I 'd Do Anything '' `` Oliver ! '' `` Oom - Pah - Pah '' Vaughn De Leath 's 1921 song `` Where Is Love ? '' `` You 've Got to Pick a Pocket or Two '' Related Oliver ! ( soundtrack to the 1968 film ) Escape of the Artful Dodger ( 2001 TV series retelling ) Fagin the Jew ( 2003 graphic novel ) Oliver and the Artful Dodger ( 1972 TV film ) I 'd Do Anything ( 2008 TV series ) Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby Films Nicholas Nickleby ( 1912 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 1947 ) The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( 2001 ) Nicholas Nickleby ( 2002 ) Related The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby ( play ) Smike ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' The Old Curiosity Shop Characters Sampson Brass Master Humphrey Quilp Films The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1911 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1914 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1921 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1934 ) Mister Quilp ( 1975 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1984 ) Television The Old Curiosity Shop ( 1979 ) The Old Curiosity Shop ( 2007 ) Related Dickens and Little Nell statue Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol Characters Ebenezer Scrooge Bob Cratchit Mr. Fezziwig Ghost of Christmas Past Ghost of Christmas Present Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Jacob Marley Tiny Tim Films Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) Scrooge ( 1913 ) Scrooge ( 1935 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) Scrooge ( 1951 ) It 's Never Too Late A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) Scrooge ( 1970 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) An American Christmas Carol Mickey 's Christmas Carol Scrooged The Muppet Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) A Diva 's Christmas Carol Christmas Carol : The Movie A Carol Christmas Springtime with Roo Chasing Christmas A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) A Dennis the Menace Christmas An American Carol Ghosts of Girlfriends Past A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Television `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol A Carol for Another Christmas Rich Little 's Christmas Carol A Special Sesame Street Christmas The Stingiest Man in Town Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) Blackadder 's Christmas Carol A Flintstones Christmas Carol Ebbie Ebenezer An All Dogs Christmas Carol A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) An Easter Carol A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Karroll 's Christmas Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas Nan 's Christmas Carol `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) It 's Christmas , Carol ! Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale Musicals Scrooge ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) Plays A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) Soundtracks A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) Other Adaptations of A Christmas Carol Batman : Noël ( comic ) `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins Charles Dickens ' Dombey and Son Film Dombey and Son ( 1917 ) Rich Man 's Folly ( 1931 ) TV Dombey and Son ( 1969 ) Dombey and Son ( 1983 ) Related Trading Places Charles Dickens ' David Copperfield Characters David Copperfield Mr. Dick Uriah Heep Wilkins Micawber Edward Murdstone Peggotty Dora Spenlow James Steerforth Betsey Trotwood Agnes Wickfield Film 1911 film 1913 film 1922 film 1935 film Television 1966 serial 1969 film 1974 serial 1986 serial 1993 film 1999 film 2000 film Micawber ( 2001 ) Other Copperfield ( musical ) Charles Dickens ' Bleak House Films The Death of Poor Joe ( 1901 ) Bleak House ( 1920 ) Television Bleak House ( 1959 ) Bleak House ( 1985 ) Bleak House ( 2005 ) Related Jarndyce and Jarndyce Esther Summerson Charles Dickens ' Little Dorrit Adaptations Little Dorrit ( 1988 ) Little Dorrit ( 2008 ) Literature The Great Fire of London Related Little Dorrit 's Playground Shut up Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) Charles Dickens 's Great Expectations Characters Philip `` Pip '' Pirrip Estella Havisham Compeyson Miss Havisham Arthur Havisham Abel Magwitch John Wemmick Adaptations 1917 film 1934 film 1946 film 1955 film adaptation 1974 TV film 1981 miniseries 1991 miniseries 1998 film 1999 TV film South Park retelling ( 2000 ) 2011 miniseries 2012 film 2016 adaptation Related Great Expectations : The Untold Story Satis House Charles Dickens ' Our Mutual Friend Television Our Mutual Friend ( 1958 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1976 ) Our Mutual Friend ( 1998 ) Related Jenny Wren Charles Dickens ' The Mystery of Edwin Drood Film and television The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1993 film ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 2012 TV film ) Stage Drood ( 1985 musical ) Attempted continuations By T.P. James ( 1873 ) The D Case ( 1989 humorous literary critique ) Related The Last Dickens ( 2009 novel ) Charles Dickens ' Hard Times Characters Gradgrind Film Hard Times ( 1915 ) Hard Times ( 1988 ) Television Hard Times ( 1977 ) VIAF : 88666393 LCCN : n78087607 ISNI : 0000 0001 2142 8469 GND : 118525239 SELIBR : 183770 SUDOC : 026831198 BNF : cb119001186 ( data ) BPN : 97494768 BIBSYS : 90051428 ULAN : 500106117 MusicBrainz : fac5c33f - 4339 - 445a - 88d7 - f69da327f07b NLA : 35035441 NDL : 00437850 NKC : jn19990001747 ICCU : IT \ ICCU \ CFIV \ 000404 RLS : 000085105 BNE : XX1633131 SNAC : w6jn025d Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Dickens&oldid=827514317 '' Categories : Charles Dickens 1812 births 1870 deaths 19th - century English writers 19th - century English novelists 19th - century British newspaper founders 19th - century journalists Burials at Westminster Abbey Christian writers English Anglicans British social commentators English historical novelists English male journalists English male short story writers English male novelists English prisoners and detainees Fellows of the Royal Society of Arts Ghost story writers People from Camden Town People from Somers Town , London People from Chatham , Kent People from Portsmouth Social critics Victorian novelists Writers from London 19th - century British short story writers Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2017 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use British English from November 2013 Articles incorporating Cite DNB template Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links National Portrait Gallery ( London ) person ID same as Wikidata Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Use dmy dates from August 2016 AC with 18 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BPN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Volapük West - Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 132 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 04 : 15 . 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what was the first book that charles dickens published

Dickens 's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers . Within a few years he had become an international literary celebrity , famous for his humour , satire , and keen observation of character and society . His novels , most published in monthly or weekly instalments , pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction , which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication . Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense . The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience 's reaction , and he often modified his plot and character development based on such feedback . For example , when his wife 's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities , Dickens improved the character with positive features . His plots were carefully constructed , and he often wove elements from topical events into his narratives . Masses of the illiterate poor chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to them , opening up and inspiring a new class of readers .

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season consists of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . The fourteenth season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season marks the last appearance of Martin Henderson , Jason George , Jessica Capshaw , and Sarah Drew as series regulars , as well as the first appearance of Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andy Herrera , the lead character of Grey 's Anatomy 's second spin - off series , Station 19 . On April 20 , 2018 , ABC officially renewed Grey 's Anatomy for a network primetime drama record - setting fifteenth season . Contents 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Ratings 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 DVD release 7 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . After the explosion at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , Chief Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) finds it the perfect time to give the place a much needed upgrade in look and functionality . During the construction , Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) struggles with the shocking reunion with his sister , Megan ( Abigail Spencer ) , who was recently found in a hostage camp overseas . The discovery also welcomes back Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , the former chief cardiothoracic surgery and Owen 's best friend , which leads to awkward moments with Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) . Of course , Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) , who was once in love with Megan , is torn between his love for her and his most recent interest in Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) . Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) learns what `` ghosting '' is after Eliza Minnick ( Marika Dominczyk ) vanishes without a trace , but she quickly finds company in an Italian girl she met at the bar , Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , sister to Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) struggles to patch her relationship with Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , but when her attempts fail , she finds herself sleeping with one of the new interns . When Carina finds that Amelia has a brain tumor , she brings her former mentor / professor Dr Tom Koracek ( Greg Germann ) to create a treatment plan . But when he points out how the tumor has affected her judgment , she fears that it might have ruined her patient 's lives or put them in more danger -- specifically Dr Nicole Herman ( Geena Davis ) , who despite saving her life , was left blind . After the tumor is removed , Amelia and Owen reflect on their marriage and decide that everything up to that point has been misguided ; the tumor made Amelia someone she was not , and they ultimately decide to get a divorce . With all the changes happening at Grey Sloan , Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) shows up to discuss everything with Bailey and then ends up firing her . Shortly after , he immediately dies from cardiac arrest . Before they have to find another chief , Catherine ( Debbie Allen ) and Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) reinstate Bailey to her position . At a family dinner hosted by Catherine and Richard Weber ( James Pickens Jr . ) , Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) and Jackson learn that he 'll be receiving his grandfather 's inheritance , a quarter billion dollars , which he 'll eventually use to fund a medical research contest . Now that Megan is healthy again , Meredith and Nathan work together to bring her son over to the United States . Upon arrival , Nathan , Megan , and Farouk all move to California to start a life together , which officially ends Nathan 's relationship with Meredith . Despite the breakup , Meredith has more exciting news on the horizon when she learns at the intern mixer that a ground breaking surgery has earned her a nomination for the highly - esteemed Harper Avery Foundation Award , which she goes on to win . While the joyous news spreads around the hospital , Bailey learns that Ben Warren ( Jason George ) wants to leave surgery to join the Seattle Fire Department . With Jo and Alex now living together again , she realizes how much control her estranged husband , Dr Paul Stadler ( Matthew Morrison ) , has over her . Now in the running for chief resident , Jo decides to file for divorce . With her mind on her secret relationship with Paul , she 's surprised to find him in the hospital . Jo attempts to steer clear of him , but at the same time also believes she has a duty to inform Paul 's fiancé of what type of man he really is . As Paul keeps trying to find Jo , Meredith pretends to call security to have him removed , but he leaves before they can get there . However , he winds up back in the ER as a victim of a hit and run accident . With everyone running around the ER , April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) sees a familiar face in Matthew ( Justin Bruening ) , the paramedic she left at the altar for Jackson . He 's there with his wife who is now pregnant . After Jo talks to Jenny ( Bethany Joy Lenz ) , Paul 's fiancé , they venture to Paul 's room to tell him they 're taking him to court . Upon receiving the news , he tries to attack them in a bout of rage ; however , he falls out of bed and hits his head knocking him unconscious , rendering him brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to have them remove all life - sustaining support . April struggles with the idea that the man she left to pursue her own happiness is now married and expecting a child , while she 's alone and a single mother . As she begins to question her faith , she acts out and sleeps with an intern . With all the stress and work that comes with being Chief of Surgery , Bailey begins to show signs of a heart attack . She winds up at Seattle Presbyterian Hospital , where the doctors take her concerns less than seriously . They see in her chart a history of OCD and believe that is the underlying issue , since the tests they are running are coming back negative . Bailey calls on Maggie to save her , and after she does , Bailey decides to support Ben 's decision to become a firefighter , as she realizes life is too short to do anything than what makes you happy . With the medical research contest , funded by Jackson 's money , getting underway , the doctors begin to team up and brainstorm ideas that will help them win the top prize of a grant that will fund their research even further . Meredith learns that for her project , she 'll need to acquire a patent that is owned by Marie Cerone ... a former friend of her mother 's . When Marie denies access to the patent , Meredith is forced to investigate further into the reason why . According to Richard , there was a falling out of some sort , but he never knew what happened between the two women . At a dinner party hosted by Amelia , Maggie brings her new boyfriend around to meet her friends . However , it 's soon revealed that her boyfriend is a married man . Quick to call it off , Jackson sees his opportunity to invest in his love interest with Maggie . In Meredith 's search for answers , she learns that Ellis Grey left Marie 's name off the surgical method they created together . If she is to acquire the patent , she must publicly announce a change the method 's name to the Grey - Cerone Method . Meredith denies the ultimatum . While Maggie and Jackson try to get past the quirks of their relationship and the fact that their step - siblings , Jo shockingly asks Alex to marry him . He quickly accepts . With the research projects humming along , Owen and Amelia continue to take advantage of their `` friends with benefits '' relationship , that is until Amelia learns how close Owen is with Teddy . She advises him to go after her if she 's the love of his life . The advice sends him to Germany where he surprises Teddy . The two talk all night and make plans to stay together , but when she learns that Amelia had just told him the night before to pursue her , she refuses to be his backup plan and kicks him out . Bailey is surprised to learn that one of her interns , Sam Bello ( Jeanine Mason ) , is a `` Dreamer '' protected by ( DACA ) . Meredith designs a plan to keep from being deported . Despite pleas from Andrew ( Sam 's boyfriend ) , Meredith sends to work under Dr Cristina Yang in Switzerland . While the research contest reaches the next milestone , presentation day , Catherine confronts Jackson about a major secret concerning his grandfather . The man had 13 cases of sexual harassment filed against him , and she herself paid the women major settlements to keep it all covered up . Meredith learns of this truth and also that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 . Disgusted with the whole situation , Meredith decides to return her and her mother 's Harper Avery awards and Bailey shuts down the research contest . In the meantime , Catherine tries with all her might to save the face of the foundation since the news has spread . While in surgery , Jackson and Meredith come up with their own plan , which is to rename the foundation in honor of Catherine ( née Fox ) to the Catherine Fox Foundation . When Alex learns that his mom has n't been cashing the checks he 's been sending , he and Jo take off to Iowa to check on her . He surprisingly finds that she is doing well and even works her old job at the library . The two extend an invitation to the wedding , but she declines stating it would be too much for her . While Owen and Amelia struggle with adjusting to being foster parents -- Owen to a baby and Amelia to the baby 's teenaged mother on drugs , Arizona continues to battle with Sofia who wants to move back to New York to be with her other mom , Callie . After calling Callie to tell her they 're moving to the east coast to be closer to her , Arizona announced her impeding departure to Bailey . However , an unexpected visit from Nicole Herman changes those plans just slightly . Nicole has been following Arizona 's work and she would like to partner with her in creating the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . Knowing that she 's headed to New York , Arizona asks that it be there , and Nicole obliges . Matthew winds up in the ER again , but this time for himself , after he rolled his car . Trying to get information from him about what happened , he mentions April 's name , which sends the doctors into a frenzy trying to make sure she 's safe . Owen finds her unconscious at the site of the accident , down in a ravine nearby . After he rushes her back to the hospital , the team rallies to save her , and after extreme measures have been taken to bring her back to life , she wakes up , fully functional . Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who has been planning the wedding ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery / Catherine Fox Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Blake Hood as Clive Johnson Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Nayah Damasen as Kimmie Park Peyton Kennedy as Betty Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Rachel Ticotin as Dr. Marie Cerone Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Jaina Lee Ortiz as Andrea ' Andy ' Herrera Scott Speedman as Dr. Nick Marsh Mary Kay Place as Olive Warner Sarah Utterback as Nurse Olivia Harper Lindsay Wagner as Helen Karev Geena Davis as Dr. Nicole Herman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here and Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw returned for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver would reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) , and later it was revealed that his character would be Tom Koracick , Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast in the fourth episode `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode titled `` Danger Zone '' would be his last . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . On March 8 , 2018 , it was announced that both Jessica Capshaw and Sarah Drew would leave the series following the conclusion of the season . It was released on April 4 , 2018 that a familiar character would be returning to the set later on in the season as Sarah Utterback 's Nurse Olivia Harper would be revisiting Grey Sloan , not as a nurse but as mom of a patient . Details of her storyline or duration of arc have yet to be released . On April 20 , 2018 , it was released that Geena Davis would return for the episode `` Cold as Ice '' as Dr. Herman to present a new opportunity for Arizona . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift '' , Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex . Later , it is revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has not been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she is closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Jackson his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she will start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was not initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come on Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she has been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half of his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she is in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it is due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age '' . One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man '' . After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith pretends to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . This episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions Alex and Jo 's alibi . Believing that it is his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home through a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk '' . When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage , falls out of his bed , and knocks himself out becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Vikram , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she is imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she has gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he has quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who is back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 7.52 A house fire brings two young boys , who were rescued by the Seattle Grace fire department -- Station 19 , to the ER . Meredith meets Andy Herrera , a firefighter , who has her hand inside the patient , clamping his abdominal aorta . While Andy gets a front row seat to view the action inside the OR , Ben struggles with idea of not being a surgeon anymore . Dr. Tom Koracik , Amelia 's former professor , shows up to help her with her research project , but quickly shoots down her ideas . However , when they confront each other about their difference in opinion , they come up with an idea to save her patient . Richard watches Bailey very closely , as it is her first day back after recovering from her heart attack . Jackson begins to worry about April and the fact that the interns have nicknamed her `` the Party '' . 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 7.07 As Maggie 's budding romance with Clive gets more serious , Amelia suggests hosting a game night so they can secretly judge him . Meredith prepares to meet the owner of the patent she is pursuing ; however , she is surprised to find out that it is an old `` friend '' of Ellis ' . When Marie turns down the opportunity to hand over the patent , Meredith resorts to showing her the device has already been implemented and works . The legal team is brought in after April forgets to file a report when she accidentally severs a patient 's ear , which falls to the floor and causes Deluca to slip and fall , resulting in a concussion . Alex requests permission to use medicinal marijuana on his underage patient , but when her grandma learns of his treatment plan , she temporarily fires him . The game night takes a turn when April has an inebriated breakdown and an unexpected guest shows up -- Clive 's wife . Calling off the relationship , Jackson sees his opportunity and makes his move on Maggie . Richard reveals to Meredith that Marie and Ellis had a falling out , which leads Meredith to the conclusion that she has been played . 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' Ellen Pompeo Tameson Duffy March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 7.18 Alex , Jo , and Maggie reflect on their first loves as they prepare their teenaged patient for heart surgery ; however , when a heart transplant becomes available , he denies it until his boyfriend breaks up with him . Marie tells Meredith that her friendship with Ellis ended when Ellis left her name off her Harper Avery award winning research . Marie gives Meredith the ultimatum that for her to get the patent , she must make a statement that the Grey Method is now the Grey - Cerone Method . After a night spent together , April confesses to Tom that her deviant behavior is a result of her failing faith and hatred of God . Maggie and Jackson learn to move past their quirks and baggage . Alex fears that Jo 's fellowship applications indicate that she 's willing to leave him behind in Seattle ; however , in a twist of events , Jo asks Alex to marry her and he quickly accepts . 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' Nicole Rubio Jalysa Conway March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 7.61 Bailey 's patient turns out to be one of her childhood heroes , a female astronaut who is in the process of building a time machine . Meredith throws in the towel on her research , since she is no longer receiving the patent . Richard and Catherine learn of Jackson and Maggie 's relationship , which causes some awkward tension as Jackson , Catherine , and Richard work together on the vaginoplasty case . April hijacks the trauma certification drill , and leaves the interns in tears and doubt . After Bailey loses her patient , she finds the inspiration needed to name her research project `` The Trailblazer '' , and Jo reignites Meredith 's will to continue on with her project . Amelia and Owen continue to pursue their `` friends with benefits '' relationship until she finds out how close Owen and Teddy are , and Arizona helps Sofia get accustomed to her new life away from New York . 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' Kevin McKidd Elisabeth R. Finch March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 7.15 April crosses Bailey when she disagrees on Bailey 's treatment plan for a rabbi who came in three times for diverticulitis and only gave him antibiotics , and who is now suffering from toxic epidermal necrolysis as a side effect . As April treats the rabbi , he gives her a lesson on faith which allows her to reflect on her recent struggles . Meredith buddies up with a new transplant surgeon from the Mayo Clinic , Dr Nick Marsh , who is recovering from a recent kidney transplant of his own . After his lab results come back , Meredith rushes him to surgery to remove a blood clot and successfully saves his kidney . After calling it quits with Amelia , Owen reconnects with Teddy , who now lives in Germany . However , after the short , happy reunion , Teddy learns that just a short while ago he was still sleeping with Amelia and refuses to be his second choice . 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' Geary McLeod Alex Manugian April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 6.84 Richard is surprised to see his AA sponsor , Ollie , arrive at Grey Sloan in an ambulance . After she denies him the ability to save her life once more , he enlists the help of Maggie and Meredith . Now that Owen is back in the States , he has to face the disdain of Arizona and Amelia 's failure to fix things with Teddy . In between the personal conversations , Arizona and Owen look further into a fraudulent oncologist . In their pursuit , they coincidentally learn that Arizona has breast cancer -- at least until it was proven that the image produced was a fake . Alex , Amelia , and Tom resect Noah 's brain tumor , despite never performing the procedure before . Though successful , Amelia and Tom decide that it is too risky to do the same for Kimmy , which infuriates Alex. April strives to make amends with her colleagues , and Jackson , claiming that she has found Jesus again . Meredith and Jo learn that their research can be successful without the polymer , and that they can help patients grow livers and save lives . 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' Jeannot Szwarc Meg Marinis April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 6.97 Bailey gets caught off guard when an agent from ICE ( Immigration and Customs Enforcement ) shows up looking for one of her surgical interns , Sam Bello . Unaware of the situation , Sam explains that she is a `` dreamer '' protected by DACA . While Meredith and Andrew scheme up ideas to keep Sam from being deported back to El Salvador , Bailey distracts Agent Fields with concerns about his own health . As Arizona and Carina move forward in their research by learning from their previous patient 's death , April is surprised to see Matthew back at Grey Sloan with his baby who is failing to thrive . When Alex refuses to give up on Kimmy , Jo realizes Kimmy 's dream and signs off on discharge papers . Catherine comes back to support Richard who has stayed with Ollie right through her final breath . Meredith sends Sam to Zurich to study under Cristina ; Owen signs up to become a foster parent , and Jackson confronts Maggie about her tendency to resist their relationship . Jackson directs the Harper Avery Foundation to release a researcher from an agreement so she can collaborate with Amelia ; Catherine tells Richard that the hospital is now doomed . 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' Sydney Freeland Julie Wong April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 6.93 As the next stage of the research contest begins , the Top 25 proposals are presented by their respective owners who have gathered to present in front of a panel and audience . Arizona shares cookies , provided by a grateful patient , with her colleagues ; however , she later learns they were laced with cannabis . Due to the mishap , the presentations are postponed , and the interns are summoned to replace the stoned attendings . Meredith walks Jo through surgery after Bailey is forced to scrub out and accidentally injures Meredith 's hand . Jo makes effective use of Richard 's project . Catherine tells Jackson of the 13 cases of sexual harassment that were filed against his grandfather and the major settlements used to cover them up . April overhears and then shares the secret with Bailey , who has a secret of her own -- she is partnering with a sex toy company to make her `` Trailblazer '' device . Owen gets a call about his first foster child , which makes him nervous until Amelia saves him . Meredith learns about the dark past of Harper Avery and , in addition , that Marie Cerone was one of the 13 women . Richard fires intern , Dr Vikram Roy , who was found practicing under the influence . 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' Kevin McKidd Mark Driscoll April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 6.54 With word spreading about Harper Avery , Meredith decides to return her and Ellis ' awards to the foundation . Catherine hires a crisis management specialist , who brings in a patient for Jackson and Meredith to heal as PR stunt. Bailey shuts down the innovation contest for fear of word getting out that an Avery funded it , so April volunteers her time to plan Alex and Jo 's wedding . Alex and Jo get awkward when , Olivia , the former `` Syph nurse , '' returns to the hospital with her son -- who swallowed a whistle -- and begins planting seeds of doubt . Owen takes Leo in for his check up with his birth mom in tow , who ends up talking to Amelia . Thinking she can sponsor her with her drug addiction , Amelia takes her in as a foster child of her own . Meredith and Jackson think up a way to save the foundation by changing its name to the Catherine Fox Foundation dedicated to all the women victimized by the previous regime . Alex learns that his bank account balance is awfully high due to his mom not cashing the checks he 's been sending her , and Vikram plans to sue the hospital for wrongful termination . 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' Jesse Williams Andy Reaser May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 6.66 Alex and Jo drive to Iowa to locate his mom , only to find that she no longer exhibits schizophrenic behavior and that she 's even returned to her old job . Richard and Bailey battle to keep the hospital from being sued by Vikram ; although Bailey stands by the initial firing , Richard empathizes as he reflects on the times he operated while inebriated . As Amelia helps Betty detox , Arizona struggles to accept that Sofia stole money . Meredith kills time before her presentation throwing darts with a guy she eventually learns is a surgeon who 's there to see her . Their conversation leads Meredith to decide that the `` Grey Method '' should be renamed the `` Grey - Cerone Method . '' After Alex works things out with his mom , Jo extends a declined invitation to their wedding . Bailey allows Vikram to return under strict probationary rules ; Amelia visits an AA group after Betty makes an escape , and Arizona calls Callie to say that she thinks it 's time for her and Sofia to move to New York . 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' Bill D'Elia William Harper May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 7.35 After Arizona tells Bailey of her upcoming departure , she and Amelia consult with a familiar patient , Dr Nicole Herman . Her arrival presents an opportunity that changes Arizona 's future plans - the chance to partner with her and create the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health . When Matthew winds up in the ER after rolling his car and mentions being with April , the doctors fear the worst . Frantically trying to locate her , Owen finds her unconscious in a nearby ravine . Unknowing of the latest events , Alex and Jo work to finalize the details of their impending wedding . Maggie thinks she detects a subtle rhythm on April 's monitor , but she has to repeatedly shock her to strengthen it . While waiting for her to wake up , Arizona breaks the news that Matthew and April have been seeing each other for months and that they were in love . Thinking that the end has come , Jackson finally prays to God and begs Him to save her in exchange for his belief . However , April awakens fully functional despite the disbelief of all her coworkers . 317 24 `` All of Me '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 7.60 Alex and Jo 's wedding day has arrived , and though most details have come together , April ( who quit the hospital and is now doing medical work with the homeless ) panics when multiple guests go to the wrong ceremony . While trying to escape , the mother of the bride faints , keeping Ben and Bailey behind . Once at the hospital , Bailey struggles to find an available cardio surgeon until Teddy unexpectedly arrives looking for a job . Jo learns she 's been accepted into Mass Gen 's fellowship program , but fearful of losing Alex , Meredith offers Jo the general surgery attending position . As guests arrive , Alex and Jo accidentally lock themselves in a shed after engaging in one last fling before tying the knot . The wedding is delayed when the wedding planner goes into anaphylactic shock and an emergency tracheotomy is performed to save her . After the guests leave thinking there 'll be no wedding , the pastor finally arrives in time to marry April and Matthew after a surprise re-engagement . On a ferry back to the main land , Maggie has the idea to have Meredith ordained online to officiate the wedding right there on the ferry . Bailey , wanting to take a break from being chief to focus on her passions , offers Teddy the chance to be interim chief . Watching the wedding happening at the hospital on a tablet , in the ICU with the bride 's mother , Teddy reveals she 's pregnant . Arizona says her sad goodbyes before heading to New York , but is giddy to be closer to Callie who is recently single . Ratings ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 2.0 / 8 7.52 9 17 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.7 / 7 7.07 9 19 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.8 / 7 7.18 5 15 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.9 / 8 7.61 7 12 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.8 / 7 7.15 8 19 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.7 / 7 6.84 8 20 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.7 / 7 6.97 8 16 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.7 / 7 6.93 6 18 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.5 / 6 6.54 7 16 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.6 / 7 6.66 8 18 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.9 / 8 7.35 16 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.9 / 8 7.60 10 Live + 7 day ( DVR ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 1.5 3.72 3.5 11.05 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) 1.6 3.90 3.6 11.43 307 14 `` Games People Play '' March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) 1.5 3.57 3.2 10.65 308 15 `` Old Scars , Future Hearts '' March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) 1.5 3.64 3.3 10.82 309 16 `` Caught Somewhere in Time '' March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) 1.4 3.25 3.3 10.87 310 17 `` One Day Like This '' March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) 1.4 3.50 3.2 10.66 311 18 `` Hold Back the River '' April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 1.4 3.58 3.1 10.43 312 19 `` Beautiful Dreamer '' April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 1.4 3.44 3.1 10.42 313 20 `` Judgment Day '' April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) 1.3 3.40 3.0 10.35 314 21 `` Bad Reputation '' April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) 1.3 3.31 2.8 9.93 315 22 `` Fight for Your Mind '' May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) 1.4 3.44 3.0 10.10 316 23 `` Cold as Ice '' May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.4 3.38 3.3 10.71 317 24 `` All of Me '' May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.3 3.09 3.3 11.01 DVD release ( edit ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Jessica Capshaw , Sarah Drew to Exit After Season 14 , '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Renewed for Season 15 at ABC '' . Variety . 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Is Welcoming Back Another Familiar Face in Season 14 '' . E !. Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Lindsay Wagner To Play Alex 's Mom On ABC Medical Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy ' : Geena Davis Returns To Reprise Dr. Herman Role '' . Deadline. April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Ball HBO Series Casts Sosie Bacon , Daniel Zovatto , Raymond Lee & Jerrika Hinton '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy spoiler ! Look who else is leaving Grey Sloan '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Another cast member exits '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . E ! Online . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( @ KristaVernoff ) ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Tournament adjusts down but ahead of 2017 : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' AP Bio ' adjusts up , NCAA Sweet 16 ahead of last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Low Oscars still carries ABC to No. 1 : Week 23 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 24 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' NCAA carry CBS to No. 1 : Week 25 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` March Madness and ' 60 Minutes ' carry CBS : Week 26 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' carries ABC to No. 1 in week 27 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` ABC and CBS share lead in week 28 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' is still No. 1 , but CBS wins week 29 : Broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' stays in front , networks soft : Week 30 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol ' helps ABC lead the week 31 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' Idol ' and LeBron help ABC top week 32 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' finale overtakes ' Roseanne ' : Week 33 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` NBC and CBS will split season victory : Week 34 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` Delayed Viewing Ratings : ' Roseanne ' Returns on Top '' . Variety . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Live + 7 DVR Ratings - 2016 / 2017 Season * Updated 8th June 2017 * '' . Spoiler TV . June 8 , 2018 . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle with a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' `` All of Me '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=853308211 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 20 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how many episodes is there in season 14 of greys anatomy

The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season consists of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper .

Energy usage of the United States military - wikipedia Energy usage of the United States military A view of solar panels installed in 2011 on the roof of Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Headquarters , San Diego . The rooftop photovoltaic installation supports the Department of Defense 's goal of increasing renewable energy sources to 25 percent of all energy consumed by the year 2025 . The United States Department of Defense is one of the largest single consumers of energy in the world , responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Air Force : 52 % ; Navy : 33 % ; Army : 7 % . Other DoD : 1 % ) . In FY 2006 , the DoD used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The DoD 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden . Contents 1 General 2 Air Force 3 Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy Plans and Programs 4 Recent developments 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links General ( edit ) See also : Climate change and national security The military recognizes that renewable energy can provide improvements in force safety and budget stability as well as mitigate climate change so it has several programs working on deploying alternative energy at major facilities and in forward operating bases . Admiral Samuel J. Locklear has called climate change the biggest concern for the United States military . Air Force ( edit ) The Air Force is the largest user of fuel energy in the federal government . The Air Force uses 10 % of the nation 's aviation fuel . ( JP - 8 accounts for nearly 90 % of its fuels . ) This fuel usage breaks down as such : 82 % jet fuel , 16 % facility management and 2 % ground vehicle / equipment . To meet renewable energy goals , the Air Force plans to certify its entire fleet on coal - to - liquid synthetic fuel blends by 2011 . By 2016 , it plans to fuel half of its domestic transportation by US - produced synthetic blends , including blends of biofuels and jetfuels , known as Hydrotreated Renewable Jet ( HRJ ) . The Air Force is currently the leading purchaser of renewable energy within the Federal government and has been a long time pioneer of renewable energy development and leadership . The Air Force is recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency as a Green Power Partner , one of the nation 's top purchasers of green power . The Air Force Energy Plan , published in May 2010 , includes more information about the Air Force 's goals , including reducing demand , increasing supply , and changing the culture to include energy awareness . Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational energy plans and programs ( edit ) In 2010 , DoD established the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Operational Energy Plans and Programs to coordinate energy issues . In July 2010 , DoD also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the U.S. Department of Energy to facilitate cooperation and accelerate research , development , and deployment of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies . DoD 's Energy Conservation Investment Program ( ECIP ) improves the energy and water efficiency of existing Military Services ' facilities . The program 's projects help the Military Services save on energy usage and cost . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 provided $120 million for the ECIP . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 has also given money for the Army , Navy , Marine Corps , Air Force , Army Reserve , Navy Reserve , Marine Corps Reserve , Air Force Reserve , Army National Guard and Air National Guard facilities to invest in energy efficiency . Recent developments ( edit ) The US Army has recently prioritized renewable energy strategies in Iraq . Strategies include the Tactical Garbage to Energy Refinery Program , which converts 1 short ton ( 0.91 t ) of waste to 11 US gal ( 42 L ) of JP - 8 fuel , a photovoltaic flexible , portable mat , insulating foam technology , hybrid - electric Manned Ground Vehicles ( MGV ) , and highly efficient portable cells . The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act gave more than $150 million to develop these technologies . Stateside , the Army created the Net Zero program with a goal to have 30 installations achieve net - zero energy by 2030 , including some that will also be net - zero in waste and water . In 2011 , they opened the Base Camp Systems Integration Laboratory , which compares an energy efficient base camp with a traditional one and trains soldiers to use energy efficient technologies . The Army Energy Security Implementation Strategy , published in 2009 , gives details about the Army 's energy goals . The Department of the Navy established Task Force Energy to focus on meeting energy goals , which include reducing non-tactical petroleum use in the commercial fleet by 50 percent by 2015 , producing at least 50 percent of shore based energy from alternative sources by 2050 , acquiring 50 percent of total energy from alternative sources by 2020 , and having 50 percent of Navy and Marine Corps installations be net - zero by 2020 . The Navy hopes to demonstrate a Green Strike Group ( fueled by biofuels and nuclear power ) by 2012 and sail the Great Green Fleet by 2016 . The Office of Naval Research developed and deployed the Experimental Forward Operating Base ( ExFOB ) , including photovoltaic energy , shelter insulation , small unit water purification , and energy efficient heating , lighting , and cooling . The Marine Corps established the Expeditionary Energy Office to increase combat effectiveness by reducing the need for liquid fossil fuel by 50 percent by 2025 , using liquid fuel for mobility only . The Defense Department plans to invest $9 billion to improve energy use in military operations through 2017 . Through the SolarStrong program , a total of 300MW of PV installations were done on 120,000 roofs of base housing throughout the U.S. The 14MW Nellis Solar Power Plant went online in 2007 . Fort Bliss has a 1.4 MW PV array as well as 13MW of base housing PV and a second 15MW solar farm should be online in 2015 . Fort Irwin had initially proposed a 500MW PV farm but 15MW solar farm was later awarded for construction with a separate 2MW PV system at the base hospital . A 14MW PV plant was built at China Lake in 2011 . Fort Drum converted a coal power plant to a 28MW biomass plant . In 2014 , the U.S. military invested $210 million in 3 biofuel refineries which will produce fuels which meet military specifications . See also ( edit ) Energy in the United States United States energy law Military budget of the United States Military -- industrial complex Army Energy Initiatives Task Force SolarStrong References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lengyel , Colonel , USAF , Gregory J. ( August 2007 ) . `` Department of Defense Energy Strategy : Teaching an Old Dog New Tricks '' ( PDF ) . 21st Century Defense Initiative Foreign Policy Studies . Washington , D.C : The Brookings Institution . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 12 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Chief of US Pacific forces calls climate biggest worry March 9 , 2013 Boston Globe Jump up ^ Navy Admiral Samuel J. Locklear says the biggest security threat in the Pacific region is climate change . March 12 , 2013 Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ Powering America 's Defense : Energy and the Risks to National Security Archived 2010 - 01 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , CNA Analysis & Solutions , May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Environmental and Energy Study Institute . `` DoD 's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Initiatives '' . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force leads the way as Green Power Partner '' . U.S. Air Force . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Air Force Energy Plan '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Air Force . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse.gov ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Steve . Pentagon Prioritizes Pursuit Of Alternative Fuel Sources , The Washington Post , 4 / 13 / 09 Jump up ^ `` Army Vision for Net Zero '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Base Camp Integration Lab opens at Fort Devens '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ http://www.asaie.army.mil/Public/Partnerships/doc/AESIS_13JAN09_Approved%204-03-09.pdf Jump up ^ `` Army Energy Security Implementation Strategy '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Army . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Energy , Environment , and Climate Change '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ONR Experimental Forward Operating Base '' . Office of Naval Research . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` USMC Expeditionary Energy Office '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Marine Corps . Jump up ^ `` Department of Defense Certifies Key Energy Investments Support Increased Combat Capability . '' DoD , 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ SolarCity announces another major military housing contract , DigitalGreenMedia , Amanda H. Miller , July 26 , 2013 Jump up ^ These 5 Department of Defense Solar Energy Projects Will Forever Change What Fuels America 's Military , Tim Bolger , Cleantechnica , October 1st , 2013 Jump up ^ Fort Drum Ditches Coal For 100 % Renewable Biomass , CleanTechnica , Tina Casey , February 20th , 2014 Jump up ^ US Navy , DOE , USDA award $210 M for 3 biorefineries and mil - spec fuels , Biofuels Digest , Jim Lane , September 19 , 2014 Further reading ( edit ) The Jane 's Interview : William C. Anderson , Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations , Environment , and Logistics , Jane 's Defence Weekly , 12 March 2008 ( p. 34 ) . External links ( edit ) Journal of Energy Security Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_usage_of_the_United_States_military&oldid=828658837 '' Categories : United States Department of Defense Energy in the United States Military -- industrial complex Military economics Military industry Energy law Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 23 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

how much fuel does the us military use

The United States Department of Defense is one of the largest single consumers of energy in the world , responsible for 93 % of all US government fuel consumption in 2007 ( Air Force : 52 % ; Navy : 33 % ; Army : 7 % . Other DoD : 1 % ) . In FY 2006 , the DoD used almost 30,000 gigawatt hours ( GWH ) of electricity , at a cost of almost $2.2 billion . The DoD 's electricity use would supply enough electricity to power more than 2.6 million average American homes . In electricity consumption , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 58th in the world , using slightly less than Denmark and slightly more than Syria ( CIA World Factbook , 2006 ) . The Department of Defense uses 4,600,000,000 US gallons ( 1.7 × 10 L ) of fuel annually , an average of 12,600,000 US gallons ( 48,000,000 L ) of fuel per day . A large Army division may use about 6,000 US gallons ( 23,000 L ) per day . According to the 2005 CIA World Factbook , if it were a country , the DoD would rank 34th in the world in average daily oil use , coming in just behind Iraq and just ahead of Sweden .

Highest - paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest - paid NBA players by season Jump to : navigation , search The highest - paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty - million - dollar range . In this twelve - year span , Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000 , which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player , during the 2003 -- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest - paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons . Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season . During the 1997 -- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,000,000 . Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013 -- 14 season began . LeBron James became the third in the 2016 -- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40 - Million per year when he signed a record 5 - year contract worth $201 - Million in 2017 . Beginning in the 1984 -- 85 NBA season , the NBA 's first salary cap was introduced . The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season . However , the NBA uses a `` soft '' salary cap , which means that significant `` salary exceptions '' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players . The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier , it is liable to change . Michael Jordan , who earned $33,000,000 in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap '' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights , allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years . Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary . Next , the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent ( s ) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA . Finally , the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first - round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA . Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league - assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years . According to 2010 -- 11 NBA season game performance , the league 's best players were not its highest - paid players . Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All - NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year , Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game 's ten highest - paid during the 2010 -- 11 NBA season . Contents ( hide ) 1 2010s 1.1 2017 -- 2018 1.2 2016 -- 2017 1.3 2015 -- 2016 1.4 2014 -- 2015 1.5 2013 -- 2014 1.6 2012 -- 2013 1.7 2011 -- 2012 1.8 2010 -- 2011 1.9 2009 -- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008 -- 2009 2.2 2007 -- 2008 2.3 2006 -- 2007 2.4 2005 -- 2006 2.5 2004 -- 2005 2.6 2003 -- 2004 2.7 2002 -- 2003 2.8 2001 -- 2002 2.9 2000 -- 2001 2.10 1999 -- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998 -- 1999 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017 -- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016 -- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season , after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant . Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015 -- 2016 Kobe Bryant , who spent his entire 20 - year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform , was the highest - paid player in the league from the 2009 -- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015 -- 16 season . Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014 -- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013 -- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012 -- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011 -- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010 -- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009 -- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008 -- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest - paid player during the 2008 -- 09 , 2007 -- 08 , and 2006 -- 07 seasons ; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons , but was also the highest - paid player during the 2003 -- 04 , 2002 -- 03 , 2001 -- 02 , and 2000 -- 01 seasons . Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006 -- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005 -- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $15,845,157 San Antonio Spurs Vin Baker $15,750,000 Los Angeles Clippers 2004 -- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $29,464,000 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,684,000 Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,351,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $15,750,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shareef Abdur - Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Michael Finley $14,609,000 Dallas Mavericks 2003 -- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002 -- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001 -- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000 -- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999 -- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998 -- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of highest paid American television stars List of highest paid film actors List of highest paid mayors List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA 's Second Ever $30 - Million Player '' . aolnews.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History '' . insidehoops.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained '' . about.com . Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception '' . sportscity.com . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) . `` The NBA 's Highest - Paid Players '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 NBA Player Contracts '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA 's 25 highest - paid players for the 2016 - 17 season '' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015 - 2016 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014 - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013 - 2014 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012 - 2013 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011 - 2012 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010 - 2011 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009 - 2010 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008 - 2009 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salaries '' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007 - 2008 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006 - 2007 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2005 - 2006 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2004 - 2005 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003 - 2004 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002 - 2003 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001 - 2002 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000 - 2001 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999 - 2000 '' . ESPN ( go.com ) . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ . Sports Reference LLC http://www.basketball-reference.com/leagues/NBA_1999.html . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . 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who is the highest paid nba player in 2016

Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers

List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign - wikipedia List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign Elizabeth II The following is a list , ordered by length of reign , of the monarchs of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1927 -- present ) , the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1927 ) , the Kingdom of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) , the Kingdom of England ( 871 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Scotland ( 878 -- 1707 ) , the Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) , and the Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) . Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria . On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee , commemorating 65 years on the throne . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall 1.1 Gallery 1.2 Elizabeth II 2 Unitary monarchy 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Great Britain 3 Kingdoms 3.1 England 3.2 Scotland 3.3 Ireland 4 Principalities 4.1 Gwynedd 4.2 Wales 5 See also 6 References Overall ( edit ) These are the ten longest reigning monarchs in Britain for whom there is reliable recorded evidence . No . Name Reign Duration From To Days Years , days Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria of the United Kingdom 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George III of the United Kingdom 25 October 1760 29 January 1820 21,644 59 years , 96 days James VI of Scotland 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days 5 Henry III of England 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days 6 Edward III of England 25 January 1327 20 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days 7 William I of Scotland 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days 8 Llywelyn of Gwynedd 1195 11 April 1240 16,173 -- 16,902 c. 44 -- 45 years 9 Elizabeth I of England 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days 10 David II of Scotland 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days The longest claim by a pretender was that of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) , who was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England , Scotland and Ireland for 64 years , 3 months , and 16 days ( 17 September 1701 -- 1 January 1766 ) . Gallery ( edit ) 1 -- Elizabeth II 2 -- Victoria 3 -- George III 4 -- James VI 5 -- Henry III 6 -- Edward III 7 -- William I 8 -- Llywelyn I 9 -- Elizabeth I 10 -- David II Elizabeth II ( edit ) On 9 September 2015 ( at the age of 89 years , 141 days ) , Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch and the longest - reigning female monarch in world history . On 23 May 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 32 days ) , her reign surpassed the claimed reign of James Francis Edward Stuart ( the `` Old Pretender '' ) . On 13 October 2016 ( at the age of 90 years , 175 days ) , she became the world 's longest - reigning current monarch ( and the world 's longest - serving current head of state ) after the death of Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) , King of Thailand . Should she still be reigning on -- 18 July 2020 ( at age 94 years , 88 days ) , she will have been queen for 25,000 days . 6 February 2022 ( at age 95 years , 291 days ) , she will celebrate her platinum jubilee , marking 70 years on the throne . 27 May 2024 ( at age 98 years , 36 days ) , she will surpass Louis XIV of France as the longest - reigning monarch of a major European country . Unitary monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of British monarchs United Kingdom ( edit ) On 1 January 1801 the Kingdom of Great Britain united with the Kingdom of Ireland to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland , becoming the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Act of Parliament in 1927 following the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922 . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Elizabeth II 6 February 1952 Present 24,267 7004242670000000000 ♠ 66 years , 160 days Victoria 20 June 1837 22 January 1901 23,226 63 years , 216 days George V 6 May 1910 20 January 1936 9,390 25 years , 259 days George III 1 January 1801 29 January 1820 6,967 19 years , 28 days George VI 11 December 1936 6 February 1952 5,535 15 years , 57 days George IV 29 January 1820 26 June 1830 3,801 10 years , 148 days Edward VII 22 January 1901 6 May 1910 3,391 9 years , 104 days William IV 26 June 1830 20 June 1837 2,551 6 years , 359 days Edward VIII 20 January 1936 11 December 1936 326 326 days Great Britain ( edit ) On 1 May 1707 , under the Acts of Union 1707 , the Kingdom of England united with the Kingdom of Scotland as the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) George III ( also United Kingdom ) 25 October 1760 1 January 1801 14,677 40 years , 68 days George II 22 June 1727 25 October 1760 12,168 33 years , 114 days George I 1 August 1714 11 June 1727 4,697 12 years , 314 days Anne 1 May 1707 1 August 1714 2,649 7 years , 92 days Kingdoms ( edit ) England ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs Includes English monarchs from the installation of Alfred the Great as King of Wessex in 871 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Henry III 28 October 1216 16 November 1272 20,473 56 years , 19 days Edward III 25 January 1327 21 June 1377 18,410 50 years , 147 days Elizabeth I 17 November 1558 24 March 1603 16,198 44 years , 127 days Henry VI 1 September 1422 31 October 1470 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 14,064 162 Total : 14,226 38 years , 184 days 162 days 38 years , 347 days Æthelred II 18 March 978 3 February 1014 25 December 1013 23 April 1016 13,065 810 Total : 13,875 35 years , 282 days 2 years , 80 days 37 years , 362 days Henry VIII 22 April 1509 28 January 1547 13,795 37 years , 281 days Charles II 30 January 1649 6 February 1685 13,156 36 years , 7 days Henry I 5 August 1100 1 December 1135 12,901 35 years , 118 days Henry II ( co-ruler with Henry the Young King ) 25 October 1154 6 July 1189 12,673 34 years , 254 days Edward I 20 November 1272 7 July 1307 12,646 34 years , 229 days Alfred the Great 24 April 871 26 October 899 10,412 28 years , 185 days Edward the Elder 27 October 899 17 July 924 9,029 24 years , 264 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Henry VII 22 August 1485 21 April 1509 8,642 23 years , 242 days Edward the Confessor 8 June 1042 5 January 1066 8,612 23 years , 211 days Richard II 22 June 1377 29 September 1399 8,134 22 years , 99 days James I 24 March 1603 27 March 1625 8,039 22 years , 3 days Edward IV 4 March 1461 11 April 1471 3 October 1470 9 April 1483 3,500 4,381 Total : 7,881 9 years , 213 days 11 years , 363 days 21 years , 211 days William I 12 December 1066 9 September 1087 7,563 20 years , 258 days Edward II 8 July 1307 20 January 1327 7,136 19 years , 196 days Cnut 30 November 1016 12 November 1035 6,921 18 years , 347 days Stephen 22 December 1135 1 November 1141 7 April 1141 25 October 1154 1,933 4,741 Total : 6,674 5 years , 106 days 12 years , 358 days 18 years , 99 days 6 April 1199 19 October 1216 6,406 17 years , 196 days Edgar I 1 October 959 8 July 975 5,759 15 years , 280 days Æthelstan 2 August 924 ( or 925 ) 27 October 939 5,564 or 5,199 15 years , 86 days or 14 years , 86 days Henry IV 30 September 1399 20 March 1413 4,919 13 years , 171 days William III ( co-ruler with Mary II ) 13 February 1689 8 March 1702 4,770 13 years , 23 days Henry the Young King ( co-ruler with Henry II ) 14 June 1170 11 June 1183 4,745 12 years , 362 days William II 26 September 1087 2 August 1100 4,693 12 years , 310 days Richard I 6 July 1189 6 April 1199 3,561 9 years , 274 days Eadred 26 May 946 23 November 955 3,468 9 years , 181 days Henry V 21 March 1413 31 August 1422 3,450 9 years , 163 days Edmund I 27 October 939 26 May 946 2,403 6 years , 211 days Edward VI 28 January 1547 6 July 1553 2,351 6 years , 159 days Mary II ( co-ruler with William III ) 13 February 1689 28 December 1694 2,144 5 years , 318 days Mary I 19 July 1553 17 November 1558 1,947 5 years , 121 days Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Eadwig 23 November 955 1 October 959 1,408 3 years , 312 days James II 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 1,404 3 years , 309 days Edward the Martyr 9 July 975 18 March 978 984 2 years , 253 days Harold I 12 November 1037 17 March 1040 856 2 years , 126 days Harthacnut 17 March 1040 8 June 1042 813 2 years , 83 days Richard III 26 June 1483 22 August 1485 788 2 years , 57 days Harold II 5 January 1066 14 October 1066 282 282 days Edmund II 23 April 1016 30 November 1016 221 221 days Matilda ( disputed ) 7 April 1141 1 November 1141 208 208 days Edward V 9 April 1483 26 June 1483 78 78 days Edgar II 15 October 1066 17 December 1066 63 63 days Sweyn Forkbeard 25 December 1013 3 February 1014 40 40 days Jane ( disputed ) 10 July 1553 19 July 1553 9 9 days Scotland ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs Includes Scottish monarchs from the installation of Kenneth I ( House of Alpin ) in 848 to Anne ( House of Stuart ) and the Acts of Union on 1 May 1707 , when the crown became part of the Kingdom of Great Britain . Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) James VI 24 July 1567 27 March 1625 21,066 57 years , 246 days William I 9 December 1165 4 December 1214 17,892 48 years , 360 days Constantine II 900 943 c . 15,500 c. 43 years David II 7 June 1329 22 February 1371 15,235 41 years , 260 days Alexander III 6 July 1249 19 March 1286 13,405 36 years , 256 days Malcolm III 17 March 1058 13 November 1093 13,025 35 years , 241 days Alexander II 4 December 1214 6 July 1249 12,633 34 years , 214 days James I 4 April 1406 21 February 1437 11,281 30 years , 323 days Malcolm II 25 March 1005 25 November 1034 10,837 29 years , 245 days James V 9 September 1513 14 December 1542 10,688 29 years , 96 days David I 23 April 1124 24 May 1153 10,623 29 years , 31 days James III 3 August 1460 11 June 1488 10,174 27 years , 313 days Charles II 30 January 1649 29 May 1660 3 September 1651 6 February 1685 946 9,019 Total : 9,965 2 years , 216 days 24 years , 253 days 27 years , 104 days James IV 11 June 1488 9 September 1513 9,220 25 years , 90 days Mary I 14 December 1542 24 July 1567 8,988 24 years , 222 days Charles I 27 March 1625 30 January 1649 8,710 23 years , 309 days Kenneth II 971 995 c . 8,700 c. 23 - 24 years James II 21 February 1437 3 August 1460 8,564 23 years , 164 days Robert I 25 March 1306 7 June 1329 8,475 23 years , 74 days Robert II 22 February 1371 19 April 1390 6,996 19 years , 56 days Alexander I 8 January 1107 23 April 1124 6,315 17 years , 106 days Macbeth 14 August 1040 15 August 1057 6,210 17 years , 1 day Robert III 19 April 1390 4 April 1406 5,828 15 years , 350 days Constantine I 862 877 c . 5,400 c. 15 years Kenneth MacAlpin 843 13 February 858 c . 5,100 c. 14 years William II 11 May 1689 8 March 1702 4,683 12 years , 301 days Malcolm IV 24 May 1153 9 December 1165 4,582 12 years , 199 days Giric ( co-ruler with Eochaid ? ) 878 889 c . 4.000 c. 11 years Donald II 889 900 c . 4,000 c. 11 years Malcolm I 943 954 c . 3,600 c. 10 - 11 years Edgar 1097 8 January 1107 c . 3,600 c. 10 years Kenneth III 997 25 March 1005 c . 2,900 c. 8 years Indulf 954 962 c . 2,700 c. 8 years Duncan I 25 November 1034 14 August 1040 2,089 5 years , 263 days Mary II 11 April 1689 28 December 1694 2,087 5 years , 261 days Amlaíb 971 977 c . 2,000 c. 5 - 6 years Anne ( also Kingdom of Great Britain ) 8 March 1702 30 April 1707 1,879 5 years , 53 days Dub 962 c. 966 - 967 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Cuilén c. 966 - 967 971 c . 1,800 c. 5 years Domnall mac Ailpín 858 13 April 862 c . 1.300 c. 4 years James VII 6 February 1685 11 December 1688 ( claimed until 16 September 1701 . ) 1,404 ( claimed 6,065 . ) 3 years , 309 days claimed 16 years , 222 days Margaret 25 November 1286 26 September 1290 1,401 3 years , 305 days John Balliol 17 November 1292 10 July 1296 1,331 3 years , 236 days Donald III 13 November 1093 1097 c . 1,000 c. 3 - 4 years Constantine III 1095 1097 c. 700 c. 2 years Áed mac Cináeda 877 878 c. 365 c. 1 year Lulach 15 August 1057 17 March 1058 212 212 days Duncan II May 1094 12 November 1094 c. 195 `` less than 7 months '' Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland The High King of Ireland ( 846 -- 1198 ) was primarily a titular title ( with the exception of Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair who was regarded as the first `` King of Ireland '' ) . The later Kingdom of Ireland ( 1542 -- 1800 ) came into being under the Crown of Ireland Act 1542 , the long title of which was `` An Act that the King of England , his Heirs and Successors , be Kings of Ireland '' . In 1801 the Irish crown became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 1166 1193 c. 26 - 27 years Edward Bruce ( disputed ) June 1315 14 October 1318 c. 3 years , 100 days Brian Ua Néill ( disputed ) 1258 1260 c. 1 - 2 years Principalities ( edit ) Gwynedd ( edit ) See also : List of rulers of Gwynedd The Principality ( or Kingdom ) of Gwynedd ( 5th century -- 1216 ) was based in northwest Wales , its rulers were repeatedly acclaimed as `` King of the Britons '' before losing their power in civil wars or Saxon and Norman invasions . In 1216 it was superseded by the title Principality of Wales , although the new title was not first used until the 1240s . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Gruffudd ap Cynan 1081 1137 c. 55 - 56 years Llywelyn the Great 1195 11 April 1240 > 16,172 c. 44 - 45 years Owain Gwynedd 1137 1170 > 11,688 c. 33 years Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1195 > 8,766 c. 25 years Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd 1170 1170 < 1 year Wales ( edit ) See also : List of Princes of Wales The Principality of Wales ( 1216 -- 1542 ) was a client state of England for much of its history , except for brief periods when it was de facto independent under a Welsh Prince of Wales ( see House of Aberffraw ) . From 1301 it was first used as a title of the English ( and later British ) heir apparent . The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 -- 1542 formally incorporated all of Wales within the Kingdom of England . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2018 ) Name Reign Duration From To ( days ) ( years , days ) Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 1253 11 December 1282 > 10,572 c. 29 years Owain Glyndŵr ( disputed ) 16 September 1400 c. 1416 > 5,585 c. 16 years Owain Goch ap Gruffydd 25 February 1246 1255 > 3,000 c. 9 years Owain Lawgoch ( disputed ) May 1372 July 1378 > 2,221 c. 6 years Dafydd ap Llywelyn 12 April 1240 25 February 1246 2,145 5 years , 319 days Dafydd ap Gruffydd 11 December 1282 3 October 1283 296 296 days Charles , Prince of Wales , is the longest - serving Prince of Wales , with a tenure of 7004219050000000000 ♠ 59 years , 355 days since his proclamation as such in 1958 . See also ( edit ) Current reigning monarchs by length of reign List of British monarchs by longevity List of British monarchy records List of longest - reigning monarchs Line of succession to the British throne Monarchy of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patricia Treble ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Palace calculations : Queen Elizabeth II set to lap Victoria '' . Maclean 's . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Website of the British Monarchy '' . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . On 9 September 2015 , The Queen will become the longest reigning British Monarch , surpassing Queen Victoria . Jump up ^ Warren Gaebel . `` Longest Reigning British Monarch '' . Warren Gaebel . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Elizabeth is about to become Britain 's longest - reigning queen . Here 's how she 's changed monarchy '' . The Spectator. 2015 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Stewarts '' . www.stewartsociety.org . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand 's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ By PA Oct 13 , 2016 . `` Queen takes over longest reign mantle after Thailand 's King Bhumibol dies '' . Aol.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Queen Elizabeth II becomes longest - reigning British monarch '' . Deutsche Welle. 2015 - 09 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Victoria Arbiter ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II : The platinum monarch ? '' . CNN . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elledge , Jonn ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Queen Elizabeth II is about to become Britain 's longest reigning monarch so here are some charts '' . New Statesman . Jump up ^ `` Royal And Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 '' . Legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : George III , King of Great Britain , became King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801 . ^ Jump up to : Anne , Queen of England and Queen of Scots , became Queen of Great Britain on 1 May 1707 . ^ Jump up to : Monarch 's total length of reign is the sum of the two reigns displayed . ^ Jump up to : Charles II King of England and King of Scots concurrently from 30 January 1649 to 6 February 1685 . ^ Jump up to : Charles I was King of England and King of Scots concurrently . ^ Jump up to : James VI , King of Scots , became James I , King of England , in 1603 . ^ Jump up to : William of Orange became William III , King of England , on 13 February 1689 and William II , King of Scots , on 11 May 1689 . ^ Jump up to : Mary II became Queen of England on 13 February 1689 and Queen of Scots on 11 May 1689 . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scots , concurrently . Jump up ^ James was James II , King of England , and James VII , King of Scotland , concurrently . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_monarchs_in_Britain_by_length_of_reign&oldid=848299565 '' Categories : Lists of British monarchs Lists of monarchs by length of reign Queens regnant United Kingdom - related lists of superlatives Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use British English from September 2015 Use dmy dates from September 2015 Articles to be expanded from February 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Bahasa Melayu Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 02 : 35 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who has been on the throne the longest in england

Queen Elizabeth II became the longest - reigning British monarch on 9 September 2015 when she surpassed the reign of her great - great - grandmother Victoria . On 6 February 2017 she became the first British monarch to celebrate a Sapphire Jubilee , commemorating 65 years on the throne .

Milky Way - wikipedia Milky Way Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the galaxy . For other uses , see Milky Way ( disambiguation ) . Milky Way Galaxy The Milky Way 's Galactic Center in the night sky above Paranal Observatory ( the laser creates a guide - star for the telescope ) . Observation data Type Sb , Sbc , or SB ( rs ) bc ( barred spiral galaxy ) Diameter 100 -- 180 kly ( 31 -- 55 kpc ) Thickness of thin stellar disk ≈ 2 kly ( 0.6 kpc ) Number of stars 100 -- 400 billion ( 2.5 × 10 ± 1.5 × 10 ) Oldest known star ≥ 13.7 Gyr Mass 0.8 -- 1.5 × 10 M Angular momentum ≈ 7067100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 J s Sun 's distance to Galactic Center 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) Sun 's Galactic rotation period 240 Myr Spiral pattern rotation period 220 -- 360 Myr Bar pattern rotation period 100 -- 120 Myr Speed relative to CMB rest frame 631 ± 20 km / s Escape velocity at Sun 's position 550 km / s Dark matter density at Sun 's position 0.0088 + 0.0024 − 0.0018 M pc or 0.35 + 0.08 − 0.07 GeV cm See also : Galaxy , List of galaxies The Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System . The descriptive `` milky '' is derived from the appearance from Earth of the galaxy -- a band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that can not be individually distinguished by the naked eye . The term Milky Way is a translation of the Latin via lactea , from the Greek γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . From Earth , the Milky Way appears as a band because its disk - shaped structure is viewed from within . Galileo Galilei first resolved the band of light into individual stars with his telescope in 1610 . Until the early 1920s , most astronomers thought that the Milky Way contained all the stars in the Universe . Following the 1920 Great Debate between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , observations by Edwin Hubble showed that the Milky Way is just one of many galaxies . The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years . The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The very center is marked by an intense radio source , named Sagittarius A * , which is likely to be a supermassive black hole . Stars and gases at a wide range of distances from the Galactic Center orbit at approximately 220 kilometers per second . The constant rotation speed contradicts the laws of Keplerian dynamics and suggests that much of the mass of the Milky Way does not emit or absorb electromagnetic radiation . This mass has been termed `` dark matter '' . The rotational period is about 240 million years at the position of the Sun . The Milky Way as a whole is moving at a velocity of approximately 600 km per second with respect to extragalactic frames of reference . The oldest stars in the Milky Way are nearly as old as the Universe itself and thus probably formed shortly after the Dark Ages of the Big Bang . The Milky Way has several satellite galaxies and is part of the Local Group of galaxies , which is a component of the Virgo Supercluster , which is itself a component of the Laniakea Supercluster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 2 Size and mass 3 Contents 4 Structure 4.1 Galactic quadrants 4.2 Galactic Center 4.3 Spiral arms 4.4 Halo 4.4. 1 Gaseous halo 4.5 Sun 's location and neighborhood 4.6 Galactic rotation 5 Formation 5.1 Age and cosmological history 6 Environment 7 Velocity 8 Etymology and mythology 9 Astronomical history 9.1 Mapping 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Appearance A view of the Milky Way toward the constellation Sagittarius ( including the Galactic Center ) as seen from an area not polluted by light ( the Black Rock Desert , Nevada ) . The bright object on the right is Jupiter , just above Antares . Play media This time - lapse video captures the Milky Way circling over ALMA . The `` Milky Way '' can be seen as a hazy band of white light some 30 degrees wide arcing across the sky . Although all the individual naked - eye stars in the entire sky are part of the Milky Way , the light in this band originates from the accumulation of unresolved stars and other material located in the direction of the galactic plane . Dark regions within the band , such as the Great Rift and the Coalsack , are areas where light from distant stars is blocked by interstellar dust . The area of the sky obscured by the Milky Way is called the Zone of Avoidance . The Milky Way has a relatively low surface brightness . Its visibility can be greatly reduced by background light such as light pollution or stray light from the Moon . The sky needs to be darker than about 20.2 magnitude per square arcsecond in order for the Milky Way to be seen . It should be visible when the limiting magnitude is approximately + 5.1 or better and shows a great deal of detail at + 6.1 . This makes the Milky Way difficult to see from any brightly lit urban or suburban location , but very prominent when viewed from a rural area when the Moon is below the horizon . The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness shows that more than one - third of Earth 's population can not see the Milky Way from their homes due to light pollution . As viewed from Earth , the visible region of the Milky Way 's Galactic plane occupies an area of the sky that includes 30 constellations . The center of the Galaxy lies in the direction of the constellation Sagittarius ; it is here that the Milky Way is brightest . From Sagittarius , the hazy band of white light appears to pass around to the Galactic anticenter in Auriga . The band then continues the rest of the way around the sky , back to Sagittarius . The band divides the night sky into two roughly equal hemispheres . The Galactic plane is inclined by about 60 degrees to the ecliptic ( the plane of Earth 's orbit ) . Relative to the celestial equator , it passes as far north as the constellation of Cassiopeia and as far south as the constellation of Crux , indicating the high inclination of Earth 's equatorial plane and the plane of the ecliptic , relative to the Galactic plane . The north Galactic pole is situated at right ascension 12 49 , declination + 27.4 ° ( B1950 ) near β Comae Berenices , and the south Galactic pole is near α Sculptoris . Because of this high inclination , depending on the time of night and year , the arc of the Milky Way may appear relatively low or relatively high in the sky . For observers from approximately 65 degrees north to 65 degrees south on Earth 's surface , the Milky Way passes directly overhead twice a day . The Milky Way arching at a high inclination across the night sky ( fish - eye mosaic shot at Paranal , Chile ) . The bright object is Jupiter in the constellation Sagittarius , and the Magellanic Clouds can be seen on the left . Galactic north is downwards . Size and mass A photograph of galaxy UGC 12158 , which is thought to resemble the Milky Way in appearance . The Milky Way is the second - largest galaxy in the Local Group , with its stellar disk approximately 100,000 ly ( 30 kpc ) in diameter , and , on average , approximately 1,000 ly ( 0.3 kpc ) thick . As a guide to the relative physical scale of the Milky Way , if the Solar System out to Neptune were the size of a US quarter ( 24.3 mm ( 0.955 in ) ) , the Milky Way would be approximately the size of the continental United States . A ring - like filament of stars wrapping around the Milky Way may belong to the Milky Way itself , rippling above and below the relatively flat galactic plane . If so , that would mean a diameter of 150,000 -- 180,000 light - years ( 46 -- 55 kpc ) . Schematic profile of the Milky Way . Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary , depending upon the method and data used . At the low end of the estimate range , the mass of the Milky Way is 5.8 × 10 solar masses ( M ) , somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy . Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as 254 km / s ( 570,000 mph ) for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way . Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius , this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive , roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7 × 10 M within 160,000 ly ( 49 kpc ) of its center . In 2010 , a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kilo parsecs is 7 × 10 M. According to a study published in 2014 , the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 × 10 M , which is about half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy . Much of the mass of the Milky Way appears to be dark matter , an unknown and invisible form of matter that interacts gravitationally with ordinary matter . A dark matter halo is spread out relatively uniformly to a distance beyond one hundred kiloparsecs from the Galactic Center . Mathematical models of the Milky Way suggest that the mass of dark matter is 1 -- 1.5 × 10 M. Recent studies indicate a range in mass , as large as 4.5 × 10 M and as small as 8 × 10 M . The total mass of all the stars in the Milky Way is estimated to be between 4.6 × 10 M and 6.43 × 10 M. In addition to the stars , there is also interstellar gas , comprising 90 % hydrogen and 10 % helium by mass , with two thirds of the hydrogen found in the atomic form and the remaining one - third as molecular hydrogen . The mass of this gas is equal to between 10 % and 15 % of the total mass of the galaxy 's stars . Interstellar dust accounts for an additional 1 % of the total mass of the gas . Contents Further information : Exoplanet The Milky Way contains between 200 and 400 billion stars and at least 100 billion planets . The exact figure depends on the number of very - low - mass stars , which are hard to detect , especially at distances of more than 300 ly ( 90 pc ) from the Sun . As a comparison , the neighboring Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated one trillion ( 10 ) stars . Filling the space between the stars is a disk of gas and dust called the interstellar medium . This disk has at least a comparable extent in radius to the stars , whereas the thickness of the gas layer ranges from hundreds of light years for the colder gas to thousands of light years for warmer gas . The disk of stars in the Milky Way does not have a sharp edge beyond which there are no stars . Rather , the concentration of stars decreases with distance from the center of the Milky Way . For reasons that are not understood , beyond a radius of roughly 40,000 ly ( 13 kpc ) from the center , the number of stars per cubic parsec drops much faster with radius . Surrounding the galactic disk is a spherical Galactic Halo of stars and globular clusters that extends further outward but is limited in size by the orbits of two Milky Way satellites , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , whose closest approach to the Galactic Center is about 180,000 ly ( 55 kpc ) . At this distance or beyond , the orbits of most halo objects would be disrupted by the Magellanic Clouds . Hence , such objects would probably be ejected from the vicinity of the Milky Way . The integrated absolute visual magnitude of the Milky Way is estimated to be around − 20.9 . Both gravitational microlensing and planetary transit observations indicate that there may be at least as many planets bound to stars as there are stars in the Milky Way , and microlensing measurements indicate that there are more rogue planets not bound to host stars than there are stars . The Milky Way contains at least one planet per star , resulting in 100 -- 400 billion planets , according to a January 2013 study of the five - planet star system Kepler - 32 with the Kepler space observatory . A different January 2013 analysis of Kepler data estimated that at least 17 billion Earth - sized exoplanets reside in the Milky Way . On November 4 , 2013 , astronomers reported , based on Kepler space mission data , that there could be as many as 40 billion Earth - sized planets orbiting in the habitable zones of Sun - like stars and red dwarfs within the Milky Way . 11 billion of these estimated planets may be orbiting Sun - like stars . The nearest such planet may be 4.2 light - years away , according to a 2016 study . Such Earth - sized planets may be more numerous than gas giants . Besides exoplanets , `` exocomets '' , comets beyond the Solar System , have also been detected and may be common in the Milky Way . 360 - degree panorama view of the Milky Way ( an assembled mosaic of photographs ) by ESO . The galactic centre is in the middle of the view , with galactic north up . Structure Play media An artist 's impression that shows how the Milky Way would look from very different perspectives than from Earth . From some angles , the central bulge shows up as a peanut - shaped glowing ball of stars , and from above , the central narrow bar appears clearly . The many spiral arms and their associated dust clouds are also clearly seen . Artist 's conception of the spiral structure of the Milky Way with two major stellar arms and a bar Spitzer reveals what can not be seen in visible light : cooler stars ( blue ) , heated dust ( reddish hue ) , and Sgr A * as bright white spot in the middle . Bright X-ray flares from Sagittarius A * , location of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way . The Milky Way consists of a bar - shaped core region surrounded by a disk of gas , dust and stars . The mass distribution within the Milky Way closely resembles the type Sbc in the Hubble classification , which represents spiral galaxies with relatively loosely wound arms . Astronomers began to suspect that the Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy , rather than an ordinary spiral galaxy , in the 1990s . Their suspicions were confirmed by the Spitzer Space Telescope observations in 2005 that showed the Milky Way 's central bar to be larger than previously thought . Galactic quadrants Main article : Galactic quadrant A galactic quadrant , or quadrant of the Milky Way , refers to one of four circular sectors in the division of the Milky Way . In actual astronomical practice , the delineation of the galactic quadrants is based upon the galactic coordinate system , which places the Sun as the origin of the mapping system . Quadrants are described using ordinals -- for example , `` 1st galactic quadrant '' , `` second galactic quadrant '' , or `` third quadrant of the Milky Way '' . Viewing from the north galactic pole with 0 degrees ( ° ) as the ray that runs starting from the Sun and through the Galactic Center , the quadrants are as follows : 1st galactic quadrant -- 0 ° ≤ longitude ( l ) ≤ 90 ° 2nd galactic quadrant -- 90 ° ≤ l ≤ 180 ° 3rd galactic quadrant -- 180 ° ≤ l ≤ 270 ° 4th galactic quadrant -- 270 ° ≤ l ≤ 360 ° ( 0 ° ) Galactic Center Main article : Galactic Center The Sun is 25,000 -- 28,000 ly ( 7.7 -- 8.6 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . This value is estimated using geometric - based methods or by measuring selected astronomical objects that serve as standard candles , with different techniques yielding various values within this approximate range . In the inner few kpc ( around 10,000 light - years radius ) is a dense concentration of mostly old stars in a roughly spheroidal shape called the bulge . It has been proposed that the Milky Way lacks a bulge formed due to a collision and merger between previous galaxies , and that instead it has a pseudobulge formed by its central bar . The Galactic Center is marked by an intense radio source named Sagittarius A * ( pronounced Sagittarius A-star ) . The motion of material around the center indicates that Sagittarius A * harbors a massive , compact object . This concentration of mass is best explained as a supermassive black hole ( SMBH ) with an estimated mass of 4.1 -- 4.5 million times the mass of the Sun . The rate of accretion of the SMBH is consistent with an inactive galactic nucleus , being estimated at around 6995100000000000000 ♠ 1 × 10 M y . Observations indicate that there are SMBH located near the center of most normal galaxies . The nature of the Milky Way 's bar is actively debated , with estimates for its half - length and orientation spanning from 1 to 5 kpc ( 3,000 -- 16,000 ly ) and 10 -- 50 degrees relative to the line of sight from Earth to the Galactic Center . Certain authors advocate that the Milky Way features two distinct bars , one nestled within the other . However , RR Lyrae variables do not trace a prominent Galactic bar . The bar may be surrounded by a ring called the `` 5 - kpc ring '' that contains a large fraction of the molecular hydrogen present in the Milky Way , as well as most of the Milky Way 's star formation activity . Viewed from the Andromeda Galaxy , it would be the brightest feature of the Milky Way . X-ray emission from the core is aligned with the massive stars surrounding the central bar and the Galactic ridge . Illustration of the two gigantic X-ray / gamma - ray bubbles ( blue - violet ) of the Milky Way ( center ) In 2010 , two gigantic spherical bubbles of high energy emission were detected to the north and the south of the Milky Way core , using data from the Fermi Gamma - ray Space Telescope . The diameter of each of the bubbles is about 25,000 light - years ( 7.7 kpc ) ; they stretch up to Grus and to Virgo on the night - sky of the southern hemisphere . Subsequently , observations with the Parkes Telescope at radio frequencies identified polarized emission that is associated with the Fermi bubbles . These observations are best interpreted as a magnetized outflow driven by star formation in the central 640 ly ( 200 pc ) of the Milky Way . Later , on January 5 , 2015 , NASA reported observing an X-ray flare 400 times brighter than usual , a record - breaker , from Sagittarius A * . The unusual event may have been caused by the breaking apart of an asteroid falling into the black hole or by the entanglement of magnetic field lines within gas flowing into Sagittarius A * . Spiral arms For more details on this topic , see Spiral galaxy . Outside the gravitational influence of the Galactic bars , the structure of the interstellar medium and stars in the disk of the Milky Way is organized into four spiral arms . Spiral arms typically contain a higher density of interstellar gas and dust than the Galactic average as well as a greater concentration of star formation , as traced by H II regions and molecular clouds . The Milky Way 's spiral structure is uncertain , and there is currently no consensus on the nature of the Milky Way 's spiral arms . Perfect logarithmic spiral patterns only crudely describe features near the Sun , because galaxies commonly have arms that branch , merge , twist unexpectedly , and feature a degree of irregularity . The possible scenario of the Sun within a spur / Local arm emphasizes that point and indicates that such features are probably not unique , and exist elsewhere in the Milky Way . Estimates of the pitch angle of the arms range from about 7 ° to 25 ° . There are thought to be four spiral arms that all start near the Milky Way 's center . These are named as follows , with the positions of the arms shown in the image at right : Observed ( normal lines ) and extrapolated ( dotted lines ) structure of the spiral arms . The gray lines radiating from the Sun 's position ( upper center ) list the three - letter abbreviations of the corresponding constellations . Color Arm ( s ) cyan 3 - kpc Arm ( Near 3 kpc Arm and Far 3 kpc Arm ) and Perseus Arm purple Norma and Outer arm ( Along with extension discovered in 2004 ) green Scutum -- Centaurus Arm pink Carina -- Sagittarius Arm There are at least two smaller arms or spurs , including : orange Orion -- Cygnus Arm ( which contains the Sun and Solar System ) Two spiral arms , the Scutum -- Centaurus arm and the Carina -- Sagittarius arm , have tangent points inside the Sun 's orbit about the center of the Milky Way . If these arms contain an overdensity of stars compared to the average density of stars in the Galactic disk , it would be detectable by counting the stars near the tangent point . Two surveys of near - infrared light , which is sensitive primarily to red giants and not affected by dust extinction , detected the predicted overabundance in the Scutum -- Centaurus arm but not in the Carina -- Sagittarius arm : the Scutum - Centaurus Arm contains approximately 30 % more red giants than would be expected in the absence of a spiral arm . This observation suggests that the Milky Way possesses only two major stellar arms : the Perseus arm and the Scutum -- Centaurus arm . The rest of the arms contain excess gas but not excess old stars . In December 2013 , astronomers found that the distribution of young stars and star - forming regions matches the four - arm spiral description of the Milky Way . Thus , the Milky Way appears to have two spiral arms as traced by old stars and four spiral arms as traced by gas and young stars . The explanation for this apparent discrepancy is unclear . Clusters detected by WISE used to trace the Milky Way 's spiral arms The Near 3 kpc Arm ( also called Expanding 3 kpc Arm or simply 3 kpc Arm ) was discovered in the 1950s by astronomer van Woerden and collaborators through 21 - centimeter radio measurements of HI ( atomic hydrogen ) . It was found to be expanding away from the central bulge at more than 50 km / s . It is located in the fourth galactic quadrant at a distance of about 5.2 kpc from the Sun and 3.3 kpc from the Galactic Center . The Far 3 kpc Arm was discovered in 2008 by astronomer Tom Dame ( Harvard - Smithsonian CfA ) . It is located in the first galactic quadrant at a distance of 3 kpc ( about 10,000 ly ) from the Galactic Center . A simulation published in 2011 suggested that the Milky Way may have obtained its spiral arm structure as a result of repeated collisions with the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy . It has been suggested that the Milky Way contains two different spiral patterns : an inner one , formed by the Sagittarius arm , that rotates fast and an outer one , formed by the Carina and Perseus arms , whose rotation velocity is slower and whose arms are tightly wound . In this scenario , suggested by numerical simulations of the dynamics of the different spiral arms , the outer pattern would form an outer pseudoring , and the two patterns would be connected by the Cygnus arm . The long filamentary molecular cloud dubbed `` Nessie '' probably forms a dense `` spine '' of the Scutum -- Centarus Arm Outside of the major spiral arms is the Monoceros Ring ( or Outer Ring ) , a ring of gas and stars torn from other galaxies billions of years ago . However , several members of the scientific community recently restated their position affirming the Monoceros structure is nothing more than an over-density produced by the flared and warped thick disk of the Milky Way . Halo The Galactic disk is surrounded by a spheroidal halo of old stars and globular clusters , of which 90 % lie within 100,000 light - years ( 30 kpc ) of the Galactic Center . However , a few globular clusters have been found farther , such as PAL 4 and AM1 at more than 200,000 light - years from the Galactic Center . About 40 % of the Milky Way 's clusters are on retrograde orbits , which means they move in the opposite direction from the Milky Way rotation . The globular clusters can follow rosette orbits about the Milky Way , in contrast to the elliptical orbit of a planet around a star . Although the disk contains dust that obscures the view in some wavelengths , the halo component does not . Active star formation takes place in the disk ( especially in the spiral arms , which represent areas of high density ) , but does not take place in the halo , as there is little gas cool enough to collapse into stars . Open clusters are also located primarily in the disk . Discoveries in the early 21st century have added dimension to the knowledge of the Milky Way 's structure . With the discovery that the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy ( M31 ) extends much further than previously thought , the possibility of the disk of the Milky Way extending further is apparent , and this is supported by evidence from the discovery of the Outer Arm extension of the Cygnus Arm and of a similar extension of the Scutum - Centaurus Arm . With the discovery of the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy came the discovery of a ribbon of galactic debris as the polar orbit of the dwarf and its interaction with the Milky Way tears it apart . Similarly , with the discovery of the Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy , it was found that a ring of galactic debris from its interaction with the Milky Way encircles the Galactic disk . The Sloan Digital Sky Survey of the northern sky shows a huge and diffuse structure ( spread out across an area around 5,000 times the size of a full moon ) within the Milky Way that does not seem to fit within current models . The collection of stars rises close to perpendicular to the plane of the spiral arms of the Milky Way . The proposed likely interpretation is that a dwarf galaxy is merging with the Milky Way . This galaxy is tentatively named the Virgo Stellar Stream and is found in the direction of Virgo about 30,000 light - years ( 9 kpc ) away . Gaseous halo In addition to the stellar halo , the Chandra X-ray Observatory , XMM - Newton , and Suzaku have provided evidence that there is a gaseous halo with a large amount of hot gas . The halo extends for hundreds of thousand of light years , much further than the stellar halo and close to the distance of the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds . The mass of this hot halo is nearly equivalent to the mass of the Milky Way itself . The temperature of this halo gas is between 1 and 2.5 million K ( 1.8 and 4.5 million F ) . Observations of distant galaxies indicate that the Universe had about one - sixth as much baryonic ( ordinary ) matter as dark matter when it was just a few billion years old . However , only about half of those baryons are accounted for in the modern Universe based on observations of nearby galaxies like the Milky Way . If the finding that the mass of the halo is comparable to the mass of the Milky Way is confirmed , it could be the identity of the missing baryons around the Milky Way . Sun 's location and Neighborhood Diagram of the Sun 's location in the Milky Way . The angles represent longitudes in the galactic coordinate system . Diagram of the stars in the Solar neighborhood The Sun is near the inner rim of the Orion Arm , within the Local Fluff of the Local Bubble , and in the Gould Belt , at a distance of 26.4 ± 1.0 kly ( 8.09 ± 0.31 kpc ) from the Galactic Center . The Sun is currently 5 -- 30 parsecs ( 16 -- 98 ly ) from the central plane of the Galactic disk . The distance between the local arm and the next arm out , the Perseus Arm , is about 2,000 parsecs ( 6,500 ly ) . The Sun , and thus the Solar System , is located in the Milky Way 's galactic habitable zone . There are about 208 stars brighter than absolute magnitude 8.5 within a sphere with a radius of 15 parsecs ( 49 ly ) from the Sun , giving a density of one star per 69 cubic parsecs , or one star per 2,360 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest bright stars ) . On the other hand , there are 64 known stars ( of any magnitude , not counting 4 brown dwarfs ) within 5 parsecs ( 16 ly ) of the Sun , giving a density of about one star per 8.2 cubic parsecs , or one per 284 cubic light - years ( from List of nearest stars ) . This illustrates the fact that there are far more faint stars than bright stars : in the entire sky , there are about 500 stars brighter than apparent magnitude 4 but 15.5 million stars brighter than apparent magnitude 14 . The apex of the Sun 's way , or the solar apex , is the direction that the Sun travels through space in the Milky Way . The general direction of the Sun 's Galactic motion is towards the star Vega near the constellation of Hercules , at an angle of roughly 60 sky degrees to the direction of the Galactic Center . The Sun 's orbit about the Milky Way is expected to be roughly elliptical with the addition of perturbations due to the Galactic spiral arms and non-uniform mass distributions . In addition , the Sun passes through the Galactic plane approximately 2.7 times per orbit . This is very similar to how a simple harmonic oscillator works with no drag force ( damping ) term . These oscillations were until recently thought to coincide with mass lifeform extinction periods on Earth . However , a reanalysis of the effects of the Sun 's transit through the spiral structure based on CO data has failed to find a correlation . It takes the Solar System about 240 million years to complete one orbit of the Milky Way ( a galactic year ) , so the Sun is thought to have completed 18 -- 20 orbits during its lifetime and 1 / 1250 of a revolution since the origin of humans . The orbital speed of the Solar System about the center of the Milky Way is approximately 220 km / s ( 490,000 mph ) or 0.073 % of the speed of light . The Sun moves through the heliosphere at 84,000 km / h ( 52,000 mph ) . At this speed , it takes around 1,400 years for the Solar System to travel a distance of 1 light - year , or 8 days to travel 1 AU ( astronomical unit ) . The Solar System is headed in the direction of the zodiacal constellation Scorpius , which follows the ecliptic . Galactic rotation Galaxy rotation curve for the Milky Way . Vertical axis is speed of rotation about the Galactic Center . Horizontal axis is distance from the Galactic Center in kpcs . The Sun is marked with a yellow ball . The observed curve of speed of rotation is blue . The predicted curve based upon stellar mass and gas in the Milky Way is red . Scatter in observations roughly indicated by gray bars . The difference is due to dark matter . The stars and gas in the Milky Way rotate about its center differentially , meaning that the rotation period varies with location . As is typical for spiral galaxies , the orbital speed of most stars in the Milky Way does not depend strongly on their distance from the center . Away from the central bulge or outer rim , the typical stellar orbital speed is between 210 and 240 km / s ( 470,000 and 540,000 mph ) . Hence the orbital period of the typical star is directly proportional only to the length of the path traveled . This is unlike the situation within the Solar System , where two - body gravitational dynamics dominate , and different orbits have significantly different velocities associated with them . The rotation curve ( shown in the figure ) describes this rotation . Toward the center of the Milky Way the orbit speeds are too low , whereas beyond 7 kpcs the speeds are too high to match what would be expected from the universal law of gravitation . If the Milky Way contained only the mass observed in stars , gas , and other baryonic ( ordinary ) matter , the rotation speed would decrease with distance from the center . However , the observed curve is relatively flat , indicating that there is additional mass that can not be detected directly with electromagnetic radiation . This inconsistency is attributed to dark matter . The rotation curve of the Milky Way agrees with the universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies , the best evidence for the existence of dark matter in galaxies . Alternatively , a minority of astronomers propose that a modification of the law of gravity may explain the observed rotation curve . Formation Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline Main article : Galaxy formation and evolution The Milky Way began as one or several small overdensities in the mass distribution in the Universe shortly after the Big Bang . Some of these overdensities were the seeds of globular clusters in which the oldest remaining stars in what is now the Milky Way formed . Nearly half the matter in the Milky Way may have come from other distant galaxies . Nonetheless , these stars and clusters now comprise the stellar halo of the Milky Way . Within a few billion years of the birth of the first stars , the mass of the Milky Way was large enough so that it was spinning relatively quickly . Due to conservation of angular momentum , this led the gaseous interstellar medium to collapse from a roughly spheroidal shape to a disk . Therefore , later generations of stars formed in this spiral disk . Most younger stars , including the Sun , are observed to be in the disk . Since the first stars began to form , the Milky Way has grown through both galaxy mergers ( particularly early in the Milky Way 's growth ) and accretion of gas directly from the Galactic halo . The Milky Way is currently accreting material from two of its nearest satellite galaxies , the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds , through the Magellanic Stream . Direct accretion of gas is observed in high - velocity clouds like the Smith Cloud . However , properties of the Milky Way such as stellar mass , angular momentum , and metallicity in its outermost regions suggest it has undergone no mergers with large galaxies in the last 10 billion years . This lack of recent major mergers is unusual among similar spiral galaxies ; its neighbour the Andromeda Galaxy appears to have a more typical history shaped by more recent mergers with relatively large galaxies . According to recent studies , the Milky Way as well as the Andromeda Galaxy lie in what in the galaxy color -- magnitude diagram is known as the `` green valley '' , a region populated by galaxies in transition from the `` blue cloud '' ( galaxies actively forming new stars ) to the `` red sequence '' ( galaxies that lack star formation ) . Star - formation activity in green valley galaxies is slowing as they run out of star - forming gas in the interstellar medium . In simulated galaxies with similar properties , star formation will typically have been extinguished within about five billion years from now , even accounting for the expected , short - term increase in the rate of star formation due to the collision between both the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy . In fact , measurements of other galaxies similar to the Milky Way suggest it is among the reddest and brightest spiral galaxies that are still forming new stars and it is just slightly bluer than the bluest red sequence galaxies . Age and cosmological History Night sky from a hypothetical planet within the Milky Way 10 billion years ago . Globular clusters are among the oldest objects in the Milky Way , which thus set a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . The ages of individual stars in the Milky Way can be estimated by measuring the abundance of long - lived radioactive elements such as thorium - 232 and uranium - 238 , then comparing the results to estimates of their original abundance , a technique called nucleocosmochronology . These yield values of about 12.5 ± 3 billion years for CS 31082 - 001 and 13.8 ± 4 billion years for BD + 17 ° 3248 . Once a white dwarf is formed , it begins to undergo radiative cooling and the surface temperature steadily drops . By measuring the temperatures of the coolest of these white dwarfs and comparing them to their expected initial temperature , an age estimate can be made . With this technique , the age of the globular cluster M4 was estimated as 12.7 ± 0.7 billion years . Age estimates of the oldest of these clusters gives a best fit estimate of 12.6 billion years , and a 95 % confidence upper limit of 16 billion years . Several individual stars have been found in the Milky Way 's halo with measured ages very close to the 13.80 - billion - year age of the Universe . In 2007 , a star in the galactic halo , HE 1523 - 0901 , was estimated to be about 13.2 billion years old . As the oldest known object in the Milky Way at that time , this measurement placed a lower limit on the age of the Milky Way . This estimate was made using the UV - Visual Echelle Spectrograph of the Very Large Telescope to measure the relative strengths of spectral lines caused by the presence of thorium and other elements created by the R - process . The line strengths yield abundances of different elemental isotopes , from which an estimate of the age of the star can be derived using nucleocosmochronology . Another star , HD 140283 , is 14.5 ± 0.7 billion years old . The age of stars in the galactic thin disk has also been estimated using nucleocosmochronology . Measurements of thin disk stars yield an estimate that the thin disk formed 8.8 ± 1.7 billion years ago . These measurements suggest there was a hiatus of almost 5 billion years between the formation of the galactic halo and the thin disk . Recent analysis of the chemical signatures of thousands of stars suggests that stellar formation might have dropped by an order of magnitude at the time of disk formation , 10 to 8 billion years ago , when interstellar gas was too hot to form new stars at the same rate as before . The satellite galaxies surrounding the Milky way are not randomly distributed , but seemed to be the result of a break - up of some larger system producing a ring structure 500,000 light years in diameter and 50,000 light years wide . Close encounters between galaxies , like that expected in 4 billion years with the Andromeda Galaxy rips off huge tails of gas , which , over time can coalesce to form dwarf galaxies in a ring at right angles to the main disc . Environment Diagram of the galaxies in the Local Group relative to the Milky Way The position of the Local Group within the Virgo Supercluster Main article : Local Group The Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy are a binary system of giant spiral galaxies belonging to a group of 50 closely bound galaxies known as the Local Group , surrounded by a Local Void , itself being part of the Virgo Supercluster . Surrounding the Virgo Supercluster are a number of voids , devoid of many galaxies , the Microscopium Void to the `` north '' , the Sculptor Void to the `` left '' , the Bootes Void to the `` right '' and the Canes - Major Void to the South . These voids change shape over time , creating filamentous structures of galaxies . The Virgo Supercluster , for instance , is being drawn towards the Great Attractor , which in turn forms part of a greater structure , called Laniakea . Two smaller galaxies and a number of dwarf galaxies in the Local Group orbit the Milky Way . The largest of these is the Large Magellanic Cloud with a diameter of 14,000 light - years . It has a close companion , the Small Magellanic Cloud . The Magellanic Stream is a stream of neutral hydrogen gas extending from these two small galaxies across 100 ° of the sky . The stream is thought to have been dragged from the Magellanic Clouds in tidal interactions with the Milky Way . Some of the dwarf galaxies orbiting the Milky Way are Canis Major Dwarf ( the closest ) , Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy , Ursa Minor Dwarf , Sculptor Dwarf , Sextans Dwarf , Fornax Dwarf , and Leo I Dwarf . The smallest dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way are only 500 light - years in diameter . These include Carina Dwarf , Draco Dwarf , and Leo II Dwarf . There may still be undetected dwarf galaxies that are dynamically bound to the Milky Way , which is supported by the detection of nine new satellites of the Milky Way in a relatively small patch of the night sky in 2015 . There are also some dwarf galaxies that have already been absorbed by the Milky Way , such as Omega Centauri . In 2014 researchers reported that most satellite galaxies of the Milky Way actually lie in a very large disk and orbit in the same direction . This came as a surprise : according to standard cosmology , the satellite galaxies should form in dark matter halos , and they should be widely distributed and moving in random directions . This discrepancy is still not fully explained . In January 2006 , researchers reported that the heretofore unexplained warp in the disk of the Milky Way has now been mapped and found to be a ripple or vibration set up by the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as they orbit the Milky Way , causing vibrations when they pass through its edges . Previously , these two galaxies , at around 2 % of the mass of the Milky Way , were considered too small to influence the Milky Way . However , in a computer model , the movement of these two galaxies creates a dark matter wake that amplifies their influence on the larger Milky Way . Current measurements suggest the Andromeda Galaxy is approaching us at 100 to 140 km / s ( 220,000 to 310,000 mph ) . In 3 to 4 billion years , there may be an Andromeda -- Milky Way collision , depending on the importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies ' relative motion . If they collide , the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low , but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years . Velocity Although special relativity states that there is no `` preferred '' inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way , the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference . One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow , the apparent motions of galaxy clusters due to the expansion of space . Individual galaxies , including the Milky Way , have peculiar velocities relative to the average flow . Thus , to compare the Milky Way to the Hubble flow , one must consider a volume large enough so that the expansion of the Universe dominates over local , random motions . A large enough volume means that the mean motion of galaxies within this volume is equal to the Hubble flow . Astronomers believe the Milky Way is moving at approximately 630 km / s ( 1,400,000 mph ) with respect to this local co-moving frame of reference . The Milky Way is moving in the general direction of the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters , including the Shapley supercluster , behind it . The Local Group ( a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing , among others , the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy ) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster , centered near the Virgo Cluster : although they are moving away from each other at 967 km / s ( 2,160,000 mph ) as part of the Hubble flow , this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster . Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) . The Milky Way is moving at 552 ± 6 km / s ( 1,235,000 ± 13,000 mph ) with respect to the photons of the CMB , toward 10.5 right ascension , − 24 ° declination ( J2000 epoch , near the center of Hydra ) . This motion is observed by satellites such as the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) and the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) as a dipole contribution to the CMB , as photons in equilibrium in the CMB frame get blue - shifted in the direction of the motion and red - shifted in the opposite direction . Etymology and mythology Main articles : List of names for the Milky Way and Milky Way ( mythology ) In Babylonia , the Milky Way was said to be the tail of Tiamat , set in the sky by Marduk after he had slain the salt water goddess . It is believed this account , from the Enuma Elish had Marduk replace an earlier Sumerian story when Enlil of Nippur had slain the goddess . Llys Dôn ( literally `` The Court of Dôn '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the constellation Cassiopeia . At least three of Dôn 's children also have astronomical associations : Caer Gwydion ( `` The fortress of Gwydion '' ) is the traditional Welsh name for the Milky Way , and Caer Arianrhod ( `` The Fortress of Arianrhod '' ) being the constellation of Corona Borealis . In western culture the name `` Milky Way '' is derived from its appearance as a dim un-resolved `` milky '' glowing band arching across the night sky . The term is a translation of the Classical Latin via lactea , in turn derived from the Hellenistic Greek γαλαξίας , short for γαλαξίας κύκλος ( galaxías kýklos , `` milky circle '' ) . The Ancient Greek γαλαξίας ( galaxias ) -- from root γαλακτ - , γάλα ( `` milk '' ) + - ίας ( forming adjectives ) -- is also the root of `` galaxy '' , the name for our , and later all such , collections of stars . In Greek mythology it was supposedly made from the forceful suckling of Heracles , when Hera acted as a wetnurse for the hero . The Milky Way , or `` milk circle '' , was just one of 11 `` circles '' the Greeks identified in the sky , others being the zodiac , the meridian , the horizon , the equator , the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn , Arctic and Antarctic circles , and two colure circles passing through both poles . Astronomical History See also : Galaxy § Observation history The shape of the Milky Way as deduced from star counts by William Herschel in 1785 ; the Solar System was assumed near center In Meteorologica ( DK 59 A80 ) , Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) wrote that the Greek philosophers Anaxagoras ( c. 500 -- 428 BC ) and Democritus ( 460 -- 370 BC ) proposed that the Milky Way might consist of distant stars . However , Aristotle himself believed the Milky Way to be caused by `` the ignition of the fiery exhalation of some stars which were large , numerous and close together '' and that the `` ignition takes place in the upper part of the atmosphere , in the region of the world which is continuous with the heavenly motions . '' The Neoplatonist philosopher Olympiodorus the Younger ( c. 495 -- 570 A.D. ) criticized this view , arguing that if the Milky Way were sublunary , it should appear different at different times and places on Earth , and that it should have parallax , which it does not . In his view , the Milky Way is celestial . This idea would be influential later in the Islamic world . The Persian astronomer Abū Rayhān al - Bīrūnī ( 973 -- 1048 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a collection of countless fragments of the nature of nebulous stars '' . The Andalusian astronomer Avempace ( d 1138 ) proposed the Milky Way to be made up of many stars but appears to be a continuous image due to the effect of refraction in Earth 's atmosphere , citing his observation of a conjunction of Jupiter and Mars in 1106 or 1107 as evidence . Ibn Qayyim Al - Jawziyya ( 1292 -- 1350 ) proposed that the Milky Way is `` a myriad of tiny stars packed together in the sphere of the fixed stars '' and that these stars are larger than planets . According to Jamil Ragep , the Persian astronomer Naṣīr al - Dīn al - Ṭūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) in his Tadhkira writes : `` The Milky Way , i.e. the Galaxy , is made up of a very large number of small , tightly clustered stars , which , on account of their concentration and smallness , seem to be cloudy patches . Because of this , it was likened to milk in color . '' Actual proof of the Milky Way consisting of many stars came in 1610 when Galileo Galilei used a telescope to study the Milky Way and discovered that it is composed of a huge number of faint stars . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant , drawing on earlier work by Thomas Wright , speculated ( correctly ) that the Milky Way might be a rotating body of a huge number of stars , held together by gravitational forces akin to the Solar System but on much larger scales . The resulting disk of stars would be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . Kant also conjectured that some of the nebulae visible in the night sky might be separate `` galaxies '' themselves , similar to our own . Kant referred to both the Milky Way and the `` extragalactic nebulae '' as `` island universes '' , a term still current up to the 1930s . The first attempt to describe the shape of the Milky Way and the position of the Sun within it was carried out by William Herschel in 1785 by carefully counting the number of stars in different regions of the visible sky . He produced a diagram of the shape of the Milky Way with the Solar System close to the center . In 1845 , Lord Rosse constructed a new telescope and was able to distinguish between elliptical and spiral - shaped nebulae . He also managed to make out individual point sources in some of these nebulae , lending credence to Kant 's earlier conjecture . Photograph of the `` Great Andromeda Nebula '' from 1899 , later identified as the Andromeda Galaxy In 1917 , Heber Curtis had observed the nova S Andromedae within the Great Andromeda Nebula ( Messier object 31 ) . Searching the photographic record , he found 11 more novae . Curtis noticed that these novae were , on average , 10 magnitudes fainter than those that occurred within the Milky Way . As a result , he was able to come up with a distance estimate of 150,000 parsecs . He became a proponent of the `` island universes '' hypothesis , which held that the spiral nebulae were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 the Great Debate took place between Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula is an external galaxy , Curtis noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in the Milky Way , as well as the significant Doppler shift . The controversy was conclusively settled by Edwin Hubble in the early 1920s using the Mount Wilson observatory 2.5 m ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope . With the light - gathering power of this new telescope , he was able to produce astronomical photographs that resolved the outer parts of some spiral nebulae as collections of individual stars . He was also able to identify some Cepheid variables that he could use as a benchmark to estimate the distance to the nebulae . He found that the Andromeda Nebula is 275,000 parsecs from the Sun , far too distant to be part of the Milky Way . Mapping The ESA spacecraft Gaia provides distance estimates by determining the parallax of a billion stars and is mapping the Milky Way with four planned releases of maps in 2022 . See also Baade 's Window Oort constants List of galaxies Galactic astronomy Notes Jump up ^ Jay M. Pasachoff in his textbook Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe states the term Milky Way should refer exclusively to the band of light that the galaxy forms in the night sky , while the galaxy should receive the full name Milky Way Galaxy . See : Pasachoff , Jay M. ( 1994 ) . Astronomy : From the Earth to the Universe . Harcourt School . p. 500 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 001667 - 3 . Jump up ^ See also Bortle Dark - Sky Scale . 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To a spectator placed in an indefinite space , ... it ( i.e. the Milky Way ( Via Lactea ) ) ( is ) a vast ring of stars ... '' On page 65 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that the central body of the Milky Way , around which the rest of the galaxy revolves , might not be visible to us : `` ... the central body A , being supposed as incognitum ( i.e. an unknown ) , without ( i.e. outside of ) the finite view ; ... '' On page 73 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright called the Milky Way the Vortex Magnus ( the great whirlpool ) and estimated its diameter to be 8.64 × 10 miles ( 13.9 × 10 km ) . On page 33 Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Wright speculated that there are a vast number of inhabited planets in the galaxy : `` ... ; therefore we may justly suppose , that so many radiant bodies ( i.e. stars ) were not created barely to enlighten an infinite void , but to ... display an infinite shapeless universe , crowded with myriads of glorious worlds , all variously revolving round them ; and ... with an inconceivable variety of beings and states , animate ... '' Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels ... Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Universal Natural History and Theory of Heaven ... ) , ( Koenigsberg and Leipzig , ( Germany ) : Johann Friederich Petersen , 1755 ) . On pages 2 -- 3 , Kant acknowledged his debt to Thomas Wright : `` Dem Herrn Wright von Durham , einen Engeländer , war es vorbehalten , einen glücklichen Schritt zu einer Bemerkung zu thun , welche von ihm selber zu keiner gar zu tüchtigen Absicht gebraucht zu seyn scheinet , und deren nützliche Anwendung er nicht genugsam beobachtet hat . Er betrachtete die Fixsterne nicht als ein ungeordnetes und ohne Absicht zerstreutes Gewimmel , sondern er fand eine systematische Verfassung im Ganzen , und eine allgemeine Beziehung dieser Gestirne gegen einen Hauptplan der Raume , die sie einnehmen . '' ( To Mr. Wright of Durham , an Englishman , it was reserved to take a happy step towards an observation , which seemed , to him and to no one else , to be needed for a clever idea , the exploitation of which he has n't studied sufficiently . He regarded the fixed stars not as a disorganized swarm that was scattered without a design ; rather , he found a systematic shape in the whole , and a general relation between these stars and the principal plane of the space that they occupy . ) Jump up ^ Kant ( 1755 ) , pages xxxiii -- xxxvi of the Preface ( Vorrede ) : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Ich betrachtete die Art neblichter Sterne , deren Herr von Maupertuis in der Abhandlung von der Figur der Gestirne gedenket , und die die Figur von mehr oder weniger offenen Ellipsen vorstellen , und versicherte mich leicht , daß sie nichts anders als eine Häufung vieler Fixsterne seyn können . Die jederzeit abgemessene Rundung dieser Figuren belehrte mich , daß hier ein unbegreiflich zahlreiches Sternenheer , und zwar um einen gemeinschaftlichen Mittelpunkt , müste geordnet seyn , weil sonst ihre freye Stellungen gegen einander , wohl irreguläre Gestalten , aber nicht abgemessene Figuren vorstellen würden . Ich sahe auch ein : daß sie in dem System , darinn sie sich vereinigt befinden , vornemlich auf eine Fläche beschränkt seyn müßten , weil sie nicht zirkelrunde , sondern elliptische Figuren abbilden , und daß sie wegen ihres blassen Lichts unbegreiflich weit von uns abstehen . '' ( I considered the type of nebulous stars , which Mr. de Maupertuis considered in his treatise on the shape of stars , and which present the figures of more or less open ellipses , and I readily assured myself , that they could be nothing else than a cluster of fixed stars . That these figures always measured round informed me that here an inconceivably numerous host of stars , ( which were clustered ) around a common center , must be orderly , because otherwise their free positions among each other would probably present irregular forms , not measurable figures . I also realized : that in the system in which they find themselves bound , they must be restricted primarily to a plane , because they display not circular , but elliptical figures , and that on account of their faint light , they are located inconceivably far from us . ) Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( November 24 , 1998 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . George Mason University . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The term Weltinsel ( island universe ) appears nowhere in Kant 's book of 1755 . The term first appeared in 1850 , in the third volume of von Humboldt 's Kosmos : Alexander von Humboldt , Kosmos , vol. 3 ( Stuttgart & Tübingen , ( Germany ) : J.G. Cotta , 1850 ) , pages 187 , 189 . From page 187 : Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . `` Thomas Wright von Durham , Kant , Lambert und zuerst auch William Herschel waren geneigt die Gestalt der Milchstraße und die scheinbare Anhäufung der Sterne in derselben als eine Folge der abgeplatteten Gestalt und ungleichen Dimensionen der Weltinsel ( Sternschict ) zu betrachten , in welche unser Sonnensystem eingeschlossen ist . '' ( Thomas Wright of Durham , Kant , Lambert and first of all also William Herschel were inclined to regard the shape of the Milky Way and the apparent clustering of stars in it as a consequence of the oblate shape and unequal dimensions of the world island ( star stratum ) , in which our solar system is included . ) In the English translation -- Alexander von Humboldt with E.C. Otté , trans. , Cosmos ... ( New York City : Harper & Brothers , 1897 ) , vols. 3 -- 5 -- see page 147 . Jump up ^ William Herschel ( 1785 ) `` On the Construction of the Heavens , '' Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 75 : 213 -- 266 . Herschel 's diagram of the Milky Way appears immediately after the article 's last page . See : Google Books Archived November 20 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Royal Society of London Archived April 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Abbey , Lenny . `` The Earl of Rosse and the Leviathan of Parsontown '' . The Compleat Amateur Astronomer . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in spiral nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Harold F. `` Robert Julius Trumpler '' . National Academy of Sciences . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved January 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sandage , Allan ( 1989 ) . `` Edwin Hubble , 1889 -- 1953 '' . Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada . 83 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1989JRASC ... 83 ... 351S . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ `` New Milky Way Map Is a Spectacular Billion - Star Atlas '' . 2016 - 09 - 14 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gaia > Gaia DR1 '' . www.cosmos.esa.int . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Further reading Thorsten Dambeck in Sky and Telescope , `` Gaia 's Mission to the Milky Way '' , March 2008 , p. 36 -- 39 . Cristina Chiappini , The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way , American Scientist , November / December 2001 , pp. 506 -- 515 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milky Way Galaxy . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Milky Way Milky Way -- 3D Map Milky Way -- Basic plan map -- Includes spiral arms and Orion spur Milky Way -- IRAS ( infrared ) survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- H - Alpha survey -- wikisky.org Milky Way -- MultiWavelength -- Images and VRML models ( NASA ) Milky Way -- Panorama ( 9 billion pixels ) . Milky Way -- Animated tour , University of South Wales Milky Way -- SEDS Messier website Milky Way -- Infrared Images Milky Way Video ( 02 : 37 ) -- VISTA IR Telescope Image ( October 24 , 2012 ) Milky Way Video ( 06 : 37 ) -- in RealTime ( Oregon ; September 17 , 2016 ) All - Sky Map -- CMB radiation ( Planck ; one - year survey ) The Milky Way Location Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Galactic core Center of the Milky Way Sagittarius A Sagittarius A * Supermassive black hole Spiral arms Carina -- Sagittarius Norma -- Cygnus Orion -- Cygnus Perseus Scutum -- Centaurus Satellite galaxies Magellanic Clouds Large Magellanic Cloud Small Magellanic Cloud Magellanic Stream Magellanic Bridge Sagittarius Spheroidal Sagittarius Stream Boötes II Coma Berenices Messier 54 Palomar 12 Segue 1 Segue 2 Terzan 7 Dwarfs Boötes I Boötes III Canes Venatici I Canes Venatici II Canis Major Carina Crater 2 Draco Fornax Hercules Leo I Leo II Leo IV Leo V Leo T Phoenix Pisces I Pisces II Sculptor Sextans Triangulum II Ursa Major I Ursa Major II Ursa Minor Virgo I Other Monoceros Ring Virgo Stream Koposov I Koposov II Segue 3 Willman 1 Related Andromeda -- Milky Way collision Astronomy portal Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal VIAF : 240859756 GND : 4169926 - 9 SUDOC : 027831965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milky_Way&oldid=806409229 '' Categories : Astronomical objects known since antiquity Barred spiral galaxies Milky Way Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2012 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2015 Good articles Articles containing Latin - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Лезги ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Novial Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Тыва дыл Удмурт Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Walon 文言 West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 21 : 01 . 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where is earth within the milky way galaxy

The Milky Way is a barred spiral galaxy with a diameter between 100,000 and 180,000 light - years . The Milky Way is estimated to contain 100 -- 400 billion stars . There are probably at least 100 billion planets in the Milky Way . The Solar System is located within the disk , about 26,000 light - years from the Galactic Center , on the inner edge of one of the spiral - shaped concentrations of gas and dust called the Orion Arm . The stars in the inner ≈ 10,000 light - years form a bulge and one or more bars that radiate from the bulge . The very center is marked by an intense radio source , named Sagittarius A * , which is likely to be a supermassive black hole .

Succession ( TV series ) - wikipedia Succession ( TV series ) Succession Genre Drama Created by Jesse Armstrong Starring Hiam Abbass Nicholas Braun Brian Cox Kieran Culkin Peter Friedman Natalie Gold Matthew Macfadyen Alan Ruck Parker Sawyers Sarah Snook Jeremy Strong Rob Yang Composer ( s ) Nicholas Britell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ilene S. Landress Kevin Messick Frank Rich Will Ferrell Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong Producer ( s ) Regina Heyman Dara Schnapper Cinematography Andrij Parekh Editor ( s ) Mark Yoshikawa Running time 56 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Gary Sanchez Productions Project Zeus Release Original network HBO Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround Original release June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official website Succession is an American drama television series about a dysfunctional American global - media family that premiered on June 3 , 2018 , on HBO . It was created by Jesse Armstrong with Will Ferrell and Adam McKay serving as executive producers . McKay also directed the pilot episode . In June 2018 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Premiere 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Succession follows `` the Roy family -- Logan Roy and his four children -- who control one of the biggest media and entertainment conglomerates in the world . The series tracks their lives as they contemplate what the future will hold for them once their aging father begins to step back from the company . '' Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Hiam Abbass as Marcia `` Marcy '' Roy , the third wife of Logan Roy . Nicholas Braun as Greg Hirsch , the great - nephew of Logan Roy and grandson of Ewan Roy . Brian Cox as Logan Roy , the founder of media and entertainment conglomerate Waystar Royco . Kieran Culkin as Roman Roy , the third and youngest son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Peter Friedman as Frank Vernon , the COO of Waystar Royco and long time confidante of Logan Roy . Natalie Gold as Rava Roy , the separated wife of Kendall Roy . Matthew Macfadyen as Tom Wamsgans , the fiance of Shiv Roy . Alan Ruck as Connor Roy , the eldest son of Logan Roy from his first marriage . Parker Sawyers as Alessandro Daniels , an executive of Waystar Royco present during the Vaulter acquisition meetings . Sarah Snook as Siobhan `` Shiv '' Roy , the youngest child and daughter of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Jeremy Strong as Kendall Roy , the second son of Logan Roy from his second marriage . Rob Yang as Lawrence Yee , the founder of media website Vaulter that is acquired by Waystar Royco . Recurring ( edit ) Scott Nicholson as Colin , Logan 's body man . J. Smith - Cameron as Gerri Killman , general counsel to Waystar Royco . David Rasche as Karl , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Arian Moayed as Stewy Hosseini , a financier and friend of Kendall 's who becomes a member of Waystar Royco 's board . Ashley Zukerman as Nate Sofrelli , a political strategist and former romantic partner of Shiv 's . He convinces her to work on the Eavis presidential campaign and the two of them are having an affair . Juliana Canfield as Jess Jordan , Kendall 's assistant . Dagmara Domińczyk as Karolina , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team . Justine Lupe as Willa , Connor Roy 's young girlfriend . Peggy J. Scott as Jeane , Logan 's secretary . Judy Reyes as Eva , a member of Waystar Royco 's legal team and an executive producer at ATN , a news channel owned by Waystar Royco . Eric Bogosian as Gil Eavis , a liberal presidential candidate whom Nate introduces to Shiv . He is vocally opposed to Waystar Royco 's attempted takeover of local news networks and becomes a target of their cable news network ATN because of it . Swayam Bhatia as Sophie Roy , Kendall 's daughter . Quentin Morales as Iverson Roy , Kendall 's son . Molly Griggs as Grace , Roman 's girlfriend whom he breaks up with after she tells him that she enjoyed The Biggest Turkey in the World , a film Roman tried to kill while working in Waystar Royco 's film division . Larry Pine as Sandy Furness , the owner of a rival media conglomerate who plots a hostile takeover of Waystar Royco with Kendall . Caitlin FitzGerald as Tabitha , a woman who gave Tom a blowjob at his bachelor party and whom Roman is now dating . Mary Birdsong as Marianne , Logan 's niece and Greg 's mother . Jake Choi as Tatsuya , an associate of Lawrence . Eisa Davis as Joyce Miller , the former Attorney General of New York elected to a seat in the United States Senate for whom Shiv serves as a political strategist . James Cromwell as Ewan Roy , Logan 's estranged brother and Greg 's grandfather who resides in Canada . Darius Homayoun as Amir , Marcy 's son who announces at Thanksgiving dinner that he has been hired to head Waystar Royco 's animation division in Europe . Harriet Walter as Caroline Collingwood , the second wife of Logan Roy and Kendall , Shiv , and Roman 's mother . Jack Gilpin as Mr. Wamsgans , Tom 's Father . Kristin Griffith as Mrs. Wamsgans , Tom 's mother and a highly - respected attorney in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . Guest ( edit ) Mark Blum as Bill ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , the retiring head of Waystar Royco 's Adventure Parks division . Annika Boras as Anna Newman ( `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' ) , an on - air personality at ATN , the news network owned by Waystar Royco , that Kendall takes to the family 's annual charity event , the Roy Endowment Creative New York ( RECNY ) ball . David Patrick Kelly as Paul Chambers ( `` Which Side Are You On ? '' ) , a member of Waystar Royco 's board that votes against a vote of no confidence in regards to Logan . Griffin Dunne as Dr. Alon Parfit ( `` Austerlitz '' ) , a corporate therapist hired to work with the Roy family as Logan attempts to rehabilitate their public image . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Celebration '' Adam McKay Jesse Armstrong June 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 03 ) 0.582 `` Shit Show at the Fuck Factory '' Mark Mylod Tony Roche June 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 10 ) 0.491 `` Lifeboats '' Mark Mylod Jonathan Glatzer June 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 17 ) 0.605 `` Sad Sack Wasp Trap '' Adam Arkin Anna Jordan June 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 24 ) 0.543 5 `` I Went to Market '' Adam Arkin Georgia Pritchett July 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 01 ) 0.583 6 `` Which Side Are You On ? '' Andrij Parekh Susan Soon He Stanton July 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 08 ) 0.673 7 `` Austerlitz '' Miguel Arteta Lucy Prebble July 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 15 ) 0.626 8 `` Prague '' S.J. Clarkson Jon Brown July 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 22 ) 0.637 9 `` Pre-Nuptial '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong July 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 29 ) 0.558 10 `` Nobody Is Ever Missing '' Mark Mylod Jesse Armstrong August 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 05 ) 0.730 Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) On June 6 , 2016 , HBO announced that they had given the production a pilot order . The episode was set to be written by Jesse Armstrong and directed by Adam McKay . Executive producers for the pilot were to include Armstrong , McKay , Will Ferrell , Frank Rich , and Kevin Messick . On May 16 , 2017 , it was announced that HBO had given the production a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes . The previously announced creative was expected to continue their involvement as the series enters into production . On November 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Nicholas Britell would serve as the series ' composer . On April 26 , 2018 , it was announced that the series would premiere on June 3 , 2018 . On June 11 , 2018 , it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a second season . Casting ( edit ) On October 6 , 2016 , it was announced that Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong , Kieran Culkin , Sarah Snook , Nicholas Braun , and Matthew Macfadyen had been cast in lead roles in the series ' pilot . On November 4 , 2016 , it was announced that Hiam Abbass , Alan Ruck , Rob Yang , Parker Sawyers , and Peter Friedman had also joined the main cast of the pilot . On January 24 , 2018 , it was reported that Ashley Zukerman had joined the series in a recurring role . On March 7 , 2018 , it was reported that Jake Choi had been cast in a recurring role . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the first season of the series began in October 2017 in New York City at locations including Lexington Avenue and East 75th Street . During the week of November 20 , 2017 , production took place in the Financial District of Manhattan . In December 2017 , the series was reportedly in production on the sixth episode . From mid-January 2018 to the end of the month , the production moved from New York to New Mexico . Filming reportedly took place around the Santa Fe area of the state . On February 22 , 2018 , filming took place in New Jersey which required the closing of the Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel . On February 25 , 2018 , filming took place at Eastnor Castle near Ledbury in Herefordshire , England . Release ( edit ) Promotional poster . Marketing ( edit ) On January 18 , 2018 , HBO released the first teaser trailer for the series . On March 27 , 2018 , a second teaser trailer was released . On April 26 , 2018 , the first full trailer was released . Premiere ( edit ) On April 27 , 2018 , the series held its official world premiere during the Series Mania Festival in Lille , France in which the pilot episode was screened . On May 22 , 2018 , the series held its official US premiere at the Time Warner Center in New York City . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The series has been met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere . On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds a 86 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.2 out of 10 based on 57 reviews . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` The spectacle of rich people behaving badly makes Succession entertaining , but only up to a point . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 70 out of 100 based on 29 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) Media outlets have characterized the show 's ratings as `` fairly low '' and `` bordering on miniscule . '' The premiere episode drew 582,000 viewers , down from the 1.39 million viewers that watched its lead - in Westworld . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baculinao , Michael ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` New Drama Series `` Succession '' Debuts This June on HBO `` . TVOvermind . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.8. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 17 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.15. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.22. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.29. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nakamura , Reid ( 2016 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Adam McKay , Kathryn Bigelow Projects Land Pilot Orders at HBO '' . TheWrap . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilots From Adam McKay & Kathryn Bigelow '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Tycoon Family Drama From Adam McKay , Jihadi Recruitment Project From Kathryn Bigelow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wright , Megh ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` HBO Orders Drama Pilot ' Succession ' from Adam McKay and Will Ferrell '' . Splitsider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chavez , Danette ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Will Ferrell and Adam McKay are also working on a drama pilot for HBO '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's ' Succession ' Media Family Drama Picked Up To Series By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO Gives Series Order to Family Drama ' Succession ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay 's Succession TV Series Lands a Full Order at HBO '' . / Film . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Will Ferrell - Adam McKay Political Drama ' Succession ' Ordered by HBO '' . Variety . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Joseph ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Succession : HBO Orders Family Drama Series by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barsanti , Sam ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` HBO picks up Adam McKay and Will Ferrell 's political drama '' . AV Club . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Adam McKay Reteams With Composer Nicholas Britell On Two Projects '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Premiere Date Set For HBO 's Media - Family Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Renewed For Season 2 By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Brian Cox , Jeremy Strong & Kieran Culkin Lead Cast Of HBO Drama Pilot From Adam McKay '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Alan Ruck , Parker Sawyers & More Join Adam McKay 's HBO Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' : Ashley Zukerman Set To Recur On Adam McKay 's HBO Drama '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Single Parents ' : Kimrie Lewis & Jake Choi Cast In ABC Comedy Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` New HBO drama , Succession , heads for New Mexico '' The Location Guide `` . The Location Guide . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Joshua ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Luke Cage ' Sets up Near Union Square + More NYC Projects Filming '' . Backstage . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rampell , Ed ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Actor / activist James Cromwell continues anti-fracking fight '' . People 's World . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cloutier , Benjamin ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` The New Mexico Film Office Announces HBO 's New Drama Series `` Succession '' to film in New Mexico '' ( PDF ) . New Mexico Film Office . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gomez , Adrian ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Better Call Saul ' films fourth season in ABQ '' . Albuquerque Journal . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HBO series `` Succession '' filming in New Mexico `` . Ruidoso News . January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stelnicki , Tripp ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Santa Fe ranked among best small cities for moviemaking '' . The Santa Fe New Mexican . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeff ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` HBO filming to close part of Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel Thursday '' . NJ.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic City - Brigantine tunnel closed because of TV filming '' . 6abc Philadelphia . February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reil , Maxwell ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` HBO show shuts down tunnel to film in A.C. '' Press of Atlantic City . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Ben ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Film crews arrive at Eastnor Castle for filming of American drama series '' . Hereford Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chancellor , Agard ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` HBO teases a familial power struggle in new ' Succession ' trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Succession ' Trailer : Business Management `` Is a Big Dick Competition '' in Adam McKay 's HBO Series `` . Collider . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harris , Hunter ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Succession Trailer : HBO 's New Family - Business Battle Royale '' . Vulture . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cranswick , Amie ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` First trailer for HBO 's Succession starring Brian Cox '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franklin , Garth ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` HBO Premieres `` Succession '' Series Trailer - Dark Horizons `` . Dark Horizons . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` HBO 's ' Succession ' Opens 9th Series Mania to Applause '' . Variety . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tedder , Michael ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` Why Brian Cox Says Wealthy Family Drama ' Succession ' Is Both Timeless and Timely '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Succession : Season 1 - Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Salem , Mitch ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY Season Finale Review : `` Succession '' `` . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : How ' Succession ' Quickly Became One of TV 's Best Comedies ( or Dramas ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Succession on IMDb HBO programming Former Series 1970s debuts Inside the NFL On Location Race for the Pennant Standing Room Only ( `` Vanities '' ) Tennis on HBO Time Was 1980s debuts 1st & Ten America Undercover ( `` Autopsy '' , `` Real Sex '' and `` Taxicab Confessions '' ) Babar Braingames Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Brown Fraggle Rock The Ghost of Faffner Hall The Hitchhiker The Kids in the Hall Maximum Security Not Necessarily the News One Night Stand Philip Marlowe , Private Eye The Ray Bradbury Theater The Storyteller Tales from the Crypt Video Jukebox 1990s debuts The Adventures of Tintin Arliss The Chris Rock Show The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures Crashbox Def Comedy Jam Dennis Miller Live Dream On George and Martha Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child HBO Comedy Half - Hour Hotel Room The Larry Sanders Show Lifestories : Families in Crisis A Little Curious The Little Lulu Show Mokku of the Oak Tree Mr. Show with Bob and David The Neverending Story Oz Perversions of Science Pippi Longstocking Rainbow Fish Reverb Sex and the City The Sopranos Spicy City Tenacious D Todd McFarlane 's Spawn Tracey Takes On ... 2000s debuts Animated Tales of the World Big Love Bored to Death Carnivàle Cathouse : The Series Classical Baby Costas Now Da Ali G Show Deadwood Def Poetry Jam Eastbound & Down The Electric Company Entourage Extras Flight of the Conchords G String Divas Harold and the Purple Crayon Hung I Spy In Treatment Joe Buck Live John from Cincinnati K Street Kindergarten KO Nation The Life & Times of Tim Little Britain USA Lucky Louie The Mind of the Married Man The No. 1 Ladies ' Detective Agency On the Record with Bob Costas Pinky Dinky Doo Pornucopia Project Greenlight Rome Six Feet Under Stuart Little : The Animated Series Summer Heights High Tales from the Neverending Story Tell Me You Love Me True Blood Tourgasm Unscripted The Wire 2010s debuts After the Thrones Angry Boys Any Given Wednesday with Bill Simmons Boardwalk Empire The Brink Doll & Em Enlightened Family Tree Funny or Die Presents Getting On Girls Hello Ladies Here and Now How to Make It in America Ja'mie : Private School Girl Jonah from Tonga The Leftovers Life 's Too Short Looking Luck Masterclass The Newsroom The Ricky Gervais Show Togetherness Treme Vice Principals Vinyl Miniseries All the Rivers Run Angels in America Assume the Position with Mr. Wuhl Band of Brothers The Casual Vacancy The Corner Elizabeth I Empire Falls From the Earth to the Moon Foo Fighters : Sonic Highways Generation Kill House of Saddam The Jinx : The Life and Deaths of Robert Durst John Adams Laurel Avenue Mildred Pierce Mosaic The Night Of Olive Kitteridge The Pacific Parade 's End Sharp Objects Show Me a Hero Tanner ' 88 Current and upcoming Current All Def Comedy ( since 2016 ) Animals . ( since 2016 ) Ballers ( since 2015 ) Barry ( since 2018 ) Big Little Lies ( since 2017 ) Boxing After Dark ( since 1996 ) The Comeback ( 2005 ; since 2014 ) Crashing ( since 2017 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( since 2000 ) The Deuce ( since 2017 ) Divorce ( since 2016 ) Esme & Roy ( since 2018 ) Game of Thrones ( since 2011 ) Hard Knocks ( since 2001 ) HBO World Championship Boxing ( since 1973 ) High Maintenance ( since 2016 ) Insecure ( since 2016 ) Last Week Tonight with John Oliver ( since 2014 ) Random Acts of Flyness ( since 2018 ) Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel ( since 1995 ) Real Time with Bill Maher ( since 2003 ) Room 104 ( since 2017 ) Sesame Street ( since 2016 ) Silicon Valley ( since 2014 ) Succession ( since 2018 ) Tracey Ullman 's Show ( since 2016 ) True Detective ( since 2014 ) Veep ( since 2012 ) Vice ( since 2013 ) Vice News Tonight ( since 2016 ) Westworld ( since 2016 ) Wyatt Cenac 's Problem Areas ( since 2018 ) The Young Pope ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Camping ( 2018 ) Watchmen ( 2019 ) Chernobyl ( TBA ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Euphoria ( TBA ) Gentleman Jack ( TBA ) Los Espookys ( TBA ) Lovecraft Country ( TBA ) Mrs. Fletcher ( TBA ) The Time Traveler 's Wife ( TBA ) The Undoing ( TBA ) See also HBO Storybook Musicals HBO Latin America original series HBO Canada original series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_(TV_series)&oldid=856978064 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs HBO network shows Media portrayals of the upper class Serial drama television series Television series about dysfunctional families Television series by Gary Sanchez Productions Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 19 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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who plays shiv's ex boyfriend on succession

Ashley Zukerman as Nate Sofrelli , a political strategist and former romantic partner of Shiv 's . He convinces her to work on the Eavis presidential campaign and the two of them are having an affair .

Yukon - Wikipedia Yukon Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Canadian territory . For other uses , see Yukon ( disambiguation ) . Yukon Flag Coat of arms Motto ( s ) : ( No official motto ) BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation June 13 , 1898 ( 9th ) Capital Whitehorse Largest city Whitehorse Largest metro Whitehorse Government Commissioner Doug Phillips Premier Sandy Silver ( Liberal ) Legislature Yukon Legislative Assembly Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 1 of 338 ( 0.3 % ) Senate seats 1 of 105 ( 1 % ) Area Total 482,443 km ( 186,272 sq mi ) Land 474,391 km ( 183,163 sq mi ) Water 8,052 km ( 3,109 sq mi ) 1.7 % Area rank Ranked 9th 4.8 % of Canada Population ( 2016 ) Total 35,874 Estimate ( 2017 Q3 ) 38,459 Rank Ranked 13th Density 0.08 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) Yukoner FR : Yukonnais ( e ) Official languages English , French GDP Rank 12th Total ( 2011 ) C $2.660 billion Per capita C $75,141 ( 3rd ) Time zone UTC - 8 Postal abbr . YT Postal code prefix Y ISO 3166 code CA - YT Flower Fireweed Tree Subalpine fir Bird Common raven Website www.gov.yk.ca Rankings include all provinces and territories Downtown Whitehorse along the Yukon River Yukon ( / ˈjuːkɒn / ; French : ( jykɔ̃ ) ; also commonly called the Yukon ) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada 's three federal territories ( the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada , with 35,874 people . Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon 's only city . The territory was split from the Northwest Territories in 1898 and was named the Yukon Territory . The federal government 's Yukon Act , which received royal assent on March 27 , 2002 , established Yukon as the territory 's official name , though Yukon Territory is also still popular in usage and Canada Post continues to use the territory 's internationally approved postal abbreviation of YT . Though officially bilingual ( English and French ) , the Yukon Government also recognizes First Nations languages . At 5,959 m ( 19,551 ft ) , Yukon 's Mount Logan , in Kluane National Park and Reserve , is the highest mountain in Canada and the second - highest on the North American continent ( after Denali in the U.S. state of Alaska ) . Most of Yukon has a subarctic climate , characterized by long cold winters and brief warm summers . The Arctic Ocean coast has a tundra climate . Notable rivers include the Yukon River , after which the territory was named , as well as the Pelly , Stewart , Peel , White and Tatshenshini rivers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 Municipalities by population 4.2 Ethnicity 4.3 Language 4.4 Religion 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 6 Arts and culture 6.1 Events and festivals 7 Government 7.1 Federal representation 7.2 First Nations 8 Infrastructure 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) The territory is named after the Yukon River , the longest river in Yukon . The name itself is from a contraction of the words in the Gwich'in phrase chųų gąįį han , which means white water river and refers to `` the pale colour '' of glacial runoff in the Yukon River . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Yukon Long before the arrival of Europeans , central and southern Yukon was populated by First Nations people , and the area escaped glaciation . Sites of archeological significance in Yukon hold some of the earliest evidence of the presence of human occupation in North America . The sites safeguard the history of the first people and the earliest First Nations of the Yukon . The volcanic eruption of Mount Churchill in approximately 800 AD in what is now the U.S. state of Alaska blanketed southern Yukon with a layer of ash which can still be seen along the Klondike Highway , and which forms part of the oral tradition of First Nations peoples in Yukon and further south in Canada . Coastal and inland First Nations had extensive trading networks . European incursions into the area only began early in the 19th century with the fur trade , followed by missionaries . By the 1870s and 1880s gold miners began to arrive . This drove a population increase that justified the establishment of a police force , just in time for the start of the Klondike Gold Rush in 1897 . The increased population coming with the gold rush led to the separation of the Yukon district from the Northwest Territories and the formation of the separate Yukon Territory in 1898 . Geography ( edit ) Map of Yukon Main article : Geography of Yukon The territory is the approximate shape of a right triangle , bordering the U.S. state of Alaska to the west and northwest for 1,210 km ( 752 mi ) mostly along longitude 141 ° W , the Northwest Territories to the east and British Columbia to the south . Its northern coast is on the Beaufort Sea . Its ragged eastern boundary mostly follows the divide between the Yukon Basin and the Mackenzie River drainage basin to the east in the Mackenzie mountains . Most of the territory is in the watershed of its namesake , the Yukon River . The southern Yukon is dotted with a large number of large , long and narrow glacier - fed alpine lakes , most of which flow into the Yukon River system . The larger lakes include Teslin Lake , Atlin Lake , Tagish Lake , Marsh Lake , Lake Laberge , Kusawa Lake and Kluane Lake . Bennett Lake on the Klondike Gold Rush trail is a lake flowing into Nares Lake , with the greater part of its area within Yukon . Canada 's highest point , Mount Logan ( 5,959 m or 19,551 ft ) , is in the territory 's southwest . Mount Logan and a large part of the Yukon 's southwest are in Kluane National Park and Reserve , a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other national parks include Ivvavik National Park and Vuntut National Park in the north . Mount Logan from the southeast Other watersheds include the Mackenzie River , the Peel Watershed and the Alsek -- Tatshenshini , and a number of rivers flowing directly into the Beaufort Sea . The two main Yukon rivers flowing into the Mackenzie in the Northwest Territories are the Liard River in the southeast and the Peel River and its tributaries in the northeast . Notable widespread tree species within Yukon are the black spruce and white spruce . Many trees are stunted because of the short growing season and severe climate . The capital , Whitehorse , is also the largest city , with about three - quarters of the population ; the second largest is Dawson City ( pop. 2,016 ) , which was the capital until 1952 . Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate change in the Arctic Köppen climate types in Yukon While the average winter temperature in the Yukon is mild by Canadian arctic standards , no other place in North America gets as cold as the Yukon during extreme cold snaps . The temperature has dropped down to − 60 ° C ( − 76 ° F ) three times , 1947 , 1954 , and 1968 . The most extreme cold snap occurred in February 1947 when the abandoned town of Snag dropped down to − 63.0 ° C ( − 81.4 ° F ) . Unlike most of Canada where the most extreme heat waves occur in July , August , and even September , The Yukon 's extreme heat tends to occur in June and even May . The Yukon has recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) three times . The first time was in June 1969 when Mayo recorded a temperature of 36.1 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . 14 years later this record was almost beaten when Forty Mile recorded 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) in May 1983 . The old record was finally broken 21 years later in June 2004 when the Mayo Road weather station , located just northwest of Whitehorse , recorded a temperature of 36.5 ° C ( 97.7 ° F ) . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Yukon City July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Whitehorse 21 / 8 70 / 46 − 11 / − 19 12 / − 2 Dawson City 23 / 8 73 / 46 − 22 / − 30 − 8 / − 22 Old Crow 20 / 9 68 / 48 − 25 / − 34 − 13 / − 29 Demographics ( edit ) Distribution of Yukon 's eight municipalities by type Main article : Demographics of Yukon The population of Yukon in the 2016 census is 35,874 , an increase of 5.8 % from 2011 . With a land area of 474,712.64 km ( 183,287.57 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 0.1 / km ( 0.2 / sq mi ) in 2011 . Municipalities by population ( edit ) Main article : List of municipalities in Yukon Name Status Official name Incorporation date 2016 Census of Population Population ( 2016 ) Population ( 2011 ) Change Land area ( km2 ) Population density Carmacks Town Village of Carmacks 000000001984 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1984 493 503 2999801192842942350 ♠ − 2.0 % 7001369500000000000 ♠ 36.95 13.3 / km Dawson Town City of Dawson 000000001902 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1902 1,375 1,319 7000424564063684610 ♠ + 4.2 % 7001324500000000000 ♠ 32.45 42.4 / km Faro Town Town of Faro 000000001969 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1969 348 344 7000116279069767440 ♠ + 1.2 % 7002203570000000000 ♠ 203.57 1.7 / km Haines Junction Town Village of Haines Junction 000000001984 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1984 613 593 7000337268128161890 ♠ + 3.4 % 7001344900000000000 ♠ 34.49 17.8 / km Mayo Town Village of Mayo 000000001984 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1984 200 226 2998884955752212390 ♠ − 11.5 % 7000106000000000000 ♠ 1.06 188.7 / km Teslin Town Village of Teslin 000000001984 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1984 124 122 7000163934426229510 ♠ + 1.6 % 7000192000000000000 ♠ 1.92 64.6 / km Watson Lake Town Town of Watson Lake 000000001984 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1984 790 802 2999850374064837910 ♠ − 1.5 % 7000611000000000000 ♠ 6.11 129.3 / km Whitehorse City City of Whitehorse 000000001950 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1950 25,085 23,276 7000777195394397660 ♠ + 7.8 % 7002416540000000000 ♠ 416.54 60.2 / km Total municipalities -- -- -- 29,028 27,185 7000677947397461840 ♠ + 6.8 % 7002733090000000000 ♠ 733.09 39.6 / km Territory of Yukon -- -- -- 35,874 33,897 7000583237454642000 ♠ + 5.8 % 7005474712680000000 ♠ 474,712.68 0.08 / km Ethnicity ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) According to the 2006 Canada Census the majority of the territory 's population was of European descent , although it has a significant population of First Nations communities across the territory . The top ten ancestries were : Ranking Ethnic group Population 1 . English 8,795 2 . North American First Nations 7,070 3 . Scottish 7,005 4 . Canadian 6,075 5 . Irish 5,735 6 . German 4,835 7 . French 4,330 8 . Ukrainian 1,620 9 . Dutch ( Netherlands ) 1,475 10 . Norwegian 1,340 The 2011 National Household Survey examined Yukon 's ethnocultural diversity and immigration . At that time , 87.7 % of residents were Canadian - born and 24.2 % were of Aboriginal origin . The most common countries of birth for immigrants were the United Kingdom ( 15.9 % ) , the Philippines ( 15.0 % ) , and the United States ( 13.2 % ) . Among very recent immigrants ( between 2006 and 2011 ) living in Yukon , 63.5 % were born in Asia . Language ( edit ) First Nations linguistic groups by tribes / clans Linguistic group Tribe / clan Gwich'in Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation , Old Crow Hän Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation , Dawson City Upper Tanana White River First Nation , Beaver Creek Small communities near Tok ( Alaska ) Northern Tutchone Selkirk First Nation Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun , Mayo Southern Tutchone Champagne and Aishihik First Nations , Haines Junction Kluane First Nation , Burwash Landing Ta'an Kwach'an Council , Lake Laberge Kwanlin Dün First Nation , Whitehorse Kaska Ross River Dena Council , Ross River Liard River First Nation , Watson Lake Inland Tlingit Teslin Tlingit Council Tagish Carcross / Tagish First Nation Mother tongue , 2011 census Rank Language Population Percent 1 . English 28,065 82.9 % 2 . French 1,455 4.3 % 3 . German 805 2.4 % 4 . Tagalog 425 1.3 % 5 . Kaska 265 0.8 % 6 . Northern Tutchone 200 0.6 % 7 . Spanish 180 0.5 % 8 . Southern Tutchone 140 0.4 % 8 . Dutch 130 0.4 % 10 . Chinese 130 0.4 % The most commonly reported mother tongue among the 33,145 single responses to the 2011 Canadian census was English at 28,065 ( 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 % ) . The second-most common was 1,455 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) for French . Among 510 multiple respondents , 140 of them ( 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 % ) reported a mother tongue of both English and French , while 335 ( 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 % ) reported English and a ' non-official language ' and 20 ( 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % ) reported French and a ' non-official language ' . The Yukon Language Act `` recognises the significance '' of aboriginal languages in Yukon ; however , only English and French are available for laws , court proceedings , and legislative assembly proceedings . Religion ( edit ) This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2012 ) The 2011 National Household Survey reported that 49.9 % of Yukoners reported having no religious affiliation , the highest percentage in Canada . The most frequently reported religious affiliation was Christianity , reported by 46.2 % of residents . Of these , the most common denominations were the Catholic Church ( 39.6 % ) , the Anglican Church of Canada ( 17.8 % ) and the United Church of Canada ( 9.6 % ) . Economy ( edit ) Yukon 's historical major industry was mining ( lead , zinc , silver , gold , asbestos and copper ) . The government acquired the land from the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1870 and split it from the Northwest Territories in 1898 to fill the need for local government created by the population influx of the gold rush . Thousands of these prospectors flooded the territory , creating a colourful period recorded by authors such as Robert W. Service and Jack London . The memory of this period and the early days of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , as well as the territory 's scenic wonders and outdoor recreation opportunities , makes tourism the second most important industry . Manufacturing , including furniture , clothing , and handicrafts , follows in importance , along with hydroelectricity . The traditional industries of trapping and fishing have declined . Today , the government sector is by far the biggest employer in the territory , directly employing approximately 5,000 out of a labour force of 12,500 , on a population of 36,500 . On 1 May 2015 , Yukon modified its Business Corporations Act , in an effort to attract more benefits and participants to its economy . One amendment to the BCA lets a proxy be given for voting purposes . Another change will allow directors to pursue business opportunities declined by the corporation , a practice off - limits in most other jurisdictions due to the inherent potential for conflicts of interest . One of the changes will allow a corporation to serve as a director of a subsidiary registered in Yukon . The legislation also allows companies to add provisions in their articles of incorporation giving directors blanket approval to sell of all of the company 's assets without requiring a shareholder vote . If provided for by a unanimous shareholders agreement , a corporation is not required to have directors at all . There is increased flexibility regarding the location of corporate records offices , including the ability to maintain a records office outside of the Yukon so long as it is accessible by electronic means . Tourism ( edit ) Yukon welcome sign Yukon 's tourism motto is `` Larger than life '' . Yukon 's major appeal is its nearly pristine nature . Tourism relies heavily on this , and there are many organized outfitters and guides available to hunters and anglers and nature lovers of all sorts . Sports enthusiasts can paddle lakes and rivers with canoes and kayaks , ride or walk trails , ski or snowboard in an organized setting or access the backcountry by air or snowmobile , climb the highest peaks in Canada or take a family hike up smaller mountains , or try ice climbing and dog sledding . There are also various festivals and sporting events such as the Yukon International Storytelling Festival and Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous . There are many opportunities to experience pre-colonial lifestyles by learning about Yukon 's First Nations . Wildlife and nature observation is exceptional and a wide variety of large mammals , birds , and fish are easily accessible , whether or not within Yukon 's many territorial parks ( Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Tombstone Territorial Park , Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park , Coal River Springs Territorial Park ) and national parks ( Kluane National Park and Reserve , Vuntut National Park , Ivvavik National Park ) and reserves , or nearby Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park in British Columbia . The latitude enables the view of aurora borealis in Yukon . Arts and culture ( edit ) See also : Music of Yukon Although English is the main language used in the territory , as evidenced by the census , the Government of Yukon recognizes several aboriginal languages as part of the cultural heritage of the territory : the Tlingit , and the less common Tahltan , as well as seven Athapaskan languages , Upper Tanana , Gwitchin , Hän , Northern Tutchone , Southern Tutchone , Kaska and Tagish , some of which are rare . As noted above , the `` aboriginal identity population '' makes up a substantial minority , accounting for about 25 percent . Notwithstanding , the aboriginal culture is strongly reflected in such areas as winter sports , as in the Yukon Quest sled dog race . The modern comic - book character Yukon Jack depicts a heroic aboriginal persona . By far the strongest cultural and tourism aspect of Yukon , however , is the legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ( 1897 -- 1899 ) , which inspired such contemporary writers at the time as Robert W. Service , Jack London and Jules Verne and which continues to inspire films and games from Mae West 's Klondike Annie to The Yukon Trail ( see Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush ) . Notable residents have included Leslie Nielsen , Erik Nielsen and Pierre Berton . Events and festivals ( edit ) See also : Category : Festivals in Yukon Yukon also has a wide array of cultural and sporting events and infrastructures that attract artists , participants and tourists from all parts of the world ; Yukon International Storytelling Festival , Dawson City Music Festival , Yukon Quest , Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous , the Adäka Cultural Festival , the Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre , Northern Lights Centre , Klondike Gold Rush memorials and activities , Takhini Hot Springs , and the Whitehorse fish ladder . Government ( edit ) Chief Isaac of the Hän , Yukon Territory , 1898 In the 19th century , Yukon was a segment of North - Western Territory that was administered by the Hudson 's Bay Company , and then of the Northwest Territories administered by the federal Canadian government . It only obtained a recognizable local government in 1895 when it became a separate district of the Northwest Territories . In 1898 , it was made a separate territory with its own commissioner and an appointed Territorial Council . Prior to 1979 , the territory was administered by the commissioner who was appointed by the federal Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development . The commissioner had a role in appointing the territory 's Executive Council , served as chair , and had a day - to - day role in governing the territory . The elected Territorial Council had a purely advisory role . In 1979 , a significant degree of power was devolved from the commissioner and the federal government to the territorial legislature which , in that year , adopted a party system of responsible government . This change was accomplished through a letter from Jake Epp , the Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development , rather than through formal legislation . In preparation for responsible government , political parties were organized and ran candidates to the Yukon Legislative Assembly for the first time in 1978 . The Progressive Conservatives won these elections and formed the first party government of Yukon in January 1979 . The Yukon New Democratic Party ( NDP ) formed the government from 1985 to 1992 under Tony Penikett and again from 1996 under Piers McDonald until being defeated in 2000 . The conservatives returned to power in 1992 under John Ostashek after having renamed themselves the Yukon Party . The Liberal government of Pat Duncan was defeated in elections in November 2002 , with Dennis Fentie of the Yukon Party forming the government as Premier . The Yukon Act , passed on April 1 , 2003 , formalized the powers of the Yukon government and devolved additional powers to the territorial government ( e.g. , control over land and natural resources ) . As of 2003 , other than criminal prosecutions , the Yukon government has much of the same powers as provincial governments , and the other two territories are looking to obtaining the same powers . Today the role of commissioner is analogous to that of a provincial lieutenant governor ; however , unlike lieutenant - governors , commissioners are not formal representatives of the Queen but are employees of the federal government . Although there has been discussion in the past about Yukon becoming Canada 's 11th province , it is generally felt that its population base is too sparse for this to occur at present . At the federal level , the territory is represented in the Parliament of Canada by a single Member of Parliament and one senator . Members of Parliament from Canadian territories are full and equal voting representatives and residents of the territory enjoy the same rights as other Canadian citizens . One Yukon Member of Parliament , Erik Nielsen , was the Deputy Prime Minister under the government of Brian Mulroney , while another , Audrey McLaughlin , was the leader of the federal New Democratic Party from 1989 to 1995 . Federal representation ( edit ) Main article : Yukon ( electoral district ) The entire territory is one riding ( electoral district ) in the Canadian House of Commons , also called Yukon . The current holder of the seat is Liberal Member of Parliament Larry Bagnell following his victory in the 2015 federal election . Yukon is allocated one seat in the Senate of Canada and has been represented by three Senators since the position was created in 1975 . The Senate position is held by Conservative senator Daniel Lang , who was appointed by then - Prime Minister Stephen Harper on December 22 , 2008 . It was previously filled by Ione Christensen , of the Liberal Party . Appointed to the Senate in 1999 by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien , Christensen resigned in December 2006 to help her ailing husband . From 1975 to 1999 , Paul Lucier ( Liberal ) served as Senator for Yukon . Lucier was appointed by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . First Nations ( edit ) Much of the population of the territory is First Nations . An umbrella land claim agreement representing 7,000 members of 14 different First Nations was signed with the federal government in 1993 . Eleven of the 14 Yukon First Nations have negotiated and signed comprehensive land claim and self - government agreements . The 14 First Nations speak eight different languages . The territory once had an Inuit settlement , located on Herschel Island off the Arctic coast . This settlement was dismantled in 1987 and its inhabitants relocated to the neighbouring Northwest Territories . As a result of the Inuvialuit Final Agreement , the island is now a territorial park and is known officially as Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park , Qikiqtaruk being the name of the island in Inuvialuktun . Government Seat Chief Carcross / Tagish First Nation Carcross Khà Shâde Héni Andy Carvill Champagne and Aishihik First Nations Haines Junction Steve Smith First Nation of Na - cho Nyak Dun Mayo Simon Mervyn Kluane First Nation Burwash Landing Mathieya Alatini Kwanlin Dün First Nation Whitehorse Doris Bill Liard River First Nation Watson Lake Daniel Morris Little Salmon / Carmacks First Nation Carmacks Eric Fairclough Ross River Dena Council Ross River Jack Caesar Selkirk First Nation Pelly Crossing Kevin McGinty Ta'an Kwach'an Council Whitehorse Kristina Kane Teslin Tlingit Council Teslin Richard Sidney Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in Dawson City Roberta Joseph Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation Old Crow Bruce Charlie White River First Nation Beaver Creek Angela Demit Infrastructure ( edit ) Road sign on Dempster Highway , Eagle Plains Before modern forms of transportation , the rivers and mountain passes were the main transportation routes for the coastal Tlingit people trading with the Athabascans of which the Chilkoot Pass and Dalton Trail , as well as the first Europeans . From the Gold Rush until the 1950s , riverboats plied the Yukon River , mostly between Whitehorse and Dawson City , with some making their way further to Alaska and over to the Bering Sea , and other tributaries of the Yukon River such as the Stewart River . Most of the riverboats were owned by the British - Yukon Navigation Company , an arm of the White Pass and Yukon Route , which also operated a narrow gauge railway between Skagway , Alaska , and Whitehorse . The railway ceased operation in the 1980s with the first closure of the Faro mine . It is now run during the summer months for the tourism season , with operations as far as Carcross . Today , major land routes include the Alaska Highway , the Klondike Highway ( between Skagway and Dawson City ) , the Haines Highway ( between Haines , Alaska , and Haines Junction ) , and the Dempster Highway ( linking Inuvik , Northwest Territories to the Klondike Highway ) , all paved except for the Dempster . Other highways with less traffic include the `` Robert Campbell Highway '' linking Carmacks ( on the Klondike Highway ) to Watson Lake ( Alaska Highway ) via Faro and Ross River , and the `` Silver Trail '' linking the old silver mining communities of Mayo , Elsa and Keno City to the Klondike Highway at the Stewart River bridge . Air travel is the only way to reach the far north community of Old Crow . Whitehorse International Airport serves as the air transport infrastructure hub , with scheduled direct flights to Vancouver , Kelowna , Calgary , Edmonton , Yellowknife , Inuvik , Ottawa , Dawson City , Old Crow and Frankfurt . Whitehorse International Airport is also the headquarters and primary hub for Air North , Yukon 's Airline . Every Yukon community is served by an airport or community aerodrome . The communities of Dawson City and Old Crow have regular scheduled service through Air North . Air charter businesses exist primarily to serve the tourism and mining exploration industries . See also ( edit ) Yukon portal Canada portal Arctic portal Main article : Outline of Yukon Canada Outline of Canada Index of Canada - related articles Bibliography of Canada Canada -- Wikipedia book History of the west coast of North America Bluefish Caves , archeological site Peel Watershed Yukon College Yukon Energy Corporation Yukon Field Force Yukon Members of Parliament Yukon Quest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mardy Derby ( January 31 , 2016 ) . `` Whitehorse Legion looking for a Yukon motto '' . CBC News . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2011 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Government of Yukon : Emblems and Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yukon Act , SC 2002 , c 7 '' . CanLII . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Statistics . `` Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables , 2016 Census '' . www12.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Table 8 Abbreviations and codes for provinces and territories , 2011 Census '' . Statistics Canada . December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dear Sir , I have great pleasure in informing you that I have at length after much trouble and difficulties , succeed ( ed ) in reaching the ' Youcon ' , or white water River , so named by the ( Gwich'in ) natives from the pale colour of its water . ... , I have the honour to Remain Your obt Servt , John Bell '' Hudson 's Bay Company Correspondence to George Simpson from John Bell ( August 1 , 1845 ) , HBC Archives , D. 5 / 14 , fos. 212 - 215d , also quoted in , Coates , Kenneth S. & William R. Morrison ( 1988 ) . Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon . Hurtig Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ In Gwich'in , adjectives , such as choo ( big ) and gąįį ( white ) , follow the nouns that they modify . Thus , white water is chųų gąįį ( water white ) . White water river is chųų gąįį han ( water white river ) . Peter , Katherine ( 1979 ) . Dinjii Zhuh Ginjik Nagwan Tr'iłtsąįį : Gwich'in Junior Dictionary ( PDF ) . Univ. of Alaska . pp. ii ( ą , į , ų are nasalized a , i , u ) , xii ( adjectives follow nouns ) , 19 ( nitsii or choo ( big ) ) , 88 ( ocean = chųų choo ( water big ) ) , 105 ( han ( river ) ) , 142 ( chųų ( water ) ) , 144 ( gąįį ( white ) ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Borkhataria , Cecile ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` Did the first humans arrive in North America 10,000 years earlier than thought ? Bones fund in Canada cave show ' indisputable ' marks from stone tools '' . Daily Mail . ^ Jump up to : Services , Cultural . Archaeology Program . Department of Tourism and Culture . ( Online ) March 8th , 2011 . ( Cited : April 7th , 2012 . ) http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/archaeology.html . Jump up ^ `` Boundary Facts '' . International Boundary Commission . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Length of boundary by province -- Yukon - 1,210 km or 752 miles Jump up ^ Carl Duncan , `` The Dempster : Highway to the Arctic Archived May 4 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . '' accessed 2009.10. 22 . Jump up ^ `` Life At Minus 80 : The Men Of Snag '' . The Weather Doctor . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Climate Data and Information Archive '' . Environment Canada . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Communities '' . Yukon Government : Department of Community Services . November 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Association of Yukon Communities Incorporation Dates '' . Association of Yukon Communities . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data ( Yukon ) '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` Ethnic origins , 2006 counts , for Canada , provinces and territories '' . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Household Survey '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Council of Yukon First Nations ^ Jump up to : `` Focus on Geography Series , 2011 Census , Yukon '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Language Act , Statues of the Yukon ( 2002 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity , 2011 National Householder '' ( PDF ) . 2.statcan.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : cbc.ca : `` Go north , not west : Yukon lures businesses with new company rules '' , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 16 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 06 BUSINESS CORPORATIONS ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 Jump up ^ gov.yk.ca : `` O.I.C. 2015 / 07 SOCIETIES ACT '' Archived October 9 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , 1 May 2015 ^ Jump up to : theglobeandmail.com : `` Yukon 's move to draw corporations worries shareholders coalition '' , 18 Jun 2015 ^ Jump up to : deallawwire.com : `` Changes of note to the Yukon Business Corporations Act '' , 2 Jun 2015 Jump up ^ Travel Yukon Archived October 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Yukon First Nation Tourist Association '' . Yfnta.org . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Parks '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tombstone Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fishing Branch Ni'iinlii'njik Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coal River Springs Territorial Park '' . Environmentyukon.gov.yk.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Yukon Territory History and Culture , Pinnacle Travel Jump up ^ `` Dawson Music Festival '' . Dcmf.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre '' . Beringia.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Lights Centre '' . Northernlightscentre.ca . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Whitehorse fish ladder '' . Yukonenergy.ca . February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 74 Jump up ^ Coates and Morrison , p. 103 Jump up ^ `` Senators - Detailed Information '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Former Yukon MLA named to Senate seat '' . Cbc.ca . December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Council '' . Ctfn.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Dän nätthe dä̀tthʼi ( Chief and Council ) '' . Champagne and Aishihik First Nations . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Governance and Administration '' . First Nation of Nacho Nyak Dun . 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Kluane First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Bill elected Kwanlin Dun chief '' . CBC News . 2014 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Liard First Nation '' . Kaska Dena Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . Little Salmon Carmacks First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Ross River Dena Council elects Jack Caesar as chief '' . CBC News . 2015 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Selkirk First Nation . `` The Council '' . Selkirk First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief and Council '' . Government of the Ta'an Kwäch'än Council . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Richard Sidney elected chief of Teslin Tlingit Council '' . CBC News . 2016 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Roberta Joseph new chief of Dawson 's Tr'ondek Hwech'in '' . CBC News . 2014 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Bruce Charlie elected new chief of Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation '' . CBC News . 2016 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Chief & Council '' . White River First Nation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Timetable , Summer 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Condor Airlines . 2017 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Further reading ( edit ) Coates , Kenneth ( 1985 ) , Canada 's colonies : a history of the Yukon and Northwest Territories , Lorimer , ISBN 0 - 88862 - 931 - 1 Coates , Ken S. & Morrison , William R. ( 1988 ) , Land of the Midnight Sun : A History of the Yukon , Edmonton : Hurtig Publishers , ISBN 0 - 88830 - 331 - 9 Cody , William J ( 2000 ) , Flora of the Yukon Territory , National Research Press , ISBN 0 - 660 - 18110 - X Hart , Ann ( 2000 ) , Alaska and the Yukon , JPM Publications , ISBN 2 - 88452 - 051 - 1 Laguna , Frederica De ( 2000 ) , Travels among the Dena : exploring Alaska 's Yukon Valley , Univ. of Washington Press , ISBN 0 - 295 - 97902 - X O'Reilly , Shauna ; Brennan O'Reilly ( 2009 ) , Alaska Yukon Pacific Exposition , Arcadia Pub , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 7132 - 4 Webb , Melody ( 1993 ) , Yukon : The Last Frontier , University of British Columbia Press , ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0441 - 6 External links ( edit ) Find more aboutYukonat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Yukon Government Yukon at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Yukon Attraction & Service Guides Immigration Yukon William E. Meed Yukon Photography Collection - University of Washington Library Henry M. Sarvant Photography Collection - Images depicting his life in the Yukon from the University of Washington Library `` Territorial Battles : Yukon Elections , 1978 -- 2002 '' , Digital Archives , CBC Mapping the Way - Yukon First Nation Self - government Places adjacent to Yukon Alaska , United States Arctic Ocean Chukotka and Sakha , Russia Northwest Territories Alaska , United States Yukon Northwest Territories Alaska , United States British Columbia British Columbia Subdivisions of Yukon Regions Klondike Municipalities Carmacks Dawson City Faro Haines Junction Mayo Teslin Watson Lake Whitehorse Communities Beaver Creek Burwash Landing Carcross Conrad Champagne Landing Destruction Bay Ibex Valley Johnsons Crossing Keno City Lansdowne Marsh Lake Mount Lorne Old Crow Pelly Crossing Ross River Stewart Crossing Tagish Two and One - Half Mile Village Two Mile Village Upper Liard Ghost towns Clinton Creek Elsa Fortymile Paris Snag Parks Ivvavik Kluane Tombstone Vuntut Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Current Yukon territorial electoral districts Rural Klondike Kluane Lake Laberge Mayo - Tatchun Mount Lorne - Southern Lakes Pelly - Nisutlin Vuntut Gwitchin Watson Lake Whitehorse Copperbelt North Copperbelt South Mountainview Porter Creek Centre Porter Creek North Porter Creek South Riverdale North Riverdale South Takhini - Kopper King Whitehorse Centre Whitehorse West Former Copperbelt Dawson Faro McIntyre - Takhini Mount Lorne Southern Lakes Tatchun Whitehorse Yukon Electoral District No. 1 Yukon Electoral District No. 2 See also : 2011 election List of elections Legislative Assembly Politics of Yukon Premier Sandy Silver Former premiers Opposition Leader TBD Former Opposition Leaders Legislature Current assembly Cabinet Political parties Elections 2016 election Next election Past elections Yukon electoral districts Other Canadian politics Federal BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Category : Yukon Portal : Yukon WikiProject : Canadian Territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Category Portal WikiProject Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Category Portal Coordinates : 64 ° N 135 ° W  /  64 ° N 135 ° W  / 64 ; - 135 VIAF : 156521698 LCCN : n79141229 GND : 4067234 - 7 BNF : cb11936195q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yukon&oldid=815080909 '' Categories : Yukon 1898 establishments in Canada Provinces and territories of Canada Census divisions of the Canadian territories Beaufort Sea States and territories established in 1898 1898 establishments in Yukon Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Use Canadian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English Use mdy dates from March 2012 Articles containing French - language text Articles with obsolete information from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with obsolete information from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from September 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with DMOZ links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans አማርኛ Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Kapampangan ქართული Kernowek Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 17 : 19 . 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what is the population of yukon in 2017

Yukon ( / ˈjuːkɒn / ; French : ( jykɔ̃ ) ; also commonly called the Yukon ) is the smallest and westernmost of Canada 's three federal territories ( the other two are the Northwest Territories and Nunavut ) . The territory has the smallest population of any province or territory in Canada , with 35,874 people . Whitehorse is the territorial capital and Yukon 's only city .

A Whiter Shade of Pale - wikipedia A Whiter Shade of Pale Jump to : navigation , search `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' A-side label of the UK vinyl single Single by Procol Harum from the album Procol Harum B - side `` Lime Street Blues '' Released 12 May 1967 Format 7 - inch record Recorded Olympic Sound Studios , London Genre Baroque rock Length 4 : 03 Label Deram Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Keith Reid , Matthew Fisher Producer ( s ) Denny Cordell Procol Harum singles chronology `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1967 ) `` Homburg '' ( 1967 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut song by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide . With its haunting Bach - derived instrumental melody , soulful vocals , and unusual lyrics -- by the song 's co-authors Gary Brooker , Keith Reid and Matthew Fisher -- `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' reached No. 1 in several countries when released in 1967 . In the years since , it has become an enduring classic . It was the most played song in the last 75 years in public places in the UK ( as of 2009 ) , and the United Kingdom performing rights group Phonographic Performance Limited in 2004 recognised it as the most - played record by British broadcasting of the past 70 years . Also in 2004 , Rolling Stone placed `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' 57th on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . In 1977 , the song was named joint winner ( along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' ) of `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the Brit Awards . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . More than 1000 recorded cover versions by other artists are known . The song has been included in many music compilations over the decades and has also been used in the soundtracks of numerous films , including The Big Chill , Purple Haze , Breaking the Waves , The Boat That Rocked , Martin Scorsese 's segment of New York Stories , Stonewall , and Ken Burns and Lynn Novick 's documentary series The Vietnam War . Cover versions of the song have also been featured in many films , for example , by King Curtis in Withnail and I and by Annie Lennox in The Net . The original writing credits were for Brooker and Reid only . On 30 July 2009 , Matthew Fisher won co-writing credit for the music in a unanimous ruling from the Law Lords . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording and personnel 2 Lyrics 3 Composition 4 Release and reception 5 Promotional films 6 Authorship lawsuit 7 Chart performance 7.1 Weekly singles charts 7.2 Year - end charts 8 Annie Lennox version 8.1 Charts 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Recording and personnel ( edit ) The song was performed and recorded at Olympic Sound Studios in London , England , with Gary Brooker providing the vocals and piano , Matthew Fisher on a Hammond M - 102 organ , David Knights on bass and Ray Royer on guitar . Drums were by session drummer Bill Eyden . A few days later , the song was re-recorded with the band 's then newly recruited drummer Bobby Harrison , but that version was discarded , and one of the original mono recordings was chosen for release . Producer for the record was Denny Cordell , and Keith Grant was the sound engineer . The song was included on the US release of the Procol Harum album , in September 1967 , but not on the later UK version . Lyrics ( edit ) Reid got the title and starting point for the song at a party . He overheard someone at the party saying to a woman , `` You 've turned a whiter shade of pale '' , and the phrase stuck in his mind . The original lyrics had four verses , of which only two are heard on the original recording . The third verse has been heard in live performances by Procol Harum , and more seldom also the fourth . The author of Procol Harum : Beyond the Pale , Claes Johansen , suggests that the song `` deals in metaphorical form with a male / female relationship which after some negotiation ends in a sexual act '' . This is supported by Tim de Lisle in Lives of the Great Songs , who remarks that the lyrics concern a drunken seduction , which is described through references to sex as a form of travel , usually nautical , using mythical and literary journeys . Other observers have also commented that the lyrics concern a sexual relationship . Contrary to the above interpretations , Reid was quoted in the February 2008 issue of Uncut magazine as saying : I was trying to conjure a mood as much as tell a straightforward , girl - leaves - boy story . With the ceiling flying away and room humming harder , I wanted to paint an image of a scene . I was n't trying to be mysterious with those images , I was trying to be evocative . I suppose it seems like a decadent scene I 'm describing . But I was too young to have experienced any decadence , then . I might have been smoking when I conceived it , but not when I wrote . It was influenced by books , not drugs . Structurally and thematically , the song is unusual in many respects . While the recorded version is 4 : 03 long , it is composed of only two verses , each with chorus . The piece is also more instrument - driven than most songs of the period , and with a much looser rhyme scheme . Its unusually allusive and referential lyrics are much more complex than most lyrics of the time ( for example , the chorus focuses on Chaucer 's `` The Miller 's Tale '' ) . Thus , this piece can be considered an early example of progressive rock . The phrase a whiter shade of pale has since gained widespread use in the English language , noticed by several dictionaries . As such , the phrase is today often used in contexts independent of any consideration of the song . It has also been heavily paraphrased , in forms like `` an Xer shade of Y '' , to the extent that it has been recognised as a snowclone -- a type of cliché and phrasal template . Composition ( edit ) The song 's distinctive , Bach - inspired organ part was played on a Hammond M102 . The song is in moderate time in C major and is characterised by the bassline moving stepwise downwards in a repeated pattern throughout . In classical music this is known as a ground bass . The harmonic structure is identical for the organ melody , the verse and the chorus , except that the chorus finishes with a cadence . The main organ melody appears at the beginning and after each verse / chorus . But it is also heard throughout , playing variations of its theme and counterpointing the vocal line . As the chorus commences `` And so it was , and later ... '' , the vocal and organ accompaniment begin a short crescendo , with the organist running his finger rapidly down and up the entire keyboard . The final instrumental fades out to silence -- a common device in pop music of the time . Dutch author , and Bach aficionado , Maarten ' t Hart calls `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' an `` original adaptation '' of Johann Sebastian Bach 's Ich steh mit einem Fuß im Grabe , BWV 156 . Besides , the Hammond organ line of the song came from Bach 's `` Sleepers , Wake ! '' and `` Air on the G String '' , both of which use a similar stepwise bass motion . The similarity is referred to in the 1982 play The Real Thing by Tom Stoppard and 1991 film The Commitments . A yet closer melodic influence that is seldom cited can arguably be found in the organ choral prelude `` O Mensch bewein dein ' Sünde groß '' ( O Man , Lament Your Sin So Great ) , BWV 622 , from Bach 's Orgelbüchlein ( Little Organ Book ) . The music also borrows ideas from `` When a Man Loves a Woman '' by Percy Sledge . Release and reception ( edit ) The single was released on 12 May 1967 in the United Kingdom by Deram Records and entered Record Retailer 's chart ( later the UK Singles Chart ) on 25 May . In two weeks it reached number 1 , where it stayed for six weeks . Writing in 2005 , Jim Irvin of Mojo said that its arrival at number 1 on 8 June 1967 , on the same day that the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band topped the national albums chart , marked the start of the Summer of Love in Britain . According to music journalist and author Harvey Kubernik , in the context of the Summer of Love , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was the `` one song ( that ) stood above all others , its Everest - like status conferred by no less than John Lennon and Paul McCartney , who were enthralled by the Chaucerian wordplay and heavenly Baroque accompaniment '' . Kubernik also writes that , amid the search for higher consciousness during the flower power era , the song `` galvanised a congregation of disaffected youth dismissive of traditional religion but anxious to achieve spiritual salvation '' . In the United States , the single reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold over 1 million copies . It also peaked at number 22 on the soul charts there . In the Netherlands , the song entered the chart at number 1 in June 1967 and again reached number 1 in July 1972 . A May 1972 re-release on Fly Records stayed in the UK charts for a total of 12 weeks and peaked at number 13 . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' has continued to receive critical acclaim . Along with Queen 's `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' , `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was jointly recognised as `` The Best British Pop Single 1952 -- 1977 '' at the BRIT Awards , part of Elizabeth II 's Silver Jubilee . In 1998 the song was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . In 2004 , it appeared at number 57 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . British TV station Channel 4 placed the song at number 19 in its chart of `` The 100 Greatest No. 1 Singles '' . Promotional films ( edit ) One of the clips for the song was filmed at Witley Court , part of which was gutted by fire in 1937 . The first promotional clip for `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was shot in the ruins of Witley Court in Worcestershire , England . It features four of the five musicians who played on the hit single : Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , David Knights and Ray Royer , in performance and walking through the ruins . Only the drummer in the video is n't on the record : early band member Bobby Harrison is seen miming to session man Bill Eyden 's drumming . The film was directed by Peter Clifton , whose insertion of Vietnam War newsreel footage caused it to be banned from airplay on the BBC 's Top of the Pops TV show . Procol Harum subsequently made a second promotional clip , using `` Scopitone '' technology . By this time , Robin Trower and B.J. Wilson had replaced Royer and Harrison in the band , so only three of the five musicians on the recording are represented . No performance footage appears in this film -- only scenes of the five musicians cavorting around London and running across fields . The same lineup , with Fisher wearing a monk 's cowl , mimed to the song on Top of the Pops , although Brooker sang live . Black - and - white footage of the performance has been shown online . The song represents 1967 in the 2004 release Top of the Pops 40th Anniversary 1964 -- 2004 DVD . There was also a film shot as part of Joel Gallen 's Deja - View music video series . Originally airing on various networks in late 1985 through 1986 , this video starred Harry Dean Stanton and Bernie Taupin , but featured no member of the band . It has also aired on VH1 Classic , and has recently surfaced online . Authorship lawsuit ( edit ) In 2005 , former Procol Harum organist Matthew Fisher filed suit in the High Court against Gary Brooker and his publisher , claiming that he co-wrote the music for the song . Fisher won the case on 20 December 2006 but was awarded 40 % of the composers ' share of the music copyright , rather than the 50 % he was seeking and was not granted royalties for the period before 2005 . Brooker and publisher Onward Music were granted leave to appeal , and a hearing on the matter was held before a panel of three judges during the week of 1 October 2007 . The decision , on 4 April 2008 , by Lord Justice Mummery , in the Court of Appeal upheld Fisher 's co-authorship but ruled that he should receive no royalties as he had taken too long ( 38 years ) to bring his claim to litigation . Full royalty rights were returned to Brooker . On 5 November 2008 , Fisher was granted permission to appeal this decision to the House of Lords . Lawyers say it is the first time the Law Lords have been asked to rule on a copyright dispute involving a song . The appeal was heard in the House of Lords on 22 -- 23 April 2009 . On 30 July 2009 the Law Lords unanimously ruled in Fisher 's favour . They noted that the delay in bringing the case had not caused any harm to the other party ; on the contrary he had benefited financially from it . They also pointed out that there were no time limits to copyright claims under English law . The right to future royalties was therefore returned to Fisher . The musicological basis of the judgment , and its effect on the rights of musicians who contribute composition to future works , has drawn some attention in the music world . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly singles charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Go - Set Austria Belgium Canada France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands New Zealand ( Listener ) Norway Poland Spain United Kingdom United States 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Ranking Australia 14 Canada 27 United States 38 Annie Lennox version ( edit ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Single by Annie Lennox from the album Medusa B - side `` Heaven '' `` ( I 'm Always Touched By Your ) Presence , Dear '' Released May 1995 Format CD single Length 5 : 15 Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Gary Brooker , Matthew Fisher , Keith Reid Producer ( s ) Stephen Lipson Annie Lennox singles chronology `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` No More `` I Love You 's '' '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ( 1995 ) `` Waiting in Vain '' ( 1995 ) `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' was covered by Annie Lennox for her 1995 album Medusa . It was released as the second single in May 1995 and became a top - forty hit in Europe and Canada . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 56 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 48 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 16 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 45 France ( SNEP ) 17 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 77 Ireland ( IRMA ) 25 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 39 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 26 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 16 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) US Hot Dance Singles Sales ( Billboard ) US Hot Singles Sales ( Billboard ) 66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harrington , Joe S. ( 2002 ) . Sonic Cool : The Life & Death of Rock ' n ' Roll . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 0 - 634 - 02861 - 8 . Jump up ^ Beckerman , Jim ( March 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Walk Away Renee ' collaborator Michael Brown of Englewood Cliffs , dies at 65 '' . The Record . Jump up ^ `` EveryHit.com '' . everyHit.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2006 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits . Billboard Books . Jump up ^ `` Procul Harum Signer Gary Brooker Wins A Whiter Shade of Pale Royalty Court Battle '' . The Mirror . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Show 49 - The British are Coming ! The British are Coming ! : With an emphasis on Donovan , the Bee Gees and the Who . ( Part 6 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu. 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whiter Shade ' most played ' song '' . BBC News . 13 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Shades Rivals in UK Survey '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ The BRITs 1977 `` . Brits.co.uk . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame Award Grammy.org Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale Versions -- Martin 's Collection '' . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum Beyond The Pale '' by Claes Johansen , pp. 68 , 86 , SAF Publishing , London , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Kubernik 2017 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Simpson , The rough guide to cult pop , Page 249 . Rough Guides , 2003 , ISBN 1843532298 . 15 December 2003 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 229 - 3 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Claes Johansen , Procol Harum : beyond the pale , pp. 57 -- 62 . SAF Publishing , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 946719 - 28 - 4 . 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 946719 - 28 - 0 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous Keith Reid words '' . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Lives of the Great Songs , Tim de Lisle , Trafalgar Square , 1995 , ISBN 1 - 85793 - 374 - 5 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Reid , Keith & Brooker , Gary '' . Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920895 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Knowles , Elizabeth ( editor ) , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860720 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ratcliffe , Susan , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Reid , Keith '' . Oxford Dictionary of Phrase , Saying , & Quotation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280650 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Whiter shade of pale ' in common parlance '' . Retrieved 23 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Snowclones Database '' . Archived from the original on 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K ; Liberman , Mark ( 2006 ) . Far from the Madding Gerund and Other Dispatches from the Language Log . Wilsonville , Or. : William , James & Co . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59028 - 055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Holm - Hudson , Kevin ( 2008 ) . Genesis and The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway . Ashgate Publishing Ltd. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 6147 - 4 . Retrieved 8 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Irvin , Jim ( Summer 2005 ) . `` The Beatles : After Pepper '' . Mojo . Available at Rock 's Backpages ( subscription required ) . Jump up ^ Kubernik 2017 , pp. 149 , 191 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 -- 2004 . Record Research . p. 473 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 160 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` THE 100 GREATEST No. 1 SINGLES '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Hereford and Worcester - Places - Witley court '' . BBC . 14 July 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Alan ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Procol Harum '' . Shindig ! . p. 55 . Jump up ^ Noel Holston ( 12 December 1985 ) . `` Deja View Looks Into The ' 60s '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 27 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade Of Pale - Harry Dean Stanton - Procol Harum '' . Youtube. 21 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Deja View '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` A Whiter Shade of Pale authorship lawsuit '' . Retrieved 21 September 2006 . Jump up ^ BBC NEWS Entertainment Organist wins Procol Harum battle . Jump up ^ `` Judgment in the AWSoP lawsuit appeal , 4 April 2008 '' . Procolharum.com . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC - Procol Harum ruling is overturned . Jump up ^ BBC News , 6 November 2008 , Lords House to hear Procol battle ; www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Law Lords hear Harum song battle '' . BBC News . 22 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Bowcott , Owen ( 22 April 2009 ) . `` A Whiter Shade of Pale : House of Lords asked to rule in copyright wrangle '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 29 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Victory for Whiter Shade organist '' . BBC . 30 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Judgments -- Fisher ( Original Respondent and Cross-appellant ) v Brooker and others ( Original Appellants and Cross-respondents ) '' . 30 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Gendelman , David . `` Blogs : : Crawdaddy : : Paste '' . Crawdaddy.wolfgangsvault.com . Archived from the original on 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 7 , No. 24 , August 12 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 11 August 1967 Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Magazine Charts '' . www.poparchives.com.au . Barry McKay . January 2007 . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Top Singles of 1967 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 2736 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2743 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Annie Lennox '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Annie Lennox -- A Whiter Shade of Pale ... '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Lennox -- Chart history '' Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 for Annie Lennox . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dance Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Singles Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Kubernik , Harvey ( 2017 ) . 1967 : A Complete Rock Music History of the Summer of Love . New York , NY : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4549 - 2052 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics A Whiter Shade of Pale : authorised lyrics of all four verses `` Procol Harum : The ultimate tale of A Whiter Shade Of Pale '' , article on the song 's 40th anniversary , from Classic Rock magazine Bill Eyden Obituary Procol Harum -- A Whiter Shade Of Pale , live video from Eagle Rock Entertainment 's official channel on YouTube `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' Scopitone film on YouTube Preceded by `` Silence is Golden '' by The Tremeloes UK Singles Chart number one single 8 June 1967 -- 18 July 1967 ( six weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need Is Love '' by The Beatles Preceded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Ireland 1967 number one single 22 June 1967 -- 19 July 1967 ( five weeks ) Succeeded by `` Black Velvet Band '' by Johnny McEvoy Preceded by `` This is My Song '' by Petula Clark Australia 1967 number one single 8 July 1967 -- 28 July 1967 ( three weeks ) Succeeded by `` All You Need is Love / Baby , You 're a Rich Man '' by The Beatles Procol Harum Gary Brooker Geoff Dunn Matt Pegg Josh Phillips Geoff Whitehorn Dave Ball Graham Broad Dave Bronze Pete Brown Mark Brzezicki Alan Cartwright Chris Copping Matthew Fisher Mick Grabham Bobby Harrison David Knights Dee Murray Keith Reid Tim Renwick Ray Royer Don Snow Peter Solley Henry Spinetti Jerry Stevenson Robin Trower Ian Wallace B.J. Wilson Studio albums Procol Harum Shine On Brightly A Salty Dog Home Broken Barricades Grand Hotel Exotic Birds and Fruit Procol 's Ninth Something Magic The Prodigal Stranger The Well 's on Fire Novum Live albums Procol Harum Live : In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra One More Time -- Live in Utrecht 1992 Live at the Union Chapel One Eye to the Future -- Live in Italy 2007 Procol Harum -- In Concert With the Danish National Concert Orchestra and Choir The Spirit of Nøkken MMX Some Long Road as Liquorice John Death Ai n't Nothin ' to Get Excited About Songs `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Homburg '' `` A Salty Dog '' `` Conquistador '' Related articles Discography Guy Stevens The Paramounts Book : Procol Harum The Box Tops Rick Levy Gary Talley Bill Cunningham Ron Krasinski Barry Walsh Rick Allen Thomas Boggs Alex Chilton Harold Cloud John Evans Bobby Guidotti Gene Houston Rick Pipkin Joe Savage Swain Schaefer Danny Smythe Larry Spillman Studio albums The Letter / Neon Rainbow Cry Like a Baby Non-Stop Tear Off ! Compilation albums Super Hits The Greatest Hits The Ultimate Box Tops The Best of the Box Tops - Soul Deep Songs `` The Letter '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Neon Rainbow '' `` Cry Like a Baby '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' Related articles Big Star Bell Records Sundazed Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Whiter_Shade_of_Pale&oldid=803631770 '' Categories : Procol Harum songs 1967 singles Brit Award for British Single Debut singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Deram Records singles Arista Records singles Songs with lyrics by Keith Reid Song recordings produced by Denny Cordell Shorty Long songs Annie Lennox songs R.B. Greaves songs The Box Tops songs Songs written by Gary Brooker Popular songs based on classical works Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2010 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 18 : 08 . 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when was a whiter shade of pale recorded

`` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' is the debut song by the British rock band Procol Harum , released 12 May 1967 . The single reached number one in the UK Singles Chart on 8 June 1967 and stayed there for six weeks . Without much promotion , it reached number 5 on the Bilboard pop chart in the United States . One of the anthems of the 1967 Summer of Love , it is one of fewer than 30 singles to have sold over 10 million copies worldwide .

Love It or List It - wikipedia Love It or List It Jump to : navigation , search Love It or List It Genre Reality renovations , upgrading Created by Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Directed by Various Starring Hilary Farr David Visentin Narrated by Jacqueline Hennessy Theme music composer Lou Pomanti Country of origin Canada United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 10 No. of episodes 130 ( List of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Catherine Fogarty Producer ( s ) Maria Armstrong Location ( s ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada , Raleigh -- Durham , North Carolina , United States Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Big Coat Productions Release Original network W Network HGTV Original release September 8 , 2008 -- present External links Website Production website Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina . In September 2017 , HGTV ordered 20 additional episodes of the program . The next season is to start airing in July 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Host and crew 3 Episodes 4 Franchise 5 International syndication 6 Reception 7 Controversy 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Every episode of Love It or List It follows the same formula . A couple ( usually , but not in all cases ) presents their living situation in the current house that they own . In most episodes , the couple is split on whether or not they want to stay in the house . Interior designer Hilary Farr and real estate agent David Visentin tour the couple 's home before meeting with them . The tour usually consists of David finding mostly negative things to say about the residence while Hilary is convinced that she can work magic with whatever plans she is given . At the meetup between the couple and the hosts of the show , both Hilary and David are briefed as to what the couple 's desires are . Hilary is given a list of renovations the couple wants for the current house and her budget for the entire project . David , meanwhile , is tasked with searching for a new home for the couple that both meets their needs and stays within their desired budget . Common challenges faced by Hilary are an inadequate budget to complete the entire request list from the homeowners , often due to discovery of unforeseen issues with the house that are uncovered during the renovation such as lack of compliance with modern building codes . Common issues for David , meanwhile , depend on the homeowners ' desires ; for instance , the couple has children enrolled in the neighborhood school and they do not desire to change , or the potential house is too distant from family members or a workplace . After Hilary 's renovation is complete , the homeowners are given a tour of their current home to see what she was able to accomplish . After the tour , David meets with them and hands them an evaluation of the home 's current market value following the renovations . He will then remind the couple what they could have in one of the new homes they looked at and that they would not get that in their current home . After a moment to deliberate , Hilary and David pose a question to the homeowners . They must choose to either Love It , meaning that they will continue to live in their current home with the renovations , or to List It , meaning that they will buy one of the homes David showed them and sell their current home . After they reveal their decision , the homeowners explain their reasoning to Hilary and David ( who , if they decided to Love It , reacts with incredulity ) before bidding them farewell . Host and crew ( edit ) Hosts Hilary Farr -- Hilary Farr is a home designer from Toronto , Ontario . She has lived in Australia , England , California , and New York City . Farr honed her skills on properties in Los Angeles , Santa Barbara , New York and Toronto . When she first moved back to Toronto , she became the first designer to `` stage '' properties for sale . She continues to build and design homes in the downtown core where she herself owns properties . David Visentin -- David Visentin is a real estate agent in Southern Ontario with Country Living Realty Limited . He has been practicing since 1987 . Assistant Designer Desta Ostapyk ( Canadian episodes ) -- Desta is a Toronto - based designer who graduated in 2004 from the Toronto International Academy of Design and Technology in Interior Design , and has since focused on a career in the Television Industry . She first started working with Big Coat Productions during her last semester of school as an intern for HGTV 's hit series My Parents House . She soon became the Design Stylist for the show . Contractors Eric Eremita ( North Carolina episodes ) -- General contractor and designer Eric Eremita was selected to be the one and only general contractor on HGTV 's `` Love It or List It '' U.S. version , after HGTV network took notice of him when he competed in its `` Brother vs. Brother '' reality show . Eddie Richardson ( Canadian episodes ) -- Eddie Richardson was a contractor on Love It or List It who started his own family business . Richardson has also been a pro-beach volleyball player and professional bass fisherman . Fergus McLaren ( Canadian episodes ) -- Fergus McLaren started up his own construction company , R - Mac Solutions , 10 years ago . Behind the Scenes Architect : Simon West Senior Production Coordinator : Linda Johnstone Construction Coordinator : David Violante Construction Assistants : Chris Blinn , Adam Dalgarno , Ahren Mrowietz , Dale George Design Coordinator : Kaaveh Shoman Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Love It or List It episodes Season Start date End date Episodes Hilary wins David wins September 8 , 2008 January 5 , 2009 12 9 April 6 , 2009 December 7 , 2009 18 10 8 May 3 , 2010 November 8 , 2010 21 9 12 March 14 , 2011 November 11 , 2011 19 12 7 5 February 20 , 2012 November 19 , 2012 18 10 8 6 January 19 , 2013 July 1 , 2013 14 8 6 7 January 8 , 2014 April 9 , 2014 14 11 8 September 8 , 2014 January 19 , 2015 16 8 8 9 March 9 , 2015 December 7 , 2015 22 13 9 Total 154 90 64 Victories for Hilary are families or clients who decided to love their home and stay . Victories for David are families and clients who decided to list and move into a new or better home . Franchise ( edit ) Main article : Love It or List It ( franchise ) Love It or List It has spawned five spinoffs . The first , known as Love It or List It Vancouver ( or Love it or List it Too in the US ) , was launched in winter 2012 and is hosted by Jillian Harris and Todd Talbot . The second spin - off , a British version known as Love It or List It UK , debuted in 2015 , is hosted by Kirstie Allsopp and Phil Spencer . The third spin off , Love It or List It Vacation Homes debuted in spring 2016 and is hosted by Dan Vickery and Elisa Goldhawke . A fourth spin off , Vendre ou renover au Quebec debuted in January 2017 and is hosted by Maika Desnoyers and Daniel Corbin . The fifth spin off , Love It Or List It Australia debuted in September 2017 and is hosted by Andrew Winter and Neale Whittaker . International syndication ( edit ) Country / Region Name Television Network Dubbing / Subtitles Australia Love It or List It Lifestyle Home N / A Canada Love It or List It W Network N / A USA Love It or List It HGTV N / A Spain Tu casa a juicio Divinity Spanish Brazil Ame - a ou Deixe - a Discovery Home & Health Portuguese Norway Bolighjelpen TV 2 ( Norway ) Norwegian Bulgaria Podnovi ili proday Fox Life ( Bulgaria ) Bulgarian Italy Prendere o lasciare Cielo dubbed in Italian Reception ( edit ) On August 31 , 2010 , Love It or List It was nominated for two Gemini Awards : Best Reality Program or Series and Best Direction in a Reality Program or Series . When HGTV premiered the show on the network , the company stated that Love It or List It has been the highest rating reality series since Candice Olson 's Candice Tells All . In 2012 , New York Times ' columnist Gail Collins noted that it was US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton 's favorite TV show . According to Collins , Clinton finds the show `` very calming '' after being interviewed about her departure from politics . In a 2013 interview with Las Vegas Magazine , Vanna White from Wheel of Fortune said it was one of her favourite HGTV programs . Actress Julianne Moore also gave similar praise for the show in an interview with Katie Couric and the Daily Mail . According to the Wall Street Journal , the show and its Vancouver spinoff is one of Canada 's beloved reality series . Controversy ( edit ) In April 2016 , homeowners Deanna Murphy and Tim Sullivan who had participated in a 2015 Love It or List It episode filed suit against production company Big Coat TV , as well as the North Carolina contractor ( Aaron Fitz Construction ) who had been hired by the show to do the renovations on their home . The couple alleges that the renovation funds that they provided were not properly disbursed , and that the work on their home was done to a substandard quality . Moreover , the lawsuit states that the television personalities on the show do not play an active role in the renovation process , and that they were not shown homes on the market by any licensed North Carolina real estate agent . Big Coat TV has commented that they `` do intend to vigorously defend what ( they ) consider to be false allegations . '' The suit was settled in April 2017 . The plaintiffs had signed a confidentiality agreement ; their lawyer would not comment on the settlement . Big Coat had previously filed a countersuit for libel , slander and product disparagement ; parts of that suit had been dismissed by the time of the settlement but that was under appeal by Big Coat . After the agreements had been concluded , both suits were dismissed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatproductions.com/blog/post/love-it-or-list-it-is-on-the-move-to-the-us . Big Coat Productions . Retrieved 12 December 2014 Jump up ^ `` HGTV Orders 20 New Episodes of Hit Series ' Love It or List It ' Scripps Networks Interactive Newsroom '' . newsroom.scrippsnetworksinteractive.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; Hilary Farr `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Host Bios ; David Visentin `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Big Coat Productions '' . Big Coat Productions . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Love it or List it launches new spin off Jump up ^ `` Kirstie and Phil 's Love It or List It will return for a second series : Channel 4 orders six more episodes of the show to air in 2016 '' . Digital Spy. 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bigcoatmedia.com/ Jump up ^ http://www.hgtv.ca/tags/love-it-or-list-it-vacation-homes/ Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/tv/reality-tv/i-fear-pineapples-are-very-much-the-new-owls-love-it-or-list-it-hosts-kiss-and-tell-on-renos/news-story/935d73b586c68943a6a455f02354bef9 Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` HGTV Acquires Canadian Lifestyle Series ' Love It Or List It ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ W Network 's Top Rated Show ; http://corusent.com/home/Corporate/PressReleases/tabid/1697/Default.aspx?Id=2323 Jump up ^ Maga , Carly ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary Clinton 's favorite show is Canada 's ' Love It Or List It ' '' . Ca.omg.yahoo.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie . `` Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vanity Fair : Hillary Clinton 's Unlikely Favorite TV Show Revealed '' . Huffingtonpost.com . November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hillary Clinton likes ' Love It or List It ' '' . Politico.Com . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Love it or list it News , Video and Gossip '' . Jezebel . November 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Collins , Gail ( November 10 , 2012 ) . `` Hillary 's Next Move '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Q&A WITH VANNA WHITE '' . Las Vegas Magazine . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail . London http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2376232/Julianne-Moore-My-50s-important-years.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Julianne Moore Opens Up About Her Family '' . KatieCouric.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` W Network Announces Return of Home - grown Favourites in Fall 2013 Lineup '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html Jump up ^ CNN , Lisa Respers France . `` ' Love It or List It ' homeowners file suit '' . CNN . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love It Or List It ' homeowners sue over Raleigh renovation '' . miamiherald . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` '' Raleigh property owners settle lawsuit with ' Love It or List It ' `` '' . News & Observer . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article150134792.html Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/charlotte/bizwomen/news/latest-news/2017/05/lawsuit-against-producer-of-love-it-or-list-it.html External links ( edit ) Love It or List It on HGTV Love It or List It on W Network Love It or List It at the Internet Movie Database ( hide ) Love It or List It franchise Love It or List It Hosts Hilary Farr David Visentin Other Episodes Love It or List It Vancouver Hosts Jillian Harris Todd Talbot Love It or List It UK Hosts Kirstie Allsopp Phil Spencer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_It_or_List_It&oldid=834260200 '' Categories : Love It or List It 2008 Canadian television series debuts 2000s Canadian reality television series Television series produced in Toronto 2010s Canadian reality television series Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 19 : 27 . 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where is love it or list it shot

Love It or List It is a Canadian home design TV show currently airing on HGTV , W Network , and on OWN Canada , and is the original show in the Love it or List It franchise . The show is produced by Big Coat Productions and was based in Toronto and other surrounding areas in Ontario , Canada . The show premiered as a primetime program on W Network on September 8 , 2008 , and has since aired on OWN Canada as well as HGTV in the United States . In September 2014 , the show began filming in the United States in North Carolina .

2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships - wikipedia 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships Jump to : navigation , search 2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships Type : National Championship Date : December 29 -- January 8 Season : 2017 -- 18 Location : San Jose , California Host : U.S. Figure Skating Venue : SAP Center Champions Men 's singles : Nathan Chen ( S ) Camden Pulkinen ( J ) Ladies ' singles : Bradie Tennell ( S ) Alysa Liu ( J ) Pair skating : Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim ( S ) Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov ( J ) Ice dancing : Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue ( S ) Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko ( J ) Navigation Previous : 2017 U.S. Championships Next : 2019 U.S. Championships The 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships were held from December 29 , 2017 -- January 8 , 2018 at the SAP Center in San Jose , California . Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men 's singles , ladies singles , pair skating , and ice dancing at the senior , junior , novice , intermediate , and juvenile levels . The results were part of the U.S. selection criteria for the 2018 Winter Olympics , 2018 Four Continents Championships , 2018 World Junior Championships , and the 2018 World Championships . San Jose was announced as the host in August 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Qualifying 2 Schedule 3 Medal summary 3.1 Senior 3.2 Junior 3.3 Novice 3.4 Intermediate 3.5 Juvenile 4 Senior results 4.1 Senior men 4.2 Senior ladies 4.3 Senior pairs 4.4 Senior ice dance 5 Junior results 5.1 Junior men 5.2 Junior ladies 5.3 Junior pairs 5.4 Junior ice dance 6 Novice results 6.1 Novice men 6.2 Novice ladies 6.3 Novice pairs 6.4 Novice ice dance 7 International team selections 7.1 Winter Olympics 7.2 World Championships 7.3 Four Continents 7.4 World Junior Championships 8 References 9 External links Qualifying ( edit ) Competitors qualified at regional and sectional competitions held from October to November 2017 or earned a bye . Date Event Type Location Results October 4 -- 8 , 2017 North Atlantic Regional Hackensack , New Jersey October 4 -- 8 , 2017 Upper Great Lakes Regional Blaine , Minnesota October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Northwest Pacific Regional Eugene , Oregon October 11 -- 15 , 2017 South Atlantic Regional Aston , Pennsylvania October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Southwestern Regional Fort Collins , Colorado October 11 -- 15 , 2017 Southwest Pacific Regional Ontario , California October 18 -- 22 , 2017 New England Regional Westborough , Massachusetts October 18 -- 22 , 2017 Eastern Great Lakes Regional Antioch , Tennessee October 18 -- 22 , 2017 Central Pacific Regional Salt Lake City , Utah November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Eastern Sectional Boxborough , Massachusetts November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Midwestern Sectional Bloomington , Minnesota November 15 -- 19 , 2017 Pacific Coast Sectional Spokane , Washington December 29 , 2017 -- January 7 , 2018 U.S. Championships Final San Jose , California In late December 2017 , U.S. Figure Skating published the list of skaters who had qualified or received a bye . Schedule ( edit ) The competition took place over ten days . All times are in PST . Date Time Event Segment December 29 9 : 10 AM Juvenile girls Free skate 10 : 45 AM Juvenile boys 12 : 30 PM Juvenile pairs 3 : 00 PM Intermediate pairs Short program 4 : 45 PM Intermediate ladies 6 : 30 PM Intermediate men December 30 2 : 45 PM Intermediate pairs Free skate 4 : 45 PM Intermediate ladies 6 : 30 PM Intermediate men December 31 10 : 30 AM Juvenile dance Pattern dance 1 ( Foxtrot ) 11 : 45 AM Pattern dance 2 ( Cha Cha ) 7 : 00 PM Junior pairs Short program 8 : 55 PM Junior ladies January 1 9 : 30 AM Intermediate dance Pattern dance 1 ( Tango ) 10 : 45 AM Pattern dance 2 ( Fourteenstep ) 12 : 10 PM Junior men Short program 2 : 15 PM Juvenile dance Free dance 4 : 05 PM Novice dance Pattern dance 1 ( Argentine tango ) 5 : 20 PM Pattern dance 2 ( Quickstep ) 6 : 45 PM Novice pairs Short program January 2 8 : 50 AM Novice ladies Short program 10 : 30 AM Novice men 12 : 10 PM Intermediate dance Free dance 12 : 30 PM Junior pairs Free skate 3 : 30 PM Novice pairs 6 : 15 PM Novice dance Free dance 7 : 50 PM Junior ladies Free skate January 3 8 : 15 AM Novice ladies Free skate 10 : 15 AM Junior men 1 : 00 PM Junior dance Short dance 3 : 15 PM Novice men Free skate 6 : 35 PM Senior ladies Short program January 4 9 : 50 AM Junior dance Free dance 1 : 00 PM Senior pairs Short program 5 : 40 PM Senior men January 5 1 : 10 PM Senior dance Short dance 3 : 45 PM Senior ladies Free skate January 6 11 : 45 AM Senior pairs Free skate 3 : 45 PM Senior men January 7 12 : 30 PM Senior dance Free dance Medal summary ( edit ) Senior ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Nathan Chen Ross Miner Vincent Zhou Adam Rippon Ladies Bradie Tennell Mirai Nagasu Karen Chen Ashley Wagner Pairs Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Ice dancing Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani Madison Chock / Evan Bates Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Junior ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Camden Pulkinen Dinh Tran Maxim Naumov Ryan Dunk Ladies Alysa Liu Pooja Kalyan Ting Cui Hanna Harrell Pairs Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe Ice dancing Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko Caroline Green / Gordon Green Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Novice ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Goku Endo Max Lake Nicholas Hsieh Lucas Altieri Ladies Beverly Zhu Emilea Zingas Violeta Ushakova Calista Choi Pairs Jade Hom / Franz - Peter Jerosch Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt Ice dancing Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov Intermediate ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Maxim Zharkov Matthew Nielsen Liam Kapeikis William Annis Ladies Indi Cha Alyssa Chan Arianna Concepcion Alena Budko Pairs Zoe Larson / Nick Hubbart Cate Fleming / Jedidiah Isbell Katie Luong / Nathan Luong Sydney Flaum / Cayden McKenzie - Cook Ice dancing Elliana Peal / Ethan Peal Claire Cain / Andrei Davydov Anna Gissibl / Alexander Colucci Nastia Efimova / Jonathan Zhao Juvenile ( edit ) Discipline Gold Silver Bronze Pewter Men Keita Horiko Jacob Sanchez Nhat - Viet Nguyen Andriy Kratyuk Ladies Isabeau Levito Clara Kim Macie Rolf Madeleine Park Pairs Natasha Mishkutionok / Daniel Tioumentsev Nadia Wang / Jaden Schwab Dalila DeLaura / Ryan Xie Megan Voigt / Levon Davis Ice dancing Jenna Hauer / Benjamin Starr Zoe Sensenbrenner / Matthew Sperry Kristina Bland / Gabriel Francis Emma L'Esperance / Mika Amdour Senior results ( edit ) Senior men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Nathan Chen Salt Lake Figure Skating 315.23 104.45 210.78 Ross Miner SC of Boston 274.51 6 88.91 185.60 Vincent Zhou SC of San Francisco 273.83 5 89.02 184.81 Adam Rippon SC of New York 268.34 96.52 171.82 5 Grant Hochstein SC of New York 255.31 92.18 5 163.13 6 Jason Brown Skokie Valley SC 253.68 93.23 6 160.45 7 Timothy Dolensky Atlanta FSC 236.33 7 85.06 9 151.27 8 Alexander Johnson Braemar - City of Lakes FSC 232.62 10 79.60 8 153.02 9 Max Aaron Broadmoor SC 224.20 12 74.95 10 149.25 10 Alexei Krasnozhon Stars FSC of Texas 223.58 8 82.58 13 141.00 11 Jimmy Ma SC of New York 222.41 11 75.28 11 147.13 12 Tomoki Hiwatashi DuPage FSC 217.53 15 63.48 7 154.05 13 Andrew Torgashev Panthers FSC 217.01 9 81.32 14 135.69 14 Sean Rabbitt Glacier Falls FSC 214.53 13 73.29 12 141.24 15 Jordan Moeller Northern Ice SC 180.21 20 55.35 15 124.86 16 Ben Jalovick Centennial 7k SC 178.33 19 56.12 16 122.21 17 Daniel Kulenkamp FSC of Southern California 177.95 18 60.15 17 117.80 18 Emmanuel Savary University of Delaware FSC 177.13 14 64.65 18 112.48 19 Sebastien Payannet Los Angeles FSC 172.89 16 61.29 20 111.60 20 Scott Dyer All Year FSC 172.04 17 60.17 19 111.87 21 Kevin Shum SC of Boston 163.33 21 52.04 21 111.29 Senior ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Bradie Tennell Skokie Valley SC 219.51 73.79 145.72 Mirai Nagasu Pasadena FSC 213.84 73.09 140.75 Karen Chen Peninsula SC 198.59 69.48 129.11 Ashley Wagner SC of Wilmington 196.19 5 65.94 130.25 5 Mariah Bell Rocky Mountain FSC 192.34 6 65.18 6 127.16 6 Starr Andrews Los Angeles FSC 189.91 8 62.55 5 127.36 7 Angela Wang Salt Lake Figure Skating 188.01 67.00 7 121.01 8 Amber Glenn Dallas FSC 168.06 9 61.62 9 106.44 9 Courtney Hicks All Year FSC 165.48 11 57.81 8 107.67 10 Tessa Hong Los Angeles FSC 156.86 13 55.82 11 101.04 11 Caroline Zhang All Year FSC 156.38 10 60.29 14 96.09 12 Franchesca Chiera Panthers FSC 150.99 14 53.85 13 97.14 13 Hannah Miller Lansing SC 149.14 12 57.57 16 91.57 14 Kaitlyn Nguyen Los Angeles FSC 146.20 17 46.30 12 99.90 15 Brynne McIsaac Broadmoor SC 145.54 20 43.97 10 101.57 16 Emmy Ma SC of Boston 138.02 18 45.55 15 92.47 17 Megan Wessenberg SC of Boston 131.73 22 40.90 17 90.83 18 Katie McBeath Westminster FSC of Erie 124.64 15 48.53 18 76.11 19 Vivian Le Los Angeles FSC 122.60 16 46.65 19 75.95 20 Emily Chan Dallas FSC 104.43 19 44.79 20 59.64 21 ! WD Polina Edmunds Peninsula SC 63.78 7 63.78 withdrew from competition 22 ! WD Ashley Lin Dallas FSC 42.33 21 42.33 withdrew from competition Senior pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim DuPage FSC / Broadmoor SC 206.60 71.10 135.50 Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 200.80 68.93 131.87 Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 197.65 67.84 129.81 Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 187.14 8 60.03 127.11 5 Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier SC of New York / All Year FSC 186.32 63.63 5 122.69 6 Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran SC of Boston / SC of Boston 182.38 6 60.75 6 121.63 7 Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson Orange County FSC / Detroit SC 167.47 5 62.35 9 105.12 8 Jessica Pfund / Joshua Santillan Southwest Florida FSC / All Year FSC 163.62 7 60.52 10 103.10 9 Jessica Calalang / Zack Sidhu DuPage FSC / Las Vegas FSC 162.23 12 50.43 7 111.80 10 Erika Smith / AJ Reiss SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 159.03 11 50.95 8 108.08 11 Nica Digerness / Danny Neudecker Broadmoor SC / Seattle SC 154.10 9 53.78 11 100.32 12 Winter Deardorff / Max Settlage Northern Kentucky SC / Broadmoor SC 145.66 10 51.15 13 94.51 13 Caitlin Fields / Ernie Utah Stevens Indiana World Sk Acad FSC / Indiana World Sk Acad FSC 142.12 13 45.49 12 96.63 14 Alexandria Yao / Jacob Simon Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC 128.12 15 40.97 14 87.15 15 Allison Timlen / Justin Highgate - Brutman Columbia FSC ( MD ) / St. Clair Shores FSC 126.05 14 41.70 15 84.35 Senior ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SD FD Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Lansing SC / Lansing SC 197.12 79.10 118.02 Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani SC of New York / SC of New York 196.93 82.33 114.60 Madison Chock / Evan Bates All Year FSC / Ann Arbor FSC 196.60 77.61 118.99 Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Detroit SC / Seattle SC 187.61 73.18 114.43 5 Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons Washington FSC / Washington FSC 176.07 5 72.69 6 103.38 6 Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter Peninsula SC / Washington FSC 175.19 6 69.16 5 106.03 7 Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit Peninsula SC / Skokie Valley SC 167.98 7 66.41 7 101.57 8 Alexandra Aldridge / Daniel Eaton Detroit SC / Ann Arbor FSC 153.93 8 61.21 8 92.72 9 Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson Coyotes SC of Arizona / Broadmoor SC 151.00 9 58.29 9 92.71 10 Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge SC of Wilmington / IceWorks SC 136.37 10 54.53 10 81.84 11 Elicia Reynolds / Stephen Reynolds Ice Line FSC / Ice Line FSC 110.92 11 40.92 11 70.00 12 Cassidy Klopstock / Jacob Schedl Centennial 7k SC / University of Delaware FSC 89.28 12 37.16 12 52.12 13 Ashley Bain / Oleg Altukhov North Jersey FSC / North County FSC 79.42 13 31.17 13 48.25 Junior results ( edit ) Junior men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Camden Pulkinen Broadmoor SC 219.29 67.88 151.41 Dinh Tran SC of San Francisco 199.95 67.28 132.67 Maxim Naumov SC of Boston 179.00 64.07 114.93 Ryan Dunk Baltimore FSC 172.68 10 53.43 119.25 5 Tony Lu North Jersey FSC 166.57 62.43 7 104.14 6 Alex Wellman Broadmoor SC 160.69 8 56.23 6 104.46 7 Paul Yeung All Year FSC 158.71 11 53.30 5 105.41 8 Sasha Lunin Fort Wayne ISC 148.67 9 54.86 8 93.81 9 Peter Liu SC of Wilmington 143.63 5 58.33 11 85.30 10 Patrick Frohling All Year FSC 138.43 12 52.22 10 86.21 11 Kendrick Weston Salt Lake Figure Skating 136.83 6 58.10 12 78.73 12 Justin Wichmann Dallas FSC 135.95 13 48.05 9 87.90 13 Luke Ferrante SC of Huntsville 129.58 7 56.48 13 73.10 Junior ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Alysa Liu St. Moritz ISC 184.16 63.83 120.33 Pooja Kalyan Ozark FSC 166.53 54.55 111.98 Ting Cui Baltimore FSC 165.51 11 45.55 119.96 Hanna Harell Dallas FSC 154.36 5 52.10 102.26 5 Emily Zhang Richmond FSC 149.83 56.97 8 92.86 6 Gabriella Izzo SC of Boston 148.04 55.19 7 93.05 7 Angelina Huang St. Peters FSA 143.84 6 51.27 9 92.57 8 Akari Nakahara All Year FSC 143.41 7 49.12 6 94.29 9 Audrey Shin SC of New York 140.50 10 46.05 5 94.45 10 Emma Coppess All Year FSC 139.30 8 48.08 10 91.22 11 Lily Sun Peninsula SC 137.75 9 47.38 11 90.37 12 Jenna Shi Arctic FSC 114.50 12 44.20 12 70.30 Junior pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Dallas FSC / Dallas FSC 173.31 60.80 112.51 Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman SC of San Francisco / Broadmoor SC 155.57 58.37 97.20 Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow DuPage FSC / DuPage FSC 153.04 58.67 94.37 Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe SC of New York / Los Angeles FSC 135.96 5 46.58 89.38 5 Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 132.90 52.18 5 80.72 6 Ainsley Peterson / Griffin Schwab All Year FSC / SC of New York 124.21 6 45.86 6 78.35 7 Sarah Rose / Ian Meyh Southwest Florida FSC / Southwest Florida FSC 115.54 9 39.48 7 76.06 8 Evelyn Grace Hanns / Kristofer Ogren Broadmoor SC / Kansas City FSC 114.62 7 43.85 9 70.77 9 Meiryla Findley / Matthew Rounis Broadmoor SC / Los Angeles FSC 113.82 8 40.74 8 73.08 10 Eliana Secunda / Blake Eisenach Rocky Mountain FSC / Rocky Mountain FSC 100.74 10 37.14 10 63.60 11 Sapphire Jaeckel / Matthew Scoralle Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC 88.92 11 35.35 12 53.57 12 Cora DeWyre / Jacob Nussle Ice House Skating Academy / Ice House Skating Academy 85.44 12 27.56 11 57.88 13 Juliette Erickson / Nathan Grundhofer SC of Boston / St. Moritz ISC 64.86 13 24.67 13 40.19 Junior ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SD FD Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko SC of New York / SC of San Francisco 159.18 68.70 90.48 Caroline Green / Gordon Green Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC 146.72 63.14 83.58 Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye All Year FSC / SC of New York 143.21 62.14 81.07 Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Pavilion SC of Cleveland Heights / Washington FSC 138.90 61.13 5 77.77 5 Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik Washington FSC / SC of Novi 134.31 7 54.02 80.29 6 Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein Washington FSC / Washington FSC 132.89 5 56.31 6 76.58 7 Jocelyn Haines / James Koszuta Buffalo SC / Glacier Falls FSC 126.59 6 55.69 7 70.90 8 Alina Efimova / Alexander Petrov Peninsula SC / Hershey FSC 120.92 8 52.06 8 68.86 9 Katarina DelCamp / Maxwell Gart Dallas FSC / All Year FSC 116.65 9 50.26 10 66.39 10 Isabelle Amoia / Luca Becker SC of Novi / Washington FSC 116.08 10 49.50 9 66.58 11 Sophia Elder / Christopher Elder Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy 111.02 11 49.14 12 61.88 12 Molly Cesanek / Nikolay Usanov SC of Novi / SC of San Francisco 106.60 13 44.04 11 62.56 13 Allie Rose / JT Michel Philadelphia SC & HS / Louisville Skating Academy 103.55 12 45.11 13 58.44 Novice results ( edit ) Novice men ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Goku Endo Los Angeles FSC 156.14 54.11 102.03 Max Lake All Year FSC 155.77 52.66 103.11 Nicholas Hsieh SC of Wilmington 151.64 56.75 6 94.89 Lucas Altieri Panthers FSC 144.63 48.65 95.98 5 Chase Finster Northern Kentucky SC 142.44 9 41.40 101.04 6 Nathan Chapple Shaker FSC 140.60 7 44.74 5 95.86 7 Jordan Evans University of Delaware FSC 136.74 5 45.39 8 91.35 8 Jonathan Yang St. Paul FSC 136.50 6 44.85 7 91.65 9 Henry Privett - Mendoza Pasadena FSC 119.08 8 42.88 10 76.20 10 Daniel Argueta Texas Gulf Coast FSC 116.83 12 36.04 9 80.79 11 Joshua Simkin FSC of Southern California 112.09 11 36.75 11 75.34 12 Eric Prober Pines FSC 105.14 10 40.21 12 64.93 Novice ladies ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Beverly Zhu All Year FSC 167.69 54.91 112.78 Emilea Zingas St. Clair Shores FSC 132.68 6 43.43 89.25 Violeta Ushakova SC of New York 131.52 46.76 5 84.76 Calista Choi Skokie Valley SC 131.20 10 40.90 90.30 5 Noelle Rosa Salt Lake Figure Skating 130.86 5 44.22 86.64 6 Sophia Chouinard Panthers FSC 125.99 8 42.03 6 83.96 7 Christina Lin Murray Silver Blades FSC 125.58 48.29 8 77.29 8 Sarah Jung Columbia FSC ( MD ) 123.08 9 41.68 7 81.40 9 Jessica Lin Dallas FSC 118.50 7 42.50 10 76.00 10 Ariela Masarsky DuPage FSC 117.79 45.75 11 72.04 11 Maddie Weiler SC of Boston 117.56 11 40.71 9 76.85 12 ! WD Amie Miyagi Salt Lake Figure Skating 33.45 12 33.45 withdrew from competition Novice pairs ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total SP FS Jade Hom / Franz - Peter Jerosch Colonial FSC / North Atlantic FSC 126.99 46.67 80.32 Joanna Hubbart / William Hubbart Champions ' Edge SC / Champions ' Edge SC 118.31 7 40.31 78.00 Masha Mokhova / Ivan Mokhov Lansing SC / Lansing SC 116.64 43.70 5 72.94 Ellie McClellan / Jim Garbutt Champions ' Edge SC / Champions ' Edge SC 113.84 8 40.04 73.80 5 Hilary Asher / Nathaniel Dennler Lone Star FSC / Colonial FSC 112.84 41.19 6 71.65 6 Ashley Haywood / Alec Schmitt Lakewood Winter Club / Bremerton FSC 110.74 10 36.57 74.17 7 Jasmine Fendi / Joshua Fendi Los Angeles FSC / Los Angeles FSC 110.03 41.30 7 68.73 8 Isabelle Goldstein / Keyton Bearinger Detroit SC / Detroit SC 106.90 5 40.51 9 66.39 9 Georgia Bush / Timmy Chapman Central Florida FSC / Central Florida FSC 106.36 9 38.85 8 67.51 10 Sarah Burden / Jake Pagano Broadmoor SC / Nashville FSC 106.17 6 40.41 10 65.76 11 Isabelle Martins / Ryan Bedard Chicago FSC / Northern Ice SC 94.75 11 35.33 11 59.42 12 Paige Ruggeri / Christopher Aaron Garden State SC / Hudson Valley FSC 86.76 12 30.82 12 55.94 13 Milena Markin / Matthew Essigmann Los Angeles FSC / Ithaca Area FSA 69.55 13 24.42 13 45.13 Novice ice dance ( edit ) Rank Name Club Total PD1 PD2 FD Katarina Wolfkostin / Howard Zhao Peninsula SC / Detroit SC 122.41 24.16 24.71 73.54 Gianna Buckley / Jeffrey Chen Seattle SC / Peninsula SC 116.77 26.50 25.64 64.63 Caroline Liu / Kenan Slevira Hickory Hill FSC / All Year FSC 115.56 23.42 24.65 67.49 Elizabeth Tkachenko / Alexei Kiliakov Washington FSC / Washington FSC 112.95 24.12 23.98 64.85 5 Oona Brown / Gage Brown SC of New York / SC of New York 106.48 6 22.50 10 18.43 65.55 6 Isabel Blahunka / Will Shawver Louisville Skating Academy / Louisville Skating Academy 99.68 5 22.52 6 20.27 8 56.89 7 Maxine Weatherby / Dmitry Bogomol Los Angeles FSC / Pines FSC 99.11 9 20.55 8 19.58 6 58.98 8 Cordelia Pride / Benjamin Lawless All Year FSC / Philadelphia SC & HS 96.43 8 21.09 5 21.67 10 53.67 9 Anna Pettersson / TJ Carey Colonial FSC / SC of Boston 94.40 10 19.92 7 20.25 9 54.23 10 Jordan Lin / Morgan Sletten Washington FSC / Washington FSC 93.68 12 17.56 9 19.20 7 56.92 11 Paulina Brykalova / Daniel Brykalov St. Paul FSC / St. Paul FSC 90.16 7 21.93 12 16.37 11 51.86 12 Isabella Flores / Mikhail Gumba Broadmoor SC / Broadmoor SC 86.84 11 19.42 11 16.93 12 50.49 International team Selections ( edit ) Winter Olympics ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Winter Olympics on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Nathan Chen Karen Chen Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Madison Chock / Evan Bates Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Vincent Zhou Bradie Tennell Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani 1st alt . Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker 2nd alt . Ross Miner Mariah Bell Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter 3rd alt . Max Aaron Angela Wang Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons The selections for the team event at the Olympics were as follows : Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing SP / SD Nathan Chen Bradie Tennell Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani FS / FD Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu World Championships ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Nathan Chen Karen Chen Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Madison Chock / Evan Bates Adam Rippon Mirai Nagasu Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue Vincent Zhou Bradie Tennell Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani 1st alt . Jason Brown Ashley Wagner Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker 2nd alt . Ross Miner Mariah Bell Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter 3rd alt . Max Aaron Angela Wang Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons Four Continents ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 Four Continents Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Max Aaron Starr Andrews Ashley Cain / Timothy LeDuc Kaitlin Hawayek / Jean - Luc Baker Jason Brown Mariah Bell Tarah Kayne / Danny O'Shea Lorraine McNamara / Quinn Carpenter Ross Miner ( withdrew ) Ashley Wagner ( withdrew ) Deanna Stellato / Nathan Bartholomay Rachel Parsons / Michael Parsons 1st alt . Grant Hochstein ( called up ) Angela Wang ( called up ) Haven Denney / Brandon Frazier Elliana Pogrebinsky / Alex Benoit 2nd alt . Timothy Dolensky Amber Glenn Marissa Castelli / Mervin Tran Karina Manta / Joseph Johnson 3rd alt . Alexander Johnson Courtney Hicks Chelsea Liu / Brian Johnson Julia Biechler / Damian Dodge World Junior Championships ( edit ) U.S. Figure Skating began announcing the team for the 2018 World Junior Championships on January 6 , 2018 . Men Ladies Pairs Ice dancing Tomoki Hiwatashi Starr Andrews ( withdrew ) Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko Alexei Krasnozhon Ting Cui Sarah Feng / TJ Nyman Caroline Green / Gordon Green Camden Pulkinen Chloe Lewis / Logan Bye Alt . Maxim Naumov Hanna Harrell Laiken Lockley / Keenan Prochnow Eliana Gropman / Ian Somerville Alt . Andrew Torgashev Tessa Hong Nadine Wang / Spencer Howe Avonley Nguyen / Vadym Kolesnik Alt . Dinh Tran Emmy Ma ( called up ) Elli Kopmar / Jonah Barrett Emma Gunter / Caleb Wein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` San Jose Selected To Host 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships '' . usfsa.org. 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 North Atlantic Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Upper Great Lakes Regional Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Northwest Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 South Atlantic Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Southwestern Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Southwest Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 New England Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Eastern Great Lakes Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Central Pacific Regional FS Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Eastern Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Midwestern Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Pacific Coast Sectional Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Prudential U.S. Figure Skating Championships '' . U.S. Figure Skating . Jump up ^ `` Qualifiers '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Figure Skating . December 21 , 2017 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Schedule '' . sapcenter.com . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . `` Schedule , PDF '' ( PDF ) . sapcenter.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Men 's Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ladies Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 6 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Pairs Nomination for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ice Dance Nominations for 2018 U.S. Olympic Figure Skating Team '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Men 's Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ladies Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 6 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Pairs Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Figure Skating Announces Ice Dance Selections for World , Four Continents and World Junior Teams '' . U.S. Figure Skating . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Results at U.S. Figure Skating ( hide ) U.S. Figure Skating Championships 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2017 -- 18 figure skating season Olympics Qualification Men 's singles Ladies ' singles Pair skating Ice dancing Team event ISU Championships European Championships Four Continents Championships World Junior Championships World Championships ISU Grand Prix Rostelecom Cup Skate Canada International Cup of China NHK Trophy Internationaux de France Skate America Grand Prix Final ISU Challenger Series U.S. Classic Lombardia Trophy Autumn Classic Ondrej Nepela Trophy Nebelhorn Trophy Finlandia Trophy Minsk - Arena Ice Star Warsaw Cup Tallinn Trophy Golden Spin of Zagreb Junior internationals ISU Junior Grand Prix Junior Grand Prix Final National championships Canada China Germany Japan Russia South Korea United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_U.S._Figure_Skating_Championships&oldid=828395028 '' Categories : U.S. Figure Skating Championships December 2017 sports events in the United States January 2018 sports events in the United States Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 08 : 03 . 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2018 U.S. Figure Skating Championships Type : National Championship Date : December 29 -- January 8 Season : 2017 -- 18 Location : San Jose , California Host : U.S. Figure Skating Venue : SAP Center Champions Men 's singles : Nathan Chen ( S ) Camden Pulkinen ( J ) Ladies ' singles : Bradie Tennell ( S ) Alysa Liu ( J ) Pair skating : Alexa Scimeca Knierim / Chris Knierim ( S ) Audrey Lu / Misha Mitrofanov ( J ) Ice dancing : Madison Hubbell / Zachary Donohue ( S ) Christina Carreira / Anthony Ponomarenko ( J ) Navigation Previous : 2017 U.S. Championships Next : 2019 U.S. Championships

All by Myself - wikipedia All by Myself For other uses , see All by Myself ( disambiguation ) . `` All by Myself '' Single by Eric Carmen from the album Eric Carmen B - side `` Everything '' Released December 1 , 1975 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop soft rock Length 7 : 10 ( album version ) 4 : 22 ( single edit ) Label Arista Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Producer ( s ) Jimmy Ienner Eric Carmen singles chronology `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1975 ) `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' ( 1976 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic No rating `` All by Myself '' is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975 . The verse is based on the second movement ( Adagio sostenuto ) of Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor , Opus 18 . The chorus is borrowed from the song `` Let 's Pretend '' , which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972 . The song was the first released on Carmen 's first solo LP after leaving the power pop group the Raspberries and was released as the first single in December 1975 , to great acclaim . It reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 behind The Miracles ' `` Love Machine '' and The Four Seasons ' `` December , 1963 ( Oh What a Night ) '' , number 1 on Cash Box Top 100 Singles and number 3 in Canada . The single sold more than one million copies in the United States and was certified gold by the RIAA in April 1976 . `` All By Myself '' was Carmen 's first of eight US Top 40 hits . In the UK , however , this was his only Top 40 success , peaking at number 12 . In a 2006 poll for UK 's Five programme Britain 's Favourite Break - up Songs , Eric Carmen 's version of this song was voted seventeenth . Rachmaninoff 's music was in the public domain in the United States and Carmen thought no copyright existed on it , but it was still protected outside the U.S. Subsequent to the release of the album , he was contacted by the Rachmaninoff estate and informed otherwise . An agreement was reached in which the estate would receive 12 percent of the royalties from `` All by Myself '' as well as from `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' , which was based on the third movement from Rachmaninoff 's Symphony No. 2 . Carmen has stated that he also incorporated part of another melody into this song . The melody was taken from his previous hit with the Raspberries , `` Let 's Pretend . '' Carmen 's original version has spawned numerous cover versions by such artists as Rico J. Puno in 1976 , Celine Dion in 1996 , Frank Sinatra , Igudesman & Joo , Il Divo , and Only Men Aloud ! . The slide guitar solo was performed by famed studio guitarist Hugh McCracken . Contents ( hide ) 1 Television performance 2 Chart performance 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Celine Dion version 3.1 Critical reception 3.2 Charts 3.2. 1 Weekly charts 3.2. 2 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications and sales 3.4 Release history 4 Other cover versions 5 Use in popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Television performance ( edit ) Carmen performed `` All By Myself '' and his follow - up hit , `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again , '' on The Midnight Special television program on July 23 , 1976 ( season 4 , episode 37 ) . The show was hosted by The Spinners . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1975 -- 76 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 7 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 15 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles Canadian Adult Contemporary Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) 9 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 12 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Cash Box Top 100 US Record World Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1976 ) Rank Australia 67 Canada ( RPM ) Top Singles 54 US Billboard Hot 100 40 US Cash Box 41 Celine Dion version ( edit ) `` All by Myself '' Single by Celine Dion from the album Falling into You Released October 7 , 1996 Format CD single cassette single Recorded 1995 : The Record Plant , Compass Point , Capitol Studios Genre Pop , soft rock Length 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 30 ( single version ) 3 : 54 ( radio edit ) Label Columbia Epic Songwriter ( s ) Eric Carmen Sergei Rachmaninoff Producer ( s ) David Foster Celine Dion singles chronology `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) `` The Power of the Dream '' ( 1996 ) `` All by Myself '' ( 1996 ) `` Les derniers seront les premiers '' ( 1996 ) Music video `` All by Myself '' on YouTube One of the most notable cover versions of `` All by Myself '' was recorded by Celine Dion in 1996 . It was the fourth ( or third , depending on the country ) hit single from her album Falling into You . Produced by David Foster at Compass Point Studios in The Bahamas , it was released on October 7 , 1996 in Europe , January 13 , 1997 in Australia , and March 11 , 1997 in North America . There were three music videos made . The first one was released in October 1996 . It contains fragments from Dion 's photo session for the Falling into You album cover and some scenes from her Live à Paris concert . It was made for the single version and it was directed by Nigel Dick . The second version was made for the UK market with the same white T - shirt scenes but adding footage of a young couple in love at Christmas time , instead of scenes from Dion 's concert . This was made for the album version . Finally , a live music video was released in March 1997 in North America ( from the 1996 concert in Montreal ) . Dion performed this song many times during world tours , TV shows and music events such as the Grammy Awards ( 1997 ) , Billboard Music Awards ( 1997 ) and Bambi Awards ( 1996 ) . A performance from her 2008 - 2009 Taking Chances Tour can be found on the Taking Chances World Tour : The Concert DVD / CD . It is currently included in the set list of Dion 's Las Vegas residency show Céline which premiered on March 15 , 2011 . The song was also performed during the 2013 Sans attendre Tour ; the Quebec City performance was included in the Céline ... une seule fois / Live 2013 CD / DVD . The song was also performed in Dion 's 2017 European tour . Dion also recorded a Spanish version of `` All by Myself , '' called `` Sola otra vez '' ( English : By Myself Again ) . It was added to the Falling into You Latin American / Spanish edition , and as a B - side to other singles from that album . This version became available worldwide on Dion 's later compilation The Collector 's Series , Volume One . The CD single was released in 1996 in Brazil only . Dion 's `` Sola otra vez '' was selected the number one Spanish language cover of an English pop song by TheSpanishVersion.Org . The `` All by Myself '' single became one of Dion 's biggest hits in the United States , reaching number 1 on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks ( for three weeks ) and the Latin Pop Airplay ( two weeks ) . It peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 ( number 7 on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay and number 5 on the Hot 100 Singles Sales ) . It was also a top 10 hit in France , United Kingdom , Wallonia in Belgium and the Republic of Ireland . In Canada , `` All by Myself '' was released as a promotional single only , hitting number 1 on the Adult Contemporary Chart . `` All by Myself '' was certified gold in the US ( 500,000 ) , and silver in the UK ( 200,000 ) and France ( 165,000 ) . The track was included on some editions of Dion 's greatest hits All the Way ... A Decade of Song in 1999 and on My Love : Essential Collection in 2008 . This version also features on the ITV game show Take Me Out if the contestant leaves the show without a date . Critical reception ( edit ) Dion 's cover received positive reviews . New York Times editor Stephen Holden wrote that the remake , along with `` Because You Loved Me , '' `` are the strongest cuts on an album crammed with formulaic romantic bombast . '' Dave Sholin from the Gavin Report commented : `` Demand by both programmers and the public for this rendition of Eric Carmen 's 1976 smash made it the obvious choice to be the third single lifted off Celine 's multi-platinum and Grammy - nominated album , Falling Into You . '' Music.uk.launch.yahoo.com editor Dan Leroy wrote : `` Trying to out - emote Eric Carmen was almost crazy enough to work . '' Entertainment Weekly editor Chuck Eddy said : '' ... But only in her desolate cover of Eric Carmen 's All by Myself does she truly crash through the glass ceiling of passion . '' Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 -- 97 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 38 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 27 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 14 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 7 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Canada ( Nielsen BDS Airplay Chart ) 9 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 15 France ( SNEP ) 5 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 55 Iceland ( Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 35 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 20 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Norway ( VG - lista ) 15 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 6 Spain ( Top 40 Radio ) 31 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 36 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 12 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 5 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 7 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 33 US Tropical Airplay ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1996 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 93 France ( SNEP ) 49 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 292 Chart ( 1997 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 58 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 52 US Billboard Hot 100 49 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 13 US Hot Latin Songs ( Billboard ) `` Sola Otra Vez '' 38 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales France ( SNEP ) Silver 164,400 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format United Kingdom December 9 , 1996 CD cassette United States March 11 , 1997 CD cassette 7 '' Other cover versions ( edit ) In 1994 , `` All By Myself '' was covered by New Zealand singer Margaret Urlich . Her version reached # 100 in Australia in November 1994 , and # 26 in New Zealand in March 1995 . The 2001 motion picture Bridget Jones 's Diary featured a cover version performed by Jamie O'Neal showing actress Renée Zellweger singing to it in the famous pajamas scene . This track is also played over the other Bridget Jones films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason and Bridget Jones 's Baby . In 2008 , the male voice choir Only Men Aloud ! covered the song on their self - named album and also released it as a single . Use in popular culture ( edit ) The Carmen version is used in the video introduction for Conan O'Brien 's `` Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour '' , when an obese and bearded version of the talk show host struggles to cope with losing his job as host of Tonight Show . The Carmen version is also featured in the second season 's episode 17 of the popular 1990s sitcom Friends ( set on Joey & Chandler 's friendship ) , and a season 4 episode of the hit sitcom That ' 70s Show whereas Eric Forman breaks up with Donna Pinciotti . It was also featured in the films Under Wraps , Bridget Jones ' Diary and To Die For . The version is used also in the film I nuovi mostri directed by Dino Risi , with Ornella Muti and Yorgo Voyagis . In the Disney film Zootopia , a snippet is heard of it as the main character , Judy Hopps , browses through one depressing song after another on her clock radio . A character is featured performing the song as karaoke in the 2001 Angel episode `` Happy Anniversary '' . The song was used in advertisements : Toyota Soarer , Japan , 1991 Honda CR - V Second Generation , Thailand , 2002 Visine `` Distance '' version , Indonesia , 2011 See also ( edit ) Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1976 Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1997 List of Billboard Hot 100 top 10 singles in 1997 List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1997 ( U.S. ) List of number - one Billboard Hot Latin Pop Airplay of 1997 List of UK top 10 singles in 1996 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hogya , Bernie ( 2005 ) . `` '' All By Myself '' 30th Anniversary `` . EricCarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved May 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself '' . AllMusic . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Covers ' All By Myself ' : The Story Behind The Song '' . Jump up ^ Matthew Greenwald . `` All by Myself - Eric Carmen -- Song Info '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ Gordon Pogoda ( 1991 ) . `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . ericcarmen.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA - Gold and Platinum - Search Results - Eric Carmen singles '' . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rust , Victor ( 2010 ) . The Cliff Richard Recording Catalogue 1958 - 2010 . ISBN 9780956738400 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` One Lonely Song , But Many Voices Keep Eric Carmen 's Tear - Jerker in Rotation '' The Plain Dealer February 12 , 2006 : J1 Jump up ^ Vandeventer , Mary . `` Symphony Promises a Crowd Pleaser '' The Beaumont Enterprise January 19 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Eric Carmen '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen interview '' . 2005 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Midnight Special '' . TV.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.fireballmedia.ie , Jaclyn Ward - Fireball Media Group - . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . www.irishcharts.ie . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Carmen '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Eric Carmen -- All By Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` SA Charts 1965 -- 1989 '' . Retrieved 17 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Carmen Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 3 / 13 / 76 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 26 , No. 14 & 15 , January 08 1977 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1976 '' . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Year - End Charts : Top 100 Pop Singles , December 25 , 1976 Jump up ^ Roberts , Randall ( June 11 , 2014 ) . `` Alone in Las Vegas , man crafts clip for Celine Dion 's ' All By Myself ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falling into You Archived September 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved January 31 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOS DIEZ : The Spanish Version 's Ten Best '' . Thespanishversion.org . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Releases '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1996 . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sholin , Dave ( January 24 , 1997 ) . `` Gavin Picks > Singles '' ( PDF ) . Gavin Report . No. 2140 . p. 62 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Falling Into You - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 3210 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 3191 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 3 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Nanda Lwin ( 1999 ) . Top 40 Hits : The Essential Chart Guide . Music Data Canada . ISBN 1 - 896594 - 13 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Eurochart Hot 100 Singles '' . Music & Media . December 28 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2008 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Íslenski Listinn Topp 40 ( 23.01. 1997 - 29.01. 1997 ) '' ( PDF ) ( in Icelandic ) . Dagblaðið Vísir - Tónlist . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- All by Myself '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Céline Dion -- All by Myself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Hot Latin Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celine Dion Chart History ( Tropical Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports annuels 1996 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jaarlijsten 1996 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved September 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Hit Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RPM ' 97 Year End ... Top 100 Adult Contemporary Tracks '' . RPM . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 : Top of the Year 1997 '' ( in Romanian ) . Romanian Top 100 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2005 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Year in Music '' ( PDF ) . Billboard . December 27 , 1997 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Argent - année 1996 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Meilleures Ventes `` Tout Temps '' de 45 T. / Singles / Téléchargement '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Retrieved 9 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter All by Myself in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 11 , 2014 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Celine Dion -- All by Myself '' . Discogs . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin Ryan ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - The Official New Zealand Music Chart '' . THE OFFICIAL NZ MUSIC CHART . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2001 ) '' . External links ( edit ) Celine Dion -- `` All by Myself '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Carmen Studio albums Eric Carmen Boats Against the Current Change of Heart Tonight You 're Mine Eric Carmen 1984 I Was Born to Love You Compilation albums The Definitive Collection Singles `` All by Myself '' `` Never Gonna Fall in Love Again '' `` Sunrise '' `` She Did It '' `` Change Of Heart '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` It Hurts Too Much '' `` I Wanna Hear It from Your Lips '' `` Hungry Eyes '' `` Make Me Lose Control '' Songwriting `` Go All the Way '' `` I Wanna be With You '' `` Let 's Pretend '' `` Overnight Sensation ( Hit Record ) '' `` That 's Rock ' n ' Roll '' `` Hey Deanie '' `` I Need You ( 3T song ) '' `` Almost Paradise '' `` Maybe My Baby * Related topics Raspberries Jimmy Ienner Book : Eric Carmen Margaret Urlich Studio albums Safety in Numbers ( 1989 ) Chameleon Dreams ( 1992 ) Live ( 1994 ) The Deepest Blue ( 1995 ) Second Nature ( 1999 ) Singles `` Escaping '' `` Only My Heart Calling '' `` Number One ( Remember When We Danced All Night ) '' `` Guilty People '' `` Boy in the Moon '' `` Human Race '' `` ( I Do n't Want to Be ) Second Best '' `` Burnt Sienna '' `` Man Overboard '' `` Where Is the Love '' ( with Rick Price ) `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` All By Myself '' `` Gonna Make You Mine '' `` Every Little Thing '' `` All For The Love '' Related articles Peking Man ( band ) `` Room That Echoes '' When the Cat 's Away ( band ) `` The Horses '' Kate Ceberano and Friends Rick Price Celine Dion English singles Singles discography Albums discography 1980s `` Listen to the Magic Man '' `` Michael 's Song '' `` Ca n't Live with You , Ca n't Live Without You '' 1990s `` ( If There Was ) Any Other Way '' `` Unison '' `` Where Does My Heart Beat Now '' `` The Last to Know '' `` Have a Heart '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` If You Asked Me To '' `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' `` Love Can Move Mountains '' `` Water from the Moon '' `` Did You Give Enough Love '' `` When I Fall in Love '' `` The Power of Love '' `` Misled '' `` Love Lights the World '' `` Think Twice '' `` Only One Road '' `` Calling You '' `` Next Plane Out '' `` Just Walk Away '' `` To Love You More '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Falling into You '' `` Because You Loved Me '' `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' `` The Power of the Dream '' `` All by Myself '' `` Send Me a Lover '' `` Call the Man '' `` Make You Happy '' `` Dreamin ' of You '' `` Tell Him '' `` Be the Man '' `` The Reason '' `` My Heart Will Go On '' `` Immortality '' `` When I Need You '' `` I Hate You Then I Love You '' `` Miles to Go ( Before I Sleep ) '' `` It 's Hard to Say Goodbye '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` I 'm Your Angel '' `` The Prayer '' `` Treat Her Like a Lady '' `` That 's the Way It Is '' `` Then You Look at Me '' 2000s `` Live ( for the One I Love ) '' `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' `` I Want You to Need Me '' `` If Walls Could Talk '' `` Do n't Save It All for Christmas Day '' `` God Bless America '' `` A New Day Has Come '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Goodbye 's ( The Saddest Word ) '' `` At Last '' `` I Drove All Night '' `` Have You Ever Been in Love '' `` One Heart '' `` Stand by Your Side '' `` Faith '' `` You and I '' `` Beautiful Boy '' `` Miracle '' `` In Some Small Way '' `` Taking Chances '' `` Eyes on Me '' `` A World to Believe In '' `` Alone '' `` My Love '' 2010s `` Loved Me Back to Life '' `` Breakaway '' `` Incredible '' `` Water and a Flame '' `` Hymn '' `` The Show Must Go On '' `` Recovering '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Ashes '' Other `` Voices That Care '' `` What More Can I Give '' `` Come Together Now '' `` Sing '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Book Portal Only Men Aloud ! 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when did the song all by myself come out

`` All by Myself '' is a song by American artist Eric Carmen released in 1975 . The verse is based on the second movement ( Adagio sostenuto ) of Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C minor , Opus 18 . The chorus is borrowed from the song `` Let 's Pretend '' , which Carmen wrote and recorded with the Raspberries in 1972 .

Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle - Wikipedia Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Jump to : navigation , search This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Theatrical release poster Directed by Jake Kasdan Produced by Matt Tolmach William Teitler Screenplay by Chris McKenna Erik Sommers Scott Rosenberg Jeff Pinkner Story by Chris McKenna Based on Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg Starring Dwayne Johnson Jack Black Kevin Hart Karen Gillan Nick Jonas Bobby Cannavale Music by Henry Jackman Cinematography Gyula Pados Edited by Mark Helfrich Steve Edwards Production company Columbia Pictures Matt Tolmach Productions Radar Pictures Seven Bucks Productions Distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing Release date December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) ( Grand Rex ) December 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $90 -- 110 million Box office $943.7 million Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is a 2017 American adventure comedy film directed by Jake Kasdan and written by Chris McKenna , Erik Sommers , Scott Rosenberg , and Jeff Pinkner , from a story by McKenna . It is a part of the Jumanji franchise , serving as a sequel to Jumanji ( 1995 ) , which is based on the 1981 children 's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg . The film also pays tribute to Robin Williams , star of the first film , through a mention of his character 's name . The film stars Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black , Kevin Hart , Karen Gillan , Nick Jonas , and Bobby Cannavale . Set twenty - one years after the first film , the plot follows four teenagers who are transported into the video game world of Jumanji , playing as the characters they chose . Uniting with another player , they must overcome the game 's magical power in order to win and return home . Principal photography began in Honolulu , Hawaii in September 2016 and ended in Atlanta , Georgia in December 2016 . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle premiered at the Grand Rex in Paris on December 5 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on December 20 , 2017 , in RealD 3D and select IMAX . The film received generally positive reviews from critics , who called it a `` pleasant surprise '' and praised the cast . The film has grossed over $943 million worldwide , making it the fifth - highest - grossing film of 2017 and the 42nd - highest - grossing film of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Jumanji 2.2 Reality 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1996 , in Brantford , New Hampshire , picking up from the previous film 's ending , teenager Alex Vreeke receives the Jumanji board game , found by his father on a beach after it was thrown over a bridge by Alan Parrish and Sarah Whittle 27 years previously . Alex sets the game aside , asking himself , `` Who plays board games anymore ? '' That night , the game , taking advantage of Alex 's interest in video games , magically transforms into a video game cartridge which catches Alex 's attention when he is awakened by the Jumanji drums . As he plays it , he is teleported into the game . Twenty years later in 2016 , four students in Brantford High School are placed in detention together : Spencer Gilpin , who was caught writing an essay for his former friend , Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson , who is there for the same reason and has been kicked off the football team ; Bethany Walker , who made a video call during an English class quiz and barely missed talking her way out of it ; and Martha Kaply , who refused to participate in P.E. class and accidentally insulted her instructor . Their principal punishes them by sending them to the school basement to prepare magazines for recycling , as an opportunity for them to think about their future . Upon exploring the basement , Fridge discovers Alex 's discarded video game system with the Jumanji cartridge ; Spencer and Fridge set up the game out of curiosity . The game presents five possible playable characters , but the first one is unable to be selected . Spencer and Fridge end up selecting two of the remaining characters , and the girls are also persuaded to choose their own characters . When Spencer hits `` Start '' , the four are sucked into the game . They find themselves in a jungle , each now in the forms of their game avatars . Spencer is a tough , muscular explorer and archaeologist named Dr. Smolder Bravestone ; Fridge is a diminutive zoologist named Franklin `` Mouse '' Finbar , whom he had selected upon misreading the name as `` Moose '' ( it later causes tension as Fridge 's character is designed as a valet for Spencer 's ) ; Bethany is an overweight male cartographer and intellectual named Professor Sheldon `` Shelly '' Oberon , whose nickname she mistook for a woman 's ; and Martha is a gorgeous commando and martial arts expert named Ruby Roundhouse . They soon realize that they each have three lives , and Spencer speculates that if they lose all three , they die for real . Each of them also has special skills and weaknesses . They learn the game 's story from Nigel , an NPC guide : power - corrupted Professor Russel Van Pelt stole the `` Jaguar 's Eye '' , a magical jewel , cursing the land of Jumanji . Nigel escaped from Van Pelt with the jewel , and the players must now return it to its proper place in the eye socket of an enormous jaguar statue and call out `` Jumanji '' ( possibly the only remnant of Jumanji 's board game origins ) to lift the curse . Before departing , Nigel warns them that Van Pelt will stop at nothing to retrieve the jewel , which gives him control over Jumanji 's animals . The group begins to tackle the game 's increasingly difficult `` levels '' , losing lives periodically as they do so . When the group is cornered by Van Pelt 's men at a bazaar , they are rescued by Alex , the missing fifth player , whose avatar is a pilot named Jefferson `` Seaplane '' McDonough . Having taken shelter in a jungle house built by Alan Parrish , Alex believes that he has only been gone for three months , and is distressed to learn of his twenty years of absence . The newcomers vow to help him return home . Working together , the group breaks into a transportation shed , commandeering a helicopter to fly to the jaguar statue and return the jewel , but Fridge accidentally drops the jewel into a herd of white rhinoceros . Spencer sacrifices one of Fridge 's lives by pushing him out of the helicopter as a distraction , and manages to secure the jewel . Upon landing , Alex loses his last life when a mosquito bites him , but Bethany performs CPR and saves him by transferring one of her lives to him . Arriving at the statue , the players find themselves facing a pack of jaguars on one side and Van Pelt 's forces on the other . Using their resources and teamwork , the players outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue . Van Pelt confronts Martha , trapped in a pit of venomous snakes , and demands the jewel , but she sacrifices one of her lives to respawn strategically to get the jewel to Spencer . With all players on their last life , they end the game ( with Van Pelt disintegrating into a crowd of rats ) , and return to the real world ( courtesy of shaking hands with Nigel , who gives them fond farewells ) , though Alex does not appear with them . On their way to the Vreeke household ( formerly the dilapidated home of Alex 's father , `` Old Man '' Vreeke ) , they discover it to be restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering . An adult Alex arrives , having returned to where he left off in 1996 and changing the course of history . He is now married with children and named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life . He also introduces the four to his infant son Andy . Spencer and Fridge reconcile , Bethany evolves to care for others than herself and makes plans for a summer backpacking adventure , Martha and Spencer become romantically involved ( the end of the film sees them sharing a kiss ) , and the teens are now friends after their experiences in the game . The four hear Jumanji 's drumbeats and take the game behind the school where Fridge destroys it with a bowling ball they found in detention to prevent anyone from playing it again . Cast ( edit ) Alex Wolff as Spencer Gilpin , a nerdy gamer at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Fridge , Martha , and Bethany , for writing Fridge 's homework for him . Spencer is panphobic ; he fears everything or nothing . His experience as Smolder Bravestone helps him cope with his anxiety and becomes assertive . He later becomes Martha 's love interest . He is credited as `` Young Spencer '' . Dwayne Johnson as Dr. Smolder Bravestone , an archaeologist and explorer who is Spencer 's avatar . Bravestone 's strengths are stamina , courage , reflexes , climbing , smoldering intensity , and boomerang throwing . Being the archetypically masculine , intelligent , and courageous video game hero of the story , he apparently has no weaknesses . He is credited as `` Spencer '' . Madison Iseman as Bethany Walker , a pretty and popular yet narcissistic and self - centered teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer , Fridge , and Martha , after talking on her phone during a quiz and displaying an arrogant contempt towards her class in the process . Her experience in the game changes her for the better , becoming apathetic with her smartphone , friendly , and seeks exciting interests . She is credited as `` Young Bethany '' . Jack Black as Professor Sheldon `` Shelly '' Oberon , a cartographer , cryptographer , archaeologist and paleontologist who is Bethany 's avatar after mistaking the character 's presented name ( `` Shelly '' ) for that of a woman and calling him , `` the curvy genius . '' Because of his state of being as an `` overweight , middle - aged man '' , Oberon lacks endurance . He / she is credited as `` Bethany '' . Ser'Darius Blain as Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson , a Brantford High School football jock who lacks confidence to succeed academically , namely because he cares more with dating than studying . He is kicked off the football team and sent to detention for having Spencer write his essays for him ; he is the one who discovers the Jumanji video game , as well as the bowling ball he uses to destroy it . Because of his avatar is highly intelligent , Fridge gains confidence from being Finbar to succeed intellectually . He is credited as `` Young Fridge '' . Kevin Hart as Franklin `` Mouse '' Finbar , a zoologist and weapons specialist whom Fridge chose as his avatar due to the character 's nickname being misread as `` Moose '' due to the game 's font . Finbar 's status as weapons specialist makes him Bravestone 's weapon valet , having everything Bravestone needs in his signature backpack . He earns the nickname `` Mouse '' from his short stature ; though this degrades his speed and strength , Fridge uses the nickname to his advantage to rendezvous with the others in the climax on the back of an elephant that was charging at him earlier . Cake makes him explode , losing a life . In better comparison to Oberon rather than Fridge , despite his size , Finbar is intelligent with his strengths as his fields of expertise . He is credited as `` Fridge '' . Morgan Turner as Martha Kaply , a teenage girl at Brantford High School who goes to detention with Spencer , Fridge , and Bethany , for objecting to physical education class and disregarding her teacher . She later becomes Spencer 's love - interest and gains appreciation with physical fitness after her experience as Ruby Roundhouse . She is credited as `` Young Martha '' . Karen Gillan as Ruby Roundhouse , a commando , martial artist , and dance fighter who is Martha 's avatar ( after Martha was peer - pressured into playing with the others ) . Roundhouse is proficient in karate , t'ai chi , aikido and dance fighting and is reputed as `` killer of men '' because of both her skills and attractiveness . Similar to Bravestone , Roundhouse is the archetypically intelligent , athletic , beautiful , and scantily clad video game heroine of the story , with her only weakness being venom , such as that found in various animals and vegetation in the game . She is credited as `` Martha '' . Mason Guccione as Alex Vreeke , a teenage boy who played , and was trapped inside , the Jumanji video game for 20 years . He is credited as `` Young Alex '' . Colin Hanks portrays adult Alex Vreeke after he returns to 1996 and appears 20 years later , changing history as a result . Out of gratitude for Bethany saving his life , he named his eldest daughter after her . Nick Jonas as Jefferson `` Seaplane '' McDonough , Alex Vreeke 's avatar . McDonough is a mysterious guide , adventurer , and pilot in the game , who waits for and joins the other avatars as they attempt to escape Jumanji . McDonough 's strengths are piloting and making margaritas that `` Mouse '' / `` Fridge '' takes a liking to . His only weakness is mosquito bites , which is bad for him and all the more ironic since the jungle , being a tropical one , is teeming with mosquitoes . He is credited as `` Alex '' . During his twenty - year absence , only a few months have passed for him in the game world ; and in the meantime , he lives in a treehouse built and once occupied by Alan Parrish ( portrayed by Robin Williams and Adam Hann - Byrd in the 1995 film Jumanji ) . Jumanji ( edit ) Bobby Cannavale as Professor Russel Van Pelt , a corrupt explorer once partnered with Dr. Smolder Bravestone , seeking to control the `` Jaguar 's Eye '' , whose power he is demonically possessed by . Despite being the `` boss '' of the film 's video game scenario , he is more relatable to classic kingpin villains ; still , Jonathan Hyde played a different variant of the character in the original film . NPCs in the game include : Rhys Darby as Nigel Billingsley , the main NPC guide in the game . William Tokarsky as an NPC food trader at the place of his name in the credits : Bread / Cake vendor . Rohan Chand as the boy at Bazaar , a young NPC guide who leads Spencer , Fridge , Martha , and Bethany to the black mamba 's basket , which has the next clue . Reality ( edit ) Marc Evan Jackson as Principal Bentley , the principal who makes Spencer , Bethany , Fridge , and Martha clean up the basement as part of their detention . Sean Buxton as Alex 's Father / Jogger , who discovered the Jumanji game Tim Matheson as Older Alex 's Father ( Old Man Vreeke , uncredited ) ; his dialogues in the beginning of the film implies that he had witnessed his son being teleported to the game and was traumatized since . After Alex 's return to 1996 alters history , he is shown to be a happy family man and grandfather . Maribeth Monroe as Bethany Walker 's English teacher Missi Pyle as Coach Webb , Martha Kaply 's physical education ( PE ) instructor Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In July 2012 , rumors emerged that a remake of the film Jumanji was being developed . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Columbia Pictures president Doug Belgrad said : `` We 're going to try and reimagine Jumanji and update it for the present . '' On August 1 , 2012 , it was confirmed that Matthew Tolmach would produce the new version , alongside William Teitler , who produced the original film . In August 2015 , Sony Pictures Entertainment announced that they had scheduled the film for a December 25 , 2016 release . Internet reception to this was negative , with some posters remarking that the announcement came too soon after the death of Robin Williams , who portrayed Alan Parrish from the original film , and had died in August 2014 . The news was heavily criticized by Bradley Pierce , who played Peter Shepherd in the original Jumanji , as well as by E ! News , which stated that they felt that the remake was `` unnecessary and kind of insulting '' . On October 23 , 2015 , Scott Rosenberg was hired to rewrite the script for the film , whose production was a high priority for the studio . On January 14 , 2016 , Deadline reported that Jake Kasdan had been hired to direct , from a script by Rosenberg and Jeff Pinkner , based on a draft by original writers Chris McKenna and Erik Sommers . On April 15 , 2016 , Variety reported that Dwayne Johnson and Kevin Hart were in early talks to star in the film , though both actors had other projects to shoot , which might have created schedule conflicts . Later in April , Johnson confirmed his casting through his Instagram account . In July 2016 , it was reported that Nick Jonas had joined the film 's cast , along with the confirmed casting of Johnson , Hart , and Jack Black . In August 2016 , Johnson clarified that the film would not be a reboot , but a continuation of the 1995 film , while Karen Gillan was also announced as having been cast . On September 20 , 2016 , Ser'Darius Blain and Madison Iseman were cast in the film , with Blain playing Anthony `` Fridge '' Johnson and Iseman playing Bethany Walker . Following them , on September 22 , 2016 , Rhys Darby , Morgan Turner , and Alex Wolff joined the cast , with Darby playing Nigel Billingsley , Turner playing Martha Kaply , and Wolff playing Spencer Gilpin . In November 2016 , Bobby Cannavale announced his casting in the film , and in December 2016 , Tim Matheson also joined the cast , playing Old Man Vreeke . James Newton Howard was originally attached to compose the film 's score ; after the film 's release date was pushed back half a year , he was replaced by Henry Jackman . In March 2017 , during CinemaCon , it was announced that the complete title of the film is Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle . The plot was revealed to involve teenagers cleaning out a school 's basement who find a vintage video game version of Jumanji , and get sucked into the jungle setting of the first film . While many fans theorized whether the film was a sequel or a reboot , the second trailer , which was released on September 20 , 2017 , revealed that the film takes place over twenty - one years after the events of the first . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on September 19 , 2016 , in Honolulu , Hawaii , primarily taking place in the Kualoa Ranch private nature reserve . The film was then wrapped on December 8 , 2016 , in Atlanta , Georgia . Release ( edit ) In August 2015 , Sony set the film a release date of December 25 , 2016 . As filming did not start until September 2016 , the release was pushed back a year to July 28 , 2017 , and then to December 20 , 2017 . On November 29 , 2017 , it was announced Amazon Prime members in the United States would have early access to movie tickets for a single December 8 , 2017 , screening of the film , at select Regal , National Amusements , ArcLight Cinemas and AMC theaters . The screenings ended up selling out at 1,200 theaters and making $1.9 million . The film was released in IMAX 2D on January 12 , 2018 , for its first time in IMAX in the United States . Home Media ( edit ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle was released on Digital HD March 6 and on DVD , Blu - ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu - ray March 20 despite the film was still in theatres . The Blu - ray and digital versions include two additional featurettes : `` Surviving the Jungle : Spectacular Stunts ! '' and `` Book to Board Game to Big Screen & Beyond ! Celebrating The Legacy of Jumanji . '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of March 28 , 2018 , Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle has grossed $402 million in the United States and Canada and $541.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $943.7 million . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $305.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the 4th most profitable release of 2017 . In the United States and Canada , the film was released on December 20 , 2017 alongside The Greatest Showman and was projected to gross around $60 million from 3,765 theaters in its six - day opening weekend with the studio predicting a more conservative $45 million debut . The film took in $7.2 million on its first day and $7.6 million on its second day . Over the three - day weekend , the film grossed $36.2 million ( for a six - day total of $71.9 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi . During its second weekend , the film increased to $50.1 million , again finishing in second place at the box office . The weekend - to - weekend increase of 38.4 % marked the fourth - largest - ever for a film playing in over 3,000 theaters ; fellow 2017 Christmas release The Greatest Showman coincidentally set the record for best hold the same weekend . The film dethroned Star Wars : The Last Jedi for the top spot the following weekend , declining just 28.1 % to $36 million and finished first again the following week with $28.1 million ( and a total of $35.2 million over the four - day MLK weekend ) . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle also remained at the top of the box office for its third weekend with $19.5 million . Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle again topped the charts the following week with $20 million , despite two new releases in 12 Strong and Den of Thieves . The following week it continued to hold well , dropping just 16 % to $16.4 million , albeit finished second behind newcomer Maze Runner : The Death Cure , and would regain the top spot once again the following weekend with $11.1 million to The Death Cure 's $10.6 million . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 76 % based on 184 reviews , and an average rating of 6.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle uses a charming cast and a humorous twist to offer an undemanding yet solidly entertaining update on its source material . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average , the film has a normalized score of 58 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while comScore reported filmgoers gave an 84 % overall positive score . Dave White of TheWrap praised the cast and called the film a pleasant surprise saying `` Jumanji : Welcome to The Jungle is the Christmas tentpole release that aims to please and succeeds , a funny family entertainment product that subverts more expectations than it was obligated to contractually '' . David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a `` C '' and called it unnecessary but mildly amusing : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is further proof that even the stalest whiff of brand recognition has become preferable to originality . Only part of the blame for that belongs to the studios but after cannibalizing themselves for much of the last 20 years , Hollywood has clearly eaten their way down to the crumbs '' . Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman was critical of the film saying `` Excitement ! Suspense ! Childlike innocence ! Ingeniously staged action set pieces ! These are a few of the things you will not find , anywhere , in Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ... It 's supposed to be a board game come to life but really , it 's just a bored game '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Kids Choice Awards March 2018 Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Movie Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Won Kids Choice Awards for Favorite Actor Dwayne Johnson Won Kevin Hart Nominated Saturn Awards June 2018 Best Fantasy Film Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Pending Sequel ( edit ) Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black and Nick Jonas discussed in interviews what Jumanji 3 could be about , including the possibility of the film exploring the origins of the titular game . Karen Gillan has also said that the alternate ending for Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle would have left the door open for another installment . In February 2018 , it was announced that Kasdan would return to direct the sequel , with Rosenberg and Pinkner again writing the script and Johnson , Hart , Black and Gillan also reprising their roles . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Jackman to Score ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Film releases '' . Variety Insight . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` There 's a touching tribute to Robin Williams in the new Jumanji film '' . Radio Times . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle is Certified Fresh '' . December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson , Jack Black go wild in first Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jumanji ' Reboot In The Works '' . Whatstrending.com . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Jumanji Reboot Lands Producer Matthew Tolmach '' . Movieweb.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Dates 16 Films Through 2019 ! '' . comingsoon.net . August 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Henry . `` They 're remaking ' Jumanji , ' and the Internet rage is real '' . CNN . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pulver , Andrew . `` ' Is nothing sacred ? ' : Twitter responds to news of Jumanji remake '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mullins , Jenna . `` People Are Livid About This Jumanji Remake , and We Do n't Blame Them '' . E ! News . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faherty , Allanah . `` Do n't Worry Internet , Star of the Original ' Jumanji ' Movie Does n't Believe Sony Should Reboot the Film Either '' . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` Scott Rosenberg Comes Aboard ' Jumanji ' For Columbia Pictures '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Jake Kasdan To Helm ' Jumanji ' Reboot For Sony '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Kevin Hart , Dwayne Johnson Circling ' Jumanji ' Reimagining ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson Officially Boards Jumanji Remake '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Nick Jonas In Talks To Join ' Jumanji ' Movie '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dwayne Johnson Says Jumanji Will Not be a Reboot '' . ComingSoon.net . August 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Karen Gillan Game For Big Role In ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sony 's ' Jumanji ' Adds Two More Players Alongside Dwayne Johnson & Kevin Hart '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Sequel Casts Rhys Darby and Morgan Turner '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's ' Jumanji ' Sequel Adds ' Naked Brothers Band ' Star '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cannavale , Bobby ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm confused by my costume today # setlife # jumanji '' . Instagram.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tim Matheson On Board For ' Jumanji ' Alongside Dwayne Johnson '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Newton Howard to Score Jake Kasdan 's ' Jumanji ' Sequel '' . Film Music Reporter . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji Starts Production and The Rock Shares a Set Video '' . Collider . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Delahaye , Julie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` How to explore the real Jumanji jungle where you can have your own adventure '' . Mirror . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Jumanji '' with Kevin Hart , Jack Black and The Rock wraps in Atlanta `` . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . December 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sony Dates 16 Films Including Two More ' Bad Boys ' Sequels , ' Jumanji ' Remake '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' To Swing In Early For Amazon Prime Members '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Amazon Prime Sneaks Sell Out Grossing Near $2 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Latchem ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' on Home Video in March '' . Media Play News . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` No. 4 ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Does 2017 's Domestic Box Office Stand A Chance To Eclipse Last Year 's All - Time $11.4 B Record ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Tracking for Strong $60 M Christmas Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Has Upper Hand Over ' Jumanji ' In New Year 's Weekend Duel As 2017 B.O. Closes With $11.1 B -- Monday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drop '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman 's ' The Greatest Showman ' Just Set A New Box Office Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( January 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Goes Wild With $36 M ; ' Insidious ' Rises To $29 M+ -- Sunday AM B.O. Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Controls Close To 40 % Of Weekend B.O. Led By ' Maze Runner ' & Oscar Holdovers ; ' Hostiles ' Gallops Past $10 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Poised To Be Dwayne Johnson 's Highest Grossing Pic Of All - Time Stateside After Super Bowl Weekend Rebound '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Film Review : A Mainstream Moviegoing Miracle '' . TheWrap . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Review : A Robin Williams Relic Is Reborn as a Mildly Amusing Video Game Movie '' . IndieWire . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Review : ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' '' . Variety . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rob Keyes . `` Nick Jonas Has A Funny Idea For The Next Jumanji Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Matt Dolloff . `` Jack Black Has A Great Idea For Jumanji 3 '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Christopher Isaac . `` Here 's Who Jumanji 's Stars Want to See in Jumanji 3 '' . Screen Rant . Jump up ^ Chris Evangelista . `` The ' Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ' Cast Have ' Jumanji 3 ' Ideas , Plus an Alternate Ending for the New Sequel '' . Slash Film . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Scott Rosenberg & Jeff Pinkner To Write ' Jumanji : Welcome To The Jungle ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle on IMDb Official site -- Sony Pictures Jumanji by Chris Van Allsburg Books Jumanji Zathura Film series Jumanji Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle Television Jumanji episodes Related Zathura : A Space Adventure Films directed by Jake Kasdan Zero Effect ( 1998 ) Orange County ( 2002 ) The TV Set ( 2006 ) Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story ( 2007 ) Bad Teacher ( 2011 ) Sex Tape ( 2014 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) Works by Chris Van Allsburg Picture books The Garden of Abdul Gasazi ( 1979 ) Jumanji ( 1981 ) The Wreck of the Zephyr ( 1983 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1984 ) The Enchanted World : Ghosts ( 1984 ) The Polar Express ( 1985 ) The Enchanted World : Dwarfs ( 1985 ) The Stranger ( 1986 ) The Z Was Zapped ( 1987 ) Two Bad Ants ( 1988 ) The Wretched Stone ( 1991 ) The Widow 's Broom ( 1992 ) The Sweetest Fig ( 1993 ) The Mysteries of Harris Burdick ( 1994 ) Bad Day at Riverbend ( 1995 ) Zathura ( 2002 ) Probuditi ! ( 2006 ) Queen of the Falls ( 2011 ) Books illustrated A City in Winter ( 1996 ) Film credits Jumanji ( 1995 ) The Polar Express ( 2004 ) Zathura : A Space Adventure ( 2005 ) Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumanji:_Welcome_to_the_Jungle&oldid=833198184 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2010s fantasy films 2010s sequel films American action adventure films American films American 3D films American adventure comedy films American fantasy adventure films American fantasy - comedy films American high school films American sequel films American teen films Columbia Pictures films Cross-dressing in film Films about video games Films based on children 's books Films set in 1996 Films set in 2016 Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Hawaii Films scored by Henry Jackman Films directed by Jake Kasdan Jungle adventure films Sequel films Teen fantasy films Time travel films Transgender in film Virtual reality in fiction Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский سنڌي Српски / srpski Suomi ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 05 : 43 . 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are there snakes in the new jumanji 2017

Arriving at the statue , the players find themselves facing a pack of jaguars on one side and Van Pelt 's forces on the other . Using their resources and teamwork , the players outmaneuver their opposition while Spencer and Martha race to the statue . Van Pelt confronts Martha , trapped in a pit of venomous snakes , and demands the jewel , but she sacrifices one of her lives to respawn strategically to get the jewel to Spencer . With all players on their last life , they end the game ( with Van Pelt disintegrating into a crowd of rats ) , and return to the real world ( courtesy of shaking hands with Nigel , who gives them fond farewells ) , though Alex does not appear with them . On their way to the Vreeke household ( formerly the dilapidated home of Alex 's father , `` Old Man '' Vreeke ) , they discover it to be restored and decorated for a Christmas family gathering . An adult Alex arrives , having returned to where he left off in 1996 and changing the course of history . He is now married with children and named his eldest daughter after Bethany out of gratitude for saving his life . He also introduces the four to his infant son Andy .

Region - wikipedia Region Two or three dimensionally defined space , mainly in terrestrial and astrophysics sciences This article is about the concept of region in geography . For other uses , see Region ( disambiguation ) . In geography , regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ) , human impact characteristics ( human geography ) , and the interaction of humanity and the environment ( environmental geography ) . Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined , and sometimes transitory boundaries , except in human geography , where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law . Apart from the global continental regions , there are also hydrospheric and atmospheric regions that cover the oceans , and discrete climates above the land and water masses of the planet . The land and water global regions are divided into subregions geographically bounded by large geological features that influence large - scale ecologies , such as plains and features . As a way of describing spatial areas , the concept of regions is important and widely used among the many branches of geography , each of which can describe areas in regional terms . For example , ecoregion is a term used in environmental geography , cultural region in cultural geography , bioregion in biogeography , and so on . The field of geography that studies regions themselves is called regional geography . In the fields of physical geography , ecology , biogeography , zoogeography , and environmental geography , regions tend to be based on natural features such as ecosystems or biotopes , biomes , drainage basins , natural regions , mountain ranges , soil types . Where human geography is concerned , the regions and subregions are described by the discipline of ethnography . A region has its own nature that could not be moved . The first nature is its natural environment ( landform , climate , etc . ) . The second nature is its physical elements complex that were built by people in the past . The third nature is its socio - cultural context that could not be replaced by new immigrants . Contents 1 Globalization 1.1 Continental regions 1.2 Regional geography 2 Human geography 2.1 Historical regions 2.2 Tourism region 2.3 Natural resource regions 2.4 Religious regions 2.5 Political regions 2.6 Administrative regions 2.6. 1 Local administrative regions 2.7 Traditional or informal regions 2.8 Functional regions 2.9 Military regions 2.10 Media geography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Globalization ( edit ) Global regions distinguishable from space , and are therefore clearly distinguished by the two basic terrestrial environments , land and water . However , they have been generally recognised as such much earlier by terrestrial cartography because of their impact on human geography . They are divided into largest of land regions , known as continents , and the largest of water regions known as oceans . There are also significant regions that do not belong to either classification , such as archipelago regions that are littoral regions , or earthquake regions that are defined in geology . Continental regions ( edit ) Continental regions are usually based on broad experiences in human history and attempts to reduce very large areas to more manageable regionalization for the purpose of study . As such they are conceptual constructs , usually lacking distinct boundaries . Oceanic division into maritime regions are used in conjunction with the relationship to the central area of the continent , using directions of the compass . Some continental regions are defined by the major continental feature of their identity , such as the Amazon basin , or the Sahara , which both occupy a significant percentage of their respective continental land area . To a large extent , major continental regions are mental constructs created by considering an efficient way to define large areas of the continents . For the most part , the images of the world are derived as much from academic studies , the media , or from personal experience of global exploration . They are a matter of collective human knowledge of its own planet and are attempts to better understand their environments . Regional geography ( edit ) Regional geography is a branch of geography that studies regions of all sizes across the Earth . It has a prevailing descriptive character . The main aim is to understand or define the uniqueness or character of a particular region , which consists of natural as well as human elements . Attention is paid also to regionalization , which covers the proper techniques of space delimitation into regions . Regional geography is also considered as a certain approach to study in geographical sciences ( similar to quantitative or critical geographies ; for more information , see history of geography ) . Human geography ( edit ) Human geography is a branch of geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with various discrete environments . It encompasses human , political , cultural , social , and economic aspects among others that are often clearly delineated . While the major focus of human geography is not the physical landscape of the Earth ( see physical geography ) , it is hardly possible to discuss human geography without referring to the physical landscape on which human activities are being played out , and environmental geography is emerging as a link between the two . Regions of human geography can be divided into many broad categories : Cultural geography Demography Development geography Economic geography Ethnography Geopolitics Health geography Historical geography Language geography Religion geography Social geography Time geography Tourism geography Transportation geography Urban geography Media Geography Historical regions ( edit ) Main article : Historical region The field of historical geography involves the study of human history as it relates to places and regions or the study of how places and regions have changed over time . D.W. Meinig , a historical geographer of America , describes many historical regions in his book The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History . For example , in identifying European `` source regions '' in early American colonization efforts , he defines and describes the Northwest European Atlantic Protestant Region , which includes sub-regions such as the `` Western Channel Community '' , which itself is made of sub-regions such as the English West Country of Cornwall , Devon , Somerset , and Dorset . In describing historic regions of America , Meinig writes of `` The Great Fishery '' off the coast of Newfoundland and New England , an oceanic region that includes the Grand Banks . He rejects regions traditionally used in describing American history , like New France , `` West Indies '' , the Middle Colonies , and the individual colonies themselves ( Province of Maryland , for example ) . Instead he writes of `` discrete colonization areas , '' which may be named after colonies but rarely adhere strictly to political boundaries . Historic regions of this type Meinig writes about include `` Greater New England '' and its major sub-regions of `` Plymouth , '' `` New Haven shores '' ( including parts of Long Island ) , `` Rhode Island '' ( or `` Narragansett Bay '' ) , `` the Piscataqua , '' `` Massachusetts Bay , '' `` Connecticut Valley , '' and to a lesser degree , regions in the sphere of influence of Greater New England , `` Acadia '' ( Nova Scotia ) , `` Newfoundland and The Fishery / The Banks . '' Other examples of historical regions include Iroquoia , Ohio Country , Illinois Country , and Rupert 's Land . Tourism region ( edit ) Main article : Tourism region A tourism region is a geographical region that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics . These regions are often named after a geographical , former , or current administrative region or may have a name created for tourism purposes . The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors . Countries , states , provinces , and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions to facilitate attracting visitors . Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include Tuscany in Italy and Yucatán in Mexico . Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the United Kingdom 's Lake District and California 's Wine Country . great plains region Natural resource regions ( edit ) Natural resources often occur in distinct regions . Natural resource regions can be a topic of physical geography or environmental geography , but also have a strong element of human geography and economic geography . A coal region , for example , is a physical or geomorphological region , but its development and exploitation can make it into an economic and a cultural region . Some examples of natural resource regions include the Rumaila Field , the oil field that lies along the border or Iraq and Kuwait and played a role in the Gulf War ; the Coal Region of Pennsylvania , which is a historical region as well as a cultural , physical , and natural resource region ; the South Wales Coalfield , which like Pennsylvania 's coal region is a historical , cultural , and natural region ; the Kuznetsk Basin , a similarly important coal mining region in Russia ; Kryvbas , the economic and iron ore mining region of Ukraine ; and the James Bay Project , a large region of Quebec where one of the largest hydroelectric systems in the world has been developed . Religious regions ( edit ) Sometimes a region associated with a religion is given a name , like Christendom , a term with medieval and renaissance connotations of Christianity as a sort of social and political polity . The term Muslim world is sometimes used to refer to the region of the world where Islam is dominant . These broad terms are very vague when used to describe regions . Within some religions there are clearly defined regions . The Roman Catholic Church , the Church of England , the Eastern Orthodox Church , and others , define ecclesiastical regions with names such as diocese , eparchy , ecclesiastical provinces , and parish . For example , the United States is divided into 32 Roman Catholic ecclesiastical provinces . The Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod is organized into 33 geographic districts , which are subdivided into circuits ( the Atlantic District ( LCMS ) , for example ) . The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints uses regions similar to dioceses and parishes , but uses terms like ward and stake . Political regions ( edit ) See also : Administrative divisions In the field of political geography , regions tend to be based on political units such as sovereign states ; subnational units such as administrative regions , provinces , states ( in the United States ) , counties , townships , territories , etc. ; and multinational groupings , including formally defined units such as the European Union , the Association of Southeast Asian Nations , and NATO , as well as informally defined regions such as the Third World , Western Europe , and the Middle East . Administrative regions ( edit ) Further information : Administrative division The word `` region '' is taken from the Latin regio ( derived from regere , to rule ) , and a number of countries have borrowed the term as the formal name for a type of subnational entity ( e.g. , the región , used in Chile ) . In English , the word is also used as the conventional translation for equivalent terms in other languages ( e.g. , the область ( oblast ) , used in Russia alongside a broader term регион ) . The following countries use the term `` region '' ( or its cognate ) as the name of a type of subnational administrative unit : Belgium ( in French , région ; in German , Region ; the Dutch term gewest is often translated as `` region '' ) Chad ( région , effective from 2002 ) Chile ( región ) Côte d'Ivoire ( région ) Denmark ( effective from 2007 ) England ( not the United Kingdom as a whole ) Eritrea France ( région ) Ghana Guinea ( région ) Guinea - Bissau ( região ) Guyana Hungary ( régió ) Italy ( regione ) Madagascar ( région ) Mali ( région ) Malta ( reġjun ) Namibia New Zealand Peru ( región ) Portugal ( região ) Philippines ( rehiyon ) Senegal ( région ) Tanzania Togo ( région ) Trinidad and Tobago ( Regional Corporation ) The Canadian province of Québec also uses the `` administrative region '' ( région administrative ) . Scotland had local government regions from 1975 to 1996 . In Spain the official name of the autonomous community of Murcia is Región de Murcia . Also , some single - province autonomous communities such as Madrid use the term región interchangeably with comunidad autónoma . Two län ( counties ) in Sweden are officially called ' regions ' : Skåne and Västra Götaland , and there is currently a controversial proposal to divide the rest of Sweden into large regions , replacing the current counties . The government of the Philippines uses the term `` region '' ( in Filipino , rehiyon ) when it 's necessary to group provinces , the primary administrative subdivision of the country . This is also the case in Brazil , which groups its primary administrative divisions ( estados ; `` states '' ) into grandes regiões ( greater regions ) for statistical purposes , while Russia uses экономические районы ( economic regions ) in a similar way , as does Romania and Venezuela . The government of Singapore makes use of the term `` region '' for its own administrative purposes . The following countries use an administrative subdivision conventionally referred to as a region in English : Bulgaria , which uses the област ( oblast ) Russia , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) , and for some regions the край ( krai ) Ukraine , which uses the область ( oblast ' ) Slovakia ( kraj ) China has five 自治区 ( zìzhìqū ) and two 特別 行政區 ( or 特别 行政区 ; tèbiéxíngzhèngqū ) , which are translated as `` autonomous region '' and `` special administrative region '' , respectively . Local administrative regions ( edit ) There are many relatively small regions based on local government agencies such as districts , agencies , or regions . In general , they are all regions in the general sense of being bounded spatial units . Examples include electoral districts such as Washington 's 6th congressional district and Tennessee 's 1st congressional district ; school districts such as Granite School District and Los Angeles Unified School District ; economic districts such as the Reedy Creek Improvement District ; metropolitan areas such as the Seattle metropolitan area , and metropolitan districts such as the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago , the Las Vegas - Clark County Library District , the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London , as well as other local districts like the York Rural Sanitary District , the Delaware River Port Authority , the Nassau County Soil and Water Conservation District , and C - TRAN . Traditional or informal regions ( edit ) The traditional territorial divisions of some countries are also commonly rendered in English as `` regions '' . These informal divisions do not form the basis of the modern administrative divisions of these countries , but still define and delimit local regional identity and sense of belonging . Examples include : Finland Japan Korea Norway ( landsdeler ) Romania Slovakia Functional regions ( edit ) Functional regions are usually understood to be the areas organised by the horizontal functional relations ( flows , interactions ) that are maximised within a region and minimised across its borders so that the principles of internal cohesiveness and external separation regarding spatial interactions are met ( see , for instance , Farmer and Fotheringham , 2011 ; Klapka , Halas , 2016 ; Smart , 1974 ) . A functional region is not an abstract spatial concept , but to a certain extent it can be regarded as a reflection of the spatial behaviour of individuals in a geographic space . The functional region is conceived as a general concept while its inner structure , inner spatial flows , and interactions need not necessarily show any regular pattern , only selfcontainment . The concept of self - containment remains the only crucial defining characteristic of a functional region . Nodal regions , functional urban regions , daily urban systems , local labour - market areas ( LLMAs ) , or travel - to - work areas ( TTWAs ) are considered to be special instances of a general functional region that need to fulfil some specific conditions regarding , for instance , the character of the region - organising interaction or the presence of urban cores , ( Halas et al. , 2015 ) . Military regions ( edit ) See also : Military district Common military ranks in English Navies Armies Air forces Commissioned officers Admiral of the fleet Field marshal or General of the Army Marshal of the air force Admiral General Air chief marshal Vice admiral Lieutenant general Air marshal Rear admiral Major general Air vice-marshal Commodore Brigadier or brigadier general Air commodore Captain Colonel Group captain Commander Lieutenant colonel Wing commander Lieutenant commander Major or Commandant Squadron leader Lieutenant Captain Flight lieutenant Lieutenant junior grade or sub-lieutenant Lieutenant or first lieutenant Flying officer Ensign or midshipman Second lieutenant Pilot officer Officer cadet Officer cadet Flight cadet Enlisted grades Warrant officer or chief petty officer Warrant officer or sergeant major Warrant officer Petty officer Sergeant Sergeant Leading seaman Corporal or bombardier Corporal Seaman Private or gunner or trooper Aircraftman or airman Talk View In military usage , a region is shorthand for the name of a military formation larger than an Army Group and smaller than an Army Theater or simply Theater . The full name of the military formation is Army Region . The size of an Army Region can vary widely but is generally somewhere between about 1 million and 3 million soldiers . Two or more Army Regions could make up an Army Theater . An Army Region is typically commanded by a full General ( US four stars ) , a Field Marshal , or General of the Army ( US five stars ) , or Generalissimo ( Soviet Union ) . Due to the large size of this formation , its use is rarely employed . Some of the very few examples of an Army Region are each of the Eastern , Western , and southern ( mostly in Italy ) fronts in Europe during World War II . The military map unit symbol for this echelon of formation ( see Military organization and APP - 6A ) consists of six Xs . Media geography ( edit ) Media geography is a spatio - temporal understanding , brought through different gadgets of media , nowadays , media became inevitable at different proportions and everyone supposed to consumed at different gravity . The spatial attributes are studied with the help of media outputs in shape of images which are contested in nature and pattern as well where politics is inseparable . Media geography is giving spatial understanding of mediated image . See also ( edit ) Autonomous region Committee of the Regions Continent Continental fragment Euroregion Latin names of regions Military district Regional district Regionalism ( disambiguation ) Regional municipality Subcontinent Submerged continents Subregion Supercontinent United Nations geoscheme Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turismo.intoscana.it . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Visitmexico.com Archived 2010 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Lakedistrict.gov.uk , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Winecountry.com , Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Farmer , CJQ ; Fotheringham , AS ( 2011 ) . `` Network - based functional regions '' . Environment and Planning A. 43 ( 11 ) : 2723 -- 2741 . doi : 10.1068 / a44136 . Jump up ^ Klapka , P ; Halas , M ( 2016 ) . `` Conceptualising patterns of spatial flows : five decades of advances in the definition and use of functional regions '' . Moravian Geographical Reports . 24 ( 2 ) : 2 -- 11 . doi : 10.1515 / mgr - 2016 - 0006 . Jump up ^ Smart , MW ( 1974 ) . `` Labour market areas : uses and definition '' . Progress in Planning . 2 : 239 -- 353 . doi : 10.1016 / 0305 - 9006 ( 74 ) 90008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halas , M ; Klapka , P ; Tonev , P ; Bednar , M ( 2015 ) . `` An alternative definition and use for the constraint function for rule - based methods of functional regionalisation '' . Environment and Planning A. 47 ( 5 ) : 1175 -- 1191 . doi : 10.1177 / 0308518X15592306 . References ( edit ) Bailey , Robert G. ( 1996 ) Ecosystem Geography . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94586 - 5 Meinig , D.W. ( 1986 ) . The Shaping of America : A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History , Volume 1 : Atlantic America , 1492 - 1800 . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03548 - 9 Moinuddin Shekh. ( 2017 ) `` Mediascape and the State : A Geographical Interpretation of Image Politics in Uttar Pradesh , India . Netherland , Springer . Smith - Peter , Susan ( 2018 ) Imagining Russian Regions : Subnational Identity and Civil Society in Nineteenth - Century Russia . Leiden : Brill , 2017 . ISBN 9789004353497 External links ( edit ) Map and descriptions of hydrologic unit regions of the United States Federal Standards for Delineation of Hydrologic Unit Boundaries Physiographic regions of the United States Continents of the world Africa Antarctica Asia Australia Europe North America South America Afro - Eurasia America Eurasia Oceania Prehistoric supercontinents Gondwana Laurasia Pangaea Pannotia Rodinia Columbia Kenorland Nena Sclavia Ur Vaalbara Other prehistoric continents Amazonia Arctica Asiamerica Atlantica Avalonia Baltica Cimmeria Congo craton Euramerica Kalaharia Kazakhstania Laurentia North China Siberia South China East Antarctica Pampia Cuyania Chilenia Submerged continents Kerguelen Plateau Zealandia Sahul Sunda Possible future supercontinents Pangaea Ultima Amasia Novopangaea Mythical and hypothesised continents Atlantis Kumari Kandam Lemuria Meropis Mu Hyperborea Terra Australis Subcontinents Arabian peninsula Indian subcontinent See also Regions of the world Continental fragment Book Category Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Kavirondo Zanj Serengeti Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Ifriqiya Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern Africa Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta Cape Peninsula False Bay Hydra Bay Macro-regions Aethiopia Arab world Commonwealth realm East African montane forests Eastern Desert Equatorial Africa Françafrique Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East Islands of Africa List of countries where Arabic is an official language Mediterranean Basin MENA MENASA Middle East Mittelafrika Negroland Northeast Africa Portuguese - speaking African countries Sahara Sahel Sub-Saharan Africa Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna Tibesti Mountains Tropical Africa Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Tartary Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Ural Ural Mountains Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Tartary Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Sikhote - Alin Beringia Chukchi Peninsula East Orient Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Aram - Naharaim Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Israel Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Orient Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Carnatic region Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Paropamisadae Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Orient Sundaland Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Wallacea Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Jutland Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Visegrád Group Bohemia West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Northern Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain states Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay East Bay Silicon Valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Latin Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria Zealandia Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands North Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Fiji New Caledonia New Guinea Papua New Guinea Republic of West Papua Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Kiribati Mariana Islands Guam Northern Mariana Islands Marshall Islands Nauru Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Mangareva Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands New Zealand South Island North Island Niue Pitcairn Islands Samoan Islands American Samoa Independent State of Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Regions of South America East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Category Designations for types of administrative territorial entities English terms Common English terms Area Insular area Local government area Protected area Special area Statistical area Combined statistical area Metropolitan statistical area Micropolitan statistical area Urban area Canton Half - canton Borough County borough Metropolitan borough Capital Federal capital Imperial capital City City state Autonomous city Charter city Independent city Incorporated city Imperial city Free imperial city Royal free city Community Autonomous community Residential community County Administrative county Autonomous county Consolidated city - county Metropolitan county Non-metropolitan Viscountcy Country Overseas country Department Overseas department District Capital district City district Congressional district Electoral district Federal district Indian government district Land district Metropolitan district Non-metropolitan district Military district Municipal district Police district Regional district Rural district Sanitary district Subdistrict Urban district Special district Division Census division Police division Subdivision Municipality City municipality County municipality Norway Nova Scotia Regional county municipality Direct - controlled municipality District municipality Mountain resort municipality Neutral municipality Regional municipality Resort municipality Rural municipality Specialized municipality Prefecture Autonomous prefecture Subprefecture Super-prefecture Praetorian prefecture Province Autonomous province Overseas province Roman province Region Administrative region Autonomous region Capital region Development region Economic region Mesoregion Microregion Overseas region Planning region Special administrative region Statistical region Subregion Reserve Biosphere reserve Ecological reserve Game reserve Indian reserve Nature reserve State Federal state Free state Sovereign state Territory Capital territory Federal capital territory Dependent territory Federal territory Military territory Organized incorporated territory Overseas territory Union territory Unorganized territory Town Census town Market town Township Charter township Civil township Paper township Survey township Urban township Unit Autonomous territorial unit Local administrative unit Municipal unit Regional unit Zone Economic zone Exclusive economic zone Free economic zone Special economic zone Free - trade zone Neutral zone Self - administered zone Other English terms Current Alpine resort Bailiwick Banner Autonomous Block Cadastre Circle Circuit Colony Commune Condominium Constituency Duchy Eldership Emirate Federal dependency Governorate Hamlet Ilkhanate Indian reservation Manor Royal Muftiate Neighbourhood Parish Periphery Precinct Principality Protectorate Quarter Regency Autonomous republic Riding Sector Autonomous Shire Sultanate Suzerainty Townland Village Administrative Summer Ward Historical Agency Barony Burgh Exarchate Hide Hundred Imperial Circle March Monthon Presidency Residency Roman diocese Seat Tenth Tithing Non-English or loanwords Current Amt Bakhsh Barangay Bezirk Regierungsbezirk Comune Frazione Fu Gemeinde Austria Germany South Tyrol Switzerland Gemeente Gmina Județ Kampong Kunta / kommun Finland Sweden Län Località Megye Muban Mukim Oblast Autonomous Okrug Ostān Poblacion Purok Shahrestān Sum Sýsla Tehsil Vingtaine Historical Commote Gau Heerlijkheid Köping Landskommun Maalaiskunta Nome Egypt Greece Pagus Pargana Plasă Satrapy Socken Subah Syssel Zhou Arabic terms for country subdivisions First - level Muhafazah ( محافظة governorate ) Wilayah ( ولاية province ) Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Mudiriyah ( مديرية directorate ) Imarah ( إمارة emirate ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Shabiyah ( شعبية `` popularate '' ) Second / third - level Mintaqah ( منطقة region ) Qadaa ( قضاء district ) Nahiyah ( ناحية subdistrict ) Markaz ( مركز district ) Mutamadiyah ( معتمدية `` delegation '' ) Daerah / Daïra ( دائرة circle ) Liwa ( لواء banner / sanjak ) City / township - level Amanah ( أمانة municipality ) Baladiyah ( بلدية municipality ) Ḥai ( حي neighborhood / quarter ) Mahallah ( محلة ) Qarya ( قرية ) Sheyakhah ( شياخة `` neighborhood subdivision '' ) Majlis Mahalliyy ( مجلس محلي local council ) Majlis ʾIqlimiyy ( مجلس اقليمي regional council ) English translations given are those most commonly used . French terms for country subdivisions arrondissement département préfecture subprefectures Greek terms for country subdivisions Modern apokentromenes dioikiseis / geniki dioikisis / diamerisma / periphereia nomos / periphereiaki enotita demos / eparchia / koinotita Historical archontia / archontaton bandon demos despotaton dioikesis doukaton droungos eparchia exarchaton katepanikion kephalatikion kleisoura meris naukrareia satrapeia strategis thema toparchia tourma signifies a defunct institution Portuguese terms for country subdivisions Regional subdivisions Estado Distrito federal Província Região Distrito Comarca Capitania Local subdivisions Município Concelho Freguesia Comuna Circunscrição Settlements Cidade Vila Aldeia Bairro Lugar Historical subdivisions in italics . Slavic terms for country subdivisions Current dzielnica gmina krai kraj krajina / pokrajina městys obec oblast / oblast ' / oblasti / oblys / obwód / voblast ' okręg okres okrug opština / općina / občina / obshtina osiedle powiat / povit raion selsoviet / silrada sołectwo voivodeship / vojvodina županija Historical darugha gromada guberniya / gubernia jurydyka khutor obshchina okolia opole pogost prowincja sorok srez starostwo / starostva uyezd volost ziemia župa Spanish terms for country subdivisions National , Federal Comunidad autónoma Departamento Distrito federal Estado Provincia Región Regional , Metropolitan Cantón Comarca Comuna Corregimiento Delegación Distrito Mancomunidad Merindad Municipalidad Municipio Parroquia Ecuador Spain Urban , Rural Aldea Alquería Anteiglesia Asentamiento Asentamiento informal Pueblos jóvenes Barrio Campamento Caserío Ciudad Ciudad autónoma Colonia Lugar Masía Pedanía Población Ranchería Sitio Vereda Villa Village ( Pueblito / Pueblo ) Historical subdivisions in italics . Turkish terms for country subdivisions Modern il ( province ) ilçe ( district ) şehir ( city ) kasaba ( town ) belediye ( municipality ) belde ( community ) köy ( village ) mahalle ( neighbourhood / quarter ) Historical ağalık ( feudal district ) bucak ( subdistrict ) beylerbeylik ( province ) kadılık ( subprovince ) kaza ( sub-province ) hidivlik ( viceroyalty ) mutasarrıflık ( subprovince ) nahiye ( nahiyah ) paşalık ( province ) reya ( Romanian principalities ) sancak ( prefecture ) vilayet ( province ) voyvodalık ( Romanian provinces ) Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms . Historical derivations in italics . See also : Census division , Electoral district , Political division , and List of administrative divisions by country GND : 4049029 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Region&oldid=866464983 '' Categories : Regions Geography Geography terminology Regional geography Types of country subdivisions Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Napulitano Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 14 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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what is the meaning of region in english

In geography , regions are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics ( physical geography ) , human impact characteristics ( human geography ) , and the interaction of humanity and the environment ( environmental geography ) . Geographic regions and sub-regions are mostly described by their imprecisely defined , and sometimes transitory boundaries , except in human geography , where jurisdiction areas such as national borders are defined in law .

List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later , Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . As of May 17 , 2018 , 138 episodes of Arrow have aired , concluding the sixth season . On April 2 , 2018 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season , which is set to premiere on October 15 , 2018 . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 2.7 Season 7 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.2 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.3 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 181 1.76 7 TBA October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) TBA TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , entitled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , while the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Esrin Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . DA Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the US military police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaches the boat in time and calls Moira on his way home . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding a ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that he is no longer friends with Oliver and is not weak , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it into the hostage , but Anatoli kills him anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo . The media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that it was faked , but Watson tells Oliver that she will continue her investigation . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning to cause hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive . '' Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility and discovers she is working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , a global internet infrastructure hub . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena to her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and covered tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop Curtis ' trackers . Slade calls Oliver and asks for his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade 's , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of their team . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy , as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to protect a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later unleashes her Canary Cry on Vigilante , removing his mask and revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive because he had lost faith in their police work . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he saw his father kill someone before he was influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Earth - 1 's Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are abducted to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin . Black Siren willingly allows Quentin to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 0.87 Dinah has Anatoly arrested but Captain Hill and DA Sam Armand force his release . Oliver confronts them with proof that they are working for Diaz and fires them when they affirm that they can not accept his protection when faced with the threat posed by Diaz . Oliver apologizes to John about not giving him the suit , but after John questions his leadership skills and motives for continuing as the Green Arrow while Oliver counters that he has accepted his past mistakes , the two engage in an argument that leads to a fight . With Diaz pushing Vertigo through the city , Oliver and John work to destroy the shipment , while Curtis reveals his alter - ego to his new boyfriend , Nick Anastas . John decides to leave the team following the fight , leaving Oliver and Felicity as the final two members . Hill fires Dinah and the rest of the clean cops , forcing Nick to realize that vigilantism is the only path forward . Armand claims that Oliver obstructed justice , which is grounds for impeachment . Laurel learns that Diaz has one more vial of Vertigo and kisses him . 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 1.06 With Oliver 's impeachment hearing beginning , he lashes out at Felicity and William , causing the former to request a separation . Oliver realizes he has been dosed with Vertigo , and he begins hallucinating Adrian Chase , who torments him with reminders of his past failures . Oliver realizes that he never should have formed a Team Arrow , allowing his loved ones to make him forget about his original mission . Learning Diaz 's location , Oliver dons his original hood and attempts to take on the corrupt officers by himself . Felicity is able to bring Oliver back to his senses , revealing she never requested a separation . Oliver and Felicity escape before Diaz and his men can shoot them . Later , Oliver and William reconcile . Oliver is impeached , and Quentin becomes the new Mayor of Star City . Diaz tells Laurel that since Oliver has been impeached , it is time to inform crime families across the country that Star City is open for business . 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 0.96 A younger Diaz is shown in an orphanage being harassed by a bully . In the present , Diaz starts the next phase of his plan which is to join a criminal organization called The Quadrant . But one of the four leaders of the group does n't think that Diaz is worthy enough , thinking of him as a street thug , and tries to have his son kill him . With Laurel 's help , he wages a small war on the group , killing both the man and his son , then taking his seat at the table . Later on , Diaz tracks down the man who bullied him as a child , and sets him on fire as Laurel watches uncomfortably . Meanwhile , Felicity & Curtis work together again on their Helix project , while Oliver works alone in Star City . An explosion happens as Oliver is fighting Diaz 's men , leaving no survivors . Felicity fearing for Oliver 's life returns home to find him safe and sound , who promises her that he will never leave her . 135 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' Alexandra La Roche Wendy Mericle & Rebecca Bellotto April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13470 0.87 Oliver pays a debt to Anatoli 's rival in Russia , so that Anatoli will be able to go home . Oliver appeals to him , reminding him of his honor and their friendship . Anatoli betrays him , chains him , and later on takes him to see Diaz . Convinced to fight fairly by Anatoli , Diaz and Oliver square off one on one , with the loser to leave the city . Oliver bests Diaz , only for him to stab him with a knife . Later on , Diaz tells Oliver he 's having his trial moved up and has him arrested . Meanwhile , Rene returns home , but is still affected by when he was shot . Dinah and Curtis team up with John and ARGUS to stop a shipment of weapons by The Quadrant and are successful . As the new mayor , Quentin is approached by Diaz to sign a paper that will grant him some property in the city . Quentin refuses at first , but he eventually changes his mind out of fear for Laurel 's safety after she expresses concerns about how dangerous he is . 136 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' Andi Armaganian Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. Carter May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13471 1.10 Several witnesses are called at Oliver 's trial to testify about the identity of the Green Arrow including John , Dinah , Dr. Schwartz , Rene , and Felicity . Diaz coerces Rene into saying Oliver is the Green Arrow at trial by threatening his daughter in front of him . After Oliver takes the stand , the Green Arrow crashes through the skylight , revealing himself to be Tommy Merlyn back from the dead . Tommy testifies that he is really the Arrow and is taken into custody . When being saved from Diaz 's men by John and Rene , he is revealed to be Christopher Chance , the Human Target . Laurel takes the stand and , despite being threatened by Diaz earlier , testifies that Tommy is the real Green Arrow . Oliver is found guilty , proving the assumption that both the judge and the jury were in Diaz 's pocket . Oliver 's lawyer moves for a judgment notwithstanding verdict and the judge surprisingly agrees . Oliver returns to the lair and discovers that Chance switched places with the judge during jury deliberation . Oliver and Rene reconcile . Diaz kills the real judge just before Laurel appears and attacks him and his men , momentarily downing Diaz , before he takes her captive , telling her that he plans to kill Oliver and everyone he cares about . 137 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' Tara Miele Ben Sokolowski & Oscar Balderrama May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13472 1.00 Diaz orchestrates attacks against Team Arrow and their loved ones ; most escape unscathed but Curtis 's boyfriend Nick is seriously injured . They reunite at the New Team Arrow 's bunker where they watch as Diaz ' men destroy Original Team Arrow 's bunker . With Anatoly 's help , Oliver ambushes Diaz , but he escapes , severely wounding Curtis . The team realizes Diaz was protecting a device containing potentially important data , and send Lyla into the SCPD headquarters to hack it . Felicity discovers it is an encrypted list of everyone on Diaz 's payroll and starts attempting to decode it . Diaz kills one of the Quadrant leaders , assuming she gave Team Arrow the intel about his convoy . He attacks the new bunker , fights with and nearly kills Oliver , who triggers explosives installed as a fail - safe against intruders . He and Felicity escape , but the still - encrypted data is lost . Diaz meets with the remaining two Quadrant leaders , kills one and makes the other accept him as the head of the organization . Oliver turns to Agent Watson for help ; she agrees provided he admits to her that he is the Green Arrow . 138 23 `` Life Sentence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13473 1.35 Team Arrow mount a final attack on Diaz and while Diaz manages to escape , Oliver obtains the list of everyone on his payroll , liberating Star City . During the attack , Quentin takes a bullet for Laurel and ends up in the hospital . The team comes to support him , including Laurel and a surprise visit from Sara . However , Quentin suffers a seizure during surgery and dies . Oliver manages to get the team immunity from the FBI and police in exchange for handing himself in . Agent Watson promises the team that the FBI will stay in Star City to deal with Diaz , before arresting Oliver . Oliver finally admits to the public that he is the Green Arrow , and urges his friends and allies to continue fighting to save the city . In prison , Oliver walks to his cell , with criminals acting violently towards him now that they know he is the Green Arrow . Season 7 ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 7 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 139 `` Inmate 4587 '' James Bamford Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama October 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 15 ) T27. 13651 TBD 140 `` The Longbow Hunters '' Laura Belsey Jill Blankenship & Rebecca Bellotto October 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 22 ) T27. 13652 TBD 141 `` Crossing Lines '' Gordon Verheul Onalee Hunter & Sarah Tarkoff TBA T27. 13653 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' March 29 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.12 0.4 0.95 0.8 2.07 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' April 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.84 0.6 1.74 18 `` Fundamentals '' April 12 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.06 0.3 0.82 0.7 1.89 19 `` The Dragon '' April 19 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.96 0.4 0.78 0.7 1.75 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' April 26 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.87 0.6 1.74 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' May 3 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.10 0.3 0.80 0.7 1.90 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' May 10 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.00 0.4 0.85 0.7 1.91 23 `` Life Sentence '' May 17 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.35 0.4 0.76 0.8 2.11 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 6 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 August 14 , 2018 September 3 , 2018 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' Flash , ' ' Supernatural ' Among 10 CW Renewals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall Premiere Dates , Including New ' Super ' Sunday '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Swift '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - arrow on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' SWAT , ' ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Life in Pieces , ' ' Showtime at the Apollo ' and ' Station 19 ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Supernatural ' & ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' SWAT ' and ' Arrow ' finales adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( June 26 , 2018 ) . `` First day of prep on the premiere ! # ArrowSeason7 @ ojbalderrama @ JamesBamford 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( July 23 , 2018 ) . `` 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Beth ( @ SchwartzApprovd ) ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Episode 703 written by @ sarahtarkoff @ onaleehunter @ lizmkim # ArrowSeason7 🏹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 ( DVD ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow - Season 6 5 DVD '' . JB Hi - Fi . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : The Complete Sixth Season ( BD ) ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Season 6 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2018 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 9 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arrow Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 7 `` Pilot '' `` League of Assassins '' `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' `` State v. Queen '' `` The Scientist `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters The Flash Episodes Season 4 Season 5 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? 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when does arrow season 6 episode 21 air

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding a ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that he is no longer friends with Oliver and is not weak , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it into the hostage , but Anatoli kills him anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo . The media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that it was faked , but Watson tells Oliver that she will continue her investigation . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning to cause hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive . '' Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility and discovers she is working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , a global internet infrastructure hub . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena to her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and covered tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop Curtis ' trackers . Slade calls Oliver and asks for his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade 's , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of their team . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy , as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to protect a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later unleashes her Canary Cry on Vigilante , removing his mask and revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive because he had lost faith in their police work . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he saw his father kill someone before he was influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Earth - 1 's Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are abducted to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin . Black Siren willingly allows Quentin to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis hacks the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 1.12 Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath and discovers that it contains locations to other Lazarus Pits . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart to destroy the Lazarus Pits and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 0.87 Dinah has Anatoly arrested but Captain Hill and DA Sam Armand force his release . Oliver confronts them with proof that they are working for Diaz and fires them when they affirm that they can not accept his protection when faced with the threat posed by Diaz . Oliver apologizes to John about not giving him the suit , but after John questions his leadership skills and motives for continuing as the Green Arrow while Oliver counters that he has accepted his past mistakes , the two engage in an argument that leads to a fight . With Diaz pushing Vertigo through the city , Oliver and John work to destroy the shipment , while Curtis reveals his alter - ego to his new boyfriend , Nick Anastas . John decides to leave the team following the fight , leaving Oliver and Felicity as the final two members . Hill fires Dinah and the rest of the clean cops , forcing Nick to realize that vigilantism is the only path forward . Armand claims that Oliver obstructed justice , which is grounds for impeachment . Laurel learns that Diaz has one more vial of Vertigo and kisses him . 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 1.06 With Oliver 's impeachment hearing beginning , he lashes out at Felicity and William , causing the former to request a separation . Oliver realizes he has been dosed with Vertigo , and he begins hallucinating Adrian Chase , who torments him with reminders of his past failures . Oliver realizes that he never should have formed a Team Arrow , allowing his loved ones to make him forget about his original mission . Learning Diaz 's location , Oliver dons his original hood and attempts to take on the corrupt officers by himself . Felicity is able to bring Oliver back to his senses , revealing she never requested a separation . Oliver and Felicity escape before Diaz and his men can shoot them . Later , Oliver and William reconcile . Oliver is impeached , and Quentin becomes the new Mayor of Star City . Diaz tells Laurel that since Oliver has been impeached , it is time to inform crime families across the country that Star City is open for business . 134 19 `` The Dragon '' Gordon Verheul Spiro Skentzos & Elizabeth Kim April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T27. 13469 0.96 A younger Diaz is shown in an orphanage being harassed by a bully . In the present , Diaz starts the next phase of his plan which is to join a criminal organization called The Quadrant . But one of the four leaders of the group does n't think that Diaz is worthy enough , thinking of him as a street thug , and tries to have his son kill him . With Laurel 's help , he wages a small war on the group , killing both the man and his son , then taking his seat at the table . Later on , Diaz tracks down the man who bullied him as a child , and sets him on fire as Laurel watches uncomfortably . Meanwhile , Felicity & Curtis work together again on their Helix project , while Oliver works alone in Star City . An explosion happens as Oliver is fighting Diaz 's men , leaving no survivors . Felicity fearing for Oliver 's life returns home to find him safe and sound , who promises her that he will never leave her . 135 20 `` Shifting Allegiances '' Alexandra La Roche Wendy Mericle & Rebecca Bellotto April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13470 0.87 Oliver pays a debt to Anatoli 's rival in Russia , so that Anatoli will be able to go home . Oliver appeals to him , reminding him of his honor and their friendship . Anatoli betrays him , chains him , and later on takes him to see Diaz . Convinced to fight fairly by Anatoli , Diaz and Oliver square off one on one , with the loser to leave the city . Oliver bests Diaz , only for him to stab him with a knife . Later on , Diaz tells Oliver he 's having his trial moved up and has him arrested . Meanwhile , Rene returns home , but is still affected by when he was shot . Dinah and Curtis team up with John and ARGUS to stop a shipment of weapons by The Quadrant and are successful . As the new mayor , Quentin is approached by Diaz to sign a paper that will grant him some property in the city . Quentin refuses at first , but he eventually changes his mind out of fear for Laurel 's safety after she expresses concerns about how dangerous he is . 136 21 `` Docket No. 11 - 19 - 41 - 73 '' Andi Armaganian Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Ubah Mohamed & Tyron B. Carter May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13471 1.10 Several witnesses are called at Oliver 's trial to testify about the identity of the Green Arrow including John , Dinah , Dr. Schwartz , Rene , and Felicity . Diaz coerces Rene into saying Oliver is the Green Arrow at trial by threatening his daughter in front of him . After Oliver takes the stand , the Green Arrow crashes through the skylight , revealing himself to be Tommy Merlyn back from the dead . Tommy testifies that he is really the Arrow and is taken into custody . When being saved from Diaz 's men by John and Rene , he is revealed to be Christopher Chance , the Human Target . Laurel takes the stand and , despite being threatened by Diaz earlier , testifies that Tommy is the real Green Arrow . Oliver is found guilty , proving the assumption that both the judge and the jury were in Diaz 's pocket . Oliver 's lawyer moves for a judgment notwithstanding verdict and the judge surprisingly agrees . Oliver returns to the lair and discovers that Chance switched places with the judge during jury deliberation . Oliver and Rene reconcile . Diaz kills the real judge just before Laurel appears and attacks him and his men , momentarily downing Diaz , before he takes her captive , telling her that he plans to kill Oliver and everyone he cares about . 137 22 `` The Ties That Bind '' Tara Miele Ben Sokolowski & Oscar Balderrama May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13472 1.00 Diaz orchestrates attacks against Team Arrow and their loved ones ; most escape unscathed but Curtis 's boyfriend Nick is seriously injured . They reunite at the New Team Arrow 's bunker where they watch as Diaz ' men destroy Original Team Arrow 's bunker . With Anatoly 's help , Oliver ambushes Diaz , but he escapes , severely wounding Curtis . The team realizes Diaz was protecting a device containing potentially important data , and send Lyla into the SCPD headquarters to hack it . Felicity discovers it is an encrypted list of everyone on Diaz 's payroll and starts attempting to decode it . Diaz kills one of the Quadrant leaders , assuming she gave Team Arrow the intel about his convoy . He attacks the new bunker , fights with and nearly kills Oliver , who triggers explosives installed as a fail - safe against intruders . He and Felicity escape , but the still - encrypted data is lost . Diaz meets with the remaining two Quadrant leaders , kills one and makes the other accept him as the head of the organization . Oliver turns to Agent Watson for help ; she agrees provided he admits to her that he is the Green Arrow . 138 23 `` Life Sentence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13473 1.35 Team Arrow mount a final attack on Diaz and while Diaz manages to escape , Oliver obtains the list of everyone on his payroll , liberating Star City . During the attack , Quentin takes a bullet for Laurel and ends up in the hospital . The team comes to support him , including Laurel and a surprise visit from Sara . However , Quentin suffers a seizure during surgery and dies . Oliver manages to get the team immunity from the FBI and police in exchange for handing himself in . Agent Watson promises the team that the FBI will stay in Star City to deal with Diaz , before arresting Oliver . Oliver finally admits to the public that he is the Green Arrow , and urges his friends and allies to continue fighting to save the city . In prison , Oliver walks to his cell , with criminals acting violently towards him now that they know he is the Green Arrow .

Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) - wikipedia Cape Fear ( 1962 film ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1962 film . For other uses , see Cape Fear ( disambiguation ) . Cape Fear Cape Fear movie poster Directed by J. Lee Thompson Produced by Sy Bartlett Screenplay by James R. Webb Based on The Executioners by John D. MacDonald Starring Robert Mitchum Gregory Peck Martin Balsam Polly Bergen Lori Martin Music by Bernard Herrmann Cinematography Sam Leavitt Edited by George Tomasini Production company Melville Productions Talbot Productions Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 12 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 12 ) ( United States ) April 18 , 1962 ( 1962 - 04 - 18 ) ( New York City ) Running time 106 minutes Country United States Language English Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller film starring Robert Mitchum , Gregory Peck , Martin Balsam , and Polly Bergen . It was adapted by James R. Webb from the novel The Executioners by John D. MacDonald . It was initially storyboarded by Alfred Hitchcock ( slated to direct but quit over a dispute ) , subsequently directed by J. Lee Thompson , and released on April 12 , 1962 . The movie concerns an attorney whose family is stalked by a criminal he helped to send to jail . Cape Fear was remade in 1991 by Martin Scorsese . Peck , Mitchum , and Balsam all appeared in the remake . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Distribution 4.1 Home media 5 Reaction 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Legacy 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Plot ( edit ) After spending eight years in prison for rape , Max Cady ( Robert Mitchum ) is released . He promptly tracks down Sam Bowden ( Gregory Peck ) , a lawyer whom he holds personally responsible for his conviction because Sam interrupted his attack and testified against him . Cady begins to stalk and subtly threaten Bowden 's family . He kills the Bowden family dog , though Sam can not prove Cady did it . A friend of Bowden 's , police chief Mark Dutton ( Martin Balsam ) , attempts to intervene on Bowden 's behalf , but he can not prove Cady guilty of any crime . Bowden hires private detective Charlie Sievers ( Telly Savalas ) . Cady brutally attacks a promiscuous young woman named Diane Taylor ( Barrie Chase ) when she brings him home , but neither the private eye nor Bowden can persuade her to testify . Bowden hires three thugs to beat up Cady and persuade him to leave town , but the plan backfires when Cady gets the better of all three . Cady 's lawyer vows to have Bowden disbarred . Afraid for his wife Peggy ( Polly Bergen ) and 14 - year - old daughter Nancy ( Lori Martin ) , Bowden takes them to their houseboat in Cape Fear . In an attempt to trick Cady , Bowden makes it seem as though he has gone to a completely different location . He fully expects Cady to follow his wife and daughter , and he plans on killing Cady to end the battle . Bowden and a local deputy hide nearby , but Cady realizes the deputy is there and kills him . Eluding Bowden , Cady first attacks Mrs. Bowden on the boat , causing Bowden to go to her rescue . Meanwhile , Cady swims back to shore to attack Nancy . Bowden realizes what has happened , and also swims ashore . The two men engage in a final violent fight on the riverbank . Bowden overpowers Cady , but decides not to kill him , preferring to let him spend the rest of his life in jail . The film ends with the Bowden family sitting together on a boat the next morning . Cast ( edit ) Gregory Peck as Sam Bowden Robert Mitchum as Max Cady Polly Bergen as Peggy Bowden Lori Martin as Nancy Bowden Martin Balsam as Mark Dutton Jack Kruschen as Dave Grafton Telly Savalas as Charlie Sievers Barrie Chase as Diane Taylor Paul Comi as George Garner Edward Platt as Judge Will Wright as Dr. Pearsall Joan Staley as Waitress Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Rod Steiger wanted to play Max Cady , but he backed off when he heard Mitchum was considering the role . Telly Savalas was screentested for the role , but later played private eye Charlie Sievers . Charles Bronson , James Coburn , Charlton Heston , Jack Palance , and John Wayne , were all considered for the role of the attorney , Sam Bowden . Peck was a last - minute replacement for Heston , who was originally cast . Jim Backus was set to play attorney Dave Grafton . Filming ( edit ) Thompson had always envisioned the film in black and white prior to production . As an Alfred Hitchcock fan , he wanted to have Hitchcockian elements in the film , such as unusual lighting angles , an eerie musical score , closeups , and subtle hints rather than graphic depictions of the violence Cady has in mind for the family . The outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Savannah , Georgia , Stockton , California , and the Universal Studios backlot at Universal City , California . The indoor scenes were done at Universal Studios Soundstage . Mitchum had a real - life aversion to Savannah , where as a teenager , he had been charged with vagrancy and put on a chain gang . This resulted in a number of the outdoor scenes ' being shot at Ladd 's Marina in Stockton , including the culminating conflict on the houseboat at the end of the movie . This scene where Mitchum attacks Polly Bergen 's character on the houseboat was almost completely improvised . Before the scene was filmed , Thompson suddenly told a crew member : `` Bring me a dish of eggs ! '' Mitchum 's rubbing the eggs on Bergen was not scripted and Bergen 's reactions were real . She also suffered back injuries from being knocked around so much . She felt the impact of the `` attack '' for days . While filming the scene , Mitchum cut open his hand , leading Bergen to recall : `` his hand was covered in blood , my back was covered in blood . We just kept going , caught up in the scene . They came over and physically stopped us . '' In the source novel The Executioners , by John D. MacDonald , Cady was a soldier court - martialed and convicted on then Lieutenant Bowden 's testimony for the brutal rape of a 14 - year - old girl . The censors stepped in , banned the use of the word `` rape '' , and stated that depicting Cady as a soldier reflected adversely on U.S. military personnel . Music ( edit ) Bernard Herrmann , as often in his scores , uses a reduced version of the symphony orchestra . Here , other than a 46 - piece string section ( slightly larger than usual for film scores ) , he adds four flutes ( doubling on two piccolos , two alto flutes in G , and two bass flutes in C ) and eight French horns . No use is made of further wind instruments or percussion . In his 2002 book A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann , Stephen C. Smith writes : `` Yet Herrmann was perfect for Cape Fear ... Herrmann 's score reinforces Cape Fear 's savagery . Mainly a synthesis of past devices , its power comes from their imaginative application and another ingenious orchestration ... a rehearsal for his similar orchestration on Hitchcock 's Torn Curtain in 1966 . Like similar `` psychological '' Herrmann scores , dissonant string combinations suggest the workings of a killer 's mind ( most startlingly in a queasy device for cello and bass viols as Cadey prepares to attack the prostitute ) . Hermann 's prelude searingly establishes the dramatic conflict : descending and ascending chromatic voices move slowly towards each other from their opposite registers , finally crossing -- just as Bodens and Cadey 's game of cat - and - mouse will end in deadly confrontation . '' Distribution ( edit ) Although the word `` rape '' was entirely removed from the script before shooting , the film still enraged the censors , who worried that `` there was a continuous threat of sexual assault on a child . '' To accept the film , British censors required extensive editing and deleting of specific scenes . After making around 6 minutes of cuts , the film still nearly garnered a British X rating ( meaning at the time , `` Suitable for those aged 18 and older '' , not necessarily meaning there was sexually explicit or violent content ) . Home Media ( edit ) Cape Fear was first made available on VHS on March 1 , 1992 . It was later re-released on VHS , as well as DVD , on September 18 , 2001 . The film was released onto Blu - ray on January 8 , 2013 . It contains production photos and a `` making - of '' featurette . Reaction ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Upon its release , the film received positive but cautious feedback from critics due to the film 's content . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95 % of 20 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 7.6 out of 10 . Bosley Crowther of the New York Times praised the `` tough , tight script '' , as well as the film 's `` steady and starkly sinister style . '' He went on to conclude his review by saying , `` this is really one of those shockers that provokes disgust and regret . '' The entertainment - trade magazine Variety reviewed the film as `` competent and visually polished '' , while commenting on Mitchum 's performance as a `` menacing omnipresence . '' Legacy ( edit ) Although it makes no acknowledgement of Cape Fear , the episode `` The Force of Evil '' from the 1977 NBC television series Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected uses virtually the same plot , merely introducing an additional supernatural element to the released prisoner . The film and its remake serve as the basis for the 1993 The Simpsons episode `` Cape Feare '' in which Sideshow Bob , recently released from prison , stalks the Simpson family in an attempt to kill Bart . In April 2007 , Newsweek selected Cady as one of the 10 best villains in cinema history . Specifically , the scene where Cady attacks Sam 's family was ranked number 36 on Bravo 's 100 Scariest Movie Moments in 2004 . A consumer poll on the Internet Movie Database rates Cape Fear as the 65th - best trial film , although the trial scenes are merely incidental to the plot . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2001 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- # 61 2003 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains : Max Cady -- # 28 Villain See also ( edit ) List of films featuring home invasions List of films featuring surveillance Trial movies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ p. 283 Chibnall , Steve J. Lee Thompson Manchester University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Robert Mitchum The Reluctant Star ( DVD ) . Harrington Park : Janson Media . 2009 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Jeff . `` Cape Fear '' . Starring Robert Mitchum . Turner Entertainment Networks . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Bill Wrobel : Cape Fear , score rundown analysis Jump up ^ `` A Heart at Fire 's Center : The Life and Music of Bernard Herrmann - Steven C. Smith - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . May 31 , 2002 . p. 252 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22939 - 8 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seller , Ryan ( 12 October 2012 ) . `` Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Crowther , Bosley ( 19 April 1962 ) . `` Screen : Pitiless Shocker : Mitchum Stalks Peck in ' Cape Fear ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Fear '' . Variety . 1962 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John Kenneth Muir 's Reflections on Cult Movies and Classic TV : CULT TV FLASHBACK # 54 : Quinn Martin 's Tales of the Unexpected ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth , Terror Television : American Series 1970 - 1999 , Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc. , 2001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3884 - 6 . Not paginated . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Scariest Movie Moments '' . Bravo.tv.com . Archived from the original on 30 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best trial movies '' at Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bergman , Paul ; Asimow , Michael . ( 2006 ) Reel justice : the courtroom goes to the movies ( Kansas City : Andrews and McMeel ) . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 5460 - 9 ; ISBN 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 2 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8362 - 1035 - 4 . Machura , Stefan and Robson , Peter , eds . Law and Film : Representing Law in Movies ( Cambridge : Blackwell Publishing , 2001 ) . Thain , Gerald J. , `` Cape Fear , Two Versions and Two Visions Separated by Thirty Years . '' ISBN 0 - 631 - 22816 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 22816 - 5 . 176 pages . External links ( edit ) Cape Fear on IMDb Cape Fear at the TCM Movie Database Cape Fear at AllMovie Cape Fear at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Murder Without Crime ( 1950 ) The Yellow Balloon ( 1953 ) For Better , for Worse ( 1954 ) The Weak and the Wicked ( 1954 ) As Long as They 're Happy ( 1955 ) An Alligator Named Daisy ( 1955 ) Yield to the Night ( 1956 ) The Good Companions ( 1957 ) Woman in a Dressing Gown ( 1957 ) Ice Cold in Alex ( 1958 ) North West Frontier ( 1959 ) No Trees in the Street ( 1959 ) Tiger Bay ( 1959 ) I Aim at the Stars ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Cape Fear ( 1962 ) Taras Bulba ( 1962 ) Kings of the Sun ( 1963 ) What a Way to Go ! ( 1964 ) John Goldfarb , Please Come Home ! ( 1965 ) Return from the Ashes ( 1965 ) Eye of the Devil ( 1966 ) Mackenna 's Gold ( 1969 ) Before Winter Comes ( 1969 ) The Chairman ( 1969 ) Country Dance ( 1970 ) Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) Huckleberry Finn ( 1974 ) The Reincarnation of Peter Proud ( 1975 ) St. Ives ( 1976 ) The White Buffalo ( 1977 ) The Greek Tycoon ( 1978 ) The Passage ( 1979 ) Caboblanco ( 1980 ) Happy Birthday to Me ( 1981 ) 10 to Midnight ( 1983 ) The Evil That Men Do ( 1984 ) The Ambassador ( 1984 ) King Solomon 's Mines ( 1985 ) Murphy 's Law ( 1986 ) Firewalker ( 1986 ) Death Wish 4 : The Crackdown ( 1987 ) Messenger of Death ( 1988 ) Kinjite : Forbidden Subjects ( 1989 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Fear_(1962_film)&oldid=792812672 '' Categories : 1962 films English - language films 1960s legal films 1960s psychological thriller films American black - and - white films American films American psychological thriller films Film scores by Bernard Herrmann Films about families Films about psychopaths Films about revenge Films about stalking Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on works by John D. MacDonald Films directed by J. Lee Thompson Films set in North Carolina Films shot in California Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Home invasions in film Legal thriller films Southern Gothic films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2017 , at 21 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who starred in the original movie cape fear

Cape Fear is a 1962 American psychological thriller film starring Robert Mitchum , Gregory Peck , Martin Balsam , and Polly Bergen . It was adapted by James R. Webb from the novel The Executioners by John D. MacDonald . It was initially storyboarded by Alfred Hitchcock ( slated to direct but quit over a dispute ) , subsequently directed by J. Lee Thompson , and released on April 12 , 1962 . The movie concerns an attorney whose family is stalked by a criminal he helped to send to jail .

Wynne Evans - wikipedia Wynne Evans Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Welsh tenor . For the similarly named Anglican Bishop of St David 's , see Wyn Evans . Wynne Evans Evans on the cover of his Number 1 Album Wynne Evans ( 1972 - 01 - 27 ) 27 January 1972 ( age 45 ) Carmarthen , West Wales Occupation Tenor Known for Go Compare advert Children Ismay Evans Taliesin Evans Wynne Evans ( born 27 January 1972 ) is a Welsh tenor . Known for his role as the tenor Gio Compario in the Gocompare.com insurance adverts on television in the United Kingdom , he sang the role of Ubaldo Piangi in the 25th anniversary production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall . He also responded to the New Zealand All Blacks ' Haka in 2004 , singing ' Cwm Rhondda ' . He went on to sing at over 30 Welsh International rugby matches . Evans , a lifelong Spurs fan , also sang at Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur at the last ever game at White Hart Lane http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/the-lane-the-finale-farewell-ceremony-may-14-140517/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Opera singer 2 Concert singer 3 Recording artist 4 Television and radio 5 Awards 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Opera singer ( edit ) Born in Carmarthen , West Wales , Evans studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the National Opera Studio . In late 2011 Evans was cast as the opera singer Ubaldo Piangi , in the 25th Anniversary celebratory production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall Evans enjoys a close association with Welsh National Opera where his roles include Nemorino in L'elisir d'amore , Cassio in Otello ( S4C Broadcast ) , The Duke in Rigoletto , Rodolfo in La bohème , Pedrillo in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Tamino in Die Zauberflöte , Alfredo in La traviata , Jaquino in Leonore ( BBC Broadcast ) , the Schoolmaster in The Cunning Little Vixen , the Chevalier in Les Dialogues des Carmelites , the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier , the First Jew in Salome ( S4C and BBC Broadcast ) , Liberto in L'incoronazione di Poppea , Brighella in Ariadne auf Naxos and Alfred in Die Fledermaus . He made his debut at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden singing Vakula in the new production of Cherevichki . In 2011 Evans sang in Mark - Anthony Turnage 's opera Anna Nicole , based on the life of Anna Nicole Smith at the Royal Opera House , Covent Garden . For Opera de Lyon he has sung Gianni Schicchi , Il Tabarro and The Cunning Little Vixen For English National Opera Evans has sung Alfredo in La Traviata , Spoletta and Cavaradossi in Tosca , and Second Jew in Salome . For Opera North he has appeared as Fenton in Falstaff , Prunier in La Rondine and Paulino in The Secret Marriage . For Scottish Opera his roles include Tamino in Die Zauberflöte and the Italian Tenor in Der Rosenkavalier . For Grange Park Opera he has performed the roles of Trufaldino The Love for Three Oranges the Italian Tenor Capriccio the Schoolmaster in ' The Cunning Little Vixen and Harry in La fanciulla del West . For the Classical Opera Company Evans sang the role of Fracasso in La finta semplice . Other credits include Orpheus in Orpheus in the Underworld for Opera Holland Park and The Peacock in Param Vir 's Broken Strings for the Almeida Theatre , which was recorded for the BBC . Concert singer ( edit ) As a concert singer Evans ' appearances include Vaughan Williams ' Serenade to Music at the televised opening night of the 2001 BBC Proms , Beethoven 's Ninth Symphony for RTÉ , Elgars 's The Dream of Gerontius at the Welsh Proms , the Verdi Requiem at the Royal Albert Hall and a recital at the Wigmore Hall , London . Evans sings as a soloist on three CD volumes entitled ' Here Come the Classics ' with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , has recorded Salome and Ariadne auf Naxos for Chandos Records and has appeared several times on the BBC 's Friday Night is Music Night . He also presents on BBC Radio Wales with his brother , Mark Evans , and was awarded the MstJ by Queen Elizabeth II in 2008 . Recording artist ( edit ) In 2010 , Evans signed a six - album deal with Warner Music ; his first album is called A Song in My Heart and was released on 21 March 2011 . The album went straight to number one in the UK Classical Charts in the following week . Television and Radio ( edit ) Since 2009 Evans has starred in an advertising campaign for UK insurance comparison website Gocompare.com , playing the flamboyant , operatic tenor Gio Compario . He also appeared in a special version which was part of the 2010 Channel 4 Comedy Gala raising money for Great Ormond Street Hospital , in which comedian Jimmy Carr grabbed him by the testicles , causing him to sing in an even higher note . In 2012 , GoCompare launched the ' Saving the Nation ' campaign starring Evans again as Gio Compario . Evans made adverts in the series with Sue Barker , Stuart Pearce , Ray Mears , Louis Spence , and most famously Professor Stephen Hawking with all of them trying to kill him and thus save the nation from his singing about GoCompare . In 2011 , Evans began presenting . He presented a programme about the Eisteddfod for the BBC and his own TV show on S4C . In 2012 , Evans became a regular presenter on BBC Radio Wales and from October 2013 Evans presented a weekly Friday afternoon show called ' Wynne Evans ' Big Welsh Weekend ' . Since February 2016 , he has presented an entertainment show on the station from 11am - 1pm every weekday . Evans was also one of eight celebrities chosen to participate in an intense week of learning Welsh at a campsite in Pembrokeshire for the series cariad@iaith : love4language shown on S4C in May 2012 . In 2012 , Evans presented The Guide to Opera on Classic FM . The show was subsequently nominated for an Arqiva award . In 2013 Evans became a regular presenter on Classic FM In August 2012 , Evans appeared on the football show Soccer AM . He went on the show again in August 2013 . In March 2015 , Evans appeared in the Sky 1 comedy drama Stella , as a candidate running for council / Mexican wrestler . The episode ended with Evans singing a couple of numbers . In July 2015 , Evans returned as Gio Compario once more , in a new GoCompare commercial . Now embraced by the British populace , he performs at an arena to huge cheers and the words `` He 's Back ... '' are seen at the end of the advertisement . Awards ( edit ) Evans was made a member of the Gorsedd of the Bards of Wales in 2012 and an Honorary Fellow of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in 2013 . He was also made a Member of the Venerable Order of Saint John by HM The Queen in 2008 . Personal life ( edit ) Evans is a trustee of The Elizabeth Evans Trust . Evans ' mother was Elizabeth Evans MBE , who founded and ran both The Carmarthen Youth Opera and The Lyric Theatre in Carmarthen for 25 years . She died in 2004 and subsequently Evans and his two brothers founded the Trust . Evans has two children - Ismay Evans and Taliesin Evans . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Wynne Evans '' . wynneevans.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Gocompare.com ' Gio Compario ' advert '' . utalkmarketing.com . Jump up ^ `` Advert tenor Wynne Evans to appear in Phantom gala '' . BBC News . 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans in Welwyn Hatfield Times Jump up ^ Evans on the Welsh National Opera website Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Evans on the Athole Still Opera website Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Grand Opera Gala / Hughes , Norman , Evans , Maxwell , Royal Po '' . arkivmusic.com . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moores Foundation - Chandos Opera in English - R. Strauss 's Salome '' . pmf.org.uk . Jump up ^ BBC Concert Orchestra website 2006 Jump up ^ ' Beyond Compare : TV ad singer tops classical charts ' The Times 29 March 2011 pg 11 Jump up ^ `` Gio Compario '' . giocompario.com . Jump up ^ `` Physicist Stephen Hawking stars in new Go Compare advert '' , The Telegraph , 1 Jan 2013 . Accessed 11 Sept 2014 Jump up ^ Gio Returns TV AD - Gocompare - # GioReturns ( OFFICIAL ) ( HD ) . YouTube . 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Go Compare star Wynne Evans enters Gorsedd of the Bards '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Carmarthen Journal , 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Trustees of The Elizabeth Evans Trust External links ( edit ) Wynne Evans ' official website Wynne Evans at BBC Programmes Wynne Evans ' entry on the Welsh National Opera The Elizabeth Evans Trust Wynne Evans Interview VIAF : 22331473 LCCN : n2007056535 ISNI : 0000 0000 6309 1625 BNF : cb139354738 ( data ) MusicBrainz : bc8f1121 - f8bb - 4026 - a6de - 620a74a28547 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wynne_Evans&oldid=806580208 '' Categories : 1972 births Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama Welsh opera singers Welsh tenors Welsh - language singers Living people Singers from Carmarthenshire Welsh male singers Bards of the Gorsedd Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2015 Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use British English from January 2013 Articles with hCards Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 22 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is the bloke in the go compare advert

Wynne Evans ( born 27 January 1972 ) is a Welsh tenor . Known for his role as the tenor Gio Compario in the Gocompare.com insurance adverts on television in the United Kingdom , he sang the role of Ubaldo Piangi in the 25th anniversary production of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall . He also responded to the New Zealand All Blacks ' Haka in 2004 , singing ' Cwm Rhondda ' . He went on to sing at over 30 Welsh International rugby matches . Evans , a lifelong Spurs fan , also sang at Glory Glory Tottenham Hotspur at the last ever game at White Hart Lane http://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/the-lane-the-finale-farewell-ceremony-may-14-140517/ . Missing or empty title = ( help )

A Jury of her Peers - wikipedia A Jury of her Peers Jump to : navigation , search `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Author Susan Glaspell Country United States Language English Published in Every Week Magazine Publication date March 5 , 1917 Preceded by `` Trifles '' `` A Jury of Her Peers '' , written in 1917 , is a short story by Susan Glaspell , loosely based on the 1900 murder of John Hossack ( not the famed abolitionist ) , which Glaspell covered while working as a journalist for the Des Moines Daily News . It is seen as an example of early feminist literature because two female characters are able to solve a mystery that the male characters can not . They are aided by their knowledge of women 's psychology . Glaspell originally wrote the story as a one - act play entitled Trifles for the Provincetown Players in 1916 . The story was adapted into an episode of the 1950s TV series Alfred Hitchcock Presents . The story was adapted into a 30 - minute film by Sally Heckel in 1980 . The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film . Plot summary ( edit ) `` A Jury of Her Peers '' is about the discovery of and subsequent investigation of John Wright 's murder . The story begins on a cold , windy day in fictional Dickson County ( representing Dickinson County , Iowa ) with Martha Hale being abruptly called to ride to a crime scene . In the buggy is Lewis Hale , her husband , Sheriff Peters , the county sheriff , and Mrs. Peters , the sheriff 's wife . She rushes out to join them in the buggy , and the group sets off . They arrive at the crime scene : the Wrights ' lonesome - looking house . Immediately Mrs. Hale exhibits a feeling of guilt for not visiting her friend Minnie Foster since she married and became Mrs. Wright ( the dead man 's wife ) twenty years prior . Once the whole group is safely inside the house , Mr. Hale is asked to describe to the county attorney what he had seen and experienced the day prior . Despite the serious circumstances , he delivers his story in a long - winded and poorly thought - out manner , tendencies he struggles to avoid throughout . The story begins with Mr. Hale venturing to Mr. Wright 's house to convince Wright to get a telephone . Upon entering the house , he finds Mrs. Wright in a delirious state and comes to learn that Mr. Wright has allegedly been strangled . The women 's curious nature and very peculiar attention to minute details allows them to find evidence of Mrs. Wright 's guilt and of her provocations and motives . Meanwhile , the men are unable to procure any evidence . The women find the one usable piece of evidence : the dead bird in the box . It 's stated that Minnie used to love to sing and her husband took that away from her . But now finding her bird is dead , with a broken neck ( with the implication that the husband killed it ) it is evident Mrs. Wright killed her husband . Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters use their knowledge and experience as two `` midwestern rural women '' to understand Mrs. Wright 's suffering when the only living thing around her has died . The women find justification in Mrs. Wright 's actions and go about hiding what they find from the men . In the end , their obstruction of evidence will seemingly prevent a conviction . The story ends here , and does not move into the occurrences after they leave the house . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Patricia L. ( 1997 ) . `` Stories in Fiction and in Fact : Susan Glaspell 's A Jury of Her Peers and the 1901 Murder Trial of Margaret Hossack '' . Stanford law review . 49 : 71 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Harold . True Crime : An American Anthology ( PDF ) . The Library of America . pp. 179 -- 195 . ISBN 1598530313 . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Study Guide Archived January 24 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . at What So Proudly We Hail Curriculum . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080974/ Jump up ^ Hedges , Elaine ( 1986 ) . `` Small things reconsidered : Susan Glaspell 's ' ' A Jury of her Peers ' '' . Women 's Studies . 12 : 22 . External links ( edit ) A Jury of Her Peers public domain audiobook at LibriVox Audio dramatization EDSITEment lesson Jury of Her Peers `` A Jury of Her Peers '' Article in Every Week John Hossack Murder Case Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Jury_of_Her_Peers&oldid=816715459 '' Categories : 1927 short stories American short stories Works based on plays Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with LibriVox links Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 05 : 33 . About Wikipedia

where does a jury of her peers take place

`` A Jury of Her Peers '' is about the discovery of and subsequent investigation of John Wright 's murder . The story begins on a cold , windy day in fictional Dickson County ( representing Dickinson County , Iowa ) with Martha Hale being abruptly called to ride to a crime scene . In the buggy is Lewis Hale , her husband , Sheriff Peters , the county sheriff , and Mrs. Peters , the sheriff 's wife . She rushes out to join them in the buggy , and the group sets off . They arrive at the crime scene : the Wrights ' lonesome - looking house . Immediately Mrs. Hale exhibits a feeling of guilt for not visiting her friend Minnie Foster since she married and became Mrs. Wright ( the dead man 's wife ) twenty years prior . Once the whole group is safely inside the house , Mr. Hale is asked to describe to the county attorney what he had seen and experienced the day prior . Despite the serious circumstances , he delivers his story in a long - winded and poorly thought - out manner , tendencies he struggles to avoid throughout . The story begins with Mr. Hale venturing to Mr. Wright 's house to convince Wright to get a telephone . Upon entering the house , he finds Mrs. Wright in a delirious state and comes to learn that Mr. Wright has allegedly been strangled . The women 's curious nature and very peculiar attention to minute details allows them to find evidence of Mrs. Wright 's guilt and of her provocations and motives . Meanwhile , the men are unable to procure any evidence . The women find the one usable piece of evidence : the dead bird in the box . It 's stated that Minnie used to love to sing and her husband took that away from her . But now finding her bird is dead , with a broken neck ( with the implication that the husband killed it ) it is evident Mrs. Wright killed her husband . Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters use their knowledge and experience as two `` midwestern rural women '' to understand Mrs. Wright 's suffering when the only living thing around her has died . The women find justification in Mrs. Wright 's actions and go about hiding what they find from the men . In the end , their obstruction of evidence will seemingly prevent a conviction . The story ends here , and does not move into the occurrences after they leave the house .

Czech language - wikipedia Czech language Jump to : navigation , search Czech Bohemian čeština , český jazyk Native to Czech Republic Ethnicity Czechs Native speakers 10.7 million ( 2015 ) Language family Indo - European Balto - Slavic Slavic West Slavic Czech -- Slovak Czech Writing system Latin script ( Czech alphabet ) Czech Braille Official status Official language in Czech Republic European Union Recognised minority language in Austria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Poland Romania Slovakia Regulated by Institute of the Czech Language Language codes ISO 639 - 1 cs ISO 639 - 2 cze ( B ) ces ( T ) ISO 639 - 3 ces Glottolog czec1258 Linguasphere 53 - AAA - da < 53 - AAA - b ... - d ( varieties : 53 - AAA - daa to 53 - AAA - dam ) regions where Czech is the language of the majority regions where Czech is the language of a significant minority This article contains IPA phonetic symbols . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Unicode characters . For an introductory guide on IPA symbols , see Help : IPA . Czech ( / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group , which is extensively influenced by Latin and German . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree . The Czecho - Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period , and the standardisation of Czech and Slovak within the Czech -- Slovak dialect continuum emerges in the early modern period . In the later 18th to mid-19th century , the modern written standard became codified in the context of the Czech National Revival . The main vernacular , known as Common Czech , is based on the vernacular of Prague , but is now spoken throughout most of the Czech Republic . The Moravian dialects spoken in the eastern part of the country are also classified as Czech , although some of their eastern variants are closer to Slovak . Czech has a moderately - sized phoneme inventory , comprising five vowels ( each short or long ) and twenty - five consonants ( divided into `` hard '' , `` neutral '' and `` soft '' categories ) . Words may contain uncommon ( or complicated ) consonant clusters , including one consonant represented by the grapheme ř , or lack vowels altogether . Czech uses a simple orthography which phonologists have used as a model . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification 2 History 2.1 Medieval / Old Czech 2.2 Early Modern Czech 2.3 Modern Czech 3 Geographic distribution 3.1 United States 4 Varieties 4.1 Common Czech 4.2 Bohemian dialects 4.3 Moravian dialects 4.4 Sample 4.5 Mutual intelligibility 5 Vocabulary 6 Standard Czech 6.1 Phonology 6.2 Grammar 6.2. 1 Sentence and clause structure 6.2. 2 Declension 6.2. 3 Verb conjugation 6.3 Orthography 6.4 Sample text 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Classification ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages and West Slavic Classification of Czech within the Balto - Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . Czech and Slovak make up a `` Czech -- Slovak '' subgroup . Czech is a member of the West Slavic sub-branch of the Slavic branch of the Indo - European language family . This branch includes Polish , Kashubian , Upper and Lower Sorbian and Slovak . Slovak is the closest language genetic neighbor of Czech , followed by Polish and Silesian . The West Slavic languages are spoken in Central Europe . Czech is distinguished from other West Slavic languages by a more - restricted distinction between `` hard '' and `` soft '' consonants ( see Phonology below ) . History ( edit ) The Bible of Kralice was the first complete translation of the Bible into the Czech language from the original languages . Its six volumes were first published between 1579 and 1593 . Main article : History of the Czech language See also : History of the Czech lands Medieval / Old Czech ( edit ) The term `` Old Czech '' is applied to the period predating the 16th century , with the earliest records of the high medieval period also classified as `` early Old Czech '' , but it is also possible to speak simply about `` Medieval Czech '' . Around the 7th century , the Slavic expansion reached Central Europe , settling on the eastern fringes of the Frankish Empire . The West Slavic polity of Great Moravia formed by the 9th century . The Christianization of Bohemia took place during the 9th and 10th centuries . The diversification of the Czech - Slovak group within West Slavic began around that time , marked among other things by its ephemeral use of the voiced velar fricative consonant ( / ɣ / ) and consistent stress on the first syllable . The Bohemian ( Czech ) language is first recorded in writing in glosses and short notes during the 12th to 13th centuries . Literary works written in Czech appear in the early 14th century and administrative documents first appear towards the late 14th century . The first complete Bible translation also dates to this period . Old Czech texts , including poetry and cookbooks , were produced outside the university as well . Literary activity becomes widespread in the early 15th century in the context of the Bohemian Reformation . Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography , advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners ( particularly in religion ) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language . Early modern Czech ( edit ) There was no standardization distinguishing between Czech and Slovak prior to the 15th century . In the 16th century , the division between Czech and Slovak becomes apparent , marking the confessional division between Lutheran Protestants in Slovakia using Czech orthography and Catholics , especially Slovak Jesuits , beginning to use a separate Slovak orthography based on the language of the Trnava region . The publication of the Kralice Bible between 1579 and 1593 ( the first complete Czech translation of the Bible from the original languages ) became very important for standardization of the Czech language in the following centuries . In 1615 , the Bohemian diet tried to declare Czech to be the only official language of the kingdom . After the Bohemian Revolt ( of predominantly Protestant aristocracy ) which was defeated by the Habsburgs in 1620 , the Protestant intellectuals had to leave the country . This emigration together with other consequences of the Thirty Years ' War had a negative impact on the further use of the Czech language . In 1627 , Czech and German became official languages of the Kingdom of Bohemia and in the 18th century German became dominant in Bohemia and Moravia , especially among the upper classes . Modern Czech ( edit ) Josef Dobrovský , whose writing played a key role in reviving Czech as a written language See also : Czech National Revival The modern standard Czech language originates in standardization efforts of the 18th century . By then the language had developed a literary tradition , and since then it has changed little ; journals from that period have no substantial differences from modern standard Czech , and contemporary Czechs can understand them with little difficulty . Changes include the morphological shift of í to ej and é to í ( although é survives for some uses ) and the merging of í and the former ejí . Sometime before the 18th century , the Czech language abandoned a distinction between phonemic / l / and / ʎ / which survives in Slovak . Prohibition signs written in Czech , by entry # 3 into the building of National Technical Library in Prague . With the beginning of the national revival of the mid-18th century , Czech historians began to emphasize their people 's accomplishments from the 15th through the 17th centuries , rebelling against the Counter-Reformation ( the Habsburg re-catholization efforts which had denigrated Czech and other non-Latin languages ) . Czech philologists studied sixteenth - century texts , advocating the return of the language to high culture . This period is known as the Czech National Revival ( or Renaissance ) . During the national revival , in 1809 linguist and historian Josef Dobrovský released a German - language grammar of Old Czech entitled Ausführliches Lehrgebäude der böhmischen Sprache ( Comprehensive Doctrine of the Bohemian Language ) . Dobrovský had intended his book to be descriptive , and did not think Czech had a realistic chance of returning as a major language . However , Josef Jungmann and other revivalists used Dobrovský 's book to advocate for a Czech linguistic revival . Changes during this time included spelling reform ( notably , í in place of the former j and j in place of g ) , the use of t ( rather than ti ) to end infinitive verbs and the non-capitalization of nouns ( which had been a late borrowing from German ) . These changes differentiated Czech from Slovak . Modern scholars disagree about whether the conservative revivalists were motivated by nationalism or considered contemporary spoken Czech unsuitable for formal , widespread use . Adherence to historical patterns was later relaxed and standard Czech adopted a number of features from Common Czech ( a widespread , informal register ) , such as leaving some proper nouns undeclined . This has resulted in a relatively high level of homogeneity among all varieties of the language . Geographic distribution ( edit ) A map of the languages of Central and Eastern Europe . Within the Czech Republic , Standard Czech is represented by dark yellow ( C1 ) and Moravian dialects by medium yellow ( C2 ) and light green ( C3 ) . Official use of Czech in Vojvodina , Serbia In 2005 and 2007 , Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic . A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech , the third - highest in the European Union ( behind Greece and Hungary ) . Czech , the official language of the Czech Republic ( a member of the European Union since 2004 ) , is one of the EU 's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia . Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day of Languages . The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic ( 98.77 percent ) , Slovakia ( 24.86 percent ) , Portugal ( 1.93 percent ) , Poland ( 0.98 percent ) and Germany ( 0.47 percent ) . Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities . Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia , Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so . United states ( edit ) See also : Czech American and Czech Texan Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914 . Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools , and is taught at Czech heritage centers . Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas , Nebraska and Wisconsin . In the 2000 United States Census , Czech was reported as the most - common language spoken at home ( besides English ) in Valley , Butler and Saunders Counties , Nebraska and Republic County , Kansas . With the exception of Spanish ( the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide ) , Czech was the most - common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , North Dakota and Minnesota . As of 2009 , 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language ( 49th place nationwide , behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish ) . Varieties ( edit ) Further information : Czech - Slovak languages The main vernacular is `` Common Czech '' , based on the dialect of the Prague region . Other Bohemian dialects have become marginalized , while Moravian dialects remain more widespread , with a political movement for Moravian linguistic revival active since the 1990s . Common Czech ( edit ) The main Czech vernacular , spoken primarily near Prague but also throughout the country , is known as Common Czech ( obecná čeština ) . This is an academic distinction ; most Czechs are unaware of the term or associate it with vernacular ( or incorrect ) Czech . Compared to standard Czech , Common Czech is characterized by simpler inflection patterns and differences in sound distribution . Common Czech has become ubiquitous in most parts of the Czech Republic since the later 20th century . It is usually defined as an interdialect used in common speech in Bohemia and western parts of Moravia ( by about two thirds of all inhabitants of the Czech Republic ) . Common Czech is not codified , but some of its elements have become adopted in the written standard . Since the second half of the 20th century , Common Czech elements have also been spreading to regions previously unaffected , as a consequence of media influence . Standard Czech is still the norm for politicians , businesspeople and other Czechs in formal situations , but Common Czech is gaining ground in journalism and the mass media . Common Czech is characterized by quite regular differences from the standard morphology and phonology . These variations are more or less common to all Common Czech dialects : é usually replaced by ý / í : malý město ( small town ) , plamínek ( little flame ) , lítat ( to fly ) ; ý ( sometimes also í ) replaced by ej : malej dům ( small house ) , mlejn ( mill ) , plejtvat ( to waste ) , bejt ( to be ) -- as a consequence of the loss of the difference in the pronunciation of y / ý and i / í in the 15th century ; unified plural endings of adjectives : malý lidi ( small people ) , malý ženy ( small women ) , malý města ( small towns ) -- stand. : malí lidé , malé ženy , malá města ; unified instrumental ending - ma in plural : s těma dobrejma lidma , ženama , chlapama , městama ( with the good people , women , guys , towns ) -- stand. : s těmi dobrými lidmi , ženami , chlapy , městy ( in essence , this form resembles the form of the dual , which was once a productive form , but now is almost extinct , except a few examples ; in Common Czech it can often be used indiscriminately , i.e. it can substitute a regular plural form , not just as it was once used ) ; prothetic v - added to most words beginning o - : votevřít vokno ( to open the window ) -- stand. : otevřít okno ; but ovoce not * vovoce ( fruit ) omitting of the syllabic - l in the masculine ending of past tense verbs : řek ( he said ) , moh ( he could ) , pích ( he pricked ) -- stand. : řekl , mohl , píchl . Example of declension ( with the comparison with the standard Czech ) : Masculine animate Masculine inanimate Feminine Neuter Sg . Nominative mladej člověk mladý člověk mladej stát mladý stát mladá žena mladá žena mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Genitive mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladýho státu mladého státu mladý ženy mladé ženy mladýho zvířete mladého zvířete Dative mladýmu člověkovi mladému člověku mladýmu státu mladému státu mladý ženě mladé ženě mladýmu zvířeti mladému zvířeti Accusative mladýho člověka mladého člověka mladej stát mladý stát mladou ženu mladou ženu mladý zvíře mladé zvíře Vocative mladej člověče ! mladý člověče ! mladej státe ! mladý státe ! mladá ženo ! mladá ženo ! mladý zvíře ! mladé zvíře ! Locative mladym člověkovi mladém člověkovi mladym státě mladém státě mladý ženě mladé ženě mladym zvířeti mladém zvířeti Instrumental mladym člověkem mladým člověkem mladym státem mladým státem mladou ženou mladou ženou mladym zvířetem mladým zvířetem Pl . Nominative mladý lidi mladí lidé mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Genitive mladejch lidí mladých lidí mladejch států mladých států mladejch žen mladých žen mladejch zvířat mladých zvířat Dative mladejm lidem mladým lidem mladejm státům mladým státům mladejm ženám mladým ženám mladejm zvířatům mladým zvířatům Accusative mladý lidi mladé lidi mladý státy mladé státy mladý ženy mladé ženy mladý zvířata mladá zvířata Vocative mladý lidi ! mladí lidé ! mladý státy ! mladé státy ! mladý ženy ! mladé ženy ! mladý zvířata ! mladá zvířata ! Locative mladejch lidech mladých lidech mladejch státech mladých státech mladejch ženách mladých ženách mladejch zvířatech mladých zvířatech Instrumental mladejma lidma mladými lidmi mladejma státama mladými státy mladejma ženama mladými ženami mladejma zvířatama mladými zvířaty mladý člověk -- young man / person , mladí lidé -- young people , mladý stát -- young state , mladá žena -- young woman , mladé zvíře -- young animal Bohemian dialects ( edit ) Further information : Chod dialect Apart from the Common Czech vernacular , there remain a variety of other Bohemian dialect , mostly in marginal rural areas . Dialect use began to weaken in the second half of the 20th century , and by the early 1990s dialect use was stigmatized , associated with the shrinking lower class and used in literature or other media for comedic effect . Increased travel and media availability to dialect - speaking populations has encouraged them to shift to ( or add to their own dialect ) standard Czech . Although Czech has received considerable scholarly interest for a Slavic language , this interest has focused primarily on modern standard Czech and historical texts rather than dialects . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Bohemian dialects : Nářečí středočeská ( Central Bohemian dialects ) Nářečí jihozápadočeská ( Southwestern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina chodská ( Chod subgroup ) Podskupina doudlebská ( Doudleby subgroup ) Nářečí severovýchodočeská ( Northeastern Bohemian dialects ) Podskupina podkrknošská ( Krkonoše subgroup ) Moravian dialects ( edit ) Main article : Moravian dialects Further information : Lach dialects The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian ( moravština ) . In the Austro - Hungarian Empire , `` Bohemian - Moravian - Slovak '' was a language citizens could register as speaking ( with German , Polish and several others ) . Of the Czech dialects , only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office . As of 2011 , 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal ( speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages ) . Beginning in the sixteenth century , some varieties of Czech resembled Slovak ; the southeastern Moravian dialects , in particular , are sometimes considered dialects of Slovak rather than Czech . These dialects form a continuum between the Czech and Slovak languages , using the same declension patterns for nouns and pronouns and the same verb conjugations as Slovak . The Czech Statistical Office in 2003 recognized the following Moravian dialects : Nářečí českomoravská ( Bohemian -- Moravian dialects ) Nářečí středomoravská ( Central Moravian dialects ) Podskupina tišnovská ( Tišnov subgroup ) Nářečí východomoravská ( Eastern Moravian dialects ) Podskupina slovácká ( Moravian Slovak subgroup ) Podskupina valašská ( Moravian Wallachian subgroup ) Nářečí slezská ( Silesian dialects ) Sample ( edit ) In a 1964 textbook on Czech dialectology , Břetislav Koudela used the following sentence to highlight phonetic differences between dialects : Standard Czech : Dej mouku ze mlýna na vozík . Common Czech : Dej mouku ze mlejna na vozejk . Central Moravian : Dé móku ze mléna na vozék . Eastern Moravian : Daj múku ze młýna na vozík . Silesian : Daj muku ze młyna na vozik . Slovak : Daj múku zm lyna na vozík . English : Put the flour from the mill into the cart . Mutual intelligibility ( edit ) Further information : Comparison of Slovak and Czech Czech and Slovak have been considered mutually intelligible ; speakers of either language can communicate with greater ease than those of any other pair of West Slavic languages . Since the 1993 dissolution of Czechoslovakia , mutual intelligibility has declined for younger speakers , probably because Czech speakers now experience less exposure to Slovak and vice versa . In phonetic differences , Czech is characterized by a glottal stop before initial vowels and Slovak by its less - frequent use of long vowels than Czech ; however , Slovak has long forms of the consonants r and l when they function as vowels . Phonemic differences between the two languages are generally consistent , typical of two dialects of a language . Grammatically , although Czech ( unlike Slovak ) has a vocative case , both languages share a common syntax . One study showed that Czech and Slovak lexicons differed by 80 percent , but this high percentage was found to stem primarily from differing orthographies and slight inconsistencies in morphological formation ; Slovak morphology is more regular ( when changing from the nominative to the locative case , Praha becomes Praze in Czech and Prahe in Slovak ) . The two lexicons are generally considered similar , with most differences found in colloquial vocabulary and some scientific terminology . Slovak has slightly more borrowed words than Czech . The similarities between Czech and Slovak led to the languages being considered a single language by a group of 19th - century scholars who called themselves `` Czechoslavs '' ( Čechoslované ) , believing that the peoples were connected in a way which excluded German Bohemians and ( to a lesser extent ) Hungarians and other Slavs . During the First Czechoslovak Republic ( 1918 -- 1938 ) , although `` Czechoslovak '' was designated as the republic 's official language , both Czech and Slovak written standards were used . Standard written Slovak was partially modeled on literary Czech , and Czech was preferred for some official functions in the Slovak half of the republic . Czech influence on Slovak was protested by Slovak scholars , and when Slovakia broke off from Czechoslovakia in 1938 as the Slovak State ( which then aligned with Nazi Germany in World War II ) , literary Slovak was deliberately distanced from Czech . When the Axis powers lost the war and Czechoslovakia reformed , Slovak developed somewhat on its own ( with Czech influence ) ; during the Prague Spring of 1968 , Slovak gained independence from ( and equality with ) Czech , due to the transformation of Czechoslovakia from a unitary state to a federation . Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 , `` Czechoslovak '' has referred to improvised pidgins of the languages which have arisen from the decrease in mutual intelligibility . Vocabulary ( edit ) See also : List of English words of Czech origin Czech vocabulary derives primarily from Slavic , Baltic and other Indo - European roots . Although most verbs have Balto - Slavic origins , pronouns , prepositions and some verbs have wider , Indo - European roots . Some loanwords have been restructured by folk etymology to resemble native Czech words ( hřbitov , `` graveyard '' and listina , `` list '' ) . Most Czech loanwords originated in one of two time periods . Earlier loanwords , primarily from German , Greek and Latin , arrived before the Czech National Revival . More recent loanwords derive primarily from English and French , and also from Hebrew , Arabic and Persian . Many Russian loanwords , principally animal names and naval terms , also exist in Czech . Although older German loanwords were colloquial , recent borrowings from other languages are associated with high culture . During the nineteenth century , words with Greek and Latin roots were rejected in favor of those based on older Czech words and common Slavic roots ; `` music '' is muzyka in Polish and музыка ( muzyka ) in Russian , but in Czech it is hudba . Some Czech words have been borrowed as loanwords into English and other languages -- for example , robot ( from robota , `` labor '' ) and polka ( from polka , `` Polish woman '' or from `` půlka '' `` half '' ) . Standard Czech ( edit ) The modern written standard is directly based on the standardisation during the Czech National Revival in the 1830s , significantly influenced by Josef Jungmann 's Czech - German dictionary published during 1834 -- 1839 . Jungmann used vocabulary of the Bible of Kralice ( 1579 -- 1613 ) period and of the language used by his contemporaries . He borrowed words not present in Czech from other Slavic languages or created neologisms . Phonology ( edit ) Main article : Czech phonology Czech contains ten basic vowel phonemes , and three more found only in loanwords . They are / a / , / ɛ / , / ɪ / , / o / , and / u / , their long counterparts / aː / , / ɛː / , / iː / , / oː / and / uː / , and three diphthongs , / ou̯ / , / au̯ / and / ɛu̯ / . The latter two diphthongs and the long / oː / are exclusive to loanwords . Vowels are never reduced to schwa sounds when unstressed . Each word usually has primary stress on its first syllable , except for enclitics ( minor , monosyllabic , unstressed syllables ) . In all words of more than two syllables , every odd - numbered syllable receives secondary stress . Stress is unrelated to vowel length , and the possibility of stressed short vowels and unstressed long vowels can be confusing to students whose native language combines the features ( such as English ) . Voiced consonants with unvoiced counterparts are unvoiced at the end of a word , or when they are followed by unvoiced consonants . Czech consonants are categorized as `` hard '' , `` neutral '' or `` soft '' : Hard : / d / , / ɡ / , / ɦ / , / k / , / n / , / r / , / t / , / x / Neutral : / b / , / f / , / l / , / m / , / p / , / s / , / v / , / z / Soft : / c / , / ɟ / , / j / , / ɲ / , / r̝ / , / ʃ / , / ts / , / tʃ / , / ʒ / This distinction describes the declension patterns of nouns , which is based on the category of a noun 's ending consonant . Hard consonants may not be followed by i or í in writing , or soft ones by y or ý ( except in loanwords such as kilogram ) . Neutral consonants may take either character . Hard consonants are sometimes known as `` strong '' , and soft ones as `` weak '' . The phoneme represented by the letter ř ( capital Ř ) is considered unique to Czech . It represents the raised alveolar non-sonorant trill ( IPA : ( r̝ ) ) , a sound somewhere between Czech 's r and ž ( example : `` řeka '' ( river ) ( help info ) ) , and is present in Dvořák . The consonants / r / and / l / can be syllabic , acting as syllable nuclei in place of a vowel . This can be difficult for non-native speakers to pronounce , and Strč prst skrz krk ( `` Stick ( your ) finger down ( your ) throat '' ) is a Czech tongue twister . Consonants Labial Alveolar Post - alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɲ Plosive voiceless p k voiced d ɟ ( ɡ ) Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʃ voiced ( d͡z ) ( d͡ʒ ) Fricative voiceless ( f ) s ʃ x voiced z ʒ ɦ Trill plain r fricative r̝ Approximant l j Vowels A Czech vowel chart Grammar ( edit ) Slavic grammar is fusional ; its nouns , verbs , and adjectives are inflected by phonological processes to modify their meanings and grammatical functions , and the easily separable affixes characteristic of agglutinative languages are limited . Slavic - language inflection is complex and pervasive , inflecting for case , gender and number in nouns and tense , aspect , mood , person and subject number and gender in verbs . Parts of speech include adjectives , adverbs , numbers , interrogative words , prepositions , conjunctions and interjections . Adverbs are primarily formed by taking the final ý or í of an adjective and replacing it with e , ě , or o . Negative statements are formed by adding the affix ne - to the verb of a clause , with one exception : je ( he , she or it is ) becomes není . Sentence and clause structure ( edit ) See also : Czech word order Czech pronouns , nominative case Person Singular Plural 1 . já my 2 . ty vy ( formal ) vy 3 . on ( masculine ) ona ( feminine ) ono ( neuter ) oni ( masculine ) ony ( feminine ) ona ( neuter ) Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence ( instead of relying on word order , as English does ) , its word order is flexible . As a pro-drop language , in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb ; information about its subject is encoded in the verb . Enclitics ( primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns ) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence , after the first stressed unit . The first slot must contain a subject and object , a main form of a verb , an adverb or a conjunction ( except for the light conjunctions a , `` and '' , i , `` and even '' or ale , `` but '' ) . Czech syntax has a subject -- verb -- object sentence structure . In practice , however , word order is flexible and used for topicalization and focus . Although Czech has a periphrastic passive construction ( like English ) , colloquial word - order changes frequently produce the passive voice . For example , to change `` Peter killed Paul '' to `` Paul was killed by Peter '' the order of subject and object is inverted : Petr zabil Pavla ( `` Peter killed Paul '' ) becomes `` Paul , Peter killed '' ( Pavla zabil Petr ) . Pavla is in the accusative case , the grammatical object ( in this case , the victim ) of the verb . A word at the end of a clause is typically emphasized , unless an upward intonation indicates that the sentence is a question : Pes jí bagetu . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than eating something else ) . Bagetu jí pes . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than someone else doing so ) . Pes bagetu jí . -- The dog eats the baguette ( rather than doing something else to it ) . Jí pes bagetu ? -- Does the dog eat the baguette ? ( emphasis ambiguous ) In portions of Bohemia ( including Prague ) , questions such as Jí pes bagetu ? without an interrogative word ( such as co , `` what '' or kdo , `` who '' ) are intoned in a slow rise from low to high , quickly dropping to low on the last word or phrase . In Czech syntax , adjectives precede nouns . Relative clauses are introduced by relativizers such as the adjective který , analogous to the English relative pronouns `` which '' , `` that '' , `` who '' and `` whom '' . As with other adjectives , it is declined into the appropriate case ( see Declension below ) to match its associated noun , person and number . Relative clauses follow the noun they modify , and the following is a glossed example : Czech : Chc - i navštív - it univerzit - u , na kter - ou chod - í Jan . Gloss : want-1.SG visit - INF university - SG. ACC , on which - SG. F. ACC attend-3.SG John. SG. NOM English : I want to visit the university that John attends . Declension ( edit ) Main article : Czech declension In Czech , nouns and adjectives are declined into one of seven grammatical cases . Nouns are inflected to indicate their use in a sentence . A nominative -- accusative language , Czech marks subject nouns with nominative case and object nouns with accusative case . The genitive case marks possessive nouns and some types of movement . The remaining cases ( instrumental , locative , vocative and dative ) indicate semantic relationships , such as secondary objects , movement or position ( dative case ) and accompaniment ( instrumental case ) . An adjective 's case agrees with that of the noun it describes . When Czech children learn their language 's declension patterns , the cases are referred to by number : No . Ordinal name ( Czech ) Full name ( Czech ) Case Main usage 1 . první pád nominativ nominative Subjects 2 . druhý pád genitiv genitive Belonging , movement away from something ( or someone ) 3 . třetí pád dativ dative Indirect objects , movement toward something ( or someone ) 4 . čtvrtý pád akuzativ accusative Direct objects 5 . pátý pád vokativ vocative Addressing someone 6 . šestý pád lokál locative Location 7 . sedmý pád instrumentál instrumental Being used for a task ; acting with someone ( or something ) Some Czech grammatical texts order the cases differently , grouping the nominative and accusative ( and the dative and locative ) together because those declension patterns are often identical ; this order accommodates learners with experience in other inflected languages , such as Latin or Russian . This order is nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental and vocative . Some prepositions require the nouns they modify to take a particular case . The cases assigned by each preposition are based on the physical ( or metaphorical ) direction , or location , conveyed by it . For example , od ( from , away from ) and z ( out of , off ) assign the genitive case . Other prepositions take one of several cases , with their meaning dependent on the case ; na means `` onto '' or `` for '' with the accusative case , but `` on '' with the locative . Examples of declension patterns ( using prepositions ) for a few nouns with adjectives follow . Only one plural example is given , since plural declension patterns are similar across genders . Case Noun / adjective Big dog ( m . ) Small cat ( f . ) Hard wood ( n . ) Young dragons ( pl . ) Nom . velký pes ( big dog ) malá kočka ( small cat ) tvrdé dřevo ( hard wood ) mladí draci ( young dragons ) Gen . z velkého psa ( from the big dog ) z malé kočky ( from the small cat ) z tvrdého dřeva ( from the hard wood ) z mladých draků ( from the young dragons ) Dat . k velkému psovi ( to the big dog ) k malé kočce ( to the small cat ) ke tvrdému dřevu ( to the hard wood ) ke mladým drakům ( to the young dragons ) Acc . na velkého psa ( for the big dog ) na malou kočku ( for the small cat ) na tvrdé dřevo ( for the hard wood ) na mladé draky ( for the young dragons ) Voc . velký pse ! ( big dog ! ) malá kočko ! ( small cat ! ) tvrdé dřevo ! ( hard wood ! ) mladí draci ! ( young dragons ! ) Loc . o velkém psovi ( about the big dog ) o malé kočce ( about the small cat ) o tvrdém dřevě ( about the hard wood ) o mladých dracích ( about the young dragons ) Ins . s velkým psem ( with the big dog ) s malou kočkou ( with the small cat ) s tvrdým dřevem ( with the hard wood ) s mladými draky ( with the young dragons ) This is a glossed example of a sentence using several cases : Czech : Nes - l js - em krabic - i do dom - u se sv - ým přítel - em . Gloss : carry - SG. M. PST be-1.SG box - SG. ACC into house - SG. GEN with own - SG. INS friend - SG. INS English : I carried the box into the house with my friend . Czech distinguishes three genders -- masculine , feminine , and neuter -- and the masculine gender is subdivided into animate and inanimate . With few exceptions , feminine nouns in the nominative case end in - a , - e , or - ost ; neuter nouns in - o , - e , or - í , and masculine nouns in a consonant . Adjectives agree in gender and animacy ( for masculine nouns in the accusative or genitive singular and the nominative plural ) with the nouns they modify . The main effect of gender in Czech is the difference in noun and adjective declension , but other effects include past - tense verb endings : for example , dělal ( he did , or made ) ; dělala ( she did , or made ) and dělalo ( it did , or made ) . Nouns are also inflected for number , distinguishing between singular and plural . Typical of a Slavic language , Czech cardinal numbers one through four allow the nouns and adjectives they modify to take any case , but numbers over five place these nouns and adjectives in the genitive case when the entire expression is in nominative or accusative case . The Czech koruna is an example of this feature ; it is shown here as the subject of a hypothetical sentence , and declined as genitive for numbers five and up . English Czech one crown jedna koruna two crowns dvě koruny three crowns tři koruny four crowns čtyři koruny five crowns pět korun Numerical words decline for case and , for numbers one and two , for gender . Numbers one through five are shown below as examples , and have some of the most exceptions among Czech numbers . The number one has declension patterns identical to those of the demonstrative pronoun , to . 5 Nominative jeden ( male ) jedna ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Genitive jednoho ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednoho ( neuter ) dvou tří čtyř pěti Dative jednomu ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednomu ( neuter ) dvěma třem čtyřem pěti Accusative jednoho ( male an . ) jeden ( male in . ) jednu ( female ) jedno ( neuter ) dva ( male ) dvě ( female , neuter ) tři čtyři pět Locative jednom ( male ) jedné ( female ) jednom ( neuter ) dvou třech čtyřech pěti Instrumental jedním ( male ) jednou ( female ) jedním ( neuter ) dvěma třemi čtyřmi pěti Although Czech 's grammatical numbers are singular and plural , several residuals of dual forms remain . Some nouns for paired body parts use a historical dual form to express plural in some cases : ruka ( hand ) -- ruce ( nominative ) ; noha ( leg ) -- nohama ( instrumental ) , nohou ( genitive / locative ) ; oko ( eye ) -- oči , and ucho ( ear ) -- uši . While two of these nouns are neuter in their singular forms , all plural forms are considered feminine ; their gender is relevant to their associated adjectives and verbs . These forms are plural semantically , used for any non-singular count , as in mezi čtyřma očima ( face to face , lit . among four eyes ) . The plural number paradigms of these nouns are actually a mixture of historical dual and plural forms . For example , nohy ( legs ; nominative / accusative ) is a standard plural form of this type of noun . Verb conjugation ( edit ) Main articles : Czech conjugation and Morphological classification of Czech verbs Czech verb conjugation is less complex than noun and adjective declension because it codes for fewer categories . Verbs agree with their subjects in person ( first , second or third ) and number ( singular or plural ) , and are conjugated for tense ( past , present or future ) . For example , the conjugated verb mluvíme ( we speak ) is in the present tense and first - person plural ; it is distinguished from other conjugations of the infinitive mluvit by its ending , me . See also : Grammatical aspect in Slavic languages Typical of Slavic languages , Czech marks its verbs for one of two grammatical aspects : perfective and imperfective . Most verbs are part of inflected aspect pairs -- for example , koupit ( perfective ) and kupovat ( imperfective ) . Although the verbs ' meaning is similar , in perfective verbs the action is completed and in imperfective verbs it is ongoing . This is distinct from past and present tense , and any Czech verb of either aspect can be conjugated into any of its three tenses . Aspect describes the state of the action at the time specified by the tense . The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways : by prefix or by suffix . In prefix pairs , the perfective verb has an added prefix -- for example , the imperfective psát ( to write , to be writing ) compared with the perfective napsat ( to write down , to finish writing ) . The most common prefixes are na - , o - , po - , s - , u - , vy - , z - and za - . In suffix pairs , a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem ; for example , the perfective verbs koupit ( to buy ) and prodat ( to sell ) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat . Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs ( iterative and frequentative forms ) , denoting repeated or regular action . The verb jít ( to go ) has the iterative form chodit ( to go repeatedly ) and the frequentative form chodívat ( to go regularly ) . Many verbs have only one aspect , and verbs describing continual states of being -- být ( to be ) , chtít ( to want ) , moct ( to be able to ) , ležet ( to lie down , to be lying down ) -- have no perfective form . Conversely , verbs describing immediate states of change -- for example , otěhotnět ( to become pregnant ) and nadchnout se ( to become enthusiastic ) -- have no imperfective aspect . Although Czech 's use of present and future tense is largely similar to that of English , the language uses past tense to represent the English present perfect and past perfect ; ona běžela could mean she ran , she has run or she had run . Conjugation of být in future tense Person Singular Plural 1 . budu budeme 2 . budeš budete 3 . bude budou In some contexts , Czech 's perfective present ( which differs from the English present perfect ) implies future action ; in others , it connotes habitual action . As a result , the language has a proper future tense to minimize ambiguity . The future tense does not involve conjugating the verb describing an action to be undertaken in the future ; instead , the future form of být ( as shown in the table at left ) is placed before the infinitive ( for example , budu jíst -- `` I will eat '' ) . This conjugation is not followed by být itself , so future - oriented expressions involving nouns , adjectives , or prepositions ( rather than verbs ) omit být . `` I will be happy '' is translated as Budu šťastný ( not Budu být šťastný ) . Conditional form of koupit ( to buy ) Person Singular Plural 1 . koupil / a bych koupili / y bychom 2 . koupil / a bys koupili / y byste 3 . koupil / a / o by koupili / y / a by The infinitive form ends in t ( archaically , ti ) . It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs ( for example , můžu tě slyšet -- `` I can hear you '' ) . Czech verbs have three grammatical moods : indicative , imperative and conditional . The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person ( or number ) categories : - Ø / - i / - ej for second - person singular , - te / - ete / - ejte for second - person plural and - me / - eme / - ejme for first - person plural . The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past - tense verb . This mood indicates possible events , expressed in English as `` I would '' or `` I wish '' . Most Czech verbs fall into one of five classes , which determine their conjugation patterns . The future tense of být would be classified as a Class I verb because of its endings . Examples of the present tense of each class and some common irregular verbs follow in the tables below : Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V Definition to carry to print to wander to suffer to do , to make Infinitive nést tisknout putovat trpět dělat 1st p. sg . nesu tisknu putuji trpím dělám 2nd p. sg . neseš tiskneš putuješ trpíš děláš 3rd p. sg . nese tiskne putuje trpí dělá 1st p. pl . neseme tiskneme putujeme trpíme děláme 2nd p. pl . nesete tisknete putujete trpíte děláte 3rd p. pl . nesou tisknou putují trpí dělají Irregular verbs Definition to be to want to eat to know Infinitive být chtít jíst vědět 1st p. sg . jsem chci jím vím 2nd p. sg . jsi chceš jíš víš 3rd p. sg . je chce jí ví 1st p. pl . jsme chceme jíme víme 2nd p. pl . jste chcete jíte víte 3rd p. pl . jsou chtějí jedí vědí Orthography ( edit ) The handwritten Czech alphabet Main article : Czech orthography See also : Czech Braille Czech has one of the most phonemic orthographies of all European languages . Its thirty - one graphemes represent thirty sounds ( in most dialects , i and y have the same sound ) , and it contains only one digraph : ch , which follows h in the alphabet . As a result , some of its characters have been used by phonologists to denote corresponding sounds in other languages . The characters q , w and x appear only in foreign words . The háček ( ˇ ) is used with certain letters to form new characters : š , ž , and č , as well as ň , ě , ř , ť , and ď ( the latter five uncommon outside Czech ) . The last two letters are sometimes written with a comma above ( ʼ , an abbreviated háček ) because of their height . The character ó exists only in loanwords and onomatopoeia . Unlike most European languages , Czech distinguishes vowel length ; long vowels are indicated by an acute accent or , occasionally with ů , a ring . Long u is usually written ú at the beginning of a word or morpheme ( úroda , neúrodný ) and ů elsewhere , except for loanwords ( skútr ) or onomatopoeia ( bú ) . Long vowels and ě are not considered separate letters . Czech typographical features not associated with phonetics generally resemble those of most Latin European languages , including English . Proper nouns , honorifics , and the first letters of quotations are capitalized , and punctuation is typical of other Latin European languages . Writing of ordinal numerals is similar to most European languages . The Czech language uses a decimal comma instead of a decimal point . When writing a long number , spaces between every three numbers ( e.g. between hundreds and thousands ) may be used for better orientation in handwritten texts , but not in decimal places , like in English . The number 1,234,567.8910 may be written as 1234567 , 8910 or 1 234 567 , 8910 . Ordinal numbers ( 1st ) use a point as in German ( 1 . ) . In proper noun phrases ( except personal names ) , only the first word is capitalized ( Pražský hrad , Prague Castle ) . Sample text ( edit ) 1846 sample of printed Czech According to Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Czech : Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv . Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství . English : `` All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood . '' See also ( edit ) Czech Republic portal Language portal Czech Centers Czech name Czech Sign Language Swadesh list of Slavic words Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ James Minahan . One Europe , many nations : a historical dictionary of European national groups . Greenwood Press , 2000 . Page 200 . Jump up ^ Czech at Ethnologue ( 18th ed. , 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN Jump up ^ Ministry of Interior of Poland : Act of 6 January 2005 on national and ethnic minorities and on the regional languages Jump up ^ Hammarström , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Czech '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech language '' . www.britannica.com . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ( 2003 ) ( 1917 ) , Peter Roach , James Hartmann and Jane Setter , eds. , English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 3 - 12 - 539683 - 2 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ http://babel.mml.ox.ac.uk/naughton/lit_to_1918.html . University of Oxford Jump up ^ http://slavic.ucla.edu/czech/czech-republic/ . University of California , Los Angeles Jump up ^ https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11185-015-9150-9 ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 54 -- 56 Jump up ^ Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Liberman & Trubetskoi 2001 , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 98 -- 99 Jump up ^ Piotrowski 2012 , p. 95 ^ Jump up to : Berger , Tilman . `` Slovaks in Czechia -- Czechs in Slovakia '' ( PDF ) . University of Tübingen . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cerna & Machalek 2007 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Maxwell 2009 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Agnew 1994 , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : Agnew 1994 , pp. 251 -- 252 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2009 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Chloupek & Nekvapil 1993 , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 2 ^ Jump up to : `` Europeans and Their Languages '' ( PDF ) . Eurobarometer . June 2012 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ van Parys , Jonathan ( 2012 ) . `` Language knowledge in the European Union '' . Language Knowledge . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Škrobák , Zdeněk . `` Language Policy of Slovak Republic '' ( PDF ) . Annual of Language & Politics and Politics of Identity . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hrouda , Simone J. `` Czech Language Programs and Czech as a Heritage Language in the United States '' ( PDF ) . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 8 : Language '' ( PDF ) . Census.gov. 2000 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Languages of the U.S.A. '' ( PDF ) . U.S. English . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 20 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2009 , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : Daneš , František ( 2003 ) . `` The present - day situation of Czech '' . Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Eckert 1993 , pp. 143 -- 144 ^ Jump up to : `` Map of Czech Dialects '' . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 714 Jump up ^ `` Tab . 614b Obyvatelstvo podle věku , mateřského jazyka a pohlaví ( Population by Age , Mother Tongue , and Gender ) '' ( in Czech ) . Český statistický úřad ( Czech Statistical Office ) . March 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kortmann & van der Auwera 2011 , p. 516 Jump up ^ Šustek , Zbyšek ( 1998 ) . `` Otázka kodifikace spisovného moravského jazyka ( The question of codifying a written Moravian language ) '' ( in Czech ) . University of Tartu . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Koudela 1964 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 306 . ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , pp. 57 -- 58 Jump up ^ Esposito 2011 , p. 83 Jump up ^ Esposito 2011 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Maxwell 2009 , pp. 101 -- 105 Jump up ^ Nábělková , Mira ( January 2007 ) . `` Closely - related languages in contact : Czech , Slovak , `` Czechoslovak '' `` . International Journal of the Sociology of Language . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , p. 159 Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , p. 160 ^ Jump up to : Mathesius 2013 , p. 20 ^ Jump up to : Sussex & Cubberley 2011 , p. 101 Jump up ^ Mann 1957 , pp. 159 -- 160 Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` robot ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` polka ( n . ) '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Naughton , James . `` CZECH LITERATURE , 1774 TO 1918 '' . Oxford University . Archived from the original on 12 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dankovičová 1999 , p. 72 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ `` Psaní i -- y po písmenu c '' . Czech Language Institute . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 11 ^ Jump up to : Harkins 1952 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Qualls 2012 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Qualls 2012 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. v -- viii Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 212 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 74 Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Short 2009 , p. 325 . 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Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 149 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 140 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 150 ^ Jump up to : Naughton 2005 , p. 151 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Rothstein & Thieroff 2010 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 157 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 152 -- 154 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , pp. 136 -- 140 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Harkins 1952 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 26 Jump up ^ Hajičová 1986 , p. 31 Jump up ^ Naughton 2005 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Pansofia 1993 , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` Všeobecná deklarace lidských prav '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Information Centre Prague . United Nations . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Universal Declaration of Human Rights '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . References ( edit ) Agnew , Hugh LeCaine ( 1994 ) . Origins of the Czech National Renascence . University of Pittsburgh Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 8549 - 5 . Dankovičová , Jana ( 1999 ) . `` Czech '' . Handbook of the International Phonetic Association ( 9th ed . ) . International Phonetic Association / Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 63751 - 0 . Cerna , Iva ; Machalek , Jolana ( 2007 ) . Beginner 's Czech . Hippocrene Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7818 - 1156 - 9 . Chloupek , Jan ; Nekvapil , Jiří ( 1993 ) . Studies in Functional Stylistics . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1545 - 1 . Eckert , Eva ( 1993 ) . Varieties of Czech : Studies in Czech Sociolinguistics . Editions Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5183 - 490 - 1 . Esposito , Anna ( 2011 ) . Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment : The Processing Issues . Springer Press . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 25774 - 2 . Hajičová , Eva ( 1986 ) . Prague Studies in Mathematical Linguistics ( 9th ed . ) . John Benjamins Publishing . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 1527 - 7 . Harkins , William Edward ( 1952 ) . A Modern Czech Grammar . King 's Crown Press ( Columbia University ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 09937 - 0 . Kortmann , Bernd ; van der Auwera , Johan ( 2011 ) . The Languages and Linguistics of Europe : A Comprehensive Guide ( World of Linguistics ) . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 022025 - 4 . Koudela , Břetislav ( 1964 ) . Vývoj českého jazyka a dialektologie ( in Czech ) . Československé státní pedagogické nakladatelství . Liberman , Anatoly ; Trubetskoi , Nikolai S. ( 2001 ) . N.S. Trubetzkoy : Studies in General Linguistics and Language Structure . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2299 - 3 . Mann , Stuart Edward ( 1957 ) . Czech Historical Grammar . Helmut Buske Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 87118 - 261 - 7 . Mathesius , Vilém ( 2013 ) . A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis . De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 90 - 279 - 3077 - 4 . Maxwell , Alexander ( 2009 ) . Choosing Slovakia : Slavic Hungary , the Czechoslovak Language and Accidental Nationalism . Tauris Academic Studies . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 074 - 3 . Naughton , James ( 2005 ) . Czech : An Essential Grammar . Routledge Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28785 - 2 . Pansofia ( 1993 ) . Pravidla českého pravopisu ( in Czech ) . Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR . ISBN 978 - 80 - 901373 - 6 - 3 . Piotrowski , Michael ( 2012 ) . Natural Language Processing for Historical Texts . Morgan & Claypool Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60845 - 946 - 9 . Qualls , Eduard J. ( 2012 ) . The Qualls Concise English Grammar . Danaan Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 890000 - 09 - 7 . Rothstein , Björn ; Thieroff , Rolf ( 2010 ) . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 90 - 272 - 0587 - 2 . Short , David ( 2009 ) . `` Czech and Slovak '' . In Bernard Comrie . The World 's Major Languages ( 2nd ed . ) . Routledge . pp. 305 -- 330 . Scheer , Tobias ( 2004 ) . A Lateral Theory of Phonology : What is CVCV , and why Should it Be ? , Part 1 . Walter De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017871 - 5 . Stankiewicz , Edward ( 1986 ) . The Slavic Languages : Unity in Diversity . Mouton De Gruyter . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 009904 - 1 . Sussex , Rolan ; Cubberley , Paul ( 2011 ) . The Slavic Languages . Cambridge Language Surveys . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 29448 - 5 . Wilson , James ( 2009 ) . Moravians in Prague : A Sociolinguistic Study of Dialect Contact in the Czech . Peter Lang International Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 58694 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Czech edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for Czech . For a list of words relating to Czech language , see the Czech language category of words in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Czech Wikimedia Commons has media related to Czech language . Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Czech language . 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what language do they speak in the czech republic

Czech ( / ˈtʃɛk / ; čeština Czech pronunciation : ( ˈt͡ʃɛʃcɪna ) ) , historically also Bohemian ( / boʊˈhiːmiən , bə - / ; lingua Bohemica in Latin ) , is a West Slavic language of the Czech -- Slovak group , which is extensively influenced by Latin and German . Spoken by over 10 million people , it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic . Czech is closely related to Slovak , to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree .

Amado Carrillo Fuentes - wikipedia Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Amado Carrillo Fuentes Amado Carrillo Fuentes December 17 , 1956 Guamuchilito , Sinaloa , Mexico July 4 , 1997 ( 1997 - 07 - 04 ) ( aged 40 ) Mexico City , Mexico Other names El Señor de los Cielos Occupation Drug lord Employer Head of Juárez Cartel Known for Drug trafficking and weapons Net worth U.S $25 billion Predecessor Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Successor Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Spouse ( s ) Candaleria Leyva Cardenas Children Vicente Carrillo Leyva Relatives Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Rosa Carrillo Carrillo Jose Cruz Carrillo Fuentes Alberto Carrillo Fuentes Rodolfo Carrillo Fuentes Aurora Fuentes López Amado Carrillo Fuentes ( / fuˈɛntəs / ; December 17 , 1956 -- July 4 , 1997 ) was a Mexican drug lord who seized control of the Juárez Cartel after assassinating his boss Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Amado Carrillo became known as `` El Señor de Los Cielos '' ( `` The Lord of the Skies '' ) , because of the large fleet of jets he used to transport drugs . He was also known for laundering money via Colombia to finance his large fleet of airplanes . He died in July 1997 , in a Mexican hospital , after undergoing extensive plastic surgery to change his appearance . In his final days Carrillo was being tracked by Mexican and U.S. authorities . Contents 1 Family relations and alliances 2 Career 3 Death 4 Juárez Cartel after Carrillo 5 Funeral 6 Media portrayals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Family relations and alliances ( edit ) Carrillo was born to Walter Vicente Carrillo Vega and Aurora Fuentes in Guamuchilito , Navolato , Sinaloa , Mexico . He was the first of seven sons ; the others were : Cipriano , Enrique B. , Vicente , José Cruz , Enrique C. , and Jorge . He also had five sisters : María Luisa , Berthila , Flor , Alicia , and Aurora . These children were the nieces and nephews of Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo , a / k / a `` Don Neto '' , the Guadalajara Cartel leader . Amado got his start in the drug business under the tutelage of his uncle Ernesto and later brought in his brothers , and eventually his son Vicente José Carrillo Leyva . Carrillo 's father died in April 1986 . Carillo 's brother , Cipriano Carrillo Fuentes , died in 1989 under mysterious circumstances . Career ( edit ) Initially , Carrillo was part of the Guadalajara Cartel , sent to Ojinaga , Chihuahua to oversee the cocaine shipments of his uncle , Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo ( `` Don Neto '' ) , and to learn about border operations from Pablo Acosta Villarreal ( `` El Zorro de Ojinaga '' ; `` The Ojinaga Fox '' ) and Rafael Aguilar Guajardo . Later Carrillo worked with Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel smuggling drugs from Colombia to Mexico and the United States . He worked with El Chapo Joaquin Guzman Loera , The Arellano Felix family and The Beltran Leyva Organization . During his tenure , Carrillo reportedly built a multibillion - dollar drug empire . It was estimated that he may have made over US $25 billion in revenue in his career . Death ( edit ) The pressure to capture Carrillo intensified among U.S. and Mexican authorities , and perhaps for this reason , Carrillo underwent facial plastic surgery and abdominal liposuction to change his appearance on July 4 , 1997 , at Santa Mónica Hospital in Mexico City . However , during the operation , he died of complications apparently caused either by a medication or a malfunctioning respirator . Two of Carrillo 's bodyguards were in the operating room during the procedure . On November 7 , 1997 , the two physicians who performed the surgery on Fuentes were found dead , encased in concrete inside steel drums , with their bodies showing signs of torture . Juárez Cartel after Carrillo ( edit ) On the night of August 3 , 1997 , at around 9 : 30 p.m. , four drug traffickers walked into a restaurant in Ciudad Juárez , pulled out their guns , and opened fire on five diners , killing them instantly . Police estimated that more than 100 bullet casings were found at the crime scene . According to a report issued by the Los Angeles Times , four men went to the restaurant carrying at least two AK - 47 assault rifles while others stood at the doorstep . On their way out , the gunmen claimed another victim : Armando Olague , a prison official and off - duty law enforcement officer , who was gunned down outside the restaurant after he had walked from a nearby bar to investigate the shooting . Reportedly , Olague had run into the restaurant from across the street with a gun in his hand to check out the commotion . It was later determined that Olague was also a known lieutenant of the Juarez cartel . Mexican authorities declined to comment on the motives behind the killing , stating the shootout was not linked to the death of Amado Carrillo Fuentes . Nonetheless , it was later stated that the perpetrators were gunmen of the Tijuana Cartel . Although confrontations between narcotraficantes were commonplace in Ciudad Juárez , they rarely occurred in public places . What happened in the restaurant threatened to usher in a new era of border crime in the city . In Ciudad Juárez , the PGR seized warehouses they believed the cartel used to store weapons and cocaine ; they also seized over 60 properties all over Mexico belonging to Carrillo , and began an investigation into his dealings with police and government officials . Officials also froze bank accounts amounting to $10 billion belonging to Carrillo . In April 2009 , Mexican authorities arrested Carillo 's son , Vicente Carrillo Leyva . Funeral ( edit ) Carrillo was given a large and expensive funeral in Guamuchilito , Sinaloa . In 2006 , Governor Eduardo Bours asked the federal government to tear down Carrillo 's mansion in Hermosillo , Sonora . The mansion , dubbed `` The Palace of a Thousand and One Nights '' , although still standing , remains unoccupied . Media portrayals ( edit ) In El Chapo , the 2017 Netflix and Univision TV series about the life of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán , Fuentes is portrayed by Rodrigo Abed . El Señor de los Cielos ( 2013 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 2 ( 2014 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 3 ( 2015 ) , and El Señor de los Cielos 4 , aired as part of Telemundo 's nighttime programming , stars the Mexican actor Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas ( a fictionalized version of Amado Carrillo Fuentes ) . In the Netflix Original series Narcos , Fuentes is portrayed by José María Yazpik . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Biography portal Criminal justice portal Mérida Initiative Mexican Drug War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Getty , Mark ( February 2004 ) . `` Mexico 's Forgotten Disappeared : The Victims of the Border Narco Bloodbath '' . Frontera NorteSur . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ González , Héctor A. ( February 21 , 2007 ) . `` Los prófugos del salinato '' . El Diario ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Sam ( November 7 , 1997 ) . `` Drug Barons and Plastic Surgeons : Who 's Dead , Who 's Hiding ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppas , Terrence E. `` Cast of Characters : Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Drug Lord . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` DEA Map of Juarez Cartel operations '' . Frontline . PBS . February 1997 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Poppa , Terrance ( 2009 ) . `` Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ DEA Congressional Testimony , August 8 , 1995 Archived May 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( July 12 , 1997 ) . `` Drug lord goes home in coffin '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Moore , Molly ( 7 November 1997 ) . `` Top Mexican Surgeons Found Entombed in Concrete Drums '' . The Tech . The Washington Post . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Times Wire Services ( 5 August 1997 ) . `` Gunmen Kill 6 People at Ciudad Juarez Restaurant '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ 2 September 1997 . `` More gunfire in Ciudad Juarez leaves at least three dead in bar '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sharp , John ( July 1998 ) . `` Crime : Line of Fire '' ( PDF ) . Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Serían los Arellano responsables de las seis ejecuciones en Ciudad Juárez '' . La Jornada ( in Spanish ) . 6 August 1997 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Phil Gunson ( July 17 , 1997 ) . `` This is the face of Amado Carrillo Fuentes '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Mexico catches drug baron as U.S. tightens border Reuters , April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Marizc , Michel ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Narco - Power '' . Border Reporter . Jump up ^ Infante , Victoria ( 6 July 2012 ) . `` Rafael Amaya está listo para ser el ' Señor de los Cielos ' '' . The Huffington Post ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 19 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . External links ( edit ) Novela El Senor de los Cielos 2 - Telemundo Novela El Senor de los Cielos - Telemundo Public Broadcasting , information from the Drug Enforcement Administration Drugwar.com - Commentary and Info https://web.archive.org/web/20100602114845/http://www.madcowprod.com/guardian.htm Mexican Drug War ( 2006 -- present ) Names in italics represent dead or arrested individuals . Timeline Federal forces Mexican Army Mexican Air Force Mexican Navy Cuerpo de Fuerzas Especiales ( formerly GAFE ) ( special forces ) Policía Federal Ministerial SEIDO ( organized crime investigation ) Federal Police Beltrán - Leyva Cartel disbanded 2010 Armed wings Los Mazatlecos South Pacific Cartel Founders Arturo Beltrán Leyva Alfredo Beltrán Leyva Carlos Beltrán Leyva Edgar Valdez Villarreal Sergio Villarreal Barragán Héctor Beltrán Leyva Leaders Héctor Beltrán Leyva Fausto Isidro Meza Flores La Familia Cartel Disbanded 2011 Founders Nazario Moreno González Carlos Rosales Mendoza Arnoldo Rueda Medina Dionisio Loya Plancarte Rafael Cedeño Hernández Alberto Espinoza Barrón Enrique Plancarte Solís José de Jesús Méndez Vargas Servando Gómez Martínez Gulf Cartel Factions Los Metros Los Rojos Founders Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Leaders Óscar Malherbe de León Osiel Cárdenas Guillén Antonio Cárdenas Guillén Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez Mario Ramírez Treviño Homero Cárdenas Guillén Juárez Cartel Armed wings La Línea Founders Rafael Aguilar Guajardo Pablo Acosta Villarreal Amado Carrillo Fuentes Leaders Vicente Carrillo Fuentes Juan Pablo Ledezma Knights Templar Cartel Armed wings La Resistencia Founders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Leaders Enrique Plancarte Solís Servando Gómez Martínez Sinaloa Cartel Armed wings Gente Nueva Jalisco New Generation Cartel Los Ántrax Artistas Asesinos Founders Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Adrián Gómez González Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Leaders Joaquín Guzmán Loera Ismael Zambada García Juan José Esparragoza Moreno Ignacio Coronel Villarreal Tijuana Cartel Founders Ramón Arellano Félix Benjamín Arellano Félix Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix Carlos Arellano Félix Eduardo Arellano Félix Francisco Javier Arellano Félix Leaders Enedina Arellano Félix Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano Edgardo Leyva Escandón Los Zetas Founders Arturo Guzmán Decena Jaime González Durán Jesús Enrique Rejón Aguilar Heriberto Lazcano Galindo Mellado Cruz Leaders Heriberto Lazcano Miguel Treviño Morales Omar Treviño Morales Jalisco New Generation Cartel Founders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Érick Valencia Salazar Abigael González Valencia Martín Arzola Ortega Leaders Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes Jorge Luis Mendoza Cárdenas Érick Valencia Salazar Martín Arzola Ortega Rubén Oseguera González Abigael González Valencia Antonio Oseguera Cervantes Elvis González Valencia Julio Alberto Castillo Rodríguez Gerardo González Valencia José González Valencia Other cartels and drug lords Corrupt officials Other cartels Guadalajara Sonora Colima Oaxaca Milenio Los Negros Independent Acapulco Early drug lords Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo Rafael Caro Quintero Ernesto Fonseca Carrillo Héctor Luis Palma Salazar Jesús Amezcua Contreras Pedro Avilés Pérez Juan Nepomuceno Guerra Juan García Ábrego Corrupt officials Miguel Nazar Haro José de Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo Arturo Durazo Moreno Noé Ramírez Mandujano Raúl Salinas de Gortari Julio César Godoy Toscano Tomás Yarrington Projects Operations Projects Coronado Delirium Gunrunner Shadowfire Southern Tempest Wildfire Operations Baja California Bishop Black Swan Blue Storm Chihuahua Community Shield Coyote Diablo Express Escorpión Fast and Furious Jump Start Kruz Control Lince Norte Michoacán Nuevo León - Tamaulipas Phalanx Quintana Roo Sinaloa Solare Terminus Wide Receiver Xcellerator Massacres Deaths Massacres San Fernando 2010 Villas de Salvárcar 2010 San Fernando 2011 Durango 2011 Monterrey casino attack 2011 Apodaca prison riot Nuevo Laredo 2012 Cadereyta Jiménez Iguala 2014 Deaths Politicians killed Journalists and media workers killed Enrique Camarena ( DEA agent ) Rodolfo Torre Cantú ( physician / politician ) Édgar Eusebio Millán Gómez ( police commander ) Jaime Jorge Zapata ( US agent ) Books Other topics Books Cartel : The Coming Invasion of Mexico 's Drug Wars El Narco : Inside Mexico 's Criminal Insurgency The Fight to Save Juárez Other topics Allegations of CIA drug trafficking Blog del Narco Juárez house of death Most - wanted Mexican drug lords Piracy on Falcon Lake War on Drugs Narco - submarine Narco tank Manhunt of Joaquín `` El Chapo '' Guzmán ( 2001 -- 2014 ) 2015 Amado checkpoint protest 2018 Chimney Canyon shootout Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amado_Carrillo_Fuentes&oldid=864248412 '' Categories : 1956 births 1997 deaths Juárez Cartel traffickers Mexican mob bosses Mexican money launderers People from Navolato Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Webarchive template wayback links Infobox person using certain parameters when dead Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский اردو 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is el senor de los cielos based on

El Señor de los Cielos ( 2013 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 2 ( 2014 ) , El Señor de los Cielos 3 ( 2015 ) , and El Señor de los Cielos 4 , aired as part of Telemundo 's nighttime programming , stars the Mexican actor Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas ( a fictionalized version of Amado Carrillo Fuentes ) .

Rick Allen ( drummer ) - wikipedia Rick Allen ( drummer ) Jump to : navigation , search Rick Allen Allen live with Def Leppard on 13 August 2008 in Winnipeg Background information Birth name Richard John Cyril Allen Also known as The Thunder God ( 1963 - 11 - 01 ) 1 November 1963 ( age 53 ) Dronfield , Derbyshire , England Genres Hard rock , heavy metal , glam metal Occupation ( s ) Musician Instruments Drums , percussion , vocals Years active 1978 -- present Labels Island , Mercury , Polygram Associated acts Def Leppard Website rickallen.com Richard John Cyril `` Rick '' Allen ( born 1 November 1963 ) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978 . He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band , which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase . He is known as `` The Thunder God '' by fans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Accident and recovery 3 Gear 4 Raven Drum Foundation 5 One Hand Drum Company 6 Side projects 7 Personal life 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Allen started playing drums at the age of 9 . He performed in bands called Grad , Smokey Blue , Rampant , and the Johnny Kalendar Band . When Allen was 14 , his mother replied on his behalf to an ad placed by a band called `` Def Leppard '' looking for a drummer to replace Tony Kenning ( `` Leppard loses skins '' was the ad 's headline ) . Later , on 1 November 1978 , his fifteenth birthday , Allen joined the band . In 1979 , he dropped out of school ( other band members left their jobs around the same time ) to concentrate on a career in music . In September 1979 , they opened for Sammy Hagar at London 's Hammersmith Odeon . Subsequently , Def Leppard played shows as a support act for AC / DC during October and November 1979 . Allen celebrated his 16th birthday with a performance at the Hammersmith Odeon . On 14 March 1980 , the band released their first album , On Through the Night . Since their first album , Allen still continues to record and tour with the band . Accident and recovery ( edit ) `` What I 've experienced through losing my arm , I would n't change . The human spirit is so strong . '' Rick Allen On the afternoon of 31 December 1984 , Allen was involved in a car accident with his girlfriend Miriam Barendsen in the English countryside a few miles west of Sheffield . While trying to pass another car at a high speed , he lost control of his Corvette C4 , which hit a dry stone wall and entered a field . He was thrown from the car because his seatbelt had been improperly fastened , causing his left arm to be severed , while his girlfriend suffered head injuries , resulting in grade 2 concussion and brain swelling ; she also suffered neck and spine injuries from severe whiplash . Doctors initially reattached Allen 's arm , but because of an infection , it had to be re-amputated . His right shoulder was also severely broken in the accident . Allen initially had doubts about continuing to play with the band , but was encouraged by the other members to continue . Allen , along with a few engineers , started to design a drum set to assist his drumming . At the time , he was still able to play some drum rhythms with one hand and use his left leg , typically for hi - hat pedals in common drum kits , to play the snare drum . Then - Status Quo drummer Jeff Rich helped and encouraged Allen during his convalescence , and designed an electronic kit Allen could play using only one arm . The Ludwig acoustic drum kit he used on earlier albums High ' n ' Dry and Pyromania was later given away by Def Leppard 's one - time management . Electronic drum manufacturer Simmons created a kit to their specifications , and Allen made his post-accident debut in 1986 at the Monsters of Rock festival at Castle Donington . Gear ( edit ) Allen has used custom - manufactured cable routing by Whirlwind . He uses four electronic pedals for his left foot to play the pieces he used to play with his left arm , which from left to right trigger sounds of a closing hi - hat , bass drum , snare drum , and a tom drum . He is ranked No. 7 on the UK website Gigwise in The Greatest Drummers of All Time list . On 16 October 2009 , Yamaha announced the addition of Rick Allen to their artist roster . Allen plays Yamaha Oak Custom drums with a matching subkick . Along with Yamaha Oak Custom drums , Allen also uses Remo drumheads ( usually he has coated ambassadors on his drums and a clear powerstroke 3 on his bass drum ) , Zildjian cymbals ( mostly K customs and A customs ) , and a LP rock cowbell for Rock of Ages . Rick Allen had used Vater drumsticks and Zildjian drumsticks from the 1980s until 1994 . In 1995 up to the present , he uses Easton Ahead drumsticks . Raven drum Foundation ( edit ) Allen and his wife Lauren Monroe are the co-founders of The Raven Drum Foundation , a charity located in Malibu , California , with a mission to serve , educate , and empower veterans and people in crisis . The Raven Drum Foundation commonly works to help individuals and communities in crisis through healing arts programs , drum circle events , and collaborative partnerships . Allen described the foundations involvement with Camp Kilpatrick in 2009 : Rhythm is such a big part of their culture and their own way of communicating , so we were able to go in there and design a program around them . It developed into drum council , which is an ongoing program that we provided for the camp . We had tremendous success . One Hand drum Company ( edit ) The One Hand Drum Company was created by Allen to assist in providing awareness and funding for his Raven Drum Foundation . Currently , the primary focus of the One Hand Drum Company is promoting StikRick , a drawing by Rick of a one - armed drummer that he sometimes uses with his autograph . The StikRick site sells T - shirts , hats , and other items with the StikRick drawing along with a `` Life Is Great ! ! Be A Rockstar ! ! '' slogan . Proceeds from the One Hand Drum Company go to support the Raven Drum Foundation charity . Side projects ( edit ) In May and June 2000 , Allen played two shows with the Mark Mason Project , featuring guitarist Mark Englert previously of Dramarama . Allen has written music with his wife Lauren as well as played on her albums . In November 2004 , Allen collaborated with Krishna Das in the recording of a CD entitled All One . Personal Life ( edit ) Allen was married to his first wife Stacy from 1991 to 2000 ; they had a daughter in 1997 . In 1995 , Allen was arrested for spousal abuse . He pleaded guilty to the charge and was sentenced on 6 August 1996 to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings , sought counselling , and served 30 days on a graffiti - removal work crew . They divorced in 2000 . Allen married again , on 10 October 2003 , to Lauren Monroe . On 1 December 2010 , Monroe gave birth to a daughter . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gold , Adam ( 7 August 2009 ) . `` Def Leppard 's Rick Allen : The Cream Interview ( Updated ) '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rick Allen -- Bio -- About Rick Allen '' . MTV Artists . Retrieved 11 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Biography '' . Zildjian . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Laura ( 2010 ) . Def Leppard : Arena Rock Band . Enslow . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 766 - 03234 - 7 . Jump up ^ page of a Def Leppard web site with details about Rick Allen 's car accident Jump up ^ Fricke , D. , and M. Selinger . `` To Hell & Back . ( Cover Story ) . '' Rolling Stone 629 ( 1992 ) : 38 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christine . `` Reclaiming the Rhythm : An Interview with Rick Allen . '' Percussive Notes 08 2002 : 54 , 56 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Les ( 2010 ) . The Day the Music Died . Xlibris . p. 114 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 469 - 11356 - 2 . Jump up ^ Whirlwind / Def Leppard Archived 19 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Drummers Of All Time ! '' . gigwise.com . Gigwise . Retrieved 12 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamaha Welcomes Legendary Rick Allen to its Drum Roster Yamaha Artists . Yamaha.com ( 16 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Solid as Oak : Def Leppard Drummer Plays Yamaha -- Drums -- News & Events -- Yamaha United States . Usa.yamaha.com ( 9 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Mission and Vision . Raven Drum Foundation . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ability Magazine : Def Leppard 's Rick Allen '' ( 2009 ) `` . Retrieved 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ One Hand Drum Company -- About Us . Noflash.stikrick.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Lauren Monroe Music Store -- Freedom Sessions . Laurenmonroe.com . Retrieved on 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Helligar , Jeremy ( 19 August 1996 ) . `` Passages '' . People . Retrieved 18 December 2009 . External links ( edit ) RickAllen.com The Raven Drum Foundation Rick Allen @ DefLeppard.com Preceded by Tony Kenning Def Leppard Drummer 1978 -- present Incumbent ( hide ) Def Leppard Joe Elliott Rick Savage Rick Allen Phil Collen Vivian Campbell Tony Kenning Pete Willis Steve Clark Studio albums On Through the Night High ' n ' Dry Pyromania Hysteria Adrenalize Slang Euphoria X Yeah ! Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Def Leppard Live albums Mirror Ball -- Live & More Viva ! Hysteria Compilations Retro Active Vault : Def Leppard Greatest Hits ( 1980 -- 1995 ) Best of Def Leppard Rock of Ages : The Definitive Collection EPs The Def Leppard E.P. Live : In the Clubs , in Your Face Videography Historia Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize Video Archive Historia / Live : In the Round , in Your Face Visualize / Video Archive Best of the Videos Rock of Ages : The DVD Collection CMT Crossroads -- Taylor Swift and Def Leppard Viva ! Hysteria And There Will Be A Next Time - Live From Detroit Concert tours Def Leppard Early Tours 1978 -- 1979 On Through the Night World Tour Pyromania World Tour Hysteria World Tour Slang World Tour Yeah ! Tour Downstage Thrust Tour Songs from the Sparkle Lounge Tour Mirror Ball Tour Viva ! Hysteria Heroes Tour World Tour 2015 Related Articles Discography Members Awards & Nominations Hysteria -- The Def Leppard Story Groups Cybernauts Man Raze Down ' n ' Outz Atomic Mass Gogmagog People Robert John `` Mutt '' Lange Jeff Rich Ross Halfin Frank Noon VIAF : 226863730 MusicBrainz : fc555fbc - a441 - 47e5 - 8ee4 - 21af15c454dd Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rick_Allen_(drummer)&oldid=807399011 '' Categories : 1963 births Def Leppard members English amputees English rock drummers English heavy metal drummers Living people People from Dronfield Amputee musicians Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 EngvarB from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 18 : 10 . 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what year did the drummer lose his arm

Richard John Cyril `` Rick '' Allen ( born 1 November 1963 ) is an English drummer who has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978 . He overcame the amputation of his left arm in 1985 and continued to play with the band , which subsequently went on to its most commercially successful phase . He is known as `` The Thunder God '' by fans .

Redding , California - Wikipedia Redding , California City in California in California , United States Redding , California City in California City of Redding Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` The Jewel of Northern California '' Location of Redding in Shasta County , California Redding Location in the United States Redding Redding ( the US ) Show map of California Show map of the US Show all Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W  /  40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W  / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Coordinates : 40 ° 35 ′ N 122 ° 22 ′ W  /  40.583 ° N 122.367 ° W  / 40.583 ; - 122.367 Country United States State California County Shasta Incorporated October 4 , 1887 Founded by Pierson B. Reading Government Type Council - manager City council Mayor Kristen Schreder Brent Weaver Francie Sullivan Julie Winter Adam McElvain City manager Barry Tippin Area Total 61.17 sq mi ( 158.44 km ) Land 59.65 sq mi ( 154.49 km ) Water 1.53 sq mi ( 3.96 km ) 2.50 % Elevation 344 ft ( 172 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 89,861 Estimate ( 2016 ) 91,808 Density 1,539.19 / sq mi ( 594.28 / km ) Demonym ( s ) Reddingite Time zone UTC − 8 ( Pacific Time Zone ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 7 ( PDT ) ZIP codes 96001 -- 96003 , 96049 , 96099 Area code 530 FIPS code 06 - 59920 GNIS feature IDs 277582 , 2411531 Website Official website Redding , officially the City of Redding , is the county seat of Shasta County , California , in the northern part of the state . It lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles ( 261 kilometers ) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of California 's northern border , shared with the state of Oregon . Interstate 5 bisects the entire city , from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake , which is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The 2010 population was 89,861 . Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region , and it is the sixth - largest city in the Sacramento Valley , behind Sacramento , Elk Grove , Roseville , Vacaville and Chico . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous culture 2.2 First settlers 2.3 Founding of Redding 2.4 Early 20th century 2.5 Mid to late 20th century 2.6 21st century 3 Geography and climate 3.1 Location 3.2 Subdivisions / Areas 3.2. 1 Official 3.2. 2 Non-Official 3.2. 3 Mobile Home Communities 3.2. 4 Shopping Centers 3.3 Ecology 3.4 Climate 4 Demographics 4.1 2010 5 Economy 5.1 Top employers 6 Government 6.1 State and federal representation 6.2 Municipal government 7 Parks and recreation 7.1 Museums and public art 7.2 Architecture 7.3 Venues 7.4 Performing arts 8 Education 8.1 Higher education 8.1. 1 Public 8.1. 2 Private 8.2 High schools 8.2. 1 Public 8.2. 2 Secondary 8.3 Charter schools 8.4 Other schools 8.5 Trade schools 8.6 Non-academic learning 9 Media 9.1 Print 9.2 Broadcast 9.2. 1 Television 9.2. 2 Radio 9.2. 2.1 AM radio 9.2. 2.2 FM radio 10 Transportation 10.1 Major highways 10.2 Rail and bus transportation 10.3 Air transportation 11 Prominent persons 11.1 Actors and entertainment industry 11.2 Authors 11.3 Business leaders and entrepreneurs 11.4 Musicians and bands 11.5 Athletes 11.6 Politicians , civil servants and activists 11.7 Other people 12 See also 13 References 14 External links 15 Geographic Location Etymology ( edit ) Benjamin Bernard Redding , namesake of the city . During the gold rush , the area that is now composed of Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad so that it could build a northern terminus there . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built a town in the same area , which they named Redding in honor of Benjamin Redding . In 1874 there was a dispute over the name by local legislators and it was changed for a time to Reading , in order to honor Pierson B. Reading , who founded the community of Shasta , but the name was officially changed back to Redding by 1880 . It has been called Redding ever since . History ( edit ) Indigenous culture ( edit ) Before European settlers came to the area , it was inhabited by a tribe of Native Americans called the Wintu . At their height , the Wintu had as many as 239 villages in the Shasta County area . First settlers ( edit ) Although Europeans had been to California as early as 1542 , when Juan Cabrillo sailed to what is now the San Diego Bay , the indigenous Indians were probably the only inhabitants of far Northern California region until Russian fur trappers came through the area in 1815 . The first European settlement in the area was established in 1844 by Pierson B. Reading , an early California pioneer who received a Rancho Buena Ventura Mexican land grant for 26,632 acres ( 10,778 ha ) that is now covered by Redding and Cottonwood , California . At the time , it was the northernmost nonnative settlement in California . Founding of Redding ( edit ) During the gold rush , the area that is now Redding was called Poverty Flats . In 1868 the first land agent for the Central Pacific Railroad , a former Sacramento politician named Benjamin Bernard Redding , bought property in Poverty Flats on behalf of the railroad for a northern terminus . In the process of building the terminus , the railroad also built the town of Redding which was officially incorporated on October 4 , 1887 . Early 20th century ( edit ) In the early twentieth century the town 's economic growth was spurred by the significant copper and iron mineral extraction industry nearby . However , the mining industry eventually declined , causing the economy and population to falter by 1920 . It recovered in the thirties as the economy boomed due to the construction of Shasta Dam to the northwest . The building of the dam , which was completed in 1945 , caused Redding 's population to nearly double , also spurring the growth and development of other towns in the area . Mid to late 20th century ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Redding continued to grow steadily in the nineteen fifties due to the region 's growing lumber industry and tourism brought about by the newly completed dam . The constructions of Whiskeytown and Keswick dams also helped boost the economy by bringing new workers to the area . Highway Interstate 5 was built during the sixties and seventies , which added to development and tourism in the region . Growth in Redding during the 60s and 70s was also caused by annexation of an area east of the Sacramento River made up of the unincorporated community of Enterprise . Enterprise residents voted to support the annexation primarily to acquire less expensive electricity via Redding 's municipal utility , which receives power from the dam . During the 1970s , the lumber industry suffered from decline . Lumber mills in the area closed down and heavily impacted the Redding area . Things later picked up , due to a retail and housing boom in the late 1980s that continued until the mid-1990s . 21st century ( edit ) In 2017 , the city adopted a new flag after holding a redesign contest . In late July 2018 , the Carr Fire in Shasta county seriously impacted the Redding area with the destruction of at least 1100 buildings , with several thousand more threatened , and 38,000 people instructed to evacuate . Geography and Climate ( edit ) Location ( edit ) Redding is located at 40 ° 34 ′ 36 '' N 122 ° 22 ′ 13 '' W  /  40.57667 ° N 122.37028 ° W  / 40.57667 ; - 122.37028 ( 40.576606 , − 122.370325 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 61.2 square miles ( 159 square kilometers ) . 59.6 square miles ( 154 km ) of it is land , and 1.5 square miles ( 3.9 km ) of it ( 2.50 % ) is beneath water . Redding is located at the very northwestern end of the Central Valley , which transitions into the Cascade foothills . The city is surrounded by mountains to the north , east , and west and fertile farm land to the south . Outermost parts of the city are part of the Cascade foothills , whereas southern and central areas are in the Sacramento Valley . The elevation in Redding is 495 feet ( 151 meters ) on average , whereas anywhere to the north , east , or west of downtown ranges between 550 feet ( 170 m ) and 800 feet ( 240 m ) feet . Southern portions range between 400 feet ( 120 m ) and 500 feet ( 150 m ) . The Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River provides a considerable level of flood protection for Redding . The dam is capable of controlling flows up to 79,000 cubic feet ( 7,300 cubic meters ) per second . The flow rate exceeded this threshold in both 1970 and 1974 . Soils in and around town are composed mostly of clay or gravelly loam texture , with red or brown mineral horizons . They are slightly or moderately acidic in their natural state . Subdivisions / Areas ( edit ) Official ( edit ) Bonnyview Boulder Creek College Highlands Garden Tract Gold Hills Hacienda Heights Hidden Hills Lake Redding Estates Layton Oaks Mary Lake Miracle Mile Parkview Plateau Circle Ridgewood Estates Shasta View Gardens Stanford Hills Sunset Terrace Sunset West The Bluffs Western Ranches ( Greenbelt ) Westwood Manor Non-Official ( edit ) Blossom Park Buckeye Buckeye Terrace Downtown Enterprise Girvan Greenwood Heights Kutras Tract Mt . Shasta Mall Oasis Powerline Quartz Hill Spring Hill West Ridge Mobile Home Communities ( edit ) Redwood Estates Los Robles Estates Mountain Shadows Mobile Home Estates Twin View Terrace Mobile Home Park Redding Lakeside Mobile Homes Estates Shopping Centers ( edit ) Cobblestone Shopping Center Cypress Square Shopping Center Mt . Shasta Mall Ecology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) There are several rare and endangered species in Redding and its immediate vicinity . The Redding Redevelopment Plan EIR notes the California State listed endangered species , slender Orcutt grass ( Orcuttia tenuis ) , occurs in eastern Redding near the municipal airport , where vernal pools are known to exist . This endemic grass is a Federal Candidate for listing and is endangered throughout its range , confined to several populations , and seriously threatened by agriculture , overgrazing , and residential development . Vernal pools provide the preferred habitat for this plant , which the California Native Plant Society considers a rare and endangered species . These same vernal pools also support federally protected species such as the federally threatened vernal pool fairy shrimp ( Branchinecta lynchi ) . Climate ( edit ) Redding has a hot - summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ) , with very hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters . Winter ( October -- April ) provides the most precipitation of any season in Redding -- the weather tends to be either rainy or foggy and at times , snow occurs . Summers are hot and dry , but rain is possible , usually with a thunderstorm . The average daily maximum temperature in July stays near 100 degrees Fahrenheit ( 38 degrees Celsius ) . The highest official recorded temperature in Redding was 118 ° F ( 48 ° C ) on July 20 , 1988 . That was recorded at the nearby Redding airport . Some people in town recorded as high as 122 ° F ( 50 ° C ) that same day . Redding has an average possible sunshine of 88 % , the second - highest percentage ( after Yuma , Arizona ) of any US city . The city receives an average of 4.8 inches ( 12 centimeters ) of snow annually . It rarely gets sleet or freezing rain . Frost occurs commonly in December through February , less often in March or November . In spring , rain is common . The city is located near the southernmost point of the influence of the westerlies , and it therefore gets much more rain than most places in the Sacramento Valley ; temperature differentials between land and sea cause moist air from the latter to flow over the city , producing precipitation , cloud and fog in the winter . The direction of this wind reverses in the summer , as hot , high - pressure air flows from land to sea , making the area very dry . Tornadoes are extremely rare ; flooding occurs only around the area near the Sacramento River . The coldest temperature recorded in Redding was 17 ° F ( − 8 ° C ) . hide Climate data for Redding Municipal Airport ( 1981 -- 2010 ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 80 ( 27 ) 83 ( 28 ) 88 ( 31 ) 96 ( 36 ) 106 ( 41 ) 117 ( 47 ) 118 ( 48 ) 115 ( 46 ) 116 ( 47 ) 105 ( 41 ) 88 ( 31 ) 78 ( 26 ) 118 ( 48 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 55.0 ( 12.8 ) 59.7 ( 15.4 ) 64.5 ( 18.1 ) 70.5 ( 21.4 ) 80.8 ( 27.1 ) 90.2 ( 32.3 ) 98.4 ( 36.9 ) 96.6 ( 35.9 ) 90.4 ( 32.4 ) 77.8 ( 25.4 ) 62.5 ( 16.9 ) 54.5 ( 12.5 ) 75.1 ( 23.9 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 45.7 ( 7.6 ) 49.5 ( 9.7 ) 53.7 ( 12.1 ) 58.3 ( 14.6 ) 67.3 ( 19.6 ) 75.9 ( 24.4 ) 82.2 ( 27.9 ) 79.8 ( 26.6 ) 74.1 ( 23.4 ) 63.6 ( 17.6 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 45.4 ( 7.4 ) 62.3 ( 16.8 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 36.5 ( 2.5 ) 39.3 ( 4.1 ) 42.9 ( 6.1 ) 46.1 ( 7.8 ) 53.8 ( 12.1 ) 61.6 ( 16.4 ) 66.0 ( 18.9 ) 63.0 ( 17.2 ) 57.7 ( 14.3 ) 49.4 ( 9.7 ) 40.9 ( 4.9 ) 36.3 ( 2.4 ) 49.2 ( 9.6 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 16 ( − 9 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 34 ( 1 ) 42 ( 6 ) 53 ( 12 ) 50 ( 10 ) 40 ( 4 ) 33 ( 1 ) 22 ( − 6 ) 16 ( − 9 ) 16 ( − 9 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 5.96 ( 151.4 ) 5.51 ( 140 ) 4.37 ( 111 ) 2.48 ( 63 ) 1.85 ( 47 ) 0.69 ( 17.5 ) 0.09 ( 2.3 ) 0.18 ( 4.6 ) 0.64 ( 16.3 ) 2.10 ( 53.3 ) 4.48 ( 113.8 ) 6.27 ( 159.3 ) 34.62 ( 879.5 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 1.4 ( 3.6 ) 0.6 ( 1.5 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0 ( 0 ) 0.1 ( 0.3 ) 3.2 ( 8.1 ) 5.5 ( 14 ) Average precipitation days 13.1 8.7 12.3 7.9 7.2 4.0 0.6 0.9 2.1 4.1 6.8 10.2 77.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 226 256 312 351 395 423 451 421 338 314 251 204 3,942 Source : Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1880 600 -- 1890 1,821 203.5 % 1900 2,946 61.8 % 1910 3,572 21.2 % 1920 2,962 − 17.1 % 1930 4,188 41.4 % 1940 8,109 93.6 % 1950 10,256 26.5 % 1960 12,773 24.5 % 1970 16,659 30.4 % 1980 42,103 152.7 % 66,462 57.9 % 2000 80,865 21.7 % 89,861 11.1 % Est. 2016 91,808 2.2 % U.S. Decennial Census The 2010 United States Census reported that Redding had a population of 89,861 . The population density was 1,468.9 people per square mile ( 567.2 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of Redding was 77,117 ( 85.8 % ) White , 1,092 ( 1.2 % ) African American , 2,034 ( 2.3 % ) Native American , 3,034 ( 3.4 % ) Asian , 156 ( 0.2 % ) Pacific Islander , 2,307 ( 2.6 % ) from other races , and 4,121 ( 4.6 % ) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7,787 persons ( 8.7 % ) . The Census reported that 87,841 people ( 97.8 % of the population ) lived in households , 1,138 ( 1.3 % ) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters , and 882 ( 1.0 % ) were institutionalized . There were 36,130 households , out of which 11,012 ( 30.5 % ) had children under the age of 18 living in them , 16,001 ( 44.3 % ) were opposite - sex married couples living together , 4,806 ( 13.3 % ) had a female householder with no husband present , 1,984 ( 5.5 % ) had a male householder with no wife present . There were 2,570 ( 99.0 % ) unmarried opposite - sex partnerships , and 204 ( 0.6 % ) same - sex married couples or partnerships . 10,344 households ( 28.6 % ) were made up of individuals and 4,622 ( 12.8 % ) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.43 . There were 22,791 families ( 63.1 % of all households ) ; the average family size was 2.94 . The population was spread out with 20,518 people ( 22.8 % ) under the age of 18 , 9,436 people ( 10.5 % ) aged 18 to 24 , 21,725 people ( 24.2 % ) aged 25 to 44 , 23,424 people ( 26.1 % ) aged 45 to 64 , and 14,758 people ( 16.4 % ) who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 38.5 years . For every 100 females , there were 93.8 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.4 males . There were 38,679 housing units at an average density of 632.3 per square mile ( 244.1 / km2 ) , of which 19,968 ( 55.3 % ) were owner - occupied , and 16,162 ( 44.7 % ) were occupied by renters . The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3 % ; the rental vacancy rate was 6.9 % . 48,179 people ( 53.6 % of the population ) lived in owner - occupied housing units and 39,662 people ( 44.1 % ) lived in rental housing units . Economy ( edit ) The economy in Redding is largely a service economy . Therefore , employment is spread across a wide range of service professions that include healthcare , retail , and tourism . Top employers ( edit ) According to the City 's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report ( CAFR ) , these are the top employers in the city : # Employer # of employees Mercy Medical Center 1,832 Shasta County 1,750 City of Redding 1,129 Shasta Regional Medical Center 856 5 CA Transportation Department 663 6 Redding Rancheria 523 7 Wal - Mart 450 8 Shasta Union High School District 406 9 Shasta College 352 10 Blue Shield of California 330 Government ( edit ) State and Federal representation ( edit ) In the California State Legislature , Redding is in the 1st Senate District , represented by Republican Ted Gaines , and the 1st Assembly District , represented by Republican Brian Dahle . In the United States House of Representatives , Redding is in California 's 1st congressional district , represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa . Municipal government ( edit ) The city council is composed of Mayor Brent Weaver , Vice Mayor Kristen Schreder , Adam McElvain , Francie Sullivan , and Julie Winter . The city manager is Barry Tippin . Redding is a general law city operating under the council - manager form of government . Parks and recreation ( edit ) Dancing Shiva by Bryan Tedrick at Old City Hall , Redding , Ca Museums and public art ( edit ) Calatrava Sculpture Sculpture park at City Hall Sundial Bridge at Turtle Bay Architecture ( edit ) Carnegie Library Cascade Theatre Hotel Lorenz Pilgrim Congregational Church Sundial Bridge The Cascade Theater Venues ( edit ) Redding Civic Auditorium Cascade Theatre Riverfront Amphitheater Old City Hall Performing arts ( edit ) Riverfront Playhouse Redding Improv Players Education ( edit ) Higher education ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta College Private ( edit ) Simpson University National University Shasta Bible College and Graduate School High schools ( edit ) Public ( edit ) Shasta High School Enterprise High School Foothill High School Pioneer High School University prep school Secondary ( edit ) Freedom High School University Preparatory School North State Independence High School Redding Christian High School Liberty Christian High School Charter schools ( edit ) Monarch Learning Center Stellar Charter School Academy of Personalized Learning Redding Collegiate Academy Redding School of the Arts Rocky Point Charter School Shasta Charter Academy Other schools ( edit ) Redding Adventist Academy Bethel Christian School Trade schools ( edit ) Redding Institute of Technology Shasta School of Cosmetology Non-academic learning ( edit ) Code IT Build It Shasta County Public Library Media ( edit ) Print ( edit ) Redding Record Searchlight After Five Broadcast ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Channel Call sign Network 7.1 KRCR - DT ABC 9.1 KIXE - DT PBS 9.2 KIXE - DT2 Create 9.3 KIXE - DT3 PBS World 12.1 KHSL - DT CBS 12.2 KHSL - DT2 The CW 17.1 KXVU - LD Telemundo 20.1 KCVU - DT Fox 20.2 KCVU - DT2 ThisTV 21.1 KRVU - LD MyNetworkTV 23.1 KRDT - LD Religious 23.2 KRDT - LD2 HSN 24.1 KNVN - DT NBC 26 KGEC - LD Religious 27.1 KUCO - LD Univision 33 K33HH 3ABN 35.1 KKTF - LD Telefutura 41.1 KRHT - LD Azteca America Radio ( edit ) AM radio ( edit ) Call letters kHz Format KVIP 540 Religious KLXR 1230 Nostalgia KQMS 1400 News / Talk KCNR 1460 Talk KNRO 1670 Sports FM radio ( edit ) Call letters MHz Format KNNN - LP 87.7 Indie & Alternative Rock KKRN 88.5 Community Radio KFPR 88.9 Public Radio K211CO ( KHRI translator ) 90.1 Air 1 Christian Contemporary K227AE ( KHRD translator ) 93.3 Classic Rock KEWB 94.7 Top 40 KALF 95.7 Hot Country KNCQ 97.3 Country K249EW ( KAWZ translator ) 97.7 Religious KWLZ 99.3 Rhythmic Contemporary KWCA 101.1 Hot AC / Mix ( licensed to suburb Palo Cedro ) K268AJ ( KHAP translator ) 101.5 Religious KSHA 104.3 Adult Contemporary KRDG 105.3 Classic Hits KRRX 106.1 Rock K298AF ( KAWZ translator ) 107.5 Religious ( licensed to nearby Shasta ) KKLC 107.9 Christian Contemporary Transportation ( edit ) Major highways ( edit ) Interstate 5 runs through the east central portion of this city . CA 299 , formerly U.S. 299 , runs through the western , central , and northeastern parts of the city . CA 44 runs through the middle and eastern part of town . Its western terminus is at Market Street ( California 273 ) in downtown Redding . CA 273 , was formerly the Interstate 5 Business Route , and also formerly the U.S. 99 , directly through the city . Rail and bus transportation ( edit ) Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Redding , operating its Coast Starlight daily in both directions between Seattle , Washington , and Los Angeles , California VA Portland , Oregon ; Sacramento , California ; Oakland , California ; San Jose , California ; Santa Barbara , California and all Intermediate station stops . Amtrak California also provides Thruway Motorcoach service to Stockton or Sacramento for connections to the San Joaquins , which serve the San Francisco Bay Area , San Joaquin Valley and the Los Angeles area via bus connections . Redding provides a city bus transportation system called RABA ( Redding Area Bus Authority ) . RABA provides routes throughout the city of Redding and also provides transportation throughout Redding 's suburbs . Transportation is also available by Sage Stage to Alturas and Trinity Transit to Weaverville . Redding is also served by the intercity bus companies Greyhound and Fronteras del Norte . Air transportation ( edit ) Air transportation for the Redding area is provided by two general aviation airports . Redding Municipal Airport , located south of Redding , has scheduled flights from SkyWest ( United Express ) . The smaller Benton Airpark is located on the western side of Redding . Prominent persons ( edit ) This list includes persons who were born / raised / worked in , lived in , or whose identity was significantly influenced by Redding , as well as music groups that were founded in the area . Actors and entertainment industry ( edit ) Ashley Parker Angel -- recording artist and Broadway actor David de Berry -- theater composer and actor Kathleen Kennedy -- film producer Shane Drake -- music video director Rich Eisen -- sportscaster Francesca Eastwood -- actor Authors ( edit ) Bill Johnson , author and Senior Pastor of Bethel Church in Redding Matthew Kennedy -- author Business leaders and entrepreneurs ( edit ) Kevin Rose -- Internet entrepreneur Musicians and bands ( edit ) Duffy Bishop -- electric blues singer and songwriter Randy Miller -- drummer of the Myriad Roy Rogers -- guitarist Craig Padilla -- ambient electronic musician and film score composer Athletes ( edit ) Bill Plummer -- MLB player , coach and manager Greg Cadaret -- MLB player Mark Parent -- MLB player and coach Rick Bosetti -- professional baseball player Mel Hein -- football player , 1938 MVP , NFL Hall of Fame inductee Eddie Machen -- heavyweight boxer Buck Martinez -- professional MLB player , manager , broadcaster Matt Nichols -- player in Canadian Football League Ryan O'Callaghan -- NFL football player Megan Rapinoe -- professional soccer player , Olympic gold medalist Ricky Ray -- football player in the Canadian Football League Lynne Roberts -- college basketball coach D.J. Seeley -- basketball player in Israeli Premier League and Euroleague Jason Sehorn -- former NFL player Politicians , civil servants and activists ( edit ) Raymond Jacobs -- US Marine , said to be in photo of first flag raised on Iwo Jima Brian Sandoval -- 29th governor of Nevada Other people ( edit ) Ruggles brothers -- stagecoach robbers Sam Butcher -- Artist , Precious Moments See also ( edit ) 2018 Shasta County Wildfires : Carr Fire , Hirz Fire , Delta Fire California portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Real Estate and Living '' . Reddingshomebuyers.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved Jun 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Census Interactive Population Search : CA -- Redding city '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Redding ( city ) QuickFacts '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Redding got its Name '' . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Papers On Wintu Ethnography : 239 Wintu Villages In Shasta County Circa 1850 . Redding , CA : Redding Museum and Art Center . 1980 . Jump up ^ `` California Cities by Incorporation Date '' . California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions . Archived from the original ( Word ) on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Redding California '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` City of Redding Flag '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Carr Fire Incident Update 7 / 29 / 18 PM '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Terrifying ' tornadoes of flame leave 2 dead as inferno destroys Californian city of Redding '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . July 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ Environmental Impact Report for the Redding Redevelopment Plan , Earth Metrics , City of Redding and California State Clearinghouse Report ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` Web Soil Survey '' . Websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` NOAA '' . noaa.gov . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Redding , CA Climate '' . Western Regional Climate Center . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NOWData -- NOAA Online Weather Data '' . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comprehensive Annual Financial Report '' . cityofredding.org . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Senators '' . State of California . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Members Assembly '' . State of California . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` California 's 1st Congressional District - Representatives & District Map '' . Civic Impulse , LLC . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Council Information '' . City of Redding . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Redding 's City Manager '' . City of Redding . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ United States . Congress ( 1969 ) . Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Redding , California '' . Radio-locator.com . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Modoc County , California : Redding '' . Sage Stage. 2014 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` AIBRA -- Find a Station '' . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Redding , California . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Redding , California . Official website Images of Redding from the Eastman 's Originals Collection , Special Collections Dept. , University of California , Davis . `` Redding , California '' . C - SPAN Cities Tour . May 2017 . Geographic location ( edit ) Places adjacent to Redding , California Shasta Lake City Weaverville Redding Burney via 299E Palo Cedro via 44 Anderson California county seats Consolidated city - county San Francisco Municipalities Alturas Auburn Bakersfield Colusa Crescent City El Centro Eureka Fairfield Fresno Hanford Hollister Jackson Lakeport Los Angeles Madera Martinez Marysville Merced Modesto Napa Nevada City Oakland Oroville Placerville Red Bluff Redding Redwood City Riverside Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Diego San Jose San Luis Obispo San Rafael Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Cruz Santa Rosa Sonora Stockton Susanville Ukiah Ventura Visalia Willows Woodland Yreka Yuba City CDPs Bridgeport Downieville Independence Mariposa Markleeville Quincy San Andreas Weaverville Sacramento Valley Counties Butte Colusa Glenn Placer Sacramento Shasta Sutter Tehama Yolo Yuba Major cities Sacramento Cities and towns 100k - 250k Elk Grove Roseville Cities and towns 25k - 99k Antelope Arden - Arcade Carmichael Chico Citrus Heights Davis Fair Oaks Florin Folsom Foothill Farms Lincoln North Highlands Orangevale Paradise Rancho Cordova Redding Rocklin West Sacramento Woodland Yuba City Cities and towns 10k - 25k Auburn Galt Granite Bay La Riviera Linda Magalia Marysville North Auburn Olivehurst Oroville Parkway Red Bluff Rio Linda Rosemont Shasta Lake Vineyard Sub-regions Sacramento Metropolitan Area Yuba -- Sutter area Shasta Cascade Mountains Mount Shasta Lassen Peak Black Butte Castle Crags Chaos Crags Cinder Cone Hat Mountain Medicine Lake Volcano Schonchin Butte Shastina Mount Tehama Twin Buttes Bodies of Water Shasta Lake Trinity Lake Lake Almanor Eagle Lake Lake Oroville Lake Siskiyou Castle Lake Lake McCloud Manzanita Lake Lake Britton Whiskeytown Lake Rivers Sacramento River McCloud River Pit River Hat Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Big Chico Creek Klamath River Trinity River Shasta River Incorporated Cities Alturas Anderson Biggs Chico Corning Dorris Dunsmuir Etna Fort Jones Gridley Montague Mount Shasta City Oroville Paradise Portola Red Bluff Redding Shasta Lake City Susanville Tehama Weed Yreka Counties Butte Lassen Modoc Plumas Shasta Siskiyou Tehama Trinity Parks Lassen Volcanic NP Whiskeytown - Shasta - Trinity NRA Lava Beds NM Castle Crags Wilderness Mount Shasta Wilderness South Warner Wilderness Ahjumawi Lava Springs SP Bidwell - Sacramento River SP McArthur - Burney Falls Memorial SP Plumas - Eureka SP Bidwell Mansion SHP William B. Ide Adobe SHP Woodson Bridge SRA Municipalities and communities of Shasta County , California , United States County seat : Redding Cities Anderson Redding Shasta Lake CDPs Bella Vista Big Bend Burney Cassel Cottonwood Fall River Mills French Gulch Hat Creek Keswick Lakehead McArthur Millville Montgomery Creek Mountain Gate Old Station Palo Cedro Round Mountain Shasta Shingletown Unincorporated communities Beegum Castella Centerville Cloverdale Dana Enterprise Gas Point Happy Valley Igo Ingot Lakehead - Lakeshore Matheson Minnesota Motion Oak Run O'Brien Olinda Ono Platina Pollard Flat Tunnel Inn Viola Whitmore Indian reservations Big Bend Rancheria Redding Rancheria Ghost towns Buzzards Roost Delamar Kennett Whiskeytown Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties NARA : 10040620 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redding,_California&oldid=864008896 '' Categories : Redding , California 1887 establishments in California Cities in Shasta County , California County seats in California Geography of the Sacramento Valley Incorporated cities and towns in California Logging communities in the United States Populated places established in 1887 Populated places on the Sacramento River Shasta Cascade Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from September 2014 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with short description Infobox settlement pages with bad settlement type Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Kapampangan Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 14 : 22 ( UTC ) . 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where is redding california located on a map

Redding , officially the City of Redding , is the county seat of Shasta County , California , in the northern part of the state . It lies along the Sacramento River , 162 miles ( 261 kilometers ) north of Sacramento , and 120 miles ( 190 km ) south of California 's northern border , shared with the state of Oregon . Interstate 5 bisects the entire city , from the south to north before it approaches Shasta Lake , which is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) to the north . The 2010 population was 89,861 . Redding is the largest city in the Shasta Cascade region , and it is the sixth - largest city in the Sacramento Valley , behind Sacramento , Elk Grove , Roseville , Vacaville and Chico .

Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) - wikipedia Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Celebs Go Dating ( series 3 ) Promotional poster Starring Eden Blackman Nadia Essex Tom Read Wilson Dr Pam Spurr Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 20 ( 1 unaired ) Release Original network E4 Original release 4 September ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) -- 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) Series chronology ← Previous Series 2 Next → Series 4 The third series of the British reality dating programme Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017 . It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016 . The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts , and Tom Read Wilson as the agency 's receptionist . An episode that was due to be aired on 15 September 2017 did not air , seemingly pulled from broadcast moments before its scheduled starting time . The show 's social media accounts even posted the trailer for the evening 's episode hours before airing . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show would return on 18 September . Scenes from the pulled episode were broadcast on 18 September . The series was also cut down from 20 episodes to 19 episodes . On 27 September 2017 , Blackman confirmed that the show had been renewed for a fourth series , set to air in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 3 Dating timeline 4 Episodes 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) A third series was announced alongside the second series in November 2016 . It was filmed over three months . Nadia Essex and Eden Blackman returned as the dating experts , along with receptionist Tom Read Wilson . Psychologist Dr. Pam Spurr helped the celebrities get in touch with their feelings and analyse their body language . The series features same - sex relationships for the first time , as well as blind and silent dating . Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 for four weeks . Cast ( edit ) The Only Way Is Essex cast member Bobby Norris was confirmed to be appearing in the series in May 2017 . He previously made a brief appearance at the end of the second series . Norris became the first gay man to appear on the show . Norris 's co-star James Argent also joined the cast , making his first television appearance since quitting The Only Way Is Essex earlier in the year . They were joined by television presenter Sarah - Jane Crawford , The X Factor finalist and singer Frankie Cocozza , Made in Chelsea 's Georgia Toffolo , model and television personality Calum Best , and Charlotte Dawson from Ex on the Beach . American reality star Courtney Stodden joined the cast in July , and made her first appearance in the show during the third week . Celebrities Known for Notes Bobby Norris Television personality James Argent Television personality Sarah - Jane Crawford Television presenter Not in the first 5 episodes Frankie Cocozza Singer Not in the first 6 episodes Georgia Toffolo Television personality Calum Best Model and television personality Charlotte Dawson Television personality Courtney Stodden Television personality Not in the first 12 episodes Dating timeline ( edit ) Perfect plus one date Unsuccessful date Second or fourth date was a fail Went on more than one date Successful couple Unsuccessful couple Not on show Two celebs went to the final party together as a couple Celeb or date did not show up Celebrity Singles Mixer One Date One Date Two Date Three Singles Mixer Two ( Girls ) Singles Mixer Two ( Boys ) Date Four Date Five Date Six Speed Dating One Date Seven Date Eight Date Nine Date Ten Date Eleven Date Twelve Final Bobby Norris Paul Jack Not at mixer Jack Andrew N / A Sion Jack N / A Jack James Argent Yasemin Holly Not at mixer Victoria Chantel Sinitta Serena Yasemin Jessica Emily N / A Yasemin Sarah - Jane Crawford Not on show Will Not at mixer Will Adrian N / A Dean Neil Kieron N / A Kieron Frankie Cocozza Not on show Not at mixer Katrina N / A Katie Jourdan N / A Charlotte Georgia Toffolo Laurent Adam Benjie Angus Not at mixer Angus N / A Did n't find a date Rufus Jackson N / A Jackson Calum Best Naomi Louise N / A Not at mixer Did n't find a date Izzy Victoria N / A Victoria Celine Victoria N / A Victoria Charlotte Dawson Jordan Shaun James Travis Not at mixer Travis Harry Chris Kieran Joe N / A Frankie Courtney Stodden Not on show Liam Kirk Adrian Jeremy Adrian Episodes ( edit ) Total No . Title Original air date UK viewers ( million ) 36 Episode 1 4 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 04TAutumn ) 0.819 Celebs Go Dating returns to E4 for a third series . 37 Episode 2 5 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05TAutumn ) 0.724 38 Episode 3 6 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 06TAutumn ) 0.703 39 Episode 4 7 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07TAutumn ) TBA 40 5 Episode 5 8 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 08TAutumn ) TBA 41 6 Episode 6 11 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 11TAutumn ) 0.576 42 7 Episode 7 12 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 12TAutumn ) 0.575 43 8 Episode 8 13 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 13TAutumn ) 0.626 44 9 Episode 9 14 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14TAutumn ) TBA 45 10 Episode 10 18 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 18TAutumn ) TBA Note : An episode was due to be aired on 15 September but was pulled from broadcast moments before it was about to air . An E4 spokesman cited `` editorial reasons '' and said the show will return on 18 September . The best moments from the scheduled episode were combined with the episode scheduled to be aired on 18 September so no footage was left unaired . 46 11 Episode 11 19 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19TAutumn ) TBA 47 12 Episode 12 20 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 20TAutumn ) TBA 48 13 Episode 13 21 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21TAutumn ) TBA 49 14 Episode 14 22 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22TAutumn ) TBA 50 15 Episode 15 25 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25TAutumn ) TBA 51 16 Episode 16 26 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26TAutumn ) TBA 52 17 Episode 17 27 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27TAutumn ) TBA 53 18 Episode 18 28 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28TAutumn ) TBA 54 19 Celebs Go Dating : The Final 29 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29TAutumn ) TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Saunders , Emmeline ( 16 September 2017 ) . `` Reason Celebs Go Dating was pulled from E4 schedule without warning revealed '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Series 3 '' . Channel4.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Westbrook , Caroline ( 27 September 2017 ) . `` 12 behind the scenes secrets from Celebs Go Dating -- as revealed by Eden Blackman '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Celebs Go Dating ( @ CelebsGoDating ) ( 7 November 2016 ) . `` We are pleased to announce that Celebs Go Dating will be back on @ E4Tweets in 2017 , with not just one series but 2 ! ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 1 October 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Bhunjun , Avinash ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : What 's new ? When is it on ? What channel ? And Line - up ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hegarty , Tasha ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating was full of cringe group therapy and a gross date for Courtney Stodden '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Amy ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` Bobby Norris becomes first ever gay star to sign up to Celebs Go Dating '' . Metro . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison , Ellie ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Frankie Cocozza , Sarah - Jane Crawford and MIC 's Toff join new Celebs Go Dating line - up '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Courtney Stodden hoping to find love on Celebs Go Dating - report '' . Belfast Telegraph . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ellie ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` Celebs Go Dating : Courtney Stodden reveals SHOCKING past as the 22 year old blonde admits to dating a 78 year old man '' . OK ! . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes -- E4 Total '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . External links ( edit ) Celebs Go Dating at Channel4.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celebs_Go_Dating_(series_3)&oldid=803321468 '' Categories : 2017 British television seasons British dating and relationship reality television series British LGBT - related television shows English - language television programs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Use British English from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 20 : 05 . About Wikipedia

when does celebs go dating series 3 start

The third series of the British reality dating programme Celebs Go Dating began airing from 4 September 2017 on E4 and finished on 29 September 2017 . It was commissioned along with series 2 in late 2016 . The show sees celebrities go on number of dates with members of the public to see if they can find love . The third series again stars Eden Blackman and Nadia Essex as the dating experts , and Tom Read Wilson as the agency 's receptionist .

Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom - wikipedia Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 2018 American science fiction adventure film Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Theatrical release poster Directed by J.A. Bayona Produced by Frank Marshall Patrick Crowley Belén Atienza Written by Derek Connolly Colin Trevorrow Based on Characters by Michael Crichton Starring Chris Pratt Bryce Dallas Howard Rafe Spall Justice Smith Daniella Pineda James Cromwell Toby Jones Ted Levine B.D. Wong Isabella Sermon Geraldine Chaplin Jeff Goldblum Music by Michael Giacchino Cinematography Óscar Faura Edited by Bernat Vilaplana Production companies Universal Pictures Amblin Entertainment The Kennedy / Marshall Company Legendary Pictures Perfect World Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date May 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) ( WiZink Center ) June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $170 -- 187 million Box office $1.295 billion Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers . Set on the fictional Central American island of Isla Nublar , off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica , it follows Owen Grady and Claire Dearing as they rescue the remaining dinosaurs before a volcanic eruption destroys it . Chris Pratt , Bryce Dallas Howard , B.D. Wong , and Jeff Goldblum reprise their roles from previous films in the series , with Rafe Spall , Justice Smith , Daniella Pineda , James Cromwell , Toby Jones , Ted Levine , Isabella Sermon , and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast . Filming took place from February to July 2017 in the United Kingdom and Hawaii . Produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , Fallen Kingdom premiered in Madrid on May 21 , 2018 , and was released internationally in early June 2018 and in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . The film has grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the third Jurassic film to pass the billion dollar mark . It is the third highest - grossing film of 2018 and the 12th highest - grossing film of all time . It received mixed reviews from critics , who praised Pratt 's performance , Bayona 's direction , the visuals , and the `` surprisingly dark moments '' , while others suggested the series had run its course , criticizing the screenplay and lack of innovation . An untitled sequel is set to be released on June 11 , 2021 , with Trevorrow returning to direct . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Pre-production 3.3 Writing 3.4 Casting 3.5 Filming 3.6 Creatures on screen 4 Marketing 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 United States and Canada 6.1. 2 Outside North America 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot Shortly after the events of Jurassic World , a small team of mercenaries arrives on the abandoned Isla Nublar to collect DNA from the remains of the Indominus rex at the bottom of the park 's lagoon . After successfully collecting a bone fragment , the team 's survivors barely escape the island following attacks by the Mosasaurus and Tyrannosaurus rex . Three years later in 2018 , a U.S. Senate hearing in Washington , D.C. debates whether Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs should be saved from an impending volcanic eruption . Mathematician Dr. Ian Malcolm testifies that the dinosaurs should be allowed to perish to correct John Hammond 's mistake of cloning them . Meanwhile , Jurassic World 's former operations manager Claire Dearing has established the Dinosaur Protection Group to save the animals . After the Senate rules against rescuing the dinosaurs , Hammond 's former partner , Benjamin Lockwood , summons Claire Dearing to his Northern California estate . Lockwood and his aide , Eli Mills , reveal a plan to relocate the dinosaurs to a new island sanctuary . Claire is needed to help reactivate the park 's dinosaur tracking system to locate the animals , particularly Blue , the last living Velociraptor . Although they are estranged , Claire recruits Jurassic World 's former Velociraptor trainer and Blue 's alpha , Owen Grady , to help capture her . On Isla Nublar , Claire and former park technician Franklin Webb get the tracking system online . Owen , paleo - veterinarian Zia Rodriguez , and a mercenary team led by Ken Wheatley search for Blue . On finding her , the encounter escalates , resulting in a mercenary shooting Blue and Wheatley tranquilizing Owen . The mercenaries take Zia so she can treat Blue 's injury . Their ship departs for the U.S. mainland as the animals left behind die in the eruption . Claire , Franklin , and Owen sneak aboard in time and assist Zia in transfusing Blue with Tyrannosaurus blood . The group now realize the captured dinosaurs were never being transported to a new island and are for another purpose . Back at the estate , Lockwood 's orphaned pre-teen granddaughter Maisie overhears Mills and auctioneer Gunnar Eversol secretly planning to auction the captured dinosaurs on the black market . They will also unveil the Indoraptor , a new genetically - engineered dinosaur created by geneticist Dr. Henry Wu using Indominus rex and Velociraptor DNA . Wu wants Blue 's DNA to create an enhanced Indoraptor , unaware that Blue 's blood is contaminated . After Maisie informs Lockwood about the auction , he confronts Mills , who murders him . Maisie is later revealed to have been cloned from Lockwood 's deceased daughter and is the reason John Hammond , who opposed human cloning , ended their partnership . The dinosaurs are transported to Lockwood 's estate and caged . Zia and Franklin evade capture , but Owen and Claire are apprehended and confined . Owen incites a Stygimoloch into breaking open their cell . They find Maisie who leads them to the auction where the Indoraptor is being sold despite Wu 's protests that it is a prototype . Owen disrupts the proceedings by luring the Stygimoloch into the room . In the ensuing chaos , Wheatley tranquilizes the Indoraptor to extract a tooth as a trophy , but it feigns sedation and escapes , killing him , Eversol , and others . The Indoraptor hunts Owen , Claire , and Maisie throughout the mansion . Zia releases Blue , who attacks the Indoraptor , causing it to fall through a glass roof to its death . When a hydrogen cyanide gas leak threatens the caged animals , Maisie is unable to let them die and frees them despite Owen 's warning . Mills is killed and the Indominus bone is destroyed by the Tyrannosaurus . Owen , Claire , Maisie , Zia , and Franklin get away safely , while Blue and the other dinosaurs escape . In a new U.S. Senate hearing , Dr. Malcolm declares the beginning of a Neo-Jurassic Age where humans and dinosaurs must learn to coexist . The closing scenes show the freed dinosaurs roaming wilderness and outer urban areas . Cast Main article : List of Jurassic Park characters Chris Pratt as Owen Grady : A Navy veteran and former Velociraptor handler for Jurassic World . Bryce Dallas Howard as Claire Dearing : Jurassic World 's former operations manager , now a dinosaur - rights activist , who has founded the Dinosaur Protection Group in San Francisco to save Isla Nublar 's surviving dinosaurs . Rafe Spall as Eli Mills : Lockwood 's ambitious assistant who recruits Owen and Claire to rescue the dinosaurs . Speaking of his character 's actions over the course of the film , Spall noted that , `` Ambition is such a powerful emotion , you can get wrapped up in it and end up doing things in order to succeed . This character believes he is doing right . He has been entrusted with pushing Lockwood 's fortune into the future and making it survive after he dies . Mills feels he is simply doing what he was asked to do . '' Justice Smith as Franklin Webb : A former IT technician for Jurassic World who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's systems analyst and hacker . Daniella Pineda as Zia Rodriguez : A former Marine who is now the Dinosaur Protection Group 's paleoveterinarian . James Cromwell as Sir Benjamin Lockwood : John Hammond 's former partner in developing the technology to clone dinosaurs . Toby Jones as Gunnar Eversol : An auctioneer host at Lockwood Estate who sells the Isla Nublar dinosaurs for profit . In an interview , Jones likened his character to that of `` a rogue arms dealer ; he sees profits in selling these creatures as weapons . He is totally morally neutral about whatever he is selling . He is only interested in whether or not it will make him a profit . '' Ted Levine as Ken Wheatley : A seasoned mercenary who commands the rescue operation on Isla Nublar . B.D. Wong as Henry Wu : The former head geneticist of both Jurassic World and the original Jurassic Park . Speaking of his character 's actions , Wong stated : `` I do think he 's motivated by his love for science and his own ego , which is well supported by his massive achievements ... I think he turns a blind eye to the human suffering that comes as a result because he thinks he 's looking at some bigger picture . '' Isabella Sermon as Maisie Lockwood : Lockwood 's juvenile granddaughter and legal ward following her parents ' deaths . Geraldine Chaplin as Iris : The Lockwood Estate housekeeper , Maisie 's nanny , and protector of the Lockwood family secrets . Jeff Goldblum as Ian Malcolm : An expert in chaos theory who once consulted for InGen 's Jurassic Park . In a podcast interview , Goldblum spoke of his role `` It 's small ... who knows , they may cut me out entirely ! But if I stay in , I 'll be a sprig of parsley or a little garnish , hopefully with some impact ! '' Director Bayona confirmed that Goldblum 's role is simply a cameo , stating , `` He does n't have a major role in the action but it 's definitely a very meaningful one in terms of the story . '' Peter Jason as Senator Sherwood : A Senator who is among those who debate about saving the dinosaurs on Isla Nublar . Production Development During early conversations about the 2015 film Jurassic World , executive producer Steven Spielberg told director Colin Trevorrow that he was interested in having several more films made . In April 2014 , Trevorrow announced that sequels had been discussed : `` We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic , and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story . '' Trevorrow said Chris Pratt and Omar Sy might reprise their roles for the next few films and that he would direct the film if asked . He later told Spielberg he would only focus on directing one film in the series , but in May 2015 , Trevorrow announced that he would not direct another film : `` I would be involved in some way , but not as director . '' He felt different directors could bring different qualities to future films . Pratt had been signed for future films in the series , as was Ty Simpkins , who portrayed Gray in Jurassic World . On June 3 , 2015 , Trevorrow said that Jurassic World left many story possibilities open : `` I really like the idea that this group of geneticists are n't the only people who can make a dinosaur ( ... ) when you think of the differences between Apple and PC -- the minute something goes open - source , there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology . '' On June 8 , 2015 , Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Pictures to discuss a sequel . Later that month , he did not deny the film could involve `` dinosaur soldiers '' and said the series is `` not always gon na be about a Jurassic Park '' . He felt future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing . Trevorrow also hinted the next film might not involve the Jurassic World theme park , and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several unnamed Spanish horror film directors . Pre-production On July 23 , 2015 , Universal announced a fifth film had been scheduled for a June 22 , 2018 , release date in the U.S. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly , as they had for Jurassic World ; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall ; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers . Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film . At the time of the film 's announcement , Trevorrow said the series `` is n't always going to be limited to theme parks '' . He confirmed the film would not involve `` a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island '' stating , `` That 'll get old real fast . '' Trevorrow also spoke of the film 's possible open - source storyline : `` It 's almost like InGen is Mac , but what if PC gets their hands on it ? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur ? '' In August 2015 , Howard said the script was being written , and it was announced the film would be released in the UK two weeks early , on June 7 , 2018 . Later that year , B.D. Wong said he `` would be happy to return '' as Dr. Henry Wu , while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017 . Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film , saying , `` I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back . '' By October 2015 , director J.A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film . He chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel , a project for which he had already signed on . In January 2016 , it was reported that Bayona could still be a candidate to direct the film after he dropped out of the World War Z sequel due to other commitments . In March 2016 , London was being scouted as a possible filming location and setting for the film ; it was subsequently announced that filming would take place at a UK studio . On April 14 , 2016 , actor Jeff Goldblum said he had no plans to appear in the film as his character Ian Malcolm , although he said he was open to the possibility . On April 18 , 2016 , Bayona was announced as the film 's director , with Belén Atienza and Patrick Crowley joining Marshall as producers . Spielberg , Marshall , and Kathleen Kennedy had been impressed by his 2012 film , The Impossible , and initially considered having him direct Jurassic World . He declined as he felt there was not enough time for production . Trevorrow wanted Bayona to direct the film after seeing his 2007 horror film , The Orphanage . Before he was hired , Bayona had met with Trevorrow and became enthused with the project after being shown the script 's second half , which would play out like a haunted house film . After Bayona was hired , Trevorrow said of the film , `` We 're moving it into new territory . J.A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he 'll push the boundaries of what a ' Jurassic ' movie is . I think it 's important that we take risks . A franchise must evolve or perish . '' Trevorrow and Bayona worked closely throughout the film 's production . In June 2016 , actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded , `` You never say never , but I think it 's moved on . It 's different times . '' The film , under the working title of Ancient Futures , was in full pre-production as of July 2016 , with storyboards being designed . Andy Nicholson was hired as the film 's production designer . He spent four weeks with Bayona in Barcelona , discussing reference pictures and background details , as well as Bayona 's ideas for the Lockwood mansion . Production was scheduled to begin in Hawaii in February 2017 . Wales was also confirmed as a filming location , including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn . Trevorrow said that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location , while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios , without the story taking place there . Trevorrow also said the film would feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and denied that the film 's story would involve militarized dinosaurs , which would only be mentioned in the film . For the film 's second half where dinosaurs are transported by boat to the mainland , Ecuador and Peru had both been scouted as possible filming locations and settings . Marshall thought that Cabo San Lucas would be ideal , but these locations ultimately did not work for the film 's story . Although the film was shot partly in England , Spielberg felt the country was too far from the fictional Isla Nublar to be used as the in - film setting for the second half . He and the producers did not want the film to spend too much time on a boat . Crowley stated , `` Rather than making it a movie about traveling on a boat , which is not very exciting , you needed to get to the place . '' In September 2016 , Bayona confirmed the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Later that year , Marshall said that Wong was `` probably going to come back '' . Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return as composer for the fifth film . Óscar Faura was announced as the film 's cinematographer at the end of the year . Writing Although Spielberg was heavily involved in the development of ideas for Jurassic World , he had Trevorrow and Connolly devise their own ideas for the sequel . He retained final approval on the project . In June 2015 , about two weeks after the theatrical release of Jurassic World , Trevorrow embarked on a road trip from Los Angeles to his home state of Vermont . Connolly agreed to accompany Trevorrow so they could discuss a basic set of ideas Trevorrow had for the film . During their eight - day trip , they began work on the script and devised the basic story . Trevorrow said the film 's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film : `` Dinosaurs and man , two species separated by 65 million years of evolution , have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together . How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect ? '' Trevorrow said that the story was heavily influenced by the idea that , `` A mistake made a long time ago just ca n't be undone . '' The film is also based on concepts from Michael Crichton 's novel Jurassic Park ( 1990 ) and its sequel The Lost World ( 1995 ) , and includes dialogue from the first novel . Isla Nublar 's volcano was in the first novel , and the writers chose to incorporate it into the film 's plot . Trevorrow compared the destruction of Isla Nublar to `` the burning down of a church or a temple , '' saying , `` I honestly think it 's like killing off a character in a way , and if you 're going to do that , as long as you approach it with the proper respect and acknowledgement that you understand how indelible and permanent what you 're doing is , then hopefully people will have an emotional response but they wo n't hate you for it . '' The idea to include a `` silent partner '' for John Hammond was also inspired by the Jurassic Park novel . Although the character of Benjamin Lockwood was not featured in the novel , the book depicts the early years leading up to the cloning of dinosaurs . This made Trevorrow realize there would have been many people involved in such a project , convincing him that someone like Lockwood would be among those people . In his initial film treatment , Trevorrow had included story elements that Marshall and Crowley considered excessive for a single film . The producers felt it was important to include details about Owen and Claire 's lives after the events of Jurassic World . Although the original ending was the same as the final film , Trevorrow had wanted to include more details about the integration of dinosaurs into the world . He chose to remove them to keep the story focused . The script 's structure , Trevorrow said , was inspired by Spielberg 's 2015 film Bridge of Spies , in which two seemingly unrelated stories `` collide in the middle , and move on together . '' Trevorrow was also inspired by the 1975 film Three Days of the Condor , saying , `` It 's one of those places where you think you know what the score is , and then everything changes , and then suddenly you do n't know who to trust . '' Having directed Jurassic World , Trevorrow was familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes for the sequel that would allow for their use . For example , animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running . Regarding the idea of human cloning , Trevorrow said that `` we 're so much closer to cloning humans than we are to cloning dinosaurs . It felt like far less of a leap to me than dinosaurs do . ( ... ) To have a character who has such deep love and has felt such loss and the inability to go on , I think is something we all feel . So the idea that you might be able to bring someone back in that way is emotionally grounded in a very universal idea . '' Trevorrow also said he was interested in `` the larger impact '' of genetic power , including its emotional impact and its potential human impact . He added , `` we knew that we did n't want to continue to make movies about the dangers of messing with science . We want to tell a story about where we are now , which is that we have messed with science , we have fundamentally altered our world and now we 're dealing with the consequences . '' Trevorrow was nervous about how audiences would react to the story 's human cloning aspect , an idea supported by Spielberg , who was excited about the questions that such an idea could raise in the film 's sequel . Because of criticism of the death of Zara in the previous film , Trevorrow said for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom , `` We made sure that every death was earned . Everybody deserves their death in this movie , a lesson learned . In 2018 everyone earns it . Horrible people . '' After Bayona was hired , he began reading Crichton 's novels -- including Jurassic Park and The Lost World -- for inspiration and `` to try to immerse myself in Crichton 's mind . '' Trevorrow and Connolly began working with Bayona in July 2016 , to perfect the script to the director 's liking . Trevorrow said the film would be more `` suspenseful and scary '' than its predecessor : `` It 's just the way it 's designed ; it 's the way the story plays out . I knew I wanted Bayona to direct it long before anyone ever heard that it was a possibility , so the whole thing was just built around his skillset . '' Trevorrow later described the film as `` The Impossible meets The Orphanage with dinosaurs . '' Bayona said that with the first half of the film set on an island , `` you have what you expect from a Jurassic movie , '' while the second half `` moves to a totally different environment that feels more suspenseful , darker , claustrophobic , and even has this kind of gothic element , which I love . '' The `` gothic element '' of suspense was influenced by Alfred Hitchcock films . He compared it to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan , which were both considered darker than their predecessors . Trevorrow said the film 's dinosaurs would be `` a parable of the treatment animals receive today : the abuse , medical experimentation , pets , having wild animals in zoos like prisons , the use the military has made of them , animals as weapons . '' The idea of weaponized dinosaurs came from Spielberg . Trevorrow said that with the film 's dinosaur auction , `` The worst instincts of mankind are revealed . The first film was very clearly about corporate greed . This is just about human greed . '' The film includes ideas previously featured in a rejected 2004 draft for Jurassic Park IV ( later Jurassic World ) , presented in the same structure : a return to Isla Nublar followed by a second half set in a large Gothic building on the mainland . The idea of a dinosaur auction was also in the rejected draft , which Trevorrow had read while writing the first Jurassic World film . Bayona had his own ideas incorporated into the script while essentially retaining the original story devised by Trevorrow and Connolly . The film 's underwater opening sequence was already in their script . Bayona asked Trevorrow to push for it to become a bigger scene with a larger set . One of Trevorrow 's ideas was to include Jeff Goldblum 's character of Ian Malcolm , who appeared in the franchise 's earlier films . Trevorrow and Goldblum discussed dialogue ideas for Malcolm , and Trevorrow said he used a lot of dialogue from Crichton 's Jurassic Park novel for the character . Marshall said that Trevorrow wrote Malcolm as `` the ' Uh oh , danger , I told you so ' kind of character '' . Trevorrow said of Malcolm , `` I saw him as kind of Al Gore . He 's got a beard now , and he 's like , ' I told all of you this was going to be a disaster , and sure enough it is . ' '' Bayona and Trevorrow ultimately removed certain moments from the script they felt would be better for the sequel , which was expected to depict dinosaurs having spread around the world . Casting In October 2016 , casting was underway for the role of a nine - year - old girl . Approximately 2,500 girls were interviewed for the part , which ultimately went to Isabella Sermon , marking her film debut . By November 2016 , Tom Holland -- who previously starred in The Impossible -- had discussed a role in the film with Bayona , but did not believe he would be available because of scheduling conflicts . Toby Jones , Rafe Spall , and Justice Smith were cast at the end of the year . Daniella Pineda , Ted Levine and James Cromwell were cast in early 2017 , while Wong confirmed his return as Dr. Henry Wu . To maintain secrecy , the Ancient Futures title was used in the casting phase . During auditions , references to dinosaurs were replaced with animals such as lions and grizzly bears . To convince the studio that Pineda was right for the role of Zia , Bayona had her demonstrate she could perform comedy and drama scenes , as well as improvise . Pineda auditioned seven times before being given the role . She auditioned for Bayona , Atienza , and Crowley but did not meet the cast until she arrived in England for filming . In March 2017 , Bayona announced that Geraldine Chaplin , who had appeared in each of his previous films , had joined the cast . The next month , it was announced that Jeff Goldblum would be reprising his role from the first two films as Dr. Ian Malcolm . Bayona considered Malcolm a `` great character ! '' Marshall said , `` The world has changed a lot since Ian Malcolm went to Jurassic Park and we need his point of view now more than ever . He told us about chaos theory , he was right . '' Filming Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough , England , on February 23 , 2017 . Scenes shot at the business center included Claire 's Dinosaur Protection Group office , Owen training his baby raptors , and Owen and Claire attempting to retrieve blood from the sedated T. rex . Most of the filming in England took place at Pinewood Studios . Because of its large sound stages , it was considered perfect for the film 's many interior scenes . After filming concluded in England , production moved to Hawaii , which was used as a primary filming location . Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar , the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films . Scenes were also expected to be shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales . The film was shot in CinemaScope , and is the first entry in the Jurassic Park series presented in a 2.40 : 1 aspect ratio . The film crew used Arri Alexa 65 exclusively . Several scenes were shot to reference various films including From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) and Dracula ( 1979 ) , as well as Spielberg 's films Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) and E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) . Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and offered Bayona his opinions . During filming , and in between takes , Bayona used an iPod to play different types of music on set to inspire the actors , as he had done with his previous films . He also played sound effects from other films in the series , including a T. rex roar that he sometimes used to get a natural reaction from the actors . In particular , Bayona played unexpected sounds and loud music to scare Smith for certain scenes , as his character is portrayed as easily frightened . Bayona and Pratt discussed each scene involving Owen 's character before it was shot . Many of Pratt 's ideas were used in the film . Discussing Levine 's character , Bayona said , `` He came with this idea of creating this kind of military man . He just wanted to portray the most hateable character possible . ( ... ) And he was so creative on set , trying to give ideas , bringing story notes to make this character more and more hateable . '' The film includes several indirect references to U.S. President Donald Trump , including an idea from Trevorrow where a news ticker says the `` U.S. president '' has questioned the `` existence of dinosaurs in the first place . '' Jones was allowed to decide his character 's appearance , which included a wig similar to Trump 's hairstyle . An unscripted moment left in the film involves Levine 's character referring to Pineda 's character Zia as a `` nasty woman '' , a comment that was previously made famous by Trump . In April 2017 , scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire , England , and at Loch Long in Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Also that month , filming took place at Hartland Park -- formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site -- in Fleet , Hampshire , England , where the film 's opening sequence was shot . It was filmed through the night and involved helicopters , rain machines , and lightning simulators to depict a thunderstorm . Bayona described the opening scene as a `` massive action piece '' that resembled the prologues used in James Bond films . Scenes were filmed on sets at Hawley Common , also in Hampshire , where the exterior of Lockwood 's mansion was built , as well as a mainland loading dock where the dinosaurs are brought . The exterior of the ship that transports Isla Nublar 's dinosaurs to the mainland was created entirely through computer - generated effects by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , which worked on the previous films . The ship 's interior was constructed by Nicholson and his team as a large set at Pinewood Studios , and after filming , it was rebuilt to depict the large rooftop of the Lockwood Estate . The exterior of the Cragside country house in Northumberland , England , along with its coniferous surroundings , was used to depict the Lockwood Estate exterior . The film crew took plate shots of Cragside and used a computer to combine the shots with footage filmed on set to create the exterior of the Lockwood Estate . No actors were involved in the Cragside shoot . Nicholson previsualized each of the sets he and his team built to ensure they would be large enough for the intended scenes . He noted , `` Someone can tell you a Velociraptor is X-feet long , but until you see it in the space , you ca n't appreciate what that means in terms of your set and the action that needs to take place within it . '' The interior of the multi-floor Lockwood Estate was built entirely on sound stages at Pinewood Studios . The estate set included Eli Mills ' office , Dr. Wu 's large underground laboratory , an underground dinosaur containment facility , separate bedrooms belonging to Benjamin and Maisie Lockwood , and a large library with dinosaur skeletons and artifacts . When filming was completed in the Lockwood library , the set was redecorated and converted into the estate 's underground garage , where the dinosaur auction takes place . Pratt said the film involved significantly more stunts than its predecessor . An improvised fist fight scene , between Owen and several men during the dinosaur auction , was added late in filming . It was the first such scene to be featured in the film series , and was filmed in a single continuous shot with the use of a dolly track . On May 10 , 2017 , it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base , near Woodbridge , Suffolk . On May 24 , 2017 , scenes were shot at Hampshire 's Blackbushe Airport , which stood in as an American airfield . Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 10 , 2017 . Up to that point , Trevorrow was present as an on - set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes . Goldblum shot his scenes in a single day at Pinewood Studios , during the last day of filming in the United Kingdom . Jones also filmed his scenes on large sets at Pinewood Studios . Filming in Hawaii was underway as of June 13 , 2017 , and lasted more than 25 days , with locations that included Dillingham Airfield and Pua'ena Point . On June 21 , 2017 , filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor , which served as Isla Nublar 's shipping dock . More than half the harbor was closed for filming , which required the use of smoke machines . Scenes were scheduled to be shot there until the end of the month . Filming also took place in a nearby Heʻeia jungle for scenes where Owen searches for and locates Blue . As a reference to the first Jurassic Park film , the scene between Owen and Blue includes an overturned Ford Explorer , previously featured in the original film as a Jurassic Park tour vehicle . Trevorrow had initially considered including the vehicle in a scene in Jurassic World , before settling on the original Jurassic Park visitor center instead . On June 22 , 2017 , the film 's official title was announced as Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . At the time , filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu . Filming at Kualoa Ranch included the exterior set for a radio tower bunker . In Hawaii , scenes where characters are running were filmed with the use of the Edge Arm , a stabilized camera that was attached to a crane , which was mounted to a truck that drove alongside the actors . This specialized camera allowed for scenes to be shot steadily despite the truck being driven over rough terrain . The film includes a scene on Isla Nublar where Claire and Franklin are riding in a ball - shaped Jurassic World Gyrosphere ride to evade dinosaurs . It was shot at Kualoa Ranch and in England . Bayona described it as one of the film 's biggest challenges . In Hawaii , the Edge Arm was used to film the actors riding in the Gyrosphere as it was hauled on a trailer to simulate its movement . In England , an outdoor roller coaster track with a 40 - foot drop was constructed for the Gyrosphere , which Howard and Smith rode in to shoot a scene where the ride plummets off a cliff and into the water surrounding Isla Nublar . Although this portion of the scene could have been shot with the use of a green screen , Bayona wanted the actors to express genuine fear for the scene . The last part of the scene was shot at Pinewood Studios , where a large indoor tank was constructed and filled with water to depict the submerged ride as Owen tries to break it open and rescue Claire and Franklin . This portion of the scene was filmed in five different takes that were merged to make it seem like a single continuous shot . Pratt was aided by a diving instructor while he shot the scene , which also involved Howard and Smith being underwater . Filming in the tank lasted five days , and required a crew of 85 . It was shot primarily by a second unit crew , as Bayona was busy directing scenes on other soundstages . David Vickery and his team at ILM created the volcanic special effects and consulted volcanologists for research . According to Vickery , the team asked `` how a volcano of this type might erupt '' and also requested information about `` the various stages of lava and pyroclastic flow . We are speeding it up a bit for the sake of our film , but it is definitely all based on real science . '' The lava was created through digital effects , although one scene used cat litter set on fire as a stand - in on set , so the actors would know where to react . The scene was set in an Isla Nublar bunker as lava begins dripping from the roof . The litter had been soaked in flammable liquid , and was dropped from 12 different nozzles above the set . The Main Street section of the Jurassic World theme park was rebuilt on Police Beach in Hawaii for a scene where Owen and Claire return to the island . The set had been built previously in Louisiana for filming of the previous Jurassic World , but was dismantled after filming concluded . For the sequel , Nicholson had part of the Main Street practically built , although the park 's visitor center could not be constructed in its entirety because of its large size . Unbuilt portions of the park were created by ILM using digital set extensions . Main Street was the largest set built in Hawaii , and required more than three months to complete . Many of the same prop makers returned to recreate the Main Street set , which then had to be aged to give the appearance of abandonment . On July 7 , 2017 , filming took place at Oahu 's Hālona Blowhole , where Pratt , Howard and Smith shot scenes on a beach . Filming concluded on July 8 , 2017 , after shooting was completed at Hālona Blowhole . Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life . The original cut of the film was approximately two hours and 45 minutes , which the filmmakers considered too long . It was trimmed to two hours and eight minutes for the final cut . One scene removed from the film for runtime reasons revealed the character of Zia to be a lesbian , an idea that came from Bayona and Trevorrow . Creatures on screen See also : List of cloned animals in the Jurassic Park series The film 's dinosaurs were created using a combination of animatronics and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . Special effects artist Neal Scanlan served as the film 's creature effects supervisor , while Vickery and Alex Wuttke were visual effects supervisors . Scanlan worked on the animatronic dinosaurs , while Vickery and his ILM team created versions of the dinosaurs through CGI . ILM animators in Vancouver worked on dinosaur stampede scenes , while ILM 's London studio created the remaining creature scenes . Approximately 52 ILM animators worked on the film . Scanlan worked closely with Bayona and Vickery to create the creatures . Vickery and ILM did extensive research to accurately create and depict the dinosaurs , which included consulting with paleontologists . The ILM team also referred to elephants and rhinos to determine how the dinosaurs should move and behave . Dinosaur expert John Hankla , of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science , served as an advisor on the film . After reading fan thoughts on dinosaurs and speaking with children , Bayona realized that dinosaur textures and colors were often brought up and said , `` I thought that was the area where I could play with . They feel somehow a little bit more exotic and richer in this movie . '' New research had also suggested that real dinosaurs were more colorful and brighter than previously thought . The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series . Bayona wanted to include several new dinosaurs not seen in earlier films , including Allosaurus , Baryonyx , Carnotaurus , Sinoceratops , Stygimoloch , and the fictional Indoraptor . Baryonyx and Carnotaurus were among the creatures created through CGI . Dilophosaurus was in the film 's original cut , but was removed . The film features more animatronic dinosaurs than any previous sequel , and the animatronics used were more technologically advanced than in the earlier films . Five animatronic dinosaurs were created for the film , whereas the previous film featured only one . More animatronics were used because the film features closer interaction between humans and dinosaurs than its predecessor , including a scene where Howard rides atop the sedated T. rex . Bayona said that animatronics `` are very helpful on set , especially for the actors so they have something to perform against . There 's an extra excitement if they can act in front of something real . '' Scanlan felt animatronics were not best for every scene : `` In some ways it will have an impact on your shooting schedule ; you have to take time to film with an animatronic . In the balance , we ask ourselves if it is economically and artistically more valuable to do it that way , or as a post-production effect . Once we have looked at each particular case , with the director and the VFX supervisor we decide whether -- because of the environment or the circumstances -- it is the right way to go practically . '' Scanlan spent more than eight months at Pinewood Studios working on the creatures before and during filming , with a crew of approximately 35 people . Scanlan 's team created functional animatronic models of the T. rex , the Indoraptor and Blue , while ILM worked on CGI versions of the creatures . The T. rex was one of the first animatronic creatures needed for filming , in the form of a full - scale head and shoulders . ILM sent Scanlan a model of the T. rex from its appearance in Jurassic World . Scanlan used it to create a full - scale 3D print of the T. rex head and shoulders . The life - sized T. rex animatronic , which had the ability to breathe and move its head , was controlled with joysticks . It was used for a scene where the sedated creature is inside a cage while Owen and Claire attempt to retrieve blood from it . The beginning shots of the scene were created using only the animatronic , while the ending shots solely used CGI . The middle portion of the scene used a combination of the two methods . Within the film 's story , the T. rex is portrayed as the same individual featured in previous films . Trevorrow said , `` We 've been following this same character since the beginning ; she 's the same T. rex that was in Jurassic Park and in Jurassic World . She is iconic -- not just because she 's a T. rex , but because she 's this T. rex . '' The Blue animatronic was created to lay down on an operating table , depicting the animal in an injured state while the character of Zia operates on the creature . Up to 12 puppeteers , hidden under the operating table , were needed to control the animatronic during filming . The scene was shot twice , with and without the Blue animatronic , and the two versions were later combined for a seamless effect . In creating Blue through CGI , the animators referred to the animal 's appearance in the previous film . According to Vickery , Blue 's movements were designed to resemble a dog : `` You look at the way Blue cocks her head and looks up at you . It 's exactly like a dog . You 're trying to sort of connect the dinosaur with things that you understand as a human . '' The Indoraptor was primarily created through CGI , while a practical head , neck , shoulders , foot and arm were created for close - up shots . For some scenes , an inflatable Indoraptor stand - in was operated by two puppeteers on set , to be later replaced by a CGI version of the creature . The Indoraptor was designed to have long human - like arms . The creature is depicted as a quadruped and biped , with a height of approximately 10 ft ( 3.0 m ) tall while standing on two legs . Bayona chose black for the Indoraptor 's color because he wanted the creature to have the appearance of a black shadow , saying `` it 's very terrifying when you see the Indoraptor in the dark because you can only see the eyes and the teeth . '' Scanlan 's team also made puppeteering aids , rod puppets , and several prop dinosaurs , all created by coordinating with Vickery to ensure a consistent result between the practical effects and CGI . Animal motions that could not be perfected with puppetry , such as blinking , were created with computer technology . Among the puppeteer dinosaurs were baby velociraptors used for a scene with Pratt . The scene 's final , wider shots used two - wheeled , remote - controlled toys to stand - in for the baby raptors on set . The toys included a spring which gave them the ability to jump . The feature was used to get a genuinely startled reaction from Pratt . Although motion capture was used in the previous film to depict velociraptors , ILM determined after several tests the technology would not be adequate for depicting dinosaurs in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom . They chose instead to use key frame animation done for the previous films . However , some motion capture was done as a form of previsualization to aid Bayona . ILM used key framing to create scenes involving a large number of dinosaurs and referred to high - speed photography of horses racing for aid in creating such scenes . The fight scene between Blue and the Indoraptor , set in Maisie 's bedroom , was designed in London and key framed by ILM . Jance Rubinchik , animation supervisor for ILM , said the fight was the `` trickiest sequence '' because of the lack of previsualization . According to Bayona , a Brachiosaurus shown dying in the volcanic eruption is meant to be the same individual that is first seen in the original Jurassic Park . The Brachiosaurus in the new film was created using the same animations from the 1993 film . The dinosaur 's death was the last shot on the entire film to be finished ; Bayona and the post-production team worked through the night to perfect the scene 's colors and composition , shortly before the film 's release . For advice on veterinary procedures and animatronic movements , the filmmakers sought a veterinary surgeon who had experience with African wildlife . Jonathan Cranston , a Gloucestershire veterinary surgeon , was recommended for the position because of his experience with wildlife in South Africa . He advised Bayona and the producers on how to choreograph several scenes to accurately depict complex veterinarian procedures that involved the dinosaurs . Cranston also worked closely with Pratt , Howard , Pineda and Smith to teach them how to perform such procedures . He also advised the puppeteers on creating subtle and authentic animal movements and worked with Bayona on two scenes . Cranston was on set for 12 days , primarily at Pinewood Studios . Marketing A six - second clip from the film was released on November 22 , 2017 . The first trailer was teased for release on November 30 , 2017 . This was later confirmed to be incorrect . Several teaser trailers and a behind - the - scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017 , before the release of a full - length trailer on December 7 . That month , Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group . It included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island 's dinosaurs , as well as a video featuring Howard , Pineda and Smith as their characters . The website was created by Timothy Glover and Jack Anthony Ewins , who created the Masrani Global website for Jurassic World . A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4 , 2018 . A 30 - second teaser trailer was released on April 13 , 2018 , announcing the release of a third full trailer on April 18 . Several of the trailers and commercials for the film included scenes from the ending that depict the Tyrannosaurus rex and the Mosasaurus now loose in the world . This frustrated Trevorrow , who preferred not to show such scenes before the film 's release . Universal had the benefit of a global marketing campaign by its partners valued at $185 million , more than double the value of the previous film 's partner program . The campaign included nine partners -- Dairy Queen , Doritos , Dr Pepper , Ferrero SpA , Jeep , Juicy Fruit , Kellogg 's , M&M 's , and Skittles -- who aired television commercials and sold products to promote the film . The global marketing campaign consisted of 1.3 billion promotional items including 100 million boxes of Kellogg 's products and 15 million packages of Kinder Joy candy by Ferrero . Dairy Queen , a returning partner from the previous film , sold `` Jurassic Chomp '' ice cream desserts in collectable cups , while Doritos and Dr Pepper marketed versions of their products that featured images of the film 's dinosaurs . For Super Bowl LII , Trevorrow directed a Jeep commercial starring Goldblum featuring a T. rex . Within 24 hours of its release , the commercial received 39.7 million online views , more than any film trailer watched online following its Super Bowl television debut . Universal also teamed up with Amazon for a marketing stunt where a dinosaur - sized box was driven around Los Angeles on a truck to promote the film . Licensing partners Mattel , Lego , and Funko created toys based on the film . Mattel produced a variety of toys , including dinosaurs and action figures , as well as Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters . Mattel released a mobile app titled Jurassic World Facts as a tie - in to its dinosaur toys , which included symbols that could be scanned to collect facts about each creature . Lego released a number of Lego sets and characters based on the film . A video game , Jurassic World Evolution , was released simultaneously with the film . A two - part virtual reality miniseries titled Jurassic World : Blue , created by Felix & Paul Studios and Industrial Light and Magic , was released for Oculus VR headsets as a film tie - in , featuring Blue on Isla Nublar at the time of the volcanic eruption . Trevorrow , Glover and Ewins created a website and campaign for `` Extinction Now ! '' ( the antithesis to the Dinosaur Protection Group ) , which was launched shortly before the film 's release . The campaign included a found - footage clip of a Tyrannosaurus loose in San Diego , a reference to The Lost World : Jurassic Park . Release Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom had its premiere at the WiZink Center in Madrid , Spain , on May 21 , 2018 . The film 's international theatrical release began in Singapore and Malaysia on June 7 , the United Kingdom , India , Italy , South Korea and Angola on June 8 , and Pakistan on June 16 , 2018 . The film was released in the United States on June 22 , 2018 . Home Media Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for digital release on September 4 , 2018 , and Blu - ray , DVD , Blu - ray 3D and 4K Blu - ray on September 18 , 2018 . Reception Box Office As of August 28 , 2018 , Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom has grossed $413.2 million in the United States and Canada and $881.5 million in other territories for a total worldwide gross of $1.295 billion . The production budget was in the range of $170 -- 187 million . The film crossed the $1 billion mark on July 5 , 2018 , becoming the 35th film of all - time to reach this milestone , and the seventh film for Universal . It also made Universal the second studio ( after Disney ) to have at least two films in three different franchises make $1 billion worldwide , alongside The Fast and the Furious and Despicable Me . United States and Canada In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom was one of the most anticipated films of 2018 . Initial projections three weeks before its release had the film grossing between $130 -- 150 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with BoxOffice magazine estimating a total of $325 -- 380 million for its final domestic gross . By the week of its release , the low - end projections had reached $135 million . It was released on June 22 , 2018 , in 4,475 theaters ( the second - widest release ever behind Despicable Me 3 ) grossing $58.7 million on its opening day , the second - highest of the franchise and 28th - best on record . The film grossed $15.3 million from Thursday night previews at 3,600 theaters , down from the $18.5 million grossed by Jurassic World . It ended up debuting at $148 million , the 20th - best opening weekend of all - time and second highest for Universal . It also marked the second time two films opened to over $100 million on back - to - back weekends , following Incredibles 2 's $182.7 million debut the week before , since May 2007 when Shrek the Third and Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End opened to $121.6 million and $114.7 million , respectively . In its second weekend the film made $60 million , a drop of 59 % and less than the $105.8 million made by Jurassic World in its sophomore weekend . In its third weekend made $28.3 million . Outside north america Overseas , the film was released in 48 countries between June 6 and June 8 , 2018 , including France , Germany , South Korea , the United Kingdom , Italy , Russia , and Spain . It was projected to gross $130 -- 145 million on its opening weekend . It made $20.2 million on its first day , including $1.4 million in France and $1 million in Indonesia . In South Korea , it grossed $9.7 million ( ₩ 10.3 billion ) and sold over 1 million tickets , setting opening day records for both ( beating The Mummy 's ₩ 7.4 billion and Avengers : Infinity War 's 980,000 ) . It went on to have an international debut of $151.1 million , including $8 million from IMAX screenings . Its largest opening markets were South Korea ( $27.2 million ) , the UK ( $19.9 million ) , France ( $10 million ) , Spain ( $9.5 million ) and Germany ( $9.1 million ) . In China , the film was released on June 15 and made $34.4 million ( ¥ 220 million ) on its opening day , nearly double the first day total of its predecessor ( $17.5 million ) . The film went on to open to $111.9 million ( ¥ 715 million ) , the fourth best - ever in the country for a Hollywood release ( behind The Fate of the Furious , Avengers : Infinity War and Transformers : The Last Knight ) , and bringing its two week international total to $372.1 million , more than the entire lifetime gross of Jurassic Park III ( $368 million ) . In its third week of international release the film made $106.7 million , bringing its total to $561.5 million . China remained one of the top markets with $32.4 million ( a standard 71 % drop for Hollywood films in the country ) , while it was also released in Mexico ( $12.3 million ) , Brazil ( $9.2 million ) and Australia $7.9 million ) . As of July 5 , 2018 , the film has grossed $245.5 million in China , making it the 5th highest grossing Hollywood film of all - time in the country . Critical response On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , Fallen Kingdom holds an approval rating of 50 % based on 331 reviews , and an average rating of 5.6 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom adds another set piece - packed entry to the blockbuster franchise , although genuinely thrilling moments are in increasingly short supply . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100 , based on 59 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score . Variety 's Owen Gleiberman called the film better than the first Jurassic World but wrote `` ... ( Fallen Kingdom ) ends up being just a so - so ride . I hope the next one is an all - out ride -- but that for the first time since Spielberg 's 1993 original , it 's actually a great one . The audience for this series has proved that it will turn out in mega-droves . '' Lindsey Bahr of the Associated Press wrote , `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom will not stand up to rigorous scrutiny , and yet , it 's kind of an enjoyable , preposterous and thrilling ride that ticks through nostalgia beats like a shopping list . '' The Boston Globe 's Ty Burr likened the film to a `` Universal Studios theme park ride '' noting , `` It 's enough for a fun fright night at the movies but lacks anything else : character , mystery , wonder , danger . The film 's a rush for an audience that only wants the high . '' In a more critical assessment , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said `` ... this sequel has the perfunctory vibe that comes from filmmakers who cynically believe the public will buy anything T. rex - related , no matter how shoddy the goods or warmed - over the plot . '' Senior Editor Matt Goldberg of Collider also criticized the screenplay stating , `` The film is too lazy to even bother with the modest housekeeping of explaining its characters ' motives . '' The Verge 's Bryan Bishop was equally critical , writing , `` Like its predecessor , Fallen Kingdom is overstuffed with ethical conundrums , and not sophisticated enough to fully engage with them ... the movie 's villains become such cartoony caricatures that it 's impossible to take Fallen Kingdom 's attempted philosophical musings seriously . '' Sam Machkovech of Ars Technica called the film a B movie consisting of `` a sixth - grade sketchbook mash of dino - murder , cartoonish villains , and plot holes '' , while Travis M. Andrews of The Washington Post said the film had `` achieved the impossible : it makes dinosaurs boring . '' In a positive review , Scott Mendelson of Forbes wrote , `` Fallen Kingdom is a gorgeous , mostly enjoyable blockbuster that looked great in IMAX . That it does n't cash all the checks it tries to write is why it 's merely a good movie instead of a great one . '' Writing for The Hollywood Reporter , John DeFore also praised the film saying , `` Finally making good on its name , J.A. Bayona 's Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom says goodbye to the park for good , not just carrying the de-extincted dinos off the island but freeing itself from the genre trappings of the previous four films . '' Exclaim ! 's Alex Hudson said the film is `` a straight - ahead monster movie : it 's dumb , occasionally gory , and mostly plenty of fun ... It wo n't rekindle your childhood fascination with dinosaurs , but it makes for a suitably silly creature feature . '' Many reviewers singled out the scene where a lone Brachiosaurus , stranded on Isla Nublar , succumbs to the volcanic fumes while the characters helplessly watch from the departing ship , as `` poignant '' or `` haunting '' , especially given the species ' role in the first movie . Sequel Further information : Jurassic Park § Jurassic World 3 ( 2021 ) An untitled sequel , known as Jurassic World 3 , is scheduled for release on June 11 , 2021 . Trevorrow will direct the film , and write the screenplay with Emily Carmichael . It is based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly . Trevorrow will also serve as executive producer with Steven Spielberg ; Marshall and Crowley will serve as producers . Pratt and Howard will reprise their roles for the film . References Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Excited to announce that my longtime collaborator @ BernatVilaplana will be the editor for the new Jurassic film '' . Twitter . 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Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' Sequel Adds ' Silence of the Lambs ' Actor Ted Levine '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Justice Smith on Terrifying Stunts and More Terrifying Dinosaurs ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 1 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 2 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum Returns For ' Jurassic World 2 ' ! Life Has Found A Way ! '' . / Film . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 has begun filming -- first pictures of staging area ! '' . Jurassic Outpost . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crick , Andy ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` Latest Jurassic Park blockbuster relocated away from Hollywood ... to a business estate in Slough '' . The Sun . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Brian ( December 2016 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Shoots This February in London , New Details Emerge '' . MovieWeb.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bayona , JA ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` UK wrap for Jurassic ! ! So grateful to the fantastic UK crew . Next stop Hawaii ! # JW2 '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Photo Returns to Isla Nublar , Big News Coming Soon '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Kathryn ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 to film in the Brecon Beacons , director reveals '' . Media Wales . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( July 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has a Handful of E.T. Easter Eggs You May Have Missed '' . / Film . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Bringing Suspense Back to the Franchise ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` How J.A. Bayona Used Music During Filming of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . / Film . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Daniella Pineda on Saving Dinosaurs and Spilling Coffee on Frank Marshall ( Set Visit Interview ) ( page 3 of 3 ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Star Chris Pratt on Acting With Animatronic Dinos and Movie Legends ( Set Visit Interview ) '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` Colin Trevorrow on ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Planning the Ending for ' Jurassic World 3 ' '' . Collider. 2 : 47 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lerner , Will ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's how those Donald Trump jokes wound up in ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Jordan ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Mad hair . Russian owners . Is Jurassic World 2 's meanest dinosaur really Donald Trump ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Connor ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` How A Nasty Woman Line Ended Up In Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` BD Wong Looks Sharp On The Set Of Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Aftab ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom partly filmed in location near Glasgow '' . Evening Times . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Footage emerges of Jurassic World 2 filming in England '' . Jurassic Outpost. April 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Stephen ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 : See first shots of the woodland set for huge blockbuster being filmed on Hawley Common '' . Get Surrey . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( December 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Opening Scene Sounds Amazing '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cragside stars in new Jurassic World movie '' . Northumberland Gazette . June 27 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Duke , Simon ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Cragside has starring role in Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Evening Chronicle . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hirst , Andrew ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Are Jeff Goldblum , Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard in Suffolk ? Jurassic World 2 rumoured to be filming at Rock Barracks '' . East Anglian Daily Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Ilin ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 weekly buzz : New set photos , plot spoilers excite fans '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` How Involved Colin Trevorrow Was With Making Jurassic World 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , John ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colin Trevorrow on ' The Book of Henry ' and What He Learned Directing ' Jurassic World ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shattuck , Kathryn ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum , Back in ' Jurassic World ' and Making a Small Role Big '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Laxamana , Chris ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Goldblum and Vinnie Tortorich '' . The Adam Carolla Show . 01 : 16 : 00 -- 01 : 19 : 00 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Howard , Bryce Dallas ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Playing in the mud or shooting a movie ? * not Claire 's shoes . Day 46 . # jurassicworld # jurassicworld2 # jungle '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Santos , Danny F. ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Has Jurassic World 2 's Original Ending Been Rewritten ? '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jurassic World 2 is currently filming in Hawaii . Jump up ^ `` Real roar : Production put $31 M into Hawaii '' . West Hawaii Today . June 24 , 2018 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Lillian ( June 15 , 2017 ) . `` Portion of Kamehameha Highway to be closed for Jurassic World sequel '' . KHNL . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World sequel starts filming at Oahu harbor '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Labrecqque , Jeff ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` See exclusive concept art for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Entertainment Weekly . pp. 6 , 8 . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Title Revealed In First Teaser Poster '' . Empire . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom -- Exclusive Behind - the - Scenes Images '' . Dread Central . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evangelista , Chris ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Sequel Bits : ' Hobbs and Shaw ' , ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' , ' Doom ' , ' Rabid ' , ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jurassic World : Bukott birodalom - A pörgőgömb '' . Universal International Pictures . May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Failes , Ian ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Unexpected Techniques ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Used to Create Super-Realistic FX '' . Thrillist . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Josh ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Chris Pratt Take the Plunge with Diving Pro for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Underwater Stunt '' . SyFy Wire . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Talks About Creating That `` One Shot '' Sequence and More `` . / Film . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Rucha ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard reveal filthy details from ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' sets '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Libbey , Dirk ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Burned Cat Litter To Mimic Lava On Set '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Donahue , Lillian ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World ' sequel to close Halona Blowhole for filming '' . KHNL . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halona Blowhole to close for ' Jurassic World ' filming '' . KHON - TV . July 6 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bayona , JA ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` This is a wrap for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ! What a journey ! Thank you to everyone that made it possible ! '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodgers , Barry ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's trailer reveals film was shot in Hawaii '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Weintraub , Steve ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona on Why He Thanked Guillermo del Toro in the Credits '' . Collider. 2 : 26 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alter , Ethan ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' star Daniella Pineda 's lesbian reveal was cut from film '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zemler , Emily ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' creature designer Neal Scanlan takes us on a dinosaur tour '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mallenbaum , Carly ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' premiere : Chris Pratt and cast speak fondly about Blue '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Barbara ( July 3 , 2018 ) . `` How ILM Blended Practical and Digital Effects for ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Bryan ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Indoraptor , the scaly , terrifying new villain of Jurassic World '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Director J.A. Bayona Teases New Dinosaurs and Action '' . Fandango . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Has More Animatronic Dinosaurs Than Any ' Jurassic Park ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Behind - the - Scenes Video Features a Lot of Dinosaurs '' . Collider . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Featurette Has Bryce Dallas Howard Riding A T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : King , Darryn ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` In ' Jurassic World , ' Old - School Effects Make a Comeback '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ryan ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Original Jurassic Park T - Rex Will Return in Jurassic World 2 '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baldwin , Louisa ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Meet the Gloucestershire vet who had a major role in the upcoming Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom film '' . Gloucestershire Live . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' First Footage Shows Chris Pratt Petting Baby Raptor '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Clip : Six Seconds Of Chris Pratt & Dino Baby '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zinski , Dan ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Trailer Not Arriving This Week '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser Confirms Trailer Arrives Thursday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Chris Pratt Runs With the Dinos in Explosive New Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Teaser '' . SyFy . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Trailer Teaser Awakens the T - Rex '' . / Film . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Jeff Goldblum 's joyous Jurassic return in Fallen Kingdom featurette '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trivedi , Sachin ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' viral marketing begins with new website '' . International Business Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Viral Video : Meet The Dinosaur Protection Group '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Klayton Fioriti ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) , The Dinosaur Protection Group Interview - Jurassic Park Canon - Meet The Creators ! , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 27 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Trailers : Netflix 's ' Cloverfield ' Sequel To Run Spot ? ' Jurassic World ' , ' Mission : Impossible ' & More To Air '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom 's Super Bowl trailer puts dinosaurs in all the wrong places '' . Polygon . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evangelista , Chris ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Teaser Unleashes New Footage ; New Trailer Next Week '' . / Film . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` The final trailer for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom shows that people never learn from their mistakes '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Joe ( June 27 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow is ' frustrated ' by Fallen Kingdom being spoiled by the trailers - When will marketing learn ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars $185 M Promo Campaign , More Than Double 2015 Movie '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' and Dr. Pepper Join Forces for Collectible Cans Promotion '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon Is Driving Around a Jurassic - Sized Box , and You Can Ask Alexa What 's Inside '' . Adweek . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stark , George ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Amazon impresses fans with prime marketing stunt for Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Syfy . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pugh , Chris ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Universal Announces New Jurassic World Fallen Kingdom License Partners Including Funko and More '' . Jurassic Outpost . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Squires , John ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` Mattel Bringing ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Characters into Barbie Line '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alter , Ethan ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lego sets offer a peek inside ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' ( exclusive ) '' . Yahoo . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Funko Shows Off Full Line of ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' POP ! Vinyl Toys '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World toys bring the Fallen Kingdom back to life '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 1 : Humans '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Konrad , Jeremy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` Let 's Take a Look at Some Jurassic World Figures ! Part 2 : Dinos ! '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World Facts '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` LEGO ® Jurassic World TM - Products and Sets '' . lego.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Ryan ( June 11 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World Evolution is exactly the park sim you want it to be '' . Polygon . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rottgers , Janko ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal Teams up With Felix & Paul Studios for Jurassic World VR Series '' . Variety . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Blue ' tells a dinosaur 's story on Oculus VR headsets '' . Engadget . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` Universal , Felix & Paul Launch ' Jurassic World : Blue ' VR Experience '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Felix & Paul Studios Releases ' Jurassic World : Blue ' Episode 2 on Oculus Headsets '' . Variety . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Extinction Now ! on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Hall , Jacob ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Reactions from the Spanish Premiere : Here is What People Are Saying '' . / Film . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jurassic World : El Reino Caido ' Madrid Premiere '' . Getty Images . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Popcorn. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cinemax - É um espectáculo - Mundo Jurássico : Reino Caído '' . Cinemax . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Blu - ray Release Date & Features Revealed '' . Collider . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Thrashes Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Gannett Satellite Information Network , LLC . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Eyes $130 M - $150 M Stateside Start In Early Projections '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' & ' Deadpool 2 ' Updates '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 2 ' Delivers $150 M Debut ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Reaches $350 M Domestic '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` Box office top 20 : ' Jurassic World ' debuts with $148 M '' . ABC News . ABC . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 1 , 2018 ) . `` At $2.5 B To Date , Summer 's B.O. Is More Colossal Than Ever Imagined ; Dinos Still Rule With $60 M+ Second Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ant - Man And The Wasp ' Shrinks A Tick To $76 M+ Opening , But Still 34 % Bigger Than Original -- Early Sunday Read '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' To Rise With $140 M+ Overseas Opening -- International Box Office Preview '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $39 M Overseas ; Heading Past $140 M Open '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Roars To $151 M Offshore Bow ; ' Infinity War ' A Stone 's Throw From $2 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Crushes $34.4 M In China Friday Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Slurps $711 M+ WW ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Has Record Pixar China Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World 2 ' leans on nostalgia , contrivances '' . Associated Press . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The new ' Jurassic World ' is kind of a Tyrannosaurus wreck '' . The Boston Globe . Boston Globe Media Partners . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Review : Welcome to Steaming Dino - Poop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Spoiler Review : Stupidity Finds a Way '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Brian . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a stunning disappointment '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom review : This nonsense has gone full Sharknado '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andrews , Travis M. ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Jurassic World ' sequel achieves the impossible : It makes dinosaurs boring '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Finally Escapes The Island '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeFore , John ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Alex ( June 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soans , Neil ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Movie Review '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Randolph , Grace ( June 20 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 2 Fallen Kingdom SPOILER Review '' . Beyond the Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved June 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Nick ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 rampaging toward 2021 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` Life Continues to Find a Way as ' Jurassic World 3 ' is Already Dated for Release ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Variety is reporting that Jurassic World 3 , which surely wo n't actually be the official title , will be hitting theaters on June 11 , 2021 , three years after Fallen Kingdom . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg confirms Colin Trevorrow will direct third Jurassic World '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Universal launches plans for third ' Jurassic World ' film '' . ABC . Associated Press . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World 3 ' to Hit Theaters in June 2021 '' . Variety . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Jurassic World 3 will be a ' science thriller , ' says Colin Trevorrow '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . External links Official website Official Dinosaur Protection Group website Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom on IMDb Jurassic Park Novels Jurassic Park The Lost World Films Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom Music Jurassic Park The Lost World : Jurassic Park Jurassic Park III Jurassic World Spin - off novels Jurassic Park Adventures : Survivor Jurassic Park Adventures : Prey Jurassic Park Adventures : Flyers Theme park attractions Jurassic Park : The Ride Jurassic Park Rapids Adventure Canopy Flyer Dino - Soarin ' The Flying Dinosaur Jurassic World Related Cloned animals Characters Video games Song Isla Nublar Lego Jurassic World : The Indominus Escape Films directed by J.A. Bayona The Orphanage ( 2007 ) The Impossible ( 2012 ) A Monster Calls ( 2016 ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 ) Colin Trevorrow Films directed Home Base ( 2002 ) Reality Show ( 2004 ; also written ) Safety Not Guaranteed ( 2012 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ; also written ) The Book of Henry ( 2017 ) Written only Making Revolution ( 2003 , written with Daniel Klein and Brandon Krueger ) Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ( 2018 , written with Derek Connolly ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurassic_World:_Fallen_Kingdom&oldid=857138207 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2018 3D films American films American adventure films American disaster films American science fiction films American sequel films Amblin Entertainment films Biological weapons in popular culture Dinosaur films Films about animal rights Films about cloning Films about volcanoes Films based on works by Michael Crichton Films directed by J.A. 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what is the newest jurassic park movie called

Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film and the sequel to Jurassic World ( 2015 ) . Directed by J.A. Bayona , it is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series , as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy . Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returned as writers , with Trevorrow and the original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg as executive producers .

Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack - wikipedia Sparkle : Original Motion Picture soundtrack This article is about the soundtrack album for the 2012 film . For the soundtrack album for the 1976 film , see Sparkle ( Aretha Franklin album ) . Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) Recorded 2011 -- 12 Genre Soul R&B disco Length 36 : 45 Label RCA Records Producer R. Kelly Jameel Roberts The Underdogs Chuck Harmony Claude Kelly Bigg Makk Andrew `` Pop '' Wansel Singles from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Celebrate '' Released : June 5 , 2012 `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Released : June 8 , 2012 Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album for the 2012 Sony / TriStar Pictures film Sparkle , a remake of the 1976 film of the same name . The album was released through Sony Music Entertainment 's RCA Records on July 31 , 2012 . The film 's soundtrack includes new recordings of four songs from the original film 's soundtrack as well as new original music by Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston and Cee Lo Green . The soundtrack 's first official lead single is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet with R&B / pop singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks on a song called `` Celebrate '' . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 , 2012 and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Whitney Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . The official music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . It made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 2.1 Music and themes 3 Release 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Chart performance 5 Singles 6 Track listing 7 Charts 8 Credits and personnel 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) The songs on the soundtrack are performed by the actors in the film , including Jordin Sparks , Whitney Houston , Cee Lo Green , Carmen Ejogo , Tika Sumpter , and others . Sparkle features songs from the original film written by soul musician Curtis Mayfield as well as new compositions by R&B artist R. Kelly and others . The soundtrack includes new songs not present in the 1976 version of Sparkle : `` Celebrate '' , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , among others . `` Celebrate '' was sent to radio the week of May 21 , 2012 as the first official from the Sparkle soundtrack . The song premiered on On Air with Ryan Seacrest on May 21 . and was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5 . Houston 's other track , `` His Eye is On the Sparrow '' , debuted only one day after the premiere of `` Celebrate '' . Composition ( edit ) Music and themes ( edit ) Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack takes on matters of the celebration , heartache , heartbreak and seduction with a mixture of ballads , mid - and up - tempos . Release ( edit ) The Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on July 31 , 2012 ; though announced with 13 tracks , it was released with only 11 tracks . Five days before the soundtrack 's official release the entire soundtrack was made available to stream exclusively through Sparks ' Official store and Essence.com . Jordin Sparks , who worked closely with Houston throughout the making of Sparkle , finds the release of the soundtrack to be `` bittersweet . '' Sparks states , `` I worked with my idol and that was a dream come true . I used to watch the Cinderella adaptation with her and Brandy every day after school . But she should really be here promoting it with me and ( it 's ) really hard for me to be doing it alone . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Entertainment Weekly ( B ) Rolling Stone Allmusic writer Andy Kellman gave it three and a half out of five stars and called the soundtrack `` an enjoyable if muddled affair '' and commended the four songs covered on the new soundtrack stating `` the 2012 soundtrack features faithful and decent covers of four songs from the original . When it comes to `` Something He Can Feel , '' it would be an understatement to say that the deck is stacked against Sparks and her vocal partners , Carmen Ejogo and Tika Sumpter . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Melissa Maerz gave Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack a B rating and praised Sparks version of `` Look Into Your Heart '' stating `` Sparks bellows Mayfield 's power ballad Look Into Your Heart with absolute conviction . Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone gave the soundtrack 31⁄2 of 5 stars , commenting that `` Sparkle revives four soul chestnuts and includes three originals written and produced by R. Kelly . It 's the second-most - satisfying retro - soul album of the year -- after Kelly 's Write Me Back '' ; however , he was ambivalent towards Houston 's last two recordings before her passing , saying that , `` Celebrate is forgettable disco - pop , and on the gospel standard `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' Houston sings -- and croaks -- in a voice octaves lower than in her prime . At times the song has a ravaged magnificence , but mostly it 's painful . '' Chart performance ( edit ) For the week ending August 18 , 2012 the soundtrack debuted on the Billboard 200 at # 26 , # 7 on the Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums and # 1 on the Billboard Top Soundtracks Albums , selling 12,000 copies in its first week . To date , the soundtrack has sold 86,000 copies . Singles ( edit ) `` Celebrate '' is the first official single from the soundtrack . It is the last song recorded by Whitney Houston before she died on February 11 , 2012 , a duet featuring her and R&B / pop singer Jordin Sparks . It was officially released on June 5 , 2012 for digital download and it was written by R. Kelly who also produced the track . For the week June 16 , 2012 , `` Celebrate '' debuted at number 34 on the US Adult R&B Airplay chart , having amassed 45 spins for that week ending . During that same week , `` Celebrate '' also debuted at number 84 on the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , and has since peaked at number 54 . The music video for `` Celebrate '' was filmed on May 30 , 2012 . A preview of the video premiered on Entertainment Tonight on June 4 , 2012 . The music video made its world premiere on BET 's 106 & Park on June 27 , 2012 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' is the second official single from the soundtrack . The song is a gospel hymn performed by Whitney Houston . Houston is seen performing the song in a church scene in the film trailer . The song was officially released on June 8 , 2012 for digital download from Amazon and iTunes . The song was originally written in 1905 by lyricist Civilla D. Martin and composer Charles H. Gabriel . The song is most associated with actress - singer Ethel Waters who used the title for her autobiography . Track listing ( edit ) See `` Performers '' section below for credited singers on each track . Credits adapted from Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack liner notes . No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm a Man '' ( Cee Lo Green ) Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Kevin Risto , Waynne Nugent , Charlie Gambetta The MIDI Mafia 3 : 09 2 . `` Yes I Do '' ( Carmen Ejogo ) Guordan Banks , Warren Felder , Andrew Wansel Oak 3 : 14 3 . `` Running '' ( Goapele ) Charles Harmon , Claude Kelly Chuck Harmony , Claude Kelly 3 : 16 4 . `` Jump '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Oak , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * 2 : 28 5 . `` Hooked on Your Love '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * , Jameel Roberts * 4 : 09 6 . `` Something He Can Feel '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 3 : 28 7 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( Whitney Houston ) Civilla D. Martin , Charles H. Gabriel R. Kelly , The Underdogs 3 : 32 8 . `` Look into Your Heart '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Curtis Mayfield Oak 2 : 26 9 . `` One Wing '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 4 : 15 10 . `` Love Will '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 12 11 . `` Celebrate '' ( Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 36 Total length : 36 : 45 Notes ( * ) donates as co-producer Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 21 U.S. Billboard R&B / Hip - Hop Albums U.S. Billboard Soundtracks Credits and personnel ( edit ) Adapted from allmusic.com . Creativity and management Debra Martin Chase -- Executive Producer T.D. Jakes -- Executive Producer Erwin Gorostiza -- Art Direction , Design Donnie Meadows -- Production Coordination Carlos Taylor -- Production Coordination Mara Brock Akil -- Executive Producer Salim Akil -- Executive Producer Trina Bowman -- Production Coordination Tanisha Broadwater -- P Production Coordination Performances Jordin Sparks -- Primary Artist Whitney Houston -- Primary Artist Cee Lo Green -- Primary Artist Olga Konospelsky -- Background Vocals Emma Kummrow -- Background Vocals Charles Parker -- Background Vocals Tika Sumpter -- Primary Artist Carmen Ejogo -- Primary Artist Goapele -- Primary Artist R. Kelly - Additional Vocals The Rumor -- Background Vocals Voices of Praise -- Background Vocals Eliza Cho -- Background Vocals Technical Bigg Makk -- Arranger , Bass , Keyboards , Producer R. Kelly -- Arranger , Composer , Keyboards , Mixing , Producer David Boyd -- Assistant Michael Daley -- Assistant Trehy Harris -- Assistant Dabling Harward -- Assistant James Jones III -- Bass Ray Nesmith -- Bass Matt Taylor -- Bass Maria C. Ward -- Cello Joan Collaso -- Choir / Chorus Yvonne Gage -- Choir / Chorus Pastor Chris Harris -- Choir / Chorus Mike Harvey -- Choir / Chorus Jeff Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Lauren Pilot Morrow -- Choir / Chorus Robin Robinson -- Choir / Chorus Claude Kelly -- Composer , Producer , Vocal Producer Guordan Banks -- Composer , Vocals Thomas DeCarlo Callaway -- Composer Warren Felder -- Composer Charles Gabriel -- Composer Charlie Gambetta -- Composer Charles Harmon -- Composer Curtis Mayfield -- Composer Waynne Nugent -- Composer Kevin Risto -- Composer Andrew Wansel -- Composer Autoro `` Toro '' Whitfield -- Drums , Engineer , Piano Margis Miles -- Drums Abel Garibaldi -- Engineer , Programming Andrew Hey -- Engineer , Vocal Engineer The MIDI Mafia -- Engineer , Producer Ian Mereness -- Engineer , Programming Benjamin Adamson -- Engineer Mike `` TrakGuru '' Johnson -- Engineer Craig White -- Engineer Joel Geddis -- Guitar Donnie Lyle -- Guitar Andrew Meixner -- Guitar Ben Oniel -- Guitar Mark Strowbridge -- Guitar Harry Wilson -- Guitar Dexter Wansel -- Horn Arrangements , String Arrangements The Regiment -- Horn Kenneth Crouch -- Keyboards , Organ Rodney East -- Keyboards Herb Powers , Jr . -- Mastering Phil Seaford -- Mixing Assistant Dirty Swift -- Mixing , Programming Harvey Mason , Jr . -- Mixing , Vocal Producer Kevin `` KD '' Davis -- Mixing Serban Ghenea -- Mixing John Hanes -- Mixing Jaycen Joshua -- Mixing Spring Aspers -- Music Supervisor Kier Lehman -- Music Supervisor Chuck Harmony -- Musician , Producer , Vocal Producer The Underdogs -- Musician , Producer Jameel Roberts -- Organ , Producer Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson @ Flippa123 -- Producer Pop Wansel -- Producer Bruce Waynne -- Programming Ron Kerber -- Saxophone Hitomi Oba -- Saxophone Paul Arbogast -- Trombone Michael Jorosz -- Trumpet Tom Terrell -- Trumpet Nina Cottman -- Viola Ruth S. Fraizier -- Viola Release history ( edit ) List of radio and release dates with formats and record labels Region Release date Format Label Australia July 27 , 2012 CD , digital download RCA Records Belgium Denmark Finland France Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Sweden United States July 31 , 2012 Canada Mexico References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300/credits Jump up ^ http://www.ustream.tv/recorded/21554641 ^ Jump up to : Ballhorn , Kelly ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` WORLD PREMIERE : Whitney Houston & Jordin Sparks Duet ' Celebrate ' From ' Sparkle ' ( AUDIO ) '' . ryanseacrest.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/sparklemovie/status/204684417338322945 ^ Jump up to : http://www.classichitsandoldies.com/v2/2012/05/24/whitney-houstons-his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow-released/ ^ Jump up to : https://twitter.com/iamtikasumpter/status/208056583874293760 ^ Jump up to : http://www.sparkle-movie.com/site/ Jump up ^ http://www.eurweb.com/2011/11/sparkles-brely-evans-says-give-the-remake-a-chance/ Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston 's Sparkling Big - Screen Comeback '' . ETonline.com. 2011 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/sparkle-mw0002390300 Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-july-release-337957 Jump up ^ http://www.essence.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-movie-soundtrack-exclusive-first-listen/ Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/stream-entire-sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-spark%E2%80%99s-official-store ^ Jump up to : http://www.mstarz.com/articles/3449/20120724/sparkle-soundtrack-whitney-houston-jordan-sparks-remake-music.htm#FlOIChGDSRkFbIQB.99 Jump up ^ http://music-mix.ew.com/2012/07/24/sparkle-soundtrack-jordin-sparks-whitney-houston/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20614877,00.html Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731 Jump up ^ https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-20120731#ixzz23kvvItpY Jump up ^ http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/whitney-houston-greatest-hits-album-songs-360507 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/industry/radio/whitney-houston-jordin-sparks-celebrate-1007229752.story Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/charts/2012-06-16/r-b-hip-hop-songs?order=gainer Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston Album & Song Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2012 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/deavanebersole/status/209727259861463042 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/His-Eye-Is-The-Sparrow/dp/B00880IT98/ Jump up ^ Waters , Ethel , with Charles Samuels , His Eye Is On The Sparrow : An Autobiography , New York , 1951 , reprinted by Da Capo Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Sparkle : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( liner notes ) . RCA Records . 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nl/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/dk/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fi/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/fr/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/jp/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/nz/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/no/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/se/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ http://www.jordinsparks.com/us/news/celebrate-sparkle-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-july-31st Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/mx/album/sparkle-original-motion-picture/id539484746 Sparkle 1976 film 1976 soundtrack 2012 film 2012 soundtrack `` Something He Can Feel '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sparkle:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack&oldid=843089188 '' Categories : Film soundtracks Pop soundtracks Rhythm and blues soundtracks Soul soundtracks 2012 soundtracks Albums produced by R. Kelly Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 20 : 13 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote the song one wing from sparkle

No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` I 'm a Man '' ( Cee Lo Green ) Thomas DeCarlo Callaway , Kevin Risto , Waynne Nugent , Charlie Gambetta The MIDI Mafia 3 : 09 2 . `` Yes I Do '' ( Carmen Ejogo ) Guordan Banks , Warren Felder , Andrew Wansel Oak 3 : 14 3 . `` Running '' ( Goapele ) Charles Harmon , Claude Kelly Chuck Harmony , Claude Kelly 3 : 16 4 . `` Jump '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Oak , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * 2 : 28 5 . `` Hooked on Your Love '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield Pop Wansel , Ronald `` Flippa '' Colson * , Jameel Roberts * 4 : 09 6 . `` Something He Can Feel '' ( Carmen Ejogo , Jordin Sparks and Tika Sumpter ) Curtis Mayfield R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 3 : 28 7 . `` His Eye Is on the Sparrow '' ( Whitney Houston ) Civilla D. Martin , Charles H. Gabriel R. Kelly , The Underdogs 3 : 32 8 . `` Look into Your Heart '' ( Jordin Sparks ) Curtis Mayfield Oak 2 : 26 9 . `` One Wing '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly , Bigg Makk 4 : 15 10 . `` Love Will '' ( Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 12 11 . `` Celebrate '' ( Whitney Houston and Jordin Sparks ) R. Kelly R. Kelly 3 : 36 Total length : 36 : 45

Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) - wikipedia Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd song ) For other uses , see Wish You Were Here ( disambiguation ) . `` Wish You Were Here '' Song by Pink Floyd from the album Wish You Were Here Released 12 September 1975 ( album ) Recorded January -- July 1975 Length 5 : 41 ( Wish You Were Here version ) 5 : 21 ( Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd version ) Label Harvest ( UK ) Columbia / CBS ( US ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) Pink Floyd `` Wish You Were Here '' is the title track on Pink Floyd 's 1975 album Wish You Were Here . David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music , and Gilmour sang the lead vocal . In 2011 , the song was ranked No. 324 on Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . Contents 1 Composition 2 Recording 3 Live performances 4 Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd 5 Personnel 6 Charts 7 Wish You Were Here ( Live ) 7.1 Track listing 7.2 Charts 7.3 Release history 8 Covers 8.1 Wyclef Jean version 8.2 Other covers 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) In the original album version , the song segues from `` Have a Cigar '' as if a radio had been tuned away from one station , through several others ( including a radio play and one playing the opening of the finale movement of Tchaikovsky 's Fourth Symphony ) , and finally to a new station where `` Wish You Were Here '' is beginning . The radio was recorded from Gilmour 's car radio . He performed the intro on a twelve - string guitar , processed to sound like it was playing through an AM radio , and then overdubbed a fuller - sounding acoustic guitar solo . This passage was mixed to sound as though a guitarist were listening to the radio and playing along . As the acoustic part becomes more complex , the ' radio broadcast ' fades away and Gilmour 's voice enters , becoming joined by the full band . The intro riff is repeated several times , before Gilmour plays further solos with scat singing accompaniment . A third verse follows , featuring an increasingly expressive vocal from Gilmour and audible backing vocals . At the end of the recorded song , the final solo crossfades with wind sound effects , and finally segues into the second section of the multi-part suite `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' . Lyrically , the song is often considered to be a direct tribute to Syd Barrett . However , on the documentary The Story of Wish You Were Here , Gilmour and Waters separately describe the original concept that differs from this interpretation . Waters , who mainly wrote the lyrics complementing Gilmour 's initial riff idea and subsequent joint composition , describes the lyrics as being directed at himself , as his lyrics often are . Being present in one 's own life and freeing one 's self in order to truly experience life is a main topic in this song . Gilmour , on the other hand , recognizes that he does not ever perform the song without remembering Syd Barrett . Waters later adds that the song is nevertheless open to interpretation . Both David Gilmour and Roger Waters have praised the song as one of Pink Floyd 's finest . Roger Waters has noted that the collaboration between himself and David Gilmour on the song was `` ... really good . All bits of it are really , really good . I 'm very happy about it . '' David Gilmour has playfully called `` Wish You Were Here '' `` a very simple country song '' and stated that `` because of its resonance and the emotional weight it carries , it is one of our best songs . '' Recording ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , as part of the sessions for the entire album . A noted part of the song was a planned contribution by Stéphane Grappelli . A jazz violinist popular at the time and well known for his collaborations with Yehudi Menuhin , both violinists were recording in a downstairs studio at Abbey Road at the time . Gilmour had suggested that there be a little `` country fiddle '' at the end of the song and invited them to participate . Grappelli duly obliged ( Menuhin declined ) on arranging a session fee of £ 300 , equivalent to £ 2,300 in 2018 . Ultimately during mixing it was decided to almost remove his contribution , although it can just be heard around 5 : 21 . According to Waters it was decided that it would be insulting to credit Grappelli in the sleeve notes for something so inaudible , although he did receive the agreed - upon fee . As part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , the Experience and Immersion versions of the Wish You Were Here album include an alternative version of the song where Grappelli 's part is heard in the instrumental break after the second verse and throughout the third verse before a considerably extended outro . Other less obvious differences are audible , for example at the section leading into the second verse . The master tape of the original recording includes an entire performance of pedal steel guitar and electric guitar solos , played by Gilmour , that were not used in the final mix . Live performances ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' made its stage debut on the band 's 1977 tour , which featured a performance of the entire album at every show . It was not played live by the band for nearly ten years after this , yet became a concert staple after its reappearance in 1987 , and was performed at nearly all subsequent Pink Floyd concerts . In the original 1977 concert performances , Gilmour would play his Fender Stratocaster instead of acoustic guitar , while Snowy White played a twelve - string Ovation acoustic guitar . At these shows , Nick Mason tuned an actual transistor radio on stage to a local radio station , seguing into the pre-recorded part from the album to start the song and Richard Wright would perform an extended piano coda as the wind effects played . A live version is included on Pulse . When Pink Floyd were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Gilmour and Wright ( Mason was in the audience ) performed the song with the assistance of their presenter Billy Corgan on rhythm guitar . Gilmour has made the song a part of most of his tours , and included a live version on his Live in Gdansk album . On 13 December 2014 David Gilmour was a guest performer at a concert by the Bombay Bicycle Club at Earls Court Arena , their concert being the final event ever to take place there before its demolition . Band member Jamie MacColl introduced Gilmour , saying ; `` This man gave me my first guitar and was one of the first people to play this venue and by my count has played here more than 27 times . '' Gilmour then played with the band on their song `` Rinse Me Down '' before a performance of `` Wish You Were Here '' . In 2005 , Waters and Eric Clapton performed the song at the Tsunami Aid concert , and in 2005 's Live 8 , Waters rejoined his former bandmates in London to perform it , along with four other classic Pink Floyd songs . Waters sung half the verses during Live 8 , while in the original version Gilmour did all the vocals . Other recorded versions by Pink Floyd ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' appeared as the fifth track on A Collection of Great Dance Songs in 1981 ( with the radio intro following the end of a heavily edited `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond '' ) and as the 23rd track on the Echoes compilation in 2001 ( with the radio intro following `` Arnold Layne '' , and at the end crossfading with `` Jugband Blues '' ) . A live recording included on the 1995 live album P U L S E was issued as a single / EP . Its intro replicates the sound of the original , semi-ambient intro . The cover of the EP features two men whose faces are distorted by fish bowls , referring to the line `` We 're just two lost souls swimming in a fish bowl , year after year '' . Personnel ( edit ) David Gilmour -- six and twelve - string acoustic guitars , pedal steel guitar , tape effects , lead and backing vocals , scat singing Nick Mason -- drums , tape effects Roger Waters -- bass , tape effects Richard Wright -- Steinway piano , Minimoog Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position Norway ( VG - lista ) 18 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 48 France ( SNEP ) 192 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 67 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 68 Wish You Were Here ( live ) ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' Single by Pink Floyd from the album Pulse B - side `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' Released 20 July 1995 Format CD CD ( maxi ) CD - R Recorded 20 September ( Cinecittà , Rome ) , 1994 Genre Progressive rock acoustic rock Label Columbia ( US ) EMI ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Producer ( s ) James Guthrie David Gilmour Pink Floyd singles chronology `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' ( 1994 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Louder than Words '' ( 2014 ) `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' is a live recording of Pink Floyd 's title track off their ninth studio album Wish You Were Here , recorded by the band for their third live album , Pulse . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' was released as a single on 20 July 1995 in the United Kingdom and Europe , notably the very last single released by the band until October 2014 . Track listing ( edit ) CD No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 CD Maxi No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 2 . `` Coming Back to Life ( Live ) '' 6 : 40 3 . `` Keep Talking ( Live ) '' 6 : 54 Netherlands promotional single No . Title Length 1 . `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' 5 : 40 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 13 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Catalog no . Netherlands 20 July 1995 CD - R ( Contemporary hit radio ) CD CD ( maxi ) EMI PFSING1 ( CD - R ) 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) United Kingdom CD CD maxi 724388220828 ( CD ) 7243 8 82207 2 9 ( CD maxi ) Covers ( edit ) Wyclef Jean version ( edit ) `` Wish You Were Here '' Single by Wyclef Jean from the album The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book B - side `` No Woman , No Cry '' Released 3 December 2001 Format CD single cassette Recorded 2000 Genre Progressive rock rap rock acoustic Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) David Gilmour Roger Waters Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Producer ( s ) Jerry ' Wonder ' Duplessis Wyclef Jean Wyclef Jean singles chronology `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( 2001 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( 2001 ) `` Two Wrongs '' ( 2002 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' served as the fourth and final single from Wyclef Jean 's second studio album , The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book . It was released in December 2001 , peaking at # 28 on the UK Singles Chart . UK CD single ( 672156 2 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Radio edit ) -- 4 : 04 `` No Woman , No Cry '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 33 `` 911 '' ( Live version ) -- 4 : 23 `` Wish You Were Here '' ( Video ) -- 4 : 25 UK cassette ( 672156 5 ) `` Wish You Were Here '' ( LP version ) -- 4 : 25 `` Perfect Gentleman '' ( Remix radio edit ) -- 3 : 59 Other covers ( edit ) British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran performed a cover at the Closing Ceremonies of the London Summer Olympic Games in 2012 with Mike Rutherford of Genesis on guitar , Richard Jones of The Feeling on bass , David Arnold and Nick Mason on drums . A performer , dressed in a suit , tightrope - walked across the stadium and shook hands with a mannequin at the end , which then burst into flames , referencing the album 's cover . American band Sparklehorse recorded a 2005 version featuring Thom Yorke of Radiohead . American metal band Avenged Sevenfold covered this song on the deluxe version of their 2016 album , The Stage , along with five other covers . They perform the song live with the lead vocalist of the band Halestorm , Lzzy Hale . American comedy rock duo Ninja Sex Party covered this song on their 2016 cover album Under the Covers , and also produced a music video . The song can also be heard in the movie War Dogs ( 2016 film ) . Although it has been cut from its instrumental introduction and starts directly at the first verse . Ivorian singer Alpha Blondy included a reggae cover of Wish You Were Here on his 2007 album Jah Victory . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong , Martin C. ( 2004 ) . The Great Rock Discography ( 7th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Canongate Books . p. 1177 . ISBN 1 - 84195 - 551 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mabbett , Andy ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of Pink Floyd . London : Omnibus Press . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4301 - X . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : Pink Floyd , ' Wish You Were Here ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ The Absolute sound , Volume 18 , Issues 87 - 90 p. 113 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd : Wish You Were Here ( Songbook. 1975 Pink Floyd Music Publishers Ltd. , London , England . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 1029 - 4 ( USA ISBN 0 - 8256 - 1079 - 6 ) . Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . 48 minutes in minutes in . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment . YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 49 : 58 Jump up ^ Edginton , John ( Director ) ( June 26 , 2012 ) . The Story of Wish You Were Here ( Documentary ) . UK : Eagle Rock Entertainment. YouTube title : Pink Floyd - The Story of Wish You Were Here ( 720p with subtitles ) 52 : 38 Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard , Metzger ( 26 April 2013 ) , `` Wish You Were Here : Pink Floyd Jam with Stéphane Grappelli , 1975 '' , Dangerous Minds , retrieved 27 April 2013 Jump up ^ Shea , Stuart ; Floyd , Pink ( 2009 - 07 - 01 ) . Pink Floyd FAQ : Everything Left to Know ... and More ! . Backbeat Books . ISBN 9781617133947 . Jump up ^ Blake , Mark ( 2008 ) . `` Riding the Gravy Train '' . Comfortably Numb : The Inside Story of Pink Floyd . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Thunder 's Mouth Press . p. 230 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 383 - 9 . Roy Harper was n't the only special guest , or old friend to drop by the sessions . When it was discovered that classical violinists Yehudi Menuhin and Stéphane Grappelli were recording a duet at Abbey Road , ( David ) Gilmour suggested Grappelli come in and play a final violin coda to the song ' Wish You Were Here ' . Grappelli haggled over his fee but finally settled at £ 300 . In the end , his playing is virtually inaudible on the final mix . Jump up ^ Pink Floyd , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1996 . Jump up ^ Povey , Glenn . ( 2007 ) Echoes : the complete history of Pink Floyd Mind Head Publishing , Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ Pink Floyd Visionary Syd Barrett Dies At 60 Billboard 22 Jul 2006 . p. 46 . Retrieved 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Echoes : the album credits '' . Pink Floyd . Archived from the original on 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' . VG - lista . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Pink Floyd -- Wish You Were Here '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet '' . Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Maxi - Single ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) ( CD , Single , Promo ) '' . Pink Floyd . Discogs . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Artist Chart History ( Singles ) -- Pink Floyd '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 26 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Netherlands CD Singles '' . Pink Floyd Discography Archive . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` polyhex - UK singles chartruns '' . Jump up ^ `` Olympics Closing Ceremony : Ed Sheeran Performs With Pink Floyd And Genesis Musicians '' . Jump up ^ `` Lzzy Hale Joins Avenged Sevenfold Onstage for Pink Floyd Cover '' . Jump up ^ `` Wish You Were Here - Ninja Sex Party music video '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wish You Were Here ( Pink Floyd album ) Pink Floyd 's version on Last.fm Wyclef Jean 's version on Last.fm Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Wish You Were Here on IMDb Wish You Were Here Songs Side one `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts I -- V ) '' `` Welcome to the Machine '' Side two `` Have a Cigar '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond ( Parts VI -- IX ) '' Related articles Wish You Were Here Tour The Story of Wish You Were Here The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Pink Floyd Nick Mason Roger Waters Richard Wright Syd Barrett David Gilmour Studio albums The Piper at the Gates of Dawn A Saucerful of Secrets More Ummagumma Atom Heart Mother Meddle Obscured by Clouds The Dark Side of the Moon Wish You Were Here Animals The Wall The Final Cut A Momentary Lapse of Reason The Division Bell The Endless River Live albums Ummagumma Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Is There Anybody Out There ? The Wall Live 1980 -- 81 Singles `` Arnold Layne '' / `` Candy and a Currant Bun '' `` See Emily Play '' / `` The Scarecrow '' `` Flaming '' / `` The Gnome '' ( US ) `` Apples and Oranges '' / `` Paint Box '' ( UK ) `` It Would Be So Nice '' / `` Julia Dream '' `` Let There Be More Light '' / `` Remember a Day '' ( US ) `` Point Me at the Sky '' / `` Careful with That Axe , Eugene '' ( UK ) `` One of These Days '' / `` Fearless '' ( US ) `` Free Four '' `` Money '' / `` Any Colour You Like '' ( US ) `` Time '' / `` Us and Them '' ( US ) `` Have a Cigar '' / `` Welcome to the Machine '' ( US ) or `` Shine On You Crazy Diamond Part I '' ( Europe ) `` Another Brick in the Wall ( Part II ) '' / `` One of My Turns '' `` Run Like Hell '' / `` Do n't Leave Me Now '' ( Europe / some US ) or `` Comfortably Numb '' ( later US ) `` Comfortably Numb '' / `` Hey You '' ( US ) `` Pink Floyd The Wall - Music From The Film '' ( `` When the Tigers Broke Free '' / `` Bring the Boys Back Home '' ) `` Not Now John '' / `` The Hero 's Return ( Parts 1 and 2 ) '' `` Learning to Fly '' / `` Terminal Frost '' and / or `` One Slip '' `` On the Turning Away '' / `` Run Like Hell ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` One Slip '' / `` Terminal Frost '' / `` The Dogs of War '' ( UK ) `` Take It Back '' / `` Astronomy Domine ( live ) '' ( US ) `` High Hopes '' / `` Keep Talking '' / `` Marooned '' `` Wish You Were Here ( Live ) '' / `` Coming Back to Life ( live ) / `` Keep Talking ( live ) '' ( UK ) `` Louder than Words '' Compilations The Best of the Pink Floyd / Masters of Rock Relics A Nice Pair A Collection of Great Dance Songs Works 1967 : The First Three Singles Echoes : The Best of Pink Floyd The Best of Pink Floyd : A Foot in the Door 1965 : Their First Recordings Box sets Shine On Oh , by the Way Discovery The Early Years 1965 -- 1972 Films Concerts London ' 66 -- ' 67 Live at Pompeii Delicate Sound of Thunder Pulse Narratives The Wall The Final Cut Documentaries The Pink Floyd and Syd Barrett Story London ' 66 -- ' 67 The Story of Wish You Were Here Soundtracks San Francisco The Committee Tonite Lets All Make Love in London More Zabriskie Point Obscured by Clouds Pink Floyd -- The Wall La Carrera Panamericana Tours World Tour 1968 The Man and The Journey Tour Atom Heart Mother World Tour Meddle Tour Dark Side of the Moon Tour Wish You Were Here Tour In the Flesh The Wall Tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour The Division Bell Tour Related media and tributes 19367 Pink Floyd The Amazing Pudding The Australian Pink Floyd Show Barn Jams Brit Floyd The Dark Side of the Moo `` Grantchester Meadows '' `` Embryo '' Inside Out : A Personal History of Pink Floyd The Man and The Journey Music from The Body Nick Mason 's Saucerful of Secrets Pinkfloydia `` Proper Education '' Synalpheus pinkfloydi Umma gumma Their Mortal Remains Other topics Discography Videography Song list Unreleased material Members Bootleg recordings Pink Floyd live performances The 14 Hour Technicolor Dream Azimuth Co-ordinator Blackhill Enterprises Britannia Row Studios Dark Side of the Rainbow EMS Synthi A Games for May Midsummer High Weekend Pink Floyd pigs Publius Enigma Why Pink Floyd ... ? Book Portal Wyclef Jean Discography Studio albums The Carnival The Ecleftic : 2 Sides II a Book Masquerade The Preacher 's Son Welcome to Haiti : Creole 101 Carnival Vol. II : Memoirs of an Immigrant From the Hut , To the Projects , To the Mansion Carnival III : The Fall and Rise of a Refugee Compilations Greatest Hits EPs If I Were President : My Haitian Experience J'ouvert Singles `` We Trying to Stay Alive '' `` Guantanamera '' `` Gone till November '' `` Cheated ( To All the Girls ) '' `` Gunpowder '' `` Another One Bites the Dust '' `` New Day '' `` It Does n't Matter '' `` 911 '' `` Perfect Gentleman '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Two Wrongs '' `` Pussycat '' `` Party to Damascus '' `` Sweetest Girl ( Dollar Bill ) '' `` Dar um Jeito ( We Will Find a Way ) '' `` Divine Sorrow '' Featured singles `` No , No , No '' `` In the Zone '' `` Maria Maria '' `` Loving You ( Ole Ole Ole ) '' `` One Nite Stand '' `` Shape of You ( Reshaped ) '' `` Learn Chinese '' `` Hips Do n't Lie '' `` Nuestro Himno '' `` Dangerous '' `` You Know What It Is '' `` Five - O '' `` Dimelo '' Tours The Carnival Tour See also Barikad Crew Jimmy O The Fugees Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wish_You_Were_Here_(Pink_Floyd_song)&oldid=856997375 '' Categories : 1975 songs 1995 singles 2001 singles Pink Floyd songs Wyclef Jean songs Songs written by David Gilmour Songs written by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by David Gilmour Song recordings produced by Roger Waters Song recordings produced by Richard Wright ( musician ) Song recordings produced by Nick Mason Song recordings produced by Jerry Duplessis Live singles Capitol Records singles EMI Records singles Columbia Records singles Songs in memory of Syd Barrett Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2010 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for UKchartarchive Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 21 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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who sang wish you were here pink floyd

`` Wish You Were Here '' is the title track on Pink Floyd 's 1975 album Wish You Were Here . David Gilmour and Roger Waters collaborated to write the music , and Gilmour sang the lead vocal .

Flag of India - wikipedia Flag of India `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . India Name Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) Use National flag Proportion 2 : 3 Adopted 22 July 1947 ; 71 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) Design A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre Designed by Pingali Venkayya The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . Contents 1 Design and construction details 2 Symbolism 3 History 4 Manufacturing process 5 Protocol 5.1 Display 5.2 Half - mast 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Design and construction details Sizes of the National Flag Flag size Length and width ( mm ) Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) 6300 × 4200 1295 3600 × 2400 740 2700 × 1800 555 1800 × 1200 370 5 1350 × 900 280 6 900 × 600 185 7 450 × 300 90 8 225 × 150 40 9 150 × 100 25 According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours Colour X Y Z Brightness India saffron ( Kesari ) 0.538 0.360 0.102 21.5 White 0.313 0.319 0.368 72.6 India green 0.288 0.395 0.317 8.9 Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . Symbolism Flag of India , New Delhi Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : `` Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . '' History A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . Manufacturing process A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . Protocol Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . Display Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . A flag procession The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . Half - mast The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . See also List of Indian flags Jana Gana Mana National Pledge ( India ) Footnotes ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . References Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . 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meaning of three colours of indian national flag in english

Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively .

400 metres at the Olympics - wikipedia 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres at the Olympic Games The 2012 Olympic men 's 400 m final Overview Sport Athletics Gender Men and women Years held Men : 1896 -- 2016 Women : 1964 -- 2016 Olympic record Men 43.03 Wayde van Niekerk ( 2016 ) Women 48.25 Marie - José Pérec ( 1996 ) Reigning champion Men Wayde van Niekerk ( RSA ) Women Shaunae Miller ( BAH ) The 400 metres at the Summer Olympics has been contested since the first edition of the multi-sport event . The men 's 400 m has been present on the Olympic athletics programme since 1896 but nearly seventy years passed before the introduction of the women 's 400 m , which has been held continuously since the 1964 Games . It is the most prestigious 400 m race at elite level . The competition format typically has two qualifying rounds leading to a final race between eight athletes . The Olympic record for the men 's race was set in 2016 , and the record for the women 's race was set in 1996 . Wayde van Niekerk holds the men 's record of 43.03 seconds , breaking world and Olympic records that had been held by Michael Johnson since 1999 and 1996 respectively . Marie - José Pérec is the women 's record holder at 48.25 seconds . The men 's world record has been broken several times at the Olympics : in 1912 , 1932 , 1960 , 1968 , and 2016 . Irena Szewińska is the only person to break the women 's world record at the competition , doing so in 1976 . Only two athletes have won the event twice : Marie - José Pérec became the first to defend the title in 1996 , then Michael Johnson followed with victories in 1996 and 2000 . No athlete has won more than three medals . Several medalists in the event have also had success in the 200 metres at the Olympics : Johnson , Perec , Szewińska and Valerie Brisco - Hooks have all won titles at both distances . Athletes chosen for the event almost always form part of their nation 's team for the 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics . The United States is by far the most successful nation in the event , with 21 gold medals and 44 medals in total . The next most successful nation is Great Britain with three gold among its 13 medals . The 1908 men 's 400 metres saw the only walkover in Olympic history , as the American finalists refused to compete in a re-run due to British rules . Contents 1 Medal summary 1.1 Men 1.1. 1 Multiple medalists 1.1. 2 Medals by country 1.2 Women 1.2. 1 Multiple medalists 1.2. 2 Medalists by country 2 Olympic record progression 2.1 Men 2.2 Women 3 Intercalated Games 4 Non-canonical Olympic events 5 References 6 External links Medal summary ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1896 Athens details Thomas Burke United States Herbert Jamison United States Charles Gmelin Great Britain 1900 Paris details Maxie Long United States William Holland United States Ernst Schultz Denmark 1904 St. Louis details Harry Hillman United States Frank Waller United States Herman Groman United States 1908 London details Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain None awarded None awarded 1912 Stockholm details Charles Reidpath United States Hanns Braun Germany Edward Lindberg United States 1920 Antwerp details Bevil Rudd South Africa Guy Butler Great Britain Nils Engdahl Sweden 1924 Paris details Eric Liddell Great Britain Horatio Fitch United States Guy Butler Great Britain 1928 Amsterdam details Ray Barbuti United States James Ball Canada Joachim Büchner Germany 1932 Los Angeles details Bill Carr United States Ben Eastman United States Alex Wilson Canada 1936 Berlin details Archie Williams United States Godfrey Brown Great Britain James LuValle United States 1948 London details Arthur Wint Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Mal Whitfield United States 1952 Helsinki details George Rhoden Jamaica Herb McKenley Jamaica Ollie Matson United States 1956 Melbourne details Charles Jenkins United States Karl - Friedrich Haas United Team of Germany Voitto Hellstén Finland Ardalion Ignatyev Soviet Union 1960 Rome details Otis Davis United States Carl Kaufmann United Team of Germany Malcolm Spence South Africa 1964 Tokyo details Mike Larrabee United States Wendell Mottley Trinidad and Tobago Andrzej Badeński Poland 1968 Mexico City details Lee Evans United States Larry James United States Ron Freeman United States 1972 Munich details Vincent Matthews United States Wayne Collett United States Julius Sang Kenya 1976 Montreal details Alberto Juantorena Cuba Fred Newhouse United States Herman Frazier United States 1980 Moscow details Viktor Markin Soviet Union Rick Mitchell Australia Frank Schaffer East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Alonzo Babers United States Gabriel Tiacoh Ivory Coast Antonio McKay United States 1988 Seoul details Steve Lewis United States Butch Reynolds United States Danny Everett United States 1992 Barcelona details Quincy Watts United States Steve Lewis United States Samson Kitur Kenya 1996 Atlanta details Michael Johnson United States Roger Black Great Britain Davis Kamoga Uganda 2000 Sydney details Michael Johnson United States Alvin Harrison United States Greg Haughton Jamaica 2004 Athens details Jeremy Wariner United States Otis Harris United States Derrick Brew United States 2008 Beijing details LaShawn Merritt United States Jeremy Wariner United States David Neville United States 2012 London details Kirani James Grenada Luguelín Santos Dominican Republic Lalonde Gordon Trinidad and Tobago 2016 Rio details Wayde van Niekerk South Africa Kirani James Grenada LaShawn Merritt United States Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) 1996 -- 2000 0 0 Steve Lewis United States ( USA ) 1988 -- 1992 0 Jeremy Wariner United States ( USA ) 2004 -- 2008 0 Kirani James Grenada ( GRN ) 2012 -- 2016 0 5 LaShawn Merritt United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2016 0 6 Herb McKenley Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 -- 1952 0 0 7 Guy Butler Great Britain ( GBR ) 1920 -- 1924 0 Medals by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total United States ( USA ) 19 13 11 38 Great Britain ( GBR ) 7 Jamaica ( JAM ) 5 4 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 4 = Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 6 = Cuba ( CUB ) 0 0 6 = Grenada ( GRN ) 0 8 Germany ( GER ) 0 9 = Canada ( CAN ) 0 9 = Trinidad and Tobago ( TRI ) 0 11 = Australia ( AUS ) 0 0 11 = Ivory Coast ( CIV ) 0 0 11 = Dominican Republic ( DOM ) 0 0 14 Kenya ( KEN ) 0 0 15 = Denmark ( DEN ) 0 0 15 = East Germany ( GDR ) 0 0 15 = Finland ( FIN ) 0 0 15 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 15 = Sweden ( SWE ) 0 0 15 = Uganda ( UGA ) 0 0 The German total includes teams both competing as Germany and the United Team of Germany , but not East or West Germany . Women ( edit ) Games Gold Silver Bronze 1964 Tokyo details Betty Cuthbert Australia Ann Packer Great Britain Judy Amoore Australia 1968 Mexico City details Colette Besson France Lillian Board Great Britain Natalya Pechonkina Soviet Union 1972 Munich details Monika Zehrt East Germany Rita Wilden West Germany Kathy Hammond United States 1976 Montreal details Irena Szewińska Poland Christina Brehmer East Germany Ellen Streidt East Germany 1980 Moscow details Marita Koch East Germany Jarmila Kratochvílová Czechoslovakia Christina Lathan East Germany 1984 Los Angeles details Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States Chandra Cheeseborough United States Kathy Smallwood - Cook Great Britain 1988 Seoul details Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union Petra Müller East Germany Olga Nazarova Soviet Union 1992 Barcelona details Marie - José Pérec France Olga Bryzgina Unified Team Ximena Restrepo Colombia 1996 Atlanta details Marie - José Pérec France Cathy Freeman Australia Falilat Ogunkoya Nigeria 2000 Sydney details Cathy Freeman Australia Lorraine Graham Jamaica Katharine Merry Great Britain 2004 Athens details Tonique Williams - Darling Bahamas Ana Guevara Mexico Natalya Antyukh Russia 2008 Beijing details Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain Shericka Williams Jamaica Sanya Richards United States 2012 London details Sanya Richards - Ross United States Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain DeeDee Trotter United States 2016 Rio de Janeiro details Shaunae Miller Bahamas Allyson Felix United States Shericka Jackson Jamaica Multiple medalists ( edit ) Rank Athlete Nation Olympics Gold Silver Bronze Total Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) 1992 -- 1996 0 0 2 = Olga Bryzgina Soviet Union ( URS ) Unified Team ( EUN ) 1988 -- 1992 0 2 = Cathy Freeman Australia ( AUS ) 1996 -- 2000 0 2 = Christine Ohuruogu Great Britain ( GBR ) 2008 -- 2012 0 5 Sanya Richards - Ross United States ( USA ) 2008 -- 2012 0 6 Christina Lathan East Germany ( GDR ) 1976 -- 1980 0 Medalists by country ( edit ) Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total France ( FRA ) 0 0 East Germany ( GDR ) 6 United States ( USA ) 6 Australia ( AUS ) 6 Great Britain ( GBR ) 6 7 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 8 = South Africa ( RSA ) 0 0 8 = Poland ( POL ) 0 0 5 Bahamas ( BAH ) 0 0 9 Jamaica ( JAM ) 0 0 10 = Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 0 0 10 = Mexico ( MEX ) 0 0 10 = Unified Team ( EUN ) 0 0 10 = West Germany ( FRG ) 0 0 14 = Colombia ( COL ) 0 0 14 = Nigeria ( NGR ) 0 0 14 = Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 Olympic record progression ( edit ) Men ( edit ) See also : Men 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 56.8 Herbert Jamison United States ( USA ) 1896 Heat 1 54.2 Tom Burke United States ( USA ) 1896 Final 50.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Heat 1 49.4 Maxie Long United States ( USA ) 1900 Final 49.2 Harry Hillman United States ( USA ) 1904 Finl 48.4 Wyndham Halswelle Great Britain ( GBR ) 1904 Quarterfinal 2 48.2 Charles Reidpath United States ( USA ) 1912 Final 48.0 Joseph Imbach Switzerland ( SUI ) 1924 Quarterfinal 6 47.8 Horatio Fitch United States ( USA ) 1924 Semifinal 1 47.6 WR Eric Liddell Great Britain ( GBR ) 1924 Final 47.2 Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Semifinal 1 46.2 WR Bill Carr United States ( USA ) 1932 Final 46.2 Arthur Wint Jamaica ( JAM ) 1948 Final 45.9 George Rhoden Jamaica ( JAM ) 1952 Final 45.9 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Quarterfinal 4 45.5 Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Semifinal 1 44.9 WR Otis Davis United States ( USA ) 1960 Final 44.83 Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Semifinal 2 43.86 WR Lee Evans United States ( USA ) 1968 Final 43.71 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Semifinal 1 43.50 Quincy Watts United States ( USA ) 1992 Final 43.49 Michael Johnson United States ( USA ) Final 43.03 WR Wayde van Niekerk South Africa ( RSA ) 2016 Final Women ( edit ) See also : Women 's 400 metres world record progression Time Athlete Nation Games Round Date 54.4 Antónia Munkácsi Hungary ( HUN ) 1964 Heat 1 53.1 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Heat 3 52.7 Ann Packer Great Britain ( GBR ) 1964 Semifinal 1 52.0 Betty Cuthbert Australia ( AUS ) 1964 Final 52.03 Colette Besson France ( FRA ) 1968 Final 51.94 Charlene Rendina Australia ( AUS ) 1972 Heat 1 51.71 Györgyi Balogh - Szomo Hungary ( HUN ) 1972 Quarterfinal 3 51.68 Helga Seidler East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 1 51.47 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Semifinal 2 51.08 Monika Zehrt East Germany ( GDR ) 1972 Final 50.48 Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Semifinal 1 49.28 WR Irena Szewińska Poland ( POL ) 1976 Final 48.88 Marita Koch East Germany ( GDR ) 1980 Final 48.83 Valerie Brisco - Hooks United States ( USA ) 1984 Final 48.65 Olha Bryzhina Soviet Union ( URS ) 1988 Final 48.25 Marie - José Pérec France ( FRA ) Final Intercalated Games ( edit ) The 1906 Intercalated Games were held in Athens and at the time were officially recognised as part of the Olympic Games series , with the intention being to hold a games in Greece in two - year intervals between the internationally - held Olympics . However , this plan never came to fruition and the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) later decided not to recognise these games as part of the official Olympic series . Some sports historians continue to treat the results of these games as part of the Olympic canon . At this event a men 's 400 m was held and Paul Pilgrim , a 1904 Olympic gold medalist in the 4 - mile team race , won the competition . Wyndham Halswelle , later the 1908 Olympic champion in the 800 metres , was the runner - up while Australia 's Nigel Barker was the bronze medalist . Games Gold Silver Bronze 1906 Athens details Paul Pilgrim ( USA ) Wyndham Halswelle ( GBR ) Nigel Barker ( AUS ) Non-canonical Olympic events ( edit ) In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men 's 400 metres , a handicap competition was contested seven days after the final . Twenty men entered , with Hungary 's Pál Koppán , Germany 's Albert Werkmüller and Dave Hall of the United States being the only non-French entrants . Koppán was the victor with a handicap of 35 m , Werkmüller was second with a handicap of 35 m , and Frenchman André Lemonnier took third with a 26 m handicap . Two professionals - only events were also held in 1900 . The 400 metres world record holder Edgar Bredin won with a time of 53.2 seconds , ahead of Legrain of France ( possibly Paul Legrain ) and his compatriot Jules Bouchoux . A handicap professional race was also held but the results have not been located . A handicap 440 - yard dash ( 402.3 m ) competition was held at 1904 Summer Olympics after the 1904 Olympic men 's 400 m race . An American , F. Darcy , won the race with a time of 50.8 ( 12 - yard start ) . George Underwood , also of the United States , came second with no handicap and John Peck of Canada came third off a six - yard headstart . These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 400 metres or the athletics programme in general . Consequently , medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all - time medal tables . References ( edit ) Participation and athlete data Athletics Men 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Athletics Women 's 400 metres Medalists . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Olympic record progressions Mallon , Bill ( 2012 ) . TRACK & FIELD ATHLETICS - OLYMPIC RECORD PROGRESSIONS . Track and Field News . Retrieved on 2014 - 02 - 07 . Specific Jump up ^ London 1908 Olympic Games . Britannica . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ 1906 Athina Summer Games . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1906 Athina Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Handicap . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Handicap Olympic Athletics Events . GBR Athletics . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ Athletics at the 1900 Paris Summer Games : Men 's 400 metres , Professionals . Sports Reference . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 28 . External links ( edit ) IAAF 400 metres homepage Official Olympics website Olympic athletics records from Track & Field News 400 metres at the Olympic Games Summary Men 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Women 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Athletics at the Summer Olympics Editions 1896 1900 1904 1906 ( Intercalated ) 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Events Track 100 m 200 m 400 m 800 m 1500 m 5000 m 10,000 m 4 × 100 m relay 4 × 400 m relay Sprint hurdles 400 m hurdles Steeplechase Field Shot put Discus throw Hammer throw Javelin throw Pole vault High jump Long jump Triple jump Others Combined events Marathon Race walking Defunct Cross country Team races 60 metres Weight throw Wheelchair racing Professional events List of medalists men women Records Venues Medal sweeps Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=400_metres_at_the_Olympics&oldid=861162432 '' Categories : 400 metres at the Olympics 400 metres Athletics events at the Olympics Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 14 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won the women's 400 meter dash in the olympics

400 metres at the Olympic Games The 2012 Olympic men 's 400 m final Overview Sport Athletics Gender Men and women Years held Men : 1896 -- 2016 Women : 1964 -- 2016 Olympic record Men 43.03 Wayde van Niekerk ( 2016 ) Women 48.25 Marie - José Pérec ( 1996 ) Reigning champion Men Wayde van Niekerk ( RSA ) Women Shaunae Miller ( BAH )

List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders Jump to : navigation , search This article provides two lists : a list of National Basketball Association players by total career playoff points scored . a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . ) Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2006 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 6,163 217 28.4 2,182 331 1,468 Jordan , Michael Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) 5,987 179 33.4 2,188 148 1,463 Abdul - Jabbar , Kareem Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1989 ) 5,762 237 24.3 2,356 0 1,050 Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 , 2006 -- 2012 ) 5,640 220 25.6 2,014 292 1,320 5 O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1997 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2011 ) 5,250 216 24.3 2,041 0 1,168 6 Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1998 -- 1999 , 2001 -- 2016 ) 5,172 251 20.6 1,975 5 1,217 7 Malone , Karl Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1986 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2004 ) 4,761 193 24.7 1,743 6 1,269 8 West , Jerry Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1961 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 ) 4,457 153 29.1 1,622 0 1,213 9 Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ PG San Antonio Spurs ( 2002 -- 2017 ) 4,012 221 18.2 1,599 119 695 10 Bird , Larry Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1988 , 1990 -- 1992 ) 3,897 164 23.8 1,458 80 901 11 Wade , Dwyane Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2007 , 2009 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2017 ) 3,871 172 22.5 1,419 103 930 12 Havlicek , John John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1963 -- 1969 , 1972 -- 1977 ) 3,776 172 22.0 1,451 0 874 13 Olajuwon , Hakeem Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1985 -- 1991 , 1993 -- 1999 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2002 ) 3,755 145 25.9 1,504 743 14 Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * PG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1980 -- 1991 , 1996 ) 3,701 190 19.5 1,291 51 1,068 15 Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF Dallas Mavericks ( 2001 -- 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 ) 3,663 145 25.3 1,220 149 1,074 16 Pippen , Scottie Scottie Pippen * SF Chicago Bulls ( 1988 -- 1998 ) Houston Rockets ( 1999 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 3,642 208 17.5 1,335 200 772 17 Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1959 -- 1970 ) 3,623 134 27.0 1,388 0 847 18 Chamberlain , Wilt Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1960 -- 1962 , 1964 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1969 -- 1973 ) 3,607 160 22.5 1,425 0 757 19 McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * PF Boston Celtics ( 1981 -- 1993 ) 3,182 169 18.8 1,204 8 766 20 Pierce , Paul Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2008 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 3,180 170 18.7 1,022 276 860 21 Johnson , Dennis Dennis Johnson * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Boston Celtics ( 1984 -- 1990 ) 3,116 180 17.3 1,167 26 756 22 Erving , Julius Julius Erving * SF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1977 -- 1987 ) 3,088 141 21.9 1,187 7 707 23 Durant , Kevin Kevin Durant ^ SF Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2010 -- 2014 , 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2017 ) 3,048 106 28.8 1,026 222 774 24 Worthy , James James Worthy * SF Los Angeles Lakers ( 1984 -- 1991 , 1993 ) 3,022 143 21.1 1,267 14 474 25 Ginóbili , Manu Manu Ginóbili ^ SG San Antonio Spurs ( 2003 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 2017 ) 3,009 213 14.1 941 318 809 Contents ( hide ) 1 Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Progressive list of playoff scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of 2016 -- 17 NBA season . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . BAL Baltimore Bullets HOU Houston Rockets OKC Oklahoma City Thunder SFW San Francisco Warriors BOS Boston Celtics IND Indiana Pacers PHI Philadelphia 76ers SEA Seattle SuperSonics CHI Chicago Bulls LAL Los Angeles Lakers PHO Phoenix Suns STL St. Louis Hawks CLE Cleveland Cavaliers MIA Miami Heat PHW Philadelphia Warriors SYR Syracuse Nationals DAL Dallas Mavericks MNL Minneapolis Lakers ROC Rochester Royals UTA Utah Jazz GSW Golden State Warriors NYK New York Knicks SAS San Antonio Spurs WAS Washington Wizards Playoff scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 222 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 282 504 504 282 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 George Mikan * 000MNL 303 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 376 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 George Mikan * 000MNL 679 376 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 Arnie Risen * 000ROC 273 847 847 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 George Mikan * 000MNL 307 1,154 1,154 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 238 1,392 1,392 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 252 1,644 1,644 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 209 Jim Pollard * 000MNL 977 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 289 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,680 1,680 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Bob Pettit * 000STL 298 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,192 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 Cliff Hagan * 000STL 305 1,272 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Elgin Baylor * 000MNL 331 1,526 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Bob Pettit * 000STL 365 1,614 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1,779 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 1,779 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 457 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 502 1,836 1,836 502 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 424 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 Bob Cousy * 000BOS 2,018 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 Wilt Chamberlain * 000SFW 416 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,194 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 Jerry West * 000LAL 447 2,240 2,240 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 479 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 Elgin Baylor * 000LAL 2,511 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 2,582 2,582 Rick Barry * 000SFW 521 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 John Havlicek * 000BOS 493 3,010 3,010 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 3,287 3,287 Jerry West * 000LAL 556 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 562 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 Jerry West * 000LAL 3,708 562 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 Earl Monroe * 000BAL 397 3,708 3,708 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 Walt Frazier * 000NYK 388 4,052 4,052 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Jerry West * 000LAL 401 4,453 4,453 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 515 4,457 4,457 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 Rick Barry * 000GSW 479 John Havlicek * 000BOS 3,413 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 Jo Jo White * 000BOS 408 3,611 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Julius Erving * 000PHI 518 3,776 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 Elvin Hayes * 000WSB 457 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 Gus Williams 000SEA 454 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 2,382 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 479 2,861 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Moses Malone * 000HOU 562 2,941 Jerry West * & Moses Malone * 000HOU 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 Julius Erving * 000PHI 461 3,226 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 406 3,632 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 4,134 Larry Bird * 000BOS 632 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 520 4,550 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 4,550 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 537 4,912 4,912 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Larry Bird * 000BOS 622 5,257 5,257 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 James Worthy * 000LAL 506 5,595 5,595 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 591 5,762 5,762 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 587 Larry Bird * 000BOS 3,681 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 529 3,852 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 759 3,897 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 759 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 666 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,850 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 Hakeem Olajuwon * 000HOU 664 James Worthy * 000LAL 3,022 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 725 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 4,165 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 552 4,717 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 590 5,307 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 680 5,987 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Latrell Sprewell 000NYK 407 Karl Malone * 000UTA 3,931 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 707 4,203 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 723 4,341 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 541 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 5,987 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Tim Duncan 000SAS 593 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 539 Karl Malone * 000LAL 4,761 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Tim Duncan 000SAS 542 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2004 -- 07 000PHO 2007 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 4,546 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 654 4,970 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 501 5,045 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 633 5,121 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 695 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 671 5,248 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 582 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 5,280 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 LeBron James ^ 000MIA 697 5,640 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 596 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 563 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 601 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 Klay Thompson ^ 000GSW 582 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 591 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 6,163 2016 -- 17 Season Year - by - Year Leader Pts Active Player Scoring Leader Pts Career Scoring Record Pts Single Season Scoring Record Pts Season See also ( edit ) Basketball statistics NBA post-season records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for four calendar years ( reduced from five in 2015 ) . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . The years listed are only ones in which the player played in a playoff game . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Progressive Playoff Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference ineligible was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career playoff leaders in points scored ( hide ) National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_playoff_scoring_leaders&oldid=801107793 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 21 . About Wikipedia

who has the most points in nba history career

James , LeBron LeBron James ^ SF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2006 -- 2010 , 2015 -- 2017 ) Miami Heat ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 6,163 217 28.4 2,182 331 1,468

Paige Larson - Wikipedia Paige Larson Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2015 ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's notability guideline for films . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Paige Larson '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paige Larson Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by True O'Brien Duration 2014 -- 15 , 2017 First appearance March 3 , 2014 Last appearance October 31 , 2017 Created by Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell Introduced by Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Student ( show ) Family Father Eduardo Hernandez Mother Eve Donovan Half - brothers Rafe Hernandez Dario Hernadez Half - sisters Arianna Hernandez Gabi Hernandez Aunts and uncles Andrew Donovan Theresa Donovan Nieces Arianna Horton First cousins Tate Black Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng , the character is portrayed by True O'Brien , who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off . O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015 . O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one - off appearance in October 2017 . Paige is introduced as a good samaritan who returns JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) his wallet which he dropped and is in a relationship with him for majority of her time on the show . She is the daughter of Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) and niece of Theresa Donovan ( Jen Lilley ) . Following her death , it is revealed she is the daughter of Eduardo Hernandez making her the sister of Rafe Hernandez and Gabi Hernandez , and an aunt of Arianna Horton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 Background 2.2 2014 - 15 3 References 4 External links Casting ( edit ) In February 2014 , Soap Opera Digest announced that model True O'Brien had been cast as Paige Larson on the series . O'Brien made her first on - screen debut on March 3 , 2014 . About her audition , O'Brien said `` It was an intense process . It was the first time I had really tested for anything . I did n't know what was going on , so I just let it happen. When I walked out of there , I felt good . I was very thankful to have had that opportunity to even experience something like that . '' In June 2015 , it was confirmed that O'Brien was let go from the series , she exited on September 9 , 2015 when her character was the second to be killed off as part of the Necktie Killer storyline to commemorate with the show 's 50th anniversary . O'Brien returned in flashbacks on September 28 , when Paige 's death scene was shown and in her mother 's visions on October 2 , 2015 . In October 2017 , O'Brien reprises the role of Paige as part of special dream - sequence episode on October 31 , 2017 . Storylines ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2015 ) Background ( edit ) Paige was born on May 29 , 1995 and would grew up with her single mother Eve Donovan . Her father would later be revealed to be Eduardo Hernandez , aka Eddie Larson ; which makes Rafe , Arianna , Dario and Gabi her half - siblings . 2014 - 15 ( edit ) In early 2014 , Paige Larson arrives in Salem without her mother , Eve Donovan ( Kassie DePaiva ) , and quickly develops a connection to JJ Deveraux ( Casey Moss ) . Upon Eve 's arrival back to Salem , Paige 's relationship with J.J. begins to hit a hard spot , ultimately ending with them parting ways multiples times . She becomes close to another guy , Cole Hines ( Riley Bodenstab ) , and asks him out on a date , which he accepts . After their date , Paige meets up with J.J. at the park , where he apologizes profusely and asks for a second chance . She forgives him , leading them to reconcile . Cole finds her at the park watching Parker play and tells her that J.J. will hurt her and that she deserves better , but when he sees that she 's not listening to him , he leaves . He then works with her mother Eve to break J.J. and Paige up . Cole plants drugs in J.J. 's backpack to frame him . When Paige realizes what Cole has done , she angrily confronts him . At first he denies the accusations , but then Cole tells her how amazing she is and that she deserves better . Paige tells him to stay away from her and J.J. before leaving . Paige would find out that her mother and J.J. had an affair and Jennifer Horton knew about it and she confronts him at her surprise nineteenth birthday party , on May 21 . She becomes very cynical and wants nothing to do with them . Paige begins a relationship with Kyle to make J.J. jealous , not knowing that he is a drug dealer and that J.J. works for him ; however the relationship would later end . Paige and J.J. begin to reconnect the following month . She becomes a witness to the Chad and Serena fight and would reveal what she saw , since Serena would later be found murdered . Since they become close again , Paige is the first person J.J. tells about the Clyde / drug ring and was sworn not to involve the police . In early September , she would retell what she saw to Rafe and exchanges words with Chad , who does n't remember what happened after the fight , and calls J.J. afterward ; Paige had something to tell him , however when J.J. arrives at her dorm , he finds her in the shower with a tie loosely around her neck . Paige is pronounced dead , much to the horror of J.J. and Eve who apologizes to Paige over her body . Chad DiMera is seen as the prime suspect , due to the fact that a flower found near the crime scene can only be found at the DiMera mansion ; following the arrest of Chad , he was released after Aiden Jennings was believed to be the Neck Tie Killer . In December 2015 , Ben Rogers was arrested for the string of murders , following a statement by Abigail Deveraux . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ SOD ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` DAYS CASTS NEW ROLE '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Actress Headed to ' Days ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell ( Head writers ) ; Herb Stein ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( March 3 , 2014 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 49 . Episode 12286 . NBC . Jump up ^ Reichardt , Nancy M. ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' DOOL ' : O'Brien Finds Her ' True ' Calling '' . U Express . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Edwards Wilows , Mark ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Days of Our Lives True o'Brien loves playing Paige and talks about working with Justin Bieber '' . Soapdom.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy Jr. , Kevin ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` True O'Brien Leaving Days of our Lives '' . We Love Soaps . United States . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc. 40 ( 37 ) : 11 . September 21 , 2015 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( September 9 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12671 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Grant A. Johnson ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( September 28 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12684 . NBC . Jump up ^ Josh Griffith and Dena Higley ( Head writers ) ; Scott McKinsey ( Director ) ; Jeanne Marie Ford ( Script writer ) ( October 2 , 2015 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 50 . Episode 12688 . NBC . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` John Enos , True O'Brien , Melissa Archer to Days of Our Lives on Halloween '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paige had a surprised nineteenth birthday party on - screen on May 21 , 2015 . Although , she states that her birthday was the next day . However , her birthdate was revealed on her tombstone on November 10 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Soapcentral.com Who 's Who in Salem Paige Larson Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Brady Black John Black Tate Black Belle Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paige_Larson&oldid=813280174 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 2014 Days of Our Lives characters Fictional Hispanic and Latino American people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from February 2015 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2015 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2015 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with topics of unclear notability from February 2015 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles to be expanded from February 2015 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles created via the Article Wizard Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 21 : 33 . 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who is paige on days of our lives

Paige Larson is a fictional character on the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives . Introduced by executive producers Ken Corday , Lisa de Cazotte and Greg Meng , the character is portrayed by True O'Brien , who first appeared in March 2014 and departed in September 2015 after her character was killed off . O'Brien would later make brief appearances via flashbacks and visions on until October 2015 . O'Brien once again returned to the role for a one - off appearance in October 2017 .

Alcoholic drinks in Canada - wikipedia Alcoholic drinks in Canada This article covers various topics involving alcoholic drinks in Canada . The Government of Canada defines an alcoholic drink as `` a beverage containing 1.1 % or more alcohol by volume . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparative consumption 2 Distribution 3 Legal issues 3.1 Age 3.2 Sales 3.3 Consumption 4 Notes 5 See also Comparative consumption ( edit ) Statistics Canada carries out surveys of alcoholic consumption in Canada , divided by territory / province . Average values for the country in 2006 are given in the bottom row of the table . Wine Rank Beer Rank Spirits Rank Total Rank ↓ Yukon 18.3 90.6 13.8 12.7 Northwest Territories 8.1 7 55.2 5 10.8 9.2 Alberta 13.9 89.8 7.6 9 8.6 Newfoundland & Labrador 6.5 11 93.3 7.3 10 8.0 British Columbia 14.5 76.6 12 9.0 7 7.8 5 Ontario 11.8 5 84.3 6 8.8 8 7.8 6 Quebec 17.4 93.9 4.1 12 7.8 7 Prince Edward Island 7.4 10 78.9 9 9.7 7.5 8 Nova Scotia 8.0 8 79.5 8 9.1 5 7.5 9 Manitoba 8.0 9 76.8 10 9.4 7.4 10 Saskatchewan 5.0 12 76.8 11 9.1 6 7.0 11 New Brunswick 8.4 6 79.8 7 6.8 11 6.7 12 Nunavut Data unavailable Canada 13.1 85.6 7.5 7.8 Values for wine , beer and spirits consumption are given in litres per person over 15 , per annum . The total is expressed in litres of absolute alcohol . Distribution ( edit ) Under the Constitution of Canada , responsibility for enacting laws and regulations regarding the sale and distribution of alcoholic drinks in Canada is the sole responsibility of the ten provinces . Canada 's three territories have also been granted similar autonomy over these matters under the provisions of federal legislation . This means that there is a separate agency ( or agencies ) in each province responsible for regulating the consumption of and , in all but one case , the sale of alcoholic drinks . Alberta is currently the only jurisdiction to have completely privatized its retail liquor industry ( the AGLC maintains a monopoly over the wholesale distribution of wine , distilled spirits and imported beer - the distribution operation itself being contracted out to a private operator ) . Most of the other jurisdictions have maintained a total or near - total control over the sale of hard liquor while allowing limited privatisation of country - originated beer and wine sales . Legal issues ( edit ) Age ( edit ) In Canada , there is no federally defined age for legal alcohol purchase or consumption . Each province and territory is free to set its own drinking age . The legal age for purchase is : 19 years of age in BC , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Northwest Territories , Nova Scotia , Nunavut , Ontario , PEI , Saskatchewan , and Yukon 18 years of age in Alberta , Manitoba , and Quebec . In most jurisdictions , alcohol may not be sold to persons of legal age who intend to transfer it to minors . Sales ( edit ) The selling hours of alcohol , both on and off - premises , are also appointed by provincial and territorial jurisdiction , as long as off - premises sale hours do not coincide with curfew hours . Many provinces and territories define the off - premises sale of hard liquor , either by alcohol volume or by quantities thereof , to be sold only within specific hours , which usually correspond to the opening hours of a given vendor . However , in some of them , it is also possible to derogate to the current norm upon applying for a distributor 's licence , under certain circumstances . The on - premises sale is allowed at the discretion of the premise , with the hours being regulated by every province . In general , most provinces have banned `` tied houses '' ( bars that are affiliated with only one alcohol supplier ) , in favour of free houses which sell products from a variety of suppliers . A partial exception is made for brewpubs where a bar and brewery are on the same site . Consumption ( edit ) The consumption of alcohol in public places is generally forbidden , regardless of the time ( in a few provinces and territories this is still not enforced ) , unless a permit to do so is delivered by the responsible municipal authorities . In Quebec the consumption of drinks with low alcohol contents is permitted in public if accompanied by food . In all of the provinces and territories , the consumption of alcohol is forbidden while driving , with Ontario and Quebec also forbidding the possession of open non-empty containers within a motionless vehicle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Labeling Requirements For Alcohol '' , Canadian Food Inspection Agency . Retrieved on 14 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SAQ Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Société des alcools du Québec . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52n12 section 33 and http://canlii.ca/t/5224c section 1 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52f54 section 126 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/526rt section 72 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52rph section 89 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/l3ts section 30 ( 8 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52s8n section 40 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/52gw4 sections 2 and 110 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/522l0 sections 1 and 87 Jump up ^ http://canlii.ca/t/lhb8 section 121 ( 5 ) See also ( edit ) Alcoholic drink Legal drinking age Cannabis laws of Canada by province or territory Provincial and territorial alcoholic drinks authorities of Canada Retail and / or licensing : BC Liquor Stores Sask Liquor MBLL ( Manitoba ) LCBO ( Ontario ) SAQ ( Quebec ) Alcool NB Liquor NSLC PEILCC NLC ( Newfoundland ) NWT Liquor Nunavut Liquor YLC ( Yukon ) Licensing only : Liquor Control and Licensing Branch ( British Columbia ) Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission Alcohol and Gaming Commission of Ontario Régie des alcools , des courses et des jeux ( Quebec ) Alcohol and Gaming Authority ( Nova Scotia ) Liquor Licensing Board ( Northwest Territories ) Liquor Licensing Board ( Nunavut ) Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Category Alcoholic drinks History and production History of alcohol History of alcoholic beverages History of beer History of wine History of Bordeaux wine History of Champagne History of Chianti History of French wine History of Portuguese wine History of Rioja wine History of Sherry History of South African wine Production Alcohol industry Brewing Distillation Drinking establishments Fermentation Winemaking Alcoholic drinks Fermented drink Beer Cider Mead Rice wine Sake Wine Other fermented drinks Distilled drink Brandy Gin Liqueur Rum Tequila Vodka Whisky Other distilled drinks Fortified wine Madeira wine Marsala wine Port wine Sherry Vermouth Other fortified wines Distilled drinks by ingredients Fruit Apple Applejack Calvados Cashew apple Feni Coconut Arrack Fig Boukha Grape Armagnac Brandy Cognac Pisco Plum Slivovitz Țuică Pomace Chacha Grappa Marc Orujo Tsikoudia Tsipouro Zivania Various fruits Eau de vie Himbeergeist Kirschwasser Marillenschnaps Nalewka Pálinka Rakia Schnaps Cereals Barley Irish whiskey Japanese whisky Scotch whisky Maize Bourbon whiskey Corn whiskey Tennessee whiskey Rice Awamori Cheongju Rice baijiu Shochu Soju Rye Korn Rye whiskey Starka Sorghum Baijiu ( Kaoliang wine ) Multiple grains American whiskey Canadian whisky Other Agave Mezcal Tequila Buckwheat Buckwheat whisky Shochu Sugarcane or molasses Aguardiente Cachaça Clairin Guaro Rum Seco Herrerano Tharra Various starches Akvavit Horilka Poitín Shochu Vodka Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients Almond Amaretto Crème de Noyaux Anise Absinthe Arak Hierbas Herbs de Majorca Ouzo Pastis Rakı Sambuca Blackthorn shrub Patxaran Chocolate Chocolate liqueur Cinnamon Tentura Cloudberry Lakka Coconut Malibu Coffee Kahlúa Tia Maria Egg Advocaat Hazelnut Frangelico Herbs Aquavit Bénédictine Brennivín Crème de menthe Metaxa Honey Bärenjäger Drambuie Glayva Krupnik Juniper Gin Jenever Orange Campari Cedratine Curaçao Triple sec Peppers Pertsivka Star anise Sassolino Sugarcane / molasses Charanda Various fruits Crème de banane Crème de cassis Limoncello Schnapps Sloe gin Category Portals Liquor Beer Drink Wine WikiProjects Beer Spirits Wine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcoholic_drinks_in_Canada&oldid=826359518 '' Categories : Alcohol in Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 03 . 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what is the legal drinking age in ontario

In Canada , there is no federally defined age for legal alcohol purchase or consumption . Each province and territory is free to set its own drinking age . The legal age for purchase is :

Matthew 5 : 30 - wikipedia Matthew 5 : 30 Jump to : navigation , search Matthew 5 : 30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . Part of the section on adultery , it is very similar to the previous verse , but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye . For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see Matthew 5 : 29 . Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one 's hand to prevent sinning . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : And if thy right hand offend thee , cut it off , and cast it from thee : for it is profitable for thee that one of thy members should perish , and not that thy whole body should be cast into hell . The World English Bible translates the passage as : If your right hand causes you to stumble , cut it off , and throw it away from you . For it is more profitable for you that one of your members should perish , than for your whole body to be cast into Gehenna . For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 5 : 30 The link between the right hand and the discussion of adultery is somewhat unclear . In Jewish writings of the time it was common to have a foot , hand , eye triple structure . This full triple structure is seen in the similar discussions at Mark 9 : 43 - 47 , and a version much closer to that in Mark appears at Matthew 18 : 8 - 9 . Jesus here uses two thirds of the structure , the first reference to the eye is clearly linked to his previous statement that looking at a woman lustfully is sinful , but it is uncertain why he continues to the hand when he specifically stated that action and touching is not required for sin . Hill feels that this might be related to theft . At the time the law saw adultery as a form of theft , as it was taking another man 's wife . The right hand , the more active of the two among most of the population , had long been metaphorically associated with theft . An alternate view , that has been adopted by some in recent years , is that the mention of a hand linked to lust is a reference to masturbation . In the New Testament this is the verse most often cited to condemn that practice . A third view is to see this verse connected less to the previous verses , and more as part of the discussion of divorce that takes up the next two verses . This argument states that the cutting off of the sinful hand is a metaphor for separation from a sinful spouse , even if it causes great pain . References ( edit ) France , R.T. The Gospel According to Matthew : an Introduction and Commentary . Leicester : Inter-Varsity , 1985 . Gundry , Robert H. Matthew a Commentary on his Literary and Theological Art . Grand Rapids : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1982 . Hill , David . The Gospel of Matthew . Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1981 Preceded by Matthew 5 : 29 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 5 Succeeded by Matthew 5 : 31 Gospel of Matthew chapter 5 Verse Matthew 5 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 Terms Beatitudes Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_5:30&oldid=714923172 '' Categories : Matthew 5 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 April 2016 , at 17 : 02 . About Wikipedia

bible verse if your hand causes you sin cut off

Matthew 5 : 30 is the thirtieth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . Part of the section on adultery , it is very similar to the previous verse , but with the hand mentioned instead of the eye . For a discussion of the radicalism of these verses see Matthew 5 : 29 . Jesus had stated that looking at a woman in lust is equal to the act of adultery itself and in this verse he recommends cutting off one 's hand to prevent sinning .

Slender Man - wikipedia Slender Man For the upcoming film , see Slender Man ( film ) . Slender Man An artistic depiction of the Slender Man First appearance June 10 , 2009 on a Something Awful post Created by Eric Knudsen Portrayed by Javier Botet ( In the film Slender Man ) Information Gender Male The Slender Man ( also known as Slenderman ) is a fictional supernatural character that originated as a creepypasta Internet meme created by Something Awful forums user Eric Knudsen ( also known as `` Victor Surge '' ) in 2009 . It is depicted as a thin , unnaturally tall humanoid with a featureless head and face and wearing a black suit . Stories of the Slender Man commonly feature him stalking , abducting or traumatizing people , particularly children . The Slender Man is not confined to a single narrative but appears in many disparate works of fiction , typically composed online . Fiction relating to the Slender Man encompasses many media , including literature , art and video series such as Marble Hornets , wherein he is known as The Operator . Outside of online fiction , the Slender Man has become an internet icon and has influenced popular culture , having been referenced in the video game Minecraft with the Enderman character and generated video games of his own , such as Slender : The Eight Pages and Slender : The Arrival . He has also appeared in Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , the film adaptation of the Marble Hornets YouTube series , where he was portrayed by Doug Jones , and will appear in an upcoming eponymous film , where he will be portrayed by Javier Botet . Beginning in 2014 , a moral panic occurred over the Slender Man after readers of his fiction were connected to several violent acts , particularly a near - fatal stabbing of a 12 - year - old girl in Waukesha , Wisconsin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 Development 2 Description 2.1 As folklore 3 Reasons for success 4 Copyright 5 Related incidents 5.1 Waukesha stabbing 5.2 Other incidents 6 References in media 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Origin The writings of H.P. Lovecraft influenced the creation of the Slender Man . The Slender Man was created on June 10 , 2009 , on a thread in the Something Awful Internet forum . The thread was a Photoshop contest in which users were challenged to `` create paranormal images . '' Forum poster Eric Knudsen , under the pseudonym `` Victor Surge '' , contributed two black - and - white images of groups of children to which he added a tall , thin , spectral figure wearing a black suit . Although previous entries had consisted solely of photographs , Surge supplemented his submission with snatches of text -- supposedly from witnesses -- describing the abductions of the groups of children and giving the character the name `` The Slender Man '' : The quote under the first photograph read : We did n't want to go , we did n't want to kill them , but its persistent silence and outstretched arms horrified and comforted us at the same time ... -- 1983 , photographer unknown , presumed dead . The quote under the second photograph read : One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze . Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as `` The Slender Man '' . Deformities cited as film defects by officials . Fire at library occurred one week later . Actual photograph confiscated as evidence . -- 1986 , photographer : Mary Thomas , missing since June 13th , 1986 . These additions effectively transformed the photographs into a work of fiction . Subsequent posters expanded upon the character , adding their own visual or textual contributions . Knudsen was inspired to create the Slender Man primarily by Zack Parsons ' `` That Insidious Beast '' , Stephen King 's The Mist , reports of shadow people , Mothman and the Mad Gasser of Mattoon . Other inspirations for the character were the Tall Man from the 1979 film Phantasm , H.P. Lovecraft , the surrealist work of William S. Burroughs , and the survival horror video games Silent Hill and Resident Evil . Knudsen 's intention was `` to formulate something whose motivations can barely be comprehended , and ( which caused ) unease and terror in a general population . '' Other pre-existing fictional or legendary creatures which are similar to the Slender Man include : the Gentlemen , black - suited , pale , bald demons from the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode `` Hush '' ; Men in black , many accounts of which grant them an uncanny appearance with an unnatural walk and `` oriental '' features ; and The Question , a DC Comics superhero with a blank face , whose secret identity is `` Victor Sage '' , a name similar to Knudsen 's alias `` Victor Surge '' . In her book , Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology , Professor Shira Chess of the University of Georgia connected the Slender Man to ancient folklore about fairies . Like fairies , Slender Man is otherworldly , with motives that are often difficult to grasp ; like fairies , his appearance is vague and often shifts to reflect what the viewer wants or fears to see , and , like fairies , the Slender Man calls the woods and wild places his home and kidnaps children . Development The Slender Man soon went viral , spawning numerous works of fanart , cosplay , and online fiction known as `` creepypasta '' -- scary stories told in short snatches of easily copyable text that spread from site to site . Divorced from its original creator , the Slender Man became the subject of myriad stories by multiple authors within an overarching mythos . Many aspects of the Slender Man mythos first appeared on the original Something Awful thread . One of the earliest additions was added by a forum user named `` Thoreau - Up '' , who created a folklore story set in 16th - century Germany involving a character called Der Groẞman , which was implied to be an early reference to the Slender Man . The first video series involving the Slender Man evolved from a post on the Something Awful thread by user `` ce gars '' . It tells of a fictional film school friend named Alex Kralie , who had stumbled upon something troubling while shooting his first feature - length project , Marble Hornets . The video series , published in found footage style on YouTube , forms an alternate reality game describing the filmers ' fictional experiences with the Slender Man . The ARG also incorporates a Twitter feed and an alternate YouTube channel created by a user named `` totheark '' . As of 2013 , Marble Hornets had over 250,000 subscribers around the world and had received 55 million views . Other Slender Man - themed YouTube serials followed , including EverymanHYBRID and TribeTwelve . In 2012 , the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender : The Eight Pages ; within its first month of release , the game was downloaded over 2 million times . Several popular variants of the game followed , including Slenderman 's Shadow and Slender Man for iOS , which became the second most - popular app download . The sequel to Slender : The Eight Pages , Slender : The Arrival , was released in 2013 . Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development , including Entity and The Slender Man , released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign . In 2013 , it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film . In 2015 , the film adaptation , Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , was released on VOD , where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones . In 2016 , Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres , with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet . Description The `` Slender Man symbol '' introduced by Marble Hornets Because the Slender Man 's fictional `` mythology '' has evolved without an official `` canon '' for reference , his appearance , motives , habits , and abilities are not fixed but change depending on the storyteller . He is most commonly described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long , tentacle - like arms ( or merely tentacles ) , which he can extend to intimidate or capture prey . In most stories his face is white and featureless , but occasionally his face appears differently to anyone who sees it . He appears to be wearing a dark suit and tie . The Slender Man is often associated with the forest and / or abandoned locations and has the ability to teleport . Proximity to the Slender Man is often said to trigger a `` Slender sickness '' ; a rapid onset of paranoia , nightmares and delusions accompanied by nosebleeds . Early stories featured him targeting children or young adults . Some featured young adults driven insane or to act on his behalf , while others did not , and others claim that investigating the Slender Man will draw his attention . The web series Marble Hornets established the idea of proxies ( humans who fall under the Slender Man 's influence ) though initially they were simply violently insane , rather than puppets of the Slender Man . Marble Hornets also introduced the idea that the Slender Man could interfere with video and audio recordings , as well as the `` Slender Man symbol '' , which became a common trope of Slender fiction . Graphic violence and body horror are uncommon in the Slender Man mythos , with many narratives choosing to leave the fate of his victims obscure . Shira Chess notes that `` It is important to note that few of the retellings identify exactly what kind of monster the Slender Man might be , and what his specific intentions are - these points all remain mysteriously and usefully vague . '' As folklore Several scholars have argued that , despite being a fictional work with an identifiable origin point , the Slender Man represents a form of digital folklore . Shira Chess argues that the Slender Man exemplifies the similarities between traditional folklore and the open source ethos of the Internet , and that , unlike those of traditional monsters such as vampires and werewolves , the fact that the Slender Man 's mythos can be tracked and signposted offers a powerful insight into how myth and folklore form . Chess identifies three aspects of the Slender Man mythos that tie it to folklore : collectivity ( meaning that it is created by a collective , rather than a single individual ) , variability ( meaning that the story changes depending on the teller ) , and performance ( meaning that the storyteller 's narrative changes to reflect the responses of his / her audience ) . Andrew Peck also considers the Slender Man to be an authentic form of folklore and notes its similarity to emergent forms of offline legend performance . Peck suggests that digital folklore performance extends the dynamics of face - to - face performance in several notable ways , such as by occurring asynchronously , encouraging imitation and personalization while also allowing perfect replication , combining elements of oral , written , and visual communication , and generating shared expectations for performance that enact group identity despite the lack of a physically present group . He concludes that the Slender Man represents a digital legend cycle that combines the generic conventions and emergent qualities of oral and visual performance with the collaborative potential of networked communication . Jeff Tolbert also accepts the Slender Man as folkloric and suggests it represents a process he calls `` reverse ostension . '' Ostension in folkloristics is the process of acting out a folk narrative . According to Tolbert , the Slender Man does the opposite by creating a set of folklore - like narratives where none existed before . It is an iconic figure produced through a collective effort and deliberately modeled after an existing and familiar folklore genre . According to Tolbert , this represents two processes in one : it involves the creation of new objects and new disconnected examples of experience , and it involves the combination of these elements into a body of `` traditional '' narratives , modeled on existing folklore ( but not wholly indebted to any specific tradition ) . Professor Thomas Pettitt of the University of Southern Denmark has described the Slender Man as being an exemplar of the modern age 's closing of the `` Gutenberg Parenthesis '' ; the time period from the invention of the printing press to the spread of the web in which stories and information were codified in discrete media , to a return to the older , more primal forms of storytelling , exemplified by oral tradition and campfire tales , in which the same story can be retold , reinterpreted and recast by different tellers , expanding and evolving with time . Reasons for success Anonymous graffito of the Slender Man drawn on pavement in Raleigh , North Carolina Media scholar and folklorist Andrew Peck attributes the success of the Slender Man to its highly collaborative nature . Because the character and its motives are shrouded in mystery , users can easily adapt existing Slender Man tropes and imagery to create new stories . This ability for users to tap into the ideas of others while also supplying their own helped inspire the collaborative culture that arose surrounding the Slender Man . Instead of privileging the choices of certain creators as canonical , this collaborative culture informally locates ownership of the creature across the community . In these respects , the Slender Man is similar to campfire stories or urban legends , and the character 's success comes from enabling both social interaction and personal acts of creative expression . Although nearly all users understand that the Slender Man is not real , they suspend that disbelief in order to become more engrossed when telling or listening to stories . This adds a sense of authenticity to Slender Man legend performances and blurs the lines between legend and reality , keeping the creature as an object of legend dialectic . This ambiguity has led some to some confusion over the character 's origin and purpose . Only five months after his creation , George Noory 's Coast to Coast AM , a radio call - in show devoted to the paranormal and conspiracy theories , began receiving callers asking about the Slender Man . Two years later , an article in the Minneapolis Star Tribune described his origins as `` difficult to pinpoint . '' Eric Knudsen has commented that many people , despite understanding that the Slender Man was created on the Something Awful forums , still entertain the possibility that he might be real . Shira Chess describes the Slender Man as a metaphor for `` helplessness , power differentials , and anonymous forces . '' Peck sees parallels between the Slender Man and common anxieties about the digital age , such as feelings of constant connectedness and unknown third - party observation . Similarly , Tye Van Horn , a writer for The Elm , has suggested that the Slender Man represents modern fear of the unknown ; in an age flooded with information , people have become so unaccustomed to ignorance that they now fear what they can not understand . Troy Wagner , the creator of Marble Hornets , ascribes the terror of the Slender Man to its malleability ; people can shape it into whatever frightens them most . Tina Marie Boyer noted that `` The Slender man is a prohibitive monster , but the cultural boundaries he guards are not clear . Victims do not know when they have violated or crossed them . '' Copyright Despite his folkloric qualities , the Slender Man is not in the public domain . Several for - profit ventures involving the Slender Man have unequivocally acknowledged Knudsen as the creator of this fictional character , while others were civilly blocked from distribution ( including the Kickstarter - funded film ) after legal complaints from Knudsen and other sources . Though Knudsen himself has given his personal blessing to a number of Slender Man - related projects , the issue is complicated by the fact that , while he is the character 's creator , a third party holds the options to any adaptations into other media , including film and television . The identity of this option holder has not been made public . Knudsen himself has argued that his enforcement of copyright has less to do with money than with artistic integrity : `` I just want something amazing to come off it ... something that 's scary and disturbing and kinda different . I would hate for something to come out and just be kinda conventional . '' As of May 2016 , the media rights to Slender Man have been sold to production company Mythology Entertainment . Related incidents Waukesha stabbing Main article : Slender Man stabbing On May 31 , 2014 , two 12 - year - old girls in Waukesha , Wisconsin allegedly held down and stabbed a 12 - year - old classmate 19 times . When questioned later by authorities , they reportedly claimed that they wished to commit a murder as a first step to becoming proxies for the Slender Man , having read about it online . They also state that they were afraid that Slender Man would kill their families if they did not commit the murder . The victim was able to crawl from the woods , where she had been left , to reach a roadside . A passing cyclist intervened , and the victim survived the attack . Both attackers have been diagnosed with mental illnesses but have also been charged as adults and are each facing up to 65 years in prison . One of the girls reportedly said Slender Man watches her , can read minds , and could teleport . Experts testified in court she also said she conversed with Lord Voldemort and one of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles . On August 1 , 2014 , she was found incompetent to stand trial and her prosecution was suspended until her condition improved . On November 12 , 2014 , a doctor judged that her condition had improved enough for her to stand trial , and on December 19 , 2014 , the judge ruled that both girls were competent to stand trial . In August 2015 , the presiding judge ruled that the girls would be tried as adults . They were tried separately . On August 21 , 2017 , one of the girls , now 15 , pleaded guilty to being a party to attempted second - degree homicide , but claimed she was not responsible for her actions on grounds of insanity . Although prosecutors alleged that she knew what she was doing was wrong , the jury determined that she was mentally ill during the attack . She will spend at least three years in a mental hospital . On December 21 , Waukesha County Circuit Judge Michael Bohren sentenced Weier , then 16 years - old , to be hospitalized for 25 years from the date of the crime , which would keep her institutionalized until age 37 . In a statement to the media , Eric Knudsen said , `` I am deeply saddened by the tragedy in Wisconsin and my heart goes out to the families of those affected by this terrible act . '' He stated he would not be giving interviews on the matter . On 25 September 2017 , it was reported that Morgan Geyser , then 15 , had agreed to plead guilty to attempting to commit first - degree homicide in an arrangement that would allow her avoid jail time . In terms of the arrangement Geyser would remain at the mental hospital where she had been staying for the past two years for at least a further three years . On February 1 , 2018 , the Associated Press reported that Geyser had been sentenced to 40 years in the Wisconsin mental hospital , the maximum sentence allowed . A documentary film on the incident called Beware the Slenderman was released by HBO Films in March 2016 , and was broadcast on HBO on January 23 , 2017 . Other incidents After hearing the story , an unidentified woman from Cincinnati , Ohio , told a WLWT TV reporter in June 2014 that her 13 - year - old daughter had attacked her with a knife , and had written macabre fiction , some involving the Slender Man , who the mother said motivated the attack . On September 4 , 2014 , a 14 - year - old girl in Port Richey , Florida , allegedly set her family 's house on fire while her mother and nine - year - old brother were inside . Police reported that the teenager had been reading online stories about Slender Man as well as Atsushi Ōkubo 's manga Soul Eater . Eddie Daniels of the Pasco County Sheriff 's Office said the girl `` had visited the website that contains a lot of the Slender Man information and stories ( ... ) It would be safe to say there is a connection to that . '' During an early 2015 epidemic of suicide attempts by young people ages 12 to 24 on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation , Slender Man was cited as an influence ; the Oglala Sioux tribe president noted that many Native Americans traditionally believe in a `` suicide spirit '' similar to the Slender Man . References in media This section gives self - sourcing examples without describing their significance in the context of the article . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources that describe the examples ' significance , and by removing less pertinent examples . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged or removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2011 , Markus `` Notch '' Persson , creator of the sandbox indie game Minecraft , added a new hostile mob to the game , which he named the `` Enderman '' when multiple users on Reddit and Google+ commented on the similarity to the Slender Man . The Slender Man was the antagonist of the 2013 Lost Girl episode `` SubterrFaenean '' , in which the Slender Man was said to be the basis for the Pied Piper legend . In the 2014 episode `` Pinkie Apple Pie '' of My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic , a pony version of the character appears in a brief cameo . The TV series Supernatural parodied Slender Man as `` Thinman '' in the 2014 episode of the same name . In 2016 , American horror punk band Haunted Garage released an EP entitled Slenderman and Other Strange Tales , featuring a song and accompanying music video based on both the character and the 2014 stabbing case . The sixteenth season of the crime drama TV series Law & Order : Special Victims Unit featured an episode , `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' , inspired by the Slender Man stabbings . The board game Kingdom Death : Monster features a Slender Man - based expansion pack . See also Bogeyman Kunekune ( urban legend ) Urban legend References Jump up ^ Dewey , Caitlin ; Dewey , Caitlin ( 2014 - 06 - 03 ) . `` The complete history of ' Slender Man , ' the meme that compelled two girls to stab a friend '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : De Vos , Gail Arlene ( 2012 ) . What Happens Next ? . ABC - CLIO . p. 162 . ISBN 9781598846348 . ^ Jump up to : Romano , Aja ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` The definitive guide to creepypasta -- the Internet 's urban legends '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : Birth of an Urban Legend '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man : How a myth was born '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` What is Slenderman , and what does it have to do with the Wisc . stabbing ? '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smith , Cathay ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Beware the Slender Man : Intellectual Property and Internet Folklore '' . Florida Law Review . 70 ( 1 ) : 10 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 3005668 . Jump up ^ User : Gerogerigegege ( 30 April 2009 ) . `` Create Paranormal Images - The Something Awful Forums '' . forums.somethingawful.com . ^ Jump up to : Klee , Miles ( August 21 , 2013 ) . `` How the Internet 's creepiest meme mutated from thought experiment to Hollywood blockbuster '' . The Daily Dot . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ( 2012 ) . `` Open - Sourcing Horror : The Slender Man , Marble Hornets , and genre negotiations '' . Information , Communication & Society . 15 ( 3 ) : 374 -- 393 . doi : 10.1080 / 1369118X. 2011.642889 . ^ Jump up to : Dane , Patrick ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` Why Slenderman Works : The Internet Meme That Proves Our Need To Believe '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Shannon ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Victor Surge , Slender Man Creator : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 27 November 2014 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . Palgrave Macmillan US . pp. 58 -- 59 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 49113 - 8 . Jump up ^ Lovitt , Bryn ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man : From Horror Meme to Inspiration for Murder '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story and Slender Man : The 5 Most Spine - Tingling Inspirations for Next Season 's Potential Monster '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ There is some dispute over whether the Slender Man qualifies as a viral phenomenon , since under some definitions , viral phenomena must spread quickly , while the Slender Man initially spread rather slowly . Some therefore prefer the term `` spreadable '' to viral . See Chess , Shira ; Newsom , Eric ( 2015 ) . Folklore , Horror Stories , and the Slender Man : The Development of an Internet Mythology . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Peters , Lucia ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Creepy Things That Seem Real But Are n't : The Marble Hornets Project '' . Crushable . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( February 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Marble Hornets ' flying to bigscreen '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Marston , Gary ( 2012 ) . `` Slender review '' . explosion.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Polansky , Lana ( August 20 , 2012 ) . `` Slenderman 's Shadow `` Sanatorium '' Map Released `` . Gameranx . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Source mod will let you scare the hell out of yourself for free , with friends '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Matulef , Jeffrey ( February 11 , 2013 ) . `` Pre-orders for Slender : The Arrival are half - off , come with instant beta access '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Standal , Jeanne ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` First Trailer & Poster For The Jadallah Brothers ' Horror Movie ENTITY ! '' . FilmoFilia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Danny ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Slender Man Movie Producer Steven Belcher Wants to Create True Terror with the Faceless Figure '' . GameTrailers . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Clow , Mitchel . `` ' Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story ' movie review : Tell , do n't show '' . Hypable . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Katie ( 2016 ) . `` ' Slender Man , ' a Horror Meme , Gets Ready to Step Out of the Shadows '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Dewey , Caitlin ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Who is Slender Man ? '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital Human : Tales '' . BBC . 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Tillotson , Kristin ( April 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tall , skinny , scary -- and all in your head '' . startribune.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stampler , Laura ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` The Origins of Slender Man , the Meme That Allegedly Drove 12 - Year - Olds to Kill '' . Time . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Peck , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Tall , Dark , and Loathsome : The Emergence of a Legend Cycle in the Digital Age '' . Journal of American Folklore. 128 ( 509 ) : 333 -- 348 . doi : 10.5406 / jamerfolk. 128.509. 0333 . ^ Jump up to : Tolbert , Jeffrey A. ( 2013 ) . `` The sort of story that has you covering your mirrors '' : The Case of Slender Man '' ( PDF ) . Semiotic Review ( 2 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 13 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Bill ( 2001 ) . Aliens , Ghosts , and Cults : Legends We Live . Jackson : University Press of Mississippi . ^ Jump up to : Vogt , PJ ; Goldman , Alex ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` # 13 - Managing a Monster - On The Media '' . TLDR . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Van Horn , Tye ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Behind You : The Cultural Relevance of Slender Man '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Gabler , Ellen ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Charges detail Waukesha pre-teens ' attempt to kill classmate '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` If These Girls Knew That Slender Man Was a Fantasy , Why Did They Want to Kill Their Friend for Him ? '' . 2015 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Dunlap , Bridgette ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Slender Man Trial '' . RollingStone.com . Jump up ^ Terry , Jermont ; Kust , James ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Girls charged in Waukesha stabbing motivated by ' Slenderman ' character '' . WTMJ . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Vielmetti , Bruce ; Luthern , Ashley ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Judge rules 12 - year - old incompetent , for now , in Slender Man trial '' . Journal Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor claims girl , 12 , ' who repeatedly stabbed classmate to impress Slender Man ' has improved enough to stand trial '' . Mail Online . London . 2014 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Varandani , Suman ( 2014 ) . `` Slender Man Stabbing Case : Wisconsin Girls Accused Of Attempted Homicide Are Mentally Fit To Stand Trial '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : Young suspects to be tried as adults '' . BBC News . 2015 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Separate trials ordered in Slender Man case '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing suspect pleads guilty to lesser charge '' . cbsnews.com . CBS . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man stabbing : Anissa Weier found mentally ill '' . BBC News . September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jury in Slender Man case finds Anissa Weier was mentally ill , will not go to prison '' . WISN - TV 12 ABC News . Milwaukee . September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man case : girl who stabbed classmate gets 25 - year hospital sentence '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wagstaff , Keith ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Slender Man ' Creator Speaks on Stabbing : ' I Am Deeply Saddened ' '' . nbc.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Slender Man suspect will plead guilty in stabbing '' . nbcnews.com . Jump up ^ @ ap ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` BREAKING : Judge sentences Wisconsin girl to maximum 40 years in mental hospital in Slender Man stabbing case '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ DePaol , Tommy . `` Slenderman Is Coming to HBO In A True - Crime Documentary '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Brad ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Hamilton Co. mom : Daughter 's knife attack influenced by Slender Man '' . WLWT.com . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin . `` Teen claims ' Soul Eater , ' Slender Man led her to set home on fire '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Rheana ( 2014 - 09 - 05 ) . `` Teen Inspired by ' Slender Man ' Set House on Fire : Police '' . ABC News . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 05 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie ( May 1 , 2015 ) . `` Pine Ridge Indian Reservation Struggles With Suicides Among Its Young '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Notch reveals new mob , dubs them Endermen in reference to Slender Man '' . igx.com. 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ Lost Girl : SubterrFaenean Syfy. 2014 . Accessed 2015 - 18 - 02 . Jump up ^ Scotellaro , Shaun ( 2014 ) . `` Top 20 Pop Culture and Movie References from Season 4 '' . Equestria Daily . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Supernatural : `` Thinman '' The A.V. Club . 2014 . Accessed 2016 - 28 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Haunted Garage : ' Slenderman and Other Strange Tales ' '' . Zombie Hamster . January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gerson Uffalussy , Jennifer ( 2014 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU bends the conventions of the cop show '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Further reading Curlew , Kyle ( 2017 ) . `` The legend of the Slender Man : The boogieman of surveillance culture '' . First Monday . 22 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v22i6. 6901 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Slender Man . Forum thread in which Slender Man was created , somethingawful.com Eric Knudsen 's gallery that contains all of his Slender Man images , deviantart.com Slender Man Video games Slender : The Eight Pages Slender : The Arrival Slender Rising Slender Rising 2 In film Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story Beware the Slenderman Slender Man Related Marble Hornets Slender Man stabbing `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slender_Man&oldid=842742993 '' Categories : Slender Man 2010s fads and trends American folklore Supernatural legends Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Fictional characters who can teleport Fictional child abusers Fictional demons and devils Fictional kidnappers Fictional stalkers Fictional torturers Internet memes Horror film characters Media - related controversies in the United States Fictional monsters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2016 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 11 : 22 . 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when did the first slender game come out

In 2012 , the Slender Man was adapted into a video game titled Slender : The Eight Pages ; within its first month of release , the game was downloaded over 2 million times . Several popular variants of the game followed , including Slenderman 's Shadow and Slender Man for iOS , which became the second most - popular app download . The sequel to Slender : The Eight Pages , Slender : The Arrival , was released in 2013 . Several independent films about the Slender Man have been released or are in development , including Entity and The Slender Man , released free online after a $10,000 Kickstarter campaign . In 2013 , it was announced that Marble Hornets would become a feature film . In 2015 , the film adaptation , Always Watching : A Marble Hornets Story , was released on VOD , where the character was portrayed by Doug Jones . In 2016 , Sony Pictures subsidiary Screen Gems partnered with Mythology Entertainment to bring a Slender Man film into theatres , with the title character portrayed by Javier Botet .

Sweet Caroline - wikipedia Sweet Caroline Jump to : navigation , search For the Prison Break episode , see Sweet Caroline ( Prison Break episode ) . For the Status Quo song , see Caroline ( Status Quo song ) . `` Sweet Caroline '' Single by Neil Diamond B - side `` Dig In '' Released June 1969 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 21 Label Uni / MCA Songwriter ( s ) Neil Diamond Producer ( s ) Tommy Cogbill Neil Diamond Chips Moman Neil Diamond singles chronology `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Brother Love 's Traveling Salvation Show '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' ( 1969 ) `` Holly Holy '' ( 1969 ) `` Sweet Caroline '' is a song written and performed by American recording artist Neil Diamond and released in June 1969 as a single with the title `` Sweet Caroline ( Good Times Never Seemed So Good ) '' . It was arranged by Charles Calello , and recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis , Tennessee . The song reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart the week ending August 16 , 1969 , and was certified gold by the RIAA on August 18 , 1969 , for sales of one million singles . `` Sweet Caroline '' was also the first of fifty - eight entries on the US Easy Listening chart , peaking at # 3 . In the autumn of 1969 , Diamond performed `` Sweet Caroline '' on several television shows . It later reached No. 8 on the UK singles chart in 1971 . In a 2007 interview , Diamond stated the inspiration for his song was John F. Kennedy 's daughter , Caroline , who was eleven years old at the time it was released . Diamond sang the song to her at her 50th birthday celebration in 2007 . On December 21 , 2011 , in an interview on CBS 's The Early Show , Diamond said that a magazine cover photo of Caroline Kennedy as a young child on a horse with her parents in the background created an image in his mind , and the rest of the song came together about five years after seeing the picture . However , in 2014 Diamond said the song was about his then - wife Marsha , but he needed a three - syllable name to fit the melody . The song has proven to be enduringly popular and , as of November 2014 , has sold over two million digital downloads in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Versions 3 Use at sporting events 4 Personnel 5 Cover versions 6 References 7 External links Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Australia KMR Canada RPM Top Singles Canada RPM Adult Contemporary US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Chart ( 1971 ) Peak position Germany 37 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 16 UK ( OCC ) 8 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Rank Canada RPM Top Singles 37 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Cash Box 26 Versions ( edit ) There are three distinct mixes of this song . The original mono 45 mix had a louder orchestra and glockenspiel compared to the stereo version on the Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show LP . The third version was a remix found only on the initial CD release of Diamond 's His 12 Greatest Hits . This version has the orchestra mixed down and has the background vocals mixed up . It has a longer fade as well . A live version of the song is on his Hot August Night LP . Use at sporting events ( edit ) The playing of `` Sweet Caroline '' has become a fixture at many sporting events in the United States . In this version , the horn figure after Diamond sings `` Sweet Caroline '' in the chorus is replaced by the crowd singing `` Bap Bap Bah '' , and after he sings `` Good times never seemed so good , '' the crowd sings `` So good , so good , so good . '' This pattern is repeated whenever the chorus is played . The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies . On April 16 , 2013 , the day after the Boston Marathon bombing , the New York Yankees -- longtime rivals of the Red Sox -- announced they would play the song during their home game , preceded by a moment of silence , as a tribute to the victims . On Saturday , April 20 , 2013 , during the 8th inning of the Red Sox - Kansas City game in Fenway Park , Neil Diamond led the crowd in a rendition of the song . The song was sung at sporting events across the country after the Boston Marathon bombings , in efforts to show solidarity with those affected by the tragedy . It was also played right before the start of the Hamburg Marathon in Hamburg , Germany , on Sunday , April 21 , 2013 , subsequent to a minute of silence . The song was also played before the start of the Stockholm Marathon in Stockholm , Sweden , on Saturday , June 1 , 2013 , as a tribute to those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . On April 25 , 2013 , `` Sweet Caroline '' was played following a tribute to the victims of the Boston Marathon bombing during the NFL Draft . Diamond has announced that he will donate all royalties from sales of the song since the marathon bombings to the One Fund Boston charity to help the people most affected by the bombings . Diamond said that sales of the song surged nearly 600 percent in the week after the bombings , to 19,000 copies , up from 2,800 the week before . The song is played after every Carolina Panthers home win . The song is used by the Northern Ireland national football team fans at major tournaments . It is also used by the Castleford Tigers rugby league club after a win at the Mend a hose stadium . It is also used by Northern Irish darts player Daryl Gurney in his walk - on prior to matches which he plays in . The song is also played during the quarter time break of Sydney Swans AFL home games at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The song has also been adopted by Oxford United . The song 's introduction , first verse and chorus are one of the regular songs played at English T20 cricket matches , getting particular coverage on televised matches , especially when David `` Bumble '' Lloyd is part of the commentary team . It is also played at the Olympia Horse Show . At the 2018 Australian Open Women 's Final , Sweet Caroline was played when Caroline Wozniacki won her maiden Grand Slam Title . Personnel ( edit ) Neil Diamond - vocals , guitar Cover versions ( edit ) Roy Orbison covered the song on his 1973 album Milestones , primarily a covers album . Claude Gray in 1986 released a cover version . It peaked at # 77 on the Billboard country charts , making it his last charted single to date . In November 2001 , Dustin the Turkey took the song to number one on the Irish Singles Chart . DJ Ötzi , an Austrian entertainer and singer released it in 2009 finding great success in German - speaking charts peaking at number 19 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Austrian charts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Calello , Charles . `` Calello 's Billboard Magazine Top 100 '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Billboard , Hot 100 , August 16 , 1969 Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum '' . www.riaa.com . RIAA . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Glaister , Dan ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals secret of Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beggy , Carol ; Shanahan , Mark ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` ' Sweet Caroline ' revealed '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved March 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Sandy ( November 20 , 2007 ) . `` Diamond Reveals ` Caroline ' Inspiration '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Respers , Lisa ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Neil Diamond reveals story behind ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Appel , Rich ( November 26 , 2014 ) . `` Revisionist History , Part 5 : Bon Jovi 's ' Prayer ' Answered , ' Caroline ' Is Sweeter Than ' Sugar ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 72 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 8 / 30 / 69 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Sweet Caroline '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.6104&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1969 / Top 100 Songs of 1969 '' . www.musicoutfitters.com . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1969 '' . tropicalglen.com . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond Album Overview Part 4 : 1981 - 2003 The Compilation - Mania Years '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Browne , Ian ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Fenway Park 's anthem started innocuously '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vosk , Stephanie ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Another mystery of the Diamond , explained at last '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Clark , Lauren ( 2012 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Penn State Kills ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . Boston Magazine . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` No ' Sweet Caroline ' at Penn State games , no public allowed in most athletic facilities -- This Just In - CNN.com Blogs '' . News.blogs.cnn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Horne , Kevin ( 2013 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Sweet Caroline Returns to Beaver Stadium '' . Onward State . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` WVU College Gameday ' Sweet Caroline ' '' . YouTube . November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Summer Ratcliff ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) , WVU College GameDay `` Sweet Caroline '' , retrieved 2017 - 08 - 23 Jump up ^ `` Yankees Twitter '' . New York Yankees. April 16 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 15,000 expected at Hamburg Marathon '' . TheLocal. April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Bombing Charity '' . The New York Times . April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neil Diamond to Donate ' Sweet Caroline ' Royalties to Boston Charity '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andy ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Why Castleford Tigers fans are singing Neil Diamond 's Sweet Caroline '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 8 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Song for Wembley '' . Jump up ^ Austriancharts.at : DJ ÖTZI - `` Sweet Caroline '' External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Neil Diamond singles discography Singles 1960s 1962 `` You Are My Love at Last '' `` I 'm Afraid '' 1963 `` At Night '' 1966 `` Solitary Man '' `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` I Got the Feelin ' ( Oh No No ) '' 1967 `` Girl , You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' `` Thank the Lord for the Night Time '' `` Kentucky Woman '' `` Some Day Baby '' 1968 `` New Orleans '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Brooklyn Roads '' `` Two - Bit Manchild '' `` Shilo '' `` Sunday Sun '' 1969 `` Brother Love 's Travelling Salvation Show '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Holly Holy '' Singles 1970s 1970 `` Shilo '' `` Until It 's Time for You to Go '' `` Soolaimon '' `` And The Grass Wo n't Pay No Mind '' `` Solitary Man '' `` Cracklin ' Rosie '' `` He Ai n't Heavy , He 's My Brother '' `` Do It '' 1971 `` I Am ... I Said '' `` Done Too Soon '' `` I 'm a Believer '' `` Stones '' 1972 `` Song Sung Blue '' `` Play Me '' `` Walk on Water '' 1973 `` Cherry , Cherry '' `` The Long Way Home '' `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Be '' `` Skybird '' `` Longfellow Serenade '' `` Morningside '' `` I 've Been This Way Before '' `` The Last Picasso '' 1976 `` If You Know What I Mean '' `` Do n't Think ... Feel '' `` Beautiful Noise '' 1977 `` Stargazer '' `` Lady - Oh '' `` Desiree '' 1978 `` God Only Knows '' `` Let Me Take You In My Arms Again '' `` I 'm Glad You 're Here With Me Tonight '' `` You Do n't Bring Me Flowers '' `` The Dancing Bumble Bee / Bumble Boogie '' 1979 `` Forever in Blue Jeans '' `` Say Maybe '' `` The American Popular Song '' `` September Morn '' Singles 1980s 1980 `` That Kind '' `` The Good Lord Loves You '' `` Dancing in the Street '' `` Love on the Rocks '' 1981 `` Hello Again '' `` America '' `` Yesterday 's Songs '' 1982 `` On the Way to the Sky '' `` Be Mine Tonight '' `` Rainy Day Song '' `` Heartlight '' `` I 'm Alive '' `` Turn Around '' Boston Red Sox Formerly the Boston Americans Based in Boston , Massachusetts Franchise History Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Owners and executives Managers Coaches Captains Broadcasters Opening Day starters First - round draft picks Logos and uniforms Hall of Fame Ballparks Huntington Avenue Grounds Braves Field Fenway Park Spring training Venues Majestic Park Plant Field Whittington Park Riverside Park Ninth Street Park Payne Park Bader Field Scottsdale Stadium Chain of Lakes Park City of Palms Park JetBlue Park at Fenway South Culture Red Sox Nation Royal Rooters `` Nuf Ced '' McGreevy Curse of the Bambino Green Monster Pesky 's Pole Wally the Green Monster Victoria Snelgrove `` Tessie '' `` Dirty Water '' `` Sweet Caroline '' `` Dream On '' `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Three Little Birds '' Field of Dreams Good Will Hunting Fever Pitch Moneyball Game 6 The Town The Jimmy Fund Yawkey Way Kenmore Square Citgo Sign Golden Outfield Carl Beane Sherm Feller Cheers Still , We Believe : The Boston Red Sox Movie Four Days in October Red Sox Rule Lore Cy Young 's perfect game Slaughter 's Mad Dash Babe Ruth 's 573 - foot home run into Alligator Farm 1948 AL tie - breaker game The Impossible Dream Carlton Fisk waves it fair 1978 AL East tie - breaker game Bill Buckner 's error Aaron Boone 's home run The bloody sock `` Idiots '' break the curse Boston Strong Rivalries New York Yankees Administration Owners : Fenway Sports Group John W. Henry Tom Werner President and CEO : Sam Kennedy President of Baseball Operations : Dave Dombrowski General Manager : Vacant Manager : Alex Cora World Series Championships ( 8 ) 1903 1912 1915 1916 1918 2007 2013 League Pennants ( 13 ) 1903 1904 1912 1915 1916 1918 1946 1967 1986 2007 2013 Division championships ( 9 ) 1986 1988 1990 1995 2007 2013 2016 2017 Wild card berths ( 7 ) 1998 1999 2003 2005 2008 2009 Minor league affiliates AAA Pawtucket Red Sox AA Portland Sea Dogs A Adv . Salem Red Sox Greenville Drive Short A Lowell Spinners Rookie GCL Red Sox DSL Red Sox Broadcasting Television New England Sports Network ( NESN ) Radio WEEI - FM Radio network affiliates Broadcasters Dave O'Brien Jerry Remy Joe Castiglione Tim Neverett Uri Berenguer Juan Oscar Baez Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1990s 1990 1991 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Carolina Panthers Founded in 1995 Based and headquartered in Charlotte , North Carolina Franchise Franchise Team history Seasons Coaches Players Expansion draft First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Records and statistics Broadcasters Stadiums Memorial Stadium ( Clemson ) Bank of America Stadium Culture and lore Jerry Richardson Sir Purr Cardiac Cats Carolina Topcats `` Sweet Caroline '' ( song ) Rivalries Atlanta Falcons Tampa Bay Buccaneers Seattle Seahawks Hall of Honor Mike McCormack Sam Mills PSL Owners Wild card berths ( 2 ) 2005 2017 Division championships ( 6 ) 2003 2008 2013 2014 2015 Conference championships ( 2 ) 2003 2015 Retired numbers 51 Media Broadcasters Mick Mixon Eugene Robinson Bill Rosinski TV : WCCB Radio : WBT Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : South Division Seasons ( 24 ) 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sweet_Caroline&oldid=835203425 '' Categories : 1969 singles 1971 singles 2001 singles Songs written by Neil Diamond Baseball music Neil Diamond songs Checkmates , Ltd. songs Bobby Womack songs Andy Williams songs Song recordings produced by Chips Moman Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Football songs and chants Boston Red Sox Carolina Panthers Uni Records singles MCA Records singles 1969 songs Schlager songs Songs about women Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 06 : 18 . 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when do the red sox play sweet caroline

The song has been played at Fenway Park , home of Major League Baseball 's Boston Red Sox , since at least 1997 , and in the middle of the eighth inning at every game since 2002 . On opening night of the 2010 season at Fenway Park , the song was performed by Diamond himself . `` Sweet Caroline '' was played at Penn State Nittany Lions football games at Beaver Stadium until August 2012 , halting after the Penn State child sex abuse scandal . Performances at Beaver Stadium resumed in September 2013 , however . The song is played at the start of the fourth quarter of Pittsburgh Panthers Football games at Heinz Field . In response , West Virginia University students and fans will yell `` eat shit , Pitt '' during the refrain if heard played . It is also an unofficial song of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , being played at athletic events and pep rallies .

Black Knight ( Monty Python ) - wikipedia Black Knight ( Monty Python ) Jump to : navigation , search The Black Knight 's arm is cut off . The Black Knight is a fictional character who appears in a scene of the film Monty Python and the Holy Grail . As his name suggests , he is a black knight who guards a `` bridge '' ( in reality a short plank of wood ) over a small stream - which could have been easily stepped over by King Arthur but , for unknown reasons , he does not . Although supremely skilled in swordplay , the Black Knight suffers from unchecked overconfidence and a staunch refusal ever to give up . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Behind the scenes 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Overview ( edit ) In the film , King Arthur ( Graham Chapman ) , accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy ( Terry Gilliam ) , is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight ( John Cleese ) and a Green one ( also played by Gilliam ) by a bridge over a small stream . As he watches , the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight 's great helm ( during Arthur 's battle with the Black Knight , the Green Knight 's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area ) . Arthur then congratulates the Black Knight and offers him a place at Arthur 's court at the Round Table , but the Black Knight only stands still , holding his sword vertically , and makes no response until Arthur moves to cross the bridge . The Black Knight moves slightly to block Arthur and declares `` None shall pass '' . King Arthur , in a conciliatory manner , asserts his right to cross , but the Black Knight says Arthur will die . Arthur orders the Black Knight to move but he says , `` I move , for no man '' . Reluctantly , King Arthur fights the Black Knight and , after a short battle , the Knight 's left arm is severed , which squirts out copious amounts of blood . Even at this the Knight refuses to stand aside , insisting `` Tis but a scratch '' , insisting that he has `` had worse '' , and fights on while holding his sword with his remaining arm . Next his right arm is cut off , but the knight still does not concede . As the Knight is literally disarmed , Arthur assumes the fight is over and kneels to offer a prayer to God . The Black Knight interrupts Arthur 's prayer of thanks by kicking him in the side of the head and accusing him of cowardice . When Arthur points out the Black Knight 's injuries , the Knight insists `` ' It 's just a flesh wound ! '' . In response to the continued kicks and insults , Arthur chops off the Black Knight 's right leg . At this point , the Knight still wo n't admit to defeat , instead he replies by saying , `` Right , I 'll do you for that '' , and attempts to ram his body into Arthur 's , by hopping on his left leg . Arthur is annoyed at the Black Knight 's persistence , and sarcastically asks the Black Knight if he is going to bleed on him to win . The Black Knight replies by saying , `` I 'm invincible ! '' to which Arthur replies `` You 're a loony . '' . With an air of resignation , Arthur finally cuts off the left leg as well and sheathes his sword . With the Black Knight now reduced to a mere stump of a man , he says , `` All right , we 'll call it a draw . '' . Arthur then summons Patsy and `` rides '' away , using coconuts to simulate the sound of a horse galloping , leaving the Black Knight 's limbless torso screaming threats at him ( `` Running away , eh ? You yellow bastards ! Come back here and take what 's coming to ya ! I 'll bite your legs off ! '' ) . Behind the scenes ( edit ) According to the DVD audio commentary by Cleese , Palin , and Idle , the sequence originated in a story told to Cleese when he was attending an English class during his school days . Two Roman wrestlers were engaged in a particularly intense match and had been fighting for such a substantial length of time that the match had degraded to the two combatants doing little more than leaning into one another with their body weight . When one wrestler finally tapped - out and pulled away from his opponent , it was only then that he and the crowd realised the other man was , in fact , dead and had effectively won the match posthumously . The moral of the tale , according to Cleese 's teacher , was `` if you never give up , you ca n't possibly lose '' -- a statement that , Cleese reflected , always struck him as being `` philosophically unsound '' . The story would have been a deformed ( or misremembered ) description of the death of Arrichion of Phigalia . Cleese said that the scene would seem heartless and sadistic except for the fact that the Black Knight shows no pain and just keeps on fighting , or trying to , however badly he is wounded . Also , as the scene progresses and Arthur becomes increasingly annoyed , his dialogue lapses from medieval ( `` You are indeed brave , Sir Knight , but the fight is mine . '' ) to modern ( `` Look , you stupid bastard , you 've got no arms left ! '' ) , and finally to just plain sarcastic ( `` What are you gon na do , bleed on me ? '' ) while the Black Knight remains just as defiant ( `` I 'm invincible ! '' he yells with only one leg left , to which Arthur simply replies `` You 're a loony . '' ) . This scene is one of the best - known of the entire film . A famous line of the scene , `` ' Tis but a scratch . '' , is similar to a line the character Mercutio speaks in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , wherein he demurs , saying `` Ay , ay , a scratch , a scratch , '' referring to his mortal wound , and the former has since become an expression used to comment on someone who ignores a fatal flaw or problem . The phrase `` ' Tis but a flesh wound '' , following a character entering `` with coconut shells tied to his feet '' notably appeared in an early episode of The Goon Show titled `` The Giant Bombardon '' , broadcast in 1954 ; the Monty Python group has acknowledged being influenced by the Goons . The Knight was , in fact , played by two actors : John Cleese is in the Knight 's armour until he is down to one leg . The Knight is then played by a real one - legged man , a local by the name of Richard Burton , a blacksmith who lived near the film shoot ( not to be confused with Richard Burton , the Welsh actor of the same name ) , because , according to the DVD commentary , Cleese could not balance well on one leg . After the Knight 's remaining leg is cut off , the quadruple - amputee that remains is again Cleese . Cleese still boasts that he had Richard Burton as his stunt double . In the musical Spamalot , the scene with the Black Knight was the most difficult to play on stage , according to Eric Idle . Penn & Teller created the illusion for the musical . See also ( edit ) Pas d'armes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goon Show # Monty Python Jump up ^ http://www.thegoonshow.net/scripts_show.asp?title=svge04_the_giant_bombardon Jump up ^ Richard Burton ( IX ) on IMDb Jump up ^ Interview with Eric Idle in HUMO 3691 , May 2011 External links ( edit ) The original scene on YouTube , via the official Monty Python channel ( hide ) Monty Python and the Holy Grail Characters King Arthur Sir Lancelot Sir Galahad Sir Bedevere Knights who say Ni Black Knight Rabbit of Caerbannog Patsy Locations Castle Stalker Doune Castle Miscellaneous The Album of the Soundtrack of the Trailer of the Film of Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( Book ) Spamalot Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Knight_(Monty_Python)&oldid=796924912 '' Categories : Arthurian characters Fictional amputees Fictional characters introduced in 1975 Fictional knights Monty Python and the Holy Grail Monty Python characters Comedy film characters Hidden categories : Use British English from April 2011 Use dmy dates from April 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Français Magyar Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2017 , at 21 : 47 . About Wikipedia

who plays the black knight in monty python

In the film , King Arthur ( Graham Chapman ) , accompanied by his trusty squire Patsy ( Terry Gilliam ) , is travelling through a forest when he enters a clearing and observes a fight taking place between a Black Knight ( John Cleese ) and a Green one ( also played by Gilliam ) by a bridge over a small stream . As he watches , the Black Knight defeats the Green one by throwing his sword straight through the eye slot of the Green Knight 's great helm ( during Arthur 's battle with the Black Knight , the Green Knight 's body can be seen in a ditch beside the area ) .

Atrial natriuretic peptide - Wikipedia Atrial natriuretic peptide Jump to : navigation , search NPPA Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB ( show ) List of PDB id codes 1ANP , 1YK0 , 3N57 Identifiers Aliases NPPA , ANF , ANP , ATFB6 , ATRST2 , CDD , CDD - ANF , CDP , PND , Atrial natriuretic peptide , natriuretic peptide A External IDs OMIM : 108780 MGI : 97367 HomoloGene : 4498 GeneCards : NPPA ( hide ) Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 1 ( human ) Band 1p36. 22 Start 11,845,709 bp End 11,848,345 bp ( show ) Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 4 ( mouse ) Band 4 E2 4 78.66 cM Start 148,000,722 bp End 148,002,079 bp ( show ) Gene ontology Molecular function neuropeptide receptor binding hormone activity peptide hormone receptor binding neuropeptide hormone activity protein binding receptor binding hormone receptor binding Cellular component cytoplasm mast cell granule cell nucleus perinuclear region of cytoplasm extracellular region extracellular space extracellular matrix macromolecular complex Biological process response to muscle stretch positive regulation of cardiac muscle contraction response to hypoxia regulation of high voltage - gated calcium channel activity neuropeptide signaling pathway female pregnancy regulation of cardiac conduction negative regulation of collecting lymphatic vessel constriction positive regulation of potassium ion export across plasma membrane cellular protein metabolic process regulation of blood vessel size positive regulation of heart rate positive regulation of delayed rectifier potassium channel activity cGMP biosynthetic process regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure regulation of calcium ion transmembrane transport via high voltage - gated calcium channel transcription initiation from RNA polymerase II promoter regulation of atrial cardiac muscle cell membrane repolarization response to insulin cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development negative regulation of cell growth cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress cellular response to mechanical stimulus receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway protein folding regulation of receptor activity positive regulation of histamine secretion by mast cell Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 4878 230899 Ensembl ENSG00000175206 ENSMUSG00000041616 UniProt P01160 P05125 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_006172 NM_008725 RefSeq ( protein ) NP_006163 NP_032751 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 1 : 11.85 -- 11.85 Mb Chr 4 : 148 -- 148 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) or Atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion . ANP is synthesized , and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart . These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume . ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides : seven are atrial in origin . ANP acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water excretion ( natriuresis ) in the following ways : 1 ) it dilates the glomerular afferent and constricts efferent arterioles , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in an increased amount of sodium and water being filtered and excreted. 2 ) It increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which washes the solutes sodium chloride ( NaCl ) and urea out of the medullary interstitium -- the lower osmolarity here leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion. 3 ) It decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct. 4 ) It inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone. 5 ) It inhibits the renal sympathetic nervous system . ANP has the opposite effect of aldosterone on the kidney : aldosterone increases renal sodium retention and ANP increases renal sodium loss . Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume ( edema ) , improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion , decreased blood pressure , and increased serum potassium . These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms operating concurrently on each of these secondary effects . Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the heart ventricles -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via the same receptors as ANP does , but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Structure 3 Production 4 Receptors 5 Physiological effects 5.1 Renal 5.2 Adrenal 5.3 Vascular 5.4 Cardiac 5.5 Adipose tissue 6 Degradation 7 Biomarker 8 Therapeutic use and drug development 9 Other natriuretic peptides 10 Pharmacological modulation 11 Synonyms 12 Outside reading 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Discovery ( edit ) The discovery of ANP was reported in 1981 , when rat atrial extracts were found to contain a substance that increased salt and urine output in the kidney . Later , the substance was purified from heart tissue by several groups and named atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) or ANP . Structure ( edit ) ANP is a 28 - amino acid peptide with a 17 - amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule . The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23 . ANP is closely related to BNP ( brain natriuretic peptide ) and CNP ( C - type natriuretic peptide ) , which all share a similar amino acid ring structure . ANP is one of a family of nine structurally similar natriuretic hormones : seven are atrial in origen . Production ( edit ) Human ANP is encoded by the NPPA gene on the short arm of chromosome 1 , which has 3 exons and 2 introns . The gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes . Lower levels of NPPA expression are found in other tissues such as the brain , kidney , lung , uterus and placenta . In atrial myocytes , ANP is made as a precursor form , i.e. prepro - ANP , a polypeptide of 151 amino acids . After the signal peptide is removed in the endoplasmic reticulum , the 126 - amino - acid pro-ANP is stored in the intracellular granules . When the cells are stimulated , pro-ANP is released and converted to the 28 - amino - acid C - terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin . ANP is secreted in response to : Stretching of the atrial wall , via Atrial volume receptors Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β - adrenoceptors Increased sodium concentration ( hypernatremia ) , though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion Endothelin , a potent vasoconstrictor Receptors ( edit ) Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act . They are all cell surface receptors and designated : guanylyl cyclase - A ( GC - A ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - A ( NPRA / ANP ) or NPR1 guanylyl cyclase - B ( GC - B ) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor - B ( NPRB / ANP ) or NPR2 natriuretic peptide clearance receptor ( NPRC / ANP ) or NPR3 NPR - A and NPR - B have a single membrane - spanning segment with an extracellular domain that binds the ligand . The intracellular domain maintains two consensus catalytic domains for guanylyl cyclase activity . Binding of a natriuretic peptide induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes receptor dimerization and activation . The binding of ANP to its receptor causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises intracellular cGMP . As a consequence , cGMP activates a cGMP - dependent kinase ( PKG or cGK ) that phosphorylates proteins at specific serine and threonine residues . In the medullary collecting duct , the cGMP generated in response to ANP may act not only through PKG but also via direct modulation of ion channels . NPR - C functions mainly as a clearance receptor by binding and sequestering ANP from the circulation . All natriuretic peptides are bound by the NPR - C . Physiological effects ( edit ) Maintenance of the ECF volume ( space ) , and its subcompartment the vascular space , is crucial for survival . These compartments are maintained within a narrow range , despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake . There are three volume regulating systems : two salt saving systems , the renin angiotensin aldosterone system ( RAAS ) and the renal sympathetic system ( RSS ) ; and the salt excreting natriuretic peptide ( NP ) hormone system . When the vascular space contracts , the RAAS and RSS are `` turned on '' ; when the atria expand , NP 's are `` turned on '' . Each system also suppresses its counteracting system ( s ) . NP 's are made in cardiac , intestinal , renal , and adrenal tissue : ANP in one of a family of cardiac NP 's : others at BNP , CNP , and DNP . ANP binds to a specific set of receptors -- ANP receptors . Receptor - agonist binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion , which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume . Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure . Renal ( edit ) Dilates the afferent glomerular arteriole , constricts the efferent glomerular arteriole , and relaxes the mesangial cells . This increases pressure in the glomerular capillaries , thus increasing the glomerular filtration rate ( GFR ) , resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water . Increases blood flow through the vasa recta , which will wash the solutes ( sodium chloride ( NaCl ) , and urea ) out of the medullary interstitium . The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion . Decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule ( interaction with NCC ) and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3 ' , 5 ' - cyclic monophosphate ( cGMP ) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC . Its natriuretic effect is affected by dopamine and dopamine receptor D activity in vivo Inhibits renin secretion , thereby inhibiting the renin -- angiotensin -- aldosterone system . Adrenal ( edit ) Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex . Vascular ( edit ) Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by : Membrane Receptor - mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling , which is important for preventing pregnancy - induced hypertension . Cardiac ( edit ) Inhibits maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype . Adipose tissue ( edit ) Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue . Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans . Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR - A Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone - sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP - dependent protein kinase - I ( cGK - I ) Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity Degradation ( edit ) Modulation of the effects of ANP is achieved through gradual degradation of the peptide by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) . Recently , NEP inhibitors have been developed ; however they have not yet been licensed . They may be clinically useful in treating congestive heart disease . Biomarker ( edit ) Fragments derived from the ANP precursor , including the signal peptide , N - terminal pro-ANP and ANP , have been detected in human blood . ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke , coronary artery disease , myocardial infarction and heart failure . Large amounts of ANP secretion has been noted to cause electrolyte disturbances ( hyponatremia ) and polyuria . These indications can be a marker of a large atrial myxoma . Therapeutic use and drug development ( edit ) Recombinant human ANP has been approved in Japan to treat patients with heart failure . As of 2017 a truncated form of ANP called ularitide was under development in Phase III trials for heart failure . Other natriuretic peptides ( edit ) Brain natriuretic peptide ( BNP ) -- a misnomer ; it is secreted by ventricular myocytes -- is similar to ANP in its effect . It acts via atrial natriuretic peptide receptors but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP . The biological half - life of BNP , however , is twice as long as that of ANP , and that of NT - proBNP is even longer , making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing . In addition to the mammalian natriuretic peptides ( ANP , BNP , CNP ) , other natriuretic peptides with similar structure and properties have been isolated elsewhere in the animal kingdom . A salmon natriuretic peptide known as salmon cardiac peptide has been described , and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide ( DNP ) has been found in the venom of the green mamba , as well as an NP in a species of African snake . Beside these four , five additional natriuretic peptides have been identified : long - acting natriuretic peptide ( LANP ) , vessel dilator , kaliuretic peptide , urodilatin , and adrenomedullin . Pharmacological modulation ( edit ) Neutral endopeptidase ( NEP ) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides . Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure . Most of them are dual inhibitors ( NEP and ACE ) . In 2014 , PARADIGM - HF study was published in NEJM . This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure . The study was double blinded ; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure . The study showed lower all cause mortality , cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm . Omapatrilat ( dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin - converting enzyme ) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns . Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE / angiotensin receptor are ( in 2003 ) being developed by pharmaceutical companies . Synonyms ( edit ) ANP is also called atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) , atrial natriuretic hormone ( ANH ) , cardionatrine , cardiodilatin ( CDD ) , and atriopeptin . Outside reading ( edit ) https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4855512/ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc . Notes ( edit ) A version of this article was updated by an external expert under a dual publication model . Under this model , external experts are required to update corresponding Wikipedia articles while publishing a peer - reviewed , invited review article for the journal Gene . The corresponding academic review article can be found here . Published version Jump up ^ Wei Song , Hao Wang , Qingyu Wu ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptide in cardiovascular biology and disease ( NPPA ) '' . Gene . 569 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / J. GENE. 2015.06. 029 . PMC 4496260 . PMID 26074089 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000175206 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000041616 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ Goetz KL ( Jan 1988 ) . `` Physiology and pathophysiology of atrial peptides '' ( PDF ) . The American Journal of Physiology. 254 ( 1 Pt 1 ) : E1 -- 15 . PMID 2962513 . Jump up ^ Hoehn K , Marieb EN ( 2013 ) . `` 16 '' . Human anatomy & physiology ( 9th ed . ) . Boston : Pearson . p. 629 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 74326 - 8 . question number 14 Jump up ^ de Bold AJ , Borenstein HB , Veress AT , Sonnenberg H ( Jan 1981 ) . `` A rapid and potent natriuretic response to intravenous injection of atrial myocardial extract in rats '' . Life Sciences . 28 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 . doi : 10.1016 / 0024 - 3205 ( 81 ) 90370 - 2 . PMID 7219045 . Jump up ^ de Bold AJ ( Nov 1985 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic factor : a hormone produced by the heart '' . Science . 230 ( 4727 ) : 767 -- 70 . Bibcode : 1985Sci ... 230 ... 767D . doi : 10.1126 / science. 2932797 . PMID 2932797 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . Page 1242 . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9. 2013 Elsevier Inc. ( c ) All rights reserved Jump up ^ Yan W , Sheng N , Seto M , Morser J , Wu Q ( May 1999 ) . `` Corin , a mosaic transmembrane serine protease encoded by a novel cDNA from human heart '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 274 ( 21 ) : 14926 -- 35 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. 274.21. 14926 . PMID 10329693 . Jump up ^ Yan W , Wu F , Morser J , Wu Q ( Jul 2000 ) . `` Corin , a transmembrane cardiac serine protease , acts as a pro-atrial natriuretic peptide - converting enzyme '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 97 ( 15 ) : 8525 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2000PNAS ... 97.8525 Y . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 150149097 . PMC 26981 . PMID 10880574 . Jump up ^ name = `` Widmaier '' > Widmaier EP , Raff H , Strang KT ( 2008 ) . Vander 's Human Physiology , 11th Ed . McGraw - Hill . pp. 291 , 509 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 304962 - 5 . Jump up ^ Mohler ER , Finkbeiner WE ( 2011 ) . Medical Physiology ( Boron ) ( 2 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1753 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chapter 37 -- Natriuretic Hormones , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney ( Fifth Edition ) , 2013 , Page 1241 , David L. Vesely Jump up ^ Kiberd BA , Larson TS , Robertson CR , Jamison RL ( Jun 1987 ) . `` Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on vasa recta blood flow in the rat '' . The American Journal of Physiology. 252 ( 6 Pt 2 ) : F1112 -- 7 . PMID 2954471 . Jump up ^ Reeves WB , Andreoli TE ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 31 -- Sodium Chloride Transport in the Loop of Henle , Distal Convoluted Tubule , and Collecting Duct '' . In Giebisch GH , Alpern RA , Herbert SC , Seldin DW . Seldin and Giebisch 's the kidney : physiology and pathophysiology . Amsterdam : Elsevier / Academic Press . doi : 10.1016 / B978 - 012088488 - 9.50034 - 6 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 088488 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fernandes - Cerqueira C , Sampaio - Maia B , Quelhas - Santos J , Moreira - Rodrigues M , Simões - Silva L , Blazquez - Medela AM , Martinez - Salgado C , Lopez - Novoa JM , Pestana M ( 2013 ) . `` Concerted action of ANP and dopamine D1 - receptor to regulate sodium homeostasis in nephrotic syndrome '' . BioMed Research International . 2013 : 397391 . doi : 10.1155 / 2013 / 397391 . PMC 3727124 . PMID 23956981 . Jump up ^ Cui Y , Wang W , Dong N , Lou J , Srinivasan DK , Cheng W , Huang X , Liu M , Fang C , Peng J , Chen S , Wu S , Liu Z , Dong L , Zhou Y , Wu Q ( Apr 2012 ) . `` Role of corin in trophoblast invasion and uterine spiral artery remodelling in pregnancy '' . Nature . 484 ( 7393 ) : 246 -- 50 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 484 ... 246C . doi : 10.1038 / nature10897 . PMC 3578422 . PMID 22437503 . Jump up ^ Goetze JP , Hansen LH , Terzic D , Zois NE , Albrethsen J , Timm A , Smith J , Soltysinska E , Lippert SK , Hunter I ( Mar 2015 ) . `` Atrial natriuretic peptides in plasma '' . Clinica Chimica Acta ; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry . 443 : 25 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cca. 2014.08. 017 . PMID 25158019 . Jump up ^ Wang TJ , Larson MG , Levy D , Benjamin EJ , Leip EP , Omland T , Wolf PA , Vasan RS ( Feb 2004 ) . `` Plasma natriuretic peptide levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 350 ( 7 ) : 655 -- 63 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa031994 . PMID 14960742 . Jump up ^ Sabatine MS , Morrow DA , de Lemos JA , Omland T , Sloan S , Jarolim P , Solomon SD , Pfeffer MA , Braunwald E ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Evaluation of multiple biomarkers of cardiovascular stress for risk prediction and guiding medical therapy in patients with stable coronary disease '' . Circulation. 125 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 40 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 111.063842 . PMC 3277287 . PMID 22179538 . Jump up ^ Mäkikallio AM , Mäkikallio TH , Korpelainen JT , Vuolteenaho O , Tapanainen JM , Ylitalo K , Sotaniemi KA , Huikuri HV , Myllylä VV ( May 2005 ) . `` Natriuretic peptides and mortality after stroke '' . Stroke : A Journal of Cerebral Circulation. 36 ( 5 ) : 1016 -- 20 . doi : 10.1161 / 01.STR.0000162751.54349.ae . PMID 15802631 . Jump up ^ Barbato E , Bartunek J , Marchitti S , Mangiacapra F , Stanzione R , Delrue L , Cotugno M , Di Castro S , De Bruyne B , Wijns W , Volpe M , Rubattu S ( Mar 2012 ) . `` NT - proANP circulating level is a prognostic marker in stable ischemic heart disease '' . International Journal of Cardiology. 155 ( 2 ) : 311 -- 2 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijcard. 2011.11. 057 . PMID 22177588 . Jump up ^ Ramnarain , D ; Mehra , N ( 2011 ) . `` Natriuretic peptide - induced hyponatremia in a patient with left atrial myxoma '' . Critical Care . 15 ( Suppl 1 ) : P368 . doi : 10.1186 / cc9788 . PMC 3067042 . Jump up ^ Saito Y ( Nov 2010 ) . `` Roles of atrial natriuretic peptide and its therapeutic use '' . Journal of Cardiology. 56 ( 3 ) : 262 -- 70 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jjcc. 2010.08. 001 . PMID 20884176 . Jump up ^ `` Ularitide '' . AdisInsight . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Tervonen V , Arjamaa O , Kokkonen K , Ruskoaho H , Vuolteenaho O ( Sep 1998 ) . `` A novel cardiac hormone related to A - , B - and C - type natriuretic peptides '' . Endocrinology. 139 ( 9 ) : 4021 -- 5 . doi : 10.1210 / en. 139.9. 4021 . PMID 9724061 . Jump up ^ Schweitz H , Vigne P , Moinier D , Frelin C , Lazdunski M ( Jul 1992 ) . `` A new member of the natriuretic peptide family is present in the venom of the green mamba ( Dendroaspis angusticeps ) '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 267 ( 20 ) : 13928 -- 32 . PMID 1352773 . Jump up ^ Vesely Chapter 39 , Antinatriureic peptides , in Seldin and Giebisch 's The Kidney , Fifth Edition . DOI : https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-381462-3.00037-9 . ( c ) 2013 Elsevier Inc . Jump up ^ McMurray JJ , Packer M , Desai AS , Gong J , Lefkowitz MP , Rizkala AR , Rouleau JL , Shi VC , Solomon SD , Swedberg K , Zile MR ( Sep 2014 ) . `` Angiotensin - neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 11 ) : 993 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1409077 . PMID 25176015 . Jump up ^ Venugopal J ( 2003 ) . `` Pharmacological modulation of the natriuretic peptide system '' . Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents. 13 ( 9 ) : 1389 -- 1409 . doi : 10.1517 / 13543776.13. 9.1389 . External links ( edit ) Atrial Natriuretic Factor at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings ( MeSH ) Human NPPA genome location and NPPA gene details page in the UCSC Genome Browser . Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney renin EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Physiology of the kidneys and acid - base physiology Renal function Secretion clearance Pharmacokinetics Clearance of medications Urine flow rate Reabsorption Solvent drag sodium chloride urea glucose oligopeptides protein Renal function Glomerular filtration rate Creatinine clearance Renal clearance ratio Urea reduction ratio Kt / V Standardized Kt / V Measures of dialysis Hemodialysis product PAH clearance ( Effective renal plasma flow Extraction ratio ) Filtration Renal blood flow Ultrafiltration Countercurrent exchange Filtration fraction Hormones Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone Atrial natriuretic peptide Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol Prostaglandins Acid - base balance Fluid balance Darrow Yannet diagram Body water : Intracellular fluid / Cytosol Extracellular fluid ( Interstitial fluid Plasma Transcellular fluid ) Base excess Davenport diagram Anion gap Arterial blood gas Winters ' formula Buffering Bicarbonate buffer system Respiratory compensation Renal compensation Other Fractional sodium excretion BUN - to - creatinine ratio Tubuloglomerular feedback Natriuresis Urine Amyloidosis ( E85 , 277.3 ) Common amyloid forming proteins AA ATTR Aβ2M AL Aβ / APP AIAPP ACal APro AANF ACys ABri Systemic amyloidosis AL amyloidosis AA amyloidosis Aβ2M / Haemodialysis - associated AGel / Finnish type AA / Familial Mediterranean fever ATTR / Transthyretin - related hereditary Organ - limited amyloidosis Heart AANF / Isolated atrial Brain Familial amyloid neuropathy ACys + ABri / Cerebral amyloid angiopathy Aβ / Alzheimer 's disease Kidney AApoA1 + AFib + ALys / Familial renal Skin Primary cutaneous amyloidosis Amyloid purpura Endocrine Thyroid ACal / Medullary thyroid cancer Pituitary APro / Prolactinoma Pancreas AIAPP / Insulinoma AIAPP / Diabetes mellitus type 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atrial_natriuretic_peptide&oldid=840815190 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 1 Wikipedia articles with corresponding academic peer reviewed articles Wikipedia articles with corresponding articles published in Gene Peptide hormones Hormones of the heart Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Español Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 10 : 02 . 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secreted by cells in the walls of the hearts atria

Atrial natriuretic peptide ( ANP ) or Atrial natriuretic factor ( ANF ) is a peptide hormone which reduces an expanded extracellular fluid ( ECF ) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion . ANP is synthesized , and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart . These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume . ANP is one of a family of nine natriuretic peptides : seven are atrial in origin .

List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders - wikipedia List of National Basketball Association career scoring leaders This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( March 2018 ) Kareem Abdul - Jabbar has scored the most career points in NBA history . This article provides two lists : A list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . A progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the past seasons . Contents 1 Scoring leaders 2 Progressive list of scoring leaders 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Scoring leaders ( edit ) The following is a list of National Basketball Association players by total career regular season points scored . Statistics accurate as of October 29 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724 Progressive list of scoring leaders ( edit ) This is a progressive list of scoring leaders showing how the record increased through the years . Statistics accurate as of the conclusion of the 2017 -- 18 NBA season on April 11 , 2018 . Active NBA player * Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame † Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration Only players with at least 50 win shares are shown for 1st time eligible Hall of Fame consideration . Win shares is a player statistic which attempts to divvy up credit for team success to the individuals on the team . Team abbreviations Team ( s ) listed is the one player was on when he established the record . ATL Atlanta Hawks DET Detroit Pistons MIL Milwaukee Bucks PHX Phoenix Suns BOS Boston Celtics FTW Fort Wayne Pistons MIN Minnesota Timberwolves PHW Philadelphia Warriors BUF Buffalo Braves GSW Golden State Warriors MNL Minneapolis Lakers SAS San Antonio Spurs CHI Chicago Bulls HOU Houston Rockets NOJ New Orleans Jazz SDR San Diego Rockets CHS Chicago Stags IND Indiana Pacers NOP New Orleans Pelicans SFW San Francisco Warriors CLE Cleveland Cavaliers KCO Kansas City - Omaha Kings OKC Oklahoma City Thunder STL St. Louis Hawks DAL Dallas Mavericks LAL Los Angeles Lakers ORL Orlando Magic SYR Syracuse Nationals DEN Denver Nuggets MIA Miami Heat PHI Philadelphia 76ers UTA Utah Jazz Scoring leader at the end of every season Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season 1946 -- 47 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 Joe Fulks * 000PHW 1,389 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 Max Zaslofsky 000CHS 1,007 2,338 2,338 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 3,898 3,898 George Mikan * 000MNL 1,698 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1,865 4,863 4,863 1,865 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1,932 6,099 6,099 1,932 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,674 7,021 7,021 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 Neil Johnston * 000PHW 1,564 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 George Mikan * 000MNL 8,460 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1,759 9,766 9,766 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1,631 Max Zaslofsky 000FTW 7,902 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 Bob Pettit * 000STL 1,849 George Mikan * 000MNL 10,156 10,156 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 Paul Arizin * 000PHW 1,817 Ed Macauley * 000STL 10,150 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 Dolph Schayes * 000SYR 11,764 George Yardley * 000DET 2,001 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 13,298 13,298 Bob Pettit * 000STL 2,105 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 1959 -- 62 000SFW 1962 -- 65 000PHI 1965 -- 66 2,707 14,987 14,987 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHW 2,707 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 3,033 16,855 16,855 3,033 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 4,029 17,677 17,677 4,029 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 3,586 18,304 18,304 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 2,948 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 Bob Pettit * 000STL 19,756 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 2,534 20,880 20,880 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 2,649 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 Wilt Chamberlain * 000PHI 1965 -- 68 000LAL 1968 -- 73 21,486 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 Rick Barry * 000SFW 2,775 23,442 23,442 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 Dave Bing * 000DET 2,142 25,434 25,434 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 Elvin Hayes * 000SDR 2,327 27,098 27,098 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000MIL 2,361 27,426 27,426 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 2,596 29,122 29,122 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 2,822 30,335 30,335 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 Tiny Archibald * 000KCO 2,719 31,419 31,419 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 Bob McAdoo * 000BUF 2,261 Oscar Robertson * 000MIL 26,710 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 2,831 John Havlicek * 000BOS 22,389 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 2,427 23,678 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 Pete Maravich * 000NOJ 2,273 25,073 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,232 26,395 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 2,365 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 22,141 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 2,585 24,175 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,452 26,270 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 George Gervin * 000SAS 2,551 28,088 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 Alex English * 000DEN 2,326 29,810 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 Adrian Dantley * 000UTA 2,418 31,527 Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * 000LAL 31,527 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,313 33,262 33,262 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 Alex English * 000DEN 2,414 35,108 35,108 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 3,041 36,474 36,474 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 2,868 37,639 37,639 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 2,633 38,387 38,387 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 2,753 Moses Malone * 000ATL 1989 -- 91 000MIL 1991 -- 93 000PHI 1993 -- 94 000SAS 1994 -- 95 24,868 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 2,580 25,737 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 2,404 27,016 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 2,541 27,066 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 David Robinson * 000SAS 2,383 27,360 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 Shaquille O'Neal * 000ORL 2,315 27,409 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 2,491 Michael Jordan * 000CHI 24,489 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 2,431 26,920 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 2,357 29,277 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 Shaquille O'Neal * 000LAL 1,289 Karl Malone * 000UTA 1998 -- 2003 000LAL 2003 -- 04 28,946 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2,344 31,041 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 Jerry Stackhouse 00DET 2,380 32,919 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 Paul Pierce 000BOS 2,144 34,707 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,461 36,374 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 Kevin Garnett 000MIN 1,987 36,928 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 Allen Iverson * 000PHI 2,302 Reggie Miller * 000IND 25,279 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 2,832 Shaquille O'Neal * 000MIA 2005 -- 08 000PHO 2008 -- 09 000CLE 2009 -- 10 000BOS 2010 -- 11 24,764 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2,430 25,454 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2,323 26,286 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 Dwyane Wade ^ 000MIA 2,386 27,619 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 Kevin Durant ^ 000OKC 2,472 28,255 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2,161 28,596 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 1,850 Kobe Bryant 000LAL 29,484 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2,280 31,617 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2,593 31,700 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 James Harden ^ 000HOU 2,217 32,482 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2,376 33,643 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 Russell Westbrook ^ 000OKC 2,558 Dirk Nowitzki ^ 000DAL 30,260 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 LeBron James ^ 000CLE 2,251 31,187 Abdul - Jabbar * 0 35 yrs 38,387 Chamberlain * 059 yrs 4,029 2017 -- 18 Season Year - by - year leader Points Active player leader Total points Career record Total points Single - season record Points Season See also ( edit ) List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff scoring leaders National Basketball Association portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Progressive Leaders and Records for Points '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A player is not eligible for induction into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame until he has been fully retired for three calendar years . Jump up ^ American Basketball Association ( ABA ) teams other than those admitted into the NBA in 1976 are not included ; each year is linked to an article about that particular NBA season . Jump up ^ Average is rounded to the nearest tenth . Jump up ^ First adopted in the 1979 -- 80 season . Jump up ^ Previously known as Lew Alcindor prior to an official name change on May 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ Previously written as Akeem Olajuwon prior to an official spelling change on March 9 , 1991 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Win Shares '' . Basketball-reference.com . Retrieved 8 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Basketball-Reference.com enumeration of NBA career leaders in points scored National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Entire career with one franchise Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Basketball_Association_career_scoring_leaders&oldid=866403138 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from March 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from March 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch Eesti Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latviešu Polski Русский Українська Vèneto 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 03 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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which nba player has scored the most points

Rank Player Position ( s ) Team ( s ) played for ( years ) Total points Games played Points per game average Field goals made Three - point field goals made Free throws made Kareem Abdul - Jabbar * Milwaukee Bucks ( 1969 -- 1975 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1975 -- 1989 ) 38,387 1,560 24.6 15,837 6,712 Karl Malone * PF Utah Jazz ( 1985 -- 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) 36,928 1,476 25.0 13,528 85 9,787 Kobe Bryant SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2016 ) 33,643 1,346 25.0 11,719 1,827 8,378 Michael Jordan * SG Chicago Bulls ( 1984 -- 1993 , 1995 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 2001 -- 2003 ) 32,292 1,072 30.1 12,192 581 7,327 5 Wilt Chamberlain * Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors ( 1959 -- 1965 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1968 -- 1973 ) 31,419 1,045 30.1 12,681 0 6,057 6 LeBron James ^ SF / PF Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2003 -- 2010 , 2014 -- 2018 ) Miami Heat ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2018 -- present ) 31,231 1,150 27.2 11,350 1,626 6,905 7 Dirk Nowitzki ^ PF / C Dallas Mavericks ( 1999 -- present ) 31,187 1,471 21.2 11,034 1,918 7,201 8 Shaquille O'Neal * Orlando Magic ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1996 -- 2004 ) Miami Heat ( 2004 -- 2008 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Boston Celtics ( 2010 -- 2011 ) 28,596 1,207 23.7 11,330 5,935 9 Moses Malone * Buffalo Braves ( 1976 ) Houston Rockets ( 1976 -- 1982 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1982 -- 1986 , 1993 -- 1994 ) Washington Bullets ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 -- 1993 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1994 -- 1995 ) 27,409 1,329 20.6 9,435 8 8,531 10 Elvin Hayes * PF / C San Diego / Houston Rockets ( 1968 -- 1972 , 1981 -- 1984 ) Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets ( 1972 -- 1981 ) 27,313 1,303 21.0 10,976 5 5,356 11 Hakeem Olajuwon * Houston Rockets ( 1984 -- 2001 ) Toronto Raptors ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 26,946 1,238 21.8 10,749 25 5,423 12 Oscar Robertson * PG Cincinnati Royals ( 1960 -- 1970 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) 26,710 1,040 25.7 9,508 0 7,694 13 Dominique Wilkins * SF Atlanta Hawks ( 1982 -- 1994 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 1994 ) Boston Celtics ( 1994 -- 1995 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Orlando Magic ( 1999 ) 26,668 1,074 24.8 9,963 711 6,031 14 Tim Duncan PF / C San Antonio Spurs ( 1997 -- 2016 ) 26,496 1,392 19.0 10,285 30 5,896 15 Paul Pierce SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1999 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Washington Wizards ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 26,397 1,343 19.7 8,668 2,143 6,918 16 John Havlicek * SF / SG Boston Celtics ( 1962 -- 1978 ) 26,395 1,270 20.8 10,513 0 5,369 17 Kevin Garnett PF / C Minnesota Timberwolves ( 1995 -- 2007 , 2015 -- 2016 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2013 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 26,071 1,462 17.8 10,505 174 4,887 18 Alex English * SF Milwaukee Bucks ( 1976 -- 1978 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1978 -- 1980 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 25,613 1,193 21.5 10,659 18 4,277 19 Carmelo Anthony ^ SF Denver Nuggets ( 2003 -- 2011 ) New York Knicks ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 -- present ) 25,488 1,059 24.1 9,114 1,353 5,907 20 Reggie Miller * SG Indiana Pacers ( 1987 -- 2005 ) 25,279 1,389 18.2 8,241 2,560 6,237 21 Jerry West * PG / SG Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 -- 1974 ) 25,192 932 27.0 9,016 0 7,160 22 Vince Carter ^ SG / SF Toronto Raptors ( 1999 -- 2004 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2004 -- 2009 ) Orlando Magic ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Sacramento Kings ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2018 -- present ) 24,915 1,411 17.7 9,005 2,117 4,788 23 Patrick Ewing * New York Knicks ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Orlando Magic ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 24,815 1,183 21.0 9,702 19 5,392 24 Ray Allen * SG Milwaukee Bucks ( 1996 -- 2003 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Boston Celtics ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Miami Heat ( 2012 -- 2014 ) 24,505 1,300 18.9 8,567 2,973 4,398 25 Allen Iverson * SG / PG Philadelphia 76ers ( 1996 -- 2006 , 2009 -- 2010 ) Denver Nuggets ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Memphis Grizzlies ( 2009 ) 24,368 914 26.7 8,467 1,059 6,375 26 Charles Barkley * PF Philadelphia 76ers ( 1984 -- 1992 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Houston Rockets ( 1996 -- 2000 ) 23,757 1,073 22.1 8,435 538 6,349 27 Robert Parish * Golden State Warriors ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Boston Celtics ( 1980 -- 1994 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1996 -- 1997 ) 23,334 1,611 14.5 9,614 0 4,106 28 Adrian Dantley * SF Buffalo Braves ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Indiana Pacers ( 1977 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 1977 -- 1979 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 -- 1986 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1986 -- 1989 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 1989 -- 1990 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1991 ) 23,177 955 24.3 8,169 7 6,832 29 Elgin Baylor * SF Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers ( 1958 -- 1971 ) 23,149 846 27.4 8,693 0 5,763 30 Clyde Drexler * SG Portland Trail Blazers ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Houston Rockets ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 22,195 1,086 20.4 8,335 827 4,698 31 Dwyane Wade ^ SG Miami Heat ( 2003 -- 2016 , 2018 -- present ) Chicago Bulls ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2017 -- 2018 ) 22,155 988 22.4 8,066 472 5,551 32 Gary Payton * PG Seattle SuperSonics ( 1990 -- 2003 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 2003 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Boston Celtics ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Miami Heat ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 21,813 1,335 16.3 8,708 1,132 3,265 33 Larry Bird * SF / PF Boston Celtics ( 1979 -- 1992 ) 21,791 897 24.3 8,591 649 3,960 34 Hal Greer * SG / PG Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers ( 1958 -- 1973 ) 21,586 1,122 19.2 8,504 0 4,578 35 Kevin Durant ^ SF Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2016 -- present ) 21,139 779 27.1 7,178 1,445 5,338 36 Walt Bellamy * Chicago Packers / Zephyrs / Baltimore Bullets ( 1961 -- 1965 ) New York Knicks ( 1965 -- 1968 ) Detroit Pistons ( 1968 -- 1970 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 1970 -- 1974 ) New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 ) 20,941 1,043 20.1 7,914 0 5,113 37 Bob Pettit * PF / C Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks ( 1954 -- 1965 ) 20,880 792 26.4 7,349 0 6,182 38 Pau Gasol ^ C / PF Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 -- 2008 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2008 -- 2014 ) Chicago Bulls ( 2014 -- 2016 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 2016 -- present ) 20,815 1,202 17.3 7,951 176 4,737 39 David Robinson * San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 2003 ) 20,790 987 21.1 7,365 25 6,035 40 George Gervin * SG / SF San Antonio Spurs ( 1976 -- 1985 ) Chicago Bulls ( 1985 -- 1986 ) 20,708 791 26.2 8,045 77 4,541 41 Mitch Richmond * SG Golden State Warriors ( 1988 -- 1991 ) Sacramento Kings ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Washington Wizards ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2001 -- 2002 ) 20,497 976 21.0 7,305 1,326 4,561 42 Joe Johnson ^ SG / SF Boston Celtics ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Phoenix Suns ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Atlanta Hawks ( 2005 -- 2012 ) Brooklyn Nets ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Miami Heat ( 2016 ) Utah Jazz ( 2016 -- 2018 ) Houston Rockets ( 2018 ) 20,405 1,276 16.0 7,822 1,978 2,783 43 Tom Chambers PF San Diego Clippers ( 1981 -- 1983 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1983 -- 1988 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1993 -- 1995 ) Charlotte Hornets ( 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 ) 20,049 1,107 18.1 7,378 227 5,066 44 Antawn Jamison PF / SF Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2003 ) Dallas Mavericks ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Washington Wizards ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Los Angeles Lakers ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Los Angeles Clippers ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 20,042 1,083 18.5 7,679 1,163 3,521 45 John Stockton * PG Utah Jazz ( 1984 -- 2003 ) 19,711 1,504 13.1 7,039 845 4,788 46 Bernard King * SF New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 1979 , 1993 ) Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1980 -- 1982 ) New York Knicks ( 1982 -- 1985 , 1987 ) Washington Bullets ( 1987 -- 1991 ) 19,655 874 22.5 7,830 23 3,972 47 Clifford Robinson PF / SF Portland Trail Blazers ( 1989 -- 1997 ) Phoenix Suns ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Detroit Pistons ( 2001 -- 2003 ) Golden State Warriors ( 2003 -- 2005 ) New Jersey Nets ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 19,591 1,380 14.2 7,389 1,253 3,560 48 Walter Davis SG / SF Phoenix Suns ( 1977 -- 1988 ) Denver Nuggets ( 1988 -- 1991 , 1991 -- 1992 ) Portland Trail Blazers ( 1991 ) 19,521 1,033 18.9 8,118 157 3,128 49 Terry Cummings PF San Diego Clippers ( 1982 -- 1984 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1984 -- 1989 , 1995 -- 1996 ) San Antonio Spurs ( 1989 -- 1995 ) Seattle SuperSonics ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia 76ers ( 1997 -- 1998 ) New York Knicks ( 1998 ) Golden State Warriors ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 19,460 1,183 16.4 8,045 44 3,326 50 Bob Lanier * Detroit Pistons ( 1970 -- 1980 ) Milwaukee Bucks ( 1980 -- 1984 ) 19,248 959 20.1 7,761 3,724