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The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) - Wikipedia The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) Promotional poster Starring Andrew Lincoln Norman Reedus Lauren Cohan Chandler Riggs Danai Gurira Melissa McBride Lennie James Alanna Masterson Josh McDermitt Christian Serratos Seth Gilliam Ross Marquand Jeffrey Dean Morgan Austin Amelio Tom Payne Xander Berkeley Khary Payton Steven Ogg Katelyn Nacon Pollyanna McIntosh Country of origin United States No. of episodes 9 Release Original network AMC Original release October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 7 List of The Walking Dead episodes The eighth season of The Walking Dead , an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC , premiered on October 22 , 2017 , and will consist of 16 episodes split into two eight - episode parts , with the second part debuting on February 25 , 2018 . Developed for television by Frank Darabont , the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman , Tony Moore , and Charlie Adlard . The executive producers are Kirkman , David Alpert , Scott M. Gimple , Greg Nicotero , Tom Luse , and Gale Anne Hurd , with Gimple as showrunner for the fifth consecutive season . The eighth season has received mostly positive reviews . This season adapts the `` All Out War '' story arc from the comics , with the survivors of the Alexandria Safe - Zone , the Hilltop , the Kingdom , and later the Scavengers taking on Negan ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) and the Saviors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.1. 1 Starring 1.1. 2 Also starring 1.2 Supporting cast 1.2. 1 Alexandria Safe - Zone 1.2. 2 The Hilltop 1.2. 3 The Saviors 1.2. 4 The Kingdom 1.2. 5 Oceanside 1.2. 6 The Scavengers 1.2. 7 Miscellaneous 2 Production 3 Episodes 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Walking Dead ( TV series ) characters Main cast ( edit ) The primary characters of the eighth season include ( from left to right ) : Rick , Carol , Morgan , Daryl , Carl , Enid , Rosita , Tara , Michonne , Gabriel , Aaron , Maggie , Jesus , Gregory , Shiva , Ezekiel , Jadis , Eugene , Simon , Dwight , and Negan The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall . For this season , Katelyn Nacon , Khary Payton , Steven Ogg , and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status , after previously having recurring roles , while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits . Starring ( edit ) Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes , the series ' protagonist , a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria , who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors . Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon , Rick 's right - hand man , the group 's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria . Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee , the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop . Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes , Rick 's bold and courageous teenage son . Danai Gurira as Michonne , Rick 's katana - wielding girlfriend , who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith . Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier , a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends . Lennie James as Morgan Jones , the first survivor Rick had ever encountered , who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity . Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler , a caring , witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside . Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter , a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing . Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa , an impulsive member of the group , who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham 's death . Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes , a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick 's group . Ross Marquand as Aaron , an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick 's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors . Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan , the sociopathic and charismatic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season 's primary antagonist . Also starring ( edit ) Austin Amelio as Dwight , a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors . Tom Payne as Paul `` Jesus '' Rovia , a scout for the Hilltop . Xander Berkeley as Gregory , the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop whose influence diminished with Maggie 's prominence . Khary Payton as King Ezekiel , the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors . Steven Ogg as Simon , a former mortgage broker and Negan 's ruthless second - in - command . Katelyn Nacon as Enid , a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie , and has formed a relationship with Carl . Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis , the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick 's group , and maintains a neutral stance in the war . Supporting cast ( edit ) Alexandria Safe - Zone ( edit ) Jason Douglas as Tobin , the foreman of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Jordan Woods - Robinson as Eric Raleigh , Aaron 's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner , who is now a member of Rick 's militia . Kenric Green as Scott , a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick 's militia . Dahlia Legault as Francine , a member of Alexandria 's construction crew and member of Rick 's militia . Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara , resident of Alexandria . Ted Huckabee as Bruce , resident and member of Alexandria 's construction . The Hilltop ( edit ) James Chen as Kal , a guard of the Hilltop . Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo , a guard of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Karen Ceesay as Bertie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Jeremy Palko as Andy , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . Brett Gentile as Freddie , a resident of the Hilltop and soldier of the Hilltop 's militia . R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson , is the doctor of the Hilltop , who was captured by Simon in the previous season . The Saviors ( edit ) Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin , one of Negan 's top lieutenants , who leads the weapons base . Traci Dinwiddie as Regina , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat , one of Negan 's top lieutenants . Mike Seal as Gary , a member of the Saviors . Lindsley Register as Laura , a member of the Saviors . Juan Pareja as Morales , a survivor from Rick 's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors . Joshua Mikel as Jared , Benjamin 's killer , and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan . Callan McAuliffe as Alden , a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost . Lindsey Garrett as Mara , a Savior who guards one of many outposts . Lee Norris as Todd , a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara . Whitmer Thomas as Gunther , a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel . Charles Halford as Yago , a Savior who manages Gavin 's weapons base . Ciera L. Payton as Zia , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Adam Cronan as Leo , a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse . Chloe Aktas as Tanya , one of Negan 's wives . Adam Fristoe as Dean , a savior who tried to kill Jesus . The Kingdom ( edit ) Cooper Andrews as Jerry , Ezekiel 's loyal and good - natured bodyguard . Kerry Cahill as Dianne , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers and a skilled archer . Daniel Newman as Daniel , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Carlos Navarro as Alvaro , one of Ezekiel 's top soldiers . Macsen Lintz as Henry , a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin . Jason Burkey as Kevin , a resident of the Kingdom . Nadine Marissa as Nabila , a resident and gardener of the Kingdom . Oceanside ( edit ) Deborah May as Natania , the vigilant leader of Oceanside . Sydney Park as Cyndie , Natania 's granddaughter . Briana Venskus as Beatrice , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . Nicole Barré as Kathy , one of Oceanside 's top soldiers . The Scavengers ( edit ) Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel , a leading member of the Scavengers . Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion , a leading member of the Scavengers . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Avi Nash as Siddiq , a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl . Production ( edit ) The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16 - episode eighth season on October 16 , 2016 , and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show . Production began on April 25 , 2017 , in Atlanta , Georgia . On July 12 , 2017 , production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed , after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor . Production resumed on July 17 . The season premiere , which also serves as the series ' milestone 100th episode , was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero . In November 2017 , it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones , would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season , and he will join the cast of the spin - off series Fear the Walking Dead . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Walking Dead episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors before killing himself . In the Kingdom , Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel . Although they are successful and retake the Kingdom , the Saviors ' lieutenant Gavin is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' TBA TBA March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' TBA TBA March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD 111 12 `` The Key '' TBA TBA March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) TBD Release ( edit ) The first trailer for the season was released on July 21 , 2017 , at San Diego Comic - Con . The second trailer was released on February 1 , 2018 , for the second part of the season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season holds a score of 73 % with an average rating of 6.9 out of 10 , based on 13 reviews , and an average episode score of 69 % . The site 's critical consensus reads : `` The Walking Dead 's eighth season energizes its characters with some much - needed angst and action , though it 's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward - moving plot progression . '' The Walking Dead ( season 8 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Mercy '' October 22 , 2017 5.0 11.44 2.2 4.28 7.2 15.74 `` The Damned '' October 29 , 2017 4.0 8.92 2.0 4.16 6.0 13.10 `` Monsters '' November 5 , 2017 3.8 8.52 2.2 4.47 6.0 13.01 `` Some Guy '' November 12 , 2017 3.9 8.69 1.8 3.66 5.7 12.36 5 `` The Big Scary U '' November 19 , 2017 3.4 7.85 1.7 3.58 5.3 11.87 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' November 26 , 2017 3.6 8.28 4.44 5.7 12.73 7 `` Time for After '' December 3 , 2017 3.3 7.47 1.9 4.15 5.2 11.63 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' December 10 , 2017 3.4 7.89 2.0 4.23 5.4 12.13 9 `` Honor '' February 25 , 2018 3.6 8.28 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' March 4 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' March 11 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Key '' March 18 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` Walking Dead Gets Season 8 Premiere Date , Plus Fear TWD Return Date '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Walking Dead gets early season 8 renewal '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zalben , Alexander ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's When The Walking Dead Will Return in 2018 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Promotes Trio to Series Regular for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Promotes 3 Actors to Series Regular Ahead of Season 8 '' . TV Line . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Megan ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` Maria Bello Getting Role In The Walking Dead Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead Cast And Crew Assemble For Season 8 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman Dies After On - Set Accident '' . Variety . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' Production Resumes After Stuntman 's Death '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Davis , Brandon ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Greg Nicotero To Direct The Walking Dead Episode 100 , Season 8 Premiere '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead : Lennie James will cross over to Fear The Walking Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' has lowest - rated premiere since Season 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' stumbles to 5 - year low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Shameless ' has its best premiere in 4 - plus years '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' improves , ' Shameless ' dips in week 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : 6 - year low for ' The Walking Dead ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : Hallmark 's ' Switched for Christmas ' hits a high , ' Walking Dead ' rebounds some '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' goes low again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' Walking Dead ' fall finale ticks up , Season 8 still way down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sunday cable ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' returns a little higher '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snierson , Dan ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Walking Dead season 8 trailer teases surprise flash - forward '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Walking Dead : Season 8 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere grows a lot , still trails Season 7 debut by a lot : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 16 - 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' AHS : Cult ' way above everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Cult ' triples in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 30 - Nov. 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' keeps pace in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 6 - 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' laps the field in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 20 - 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' outpaces everything else in cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 27 - Dec. 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Top Chef ' premiere more than doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for Dec. 4 - 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Horror fiction portal Television portal Official website List of The Walking Dead episodes on IMDb List of The Walking Dead episodes at TV.com The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Category The Walking Dead episodes Season 1 `` Days Gone Bye '' `` Guts '' `` Tell It to the Frogs '' `` Vatos '' `` Wildfire '' `` TS - 19 '' Season 2 `` What Lies Ahead '' `` Bloodletting '' `` Save the Last One '' `` Cherokee Rose '' `` Chupacabra '' `` Secrets '' `` Pretty Much Dead Already '' `` Nebraska '' `` Triggerfinger '' `` 18 Miles Out '' `` Judge , Jury , Executioner '' `` Better Angels '' `` Beside the Dying Fire '' Season 3 `` Seed '' `` Sick '' `` Walk with Me '' `` Killer Within '' `` Say the Word '' `` Hounded '' `` When the Dead Come Knocking '' `` Made to Suffer '' `` The Suicide King '' `` Home '' `` I Ai n't a Judas '' `` Clear '' `` Arrow on the Doorpost '' `` Prey '' `` This Sorrowful Life '' `` Welcome to the Tombs '' Season 4 `` 30 Days Without an Accident '' `` Infected '' `` Isolation '' `` Indifference '' `` Internment '' `` Live Bait '' `` Dead Weight '' `` Too Far Gone '' `` After '' `` Inmates '' `` Claimed '' `` Still '' `` Alone '' `` The Grove '' `` Us '' `` A '' Season 5 `` No Sanctuary '' `` Strangers '' `` Four Walls and a Roof '' `` Slabtown '' `` Self Help '' `` Consumed '' `` Crossed '' `` Coda '' `` What Happened and What 's Going On '' `` Them '' `` The Distance '' `` Remember '' `` Forget '' `` Spend '' `` Try '' `` Conquer '' Season 6 `` First Time Again '' `` JSS '' `` Thank You '' `` Here 's Not Here '' `` Now '' `` Always Accountable '' `` Heads Up '' `` Start to Finish '' `` No Way Out '' `` The Next World '' `` Knots Untie '' `` Not Tomorrow Yet '' `` The Same Boat '' `` Twice as Far '' `` East '' `` Last Day on Earth '' Season 7 `` The Day Will Come When You Wo n't Be '' `` The Well '' `` The Cell '' `` Service '' `` Go Getters '' `` Swear '' `` Sing Me a Song '' `` Hearts Still Beating '' `` Rock in the Road '' `` New Best Friends '' `` Hostiles and Calamities '' `` Say Yes '' `` Bury Me Here '' `` The Other Side '' `` Something They Need '' `` The First Day of the Rest of Your Life '' Season 8 `` Mercy '' `` The Damned '' `` Monsters '' `` Some Guy '' `` The Big Scary U '' `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' `` Time for After '' `` How It 's Gotta Be '' `` Honor '' Webisodes Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead_(season_8)&oldid=828222625 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons The Walking Dead ( TV series ) episodes Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 07 : 54 . 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when is the last episode of season 8 of the walking dead

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 100 `` Mercy '' Greg Nicotero Scott M. Gimple October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 11.44 Rick , Maggie , and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan . Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan , but they all firmly stand behind Maggie . The group attacks the Sanctuary , taking down its fences and flooding the compound with walkers . With the Sanctuary defaced , everyone leaves except Gabriel , who reluctantly stays to save Gregory , but is left behind when Gregory abandons him . Surrounded by walkers , Gabriel hides in a trailer , where he is trapped inside with Negan . 101 `` The Damned '' Rosemary Rodriguez Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell October 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 29 ) 8.92 Rick 's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors ' outposts , during which many members of the group are killed ; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron . Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors . While clearing an outpost with Daryl , Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales , a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp , who is now with the Saviors . 102 `` Monsters '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 8.52 Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him ; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost . Gregory returns to Hilltop , and after a heated argument , Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community . Eric dies from his injuries , leaving Aaron distraught . Despite Tara and Morgan 's objections , Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop . Ezekiel 's group attacks another Savior compound , during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel . 103 `` Some Guy '' Dan Liu David Leslie Johnson November 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) 8.69 Ezekiel 's group is overwhelmed by the Saviors , who kill all of them except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry . Carol clears the inside of the compound , killing all but two Saviors , who almost escape but are eventually caught by Rick and Daryl . En route to the Kingdom , Ezekiel , Jerry , and Carol are surrounded by walkers , but Shiva sacrifices herself to save them . The trio returns to the Kingdom , where Ezekiel 's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished . 104 5 `` The Big Scary U '' Michael E. Satrazemis Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) 7.85 After confessing their sins to each other , Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer . Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other , knowing that Rick 's forces must have inside information . The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions , and a riot nearly ensues , until Negan returns and restores order . Gabriel is locked in a cell , where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering . Meanwhile , Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors , leading Daryl to abandon Rick . 105 6 `` The King , the Widow , and Rick '' John Polson Angela Kang & Corey Reed November 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) 8.28 Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan ; Jadis refuses , and locks Rick in a shipping container . Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria . Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick 's plans by destroying the Sanctuary . Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom , where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need . Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop . 106 7 `` Time for After '' Larry Teng Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed December 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 03 ) 7.47 After learning of Dwight 's association with Rick 's group , Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary . With help from Morgan and Tara , Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary 's walls , flooding its interior with walkers , killing many Saviors . Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him , and they plan to force the Saviors to surrender . However , when they arrive at the Sanctuary , Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd . 107 8 `` How It 's Gotta Be '' Michael E. Satrazemis David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) 7.89 Eugene 's plan allows the Saviors to escape , and separately , the Saviors waylay the Alexandria , Hilltop , and Kingdom forces . The Scavengers abandon Rick , after which he returns to Alexandria . Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors . Eugene aids Gabriel and Doctor Carson in escaping the Sanctuary in order to ease his conscience . Negan attacks Alexandria , but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents to escape into the sewers . Carl reveals he was bitten by a walker while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria . 108 9 `` Honor '' Greg Nicotero Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell February 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 25 ) 8.28 After the Saviors leave Alexandria , the survivors make for the Hilltop while Rick and Michonne stay behind to say their final goodbyes to a dying Carl , who pleads with Rick to build a better future alongside the Saviors before killing himself . In the Kingdom , Morgan and Carol launch a rescue mission for Ezekiel . Although they are successful and retake the Kingdom , the Saviors ' lieutenant Gavin is killed by Benjamin 's vengeful brother Henry . 109 10 `` The Lost and the Plunderers '' TBA TBA March 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 04 ) TBD 110 11 `` Dead or Alive Or '' TBA TBA March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) TBD 111 12 `` The Key '' TBA TBA March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) TBD

Persephone - Wikipedia Persephone This article is about the Greek goddess . For other uses , see Persephone ( disambiguation ) . Persephone Goddess of the underworld , springtime , flowers and vegetation Statue of Persephone with a sistrum . Heraklion Archaeological Museum , Crete Abode The Underworld , Sicily , Mount Olympus Symbol Pomegranate , Seeds of Grain , Torch , Flowers and Deer Spouse Hades Children Melinoe , Zagreus Parents Zeus and Demeter Siblings Aeacus , Amphitheus I , Angelos , Aphrodite , Apollo , Ares , Arion , Artemis , Athena , Chrysothemis , Despoina , Dionysus , Eileithyia , Enyo , Eris , Ersa , Eubuleus , Hebe , Helen of Troy , Hephaestus , Heracles , Hermes , Minos , Pandia , Philomelus , Plutus , Perseus , Rhadamanthus , the Graces , the Horae , the Litae , the Muses , the Moirai Roman equivalent Proserpina ( Proserpine ) This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . Part of a series on Ancient Greek religion Features ( show ) Greek mythology Ancient Greek philosophy Hellenistic philosophy Ancient Greek religion Polytheism Henosis Monism Pantheism Orthopraxy Godheads ( show ) Olympians Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hades Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Primordial deities Aether Aion Ananke Chaos Chronos Erebus Eros Gaia Hemera Nyx Phanes Pontus Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Lesser deities Alpheus Amphitrite Asclepius Bia Circe Deimos Eileithyia Enyo Eos Eris Harmonia Hebe Hecate Helios Heracles Iris Kratos Leto Metis Momus Morpheus Nemesis Nike Pan Persephone Phantasos Phobos Proteus Scamander Selene Thanatos Thetis Triton Zelus Ethics ( show ) Arete Hubris Xenia Ethic of reciprocity Practices ( show ) Amphidromia Animal sacrifice Funeral practices Greek hero cult Hieros gamos Iatromantis Libations Oracles Pharmakos Temples Votive offerings Festivals Daphnephoria Dionysia Dionysian Mysteries Eleusinian Mysteries Panathenaic Games Panhellenic Games ( Isthmian Nemean Olympic Pythian ) Thesmophoria Sacred places ( show ) Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Texts ( show ) Argonautica Bibliotheca Corpus Hermeticum Delphic maxims Dionysiaca Epic Cycle Homeric Hymns Iliad Odyssey Orphic Hymns Theogony Works and Days History ( show ) Mycenaean gods Decline of Hellenistic polytheism Julian restoration Hellenismos portal In Greek mythology , Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ) , also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː / ; `` the maiden '' ) , is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen of the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic princess of the underworld , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead . Persephone was married to Hades , the god of the underworld . The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation , which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest ; hence , she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation . Similar myths appear in the Orient , in the cults of male gods like Attis , Adonis , and Osiris , and in Minoan Crete . Persephone as a vegetation goddess and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian mysteries , which promised the initiated a more enjoyable prospect after death . In some versions , Persephone is the mother of Zeus 's sons Dionysus , Iacchus , or Zagreus . The origins of her cult are uncertain , but it was based on very old agrarian cults of agricultural communities . Persephone was commonly worshipped along with Demeter and with the same mysteries . To her alone were dedicated the mysteries celebrated at Athens in the month of Anthesterion . In Classical Greek art , Persephone is invariably portrayed robed , often carrying a sheaf of grain . She may appear as a mystical divinity with a sceptre and a little box , but she was mostly represented in the process of being carried off by Hades . In Roman mythology , she is called Proserpina , and her mother , Ceres and her father Jupiter . Contents 1 Name 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Roman Proserpina 1.3 Nestis 2 Titles and functions 2.1 Epithets 3 Origins of the cult 3.1 Near East and Minoan Crete 3.2 Mycenean Greece 4 Mythology 4.1 Abduction myth 4.2 Interpretation of the myth 4.3 Arcadian myths 4.4 Queen of the Underworld 5 Cult of Persephone 5.1 Thesmophoria 5.2 Eleusinian mysteries 5.3 Local cults 6 Ancient literary references 7 Modern reception 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 Sources 11 External links Name ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) Persephone or `` the deceased woman '' holding a pomegranate . Etruscan terracotta cinerary statue . National archaeological museum in Palermo , Italy In a Linear B ( Mycenean Greek ) inscription on a tablet found at Pylos dated 1400 -- 1200 BC , John Chadwick reconstructed the name of a goddess * Preswa who could be identified with Persa , daughter of Oceanus and found speculative the further identification with the first element of Persephone . Persephonē ( Greek : Περσεφόνη ) is her name in the Ionic Greek of epic literature . The Homeric form of her name is Persephoneia ( Περσεφονεία , Persephoneia ) . In other dialects , she was known under variant names : Persephassa ( Περσεφάσσα ) , Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ) , or simply Korē ( Κόρη , `` girl , maiden '' ) . Plato calls her Pherepapha ( Φερέπαφα ) in his Cratylus , `` because she is wise and touches that which is in motion '' . There are also the forms Periphona ( Πηριφόνα ) and Phersephassa ( Φερσέφασσα ) . The existence of so many different forms shows how difficult it was for the Greeks to pronounce the word in their own language and suggests that the name may have a Pre-Greek origin . Persephatta ( Περσεφάττα ) is considered to mean `` female thresher of grain '' ; the first constituent of the name originates in Proto - Greek `` perso - '' ( related to Sanskrit `` parṣa - '' ) , `` sheaf of grain '' and the second constituent of the name originates in Proto - Indo European * - gwn - t - ih , from the root * gwhen - `` to strike '' . An alternative etymology is from φέρειν φόνον , pherein phonon , `` to bring ( or cause ) death '' . Roman Proserpina ( edit ) Cinerary altar with tabula representing the rape of Proserpina . White marble , Antonine Era , 2nd century Rome , Baths of Diocletian Persephone opening a cista containing the infant Adonis , on a pinax from Locri The Romans first heard of her from the Aeolian and Dorian cities of Magna Graecia , who used the dialectal variant Proserpinē ( Προσερπίνη ) . Hence , in Roman mythology she was called Proserpina , a name erroneously derived by the Romans from proserpere , `` to shoot forth '' and as such became an emblematic figure of the Renaissance . At Locri , perhaps uniquely , Persephone was the protector of marriage , a role usually assumed by Hera ; in the iconography of votive plaques at Locri , her abduction and marriage to Hades served as an emblem of the marital state , children at Locri were dedicated to Proserpina , and maidens about to be wed brought their peplos to be blessed . Nestis ( edit ) In a Classical period text ascribed to Empedocles , c. 490 -- 430 BC , describing a correspondence among four deities and the classical elements , the name Nestis for water apparently refers to Persephone : `` Now hear the fourfold roots of everything : enlivening Hera , Hades , shining Zeus . And Nestis , moistening mortal springs with tears . '' Of the four deities of Empedocles ' elements , it is the name of Persephone alone that is taboo -- Nestis is a euphemistic cult title -- for she was also the terrible Queen of the Dead , whose name was not safe to speak aloud , who was euphemistically named simply as Kore or `` the Maiden '' , a vestige of her archaic role as the deity ruling the underworld . Titles and functions ( edit ) The epithets of Persephone reveal her double function as chthonic and vegetation goddess . The surnames given to her by the poets refer to her character as Queen of the lower world and the dead , or her symbolic meaning of the power that shoots forth and withdraws into the earth . Her common name as a vegetation goddess is Kore , and in Arcadia she was worshipped under the title Despoina , `` the mistress '' , a very old chthonic divinity . Plutarch identifies her with spring and Cicero calls her the seed of the fruits of the fields . In the Eleusinian mysteries , her return is the symbol of immortality and hence she was frequently represented on sarcophagi . In the mystical theories of the Orphics and the Platonists , Kore is described as the all - pervading goddess of nature who both produces and destroys everything , and she is therefore mentioned along or identified with other mystic divinities such as Isis , Rhea , Ge , Hestia , Pandora , Artemis , and Hecate . The Orphic Persephone is further said to have become by Zeus the mother of Dionysus , Iacchus , Zagreus , and the little - attested Melinoe . Epithets ( edit ) As a goddess of the underworld , Persephone was given euphemistically friendly names . However it is possible that some of them were the names of original goddesses : Despoina ( dems - potnia ) `` the mistress '' ( literally `` the mistress of the house '' ) in Arcadia . Hagne , `` pure '' , originally a goddess of the springs in Messenia . Melindia or Melinoia ( meli , `` honey '' ) , as the consort of Hades , in Hermione . ( Compare Hecate , Melinoe ) Melivia Melitodes Aristi cthonia , `` the best chthonic '' . Praxidike , the Orphic Hymn to Persephone identifies Praxidike as an epithet of Persephone : `` Praxidike , subterranean queen . The Eumenides ' source ( mother ) , fair - haired , whose frame proceeds from Zeus ' ineffable and secret seeds . '' As a vegetation goddess , she was called : Kore , `` the maiden '' . Kore Soteira , `` the savior maiden '' , in Megalopolis . Neotera , `` the younger '' , in Eleusis . Kore of Demeter Hagne in the Homeric hymn . Kore memagmeni , `` the mixed daughter '' ( bread ) . Demeter and her daughter Persephone were usually called : The goddesses , often distinguished as `` the older '' and `` the younger '' in Eleusis . Demeters , in Rhodes and Sparta The thesmophoroi , `` the legislators '' in the Thesmophoria . The Great Goddesses , in Arcadia . The mistresses in Arcadia . Karpophoroi , `` the bringers of fruit '' , in Tegea of Arcadia . Origins of the cult ( edit ) Gold ring from Isopata tomb , near Knossos , Crete , 1400 -- 1500 BC . Depicted are female figures dancing among blossoming vegetation ; Heraklion Archaeological Museum The myth of a goddess being abducted and taken to the Underworld is probably Pre-Greek in origin . Samuel Noah Kramer , the renowned scholar of ancient Sumer , has posited that the Greek story of the abduction of Persephone may be derived from an ancient Sumerian story in which Ereshkigal , the ancient Sumerian goddess of the Underworld , is abducted by Kur , the primeval dragon of Sumerian mythology , and forced to become ruler of the Underworld against her own will . The location of Persephone 's abduction is different in each local cult . The Homeric Hymn to Demeter mentions the `` plain of Nysa '' . The locations of this probably mythical place may simply be conventions to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past . Demeter found and met her daughter in Eleusis , and this is the mythical disguise of what happened in the mysteries . Persephone is an old chthonic deity of the agricultural communities , who received the souls of the dead into the earth , and acquired powers over the fertility of the soil , over which she reigned . The earliest depiction of a goddess who may be identified with Persephone growing out of the ground , is on a plate from the Old - Palace period in Phaistos . The goddess has a vegetable - like appearance , and she is surrounded by dancing girls between blossoming flowers . A similar representation , where the goddess appears to come down from the sky , is depicted on the Minoan ring of Isopata . Rape of Persephone . Hades with his horses and Persephone ( down ) . An Apulian red - figure volute krater , c. 340 BC . Antikensammlung Berlin In some forms Hades appears with his chthonic horses . The myth of the rape of Kore was derived from the idea that Hades catches the souls of the dead and then carries them with his horses into his kingdom . This idea is vague in Homer , but appears in later Greek depictions , and in Greek folklore . `` Charos '' appears with his horse and carries the dead into the underworld . The cults of Persephone and Demeter in the Eleusinian mysteries and in the Thesmophoria were based on old agrarian cults . A lot of ancient beliefs were based on initiation into jealously - guarded mysteries ( secret rites ) because they offered prospects after death more enjoyable than the final end at the gloomy space of the Greek Hades . There is evidence that some practices were derived from the religious practices of the Mycenaean age . Kerenyi asserts that these religious practices were introduced from Minoan Crete. , The idea of immortality which appears in the syncretistic religions of the Near East did not exist in the Eleusinian mysteries at the very beginning . Near east and Minoan Crete ( edit ) Lady of Auxerre Louvre - An Archaic ( 640 BC ) image from Crete . A version of a Minoan goddess who may be identified with Kore In the Near eastern myth of the early agricultural societies , every year the fertility goddess bore the `` god of the new year '' , who then became her lover , and died immediately in order to be reborn and face the same destiny . Some findings from Catal Huyuk since the Neolithic age , indicate the worship of the Great Goddess accompanied by a boyish consort , who symbolizes the annual decay and return of vegetation . Similar cults of resurrected gods appear in the Near East and Egypt in the cults of Attis , Adonis and Osiris . In Minoan Crete , the `` divine child '' was related to the female vegetation divinity Ariadne who died every year . The Minoan religion had its own characteristics . The most peculiar feature of the Minoan belief in the divine , is the appearance of the goddess from above in the dance . Dance floors have been discovered in addition to `` vaulted tombs '' , and it seems that the dance was ecstatic . Homer memorializes the dance floor which Daedalus built for Ariadne in the remote past . On the gold ring from Isopata , four women in festal attire are performing a dance between blossoming flowers . Above a figure apparently floating in the air seems to be the goddess herself , appearing amid the whirling dance . An image plate from the first palace of Phaistos , seems to be very close to the mythical image of the Anodos ( ascent ) of Persephone . Two girls dance between blossoming flowers , on each side of a similar but armless and legless figure which seems to grow out of the ground . The goddess is bordered by snake lines which give her a vegetable like appearance She has a large stylized flower turned over her head . The resemblance with the flower - picking Persephone and her companions is compelling . The depiction of the goddess is similar to later images of `` Anodos of Pherephata '' . On the Dresden vase , Persephone is growing out of the ground , and she is surrounded by the animal - tailed agricultural gods Silenoi . Kerenyi suggests that the name Ariadne ( derived from ἁγνή , hagne , `` pure '' ) , was an euphemistical name given by the Greeks to the nameless `` Mistress of the labyrinth '' who appears in a Mycenean Greek inscription from Knossos in Crete . The Greeks used to give friendly names to the deities of the underworld . Cthonic Zeus was called Eubuleus , `` the good counselor '' , and the ferryman of the river of the underworld Charon , `` glad '' . Despoina and `` Hagne '' were probably euphemistic surnames of Persephone , therefore he theorizes that the cult of Persephone was the continuation of the worship of a Minoan Great goddess . The labyrinth was both a winding dance - ground and , in the Greek view , a prison with the dreaded Minotaur at its centre . It is possible that some religious practices , especially the mysteries , were transferred from a Cretan priesthood to Eleusis , where Demeter brought the poppy from Crete . Besides these similarities , Burkert explains that up to now it is not known to what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenean religion . In the Anthesteria Dionysos is the `` divine child '' . Mycenean Greece ( edit ) Two women or goddesses on a chariot . Fresco from Tiryns , 1200 BC . National Archaeological Museum of Athens . There is evidence of a cult in Eleusis from the Mycenean period ; however , there are not sacral finds from this period . The cult was private and there is no information about it . As well as the names of some Greek gods in the Mycenean Greek inscriptions , also appear names of goddesses , like `` the divine Mother '' ( the mother of the gods ) or `` the Goddess ( or priestess ) of the winds '' , who do n't have Mycenean origin . In historical times , Demeter and Kore were usually referred to as `` the goddesses '' or `` the mistresses '' ( Arcadia ) in the mysteries . In the Mycenean Greek tablets dated 1400 -- 1200 BC , the `` two queens and the king '' are mentioned . John Chadwick believes that these were the precursor divinities of Demeter , Persephone and Poseidon . Some information can be obtained from the study of the cult of Eileithyia at Crete , and the cult of Despoina . In the cave of Amnisos at Crete , Eileithyia is related with the annual birth of the divine child and she is connected with Enesidaon ( The earth shaker ) , who is the chthonic aspect of the god Poseidon . Persephone was conflated with Despoina , `` the mistress '' , a chthonic divinity in West - Arcadia . The megaron of Eleusis is quite similar with the `` megaron '' of Despoina at Lycosura . Demeter is united with the god Poseidon , and she bears a daughter , the unnameable Despoina . Poseidon appears as a horse , as it usually happens in Northern European folklore . The goddess of nature and her companion survived in the Eleusinian cult , where the following words were uttered `` Mighty Potnia bore a great sun '' . In Eleusis , in a ritual , one child ( `` pais '' ) was initiated from the hearth . The name pais ( the divine child ) appears in the Mycenean inscriptions , and the ritual indicates the transition from the old funerary practices to the Greek cremation . In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with an unknown location . Nysion ( or Mysion ) , the place of the abduction of Persephone was also probably a mythical place which did not exist on the map , a magically distant chthonic land of myth which was intended in the remote past . Mythology ( edit ) Abduction myth ( edit ) Sarcophagus with the abduction of Persephone . Walters Art Museum . Baltimore , Maryland The story of her abduction by Hades against her will is traditionally referred to as the Rape of Persephone . It is mentioned briefly in Hesiod 's Theogony , and told in considerable detail in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter . Persephone used to live far away from the other gods , a goddess within Nature herself before the days of planting seeds and nurturing plants . In the Olympian telling , the gods Hermes and Apollo had wooed Persephone ; but Demeter rejected all their gifts and hid her daughter away from the company of the Olympian gods . Zeus , it is said , permitted Hades , who was in love with the beautiful Persephone , to abduct her as her mother Demeter was not likely to allow her daughter to go down to Hades . Persephone was gathering flowers with the Oceanids along with Artemis and Athena -- the Homeric Hymn says -- in a field when Hades came to abduct her , bursting through a cleft in the earth . Demeter , when she found her daughter had disappeared , searched for her all over the earth with Hecate 's torches . In most versions she forbids the earth to produce , or she neglects the earth and in the depth of her despair she causes nothing to grow . Helios , the sun , who sees everything , eventually told Demeter what had happened and at length she discovered the place of her abode . Finally , Zeus , pressed by the cries of the hungry people and by the other deities who also heard their anguish , forced Hades to return Persephone . The Rape of Proserpina by Gian Lorenzo Bernini at the Galleria Borghese in Rome . Hades indeed complied with the request , but first he tricked her , giving her some pomegranate seeds to eat . Persephone was released by Hermes , who had been sent to retrieve her , but because she had tasted food in the underworld , she was obliged to spend a third of each year ( the winter months ) there , and the remaining part of the year with the gods above . With the later writers Ovid and Hyginus , Persephone 's time in the underworld becomes half the year . Various local traditions place Persephone 's abduction in a different location . The Sicilians , among whom her worship was probably introduced by the Corinthian and Megarian colonists , believed that Hades found her in the meadows near Enna , and that a well arose on the spot where he descended with her into the lower world . The Cretans thought that their own island had been the scene of the rape , and the Eleusinians mentioned the Nysian plain in Boeotia , and said that Persephone had descended with Hades into the lower world at the entrance of the western Oceanus . Later accounts place the rape in Attica , near Athens , or near Eleusis . The return of Persephone , by Frederic Leighton ( 1891 ) The Homeric hymn mentions the Nysion ( or Mysion ) which was probably a mythical place . The location of this mythical place may simply be a convention to show that a magically distant chthonic land of myth was intended in the remote past . Before Persephone was abducted by Hades , the shepherd Eumolpus and the swineherd Eubuleus saw a girl in a black chariot driven by an invisible driver being carried off into the earth which had violently opened up . Eubuleus was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her , and the myth is an etiology for the relation of pigs with the ancient rites in Thesmophoria , and in Eleusis . In the hymn , Persephone returns and she is reunited with her mother near Eleusis . Demeter as she has been promised established her mysteries ( orgies ) when the Eleusinians built for her a temple near the spring of Callichorus . These were awful mysteries which were not allowed to be uttered . The uninitiated would spend a miserable existence in the gloomy space of Hades after death . In some versions , Ascalaphus informed the other deities that Persephone had eaten the pomegranate seeds . When Demeter and her daughter were reunited , the Earth flourished with vegetation and color , but for some months each year , when Persephone returned to the underworld , the earth once again became a barren realm . This is an origin story to explain the seasons . In an earlier version , Hecate rescued Persephone . On an Attic red - figured bell krater of c. 440 BC in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , Persephone is rising as if up stairs from a cleft in the earth , while Hermes stands aside ; Hecate , holding two torches , looks back as she leads her to the enthroned Demeter . The 10th - century Byzantine encyclopedia Suda introduces a goddess of a blessed afterlife assured to Orphic mystery initiates . This Macaria is asserted to be the daughter of Hades , but no mother is mentioned . Interpretation of the myth ( edit ) Pinax of Persephone and Hades from Locri . Reggio Calabria , National Museum of Magna Graecia . In the myth Pluto abducts Persephone to be his wife and the queen of his realm . Pluto ( Πλούτων , Ploutōn ) was a name for the ruler of the underworld ; the god was also known as Hades , a name for the underworld itself . The name Pluton was conflated with that of Ploutos ( Πλούτος Ploutos , `` wealth '' ) , a god of wealth , because mineral wealth was found underground , and because Pluto as a chthonic god ruled the deep earth that contained the seeds necessary for a bountiful harvest . Plouton is lord of the dead , but as Persephone 's husband he has serious claims to the powers of fertility . In the Theogony of Hesiod , Demeter was united with the hero Iasion in Crete and she bore Ploutos . This union seems to be a reference to a hieros gamos ( ritual copulation ) to ensure the earth 's fertility . This ritual copulation appears in Minoan Crete , in many Near Eastern agricultural societies , and also in the Anthesteria . Nilsson believes that the original cult of Ploutos ( or Pluto ) in Eleusis was similar with the Minoan cult of the `` divine child '' , who died in order to be reborn . The child was abandoned by his mother and then it was brought up by the powers of nature . Similar myths appear in the cults of Hyakinthos ( Amyklai ) , Erichthonios ( Athens ) , and later in the cult of Dionysos . The Greek version of the abduction myth is related to grain -- important and rare in the Greek environment -- and the return ( ascent ) of Persephone was celebrated at the autumn sowing . Pluto ( Ploutos ) represents the wealth of the grain that was stored in underground silos or ceramic jars ( pithoi ) , during summer months . Similar subterranean pithoi were used in ancient times for burials and Pluto is fused with Hades , the King of the realm of the dead . During summer months , the Greek grain - Maiden ( Kore ) is lying in the grain of the underground silos in the realm of Hades , and she is fused with Persephone , the Queen of the Underworld . At the beginning of the autumn , when the seeds of the old crop are laid on the fields , she ascends and is reunited with her mother Demeter , for at that time the old crop and the new meet each other . For the initiated , this union was the symbol of the eternity of human life that flows from the generations which spring from each other . Arcadian myths ( edit ) From L-R , Artemis , Demeter , Veil of Despoina , Anytus , Tritoness from the throne of Despoina at Lycosura . National Archaeological Museum of Athens The primitive myths of isolated Arcadia seem to be related to the first Greek - speaking people who came from the north - east during the bronze age . Despoina ( the mistress ) , the goddess of the Arcadian mysteries , is the daughter of Demeter and Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) , who represents the river spirit of the underworld that appears as a horse as often happens in northern - European folklore . He pursues the mare - Demeter and from the union she bears the horse Arion and a daughter who originally had the form or the shape of a mare . The two goddesses were not clearly separated and they were closely connected with the springs and the animals . They were related with the god of rivers and springs ; Poseidon and especially with Artemis , the Mistress of the Animals who was the first nymph . According to the Greek tradition a hunt - goddess preceded the harvest goddess . In Arcadia , Demeter and Persephone were often called Despoinai ( Δέσποιναι , `` the mistresses '' ) in historical times . They are the two Great Goddesses of the Arcadian cults , and evidently they come from a more primitive religion . The Greek god Poseidon probably substituted the companion ( Paredros , Πάρεδρος ) of the Minoan Great goddess in the Arcadian mysteries . Seated goddess , probably Persephone on her throne in the underworld , Severe style ca 480 -- 60 , found at Tarentum , Magna Graecia ( Pergamon Museum , Berlin ) Queen of the underworld ( edit ) Persephone held an ancient role as the dread queen of the Underworld , within which tradition it was forbidden to speak her name . This tradition comes from her conflation with the very old chthonic divinity Despoina ( the mistress ) , whose real name could not be revealed to anyone except those initiated to her mysteries . As goddess of death she was also called a daughter of Zeus and Styx , the river that formed the boundary between Earth and the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic queen of the shades , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead , along with her husband Hades . In the reformulation of Greek mythology expressed in the Orphic Hymns , Dionysus and Melinoe are separately called children of Zeus and Persephone . Groves sacred to her stood at the western extremity of the earth on the frontiers of the lower world , which itself was called `` house of Persephone '' . Her central myth served as the context for the secret rites of regeneration at Eleusis , which promised immortality to initiates . Cult of Persephone ( edit ) Persephone was worshipped along with her mother Demeter and in the same mysteries . Her cults included agrarian magic , dancing , and rituals . The priests used special vessels and holy symbols , and the people participated with rhymes . In Eleusis there is evidence of sacred laws and other inscriptions . The Cult of Demeter and the Maiden is found at Attica , in the main festivals Thesmophoria and Eleusinian mysteries and in a lot of local cults . These festivals were almost always celebrated at the autumn sowing , and at full - moon according to the Greek tradition . In some local cults the feasts were dedicated to Demeter . Thesmophoria ( edit ) Main article : Thesmophoria Kore , daughter of Demeter , celebrated with her mother by the Thesmophoriazusae ( women of the festival ) . Acropolis Museum , Athens Thesmophoria , were celebrated in Athens , and the festival was widely spread in Greece . This was a festival of secret women - only rituals connected with marriage customs and commemorated the third of the year , in the month Pyanepsion , when Kore was abducted and Demeter abstained from her role as goddess of harvest and growth . The ceremony involved sinking sacrifices into the earth by night and retrieving the decaying remains of pigs that had been placed in the megara of Demeter ( trenches and pits or natural clefts in rock ) , the previous year . These were placed on altars , mixed with seeds , then planted . Pits rich in organic matter at Eleusis have been taken as evidence that the Thesmophoria was held there as well as in other demes of Attica . This agrarian magic was also used in the cult of the earth - goddesses potniai ( mistresses ) in the Cabeirian , and in Knidos . The festival was celebrated over three days . The first was the `` way up '' to the sacred space , the second , the day of feasting when they ate pomegranate seeds and the third was a meat feast in celebration of Kalligeneia a goddess of beautiful birth . Zeus penetrated the mysteries as Zeus - Eubuleus which is an euphemistical name of Hades ( Chthonios Zeus ) . In the original myth which is an etiology for the ancient rites , Eubuleus was a swineherd who was feeding his pigs at the opening to the underworld when Persephone was abducted by Plouton . His swine were swallowed by the earth along with her . Eleusinian mysteries ( edit ) Main article : Eleusinian mysteries The Eleusinian trio : Persephone , Triptolemus and Demeter on a marble bas - relief from Eleusis , 440 -- 430 BC . National Archaeological Museum of Athens The Eleusinian mysteries was a festival celebrated at the autumn sowing in the city of Eleusis . Inscriptions refer to `` the Goddesses '' accompanied by the agricultural god Triptolemos ( probably son of Ge and Oceanus ) , and `` the God and the Goddess '' ( Persephone and Plouton ) accompanied by Eubuleus who probably led the way back from the underworld . The myth was represented in a cycle with three phases : the `` descent '' , the `` search '' , and the `` ascent '' , with contrasted emotions from sorrow to joy which roused the mystae to exultation . The main theme was the ascent of Persephone and the reunion with her mother Demeter . The festival activities included dancing , probably across the Rharian field , where according to the myth the first grain grew . At the beginning of the feast , the priests filled two special vessels and poured them out , the one towards the west , and the other towards the east . The people looking both to the sky and the earth shouted in a magical rhyme `` rain and conceive '' . In a ritual , a child was initiated from the hearth ( the divine fire ) . It was the ritual of the `` divine child '' who originally was Ploutos . In the Homeric hymn the ritual is connected with the myth of the agricultural god Triptolemos The high point of the celebration was `` an ear of grain cut in silence '' , which represented the force of the new life . The idea of immortality did n't exist in the mysteries at the beginning , but the initiated believed that they would have a better fate in the underworld . Death remained a reality , but at the same time a new beginning like the plant which grows from the buried seed . In the earliest depictions Persephone is an armless and legless deity , who grows out of the ground . Local cults ( edit ) A mosaic of the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis depicting the abduction of Persephone by Pluto , 4th century BC Hades abducting Persephone , wall painting in the small royal tomb at Vergina . Macedonia , Greece Italy . Renaissance relief , Rape of Persephone . Brooklyn Museum Archives , Goodyear Archival Collection Fragment of a marble relief depicting a Kore , 3rd century BC , from Panticapaeum , Taurica ( Crimea ) , Bosporan Kingdom Local cults of Demeter and Kore existed in Greece , Asia Minor , Sicily , Magna Graecia , and Libya . Attica : Athens , in the mysteries of Agrae . This was a local cult near the river Ilissos . They were celebrated during spring in the month Anthesterion . Later they became an obligation for the participants of the `` greater '' Eleusinian mysteries . There was a temple of Demeter and Kore and an image of Triptolemos . Demeter drives her horse - drawn chariot containing her daughter Persephone at Selinunte , Sicily 6th century BC Piraeus : The Skirophoria , a festival related to the Thesmophoria . Megara : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore . The city was named after its megara . Aegina : Cult of Demeter thesmophoros and Kore . Phlya , near Koropi , in the mysteries of Phlya : These have very old roots and were probably originally dedicated to Demeter Anesidora , Kore , and Zeus Ktesios , who was the god of the underground stored grain . Pausanias mentions a temple of Demeter - Anesidora , Kore Protogone , and Zeus Ktesios . The surname Protogonos , indicates a later Orphic influence . It seems that the mysteries were related to the mysteries of Andania in Messene . Boeotia : Thebes , which Zeus is said to have given to her as an acknowledgement for a favour she had bestowed upon him . Pausanias records a grove of Cabeirian Demeter and the Maid , three miles outside the gates of Thebes , where a ritual was performed , so - called on the grounds that Demeter gave it to the Cabeiri , who established it at Thebes . The Thebans told Pausanias that some inhabitants of Naupactus had performed the same rituals there , and had met with divine vengeance . The Cabeirian mysteries were introduced from Asia Minor at the end of the archaic period . Nothing is known of the older cult , and it seems that the Cabeiri were originally wine - daemons . Inscriptions from the temple in Thebes mention the old one as Cabir , and the new one as son ( pais ) , who are different . According to Pausanias , Pelarge , the daughter of Potnieus , was connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian ( potniai ) . A feast in Boeotia , in the month Demetrios ( Pyanepsion ) , probably similar with the Thesmophoria . Thebes : Cult of Demeter and Kore in a feast named Thesmophoria but probably different . It was celebrated in the summer month Bukatios . Peloponnese ( except Arcadia ) Hermione : An old cult of Demeter Chthonia , Kore , and Klymenos ( Hades ) . Cows were pushed into the temple , and then they were killed by four women . It is possible that Hermione was a mythical name , the place of the souls . Asine : Cult of Demeter Chthonia . The cult seems to be related to the original cult of Demeter in Hermione . Lakonia : Temple of Demeter Eleusinia near Taygetos . The feast was named Eleuhinia , and the name was given before the relation of Demeter with the cult of Eleusis . Lakonia at Aigila : Dedicated to Demeter . Men were excluded . near Sparta : Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Demeters ( Δαμάτερες , `` Damaters '' ) . According to Hesychius , the feast lasted three days ( Thesmophoria ) . Corinth : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton . Triphylia in Elis : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Hades . Pellene : Dedicated to the Mysian Demeter . Men were excluded . The next day , men and women became naked . Andania in Messenia ( near the borders of Arcadia ) : Cult of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Hagne . Hagne , a goddess of the spring , was the original deity before Demeter . The temple was built near a spring . Arcadia Pheneos : Mysteries of Demeter Thesmia and Demeter Eleusinia . The Eleusinian cult was introduced later . The priest took the holy book from a natural cleft . He used the mask of Demeter Kidaria , and he hit his stick on the earth , in a kind of agrarian magic . An Arcadian dance was named kidaris . Pallantion near Tripoli : Cult of Demeter and Kore . Karyai : Cult of Kore and Pluton . Tegea : Cult of Demeter and Kore , the Karpophoroi , `` Fruit givers '' . Megalopolis : Cult of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore Sotira , `` the savior '' . Mantineia : Cult of Demeter and Kore in the fest Koragia . Trapezus : Mysteries of the Great goddesses , Demeter and Kore . The temple was built near a spring , and a fire was burning out of the earth . near Thelpusa in Onkeion : Temple of Demeter Erinys ( vengeful ) and Demeter Lusia ( bathing ) . In the myth Demeter was united with Poseidon Hippios ( horse ) and bore the horse Arion and the unnamed . The name Despoina was given in West Arcadia . Phigalia : Cult of the mare - headed Demeter ( black ) , and Despoina . Demeter was depicted in her archaic form , a Medusa type with a horse 's head with snaky hair , holding a dove and a dolphin . The temple was built near a spring . Lycosura , Main article : Despoina Cult of Demeter and Despoina . In the portico of the temple of Despoina there was a tablet with the inscriptions of the mysteries . In front of the temple there was an altar to Demeter and another to Despoine , after which was one of the Great Mother . By the sides stood Artemis and Anytos , the Titan who brought up Despoine . Besides the temple , there was also a hall where the Arcadians celebrated the mysteries A fire was always burning in front of the temple of Pan ( the goat - god ) , the god of the wild , shepherds and flocks . In a relief appear dancing animal - headed women ( or with animal - masks ) in a procession . Near the temple have been found terracotta figures with human bodies , and heads of animals . Islands Paros : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Amorgos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Delos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Eubuleus . Probably a different feast with the name Thesmophoria , celebrated in a summer month ( the same month in Thebes ) . Two big loaves of bread were oferred to the two goddesses . Another feast was named Megalartia . Mykonos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Zeus - Buleus . Crete : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios . Rhodes : Cult of Demeter and Kore , in the month Thesmophorios . The two goddesses are the Damaters in an inscription from Lindos Asia Minor Knidos : Cult of Demeter , Kore , and Pluton . Agrarian magic similar to the one used in Thesmophoria and in the cult of the potniai ( Cabeirian ) . Ephesos : Cult of Demeter and Kore , celebrated at night - time . Priene : Cult of Demeter and Kore , similar to the Thesmophoria . Sicily Head of Persephone . Earthenware . From Sicily , Centuripae , c. 420 BC . The Burrell Collection , Glasgow , UK Syracuse : There was a harvest festival of Demeter and Persephone at Syracuse when the grain was ripe ( about May ) . A fest Koris katagogi , the descent of Persephone into the underworld . Magna Graecia Epizephyrian Locri : A temple associated with childbirth ; its treasure was looted by Pyrrhus . Archaeological finds suggest that worship of Demeter and Persephone was widespread in Sicily and Greek Italy . Libya Cyrene : Temple of Demeter and Kore Ancient Literary references ( edit ) Homer : Iliad : `` the gods fulfilled his curse , even Zeus of the nether world and dread Persephone . '' ( 9 , line 457 ; A.T. Murray , trans ) `` Althea prayed instantly to the gods , being grieved for her brother 's slaying ; and furthermore instantly beat with her hands upon the all - nurturing earth , calling upon Hades and dread Persephone '' ( 9 , 569 ) Odyssey : `` And come to the house of Hades and dread Persephone to seek sooth saying of the spirit of Theban Teiresias . To him even in death Persephone has granted reason that ... '' ( book 10 , card 473 ) Hymns to Demeter Hymn 2 : `` Mistress Demeter goddess of heaven , which God or mortal man has rapt away Persephone and pierced with sorrow your dear heart ? ( hymn 2 , card 40 ) Hymn 13 : `` I start to sing for Demeter the lovely - faced goddess , for her and her daughter the most beautiful Persephone . Hail goddess keep this city safe ! '' ( hymn 13 , card 1 ) Pindar Olympian : `` Now go Echo , to the dark - walled home of Persephone . '' ( book O , poem 14 ) Isthmean : `` Aecus showed them the way to the house of Persephone and nymphs , one of them carrying a ball . '' ( book 1 , poem 8 ) Nemean : `` Island which Zeus , the lord of Olympus gave to Persephone ; he nodded descent with his flowers hair . '' ( book N , poem 1 ) Pythian : `` You splendor - loving city , most beautiful on earth , home of Persephone . You who inhabit the hill of well - built dwellings . '' ( book P , poem 12 ) Aeschylus Libation bearers : Electra : `` O Persephone , grant us indeed a glorious victory ! '' ( card 479 ) Aristophanes Thesmophoriazusae : Mnesilochos : `` Thou Mistress Demeter , the most valuable friend and thou Persephone , grant that I may be able to offer you ! '' ( card 266 ) Euripides Alcestis : `` O you brave and best hail , sitting as attendand Beside 's Hades bride Persephone ! '' ( card 741 ) Hecuba : `` It is said that any of the dead that stand beside Persephone , that the Danaids have left the plains to Troy . '' ( card 130 ) Bacchylides Epinicians : `` Flashing thunderbolt went down to the halls of slender - ankled Persephone to bring up into the light of Hades . '' ( book Ep . poem 5 ) Vergil The Aeneid : `` For since she had not died through fate , or by a well - earned death , but wretchedly , before her time , inflamed with sudden madness , Proserpine had not yet taken a lock of golden hair from her head , or condemned her soul to Stygian Orcus . '' ( IV. 696 -- 99 ) Modern reception ( edit ) Main article : Persephone in popular culture In 1934 , Igor Stravinsky based his melodrama Perséphone on Persephone 's story . In 1961 , Frederick Ashton of the Royal Ballet appropriated Stravinsky 's score , to choreograph a ballet starring Svetlana Beriosova as Persephone . Persephone also appears many times in popular culture . Featured in a variety of young adult novels such as `` Persephone '' by Kaitlin Bevis , `` Persephone 's Orchard '' by Molly Ringle , `` The Goddess Test '' by Aimee Carter , `` The Goddess Letters '' by Carol Orlock , and `` Abandon '' by Meg Cabot , her story has also been treated by Suzanne Banay Santo in `` Persephone Under the Earth '' in the light of women 's spirituality . Here Santo treats the mythic elements in terms of maternal sacrifice to the burgeoning sexuality of an adolescent daughter . Accompanied by the classic , sensual paintings of Frederic Lord Leighton and William - Adolphe Bouguereau , Santo portrays Persephone not as a victim but as a woman in quest of sexual depth and power , transcending the role of daughter , though ultimately returning to it as an awakened Queen . See also ( edit ) Greek mythology portal Hellenismos portal Eleusinian Mysteries Rape of Persephone Anthesphoria , festival honoring Proserpina , and Persephone Notes and references ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The actual word in Linear B is 𐀟𐀩𐁚 , pe - re - * 82 or pe - re-swa ; it is found on the PY Tn 316 tablet . Jump up ^ Empedocles was a Greek pre-Socratic philosopher who was a citizen of Agrigentum , a Greek colony in Sicily . Jump up ^ Kingsley 1995 identifies Nestis as a cult title of Persephone . Jump up ^ Hom . Hymn. to Demeter 470 : `` Awful mysteries which no one may in any way transgress or pry into or utter , for deep awe of the gods checks the voice . Happy is he among men upon earth who has seen these mysteries ; but he who is uninitiate and who has no part in them , never has lot of like good things once he is dead , down in the darkness and gloom '' . Jump up ^ `` This is the time when Zeus mated with Semele , who is also Persephone , and Dionysos was conceived . It is also the time when Dionysos took Ariadne to be His wife , and so we celebrate the marriage of the Basilinna ( religious Queen ) and the God '' . References ^ Jump up to : Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion Vol I pp 462 -- 463 , 479 -- 480 Jump up ^ Fraser . The golden bough . Adonis , Attis and Osiris . Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 215 Jump up ^ Raymoure , K.A. `` pe - re - * 82 '' . Minoan Linear A & Mycenaean Linear B. Deaditerranean . `` PY 316 Tn ( 44 ) '' . DĀMOS : Database of Mycenaean at Oslo . University of Oslo . Jump up ^ Chadwick , John ( 1976 ) . The Mycenaean World . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29037 - 6 . At Google Books . Jump up ^ Comments about the goddess pe - re - * 82 of Pylos tablet Tn 316 , tentatively reconstructed as * Preswa `` It is tempting to see ... the classical Perse ... daughter of Oceanus ... ; whether it may be further identified with the first element of Persephone is only speculative . '' John Chadwick . Documents in Mycenean Greek . Second Edition Jump up ^ Homer ( 1899 ) . Odyssey . Clarendon Press . p. 230 . Retrieved 31 March 2014 . Jump up ^ H.G. Liddell and R. Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon Jump up ^ Martin P. Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der Griechische Religion , Volume I , C.F. Beck Verlag , p. 474 . Jump up ^ R.S.P. Beekes , Etymological Dictionary of Greek , Brill , 2009 , pp. 1179 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , `` Perse'phone '' Jump up ^ Cicero . De Natura Deorum 2.26 Jump up ^ Welch ( 2013 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Christiane Sourvinou - Inwood , `` Persephone '' The Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 ( 1978 : 101 -- 121 ) . Jump up ^ Peter Kingsley , in Ancient Philosophy , Mystery , and Magic : Empedocles and Pythagorean Tradition ( Oxford University Press , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29.16 Jump up ^ Schol . ad . Theocritus 2.12 Jump up ^ In the Hymn to Melinoe , where the father is Zeus Chthonios , either Zeus in his chthonic aspect , or Pluto ; Radcliffe G. Edmonds III , `` Orphic Mythology , '' in A Companion to Greek Mythology ( Blackwell , 2011 ) , p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche I , pp. 206 -- 210 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 478 -- 480 Jump up ^ Orphic Hymn 29 to Persephone Jump up ^ `` PERSEPHONE - Greek Goddess of Spring , Queen of the Underworld ( Roman Proserpina ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 466 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , pp. 477 -- 480 : `` The Arcadian Great goddesses '' Jump up ^ Pausanias. Description of Greece 5.15. 4 , 5 , 6 Jump up ^ Kramer , Samuel Noah . Sumerian Mythology : A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C. : Revised Edition . University of Pennsylvania Press , 1961 , Philadelphia . ISBN 0 - 8122 - 1047 - 6 ( Pages 76 - 79 ) available at sacred-texts.com . `` Moreover , the crime involved is probably that of abducting a goddess ; it therefore brings to mind the Greek story of the rape of Persephone . '' Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 17 . Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463 ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Nysa is a mythical mountain with unknown location , the birthplace of the god Dionysos . '' : Fox , William Sherwood ( 1916 ) , The Mythology of All Races , v. 1 , Greek and Roman , General editor , Louis Herbert Gray , p. 217 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 285 -- 290 . ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 453 -- 455 ^ Jump up to : Charon , `` glad '' , probably euphemistically `` death '' . Liddell and Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon ( Oxford : Clarendon Press 1843 , 1985 printing ) , entries on χαροπός and χάρων , pp. 1980 -- 1981 ; Brill 's New Pauly ( Leiden and Boston 2003 ) , vol. 3 , entry on `` Charon '' , pp. 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Nilsson , Vol I , p. 470 Jump up ^ Dietrich `` The origins of the Greek Religion '' p. 220,221 Jump up ^ `` Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos , archetypal image of indestructible life. Princeton University Press . p. 24 ^ Jump up to : Karl Kerenyi ( 1967 ) . Eleusis . Archetypal image of mother and daughter . Princeton University Press . p. 31f Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 289 Jump up ^ `` According to the Greek popular belief , ἕν ἀνδρῶν , ἕν θεῶν γένος ''. ( One is the nature of men , another one the nature of gods ) : Erwin Rhode ( 1961 ) , Psyche Band I , p. 293 Jump up ^ Burkert p. 12 Jump up ^ J. Frazer The Golden Bough , Part IV , Adonis , Attis and Osiris Jump up ^ F. Schachermeyer ( 1972 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , W. Kohlhammer Stuttgart , pp. 141 , 308 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) pp. 34 -- 40 Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) p. 40 Jump up ^ `` Hermes and the Anodos of Pherephata '' : Nilsson ( 1967 ) p. 509 taf. 39 , 1 Jump up ^ Karl Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : archetypal image of indestructible life , pp. 89 , 90 ISBN 0 - 691 - 02915 - 6 Jump up ^ Hesychius , listing of ἀδνόν , a Cretan - Greek form for ἁγνόν , `` pure '' Jump up ^ Kerenyi ( 1976 ) , p. 24 Jump up ^ `` To what extent one can and must differentiate between Minoan and Mycenaean religion is a question which has not yet found a conclusive answer '' :. Burkert ( 1985 ) . p. 21 . Jump up ^ G. Mylonas ( 1932 ) . Eleusiniaka . I , 1 ff Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) , pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ John Chadwick ( 1976 ). The Mycenean World . Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ `` Wa - na - ssoi , wa - na - ka - te , ( to the two queens and the king ) . Wanax is best suited to Poseidon , the special divinity of Pylos . The identity of the two divinities addressed as wanassoi , is uncertain `` : George Mylonas ( 1966 ) Mycenae and the Mycenean age '' p. 159 : Princeton University Press ^ Jump up to : Dietrich p. 220,221 ^ Jump up to : `` Pausanias 8.37. 9 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` In Greek mythology Achileus becomes immortal by the divine fire . His heel was his only mortal element , because it was not touched by the fire : Wunderlich ( 1972 ) , The secret of Crete p. 134 Jump up ^ Nilsson , Vol I p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Hesiod , Theogony 914 . Jump up ^ `` Loves of Hermes : Greek mythology '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter , 4 -- 20 , 414 -- 434 . ^ Jump up to : `` Theoi Project - Persephone '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Gantz , p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Reference to the Thesmophoria in Lucian 's Dialogues of the Courtesans 2.1 . Jump up ^ The figures are unmistakable , as they are inscribed `` Persophata , Hermes , Hekate , Demeter '' ; Gisela M.A. Richter , `` An Athenian Vase with the Return of Persephone '' The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 26. 10 ( October 1931 : 245 -- 248 ) Jump up ^ Suidas s.v. Makariai , with English translation at Suda On Line , Adler number mu 51 Jump up ^ William Hansen ( 2005 ) Classical Mythology : A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans ( Oxford University Press , 2005 ) , pp. 180 -- 182 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Classical Mythology , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Ap . Athanassakis ( 2004 ) , Hesiod . Theogony , Works and Days , Shield , Johns Hopkins University Press , p. 56 . Jump up ^ The Anthesteria Archived 20 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Bibliotheca Arcana ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) . Vol I , pp. 215 -- 219 ^ Jump up to : `` Martin Nilsson , The Greek popular religion , The religion of Eleusis , pp 51 - 54 '' . Sacred-texts.com. 2005 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Martin Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 473 -- 474 . Jump up ^ Pausanias 2.30. 2 Jump up ^ Nilsson , VoI , p. 444 Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 1.3 . Jump up ^ Homer . Odyssey , 10.494 Jump up ^ Orphica , 26 , 71 Jump up ^ Odyssey 10.491 , 10.509 Jump up ^ Károly Kerényi , Eleusis : Archetypal Image of Mother and Daughter , 1967 , passim Jump up ^ Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 285 -- 289 ^ Jump up to : Burkert ( 1985 ) , pp. 240 -- 243 Jump up ^ Clinton , Greek Sanctuaries , p. 113 . ^ Jump up to : Potniai : Pelarge daughter of Potnieus is connected with the cult of Demeter in the Cabeirian : Pausanias 9.25 , 8 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I pp. 151 , 463 Jump up ^ Pseudo Apollodorus Biblioteca IV. 2 Jump up ^ Kevin Klinton ( 1993 ) , Greek Sanctuaries : New Approaches , Routledge , p. 11 Jump up ^ Nilsson ( 1967 ) Vol I , pp. 463 -- 465 Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.14 , 1 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Pausanias I 42 , 6 , Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 463 ^ Jump up to : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , pp. 668 -- 670 Jump up ^ Scholia ad . Euripides Phoen. 487 Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.25. 5 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus Siculus ( v. 4.7 ) : `` At Thebes or Delos the festival occurred two months earlier , so any seed - sowing connection was not intrinsic . '' Jump up ^ For Mantinea , see Brill 's New Pauly `` Persephone '' , II D . Jump up ^ L.H. Jeffery ( 1976 ) . Archaic Greece : The Greek city states c. 800 -- 500 B.C ( Ernest Benn Limited ) p. 23 ISBN 0 - 510 - 03271 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Pausanias 8.37. 1 , 8.38. 2 '' . Theoi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction of interior of Sanctuary of Despoina '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Herodotus VI , 16 : Nilsson ( 1967 ) , Vol I , p. 464 Jump up ^ Brill 's New Pauly , `` Persephone '' , citing Diodorus 5.4 Jump up ^ Livy : 29.8 , 29.18 ^ Jump up to : `` perseus tufts - persephone '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Virgil : Aeneid IV '' . Poetryintranslation.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Persephone ( Daughters of Zeus , # 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Persephone 's Orchard '' . Jump up ^ Santo , Suzanne Banay ( 2012 ) . Persephone Under the Earth . Red Butterfly Publications . ISBN 0 - 9880914 - 0 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) Apollodorus , Apollodorus , The Library , with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer , F.B.A. , F.R.S. in 2 Volumes , Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Bowra Maurice ( 1957 ) , The Greek experience . The World Publishing Company , Cleveland and New York . Burkert Walter ( 1985 ) . Greek Religion . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 36281 - 0 Farnell , Lewis Richard ( 1906 ) , The Cults of the Greek States , Volume 3 ( Chapters on : Demeter and Kore - Persephone ; Cult - Monuments of Demeter - Kore ; Ideal Types of Demeter - Kore ) . Gantz , Early Greek Myth : A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources , Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 , Two volumes : ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5360 - 9 ( Vol. 1 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5362 - 3 ( Vol. 2 ) . Homer , The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , Ph. D. in two volumes , Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1924 . Homer , The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray , PH. D. in two volumes . Cambridge , MA. , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann , Ltd. 1919 . Janda , Michael ( 2010 ) , Die Musik nach dem Chaos . Innsbruck Kerenyi Karl ( 1967 ) , Eleusis : Archetypal image of mother and daughter . Princeton University Press . Kerenyi , Karl ( 1976 ) , Dionysos : Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life , Princeton : Bollingen , Google Books preview Nilsson Martin ( 1967 ) , Die Geschichte der Griechischen Religion , Vol I , C.F Beck Verlag , Muenchen . Revised ed . Nilsson Martin ( 1950 ) , Minoan - Mycenaean Religion , and its Survival in Greek Religion , Lund : Gleerup . Revised 2nd ed . Pausanias , Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones , Litt. D. , and H.A. Ormerod , M.A. , in 4 Volumes , Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1918 . Rohde Erwin ( 1961 ) , Psyche . Seelenkult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen . Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellshaft . Darmstad . ( First edition 1893 ) : full text in German downloadable as pdf . Rohde Erwin ( 2000 ) , Psyche : The Cult of Souls and the Belief in Immortality among the Greeks , trans . from the 8th edn . by W.B. Hillis ( London : Routledge & Kegan Paul , 1925 ; reprinted by Routledge , 2000 ) , online Schachermeyr Fritz ( 1964 ) , Die Minoische Kultur des alten Kreta , W. Kohlhammer Verlag Stuttgart . Stephen King ( 2008 ) , Duma Key Smith , William ; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology , London ( 1873 ) . `` Perse'phone '' Anthony Welch ( 2013 ) , The Renaissance Epic and the Oral Past . Yale University Press . ISBN 0300178867 Zuntz Günther ( 1973 ) , Persephone : Three Essays on Religion and Thought in Magna Graecia External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Persephone . Look up persephone in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Martin Nilsson . The Greek popular religion Adams John Paul . Mycenean divinities Theoi project : Persephone Goddess Theoi project : The Rape of Persephone The Princeton Encyclopedia of classical sites : Despoina Theoi project : Despoine Kore Photographs Flickr users ' photos tagged with Persephone Ancient Greek deities by affiliation Primordial deities Achlys Aether Aion / Chronos Ananke Chaos Erebus Eros / Phanes Gaia Hemera Nyx The Ourea Pontus / Thalassa Tartarus Uranus Fates Atropos Clotho Lachesis Titan deities Titanes ( male ) Coeus Crius Cronus Hyperion Iapetus Oceanus Ophion Titanides ( female ) Dione Eurybia Mnemosyne Phoebe Rhea Tethys Theia Themis Hyperionides Eos Helios Selene Koionides Asteria Leto Lelantos Krionides Astraeus Pallas Perses Iapetionides Atlas Epimetheus Menoetius Prometheus Mousai ( Muses ) Aoide Arche Melete Mneme Olympian deities Dodekatheon Aphrodite Apollo Ares Artemis Athena Demeter Dionysus Hephaestus Hera Hermes Hestia Poseidon Zeus Theoi Olympioi Asclepius Deimos Ganymede Eileithyia Enyo Eris Iris Harmonia Hebe Heracles Paean Pan Phobos Mousai ( Muses ) Daughters of Zeus Calliope Clio Euterpe Erato Melpomene Polyhymnia Terpsichore Thalia Urania Daughters of Apollo Apollonis Borysthenis Cephisso Muses of the Lyre Hypate Mese Nete Muses at Sicyon Polymatheia Charites ( Graces ) Aglaea Antheia Euphrosyne Hegemone Pasithea Thalia Horae ( Hours ) Dike Eirene Eunomia Styktides Bia Kratos Nike Zelos Aquatic deities Theoi Halioi Amphitrite Benthesikyme Brizo Calypso Ceto Glaucus The Ichthyocentaurs Kymopoleia Leucothea Melicertes Nereus Nerites The Nesoi Oceanus Phorcys Pontus / Thalassa Poseidon Proteus Rhodos Tethys Thaumas Thetis Triton Oceanids Acaste Admete Adrasteia Amalthea Asia Callirrhoe Ceto Clytie Dione Dodone Doris Electra Eurynome Idyia Melia Metis Nemesis Perse Pleione Plouto Styx Telesto Zeuxo Nereides Amphitrite Arethusa Dynamene Galatea Galene Psamathe Thetis Potamoi Achelous Almo Alpheus Anapos Asopus Asterion Axius Caanthus Cebren Cephissus Clitumnus Enipeus Kladeos Meander Nilus Numicus Phyllis Peneus Rivers of the Underworld Cocytus Eridanos Lethe Phlegethon Styx Sangarius Scamander Simoeis Strymon Naiads Aegina Achiroe Aganippe The Anigrides Argyra Bistonis Bolbe Caliadne Cassotis Castalia Cleocharia Creusa Daphne Drosera Harpina The Ionides Ismenis Larunda Lilaea Liriope Melite Metope Minthe Moria Nana Nicaea Orseis Pallas Pirene Salmacis Stilbe The Thriae Corycia Kleodora Melaina Tiasa Chthonic deities Theoi Chthonioi Angelos Demeter Gaia Hades Hecate The Lampads Macaria Melinoë Persephone Zagreus Erinyes ( Furies ) Alecto Megaera Tisiphone Earthborn Cyclopes Gigantes Hecatonchires Kouretes Meliae Telchines Typhon Apotheothenai Trophonius Triptolemus Orpheus Aeacus Minos Rhadamanthus Personifications Children of Nyx Achlys Apate Dolos Eleos Elpis Epiphron Eris Geras Hesperides Hybris Hypnos Ker The Keres The Moirai Aisa Clotho Lachesis Momus Moros Oizys The Oneiroi Epiales Morpheus Phantasos Phobetor Nemesis Philotes Sophrosyne Thanatos Children of Eris Algos Amphillogiai Ate The Androktasiai Dysnomia Horkos Hysminai Lethe Limos Machai Phonoi Ponos Neikea Pseudea Logoi Children of other gods Aergia Aidos Alala Aletheia Angelia Arete Bia Caerus The Younger Charites Eucleia Eupheme Euthenia Philophrosyne Corus Deimos The Erotes Anteros Eros Hedylogos Hermaphroditus Hymen Eupraxia Hedone Homonoia Iacchus Kratos The Litae Homonoia Nike Peitho Phobos Tyche Zelos Others Adephagia Alala Alke Amechania Anaideia Alastor Apheleia Aporia The Arae Dikaiosyne Dyssebeia Ekecheiria Eulabeia Eusebeia Gelos Heimarmene Homados Horme Ioke Kakia Kalokagathia Koalemos Kydoimos Lyssa The Maniae Methe Nomos Palioxis Peitharchia Penia Penthus Pepromene Pheme Philotes Phrike Phthonus Pistis Poine Polemos Poros Praxidike Proioxis Prophasis Roma Soter Soteria Techne Thrasos Other deities Sky deities The Anemoi The Astra Planeti Stilbon Eosphorus Hesperus Pyroeis Phaethon Phaenon Aura Chione The Hesperides The Hyades Nephele The Pleiades Alcyone Sterope Celaeno Electra Maia Merope Taygete Agricultural deities Aphaea Ariadne Carmanor Demeter Despoina Eunostus Philomelus Plutus Health deities Asclepius Aceso Epione Iaso Hygieia Panacea Telesphorus Rustic deities Aetna The Alseids The Auloniads Amphictyonis The Anthousai Aristaeus Attis Britomartis The Cabeiri Comus The Dryades Erato Eurydice The Hamadryades Chrysopeleia The Epimeliades Hecaterus Leuce Ma The Maenades The Meliae The Napaeae The Nymphai Hyperboreioi The Oreads Adrasteia Echo Helike Iynx Nomia Oenone Pitys The Pegasides Priapus Rhapso Silenus Telete Others Acratopotes Adrasteia Agdistis Alexiares and Anicetus Aphroditus Astraea Circe Eiresione Enyalius Harpocrates Ichnaea Palaestra Ancient Greek religion and mythology Classical religious forms Ancient Greek religion Gnosticism Paleo - 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Buddhism Hellenismos Decline of Greco - Roman polytheism Modern popular culture Greek mythology in popular culture GND : 118511181 LCCN : no2014090208 VIAF : 25393432 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Persephone&oldid=853636674 '' Categories : Greek goddesses Queens in Greek mythology Life - death - rebirth goddesses Eleusinian Mysteries Underworld goddesses Greek death goddesses Greek underworld Divine women of Zeus Chthonic beings Offspring of Demeter Rape of Persephone Mythological rape victims Nature goddesses Hidden categories : Articles containing Mycenaean Greek - language text Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Articles containing Greek - language text Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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in greek mythology who was the goddess of spring growth

In Greek mythology , Persephone ( / pərˈsɛfəni / ; Greek : Περσεφόνη ) , also called Kore ( / ˈkɔːriː / ; `` the maiden '' ) , is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is the queen of the underworld . Homer describes her as the formidable , venerable majestic princess of the underworld , who carries into effect the curses of men upon the souls of the dead . Persephone was married to Hades , the god of the underworld . The myth of her abduction represents her function as the personification of vegetation , which shoots forth in spring and withdraws into the earth after harvest ; hence , she is also associated with spring as well as the fertility of vegetation . Similar myths appear in the Orient , in the cults of male gods like Attis , Adonis , and Osiris , and in Minoan Crete .

The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) - Wikipedia The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Science fiction Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8 The Man in the High Castle is an American dystopian alternative history television series produced by Amazon Studios , Scott Free Productions , Headline Pictures , Electric Shepherd Productions and Big Light Productions . The series is loosely based on the 1962 novel of the same name by science fiction author Philip K. Dick . In the series ' alternate version of 1962 America , the Axis powers have won World War II and divided the United States into two puppet states : the Greater Nazi Reich and the Japanese Pacific States . The series follows characters whose destinies intertwine after coming into contact with a series of propaganda films that show a vastly different history from that of their own . Premiering in January 2015 , the pilot was Amazon 's `` most - watched since the original series development program began . '' The next month Amazon ordered episodes to fill out a ten - episode season , which was released in November , to positive reviews . A second season of ten episodes premiered in December 2016 , with a third season announced a few weeks later to be released in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Season one 1.2 Season two 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 John Smith 's family 2.2. 2 Juliana Crain 's family 2.2. 3 Nobusuke Tagomi 's family 2.2. 4 Historical figures 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Advertising controversy 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) The central characters are Juliana Crain , Frank Frink , Joe Blake , John Smith , Nobusuke Tagomi , and Takeshi Kido . The series takes place in an alternate 1962 . Flag of the Greater Nazi Reich in America Flag of the Japanese Pacific States Juliana Crain is a San Francisco woman who becomes entangled with the resistance when her half - sister Trudy is killed by the Kempeitai , just after giving Juliana a film reel that contains newsreel - style footage depicting an alternate history in which the Allies won World War II and Germany and Japan were defeated . The film is entitled The Grasshopper Lies Heavy , and is part of a series of similar newsreels being collected by someone referred to as `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Juliana believes the newsreel reflects some sort of alternate reality and that it is part of some kind of larger truth about how the world should be . Her boyfriend , Frank Frink ( who keeps his Jewish roots hidden in order to avoid extradition and death at the hands of the Nazis ) , believes that the newsreel has no relation to real - life events . Juliana learns Trudy was carrying the film to Canon City , Colorado , in the Neutral Zone , where she was going to meet someone . Juliana decides to travel there in Trudy 's place to find out what her half - sister 's mission was . When she arrives in Canon City , she encounters Joe Blake . Blake is a 27 - year - old New Yorker who is a double agent working for the Nazis under Obergruppenführer John Smith , a former US Army officer who joined the Nazis and rose through the ranks to become a senior officer in the SS . Blake is pretending to be a member of the resistance while he searches for the resistance contact in Canon City , which is Juliana , substituting for Trudy . Nobusuke Tagomi is a high - ranking Japanese official ( the Trade Minister ) in San Francisco . He meets in secret with Nazi official Rudolph Wegener , who is traveling incognito as Swedish businessman Victore Baynes . Tagomi and Wegener are concerned about the power vacuum that will exist when the Reich 's Führer Adolf Hitler dies , or is forced to step down due to his worsening Parkinson 's disease . Wegener explains that Hitler 's successor will want to use the Reich 's nuclear bombs against Japan to gain control of the rest of the former United States . Currently , however , Japan and the Third Reich are engaged in a cold war full of tension but no open warfare , with the Japanese lagging behind the Germans technologically . Frank Frink ends up being arrested when the Japanese and the Nazis become suspicious of Juliana 's activities . Not having the information they seek , he is unable to give the Japanese what they are looking for , and they kill Frink 's sister and her two children in retaliation , using their Jewish heritage as an excuse for their executions . This leads Frink to plan to kill the visiting Japanese Crown Prince and Princess , but he ultimately decides against going through with his plan . Season two ( edit ) Season Two of the show broadly encompasses Frank Frink deciding to forgo his hesitancy and relative pacifism and choosing to become a committed member of the American Resistance to the Japanese Empire inside the Pacific States , eventually participating in a successful terrorist bombing of a central - command building of the Pacific States government in downtown San Francisco . The attack kills many members of the Japanese military and other top - level leadership . Juliana Crain claims asylum in the Nazi Reich using their San Francisco Embassy so she can escape Japanese soldiers who hold her responsible for at least one murder . John Smith , seeing that her asylum claim is unlikely to succeed , steps in to the interrogation room and assumes command of her claim himself , ensuring it goes through , and he takes her to New York without Joe Blake 's knowledge . Joe Blake himself discovers he was a product of the Lebensborn programme , and also that he is the sole biological son of a top - ranking Nazi official in Berlin , Martin Heusmann . Eventually Blake reconciles with Heusmann on the personal level and , in so doing , becomes second - in - command of the Chancellorship after Adolf Hitler dies and the Nazi leadership in Berlin grants Heusmann the Reich 's Acting Chancellor title , which they do quickly and almost by default . Hitler 's death is abruptly pinned upon Japanese spies , and Heusmann suddenly announces on television that the Japanese agents whom he claims assassinated the Führer will be brought to justice by any means necessary , including war . John Smith is the only high - ranking Nazi official to be suspicious of the nature of Heusmann 's sudden announcement . To gain insight in to why it has happened , he interrogates another high - ranking Nazi , Reinhard Heydrich , who reveals a far - reaching conspiracy led by Heusmann designed to result in a Nazi nuclear onslaught against the Japanese Empire that will kill tens of millions of Japanese , decimate their Empire , level Tokyo , kill their Emperor , and force the surviving Japanese to permanently absorb themselves in to a global Nazi Reich . John Smith undertakes carefully - calculated stealth actions to disrupt and dismantle the Heusmann conspiracy and , as a final act , travels to Berlin and informs Heinrich Himmler -- the Nazi Reichsführer and not involved in the conspiracy -- of the existence of the conspiracy . Audiotapes , together with physical and written evidence reaching too deep within the existing Reich 's power structure to be dismissed as hearsay , are handed personally by John Smith over to the Reichsführer , who then angrily leads Smith and several of his closest Berlin subordinates in to the late Führer 's office occupied by the Acting Chancellor . He arrests Heusmann for high treason and the murder of Adolf Hitler , detains Joe Blake along with Heusmann , and then addresses the Volkshalle packed with hundreds of thousands of Reich civilians and uniformed stormtroopers , nixing the war - declaration speech meant to have been delivered by Heusmann and instead informing the Reich of Heusmann 's conspiracy and John Smith 's exposing of it . Upon learning this , the entire Volkshalle erupts in to a celebratory mood marked by repeated mass Nazi salutes of Himmler 's men in general and then John Smith in particular . The second season ends with Himmler and John Smith implicitly assuming command of the Reich , and an implied new era of peace and tranquility between the Japanese Empire and the Greater Nazi Reich . Juliana Crain continues to live out her asylum claim inside New York Nazi territory , and the final few minutes of the final episode of the second season show Trudy ( or an alternate - universe version of her ) alive and well . In a basement somewhere , John Smith is given access to a room filled to bursting with reels of films watched by the late Führer . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alexa Davalos as Juliana Crain , a young woman from San Francisco who is outwardly happy living under Japanese control ; she has become an expert in aikido and is friendly with Japanese people living in San Francisco . Her mother harbors hatred of the Japanese , as they killed Juliana 's father during the war . Rupert Evans as Frank Frink , Juliana 's boyfriend . He works in a factory , creating replicas of pre-war American pistols that are prized by the Japanese , while on his own time he creates original jewelry and sketches . When Juliana vanishes just after the police kill her sister , Frank is taken into custody , which is particularly dangerous since he had a Jewish grandfather and would face execution if this fact were exposed . His experience with the Japanese causes him to turn against the state . Luke Kleintank as Joe Blake , a new recruit to the underground American resistance who is actually an agent working for the SS under Obergruppenführer John Smith . He transports a copy of a reel of the forbidden film The Grasshopper Lies Heavy to the neutral Rocky Mountain States as part of his mission to infiltrate the American resistance . DJ Qualls as Ed McCarthy , Frank 's co-worker and friend . He closely follows politics and cares very much about Juliana and Frank 's well being . Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa as Nobusuke Tagomi , the Trade Minister of the Pacific States of America . His true loyalties are ambiguous throughout the first season . Rufus Sewell as John Smith , an SS Obergruppenführer investigating the Resistance in New York . He is a natural - born American who previously served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and lives a comfortable suburban life with a wife and three children . It is implied that he embraced Nazism because he grew up in poverty as a result of the Great Depression . Joel de la Fuente as Chief Inspector Takeshi Kido , the ruthless head of the Kempeitai stationed in San Francisco . Brennan Brown as Robert Childan , an antique store owner who makes secret deals with Frank . ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance movement and enforcer for Abendsen . ( season 2 ) Bella Heathcote as Nicole Dörmer , a young Berlin - born filmmaker who will cross paths with Joe . ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Carsten Norgaard as Rudolph Wegener , a disillusioned high - ranking Nazi official who trades secrets with Tagomi . Rick Worthy as Lemuel `` Lem '' Washington , owner of the Sunrise Diner in Canon City and member of the Resistance . Camille Sullivan as Karen Vecchione , a leader of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance . Lee Shorten as Sergeant Hiroyuki Yoshida , Inspector Kido 's right - hand man . Arnold Chun as Kotomichi , Tagomi 's assistant . Hank Harris as Randall Becker , a member of the Pacific States branch of the Resistance Christine Chatelain as Laura Crothers , Frank 's sister . Allan Havey as the Origami Man , a Nazi spy sent to Canon City to eliminate members of the Resistance . Burn Gorman as the Marshal , a bounty hunter searching for concentration camp escapees . Shaun Ross as the Shoe Shine Boy , a young albino man living in Canon City . Rob LaBelle as Carl , a bookstore clerk in Canon City who is revealed to be a concentration camp escapee named David P. Frees . Geoffrey Blake as Jason Meyer , a Jewish member of the Resistance . Michael Gaston as Mark Sampson , a Jew living in the Pacific States ; he is Frank 's friend Louis Ozawa Changchien as Paul Kasoura , a wealthy lawyer who collects pre-war American memorabilia . Tao Okamoto as Betty , Paul 's wife . Daisuke Tsui as the Crown Prince of Japan Mayumi Yoshida as the Crown Princess of Japan Amy Okuda as Christine Tanaka , an office worker in the Nippon building . Hiro Kanagawa as Taishi Okamura , the leader of a Yakuza based in the Pacific States . Stephen Root as Hawthorne Abendsen / The Man in the High Castle . ( season 2 ) Sebastian Roché as Reichsminister Martin Heusmann , Joe Blake 's estranged father and high - ranking member of the Reich . ( season 2 ) Cara Mitsuko as Sarah , a Japanese American Resistance member , confidante of Frank and survivor of the Manzanar concentration camp . ( season 2 ) Tate Donovan as George Dixon , a mysterious friend of the Crains ( season 2 ) . Michael Hogan as Hagan , an ex-preacher and leader in the San Francisco resistance . ( season 2 ) Tzi Ma as General Hidehisa Onoda , a leading member of the Japanese military . ( season 2 ) John Smith 's family ( edit ) Chelah Horsdal as Helen Smith , John 's wife . Quinn Lord as Thomas Smith , John and Helen 's son and the eldest child . A member of the Hitler Youth , it is later revealed that he has inherited a form of muscular dystrophy from his father 's side of the family . Gracyn Shinyei as Amy Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Genea Charpentier as Jennifer Smith , John and Helen 's daughter . Juliana Crain 's family ( edit ) Daniel Roebuck as Arnold Walker , Juliana 's stepfather and Trudy 's father . Macall Gordon as Anne Crain Walker , Juliana 's mother who is still bitter about losing her husband in World War II . Conor Leslie as Trudy Walker , Juliana 's half sister who is shot dead by the Kempeitai . However , she is shown alive at the end of the second season . Nobusuke Tagomi 's family ( edit ) Yukari Komatsu as Michiko Tagomi , Nobusuke 's wife . ( season 2 ) Eddie Shin as Noriaki Tagomi , Nobusuke and Michiko 's son . ( season 2 ) Historical Figures ( edit ) Wolf Muser as Adolf Hitler . Ray Proscia as SS - Oberst - Gruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich . Kenneth Tigar as SS - Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler ( season 2 ) Peter Anderson as Joseph Goebbels , Nazi Minister of Propaganda ( season 2 ) Lisa Paxton as Eva Braun , Hitler 's wife ( season 2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) The pilot and the second episode were screened at a special Comic - Con event . The season premiered on November 20 , 2015 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The New World '' David Semel Frank Spotnitz January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) A young man , Joe Blake , volunteers to serve the resistance by driving a truck from Nazi New York to the neutral zone in the Rockies . In Japan - occupied San Francisco , Juliana Crain receives a package from her sister Trudy , only to see her get shot by the Japanese police . She returns home where her boyfriend Frank urges her to go to the police and tell them she had nothing to do with Trudy 's treason . The package contains film of the Allies winning World War II , which Juliana watches . She boards a bus to the Neutral Zone to deliver the film in Trudy 's place . A female agent on the bus attempts to steal the film but only escapes with decoys . Joe befriends Juliana in Canon City while in San Francisco , Frank is arrested by the Kempeitai , who want to know Juliana 's destination . Joe calls a Nazi commandant , Smith , revealing that he is working for them . `` Sunrise '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) In the Canon City diner , Juliana meets a man she assumes is her contact . Smith tells Joe that the contact is a Sicherheitsdienst ( SD ) agent trying to stop the resistance , and orders him not to intervene . However , when the SD agent tries to kill Juliana , Joe drives up , and she is able to throw the agent over the railing to his death . In New York , Smith is attacked by resistance fighters . In prison , Frank meets a resistance fighter who convinces him not to inform on Juliana . The Kempeitai kill Frank 's sister and her children , but do not kill him when the woman who stole Juliana 's bag is found with fake film reels . `` The Illustrated Woman '' Ken Olin Thomas Schnauz and Evan Wright November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe spots a Nazi bounty hunter in town , looking for the man Juliana killed . They go to dispose of his body and car , but find a map which leads them to a cave where they find a dead woman and list of names . They realize that Juliana 's boss from the diner was her actual contact . Frank breaks the news of his sister and her children 's deaths to his brother - in - law . Frank returns to work where he makes a real gun . The bounty hunter realizes Juliana 's identity and tries to kill her . `` Revelations '' Michael Rymer Thomas Schnauz and Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe quickly saves Juliana from the Marshal . Joe and Juliana confront Lemuel who leads them into the woods , where they are surrounded by resistance fighters , who force them to give them the films and leave . Joe and Juliana are attacked again by the Marshal , causing Joe to reveal to the Marshal that he is a Nazi agent . The Marshal pursues Juliana on the highway . When Juliana gets far enough , she burns her car and hides . When the Marshal reaches the car , he assumes that she has died . Back in the Reich , SS Captain Connolly is suspected by Smith for telling the resistance members who attacked him , which route he was taking to work . In the Pacific States , Frank heads to the Crown Prince 's speech with a gun to assassinate him , but hesitates to do so . The Crown Prince is then shot by an unseen gunman . 5 5 `` The New Normal '' Bryan Spicer Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) The Crown Prince is rushed to the hospital after the attack , and the captain of the Imperial Guard is ordered to commit seppuku , for not protecting the Crown Prince . Kido then states that if he can not find the gunman , he will do the same . Meanwhile , Juliana returns home to find an angry Frank , who alludes to his time in prison . Juliana visits her parents and learns the Japanese killed Frank 's sister and children . When she later reports to the Japanese military , she is interrogated and asked about Trudy 's partner Randall but is ultimately let go . She then visits Simone and meets an agent of the resistance who gives her a visitor 's card to the government building . Joe returns to New York from the Neutral Zone and is kidnapped by Gestapo agents and brought to Smith 's office . He is then forced to tell Smith what happened in Canon City . Smith tells Joe he has failed in his mission because the leader of the resistance escaped . Smith believes Joe is being truthful and invites him over for VA day ( Victory in America day ) . 6 6 `` Three Monkeys '' Nelson McCormick Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Joe celebrates VA day at Smith 's house . Juliana accepts a job working for Tagomi as she continues her search for answers . Smith , who has received intelligence about Wegener 's activities but also happens to be an old friend , intercepts him at the airport and invites him for dinner hoping to probe Wegener for answers . Smith has Wegener arrested . Smith catches Joe sneaking through his files . 7 7 `` Truth '' Brad Anderson Emma Frost November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana makes a startling discovery about her sister 's death . Frank reflects on recent events and makes an important decision about his future , and Tagomi gains greater insight into Juliana 's past . Smith catches Joe in his home office and interrogates him about Juliana and Canon City . 8 8 `` End of the World '' Karyn Kusama Walon Green November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Juliana and Frank make plans to escape the Pacific States , only to be dragged back into danger by Joe as he tries to retrieve a new film , and walks directly into the Kempeitai 's ambush . Meanwhile , Smith 's loyalty is put to the ultimate test when confronted with a startling family discovery . The episode is named after the song of the same name , which is performed by Lini Evans during the episode with Japanese lyrics she co-wrote . 9 9 `` Kindness '' Michael Slovis Jace Richdale November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) With time running out , a desperate Frank is forced to put his life on the line to help Joe . The pieces finally fall into place for Smith as he uncovers who was behind the assassination attempt . Tagomi is devastated when he is confronted with the consequences of his scheming , and Kido 's investigation takes a dramatic turn when he makes an important discovery . Meanwhile , Frank and Juliana , after taking possession of the new film , decide to watch it , but they are shocked to find out that the film describes , apparently in the near future , a nuclear - bombed San Francisco where the SS are rounding up and executing survivors ; Frank is shown being executed by Joe , who is wearing an SS uniform . 10 10 `` A Way Out '' Daniel Percival Rob Williams November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Frank and Juliana angrily confront Joe as a Nazi agent . He goes to the Nazi embassy with the film . Joe learns that Heydrich is preparing a trap . Kido acts on the information from the Yakuza and kills the Nazi sniper that shot the Crown Prince . Ed is caught with Frank 's gun and is used as a scapegoat for the attempted assassination of the Crown Prince , averting the need for Kido to commit seppuku . Heydrich demands Smith 's loyalty ahead of Wegener assassinating Hitler . Wegener says goodbye to his family and travels to Hitler 's alpine castle ( filmed at Hohenwerfen Castle ) , but after confronting Hitler ( who is watching the alternate newsreels in his huge film vault saying that he learns something every time he watches ) , kills himself instead . Smith captures the traitor Heydrich and reports such to Hitler . Joe evades Lem 's ambush and boards a boat to Mexico in Juliana 's place . Frank finds out that Ed has been arrested and returns to the Kempeitai headquarters to find him being detained . Tagomi goes to Union Square to meditate with Juliana 's charm and opens his eyes to find himself in an alternate 1962 where the Allies won World War II and America is in the midst of the Cuban Missile Crisis . Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The second season was released on December 16 , 2016 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` The Tiger 's Cave '' Daniel Percival Frank Spotnitz December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Joe returns to New York to hand over the film to Smith and request for his resignation , but Smith denies his request before delivering the film to Hitler . Karen and Lem confront Juliana for not shooting Joe before she is tranquilized . She wakes up in the home of Hawthorne Abendsen , The Man in the High Castle , and his vast film collection . Meanwhile , General Onoda reveals to Tagomi and his staff that the capsule Science Minister Shimada found in his pocket contains the plans for a nuclear weapon that the Empire intends to use to crush the Nazis , much to Tagomi 's dismay . Frank confronts Arnold about spying over his own family . Desperate to clear Ed 's name , Frank goes to Childan and asks for his help . Juliana attempts to get answers from an evasive Abendsen and receives a clue which may help to avert nuclear war . Gary Connell , leader of the West Coast Resistance , goes against orders and tries to kill Juliana , but she escapes at a Kempeitai checkpoint . A gunfight ensues between the Resistance members and the Japanese soldiers . Karen is killed in the crossfire . 12 `` The Road Less Traveled '' Colin Bucksey Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Kido investigates the shootout at the checkpoint and suspects Juliana is involved . Frank decides to get Paul Kasoura , who is a defense lawyer , to help Ed . In desperation , he reveals to Kasoura that the antique goods he and Childan sold him are fake , leading the pair to be imprisoned by the Yakuza , to whom Kasoura has a connection . Frank is almost killed by Okamura , the Yakuza leader , in the previous incident with Joe . However , he manages to convince Okamura to allow him to repay his debt for the forgery , with a condition that Ed is to work with him as his assistant . Kido is forced by Okamura to release Ed . He later pins the assassination of the Crown Prince on the deceased Karen . Joe is ordered by Smith to visit his father , a Reichminister named Heusmann , in Berlin . Smith tells Joe that Juliana is possibly dead . Meanwhile , Juliana evades Gary and Lem and tries to convince her parents to leave San Francisco , to no avail . Using the clue on a mysterious man that Abendsen is fixated on , Juliana discovers the man is a family friend named George Dixon , who is Trudy 's real father . Learning he may be in Brooklyn , Juliana risks her life to reach the Nazi embassy and request asylum , while leaving a letter to Frank . 13 `` Travelers '' Daniel Sackheim Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith is warned by Dr. Adler , the family physician , to end his son Thomas 's life , as the boy 's incurable illness prevents him from being accepted in the Reich . Juliana makes it to New York and is questioned by Smith , who is notified of her arrival and arranges her stay . He keeps this a secret from Joe . Frank learns of Juliana 's defection to the Nazi states , though he does not believe Gary on her betrayal . While he works with Ed and Childan to create forgeries for the Yakuza to repay his debt , Frank is convinced by the Resistance to help them liberate innocent citizens from the Kempeitai in retaliation for the checkpoint murders . While saving a Resistance member named Sarah , Frank commits his first kill against the Japanese . Juliana looks for Joe but is told by his ex-lover that he has rejoined the Nazis , leading her to think he may have betrayed her . Joe travels to Berlin and meets with his father but is distant due to the latter 's treatment of his mother . He crosses paths with Nicole Becker , a filmmaker. Smith is unable to kill his son when given the chance to do so . He meets with Dr. Adler and kills him to ensure his silence . 14 `` Escalation '' David Petrarca Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana adjusts to life in the Reich under the tutelage of Smith 's wife Helen and Thomas . While looking for George Dixon at his old apartment , she is pursued by two unknown agents and almost killed . General Onoda has the Kempeitai execute numerous citizens for the murder of the Japanese soldiers during the Resistance rescue . Enraged , Frank starts to neglect his debt with the Yakuza and accepts a risky assignment to siphon materials from an unexploded Japanese bomb for a Resistance mission , much to Ed 's dismay . Frank begins to get close with Sarah during the assignment . Smith reveals to a suspecting Helen that he killed Dr. Adler to keep their son 's illness a secret . Kido gets Onoda drunk and tricks him into approving an unknown order . After escaping from her pursuers , Juliana is approached by Dixon . Tagomi travels to the alternate timeline once again and sees his still - living wife Michiko , who is deceased in his own timeline . 15 5 `` Duck and Cover '' John Fawcett Erik Oleson & Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Dixon is revealed to be a Resistance leader and meets up with Juliana after she tells him that the Man in the High Castle sent her . Juliana tells him he may be somehow involved in the possible San Francisco bombing as he has appeared several times in the films . Dixon forces Juliana to spy on Smith and his family to redeem her betrayal when she allowed Joe to escape with the film . Joe is upset when his father brings him to his place of birth and reveals he is one of the Lebensborn , an experiment to perfect racial purity . Despite this , he takes up his father 's offer to remain in Berlin for a few more days . Kido attempts to use Onoda 's approval to extradite Juliana from the Nazi states , though he fails and reveals his motive for visiting Smith for an unknown reason . Frank becomes further involved with the Resistance while Ed is revealed to be under the control of the Kempeitai to report on the Yakuza 's counterfeiting activities in exchange for his and Frank 's lives . Lem assists Abendsen in moving to a new location under the possibility the location of the High Castle is compromised and Abendsen destroys most of the films before leaving . Tagomi reveals himself to the alternate Michiko and his son Noriyuke , but discovers the alternate Tagomi 's relationship with them is estranged . He is shocked to see Noriyuke married to an alternate Juliana with their son . 16 6 `` Kintsugi '' Paul Holahan Francesca Gardiner December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Juliana starts to socialize with the Ladies Committee as planned and gains the support of one of the members , Lucy . Helen discovers Thomas has been selected by the Hitler Youth group to go for an expedition in South America . She forbids her son to go until she finds out that Smith arranged to have their son disappear from society by staging a fake abduction and live a life of anonymity . Joe starts to get closer to Nicole , who reveals herself as one of the Lebensborn and brings him to meet with some of the others . After spending the night with Nicole , Joe begins to embrace his real heritage . Tagomi attempts to mend his alternate self 's relationship with his family , and is dismayed by the alternate Noriyuke 's foregoing of the Japanese culture . Kido is informed by his right hand man , Yoshida , that they have found Abendsen 's burnt hideout and learns the Yakuza is also looking for the films . 17 7 `` Land O ' Smiles '' Karyn Kusama Rob Williams December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Ed and Childan go to Okamura to repay their debt with the sale from Frank 's forgery but are locked up in a storage room when Kido and his men pay a visit . Kido kills Okamura and the Yakuza members present for treason as he has deduced the Yakuza are working with the Nazis . Yoshida discovers Ed and Childan but lets them go . Frank is tasked to plant a bomb at the harbor where General Onoda is visiting . However , Frank aborts the mission when he discovers that the Japanese are secretly building an atomic bomb there and alerts the Resistance of this information . While at Adler 's funeral , Smith is dismayed when Adler 's wife Alice raises her suspicion on her husband 's sudden death and plans to have an autopsy performed . Juliana also attends the funeral and while talking to Thomas , she notices he has a seizure and covers for him . Later , she promises Helen that she will not reveal Thomas 's condition . Smith has further troubles when Heinrich Himmler informs him that Hitler has suffered a collapse . 18 8 `` Loose Lips '' Alex Zakrzewski Rick Cleveland December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Smith questions Juliana about Joe 's film and learns of San Francisco 's impending destruction . Lucy tells Juliana she knows that supposedly live footage of Hitler is actually archival because her husband manages the TV broadcast . Juliana shares with Dixon her belief that Hitler may be dead . The Resistance decide it is time to stage an uprising , leaving Juliana concerned that she may have caused the nuclear catastrophe she is trying to prevent . Heusmann is made Acting Chancellor while Joe decides to support his father . Frank learns from Arnold that Juliana has warned them to leave San Francisco and has not betrayed him . Enraged , he confronts Gary but the Resistance is determined to go ahead with the uprising . Armed with the knowledge from Juliana and Kido , Smith misleads a secretly imprisoned Heydrich into thinking Germany and Japan are already at war , leading Heydrich to confirm what Smith has suspected : a conspiracy to create a pretext for war with the Japanese exists among the Nazi ranks . Smith executes Heydrich , but not before learning he is not the mastermind behind the rush to war . Hitler passes away , leaving Heusmann in charge , and the new Chancellor is revealed to have orchestrated the looming conflict . 19 9 `` Detonation '' Chris Long Wesley Strick December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi watches a film with his alternate family showing the recent test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll . Finally resolved to stop war between Japan and the Nazis , Tagomi takes the film and returns to his reality . Thomas confides to Juliana about his condition , unaware that their conversation is being recorded . Smith later learns of the tape and takes it to protect Thomas ' secret . In a televised address , Heusmann frames the Japanese for Hitler 's death by poison and promises retaliation much to Joe 's horror . Frank decides to assist the Resistance in assassinating Onoda using their homemade bombs . Before the operation , he convinces Ed and Childan to leave San Francisco . Frank and Sarah smuggle a car bomb into the Kempeitai HQ underground parking garage . They set the bomb timer and attempt to leave the building , but are spotted by Kido , which starts a gunfight in the lobby . Just as Tagomi arrives , the bomb detonates , killing General Onoda and his staff and collapsing most of the building . Frank and Sarah 's fate is not shown . 20 10 `` Fallout '' Daniel Percival Erik Oleson December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) Tagomi and Kido , who survived the bombing , deal with the aftermath of the destruction of the Kempeitai HQ . Afterwards , Kido travels to New York and plays the film for Smith appearing to provide evidence that the Japanese possess a hydrogen bomb . The resistance attempts to avenge Karen 's death by killing Juliana , but she escapes and kills Susan in the process . She then confronts and kills Dixon , who was threatening to expose Smith by broadcasting the tape of her conversation with Thomas . Smith travels to Berlin with the film to convince the Nazi higher - ups not to attack Japan out of fear of nuclear retaliation and meets privately with Himmler , exposing Heusmann as the traitor . After arresting Heusmann and Joe , Himmler addresses the worldwide public from the Volkshalle , possibly assuming control of the Reich , and rewards Smith for his service . The recognition Smith receives inspires Thomas to turn himself over to the Public Health Department to be euthanized . After traveling to the Neutral Zone , a bereft Juliana learns from Abendsen that hope remains and that her sister is alive . Finally , Lem hands over Abendsen 's remaining films to Tagomi . Production ( edit ) In 2010 , it was announced that the BBC would co-produce a four - part TV adaptation of The Man in the High Castle for BBC One together with Headline Pictures , FremantleMedia Enterprises and Scott Free Films . Director Ridley Scott was to act as executive producer of the adaptation by Howard Brenton . On February 11 , 2013 , Variety reported that Syfy was adapting the book as a four - part miniseries , with Ridley Scott and Frank Spotnitz as executive producers , co-produced with Scott Free Prods. , Headline Pictures and Electric Shepherd Prods . On October 1 , 2014 , Amazon.com began filming the pilot episode in Roslyn , Washington , for a new television drama to be aired on their Prime web video streaming service . This has been adapted by Frank Spotnitz and is being produced for Amazon by Ridley Scott , David Zucker and Jordan Sheehan for Scott Free , Stewart Mackinnon and Christian Baute for Headline Pictures , Isa Hackett and Kalen Egan for Electric Shepherd and Spotnitz 's Big Light Productions . The pilot episode was released by Amazon Studios on January 15 , 2015 . Amazon Studios ' production process is somewhat different from those of other conventional television channels . They produce pilot episodes of a number of different prospective programs , then release them and gather data on their success . The most promising shows are then picked up as regular series . On February 18 , 2015 , Amazon.com announced that The Man in the High Castle was given the green - light along with four other series , and a full season would be produced . Production for the pilot episode began in October 2014 . Principal filming took place in Seattle , with the city standing in for San Francisco and locations in New York City , as well as Roslyn , Washington , which was the long - time shooting location for Northern Exposure . Sites used in Seattle include the Seattle Center Monorail , the Paramount Theatre , a newspaper office in the Pike Place Market area , as well as various buildings in the city 's Capitol Hill , International District , and Georgetown neighborhoods . In Roslyn , the production used external shots of the Roslyn Cafe which featured prominently in Northern Exposure along with several local businesses and scenery . In April 2015 , filming took place in Vancouver , British Columbia , in the downtown area of West Georgia Street , along the promenade of the Coast Capital Savings building . In May and June 2015 filming also took place at the University of British Columbia . Exterior shots of Hohenwerfen Castle in Werfen , Austria , were filmed in September 2015 for the tenth episode of the first season . Amazon announced that they were bringing on new executive producer and showrunner Eric Overmyer for season three to replace Frank Spotnitz after his sudden departure from the show during the middle of season two . Reception ( edit ) The first season of The Man in the High Castle received acclaim from critics . Rotten Tomatoes gives season 1 an approval rating of 95 % based on reviews from 58 critics , with an average rating of 7.54 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` By executive producer Ridley Scott , The Man in the High Castle is unlike anything else on TV , with an immediately engrossing plot driven by quickly developed characters in a fully realized post-WWII dystopia . '' Metacritic gives the first season a score of 77 out of 100 , based on reviews from 30 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Meredith Woerner from io9 wrote , `` I can honestly say I loved this pilot . It 's an impressive , streamlined undertaking of a fairly complicated and very beloved novel . '' Matt Fowler from IGN gave 9.2 out of 10 and described the series as a `` a superb , frightening experience filled with unexpected twists and ( some sci - fi ) turns . '' Brian Moylan of The Guardian was positive and praised the convincing depiction as well as the complex , and gripping , plot . The Los Angeles Times described the pilot as `` provocative '' and `` smartly adapted by The X-Files ' Frank Spotnitz . '' The Daily Telegraph said it was `` absorbing '' and Wired called it `` must - see viewing . '' Entertainment Weekly said it was `` engrossing '' and `` a triumph in world - building , '' cheering , `` The Man in the High Castle is king . '' After its first season , Rolling Stone included it on a list of the forty best science fiction television shows of all time . Amazon subsequently announced it was the service 's most - streamed original series and had been renewed for a second season . Season 2 was met with mixed reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the second season an approval rating of 63 % based on reviews from 19 critics , with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Although its plot is admittedly unwieldy , The Man in the High Castle 's second season expands its fascinating premise in powerful new directions , bolstered by stunning visuals , strong performances , and intriguing new possibilities . '' Metacritic gives season 2 a score of 62 out of 100 , based on reviews from ten critics . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 IGN Awards Best New TV Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated South by Southwest Awards Excellence in Title Design Patrick Clair Nominated 2016 American Society of Cinematographers Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Television Movie , Mini-Series or Pilot James Hawkinson ( Episode : `` The New World '' ) Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series James Hawkinson Won Outstanding Main Title Design Patrick Clair , Paul Kim , Jose Limon , Raoul Marks Won Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Linda King , Brenda Meyers - Ballard Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects The Man in the High Castle Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Rufus Sewell Nominated Monte - Carlo Television Festival Best TV Series Drama The Man in the High Castle Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated USC Scripter Awards Best Television Script Frank Spotnitz and Philip K. Dick Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Casi Blume , David Andrade , Nick Chamberlain , Lawson Deming Nominated Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Recurring Young Actor ( 14 -- 21 ) Quinn Lord Nominated 2017 Artios Awards Television Pilot And First Season - Drama Denise Chamian , Liz Ludwitzke , Candice Elzinga , Patti Kalles Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) James Hawkinson Nominated Outstanding Original Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program `` Resistance Radio '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Drew Boughton , Dawn Swiderski , Jon Lancaster Nominated Outstanding Special Visual Effects Lawson Deming , Cory Jamieson , Casi Blume , Nick Chamberlain , David Andrade , Bill Parker , Justin Fox , Danielle Malambri Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Fantasy Television Series J.R. Hawbaker Nominated Leo Awards Best Guest Performance by a Male in a Dramatic Series Kurt Evans Nominated Best Supporting Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Chelah Horsdal Won Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series Nicole Noelle Chartrand , Robert Murdoch Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series The Man in the High Castle Nominated Advertising controversy ( edit ) As part of an advertising campaign for the release of the first season , one entire New York City Subway car was covered with Nazi and Imperial Japanese imagery as seen in the show , including multiple American flags with the Nazi eagle emblem in place of the 50 stars and multiple flags of the fictional Pacific States . In response to criticism from `` state lawmakers and city leaders '' , the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ( MTA ) released a statement saying that there were no grounds to reject the ads due to the fact that neutral content subway ad standards only prohibit advertising that is a political advertisement or disparages an individual or group . MTA spokesperson Kevin Ortiz stated that , `` The MTA is a government agency and ca n't accept or reject ads based on how we feel about them ; we have to follow the standards approved by our board . Please note they 're commercial ads . '' Spokesperson Adam Lisberg said , `` This advertising , whether you find it distasteful or not , obviously they 're not advertising Nazism ; they 're advertising a TV show . '' After complaints from New York State Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio , initial reports indicated that Amazon pulled the advertisement from the subway . It was later announced that it was the MTA , not Amazon , that pulled the ad , due to pressure from Governor Cuomo . See also ( edit ) SS - GB , 2017 TV series Fatherland , 1994 TV movie References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` TV Review : The Man in the High Castle '' . Variety . November 18 , 2015 . Retrieved November 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Amazon Prime . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy . `` Amazon orders 5 original series including Man in the High Castle , Mad Dogs '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spotnitz , Frank ( @ FrankSpotnitz ) ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` @ dlairman @ HighCastleTV Ten '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( @ TheFienPrint ) ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Time for ' Man in the High Castle , ' which premieres on November 20 on # Amazon . # TCA15 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' season 2 premiere date : Season releases Dec. 16 '' . Den of Geek . August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man in the High Castle ' Gets Another Season and Another Showrunner '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VP9wkTEgORI Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Callum Keith Rennie joins Amazon 's Man in the High Castle ; Rafael de la Fuente in When We Rise ABC Miniseries '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Bella Heathcote joins Man in the High Castle ; Warren Christie in Eyewitness '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FX 's Tyrant casts Annet Mahendru ; Sebastian Roché in Amazon 's Man in the High Castle '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` A New Trailer for The Man in the High Castle and Episode Two Preview '' . Newsweek . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jarvey , Natalie ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle Creator Frank Spotnitz on Creating Alternate Histories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 Release Date , Trailer , and Review '' . Den of Geek . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ridley Scott to return to work of sci - fi icon for BBC mini-series '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marechal , A.J. ( February 10 , 2013 ) . `` Syfy , Ridley Scott , Frank Spotnitz set miniseries '' . Variety . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Muir , Pat ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Roslyn hopes new TV show brings 15 more minutes of fame : The Man in the High Castle '' . Yakima Herald - Republic . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` Amazon Studios adds drama The Man in the High Castle , comedy Just Add Magic to pilot slate '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 , Episode 1 '' . Amazon.com . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon greenlights full seasons of Mad Dogs , The Man in the High Castle , The New Yorker Presents , and children 's shows Just Add Magic and The Stinky & Dirty Show '' ( Press release ) . Amazon.com . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon builds film sets around DJC Building '' . Daily Journal of Commerce . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shoot : The Man in the High Castle 's American Nazi John Smith ( Rufus Sewell ) films at Vancouver 's Arthur Erickson - designed concrete tower '' . YVRShoots.com. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hauen , Jack ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` The Man in the High Castle is filming at UBC '' . The Ubyssey . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hakenkreuzflagge flatterte auf der Burg Hohenwerfen '' ( Swastika flag flutters on Hohenwerfen Castle ) . Salzburger Nachrichten ( in German ) . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Man In the High Castle ' Renewed For Season 3 By Amazon , Gets A Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Man in the High Castle is wildly different from the book but still great '' . io9 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Series 1 review '' . IGN . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : the Nazis win , but so do viewers '' . The Guardian . November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adams , Sam ; Collins , Sean T. ; Fear , David ; Murray , Noel ; Scherer , Jenna ; Tobias , Scott ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Best Science Fiction TV Shows of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle is Amazon 's most - watched Original '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon Original Series The Man in the High Castle , Recently Renewed for Season Two , Marks Biggest Launch Month in Prime Video History '' ( Press release ) . Amazon Studios . December 21 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best New Series - IGN 's Best of 2015 - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The ASC -- Past ASC Awards '' . www.theasc.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Picture - Critics ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` USC Scripter Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Young Artist Awards '' Young Artist Awards `` . web.archive.org. 30 October 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Casting Society of America '' . www.castingsociety.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Man in the High Castle '' . Emmys . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Fantasy Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leo Awards , Nominees by Name 2017 '' . www.leoawards.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Locations in a Period TV Series - ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Subway pulls Nazi - themed ads for new show , Man in the High Castle '' . NPR . November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man in the High Castle subway ads , featuring Nazi symbols , removed from trains '' . CBS New York . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Man in the High Castle ( TV series ) Official website The Man in the High Castle on IMDb Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Man in the High Castle . Amazon Video original programming Original series Current Bosch ( 2014 -- present ) Mozart in the Jungle ( 2014 -- present ) Transparent ( 2014 -- present ) Just Add Magic ( 2015 -- present ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) One Mississippi ( 2015 -- present ) Patriot ( 2015 -- present ) Sneaky Pete ( 2015 -- present ) Kamen Rider Amazons ( 2016 -- present ) The Collection ( 2016 -- present ) Crayon Shin - chan Gaiden ( 2016 -- present ) Fleabag ( 2016 -- present ) Goliath ( 2016 -- present ) The Grand Tour ( 2016 -- present ) I Love Dick ( 2016 -- present ) Jean - Claude Van Johnson ( 2016 -- present ) The Tick ( 2016 -- present ) Inside Edge ( 2017 -- present ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel ( 2017 -- present ) Comrade Detective ( 2017 -- present ) Lore ( 2017 -- present ) Former Alpha House ( 2013 -- 14 ) Betas ( 2013 -- 14 ) Hand of God ( 2014 -- 17 ) Red Oaks ( 2014 -- 17 ) Z : The Beginning of Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Mad Dogs ( 2015 -- 16 ) Crisis in Six Scenes ( 2016 ) Good Girls Revolt ( 2015 -- 16 ) The New Yorker Presents ( 2016 ) The Last Tycoon ( 2016 -- 17 ) American Playboy : The Hugh Hefner Story ( 2017 ) The Idolmaster KR ( 2017 ) Continuations Ripper Street ( series 3 -- 5 ; 2014 -- 16 ) Children 's programming Creative Galaxy ( 2013 -- present ) Tumble Leaf ( 2014 -- present ) Gortimer Gibbon 's Life on Normal Street ( 2014 -- 16 ) Annedroids ( 2015 -- present ) Wishenpoof ! ( 2015 -- present ) Danger & Eggs ( 2015 -- present ) Niko and the Sword of Light ( 2015 -- present ) The Stinky & Dirty Show ( 2015 -- present ) The Kicks ( 2015 -- present ) Little Big Awesome ( 2016 -- present ) Lost In Oz ( 2017 -- present ) If You Give a Mouse a Cookie ( 2017 -- present ) Upcoming The Romanoffs ( 2018 ) Tom Clancy 's Jack Ryan ( 2018 ) Carnival Row ( 2019 ) Good Omens ( 2019 ) Homecoming ( TBA ) Tong Wars ( TBA ) Works by Philip K. Dick Novels Gather Yourselves Together ( 1950 ) Voices from the Street ( 1952 ) Solar Lottery ( 1954 ) Mary and the Giant ( 1954 ) The World Jones Made ( 1954 ) Eye in the Sky ( 1955 ) The Man Who Japed ( 1955 ) A Time for George Stavros ( 1956 ) Pilgrim on the Hill ( 1956 ) The Broken Bubble ( 1956 ) The Cosmic Puppets ( 1957 ) Puttering About in a Small Land ( 1957 ) Nicholas and the Higs ( 1958 ) Time Out of Joint ( 1958 ) In Milton Lumky Territory ( 1958 ) Confessions of a Crap Artist ( 1959 ) The Man Whose Teeth Were All Exactly Alike ( 1960 ) Humpty Dumpty in Oakland ( 1960 ) Vulcan 's Hammer ( 1960 ) Dr. Futurity ( 1960 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 1961 ) We Can Build You ( 1962 ) Martian Time - Slip ( 1962 ) Dr. Bloodmoney , or How We Got Along After the Bomb ( 1963 ) The Game - Players of Titan ( 1963 ) The Simulacra ( 1963 ) The Crack in Space ( 1963 ) Clans of the Alphane Moon ( 1964 ) The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch ( 1964 ) The Zap Gun ( 1964 ) The Penultimate Truth ( 1964 ) The Unteleported Man ( 1964 ) The Ganymede Takeover ( 1965 ) Counter-Clock World ( 1965 ) Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep ? ( 1966 ) Nick and the Glimmung ( 1966 ) Now Wait for Last Year ( 1966 ) Ubik ( 1966 ) Galactic Pot - Healer ( 1968 ) A Maze of Death ( 1968 ) Our Friends from Frolix 8 ( 1969 ) Flow My Tears , the Policeman Said ( 1974 ) Deus Irae ( 1976 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 1976 ; published 1985 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 1977 ) VALIS ( 1981 ) The Divine Invasion ( 1981 ) The Transmigration of Timothy Archer ( 1982 ) The Owl in Daylight ( unfinished ) Collections A Handful of Darkness ( 1955 ) The Variable Man ( 1956 ) The Preserving Machine ( 1969 ) The Book of Philip K. Dick ( 1973 ) The Best of Philip K. Dick ( 1977 ) The Golden Man ( 1980 ) Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities ( 1984 ) I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon ( 1985 ) The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 1987 ) Beyond Lies the Wub ( 1988 ) The Dark Haired Girl ( 1989 ) The Father - Thing ( 1989 ) Second Variety ( 1989 ) The Days of Perky Pat ( 1990 ) The Little Black Box ( 1990 ) The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford ( 1990 ) We Can Remember It for You Wholesale ( 1990 ) The Minority Report ( 1991 ) Second Variety ( 1991 ) The Eye of the Sibyl ( 1992 ) The Philip K. Dick Reader ( 1997 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2004 ) Vintage PKD ( 2006 ) Short stories `` Beyond Lies the Wub '' ( 1952 ) `` The Gun '' ( 1952 ) `` The Skull '' ( 1952 ) `` The Little Movement '' ( 1952 ) `` The Defenders '' ( 1953 ) `` Mr. Spaceship '' ( 1953 ) `` Piper in the Woods '' ( 1953 ) `` Roog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Infinites '' ( 1953 ) `` Second Variety '' ( 1953 ) `` Colony '' ( 1953 ) `` The Cookie Lady '' ( 1953 ) `` Impostor '' ( 1953 ) `` Paycheck '' ( 1953 ) `` The Preserving Machine '' ( 1953 ) `` Expendable '' ( 1953 ) `` The Indefatigable Frog '' ( 1953 ) `` The Commuter '' ( 1953 ) `` Out in the Garden '' ( 1953 ) `` The Great C '' ( 1953 ) `` The King of the Elves '' ( 1953 ) `` The Trouble with Bubbles '' ( 1953 ) `` The Variable Man '' ( 1953 ) `` Planet for Transients '' ( 1953 ) `` The Builder '' ( 1953 ) `` Tony and the Beetles '' ( 1953 ) `` Prize Ship '' ( 1954 ) `` Beyond the Door '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crystal Crypt '' ( 1954 ) `` The Short Happy Life of the Brown Oxford '' ( 1954 ) `` The Golden Man '' ( 1954 ) `` Sales Pitch '' ( 1954 ) `` Breakfast at Twilight '' ( 1954 ) `` The Crawlers '' ( 1954 ) `` Exhibit Piece '' ( 1954 ) `` Adjustment Team '' ( 1954 ) `` Shell Game '' ( 1954 ) `` Meddler '' ( 1954 ) `` A World of Talent '' ( 1954 ) `` The Last of the Masters '' ( 1954 ) `` Upon the Dull Earth '' ( 1954 ) `` The Father - thing '' ( 1954 ) `` Strange Eden '' ( 1954 ) `` The Turning Wheel '' ( 1954 ) `` Foster , You 're Dead ! '' ( 1955 ) `` Human Is '' ( 1955 ) `` War Veteran '' ( 1955 ) `` Captive Market '' ( 1955 ) `` Nanny '' ( 1955 ) `` The Chromium Fence '' ( 1955 ) `` Service Call '' ( 1955 ) `` The Mold of Yancy '' ( 1955 ) `` Autofac '' ( 1955 ) `` Psi - man Heal My Child ! '' ( 1955 ) `` The Minority Report '' ( 1956 ) `` Pay for the Printer '' ( 1956 ) `` A Glass of Darkness '' ( 1956 ) `` The Unreconstructed M '' ( 1957 ) `` Null - O '' ( 1958 ) `` Explorers We '' ( 1959 ) `` Recall Mechanism '' ( 1959 ) `` Fair Game '' ( 1959 ) `` War Game '' ( 1959 ) `` All We Marsmen '' ( 1963 ) `` What 'll We Do with Ragland Park ? '' ( 1963 ) `` The Days of Perky Pat '' ( 1963 ) `` If There Were No Benny Cemoli '' ( 1963 ) `` Waterspider '' ( 1964 ) `` Novelty Act '' ( 1964 ) `` Oh , to Be a Blobel ! '' ( 1964 ) `` The War with the Fnools '' ( 1964 ) `` What the Dead Men Say '' ( 1964 ) `` Orpheus with Clay Feet '' ( 1964 ) `` Cantata 140 '' ( 1964 ) `` The Unteleported Man '' ( 1964 ) `` Retreat Syndrome '' ( 1965 ) `` Project Plowshare '' ( 1965 ) `` We Can Remember It for You Wholesale '' ( 1966 ) `` Faith of Our Fathers '' ( 1967 ) `` Not by Its Cover '' ( 1968 ) `` The Electric Ant '' ( 1969 ) `` A. Lincoln , Simulacrum '' ( 1969 ) `` The Pre-persons '' ( 1974 ) `` A Little Something for Us Tempunauts '' ( 1974 ) `` The Exit Door Leads In '' ( 1979 ) `` Rautavaara 's Case '' ( 1980 ) `` I Hope I Shall Arrive Soon '' ( 1980 ) `` The Eye of the Sibyl '' ( 1987 ) `` Stability '' ( 1987 ) Adaptations Films Blade Runner ( 1982 ) Total Recall ( 1990 ) Confessions d'un Barjo ( 1992 ) Screamers ( 1995 ) Impostor ( 2002 ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Paycheck ( 2003 ) A Scanner Darkly ( 2006 ) Next ( 2007 ) Screamers : The Hunting ( 2009 ) Radio Free Albemuth ( 2010 ) The Adjustment Bureau ( 2011 ) Total Recall ( 2012 ) 2036 : Nexus Dawn ( 2017 ) 2048 : Nowhere to Run ( 2017 ) Blade Runner Black Out 2022 ( 2017 ) Blade Runner 2049 ( 2017 ) TV series Total Recall 2070 ( 1999 ) The Man in the High Castle ( 2015 -- present ) Minority Report ( 2015 ) Philip K. Dick 's Electric Dreams ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_in_the_High_Castle_(TV_series)&oldid=816091741 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2015 American television series debuts Alternate history television series Amazon Video original programming Dystopian television series Fictional states of the United States Nazism in fiction Television programs based on works by Philip K. Dick Television series by Scott Free Productions Television series produced in British Columbia Television series set in 1962 Television shows set in Colorado Television shows set in New York City Television shows set in San Francisco World War II alternate histories Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use American English from December 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles containing German - language text Pages using infobox television with editor parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 05 : 54 . 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how many season of the man in the high castle

The Man in the High Castle Genre Alternate history Drama Dystopia Thriller Science fiction Created by Frank Spotnitz Based on The Man in the High Castle by Philip K. Dick Starring Alexa Davalos Rupert Evans Luke Kleintank DJ Qualls Joel de la Fuente Cary - Hiroyuki Tagawa Rufus Sewell Brennan Brown Callum Keith Rennie Bella Heathcote Opening theme `` Edelweiss '' , performed by Jeanette Olsson Composer ( s ) Henry Jackman Dominic Lewis Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ridley Scott Frank Spotnitz Christian Baute Isa Dick Hackett Stewart Mackinnon Christopher Tricarico Producer ( s ) Michael Cedar Jean Higgins Jordan Sheehan David W. Zucker Location ( s ) Seattle , Washington Monroe , Washington Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography James Hawkinson Gonzalo Amat Editor ( s ) Kathrynn Himoff Running time 48 -- 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Amazon Studios Scott Free Productions Electric Shepherd Productions Headline Pictures Big Light Productions Picrow Reunion Pictures Distributor Amazon.com Release Original network Amazon Video Original release January 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.amazon.com/The-Man-High-Castle/dp/B00RSGFRY8

Judaism - wikipedia Judaism This article is about the Jewish religion . For consideration of ethnic , historic and cultural aspects of the Jewish identity , see Jews . Judaica ( clockwise from top ) : Shabbat candlesticks , handwashing cup , Chumash and Tanakh , Torah pointer , shofar and etrog box Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot ) Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal Judaism ( originally from Hebrew יהודה ‬ , Yehudah , `` Judah '' ; via Latin and Greek ) is the religion of the Jewish people . It is an ancient , monotheistic , Abrahamic religion with the Torah as its foundational text . It encompasses the religion , philosophy , and culture of the Jewish people . Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel . Judaism encompasses a wide corpus of texts , practices , theological positions , and forms of organization . The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or the Hebrew Bible , and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud . With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide , Judaism is the tenth largest religion in the world . Within Judaism there are a variety of movements , most of which emerged from Rabbinic Judaism , which holds that God revealed his laws and commandments to Moses on Mount Sinai in the form of both the Written and Oral Torah . Historically , this assertion was challenged by various groups such as the Sadducees and Hellenistic Judaism during the Second Temple period ; the Karaites and Sabbateans during the early and later medieval period ; and among segments of the modern non-Orthodox denominations . Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic . Today , the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism ( Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism ) , Conservative Judaism , and Reform Judaism . Major sources of difference between these groups are their approaches to Jewish law , the authority of the Rabbinic tradition , and the significance of the State of Israel . Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin , eternal and unalterable , and that they should be strictly followed . Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal , with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditionalist interpretation of Judaism 's requirements than Reform Judaism . A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of general guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews . Historically , special courts enforced Jewish law ; today , these courts still exist but the practice of Judaism is mostly voluntary . Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization , but in the sacred texts and the rabbis and scholars who interpret them . The history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years . Judaism has its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age . Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions . The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as `` Jews '' in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther , with the term Jews replacing the title `` Children of Israel '' . Judaism 's texts , traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions , including Christianity , Islam and the Baha'i Faith . Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law . Hebraism was just as important a factor in the ancient era development of Western civilization as Hellenism , and Judaism , as the background of Christianity , has considerably shaped Western ideals and morality since Early Christianity . Jews are an ethnoreligious group including those born Jewish , in addition to converts to Judaism . In 2015 , the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million , or roughly 0.2 % of the total world population . About 43 % of all Jews reside in Israel and another 43 % reside in the United States and Canada , with most of the remainder living in Europe , and other minority groups spread throughout Latin America , Asia , Africa , and Australia . Contents 1 Defining characteristics and principles of faith 1.1 Defining characteristics 1.2 Core tenets 2 Jewish religious texts 2.1 Jewish legal literature 2.2 Jewish philosophy 2.3 Rabbinic hermeneutics 3 Jewish identity 3.1 Origin of the term `` Judaism '' 3.2 Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism 3.3 Who is a Jew ? 3.4 Jewish demographics 4 Jewish religious movements 4.1 Rabbinic Judaism 4.1. 1 Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism 4.1. 2 Jewish movements in Israel 4.2 Karaites and Samaritans 4.3 Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) 5 Jewish observances 5.1 Jewish ethics 5.2 Prayers 5.3 Religious clothing 5.4 Jewish holidays 5.4. 1 Shabbat 5.4. 2 Three pilgrimage festivals 5.4. 3 High Holy Days 5.4. 4 Purim 5.4. 5 Hanukkah 5.4. 6 Fast days 5.4. 7 Israeli holidays 5.5 Torah readings 5.6 Synagogues and religious buildings 5.7 Dietary laws : kashrut 5.8 Laws of ritual purity 5.8. 1 Family purity 5.9 Life - cycle events 6 Community leadership 6.1 Classical priesthood 6.2 Prayer leaders 6.3 Specialized religious roles 7 History 7.1 Origins 7.2 Antiquity 7.3 Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) 7.4 Persecutions 7.5 Hasidism 7.6 The Enlightenment and new religious movements 7.7 Spectrum of observance 8 Judaism and other religions 8.1 Christianity and Judaism 8.2 Islam and Judaism 8.3 Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Defining characteristics and principles of faith Defining characteristics Glass platter inscribed with the Hebrew word zokhreinu -- ( god ) remember us A 19th - century silver Macedonian Hanukkah menorah Unlike other ancient Near Eastern gods , the Hebrew God is portrayed as unitary and solitary ; consequently , the Hebrew God 's principal relationships are not with other gods , but with the world , and more specifically , with the people he created . Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism : the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of mankind . According to the Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) , God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation . Many generations later , he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God ; that is , the Jewish nation is to reciprocate God 's concern for the world . He also commanded the Jewish people to love one another ; that is , Jews are to imitate God 's love for people . These commandments are but two of a large corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant , which is the substance of Judaism . Thus , although there is an esoteric tradition in Judaism ( Kabbalah ) , Rabbinic scholar Max Kadushin has characterized normative Judaism as `` normal mysticism '' , because it involves everyday personal experiences of God through ways or modes that are common to all Jews . This is played out through the observance of the Halakha ( Jewish law ) and given verbal expression in the Birkat Ha - Mizvot , the short blessings that are spoken every time a positive commandment is to be fulfilled . The ordinary , familiar , everyday things and occurrences we have , constitute occasions for the experience of God . Such things as one 's daily sustenance , the very day itself , are felt as manifestations of God 's loving - kindness , calling for the Berakhot . Kedushah , holiness , which is nothing else than the imitation of God , is concerned with daily conduct , with being gracious and merciful , with keeping oneself from defilement by idolatry , adultery , and the shedding of blood . The Birkat Ha - Mitzwot evokes the consciousness of holiness at a rabbinic rite , but the objects employed in the majority of these rites are non-holy and of general character , while the several holy objects are non-theurgic . And not only do ordinary things and occurrences bring with them the experience of God . Everything that happens to a man evokes that experience , evil as well as good , for a Berakah is said also at evil tidings . Hence , although the experience of God is like none other , the occasions for experiencing Him , for having a consciousness of Him , are manifold , even if we consider only those that call for Berakot . Whereas Jewish philosophers often debate whether God is immanent or transcendent , and whether people have free will or their lives are determined , Halakha is a system through which any Jew acts to bring God into the world . Ethical monotheism is central in all sacred or normative texts of Judaism . However , monotheism has not always been followed in practice . The Jewish Bible ( Tanakh ) records and repeatedly condemns the widespread worship of other gods in ancient Israel . In the Greco - Roman era , many different interpretations of monotheism existed in Judaism , including the interpretations that gave rise to Christianity . Moreover , some have argued that Judaism is a non-creedal religion that does not require one to believe in God . For some , observance of Jewish law is more important than belief in God per se . In modern times , some liberal Jewish movements do not accept the existence of a personified deity active in history . The debate about whether one can speak of authentic or normative Judaism is not only a debate among religious Jews but also among historians . Core tenets Main article : Jewish principles of faith 13 Principles of Faith : I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is the Creator and Guide of everything that has been created ; He alone has made , does make , and will make all things . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is One , and that there is no unity in any manner like His , and that He alone is our God , who was , and is , and will be . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , has no body , and that He is free from all the properties of matter , and that there can be no ( physical ) comparison to Him whatsoever . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , is the first and the last . I believe with perfect faith that to the Creator , Blessed be His Name , and to Him alone , it is right to pray , and that it is not right to pray to any being besides Him . I believe with perfect faith that all the words of the prophets are true . I believe with perfect faith that the prophecy of Moses our teacher , peace be upon him , was true , and that he was the chief of the prophets , both those who preceded him and those who followed him . I believe with perfect faith that the entire Torah that is now in our possession is the same that was given to Moses our teacher , peace be upon him . I believe with perfect faith that this Torah will not be exchanged , and that there will never be any other Torah from the Creator , Blessed be His Name . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , knows all the deeds of human beings and all their thoughts , as it is written , `` Who fashioned the hearts of them all , Who comprehends all their actions '' ( Psalms 33 : 15 ) . I believe with perfect faith that the Creator , Blessed be His Name , rewards those who keep His commandments and punishes those that transgress them . I believe with perfect faith in the coming of the Messiah ; and even though he may tarry , nonetheless , I wait every day for his coming . I believe with perfect faith that there will be a revival of the dead at the time when it shall please the Creator , Blessed be His name , and His mention shall be exalted for ever and ever . -- Maimonides Scholars throughout Jewish history have proposed numerous formulations of Judaism 's core tenets , all of which have met with criticism . The most popular formulation is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith , developed in the 12th century . According to Maimonides , any Jew who rejects even one of these principles would be considered an apostate and a heretic . Jewish scholars have held points of view diverging in various ways from Maimonides ' principles . In Maimonides ' time , his list of tenets was criticized by Hasdai Crescas and Joseph Albo . Albo and the Raavad argued that Maimonides ' principles contained too many items that , while true , were not fundamentals of the faith . Along these lines , the ancient historian Josephus emphasized practices and observances rather than religious beliefs , associating apostasy with a failure to observe Jewish law and maintaining that the requirements for conversion to Judaism included circumcision and adherence to traditional customs . Maimonides ' principles were largely ignored over the next few centuries . Later , two poetic restatements of these principles ( `` Ani Ma'amin '' and `` Yigdal '' ) became integrated into many Jewish liturgies , leading to their eventual near - universal acceptance . In modern times , Judaism lacks a centralized authority that would dictate an exact religious dogma . Because of this , many different variations on the basic beliefs are considered within the scope of Judaism . Even so , all Jewish religious movements are , to a greater or lesser extent , based on the principles of the Hebrew Bible and various commentaries such as the Talmud and Midrash . Judaism also universally recognizes the Biblical Covenant between God and the Patriarch Abraham as well as the additional aspects of the Covenant revealed to Moses , who is considered Judaism 's greatest prophet . In the Mishnah , a core text of Rabbinic Judaism , acceptance of the Divine origins of this covenant is considered an essential aspect of Judaism and those who reject the Covenant forfeit their share in the World to Come . Establishing the core tenets of Judaism in the modern era is even more difficult , given the number and diversity of the contemporary Jewish denominations . Even if to restrict the problem to the most influential intellectual trends of the nineteenth and twentieth century , the matter remains complicated . Thus for instance , Joseph Soloveitchik 's ( associated with the Modern Orthodox movement ) answer to modernity is constituted upon the identification of Judaism with following the halakha whereas its ultimate goal is to bring the holiness down to the world . Mordecai Kaplan , the founder of the Reconstructionist Judaism , abandons the idea of religion for the sake of identifying Judaism with civilization and by means of the latter term and secular translation of the core ideas , he tries to embrace as many Jewish denominations as possible . In turn , Solomon Schechter 's Conservative Judaism was identical with the tradition understood as the interpretation of Torah , in itself being the history of the constant updates and adjustment of the Law performed by means of the creative interpretation . Finally , David Philipson draws the outlines of the Reform movement in Judaism by opposing it to the strict and traditional rabbinical approach and thus comes to the conclusions similar to that of the Conservative movement . Jewish religious texts The following is a basic , structured list of the central works of Jewish practice and thought . Tanakh ( Hebrew Bible ) and Rabbinic literature Mesorah Targum Jewish Biblical exegesis ( also see Midrash below ) Works of the Talmudic Era ( classic rabbinic literature ) Mishnah and commentaries Tosefta and the minor tractates Talmud : The Babylonian Talmud and commentaries Jerusalem Talmud and commentaries Midrashic literature : Halakhic Midrash Aggadic Midrash Halakhic literature Major Codes of Jewish Law and Custom Mishneh Torah and commentaries Tur and commentaries Shulchan Aruch and commentaries Responsa literature Jewish Thought and Ethics Jewish philosophy Musar literature and other works of Jewish ethics Kabbalah Hasidic works Siddur and Jewish liturgy Piyyut ( Classical Jewish poetry ) Many traditional Jewish texts are available online in various Torah databases ( electronic versions of the Traditional Jewish Bookshelf ) . Many of these have advanced search options available . Jewish legal literature Main article : Halakha The basis of Jewish law and tradition ( halakha ) is the Torah ( also known as the Pentateuch or the Five Books of Moses ) . According to rabbinic tradition , there are 613 commandments in the Torah . Some of these laws are directed only to men or to women , some only to the ancient priestly groups , the Kohanim and Leviyim ( members of the tribe of Levi ) , some only to farmers within the Land of Israel . Many laws were only applicable when the Temple in Jerusalem existed , and only 369 of these commandments are still applicable today . While there have been Jewish groups whose beliefs were based on the written text of the Torah alone ( e.g. , the Sadducees , and the Karaites ) , most Jews believe in the oral law . These oral traditions were transmitted by the Pharisee school of thought of ancient Judaism and were later recorded in written form and expanded upon by the rabbis . According to Rabbinical Jewish tradition , God gave both the Written Law ( the Torah ) and the Oral law to Moses on Mount Sinai . The Oral law is the oral tradition as relayed by God to Moses and from him , transmitted and taught to the sages ( rabbinic leaders ) of each subsequent generation . For centuries , the Torah appeared only as a written text transmitted in parallel with the oral tradition . Fearing that the oral teachings might be forgotten , Rabbi Judah haNasi undertook the mission of consolidating the various opinions into one body of law which became known as the Mishnah . The Mishnah consists of 63 tractates codifying Jewish law , which are the basis of the Talmud . According to Abraham ben David , the Mishnah was compiled by Rabbi Judah haNasi after the destruction of Jerusalem , in anno mundi 3949 , which corresponds to 189 CE . Over the next four centuries , the Mishnah underwent discussion and debate in both of the world 's major Jewish communities ( in Israel and Babylonia ) . The commentaries from each of these communities were eventually compiled into the two Talmuds , the Jerusalem Talmud ( Talmud Yerushalmi ) and the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli ) . These have been further expounded by commentaries of various Torah scholars during the ages . In the text of the Torah , many words are left undefined and many procedures are mentioned without explanation or instructions . Such phenomena are sometimes offered to validate the viewpoint that the Written Law has always been transmitted with a parallel oral tradition , illustrating the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the details from other , i.e. , oral , sources . Halakha , the rabbinic Jewish way of life , then , is based on a combined reading of the Torah , and the oral tradition -- the Mishnah , the halakhic Midrash , the Talmud and its commentaries . The Halakha has developed slowly , through a precedent - based system . The literature of questions to rabbis , and their considered answers , is referred to as responsa ( in Hebrew , Sheelot U-Teshuvot . ) Over time , as practices develop , codes of Jewish law are written that are based on the responsa ; the most important code , the Shulchan Aruch , largely determines Orthodox religious practice today . Jewish philosophy Main article : Jewish philosophy Jewish philosophy refers to the conjunction between serious study of philosophy and Jewish theology . Major Jewish philosophers include Solomon ibn Gabirol , Saadia Gaon , Judah Halevi , Maimonides , and Gersonides . Major changes occurred in response to the Enlightenment ( late 18th to early 19th century ) leading to the post-Enlightenment Jewish philosophers . Modern Jewish philosophy consists of both Orthodox and non-Orthodox oriented philosophy . Notable among Orthodox Jewish philosophers are Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler , Joseph B. Soloveitchik , and Yitzchok Hutner . Well - known non-Orthodox Jewish philosophers include Martin Buber , Franz Rosenzweig , Mordecai Kaplan , Abraham Joshua Heschel , Will Herberg , and Emmanuel Lévinas . Rabbinic hermeneutics 13 Principles of Hermeneutics : A law that operates under certain conditions will surely be operative in other situations where the same conditions are present in a more acute form A law operating in one situation will also be operative in another situation if the text characterizes both situations in identical terms . A law that clearly expresses the purpose it was meant to serve will also apply to other situations where the identical purpose may be served . When a general rule is followed by illustrative particulars , only those particulars are to be embraced by it . A law that begins with specifying particular cases , and then proceeds to an all - embracing generalization , is to be applied to particulars cases not specified but logically falling into the same generalization . A law that begins with a generalization as to its intended applications , then continues with the specification of particular cases , and then concludes with a restatement of the generalization , can be applied only to the particular cases specified . The rules about a generalization being followed or preceded by specifying particulars ( rules 4 and 5 ) will not apply if it is apparent that the specification of the particular cases or the statement of the generalization is meant purely for achieving a greater clarity of language . A particular case already covered in a generalization that is nevertheless treated separately suggests that the same particularized treatment be applied to all other cases which are covered in that generalization . A penalty specified for a general category of wrongdoing is not to be automatically applied to a particular case that is withdrawn from the general rule to be specifically prohibited , but without any mention of the penalty . A general prohibition followed by a specified penalty may be followed by a particular case , normally included in the generalization , with a modification in the penalty , either toward easing it or making it more severe . A case logically falling into a general law but treated separately remains outside the provisions of the general law except in those instances where it is specifically included in them . Obscurities in Biblical texts may be cleared up from the immediate context or from subsequently occurring passages Contradictions in Biblical passages may be removed through the mediation of other passages . -- R. Ishmael Orthodox and many other Jews do not believe that the revealed Torah consists solely of its written contents , but of its interpretations as well . The study of Torah ( in its widest sense , to include both poetry , narrative , and law , and both the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud ) is in Judaism itself a sacred act of central importance . For the sages of the Mishnah and Talmud , and for their successors today , the study of Torah was therefore not merely a means to learn the contents of God 's revelation , but an end in itself . According to the Talmud , These are the things for which a person enjoys the dividends in this world while the principal remains for the person to enjoy in the world to come ; they are : honoring parents , loving deeds of kindness , and making peace between one person and another . But the study of the Torah is equal to them all . ( Talmud Shabbat 127a ) . In Judaism , `` the study of Torah can be a means of experiencing God '' . Reflecting on the contribution of the Amoraim and Tanaim to contemporary Judaism , Professor Jacob Neusner observed : The rabbi 's logical and rational inquiry is not mere logic - chopping . It is a most serious and substantive effort to locate in trivialities the fundamental principles of the revealed will of God to guide and sanctify the most specific and concrete actions in the workaday world ... Here is the mystery of Talmudic Judaism : the alien and remote conviction that the intellect is an instrument not of unbelief and desacralization but of sanctification . '' To study the Written Torah and the Oral Torah in light of each other is thus also to study how to study the word of God . In the study of Torah , the sages formulated and followed various logical and hermeneutical principles . According to David Stern , all Rabbinic hermeneutics rest on two basic axioms : first , the belief in the omni - significance of Scripture , in the meaningfulness of its every word , letter , even ( according to one famous report ) scribal flourish ; second , the claim of the essential unity of Scripture as the expression of the single divine will . These two principles make possible a great variety of interpretations . According to the Talmud , A single verse has several meanings , but no two verses hold the same meaning . It was taught in the school of R. Ishmael : ' Behold , My word is like fire -- declares the Lord -- and like a hammer that shatters rock ' ( Jer 23 : 29 ) . Just as this hammer produces many sparks ( when it strikes the rock ) , so a single verse has several meanings . '' ( Talmud Sanhedrin 34a ) . Observant Jews thus view the Torah as dynamic , because it contains within it a host of interpretations According to Rabbinic tradition , all valid interpretations of the written Torah were revealed to Moses at Sinai in oral form , and handed down from teacher to pupil ( The oral revelation is in effect coextensive with the Talmud itself ) . When different rabbis forwarded conflicting interpretations , they sometimes appealed to hermeneutic principles to legitimize their arguments ; some rabbis claim that these principles were themselves revealed by God to Moses at Sinai . Thus , Hillel called attention to seven commonly used hermeneutical principles in the interpretation of laws ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ) ; R. Ishmael , thirteen ( baraita at the beginning of Sifra ; this collection is largely an amplification of that of Hillel ) . Eliezer b . Jose ha - Gelili listed 32 , largely used for the exegesis of narrative elements of Torah . All the hermeneutic rules scattered through the Talmudim and Midrashim have been collected by Malbim in Ayyelet ha - Shachar , the introduction to his commentary on the Sifra . Nevertheless , R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are perhaps the ones most widely known ; they constitute an important , and one of Judaism 's earliest , contributions to logic , hermeneutics , and jurisprudence . Judah Hadassi incorporated Ishmael 's principles into Karaite Judaism in the 12th century . Today R. Ishmael 's 13 principles are incorporated into the Jewish prayer book to be read by observant Jews on a daily basis . Jewish identity Origin of the term `` Judaism '' A mezuzah case The term `` Judaism '' derives from Iudaismus , a Latinized form of the Ancient Greek Ioudaismos ( Ἰουδαϊσμός ) ( from the verb ἰουδαΐζειν , `` to side with or imitate the ( Judeans ) '' ) , and it was ultimately inspired by the Hebrew יהודה , Yehudah , `` Judah '' ; in Hebrew : יַהֲדוּת , Yahadut . The term Ἰουδαϊσμός first appears in the Hellenistic Greek book of 2 Maccabees in the 2nd century BCE . In the context of the age and period it meant `` seeking or forming part of a cultural entity '' and it resembled its antonym hellenismos , a word that signified a people 's submission to Hellenic ( Greek ) cultural norms . The conflict between iudaismos and hellenismos lay behind the Maccabean revolt and hence the invention of the term iudaismos . Shaye J.D. Cohen writes in his book The Beginnings of Jewishness : We are tempted , of course , to translate ( Ioudaïsmós ) as `` Judaism , '' but this translation is too narrow , because in this first occurrence of the term , Ioudaïsmós has not yet been reduced to the designation of a religion . It means rather `` the aggregate of all those characteristics that makes Judaeans Judaean ( or Jews Jewish ) . '' Among these characteristics , to be sure , are practices and beliefs that we would today call `` religious , '' but these practices and beliefs are not the sole content of the term . Thus Ioudaïsmós should be translated not as `` Judaism '' but as Judaeanness . The earliest instance in Europe where the term was used to mean `` the profession or practice of the Jewish religion ; the religious system or polity of the Jews '' is Robert Fabyan 's The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce a 1513 . `` Judaism '' as a direct translation of the Latin Iudaismus first occurred in a 1611 English translation of the apocrypha ( Deuterocanon in Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy ) , 2 Macc . ii. 21 : `` Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for Iudaisme . '' Distinction between Jews as a people and Judaism According to Daniel Boyarin , the underlying distinction between religion and ethnicity is foreign to Judaism itself , and is one form of the dualism between spirit and flesh that has its origin in Platonic philosophy and that permeated Hellenistic Judaism . Consequently , in his view , Judaism does not fit easily into conventional Western categories , such as religion , ethnicity , or culture . Boyarin suggests that this in part reflects the fact that much of Judaism 's more than 3,000 - year history predates the rise of Western culture and occurred outside the West ( that is , Europe , particularly medieval and modern Europe ) . During this time , Jews experienced slavery , anarchic and theocratic self - government , conquest , occupation , and exile . In the Diaspora , they were in contact with , and influenced by , ancient Egyptian , Babylonian , Persian , and Hellenic cultures , as well as modern movements such as the Enlightenment ( see Haskalah ) and the rise of nationalism , which would bear fruit in the form of a Jewish state in their ancient homeland , the Land of Israel . They also saw an elite population convert to Judaism ( the Khazars ) , only to disappear as the centers of power in the lands once occupied by that elite fell to the people of Rus and then the Mongols . Thus , Boyarin has argued that `` Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity , because it is not national , not genealogical , not religious , but all of these , in dialectical tension . '' In contrast to this point of view , practices such as Humanistic Judaism reject the religious aspects of Judaism , while retaining certain cultural traditions . Who is a Jew ? Main article : Who is a Jew ? According to Rabbinic Judaism , a Jew is anyone who was either born of a Jewish mother or who converted to Judaism in accordance with Jewish Law . Reconstructionist Judaism and the larger denominations of worldwide Progressive Judaism ( also known as Liberal or Reform Judaism ) accept the child as Jewish if one of the parents is Jewish , if the parents raise the child with a Jewish identity , but not the smaller regional branches . All mainstream forms of Judaism today are open to sincere converts , although conversion has traditionally been discouraged since the time of the Talmud . The conversion process is evaluated by an authority , and the convert is examined on his or her sincerity and knowledge . Converts are called `` ben Abraham '' or `` bat Abraham '' , ( son or daughter of Abraham ) . Conversions have on occasion been overturned . In 2008 , Israel 's highest religious court invalidated the conversion of 40,000 Jews , mostly from Russian immigrant families , even though they had been approved by an Orthodox rabbi . Rabbinical Judaism maintains that a Jew , whether by birth or conversion , is a Jew forever . Thus a Jew who claims to be an atheist or converts to another religion is still considered by traditional Judaism to be Jewish . According to some sources , the Reform movement has maintained that a Jew who has converted to another religion is no longer a Jew , and the Israeli Government has also taken that stance after Supreme Court cases and statutes . However , the Reform movement has indicated that this is not so cut and dried , and different situations call for consideration and differing actions . For example , Jews who have converted under duress may be permitted to return to Judaism `` without any action on their part but their desire to rejoin the Jewish community '' and `` A proselyte who has become an apostate remains , nevertheless , a Jew '' . Karaite Judaism believes that Jewish identity can only be transmitted by patrilineal descent . Although a minority of modern Karaites believe that Jewish identity requires that both parents be Jewish , and not only the father . They argue that only patrilineal descent can transmit Jewish identity on the grounds that all descent in the Torah went according to the male line . The question of what determines Jewish identity in the State of Israel was given new impetus when , in the 1950s , David Ben - Gurion requested opinions on mihu Yehudi ( `` Who is a Jew '' ) from Jewish religious authorities and intellectuals worldwide in order to settle citizenship questions . This is still not settled , and occasionally resurfaces in Israeli politics . Historical definitions of Jewish identity have traditionally been based on halakhic definitions of matrilineal descent , and halakhic conversions . Historical definitions of who is a Jew date back to the codification of the Oral Torah into the Babylonian Talmud , around 200 CE . Interpretations of sections of the Tanakh , such as Deuteronomy 7 : 1 -- 5 , by Jewish sages , are used as a warning against intermarriage between Jews and Canaanites because `` ( the non-Jewish husband ) will cause your child to turn away from Me and they will worship the gods ( i.e. , idols ) of others . '' Leviticus 24 : 10 says that the son in a marriage between a Hebrew woman and an Egyptian man is `` of the community of Israel . '' This is complemented by Ezra 10 : 2 -- 3 , where Israelites returning from Babylon vow to put aside their gentile wives and their children . A popular theory is that the rape of Jewish women in captivity brought about the law of Jewish identity being inherited through the maternal line , although scholars challenge this theory citing the Talmudic establishment of the law from the pre-exile period . Since the anti-religious Haskalah movement of the late 18th and 19th centuries , halakhic interpretations of Jewish identity have been challenged . Jewish Demographics Main article : Jewish population by country The total number of Jews worldwide is difficult to assess because the definition of `` who is a Jew '' is problematic ; not all Jews identify themselves as Jewish , and some who identify as Jewish are not considered so by other Jews . According to the Jewish Year Book ( 1901 ) , the global Jewish population in 1900 was around 11 million . The latest available data is from the World Jewish Population Survey of 2002 and the Jewish Year Calendar ( 2005 ) . In 2002 , according to the Jewish Population Survey , there were 13.3 million Jews around the world . The Jewish Year Calendar cites 14.6 million . Jewish population growth is currently near zero percent , with 0.3 % growth from 2000 to 2001 . Jewish religious movements Main article : Jewish religious movements Rabbinic Judaism Rabbinic Judaism ( or in some Christian traditions , Rabbinism ) ( Hebrew : `` Yahadut Rabanit '' -- יהדות רבנית ) has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE , after the codification of the Talmud . It is characterised by the belief that the Written Torah ( Written Law ) can not be correctly interpreted without reference to the Oral Torah and the voluminous literature specifying what behavior is sanctioned by the Law . The Jewish Enlightenment of the late 18th century resulted in the division of Ashkenazi ( Western ) Jewry into religious movements or denominations , especially in North America and Anglophone countries . The main denominations today outside Israel ( where the situation is rather different ) are Orthodox , Conservative , and Reform . Orthodox Judaism holds that both the Written and Oral Torah were divinely revealed to Moses and that the laws within it are binding and unchanging . Orthodox Jews generally consider commentaries on the Shulchan Aruch ( a condensed codification of halakha that largely favored Sephardic traditions ) to be the definitive codification of Jewish law . Orthodoxy places a high importance on Maimonides ' 13 principles as a definition of Jewish faith . Orthodoxy is often divided into Modern Orthodox Judaism and Haredi Judaism . Haredi Judaism is less accommodating to modernity and has less interest in non-Jewish disciplines , and it may be distinguished from Modern Orthodox Judaism in practice by its styles of dress and more stringent practices . Subsets of Haredi Judaism include Hasidic Judaism , which is rooted in the Kabbalah and distinguished by reliance on a Rebbe or religious teacher ; and Sephardic Haredi Judaism , which emerged among Sephardic ( Asian and North African ) Jews in Israel . Conservative Judaism is characterized by a commitment to traditional Jewish laws and customs , including observance of Shabbat and kashrut , a deliberately non-fundamentalist teaching of Jewish principles of faith , a positive attitude toward modern culture , and an acceptance of both traditional rabbinic and modern scholarship when considering Jewish religious texts . Conservative Judaism teaches that Jewish law is not static , but has always developed in response to changing conditions . It holds that the Torah is a divine document written by prophets inspired by God and reflecting his will , but rejects the Orthodox position that it was dictated by God to Moses . Conservative Judaism holds that the Oral Law is divine and normative , but holds that both the Written and Oral Law may be interpreted by the rabbis to reflect modern sensibilities and suit modern conditions . Reform Judaism , called Liberal or Progressive Judaism in many countries , defines Judaism in relatively universalist terms , rejects most of the ritual and ceremonial laws of the Torah while observing moral laws , and emphasizes the ethical call of the Prophets . Reform Judaism has developed an egalitarian prayer service in the vernacular ( along with Hebrew in many cases ) and emphasizes personal connection to Jewish tradition . A Reform synagogue with mixed seating and equal participation of men and women Reconstructionist Judaism , like Reform Judaism , does not hold that Jewish law , as such , requires observance , but unlike Reform , Reconstructionist thought emphasizes the role of the community in deciding what observances to follow . Jewish Renewal is a recent North American movement which focuses on spirituality and social justice but does not address issues of Jewish law . Men and women participate equally in prayer . Humanistic Judaism is a small non-theistic movement centered in North America and Israel that emphasizes Jewish culture and history as the sources of Jewish identity . Sephardi and Mizrahi Judaism While traditions and customs ( see also `` Sephardic law and customs '' ) vary between discrete communities , it can be said that Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities do not generally adhere to the `` movement '' framework popular in and among Ashkenazi Jewry . Historically , Sephardi and Mizrahi communities have eschewed denominations in favour of a `` big tent '' approach . This is particularly the case in contemporary Israel , which is home to the largest communities of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews in the world . ( However , individual Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews may be members of or attend synagogues that do adhere to one Ashkenazi - inflected movement or another . ) Sephardi and Mizrahi observance of Judaism tends toward the conservative , and prayer rites are reflective of this , with the text of each rite being largely unchanged since their respective inception . Observant Sephardim may follow the teachings of a particular rabbi or school of thought ; for example , the Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel . Jewish movements in Israel Main article : Religion in Israel Most Jewish Israelis classify themselves as `` secular '' ( hiloni ) , `` traditional '' ( masorti ) , `` religious '' ( dati ) or Haredi . The term `` secular '' is more popular as a self - description among Israeli families of western ( European ) origin , whose Jewish identity may be a very powerful force in their lives , but who see it as largely independent of traditional religious belief and practice . This portion of the population largely ignores organized religious life , be it of the official Israeli rabbinate ( Orthodox ) or of the liberal movements common to diaspora Judaism ( Reform , Conservative ) . The term `` traditional '' ( masorti ) is most common as a self - description among Israeli families of `` eastern '' origin ( i.e. , the Middle East , Central Asia , and North Africa ) . This term , as commonly used , has nothing to do with the Conservative Judaism , which also names itself `` Masorti '' outside North America . There is a great deal of ambiguity in the ways `` secular '' and `` traditional '' are used in Israel : they often overlap , and they cover an extremely wide range in terms of worldview and practical religious observance . The term `` Orthodox '' is not popular in Israeli discourse , although the percentage of Jews who come under that category is far greater than in the diaspora . What would be called `` Orthodox '' in the diaspora includes what is commonly called dati ( religious ) or haredi ( ultra-Orthodox ) in Israel . The former term includes what is called `` Religious Zionism '' or the `` National Religious '' community , as well as what has become known over the past decade or so as haredi - leumi ( nationalist haredi ) , or `` Hardal '' , which combines a largely haredi lifestyle with nationalist ideology . ( Some people , in Yiddish , also refer to observant Orthodox Jews as frum , as opposed to frei ( more liberal Jews ) ) . Haredi applies to a populace that can be roughly divided into three separate groups along both ethnic and ideological lines : ( 1 ) `` Lithuanian '' ( non-hasidic ) haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; ( 2 ) Hasidic haredim of Ashkenazic origin ; and ( 3 ) Sephardic haredim . Karaites and Samaritans Karaite Judaism defines itself as the remnants of the non-Rabbinic Jewish sects of the Second Temple period , such as the Sadducees . The Karaites ( `` Scripturalists '' ) accept only the Hebrew Bible and what they view as the Peshat ( `` simple '' meaning ) ; they do not accept non-biblical writings as authoritative . Some European Karaites do not see themselves as part of the Jewish community at all , although most do . The Samaritans , a very small community located entirely around Mount Gerizim in the Nablus / Shechem region of the West Bank and in Holon , near Tel Aviv in Israel , regard themselves as the descendants of the Israelites of the Iron Age kingdom of Israel . Their religious practices are based on the literal text of the written Torah ( Five Books of Moses ) , which they view as the only authoritative scripture ( with a special regard also for the Samaritan Book of Joshua ) . Haymanot ( Ethiopian Judaism ) See also : Haymanot ; Beta Israel . Haymanot ( meaning `` religion '' in Ge'ez and Amharic ) refers the Judaism practiced by Ethiopian Jews . This version of Judaism differs substantially from Rabbinic , Karaite , and Samaritan Judaisms , Ethiopian Jews having diverged from their coreligionists earlier . Sacred scriptures ( the Orit ) are written in Ge'ez , not Hebrew , and dietary laws are based strictly on the text of the Orit , without explication from ancillary commentaries . Holidays also differ , with some Rabbinic holidays not observed in Ethiopian Jewish communities , and some additional holidays , like Sigd . Jewish observances Jewish ethics Main article : Jewish ethics Jewish ethics may be guided by halakhic traditions , by other moral principles , or by central Jewish virtues . Jewish ethical practice is typically understood to be marked by values such as justice , truth , peace , loving - kindness ( chesed ) , compassion , humility , and self - respect . Specific Jewish ethical practices include practices of charity ( tzedakah ) and refraining from negative speech ( lashon hara ) . Proper ethical practices regarding sexuality and many other issues are subjects of dispute among Jews . Prayers Main article : Jewish services A Yemenite Jew at morning prayers , wearing a kippah skullcap , prayer shawl and tefillin Traditionally , Jews recite prayers three times daily , Shacharit , Mincha , and Ma'ariv with a fourth prayer , Mussaf added on Shabbat and holidays . At the heart of each service is the Amidah or Shemoneh Esrei . Another key prayer in many services is the declaration of faith , the Shema Yisrael ( or Shema ) . The Shema is the recitation of a verse from the Torah ( Deuteronomy 6 : 4 ) : Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad -- `` Hear , O Israel ! The Lord is our God ! The Lord is One ! '' Most of the prayers in a traditional Jewish service can be recited in solitary prayer , although communal prayer is preferred . Communal prayer requires a quorum of ten adult Jews , called a minyan . In nearly all Orthodox and a few Conservative circles , only male Jews are counted toward a minyan ; most Conservative Jews and members of other Jewish denominations count female Jews as well . In addition to prayer services , observant traditional Jews recite prayers and benedictions throughout the day when performing various acts . Prayers are recited upon waking up in the morning , before eating or drinking different foods , after eating a meal , and so on . The approach to prayer varies among the Jewish denominations . Differences can include the texts of prayers , the frequency of prayer , the number of prayers recited at various religious events , the use of musical instruments and choral music , and whether prayers are recited in the traditional liturgical languages or the vernacular . In general , Orthodox and Conservative congregations adhere most closely to tradition , and Reform and Reconstructionist synagogues are more likely to incorporate translations and contemporary writings in their services . Also , in most Conservative synagogues , and all Reform and Reconstructionist congregations , women participate in prayer services on an equal basis with men , including roles traditionally filled only by men , such as reading from the Torah . In addition , many Reform temples use musical accompaniment such as organs and mixed choirs . Religious clothing Further information : kippah , tzitzit , and tefillin A kippah ( Hebrew : כִּפָּה , plural kippot ; Yiddish : יאַרמלקע , yarmulke ) is a slightly rounded brimless skullcap worn by many Jews while praying , eating , reciting blessings , or studying Jewish religious texts , and at all times by some Jewish men . In Orthodox communities , only men wear kippot ; in non-Orthodox communities , some women also wear kippot . Kippot range in size from a small round beanie that covers only the back of the head to a large , snug cap that covers the whole crown . Tzitzit ( Hebrew : צִיציִת ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tzitzis ) are special knotted `` fringes '' or `` tassels '' found on the four corners of the tallit ( Hebrew : טַלִּית ) ( Ashkenazi pronunciation : tallis ) , or prayer shawl . The tallit is worn by Jewish men and some Jewish women during the prayer service . Customs vary regarding when a Jew begins wearing a tallit . In the Sephardi community , boys wear a tallit from bar mitzvah age . In some Ashkenazi communities , it is customary to wear one only after marriage . A tallit katan ( small tallit ) is a fringed garment worn under the clothing throughout the day . In some Orthodox circles , the fringes are allowed to hang freely outside the clothing . Tefillin ( Hebrew : תְפִלִּין ) , known in English as phylacteries ( from the Greek word φυλακτήριον , meaning safeguard or amulet ) , are two square leather boxes containing biblical verses , attached to the forehead and wound around the left arm by leather straps . They are worn during weekday morning prayer by observant Jewish men and some Jewish women . A kittel ( Yiddish : קיטל ) , a white knee - length overgarment , is worn by prayer leaders and some observant traditional Jews on the High Holidays . It is traditional for the head of the household to wear a kittel at the Passover seder in some communities , and some grooms wear one under the wedding canopy . Jewish males are buried in a tallit and sometimes also a kittel which are part of the tachrichim ( burial garments ) . Jewish holidays Main article : Jewish holiday Jewish holidays are special days in the Jewish calendar , which celebrate moments in Jewish history , as well as central themes in the relationship between God and the world , such as creation , revelation , and redemption . Shabbat Main article : Shabbat Two braided Shabbat challahs placed under an embroidered challah cover at the start of the Shabbat meal Shabbat , the weekly day of rest lasting from shortly before sundown on Friday night to nightfall on Saturday night , commemorates God 's day of rest after six days of creation . It plays a pivotal role in Jewish practice and is governed by a large corpus of religious law . At sundown on Friday , the woman of the house welcomes the Shabbat by lighting two or more candles and reciting a blessing . The evening meal begins with the Kiddush , a blessing recited aloud over a cup of wine , and the Mohtzi , a blessing recited over the bread . It is customary to have challah , two braided loaves of bread , on the table . During Shabbat , Jews are forbidden to engage in any activity that falls under 39 categories of melakhah , translated literally as `` work '' . In fact the activities banned on the Sabbath are not `` work '' in the usual sense : They include such actions as lighting a fire , writing , using money and carrying in the public domain . The prohibition of lighting a fire has been extended in the modern era to driving a car , which involves burning fuel and using electricity . Three pilgrimage festivals Main article : Shalosh regalim Some sukkot in Jerusalem Jewish holy days ( chaggim ) , celebrate landmark events in Jewish history , such as the Exodus from Egypt and the giving of the Torah , and sometimes mark the change of seasons and transitions in the agricultural cycle . The three major festivals , Sukkot , Passover and Shavuot , are called `` regalim '' ( derived from the Hebrew word `` regel '' , or foot ) . On the three regalim , it was customary for the Israelites to make pilgrimages to Jerusalem to offer sacrifices in the Temple . Passover ( Pesach ) is a week - long holiday beginning on the evening of the 14th day of Nisan ( the first month in the Hebrew calendar ) , that commemorates the Exodus from Egypt . Outside Israel , Passover is celebrated for eight days . In ancient times , it coincided with the barley harvest . It is the only holiday that centers on home - service , the Seder . Leavened products ( chametz ) are removed from the house prior to the holiday and are not consumed throughout the week . Homes are thoroughly cleaned to ensure no bread or bread by - products remain , and a symbolic burning of the last vestiges of chametz is conducted on the morning of the Seder . Matzo is eaten instead of bread . Shavuot ( `` Pentecost '' or `` Feast of Weeks '' ) celebrates the revelation of the Torah to the Israelites on Mount Sinai . Also known as the Festival of Bikurim , or first fruits , it coincided in biblical times with the wheat harvest . Shavuot customs include all - night study marathons known as Tikkun Leil Shavuot , eating dairy foods ( cheesecake and blintzes are special favorites ) , reading the Book of Ruth , decorating homes and synagogues with greenery , and wearing white clothing , symbolizing purity . Sukkot ( `` Tabernacles '' or `` The Festival of Booths '' ) commemorates the Israelites ' forty years of wandering through the desert on their way to the Promised Land . It is celebrated through the construction of temporary booths called sukkot ( sing . sukkah ) that represent the temporary shelters of the Israelites during their wandering . It coincides with the fruit harvest and marks the end of the agricultural cycle . Jews around the world eat in sukkot for seven days and nights . Sukkot concludes with Shemini Atzeret , where Jews begin to pray for rain and Simchat Torah , `` Rejoicing of the Torah '' , a holiday which marks reaching the end of the Torah reading cycle and beginning all over again . The occasion is celebrated with singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls . Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are technically considered to be a separate holiday and not a part of Sukkot . High holy days Yom Kippur by Maurycy Gottlieb ( 1878 ) Main article : High Holidays The High Holidays ( Yamim Noraim or `` Days of Awe '' ) revolve around judgment and forgiveness . Rosh Hashanah , ( also Yom Ha - Zikkaron or `` Day of Remembrance '' , and Yom Teruah , or `` Day of the Sounding of the Shofar '' ) . Rosh Hashanah is the Jewish New Year ( literally , `` head of the year '' ) , although it falls on the first day of the seventh month of the Hebrew calendar , Tishri . Rosh Hashanah marks the beginning of the 10 - day period of atonement leading up to Yom Kippur , during which Jews are commanded to search their souls and make amends for sins committed , intentionally or not , throughout the year . Holiday customs include blowing the shofar , or ram 's horn , in the synagogue , eating apples and honey , and saying blessings over a variety of symbolic foods , such as pomegranates . Yom Kippur , ( `` Day of Atonement '' ) is the holiest day of the Jewish year . It is a day of communal fasting and praying for forgiveness for one 's sins . Observant Jews spend the entire day in the synagogue , sometimes with a short break in the afternoon , reciting prayers from a special holiday prayerbook called a `` Machzor '' . Many non-religious Jews make a point of attending synagogue services and fasting on Yom Kippur . On the eve of Yom Kippur , before candles are lit , a prefast meal , the `` seuda mafseket '' , is eaten . Synagogue services on the eve of Yom Kippur begin with the Kol Nidre prayer . It is customary to wear white on Yom Kippur , especially for Kol Nidre , and leather shoes are not worn . The following day , prayers are held from morning to evening . The final prayer service , called `` Ne'ilah '' , ends with a long blast of the shofar . Pûrîm Main article : Purim Purim street scene in Jerusalem Torah reading , France , 1860 Museum of Jewish Art and History Purim ( Hebrew : פורים ( help info ) Pûrîm `` lots '' ) is a joyous Jewish holiday that commemorates the deliverance of the Persian Jews from the plot of the evil Haman , who sought to exterminate them , as recorded in the biblical Book of Esther . It is characterized by public recitation of the Book of Esther , mutual gifts of food and drink , charity to the poor , and a celebratory meal ( Esther 9 : 22 ) . Other customs include drinking wine , eating special pastries called hamantashen , dressing up in masks and costumes , and organizing carnivals and parties . Purim has celebrated annually on the 14th of the Hebrew month of Adar , which occurs in February or March of the Gregorian calendar . Hanukkah Main article : Hanukkah Hanukkah ( Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה ‎ , `` dedication '' ) also known as the Festival of Lights , is an eight - day Jewish holiday that starts on the 25th day of Kislev ( Hebrew calendar ) . The festival is observed in Jewish homes by the kindling of lights on each of the festival 's eight nights , one on the first night , two on the second night and so on . The holiday was called Hanukkah ( meaning `` dedication '' ) because it marks the re-dedication of the Temple after its desecration by Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Spiritually , Hanukkah commemorates the `` Miracle of the Oil '' . According to the Talmud , at the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem following the victory of the Maccabees over the Seleucid Empire , there was only enough consecrated oil to fuel the eternal flame in the Temple for one day . Miraculously , the oil burned for eight days -- which was the length of time it took to press , prepare and consecrate new oil . Hanukkah is not mentioned in the Bible and was never considered a major holiday in Judaism , but it has become much more visible and widely celebrated in modern times , mainly because it falls around the same time as Christmas and has national Jewish overtones that have been emphasized since the establishment of the State of Israel . Fast days Main articles : Tisha B'Av , Seventeenth of Tamuz , 10th of Tevet , and Tzom Gedaliah Tisha B'Av ( Hebrew : תשעה באב ‎ or ט ׳ באב , `` the Ninth of Av '' ) is a day of mourning and fasting commemorating the destruction of the First and Second Temples , and in later times , the expulsion of the Jews from Spain . There are three more minor Jewish fast days that commemorate various stages of the destruction of the Temples . They are the 17th Tamuz , the 10th of Tevet and Tzom Gedaliah ( the 3rd of Tishrei ) . Israeli holidays Main articles : Yom Hashoah , Yom Hazikaron , and Yom Ha'atzmaut The modern holidays of Yom Ha - shoah ( Holocaust Remembrance Day ) , Yom Hazikaron ( Israeli Memorial Day ) and Yom Ha'atzmaut ( Israeli Independence Day ) commemorate the horrors of the Holocaust , the fallen soldiers of Israel and victims of terrorism , and Israeli independence , respectively . There are some who prefer to commemorate those who were killed in the Holocaust on the 10th of Tevet . Torah readings Main article : Torah reading The core of festival and Shabbat prayer services is the public reading of the Torah , along with connected readings from the other books of the Tanakh , called Haftarah . Over the course of a year , the whole Torah is read , with the cycle starting over in the autumn , on Simchat Torah . Synagogues and religious buildings Main article : Synagogue Interior of the Belz Great Synagogue in Jerusalem . Synagogues are Jewish houses of prayer and study . They usually contain separate rooms for prayer ( the main sanctuary ) , smaller rooms for study , and often an area for community or educational use . There is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly . The Reform movement mostly refer to their synagogues as temples . Some traditional features of a synagogue are : The ark ( called aron ha - kodesh by Ashkenazim and hekhal by Sephardim ) where the Torah scrolls are kept ( the ark is often closed with an ornate curtain ( parochet ) outside or inside the ark doors ) ; The elevated reader 's platform ( called bimah by Ashkenazim and tebah by Sephardim ) , where the Torah is read ( and services are conducted in Sephardi synagogues ) ; The eternal light ( ner tamid ) , a continually lit lamp or lantern used as a reminder of the constantly lit menorah of the Temple in Jerusalem The pulpit , or amud , a lectern facing the Ark where the hazzan or prayer leader stands while praying . In addition to synagogues , other buildings of significance in Judaism include yeshivas , or institutions of Jewish learning , and mikvahs , which are ritual baths . Dietary laws : kashrut Main article : Kashrut The Jewish dietary laws are known as kashrut . Food prepared in accordance with them is termed kosher , and food that is not kosher is also known as treifah or treif . People who observe these laws are colloquially said to be `` keeping kosher '' . Many of the laws apply to animal - based foods . For example , in order to be considered kosher , mammals must have split hooves and chew their cud . The pig is arguably the most well - known example of a non-kosher animal . Although it has split hooves , it does not chew its cud . For seafood to be kosher , the animal must have fins and scales . Certain types of seafood , such as shellfish , crustaceans , and eels , are therefore considered non-kosher . Concerning birds , a list of non-kosher species is given in the Torah . The exact translations of many of the species have not survived , and some non-kosher birds ' identities are no longer certain . However , traditions exist about the kashrut status of a few birds . For example , both chickens and turkeys are permitted in most communities . Other types of animals , such as amphibians , reptiles , and most insects , are prohibited altogether . In addition to the requirement that the species be considered kosher , meat and poultry ( but not fish ) must come from a healthy animal slaughtered in a process known as shechitah . Without the proper slaughtering practices even an otherwise kosher animal will be rendered treif . The slaughtering process is intended to be quick and relatively painless to the animal . Forbidden parts of animals include the blood , some fats , and the area in and around the sciatic nerve . Jewish law also forbids the consumption of meat and dairy products together . The waiting period between eating meat and eating dairy varies by the order in which they are consumed and by community , and can extend for up to six hours . Based on the Biblical injunction against cooking a kid in its mother 's milk , this rule is mostly derived from the Oral Torah , the Talmud and Rabbinic law . Chicken and other kosher birds are considered the same as meat under the laws of kashrut , but the prohibition is Rabbinic , not Biblical . The use of dishes , serving utensils , and ovens may make food treif that would otherwise be kosher . Utensils that have been used to prepare non-kosher food , or dishes that have held meat and are now used for dairy products , render the food treif under certain conditions . Furthermore , all Orthodox and some Conservative authorities forbid the consumption of processed grape products made by non-Jews , due to ancient pagan practices of using wine in rituals . Some Conservative authorities permit wine and grape juice made without rabbinic supervision . The Torah does not give specific reasons for most of the laws of kashrut . However , a number of explanations have been offered , including maintaining ritual purity , teaching impulse control , encouraging obedience to God , improving health , reducing cruelty to animals and preserving the distinctness of the Jewish community . The various categories of dietary laws may have developed for different reasons , and some may exist for multiple reasons . For example , people are forbidden from consuming the blood of birds and mammals because , according to the Torah , this is where animal souls are contained . In contrast , the Torah forbids Israelites from eating non-kosher species because `` they are unclean '' . The Kabbalah describes sparks of holiness that are released by the act of eating kosher foods , but are too tightly bound in non-kosher foods to be released by eating . Survival concerns supersede all the laws of kashrut , as they do for most halakhot . Laws of ritual purity Main article : Tumah A silver matchbox holder for ritual use on Shabbat with inscription in Hebrew The Tanakh describes circumstances in which a person who is tahor or ritually pure may become tamei or ritually impure . Some of these circumstances are contact with human corpses or graves , seminal flux , vaginal flux , menstruation , and contact with people who have become impure from any of these . In Rabbinic Judaism , Kohanim , members of the hereditary caste that served as priests in the time of the Temple , are mostly restricted from entering grave sites and touching dead bodies . During the Temple period , such priests ( Kohanim ) were required to eat their bread offering ( Terumah ) in a state of ritual purity , which laws eventually led to more rigid laws being enacted , such as hand - washing which became a requisite of all Jews before consuming ordinary bread . Family purity 18th - century circumcision chair Museum of Jewish Art and History Main article : Niddah An important subcategory of the ritual purity laws relates to the segregation of menstruating women . These laws are also known as niddah , literally `` separation '' , or family purity . Vital aspects of halakha for traditionally observant Jews , they are not usually followed by Jews in liberal denominations . Especially in Orthodox Judaism , the Biblical laws are augmented by Rabbinical injunctions . For example , the Torah mandates that a woman in her normal menstrual period must abstain from sexual intercourse for seven days . A woman whose menstruation is prolonged must continue to abstain for seven more days after bleeding has stopped . The Rabbis conflated ordinary niddah with this extended menstrual period , known in the Torah as zavah , and mandated that a woman may not have sexual intercourse with her husband from the time she begins her menstrual flow until seven days after it ends . In addition , Rabbinical law forbids the husband from touching or sharing a bed with his wife during this period . Afterwards , purification can occur in a ritual bath called a mikveh . Traditional Ethiopian Jews keep menstruating women in separate huts and , similar to Karaite practice , do not allow menstruating women into their temples because of a temple 's special sanctity . Emigration to Israel and the influence of other Jewish denominations have led to Ethiopian Jews adopting more normative Jewish practices . Life - cycle events Life - cycle events , or rites of passage , occur throughout a Jew 's life that serves to strengthen Jewish identity and bind him / her to the entire community . Brit milah -- Welcoming male babies into the covenant through the rite of circumcision on their eighth day of life . The baby boy is also given his Hebrew name in the ceremony . A naming ceremony intended as a parallel ritual for girls , named zeved habat or brit bat , enjoys limited popularity . Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah -- This passage from childhood to adulthood takes place when a female Jew is twelve and a male Jew is thirteen years old among Orthodox and some Conservative congregations . In the Reform movement , both girls and boys have their bat / bar mitzvah at age thirteen . This is often commemorated by having the new adults , male only in the Orthodox tradition , lead the congregation in prayer and publicly read a `` portion '' of the Torah . Marriage -- Marriage is an extremely important lifecycle event . A wedding takes place under a chuppah , or wedding canopy , which symbolizes a happy house . At the end of the ceremony , the groom breaks a glass with his foot , symbolizing the continuous mourning for the destruction of the Temple , and the scattering of the Jewish people . Death and Mourning -- Judaism has a multi-staged mourning practice . The first stage is called the shiva ( literally `` seven '' , observed for one week ) during which it is traditional to sit at home and be comforted by friends and family , the second is the shloshim ( observed for one month ) and for those who have lost one of their parents , there is a third stage , avelut yud bet chodesh , which is observed for eleven months . Community leadership Classical priesthood Jewish students with their teacher in Samarkand , Uzbekistan c. 1910 . The role of the priesthood in Judaism has significantly diminished since the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE when priests attended to the Temple and sacrifices . The priesthood is an inherited position , and although priests no longer have any but ceremonial duties , they are still honored in many Jewish communities . Many Orthodox Jewish communities believe that they will be needed again for a future Third Temple and need to remain in readiness for future duty . Kohen ( priest ) -- patrilineal descendant of Aaron , brother of Moses . In the Temple , the kohanim were charged with performing the sacrifices . Today , a Kohen is the first one called up at the reading of the Torah , performs the Priestly Blessing , as well as complying with other unique laws and ceremonies , including the ceremony of redemption of the first - born . Levi ( Levite ) -- Patrilineal descendant of Levi the son of Jacob . In the Temple in Jerusalem , the levites sang Psalms , performed construction , maintenance , janitorial , and guard duties , assisted the priests , and sometimes interpreted the law and Temple ritual to the public . Today , a Levite is called up second to the reading of the Torah . Prayer leaders From the time of the Mishnah and Talmud to the present , Judaism has required specialists or authorities for the practice of very few rituals or ceremonies . A Jew can fulfill most requirements for prayer by himself . Some activities -- reading the Torah and haftarah ( a supplementary portion from the Prophets or Writings ) , the prayer for mourners , the blessings for bridegroom and bride , the complete grace after meals -- require a minyan , the presence of ten Jews . The most common professional clergy in a synagogue are : Rabbi of a congregation -- Jewish scholar who is charged with answering the legal questions of a congregation . This role requires ordination by the congregation 's preferred authority ( i.e. , from a respected Orthodox rabbi or , if the congregation is Conservative or Reform , from academic seminaries ) . A congregation does not necessarily require a rabbi . Some congregations have a rabbi but also allow members of the congregation to act as shatz or baal kriyah ( see below ) . Hassidic Rebbe -- rabbi who is the head of a Hasidic dynasty . Hazzan ( note : the `` h '' denotes voiceless pharyngeal fricative ) ( cantor ) -- a trained vocalist who acts as shatz . Chosen for a good voice , knowledge of traditional tunes , understanding of the meaning of the prayers and sincerity in reciting them . A congregation does not need to have a dedicated hazzan . Jewish prayer services do involve two specified roles , which are sometimes , but not always , filled by a rabbi or hazzan in many congregations . In other congregations these roles are filled on an ad - hoc basis by members of the congregation who lead portions of services on a rotating basis : Shaliach tzibur or Shatz ( leader -- literally `` agent '' or `` representative '' -- of the congregation ) leads those assembled in prayer and sometimes prays on behalf of the community . When a shatz recites a prayer on behalf of the congregation , he is not acting as an intermediary but rather as a facilitator . The entire congregation participates in the recital of such prayers by saying amen at their conclusion ; it is with this act that the shatz 's prayer becomes the prayer of the congregation . Any adult capable of reciting the prayers clearly may act as shatz . In Orthodox congregations and some Conservative congregations , only men can be prayer leaders , but all Progressive communities now allow women to serve in this function . The Baal kriyah or baal koreh ( master of the reading ) reads the weekly Torah portion . The requirements for being the baal kriyah are the same as those for the shatz . These roles are not mutually exclusive . The same person is often qualified to fill more than one role and often does . Often there are several people capable of filling these roles and different services ( or parts of services ) will be led by each . Many congregations , especially larger ones , also rely on a : Gabbai ( sexton ) -- Calls people up to the Torah , appoints the shatz for each prayer session if there is no standard shatz , and makes certain that the synagogue is kept clean and supplied . The three preceding positions are usually voluntary and considered an honor . Since the Enlightenment large synagogues have often adopted the practice of hiring rabbis and hazzans to act as shatz and baal kriyah , and this is still typically the case in many Conservative and Reform congregations . However , in most Orthodox synagogues these positions are filled by laypeople on a rotating or ad - hoc basis . Although most congregations hire one or more Rabbis , the use of a professional hazzan is generally declining in American congregations , and the use of professionals for other offices is rarer still . Specialized religious roles Dayan ( judge ) -- An ordained rabbi with special legal training who belongs to a beth din ( rabbinical court ) . In Israel , religious courts handle marriage and divorce cases , conversion and financial disputes in the Jewish community . Mohel ( circumciser ) -- An expert in the laws of circumcision who has received training from a previously qualified mohel and performs the brit milah ( circumcision ) . Shochet ( ritual slaughterer ) -- In order for meat to be kosher , it must be slaughtered by a shochet who is an expert in the laws of kashrut and has been trained by another shochet . Sofer ( scribe ) -- Torah scrolls , tefillin ( phylacteries ) , mezuzot ( scrolls put on doorposts ) , and gittin ( bills of divorce ) must be written by a sofer who is an expert in Hebrew calligraphy and has undergone rigorous training in the laws of writing sacred texts . Rosh yeshiva -- A Torah scholar who runs a yeshiva . Mashgiach of a yeshiva -- Depending on which yeshiva , might either be the person responsible for ensuring attendance and proper conduct , or even supervise the emotional and spiritual welfare of the students and give lectures on mussar ( Jewish ethics ) . Mashgiach -- Supervises manufacturers of kosher food , importers , caterers and restaurants to ensure that the food is kosher . Must be an expert in the laws of kashrut and trained by a rabbi , if not a rabbi himself . History Main article : Jewish history This section is about the history of Judaism . For the book on Ancient Judaism , see Ancient Judaism ( book ) . Origins Main article : Origins of Judaism Further information : Ancient Canaanite religion and Ancient Semitic religion Scenes from the Book of Esther decorate the Dura - Europos synagogue dating from 244 CE At its core , the Tanakh is an account of the Israelites ' relationship with God from their earliest history until the building of the Second Temple ( c. 535 BCE ) . Abraham is hailed as the first Hebrew and the father of the Jewish people . As a reward for his act of faith in one God , he was promised that Isaac , his second son , would inherit the Land of Israel ( then called Canaan ) . Later , the descendants of Isaac 's son Jacob were enslaved in Egypt , and God commanded Moses to lead the Exodus from Egypt . At Mount Sinai , they received the Torah -- the five books of Moses . These books , together with Nevi'im and Ketuvim are known as Torah Shebikhtav as opposed to the Oral Torah , which refers to the Mishnah and the Talmud . Eventually , God led them to the land of Israel where the tabernacle was planted in the city of Shiloh for over 300 years to rally the nation against attacking enemies . As time went on , the spiritual level of the nation declined to the point that God allowed the Philistines to capture the tabernacle . The people of Israel then told Samuel the prophet that they needed to be governed by a permanent king , and Samuel appointed Saul to be their King . When the people pressured Saul into going against a command conveyed to him by Samuel , God told Samuel to appoint David in his stead . The Western Wall in Jerusalem is a remnant of the wall encircling the Second Temple . The Temple Mount is the holiest site in Judaism . Once King David was established , he told the prophet Nathan that he would like to build a permanent temple , and as a reward for his actions , God promised David that he would allow his son , Solomon , to build the First Temple and the throne would never depart from his children . Rabbinic tradition holds that the details and interpretation of the law , which are called the Oral Torah or oral law , were originally an unwritten tradition based upon what God told Moses on Mount Sinai . However , as the persecutions of the Jews increased and the details were in danger of being forgotten , these oral laws were recorded by Rabbi Judah HaNasi ( Judah the Prince ) in the Mishnah , redacted circa 200 CE . The Talmud was a compilation of both the Mishnah and the Gemara , rabbinic commentaries redacted over the next three centuries . The Gemara originated in two major centers of Jewish scholarship , Palestine and Babylonia . Correspondingly , two bodies of analysis developed , and two works of Talmud were created . The older compilation is called the Jerusalem Talmud . It was compiled sometime during the 4th century in Palestine . The Babylonian Talmud was compiled from discussions in the houses of study by the scholars Ravina I , Ravina II , and Rav Ashi by 500 CE , although it continued to be edited later . Some critical scholars oppose the view that the sacred texts , including the Hebrew Bible , were divinely inspired . Many of these scholars accept the general principles of the documentary hypothesis and suggest that the Torah consists of inconsistent texts edited together in a way that calls attention to divergent accounts . Many suggest that during the First Temple period , the people of Israel believed that each nation had its own god , but that their god was superior to other gods . Some suggest that strict monotheism developed during the Babylonian Exile , perhaps in reaction to Zoroastrian dualism . In this view , it was only by the Hellenic period that most Jews came to believe that their god was the only god and that the notion of a clearly bounded Jewish nation identical with the Jewish religion formed . John Day argues that the origins of biblical Yahweh , El , Asherah , and Ba'al , may be rooted in earlier Canaanite religion , which was centered on a pantheon of gods much like the Greek pantheon . Antiquity Main articles : Ancient Israel and Judah , Babylonian captivity , Hellenistic Judaism , Hasmonean Kingdom , Iudaea Province , and Bar Kokhba revolt According to the Hebrew Bible , the United Monarchy was established under Saul and continued under King David and Solomon with its capital in Jerusalem . After Solomon 's reign , the nation split into two kingdoms , the Kingdom of Israel ( in the north ) and the Kingdom of Judah ( in the south ) . The Kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrian ruler Sargon II in the late 8th century BCE with many people from the capital Samaria being taken captive to Media and the Khabur River valley . The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent state until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BCE , destroying the First Temple that was at the center of ancient Jewish worship . The Judean elite was exiled to Babylonia and this is regarded as the first Jewish Diaspora . Later many of them returned to their homeland after the subsequent conquest of Babylonia by the Persians seventy years later , a period known as the Babylonian Captivity . A new Second Temple was constructed , and old religious practices were resumed . During the early years of the Second Temple , the highest religious authority was a council known as the Great Assembly , led by Ezra of the Book of Ezra . Among other accomplishments of the Great Assembly , the last books of the Bible were written at this time and the canon sealed . Hellenistic Judaism spread to Ptolemaic Egypt from the 3rd century BCE . After the Great Revolt ( 66 -- 73 CE ) , the Romans destroyed the Temple . Hadrian built a pagan idol on the Temple grounds and prohibited circumcision ; these acts of ethnocide provoked the Bar Kokhba revolt 132 -- 136 CE after which the Romans banned the study of the Torah and the celebration of Jewish holidays , and forcibly removed virtually all Jews from Judea . In 200 CE , however , Jews were granted Roman citizenship and Judaism was recognized as a religio licita ( `` legitimate religion '' ) until the rise of Gnosticism and Early Christianity in the fourth century . Following the destruction of Jerusalem and the expulsion of the Jews , Jewish worship stopped being centrally organized around the Temple , prayer took the place of sacrifice , and worship was rebuilt around the community ( represented by a minimum of ten adult men ) and the establishment of the authority of rabbis who acted as teachers and leaders of individual communities ( see Jewish diaspora ) . Historical Jewish groupings ( to 1700 ) The Torah Ark of the Beth Jakov synagogue in Macedonia Around the 1st century CE , there were several small Jewish sects : the Pharisees , Sadducees , Zealots , Essenes , and Christians . After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE , these sects vanished . Christianity survived , but by breaking with Judaism and becoming a separate religion ; the Pharisees survived but in the form of Rabbinic Judaism ( today , known simply as `` Judaism '' ) . The Sadducees rejected the divine inspiration of the Prophets and the Writings , relying only on the Torah as divinely inspired . Consequently , a number of other core tenets of the Pharisees ' belief system ( which became the basis for modern Judaism ) , were also dismissed by the Sadducees . ( The Samaritans practiced a similar religion , which is traditionally considered separate from Judaism . ) Like the Sadducees who relied only on the Torah , some Jews in the 8th and 9th centuries rejected the authority and divine inspiration of the oral law as recorded in the Mishnah ( and developed by later rabbis in the two Talmuds ) , relying instead only upon the Tanakh . These included the Isunians , the Yudganites , the Malikites , and others . They soon developed oral traditions of their own , which differed from the rabbinic traditions , and eventually formed the Karaite sect . Karaites exist in small numbers today , mostly living in Israel . Rabbinical and Karaite Jews each hold that the others are Jews , but that the other faith is erroneous . Over a long time , Jews formed distinct ethnic groups in several different geographic areas -- amongst others , the Ashkenazi Jews ( of central and Eastern Europe ) , the Sephardi Jews ( of Spain , Portugal , and North Africa ) , the Beta Israel of Ethiopia , and the Yemenite Jews from the southern tip of the Arabian Peninsula . Many of these groups have developed differences in their prayers , traditions and accepted canons ; however , these distinctions are mainly the result of their being formed at some cultural distance from normative ( rabbinic ) Judaism , rather than based on any doctrinal dispute . Persecutions Main articles : Persecution of Jews , Antisemitism , and History of antisemitism Antisemitism arose during the Middle Ages , in the form of persecutions , pogroms , forced conversions , expulsions , social restrictions and ghettoization . This was different in quality from the repressions of Jews which had occurred in ancient times . Ancient repressions were politically motivated and Jews were treated the same as members of other ethnic groups . With the rise of the Churches , the main motive for attacks on Jews changed from politics to religion and the religious motive for such attacks was specifically derived from Christian views about Jews and Judaism . During the Middle Ages , Jewish people who lived under Muslim rule generally experienced tolerance and integration , but there were occasional outbreaks of violence like Almohad 's persecutions . Hasidism Main article : Hasidic Judaism Hasidic Judaism was founded by Yisroel ben Eliezer ( 1700 -- 1760 ) , also known as the Ba'al Shem Tov ( or Besht ) . It originated in a time of persecution of the Jewish people when European Jews had turned inward to Talmud study ; many felt that most expressions of Jewish life had become too `` academic '' , and that they no longer had any emphasis on spirituality or joy . Its adherents favored small and informal gatherings called Shtiebel , which , in contrast to a traditional synagogue , could be used both as a place of worship and for celebrations involving dancing , eating , and socializing . Ba'al Shem Tov 's disciples attracted many followers ; they themselves established numerous Hasidic sects across Europe . Unlike other religions , which typically expanded through word of mouth or by use of print , Hasidism spread largely owing to Tzadiks , who used their influence to encourage others to follow the movement . Hasidism appealed to many Europeans because it was easy to learn , did not require full immediate commitment , and presented a compelling spectacle . Hasidic Judaism eventually became the way of life for many Jews in Eastern Europe . Waves of Jewish immigration in the 1880s carried it to the United States . The movement itself claims to be nothing new , but a refreshment of original Judaism . As some have put it : `` they merely re-emphasized that which the generations had lost '' . Nevertheless , early on there was a serious schism between Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews . European Jews who rejected the Hasidic movement were dubbed by the Hasidim as Misnagdim , ( lit . `` opponents '' ) . Some of the reasons for the rejection of Hasidic Judaism were the exuberance of Hasidic worship , its deviation from tradition in ascribing infallibility and miracles to their leaders , and the concern that it might become a messianic sect . Over time differences between the Hasidim and their opponents have slowly diminished and both groups are now considered part of Haredi Judaism . The Enlightenment and new religious movements Main articles : Haskalah and Jewish religious movements In the late 18th century CE , Europe was swept by a group of intellectual , social and political movements known as the Enlightenment . The Enlightenment led to reductions in the European laws that prohibited Jews to interact with the wider secular world , thus allowing Jews access to secular education and experience . A parallel Jewish movement , Haskalah or the `` Jewish Enlightenment '' , began , especially in Central Europe and Western Europe , in response to both the Enlightenment and these new freedoms . It placed an emphasis on integration with secular society and a pursuit of non-religious knowledge through reason . With the promise of political emancipation , many Jews saw no reason to continue to observe Jewish law and increasing numbers of Jews assimilated into Christian Europe . Modern religious movements of Judaism all formed in reaction to this trend . In Central Europe , followed by Great Britain and the United States , Reform ( or Liberal ) Judaism developed , relaxing legal obligations ( especially those that limited Jewish relations with non-Jews ) , emulating Protestant decorum in prayer , and emphasizing the ethical values of Judaism 's Prophetic tradition . Modern Orthodox Judaism developed in reaction to Reform Judaism , by leaders who argued that Jews could participate in public life as citizens equal to Christians while maintaining the observance of Jewish law . Meanwhile , in the United States , wealthy Reform Jews helped European scholars , who were Orthodox in practice but critical ( and skeptical ) in their study of the Bible and Talmud , to establish a seminary to train rabbis for immigrants from Eastern Europe . These left - wing Orthodox rabbis were joined by right - wing Reform rabbis who felt that Jewish law should not be entirely abandoned , to form the Conservative movement . Orthodox Jews who opposed the Haskalah formed Haredi Orthodox Judaism . After massive movements of Jews following The Holocaust and the creation of the state of Israel , these movements have competed for followers from among traditional Jews in or from other countries . Spectrum of observance Judaism is practised in all parts of the world , for example in a synagogue in downtown Mumbai . Countries such as the United States , Israel , Canada , United Kingdom , Argentina and South Africa contain large Jewish populations . Jewish religious practice varies widely through all levels of observance . According to the 2001 edition of the National Jewish Population Survey , in the United States ' Jewish community -- the world 's second largest -- 4.3 million Jews out of 5.1 million had some sort of connection to the religion . Of that population of connected Jews , 80 % participated in some sort of Jewish religious observance , but only 48 % belonged to a congregation , and fewer than 16 % attend regularly . Birth rates for American Jews have dropped from 2.0 to 1.7 . ( Replacement rate is 2.1 . ) Intermarriage rates range from 40 -- 50 % in the US , and only about a third of children of intermarried couples are raised as Jews . Due to intermarriage and low birth rates , the Jewish population in the US shrank from 5.5 million in 1990 to 5.1 million in 2001 . This is indicative of the general population trends among the Jewish community in the Diaspora , but a focus on total population obscures growth trends in some denominations and communities , such as Haredi Judaism . The Baal teshuva movement is a movement of Jews who have `` returned '' to religion or become more observant . Judaism and other religions Christianity and Judaism Main article : Christianity and Judaism See also : Christianity and antisemitism and Christian -- Jewish reconciliation Christianity was originally a sect of Second Temple Judaism , but the two religions diverged in the first century . The differences between Christianity and Judaism originally centered on whether Jesus was the Jewish Messiah but eventually became irreconcilable . Major differences between the two faiths include the nature of the Messiah , of atonement and sin , the status of God 's commandments to Israel , and perhaps most significantly of the nature of God himself . Due to these differences , Judaism traditionally regards Christianity as Shituf or worship of the God of Israel which is not monotheistic . Christianity has traditionally regarded Judaism as obsolete with the invention of Christianity and Jews as a people replaced by the Church , though a Christian belief in dual - covenant theology emerged as a phenomenon following Christian reflection on how their theology influenced the Nazi Holocaust . Since the time of the Middle Ages , the Catholic Church upheld the Constitution pro Judæis ( Formal Statement on the Jews ) , which stated We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized , so long as they are unwilling and refuse ... Without the judgment of the political authority of the land , no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live . '' Until their emancipation in the late 18th and the 19th century , Jews in Christian lands were subject to humiliating legal restrictions and limitations . They included provisions requiring Jews to wear specific and identifying clothing such as the Jewish hat and the yellow badge , restricting Jews to certain cities and towns or in certain parts of towns ( ghettos ) , and forbidding Jews to enter certain trades ( for example selling new clothes in medieval Sweden ) . Disabilities also included special taxes levied on Jews , exclusion from public life , restraints on the performance of religious ceremonies , and linguistic censorship . Some countries went even further and completely expelled Jews , for example , England in 1290 ( Jews were readmitted in 1655 ) and Spain in 1492 ( readmitted in 1868 ) . The first Jewish settlers in North America arrived in the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam in 1654 ; they were forbidden to hold public office , open a retail shop , or establish a synagogue . When the colony was seized by the British in 1664 Jewish rights remained unchanged , but by 1671 Asser Levy was the first Jew to serve on a jury in North America . In 1791 , Revolutionary France was the first country to abolish disabilities altogether , followed by Prussia in 1848 . Emancipation of the Jews in the United Kingdom was achieved in 1858 after an almost 30 - year struggle championed by Isaac Lyon Goldsmid with the ability of Jews to sit in parliament with the passing of the Jews Relief Act 1858 . The newly united German Empire in 1871 abolished Jewish disabilities in Germany , which were reinstated in the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 . Jewish life in Christian lands was marked by frequent blood libels , expulsions , forced conversions and massacres . An underlying source of prejudice against Jews in Europe was religious . Christian rhetoric and antipathy towards Jews developed in the early years of Christianity and was reinforced by ever increasing anti-Jewish measures over the ensuing centuries . The action taken by Christians against Jews included acts of violence , and murder culminating in the Holocaust . These attitudes were reinforced in Christian preaching , art and popular teaching for two millennia , containing contempt for Jews , as well as statutes which were designed to humiliate and stigmatise Jews . The Nazi Party was known for its persecution of Christian Churches ; many of them , such as the Protestant Confessing Church and the Catholic Church , as well as Quakers and Jehovah 's Witnesses , aided and rescued Jews who were being targeted by the antireligious régime . The attitude of Christians and Christian Churches toward the Jewish people and Judaism , have been changed mostly positive since World War II . Pope John Paul II and the Catholic Church have `` upheld the Church 's acceptance of the continuing and permanent election of the Jewish people '' as well as a reaffirmation of the covenant between God and the Jews . In December 2015 , the Vatican released a 10,000 - word document that , among other things , stated that Catholics should work with Jews to fight antisemitism . Islam and Judaism Main article : Islam and Judaism Both Judaism and Islam arose from the patriarch Abraham , and they are therefore considered Abrahamic religions . In both Jewish and Muslim tradition , the Jewish and Arab peoples are descended from the two sons of Abraham -- Isaac and Ishmael , respectively . While both religions are monotheistic and share many commonalities , they differ based on the fact that Jews do not consider Jesus or Muhammad to be prophets . The religions ' adherents have interacted with each other since the 7th century when Islam originated and spread in the Arabian peninsula . Indeed , the years 712 to 1066 CE under the Ummayad and the Abbasid rulers have been called the Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain . Non-Muslim monotheists living in these countries , including Jews , were known as dhimmis . Dhimmis were allowed to practice their own religions and administer their own internal affairs , but they were subject to certain restrictions that were not imposed on Muslims . For example , they had to pay the jizya , a per capita tax imposed on free adult non-Muslim males , and they were also forbidden to bear arms or testify in court cases involving Muslims . Many of the laws regarding dhimmis were highly symbolic . For example , dhimmis in some countries were required to wear distinctive clothing , a practice not found in either the Qur'an or the hadiths but invented in early medieval Baghdad and inconsistently enforced . Jews in Muslim countries were not entirely free from persecution -- for example , many were killed , exiled or forcibly converted in the 12th century , in Persia , and by the rulers of the Almohad dynasty in North Africa and Al - Andalus , as well as by the Zaydi imams of Yemen in the 17th century ( see : Mawza Exile ) . At times , Jews were also restricted in their choice of residence -- in Morocco , for example , Jews were confined to walled quarters ( mellahs ) beginning in the 15th century and increasingly since the early 19th century . In the mid-20th century , Jews were expelled from nearly all of the Arab countries . Most have chosen to live in Israel . Today , antisemitic themes including Holocaust denial have become commonplace in the propaganda of Islamic movements such as Hizbullah and Hamas , in the pronouncements of various agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran , and even in the newspapers and other publications of Refah Partisi . Syncretic movements incorporating Judaism There are some movements that combine elements of Judaism with those of other religions . The most well - known of these is Messianic Judaism , a religious movement , which arose in the 1960s , that incorporates elements of Judaism with the tenets of Christianity . The movement generally states that Jesus is the Jewish Messiah , that he is one of the Three Divine Persons , and that salvation is only achieved through acceptance of Jesus as one 's savior . Some members of the movement argue that Messianic Judaism is a sect of Judaism . Jewish organizations of every denomination reject this , stating that Messianic Judaism is a Christian sect , because it teaches creeds which are identical to those of Pauline Christianity . Other examples of syncretism include Semitic neopaganism , a loosely organized sect which incorporates pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices ; Jewish Buddhists , another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith ; and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism , Sufism , Native American religions , and other faiths . The Kabbalah Centre , which employs teachers from multiple religions , is a New Age movement that claims to popularize the kabbalah , part of the Jewish esoteric tradition . See also Judaism portal Religion portal Book : Abrahamic religions Book : Judaism Anti-Judaism Criticism of Judaism Frankism Jewish assimilation Jewish culture Jewish views of religious pluralism Judaism by country List of converts to Judaism Outline of Judaism Sabbateanism Sumer References Jump up ^ `` The Bible and Interpretation '' . Jump up ^ `` Oxford Dictionaries -- Dictionary , Thesaurus , & Grammar '' . Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries , Varieties , Uncertainties , Berkeley : University of California Press ; p. 7 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Louis ( 2007 ) . `` Judaism '' . In Fred Skolnik . Encyclopaedia Judaica. 11 ( 2d ed . ) . Farmington Hills , Mich. : Thomson Gale . p. 511 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865928 - 2 . Judaism , the religion , philosophy , and way of life of the Jews . Jump up ^ `` Knowledge Resources : Judaism '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ 14.3 million ( core Jewish population ) to 17.4 million ( including non-Jews who have a Jewish parent ) , according to : DellaPergola , Sergio ( 2015 ) . World Jewish Population , 2015 ( Report ) . Berman Jewish DataBank . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . 14 -- 14.5 million according to : `` Worldwide Jewry numbers 14 million '' . Ynet . Retrieved 21 October 2013 . `` Jewish Population '' . Judaism101 . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Daniel J. Elazar . `` How Strong is Orthodox Judaism -- Really ? The Demographics of Jewish Religious Identification '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . `` The Global Religious Landscape -- Jews '' . Pew Research Center . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What is the oral Torah ? '' . Torah.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite Jewish University '' . Kjuonline.com . Archived from the original on 25 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Society for Humanistic Judaism '' . Shj.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Denominations '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reform Judaism '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What is Reform Judaism ? '' . Reformjudaism.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Britannica Online Encyclopedia : Bet Din '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Rabbis , Priests and Other Religious Functionaries '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ David P Mindell ( 30 June 2009 ) . The Evolving World . Harvard University Press . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 04108 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` History of Judaism until 164 BCE '' . History of Judaism . BBC . Jump up ^ `` Religion & Ethics -- Judaism '' . BBC . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Religion : Three Religions , One God PBS Jump up ^ Settings of silver : an introduction to Judaism p. 59 by Stephen M. Wylen , Paulist Press , 2000 Jump up ^ Heribert Busse ( 1998 ) . Islam , Judaism , and Christianity : Theological and Historical Affiliations . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 63 -- 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 144 - 5 . Jump up ^ Irving M. Zeitlin ( 2007 ) . The Historical Muhammad . Polity . pp. 92 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3999 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jewish Contributions to Civilization : An Estimate ( book ) Jump up ^ Cambridge University Historical Series , An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects , p. 40 : Hebraism , like Hellenism , has been an all - important factor in the development of Western Civilization ; Judaism , as the precursor of Christianity , has indirectly had had much to do with shaping the ideals and morality of western nations since the christian era . Jump up ^ See , for example , Deborah Dash Moore , American Jewish Identity Politics , University of Michigan Press , 2008 , p. 303 ; Ewa Morawska , Insecure Prosperity : Small - Town Jews in Industrial America , 1890 -- 1940 , Princeton University Press , 1999 . p. 217 ; Peter Y . Medding , Values , interests and identity : Jews and politics in a changing world , Volume 11 of Studies in contemporary Jewry , Oxford University Press , 1995 , p. 64 ; Ezra Mendelsohn , People of the city : Jews and the urban challenge , Volume 15 of Studies in contemporary Jewry , Oxford University Press , 1999 , p. 55 ; Louis Sandy Maisel , Ira N. Forman , Donald Altschiller , Charles Walker Bassett , Jews in American politics : essays , Rowman & Littlefield , 2004 , p. 158 ; Seymour Martin Lipset , American Exceptionalism : A Double - Edged Sword , W.W. Norton & Company , 1997 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Jewish Population 2015 '' . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nahum Sarna 1969 Understanding Genesis . New York : Schocken Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob ( 2003 ) . `` Defining Judaism '' . In Neusner , Jacob ; Avery - Peck , Alan . The Blackwell companion to Judaism . Blackwell . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 059 - 3 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Gen. 17 : 3 -- 8 Genesis 17 : 3 -- 8 : Abram fell facedown , and God said to him , `` As for me , this is my covenant with you : You will be the father of many nations . No longer will you be called Abram ; your name will be Abraham , for I have made you a father of many nations . I will make you very fruitful ; I will make nations of you , and kings will come from you . I will establish my covenant as an everlasting covenant between me and you and your descendants after you for the generations to come , to be your God and the God of your descendants after you . The whole land of Canaan , where you are now an alien , I will give as an everlasting possession to you and your descendants after you ; and I will be their God ; '' Gen. 22 : 17 -- 18 Genesis 22 : 17 -- 18 : I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore . Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies , and through your offspring , all nations on earth will be blessed , because you have obeyed me . '' Jump up ^ Exodus 20 : 3 `` You shall have no other gods before me ; Deut. 6 : 5 Deuteronomy 6 : 5 `` Love the LORD your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength . '' Jump up ^ Lev. 19 : 18 Leviticus 19 : 18 : `` ' Do not seek revenge or bear a grudge against one of your people , but love your neighbor as yourself . I am the Lord '' Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max , 1972 The Rabbinic Mind . New York : Bloch Publishing Company . p. 194 Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max , 1972 The Rabbinic Mind . New York : Bloch Publishing Company . p. 203 Jump up ^ The Books of Melachim ( Kings ) and Book of Yeshaiahu ( Isaiah ) in the Tanakh contain a few of the many Biblical accounts of Israelite kings and segments of ancient Israel 's population worshiping other gods . For example : King Solomon 's `` wives turned away his heart after other gods ... ( and he ) did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD , and went not fully after the LORD '' ( elaborated in 1 Melachim 11 : 4 -- 10 ) ; King Ahab `` went and served Baal , and worshiped him ... And Ahab made the Asherah ( a pagan place of worship ) ; and Ahab did yet more to provoke the LORD , the God of Israel , than all the kings of Israel that were before him '' ( 1 Melachim 16 : 31 -- 33 ) ; the prophet Isaiah condemns the people who `` prepare a table for ( the idol ) Fortune , and that offer mingled wine in full measure unto ( the idol ) Destiny '' ( Yeshaiahu 65 : 11 -- 12 ) . Translation : JPS ( Jewish Publication Society ) edition of the Tanakh , from 1917 , available at Mechon Mamre . Jump up ^ Newman , Carey C. ; Davila , James R. ; Lewis , Gladys S. , eds. ( 1999 ) . The Jewish roots of Christological monotheism : papers from the St. Andrews conference on the historical origins of the worship of Jesus . Brill . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 11361 - 9 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Milton 1947 Basic Judaism New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . p. 36 Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Movements of Judaism '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Theology on Tap Winter 2014 under way in Mandeville : Keeping the Faith '' . NOLA.com . Jump up ^ Langton , Daniel R. ( 2011 ) . Normative Judaism ? Jews , Judaism and Jewish Identity . Gorgias press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60724 - 161 - 4 . Jump up ^ Rabbi S. of Montpelier , Yad Rama , Y . Alfacher , Rosh Amanah . Jump up ^ `` Maimonides ' 13 Foundations of Judaism '' . Mesora . However if he rejects one of these fundamentals he leaves the nation and is a denier of the fundamentals and is called a heretic , a denier , etc . Jump up ^ Rabbi Mordechai Blumenfeld . `` Maimonides , 13 Principles of Faith '' . Aish HaTorah . According to the Rambam , their acceptance defines the minimum requirement necessary for one to relate to the Almighty and His Torah as a member of the People of Israel ^ Jump up to : Daniel Septimus . `` The Thirteen Principles of Faith '' . MyJewishLearning.com . Jump up ^ Ronald L. Eisenberg ( 2004 ) . The JPS guide to Jewish traditions . Jewish Publication Society . p. 509 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0760 - 1 . The concept of `` dogma '' is ... not a basic idea in Judaism . Jump up ^ Dogma in Medieval Jewish Thought , Menachem Kellner . Jump up ^ `` The Thirteen Principles of the Jewish Faith '' . Hebrew4Christians . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` What Do Jews Believe ? '' . Mechon Mamre . The closest that anyone has ever come to creating a widely accepted list of Jewish beliefs is Maimonides ' thirteen principles of faith . Jump up ^ The JPS guide to Jewish traditions , p. 510 , `` The one that eventually secured almost universal acceptance was the Thirteen Principles of faith '' Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : What Do Jews Believe ? '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Description of Judaism , Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance '' . Religioustolerance.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : The Patriarchs and the Origins of Judaism '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rietti , Rabbi Jonathan . `` How Do You Know the Exodus Really Happened ? '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2004 . The word `` emunah '' has been translated incorrectly by the King James Bible as merely `` belief '' or `` faith '' , when in actuality , it means conviction , which is a much more emphatic knowledge of God based on experience . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Sacred Texts '' . ReligionFacts . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ M. San 10 : 1 . Translation available here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kosior , Wojciech ( 2015 ) . Some Remarks on the Self - Images of the Modern Judaism . Textual Analysis . Filozofia kultury . Kraków . pp. 91 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : A Glossary of Basic Jewish Terms and Concepts '' . Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America . 12 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2001 . Jump up ^ Danzinger , Eliezer . `` How Many of the Torah 's Commandments Still Apply ? '' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Codex Judaica Kantor 2006 , page 146 '' ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Abraham ben David , Seder Ha - Kabbalah Leharavad , Jerusalem 1971 , p. 16 ( Hebrew ) ( as cited on Judah haNasi ) Jump up ^ Student , Gil . `` Proofs for the Oral Law '' . The AishDas Society . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . Jump up ^ The Prayer book : Weekday , Sabbath , and Festival translated and arranged by Ben Zion Bokser . New York : Hebrew Publishing Company . pp. 9 -- 10 Jump up ^ Kadushin , Max 1972 The Rabbinic Mind New York : Bloch Publishing . p. 213 Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son , Oregon xvii -- xxii Jump up ^ Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Neusner , Jacob 2003 Invitation to the Talmud Stipf and Son , Oregon xvii - vix ; Steinsaltz , Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New York : Basic Books . 3 -- 9 ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 ; Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , pp. 132 -- 161 Jump up ^ Stern , David `` Midrash and Indeterminacy '' in Critical Inquiry , Vol. 15 , No. 1 ( Autumn , 1988 ) , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Cohen , Abner 1949 Everyman 's Talmud New York : E.P. Dutton & Co. xxiv ; Steinsaltz , Adin 1976 The Essential Talmud New Yorki : Basic Books . 222 ; Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum. 95 Jump up ^ Strack , Hermann 1980 Introduction to the Midrash and Talmud New York : Atheneum . p. 95 Jump up ^ סדור רינת ישראל לבני חוײל Jerusalem : 1974 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Chief Rabbi Sir Jonathan Sacks , 2006 The Koren Sacks Siddur : Hebrew / English Prayer Book : The Authorized Daily Prayer Book of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth London : Harper Collins Publishers pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Nosson Scherman 2003 The Complete Artscroll Siddur Third Edition Brooklyn , N.Y. : Mesorah Publications pp. 49 -- 53 Jump up ^ Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi , Nissen Mangel , 2003 Siddur Tehillat Hashem Kehot Publication Society . pp. 24 -- 25 Jump up ^ ἰουδαΐζειν . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; An Intermediate Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Methods and Categories : Judaism and Gospel '' . Bibleinterp.com. 6 November 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Judaism , AskOxford Archived 31 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Skarsaune , Oskar ( 2002 ) . In the Shadow of the Temple : Jewish Influences on Early Christianity . InterVarsity Press . pp. 39ff . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 2670 - 4 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaye J.D. Cohen 1999 The Beginnings of Jewishness : Boundaries , Varieties , Uncertainties University of California Press . 105 -- 106 Jump up ^ The Oxford English Dictionary . Jump up ^ Boyarin , Daniel ( 14 October 1994 ) . `` Introduction '' . A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . pp. 13 -- 38 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2 . LCCN 93036269 . Retrieved 15 June 2006 . Paul was motivated by a Hellenistic desire for the One , which among other things produced an ideal of a universal human essence , beyond difference and hierarchy . This universal humanity , however , was predicated ( and still is ) on the dualism of the flesh and the spirit , such that while the body is particular , marked through practice as Jew or Greek , and through anatomy as male or female , the spirit is universal . Paul did not , however , reject the body -- as did , for instance , the gnostics -- but rather promoted a system whereby the body had its place , albeit subordinated to the spirit . Paul 's anthropological dualism was matched by a hermeneutical dualism as well . Just as the human being is divided into a fleshy and a spiritual component , so also is language itself . It is composed of outer , material signs and inner , spiritual significations . When this is applied to the religious system that Paul inherited , the physical , fleshy signs of the Torah , of historical Judaism , are re-interpreted as symbols of that which Paul takes to be universal requirements and possibilities for humanity . Jump up ^ Boyarin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . `` Answering the Mail '' . A radical Jew : Paul and the politics of identity . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 08592 - 2 . Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity , because it is not national , not genealogical , not religious , but all of these , in dialectical tension with one another . Jump up ^ Weiner , Rebecca ( 2007 ) . `` Who is a Jew ? '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Samuel G. Freedman , `` Strains Grow Between Israel and Many Jews in the U.S. '' The New York Times , 6 February 2015 Jump up ^ `` Reform 's Position On ... What is unacceptable practice ? '' . Faqs.org. 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Heschel , Susannah ( 1998 ) Abraham Geiger and the Jewish Jesus . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 32959 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Law of Return 5710 - 1950 '' . Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs . 2007 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007 . Retrieved 22 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Walter ( 1987 ) . Contemporary American Reform Responsa . Mars , Pa. : Central Conference of American Rabbis . pp. 100 -- 106 . ISBN 0 - 88123 - 003 - 0 . Retrieved 28 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Karaite FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions About Karaism '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the origin of Matrilineal Descent ? '' . Shamash.org. 4 September 2003 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` What is the source of the law that a child is Jewish only if its mother is Jewish ? '' . Torah.org . Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 9 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Emma Klein ( 27 July 2016 ) . Lost Jews : The Struggle for Identity Today . Springer . pp. 6 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 24319 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robin May Schott ( 25 October 2010 ) . Birth , Death , and Femininity : Philosophies of Embodiment . Indiana University Press . pp. 67 -- . ISBN 0 - 253 - 00482 - 9 . Jump up ^ Dosick ( 2007 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Robert Gordis . `` Torah MiSinai : Conservative Views '' . A Modern Approach to a Living Halachah . Masorti World . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . The Torah is an emanation of God ... This conception does not mean , for us , that the process of revelation consisted of dictation by God . Jump up ^ `` Conservative Judaism '' . Jewlicious . We therefore understand this term as a metaphor to mean that the Torah is divine and that it reflects God 's will . Jump up ^ Elazar , Daniel . `` Can Sephardic Judaism be Reconstructed ? '' . Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jager , Elliot . `` Sephardi Judaism Straining to Stay Non-Denominational '' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tefillin '' , `` The Book of Jewish Knowledge '' , Nathan Ausubel , Crown Publishers , NY , 1964 , p. 458 Jump up ^ `` Shabbat '' . Judaism 101 . 12 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Chaya Shuchat . `` The Kosher Pig ? '' . It is also the most quintessentially `` treif '' of animals , with its name being nearly synonymous with non-kosher ... Although far from alone in the litany of non-kosher animals , the pig seems to stand in a class of its own . Jump up ^ `` Tamar Levy , St. Louis , MO -- Block Yeshiva High School , Grade 9 '' . OUkosher.org . Archived from the original on 6 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shulchan Aruch , Yoreh De'ah , ( 87 : 3 ) Jump up ^ Elliot Dorff , `` '' On the Use of All Wines `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 December 2009 . ( 2.19 MB ) , YD 123 : 1.1985 , pp. 11 -- 15 . Jump up ^ `` Kashrut Facts '' . Religionfacts.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Judaism 101 : Kashrut : Jewish Dietary Laws '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 11 Jump up ^ Rice , Yisrael ( 10 June 2007 ) . `` Judaism and the Art of Eating '' . Chabad . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Jewish life in WWII England : `` there was a ... special dispensation ... that allowed Jews serving in the armed services to eat `` non-kosher '' when no Jewish food was available ; that deviation from halacha was allowed ' in order to save a human life including your own . ' '' Jump up ^ Y . Lichtenshtein M.A. `` Weekly Pamphlet # 805 '' . Bar - Ilan University , Faculty of Jewish Studies , Rabbinical office ... certain prohibitions become allowed without a doubt because of lifethreatening circumstances , like for example eating non-kosher food ^ Jump up to : Vayyiqra ( Leviticus ) 15 . Jump up ^ Bamidbar ( Numbers ) 19 . Jump up ^ Avi Kehat . `` Torah tidbits '' . Ou.org . Archived from the original on 17 March 2007 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Judaism 101 : Kosher Sex '' . Jewfaq.org . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Karaites '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wasserfall , Rahel ( 1999 ) . Women and water : menstruation in Jewish life and law . Brandeis University Press . ISBN 0 - 87451 - 960 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wilhelm Bacher . `` Talmud '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Yehezkal Kauffman , The Religion of Israel Jump up ^ Robert Alter The Art of Biblical Poetry Jump up ^ E.A. Speiser Genesis ( The Anchor Bible ) Jump up ^ John Bright A History of Israel Jump up ^ Martin Noth The History of Israel Jump up ^ Ephraim Urbach The Sages Jump up ^ Shaye Cohen The beginnings of Jewishness Jump up ^ John Day Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan , page 68 . Jump up ^ Sara E. Karesh ; Mitchell M. Hurvitz ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of Judaism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 444 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 6982 - 8 . The Sadducees disappeared when the second Temple was destroyed in the year 70 C.E and Pharisaic Judaism became the preeminent Jewish sect . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Gavin ( 1993 ) . History , religion , and antisemitism . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07728 - 8 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Mark R . `` The Neo-Lachrymose Conception of Jewish - Arab History . '' Tikkun 6.3 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Amira K. Bennison and María Ángeles Gallego . `` Jewish Trading in Fes On The Eve of the Almohad Conquest . '' MEAH , sección Hebreo 56 ( 2007 ) , 33 -- 51 Jump up ^ Stampfer , Shaul . How and Why Did Hasidism Spread ? . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel . pp. 205 -- 207 . Jump up ^ Stampfer , Shaul . How and Why Did Hasidism Spread ? . The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem , Israel . pp. 202 -- 204 . Jump up ^ `` National Jewish Population Survey ( NJPS ) 2000 -- 01 '' . Jump up ^ Taylor , Humphrey ( 15 October 2003 ) . `` While Most Americans Believe in God , Only 36 % Attend a Religious Service Once a Month or More Often '' ( PDF ) . HarrisInteractive . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 January 2011 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . Jump up ^ This is My Beloved , This is My Friend : A Rabbinic Letter on Intimate relations , p. 27 , Elliot N. Dorff Jump up ^ R. Kendall Soulen , The God of Israel and Christian Theology , ( Minneapolis : Fortress , 1996 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8006 - 2883 - 3 Jump up ^ Baskin , Judith R. ; Seeskin , Kenneth ( 12 July 2010 ) . The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History , Religion , and Culture . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 9780521869607 . Jump up ^ `` New Amsterdam 's Jewish Crusader '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Jump up ^ `` Sir Isaac Lyon Goldsmid , 1st Baronet '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Richard Harries . After the evil : Christianity and Judaism in the shadow of the Holocaust . Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 926313 - 4 Jump up ^ Hans Küng . On Being a Christian . Doubleday , Garden City , N.Y. , 1976 ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 02712 - 0 Jump up ^ Lucy Dawidowicz The War Against the Jews , 1933 -- 1945 . First published 1975 ; this Bantam edition 1986 , p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 34532 - X Jump up ^ Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs . 5 May 2009 . The Origins of Christian Anti-Semitism : Interview with Pieter van der Horst Jump up ^ Gill , Anton ( 1994 ) . An Honourable Defeat ; A History of the German Resistance to Hitler . Heinemann Mandarin. 1995 paperback ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 29276 - 9 ; p. 57 Jump up ^ Gottfried , Ted ( 2001 ) . Heroes of the Holocaust . Twenty - First Century Books . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 9780761317173 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature . One of these was the Confessing Church , a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934 , the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany . One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law `` which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent . '' Another was to help those `` who suffered through repressive laws , or violence . '' About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church . Much of their work has one unrecognized , but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife . Sheltered in sixty - six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church , they owe them their lives . German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry . More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster . He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time ... Members of the Society of Friends -- German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries -- were particularly successful in rescuing Jews ... Jehovah 's Witnesses , themselves targeted for concentration camps , also provided help to Jews . Jump up ^ Wigoder , Geoffrey ( 1988 ) . Jewish - Christian Relations Since the Second World War . Manchester University Press . p. 87 . ISBN 9780719026393 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican issues new document on Christian - Jewish dialogue '' . ^ Jump up to : Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 10 , 20 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 9 , 27 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1999 ) , p. 131 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , pp. 17 , 18 , 52 , 94 , 95 ; Stillman ( 1979 ) , pp. 27 , 77 Jump up ^ Lewis ( 1984 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ `` Why Jews Fled the Arab Countries '' . Middle East Forum . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Shumsky , Dmitry. ( 12 September 2012 ) `` Recognize Jews as refugees from Arab countries '' . Haaretz . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Meir , Esther. ( 9 October 2012 ) `` The truth about the expulsion '' . ' Haaretz . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bernard Lewis ( June 1998 ) . `` Muslim Anti-Semitism '' . Middle East Quarterly . Jump up ^ Feher , Shoshanah . Passing over Easter : Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism , Rowman Altamira , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 8953 - 0 , p. 140 . `` This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s , when Messianic Judaism arose . '' Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . In the late 1960s and 1970s , both Jews and Christians in the United States were surprised to see the rise of a vigorous movement of Jewish Christians or Christian Jews . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 194 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . The Rise of Messianic Judaism . In the first phase of the movement , during the early and mid-1970s , Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative . Unlike the previous communities of Jewish Christians , Messianic Jewish congregations were largely independent of control from missionary societies or Christian denominations , even though they still wanted the acceptance of the larger evangelical community . ^ Jump up to : Melton , J. Gordon . Encyclopedia of Protestantism . Infobase Publishing , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5456 - 5 , p. 373 . `` Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith ... By the 1960s , a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews . '' Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 191 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . While Christianity started in the first century of the Common Era as a Jewish group , it quickly separated from Judaism and claimed to replace it ; ever since the relationship between the two traditions has often been strained . But in the twentieth century groups of young Jews claimed that they had overcome the historical differences between the two religions and amalgamated Jewish identity and customs with the Christian faith . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov ( 2006 ) . `` Judaism and Christianity Unite ! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism '' . In Gallagher , Eugene V. ; Ashcraft , W. Michael . Jewish and Christian Traditions . Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America . 2 . Westport , Conn : Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 194 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98714 - 5 . LCCN 2006022954 . OCLC 315689134 . When the term resurfaced in Israel in the 1940s and 1950s , it designated all Jews who accepted Christianity in its Protestant evangelical form . Missionaries such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews , the term nozrim , `` Christians '' in Hebrew , meant , almost automatically , an alien , hostile religion . Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion , missionaries sought a more neutral term , one that did not arouse negative feelings . They chose Meshichyim , Messianic , to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term nozrim . Meshichyim as a term also had the advantage of emphasizing messianism as a major component of the Christian evangelical belief that the missions and communities of Jewish converts to Christianity propagated . It conveyed the sense of a new , innovative religion rather that ( sic ) an old , unfavorable one . The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior , and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians . The term Messianic Judaism was adopted in the United States in the early 1970s by those converts to evangelical Christianity who advocated a more assertive attitude on the part of converts towards their Jewish roots and heritage . Jump up ^ Cohn - Sherbok , Dan ( 2000 ) . `` Messianic Jewish mission '' . Messianic Judaism . London : Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5458 - 4 . OCLC 42719687 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Evangelism of the Jewish people is thus at the heart of the Messianic movement . Jump up ^ Ariel , Yaakov S. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 20 : The Rise of Messianic Judaism '' . Evangelizing the chosen people : missions to the Jews in America , 1880 -- 2000 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . p. 223 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4880 - 7 . OCLC 43708450 . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Messianic Judaism , although it advocated the idea of an independent movement of Jewish converts , remained the offspring of the missionary movement , and the ties would never be broken . The rise of Messianic Judaism was , in many ways , a logical outcome of the ideology and rhetoric of the movement to evangelize the Jews as well as its early sponsorship of various forms of Hebrew Christian expressions . The missions have promoted the message that Jews who had embraced Christianity were not betraying their heritage or even their faith but were actually fulfilling their true Jewish selves by becoming Christians . The missions also promoted the dispensationalist idea that the Church equals the body of the true Christian believers and that Christians were defined by their acceptance of Jesus as their personal Savior and not by their affiliations with specific denominations and particular liturgies or modes of prayer . Missions had been using Jewish symbols in their buildings and literature and called their centers by Hebrew names such as Emanuel or Beth Sar Shalom . Similarly , the missions ' publications featured Jewish religious symbols and practices such as the lighting of a menorah . Although missionaries to the Jews were alarmed when they first confronted the more assertive and independent movement of Messianic Judaism , it was they who were responsible for its conception and indirectly for its birth . The ideology , rhetoric , and symbols they had promoted for generations provided the background for the rise of a new movement that missionaries at first rejected as going too far but later accepted and even embraced . Jump up ^ `` What are the Standards of the UMJC ? '' . Union of Messianic Jewish Congregations . June 1998 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . 1 . We believe the Bible is the inspired , the only infallible , authoritative Word of G-d . 2 . We believe that there is one G-d , eternally existent in three persons , Father , Son and Holy Spirit . 3 . We believe in the deity of the L - RD Yeshua , the Messiah , in His virgin birth , in His sinless life , in His miracles , in His vicarious and atoning death through His shed blood , in His bodily resurrection , in His ascension to the right hand of the Father , and in His personal return in power and glory . Jump up ^ Israel b . Betzalel ( 2009 ) . `` Trinitarianism '' . JerusalemCouncil.org . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . This then is who Yeshua is : He is not just a man , and as a man , he is not from Adam , but from God . He is the Word of HaShem , the Memra , the Davar , the Righteous One , he did n't become righteous , he is righteous . He is called God 's Son , he is the agent of HaShem called HaShem , and he is `` HaShem '' who we interact with and not die . Jump up ^ `` Do I need to be Circumcised ? '' . JerusalemCouncil.org. 10 February 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2010 . To convert to the Jewish sect of HaDerech , accepting Yeshua as your King is the first act after one 's heart turns toward HaShem and His Torah -- as one can not obey a commandment of God if they first do not love God , and we love God by following his Messiah . Without first accepting Yeshua as the King and thus obeying Him , then getting circumcised for the purpose of Jewish conversion only gains you access to the Jewish community . It means nothing when it comes to inheriting a place in the World to Come ... Getting circumcised apart from desiring to be obedient to HaShem , and apart from accepting Yeshua as your King , is nothing but a surgical procedure , or worse , could lead to you believe that Jewish identity grants you a portion in the World to Come -- at which point , what good is Messiah Yeshua , the Word of HaShem to you ? He would have died for nothing ! ... As a convert from the nations , part of your obligation in keeping the Covenant , if you are a male , is to get circumcised in fulfillment of the commandment regarding circumcision . Circumcision is not an absolute requirement of being a Covenant member ( that is , being made righteous before HaShem , and thus obtaining eternal life ) , but it is a requirement of obedience to God 's commandments , because circumcision is commanded for those who are of the seed of Abraham , whether born into the family , adopted , or converted ... If after reading all of this you understand what circumcision is , and that is an act of obedience , rather than an act of gaining favor before HaShem for the purpose of receiving eternal life , then if you are male believer in Yeshua the Messiah for the redemption from death , the consequence of your sin of rebellion against Him , then pursue circumcision , and thus conversion into Judaism , as an act of obedience to the Messiah . Jump up ^ * `` Jewish Conversion -- Giyur '' . JerusalemCouncil.org . JerusalemCouncil.org. 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2009 . We recognize the desire of people from the nations to convert to Judaism , through HaDerech ( The Way ) ( Messianic Judaism ) , a sect of Judaism . Jump up ^ Orthodox Simmons , Shraga . `` Why Jews Do n't Believe in Jesus '' . Aish HaTorah . Retrieved 28 July 2010 . Jews do not accept Jesus as the messiah because : # Jesus did not fulfill the messianic prophecies . # Jesus did not embody the personal qualifications of the Messiah . # Biblical verses `` referring '' to Jesus are mistranslations . # Jewish belief is based on national revelation . Conservative Waxman , Jonathan ( 2006 ) . `` Messianic Jews Are Not Jews '' . United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism . Archived from the original on 28 June 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Hebrew Christian , Jewish Christian , Jew for Jesus , Messianic Jew , Fulfilled Jew . The name may have changed over the course of time , but all of the names reflect the same phenomenon : one who asserts that s / he is straddling the theological fence between Christianity and Judaism , but in truth is firmly on the Christian side ... we must affirm as did the Israeli Supreme Court in the well - known Brother Daniel case that to adopt Christianity is to have crossed the line out of the Jewish community . Reform `` Missionary Impossible '' . Hebrew Union College . 9 August 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2006 . Retrieved 14 February 2007 . Missionary Impossible , an imaginative video and curriculum guide for teachers , educators , and rabbis to teach Jewish youth how to recognize and respond to `` Jews - for - Jesus , '' `` Messianic Jews , '' and other Christian proselytizers , has been produced by six rabbinic students at Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion 's Cincinnati School . The students created the video as a tool for teaching why Jewish college and high school youth and Jews in intermarried couples are primary targets of Christian missionaries . Reconstructionist / Renewal `` FAQ 's About Jewish Renewal '' . Aleph.org. 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 December 2007 . What is ALEPH 's position on so called messianic Judaism ? ALEPH has a policy of respect for other spiritual traditions , but objects to deceptive practices and will not collaborate with denominations which actively target Jews for recruitment . Our position on so - called `` Messianic Judaism '' is that it is Christianity and its proponents would be more honest to call it that . Bibliography Marc Lee Raphael , Judaism in America ( Columbia University Press , 2003 ) Avery - Peck , Alan , and Neusner , Jacob ( eds . ) , The Blackwell reader in Judaism ( Blackwell , 2001 ) Cohn - Sherbok , Dan , Judaism : history , belief , and practice ( Routledge , 2003 ) Avery - Peck , Alan , and Neusner , Jacob ( eds . ) , The Blackwell Companion to Judaism ( Blackwell , 2003 ) Boyarin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . A Radical Jew : Paul and the Politics of Identity . Berkeley : University of California Press . Max Weber , Ancient Judaism , Free Press , 1967 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 934130 - 2 . Wayne Dosick , Living Judaism : The Complete Guide to Jewish Belief , Tradition and Practice . Neil Gillman , Conservative Judaism : The New Century , Behrman House . Jeffrey S. Gurock , American Jewish Orthodoxy in Historical Perspective . 1996 , Ktav . Julius Guttmann , trans . by David Silverman , Philosophies of Judaism . JPS. 1964 Barry W. Holtz , ed. , Back to the Sources : Reading the Classic Jewish Texts . Summit Books . Paul Johnson , A History of the Jews . HarperCollins , 1988 Jack Wertheime , A People Divided : Judaism in Contemporary America , Brandeis University Press , 1997 . Encyclopaedia Judaica , Keter Publishing , CD - ROM edition , 1997 Egon Mayer , Barry Kosmin and Ariela Keysar , `` The American Jewish Identity Survey '' , a subset of The American Religious Identity Survey , City University of New York Graduate Center . An article on this survey is printed in The New York Jewish Week , 2 November 2001 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1984 ) . The Jews of Islam . Princeton : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00807 - 8 . Lewis , Bernard ( 1999 ) . Semites and Anti-Semites : An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 31839 - 7 . Stillman , Norman ( 1979 ) . The Jews of Arab Lands : A History and Source Book . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society of America . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0198 - 0 . Day , John . Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan . Chippenham : Sheffield Academic Press , 2000 . Dever , William G. Did God Have a Wife ? . Grand Rapids : Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. , 2005 . Walsh , J.P.M. The Mighty from Their Thrones . Eugene : Wipf and Stock Publishers , 1987 . Finkelstein , Israel ( 1996 ) . `` Ethnicity and Origin of the Iron I Settlers in the Highlands of Canaan : Can the Real Israel Please Stand Up ? '' The Biblical Archaeologist , 59 ( 4 ) . Jews in Islamic countries : A. Khanbaghi . 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4 LCCN : sh85070835 LIR : 1117 NARA : 10639246 NDL : 00574409 NKC : ph114838 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judaism&oldid=856463208 '' Categories : Judaism Abrahamic religions Monotheistic religions Ethnic religion Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Hebrew - language text Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with LIR identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - 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Halakha , the rabbinic Jewish way of life , then , is based on a combined reading of the Torah , and the oral tradition -- the Mishnah , the halakhic Midrash , the Talmud and its commentaries . The Halakha has developed slowly , through a precedent - based system . The literature of questions to rabbis , and their considered answers , is referred to as responsa ( in Hebrew , Sheelot U-Teshuvot . ) Over time , as practices develop , codes of Jewish law are written that are based on the responsa ; the most important code , the Shulchan Aruch , largely determines Orthodox religious practice today .

Football in Spain - wikipedia Football in Spain Football in Spain Santiago Bernabeu , Real Madrid 's Stadium . Country Spain Governing body RFEF National team Spain First played 1920 Registered players 942,674 Clubs 20,588 National competitions FIFA World Cup Confederations Cup European Championship Club competitions List ( show ) League : Primera División Segunda División Segunda División B Tercera División Divisiones Regionales Cups : Copa del Rey Copa Federación Supercopa de España International competitions FIFA Club World Cup Champions League Europa League Super Cup Association football is the most popular sport in Spain , followed by basketball and bullfighting . Football is a widespread passion among the people of Spain . Football is the sport with the most registered players ( a total of 942,674 of which 898,551 are men and 44,123 women ) , and most registered clubs ( a total of 20,588 ) among all Spanish sport federations according to data issued by the sports administration of Spain 's government in 2016 . In a survey of sports habits of the Spanish population made in 2010 , football was the second most popular recreational sport practised by the population ( 17.9 % ) . A total of 75.9 % of people said they had ever bought tickets to attend a football match . In addition , a total of 67.3 % of the people said that they saw all , almost all , many , or some of the football matches broadcast on television . In another survey made in 2014 , the practice of football decreased to 14 % of the population , being overtaken by other sports , such as running , cycling and swimming for recreation . However , in this survey football was still the sport that interests the majority of Spain 's people ( 48 % ) . A total of 67 % of the population said they were fans or had sympathy for a particular club . In addition , 74.9 % said they watched , whenever possible , the matches broadcast on television regarding their favorite teams ; and 42.4 % had , flags , badges or objects of their favorite teams . Data of this survey confirmed the widespread impression that most of Spain 's people are supporters of Real Madrid ( 37.9 % ) or FC Barcelona ( 25.4 % ) , and the other teams have fewer supporters nationwide , as Atlético de Madrid ( 16.1 % ) , Valencia CF ( 3.5 % ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 3.3 . ) or Sevilla FC ( 3.2 % ) . A relationship between football , politics , identity and attitudes towards regionalism in Spain has also been reported . The Royal Spanish Football Federation ( Spanish : Real Federación Española de Fútbol ) is the national governing body , and it organises two Cup competitions ( the Copa del Rey , and the Supercopa de España ) , and the Spain national football team . The Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ) , integrated by a total of 42 football clubs , forms part of the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) but has autonomy in its organisation and functioning . It is responsible for the organisation of state football leagues , in coordination with RFEF . The Spanish national football team have won the FIFA World Cup once , and has also been successful in the UEFA European Championship and the Olympic tournament . The biggest success achieved by the Spain national football team was the historic treble winning three tournaments in a row : UEFA European Championship in 2008 , FIFA World Cup in 2010 , and UEFA European Championship in 2012 . The men 's national teams of Spain , in all categories , have won a total of 26 titles in FIFA , UEFA , and Olympic tournaments . The First Division of the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , commonly known in the English - speaking world as La Liga , is one of the strongest football leagues in both Europe and the world . At club level , the Spanish football clubs have won a total of 66 international tournaments . They are the most successful in different current European competitions , such as UEFA Champions League , UEFA Super Cup ( shared ) , and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The characteristic football style of play developed by FC Barcelona , and later by the Spanish national football team is Tiki - taka . This football style is characterised by possessing the ball for large portions of the game , moving the ball quickly from one player to the next , with short and quick passes , keeping the ball away from your opponent , and then to deliver that killer pass to score goal . Professional football in Spain is a sociocultural event that make a significant contribution to the Spanish economy in terms of both demand and supply . In economic terms , during 2013 professional football generated more than € 7.6 billion including direct , indirect and induced effects , representing 0.75 % of Spanish GPD . Moreover , as a result of financial crisis in the last years , many Spanish football clubs in the top two divisions have been facing serious economic troubles due to pay the bank debts . In addition , the European Union authorities have warned to Spanish authorities in order to halt public funding of debt - ridden clubs . Spain national futsal team is one of the strongest teams in the world , being six times champion in the UEFA Futsal Championship , and two times champion in the FIFA Futsal World Championship . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) 3 Football club competitions 4 League ( La Liga ) 5 King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) 6 Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) 7 Spanish clubs in international competitions 8 Women 's football 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Modern football was introduced to Spain in the late 19th century by a combination of mostly British immigrant workers , visiting sailors and Spanish students coming from Britain . The oldest football clubs in Spain are Recreativo de Huelva and Sevilla FC . Although Gimnàstic de Tarragona was formed in 1886 , the club did not form an actual football team until 1914 . The first official football game played in Spain took place in Seville on 8 March 1890 at the Tablada Hippodrome . Sevilla FC played against Recreativo de Huelva . With the exception of two Spanish players on the Huelva team and another two players on the Seville team , all the players on both sides were British . Sevilla FC won 2 -- 0 . In the Basque Country during the early 1890s , British shipyard workers and miners formed the Bilbao Football Club and Basque students returning from Britain founded the Athletic Club in 1898 . This early British influence was reflected in the use of English names such as Recreation Club , Athletic Club and Football Club . In Catalonia , which had the most developed industry in Spain , there was an important British colony . The first games played by Britishmen and Catalan people who had studied in the United Kingdom were documented in 1882 in Barcelona . However , the first official and registered football club was Palamós FC ( Costa Brava , North of Catalonia ) in 1898 . The Swiss Hans Gamper founded FC Barcelona on 29 November 1899 . Other clubs were founded in 1900 , such as Sant Andreu , Hispania FC and the Sociedad Española de Football ( one year later the founders changed the name to Real Club Deportivo Español ) . The Catalan Football Federation ( Catalan : Federació Catalana de Futbol ) , responsible for administering football in Catalonia , was the first football association founded in Spain . It was formed on 11 November 1900 as the Football Association of Catalonia ( Catalan : Football Associació de Catalunya ) . The Catalan Football Federation organised the Catalan football championship ( Catalan : Campionat de Catalunya ) that was the first football competition in Spain . In Madrid , the first games were promoted by Institución Libre de Enseñanza ( ILE ) ( English : Free Educational Institution ) , an educational and cultural centre . The first club of Madrid was Football Club Sky , founded in 1897 , but the club separated into two new clubs in 1890 . Then , several clubs also emerged in Madrid , most notably Madrid Football Club , founded in 1902 by Catalan brothers Juan and Carlos Padrós . The Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) competition was founded in 1903 , one year after a previous football tournament named Coronation Cup . It was Spain 's football national Championship from 1903 until the establishment of the League Championship in 1928 . The Spanish Federation of Football Clubs was formed in 1909 , but there were discrepancies between the member clubs years later , and some of the clubs formed other association called Royal Spanish Union of Clubs of Football . Finally , the two associations reached an agreement and the Royal Spanish Football Federation was founded in 1913 , which allowed the Spanish football to enter in FIFA . In these years , Athletic was the most dominant club in the country , and the first idols in Spain began to appear , like Pichichi and Paulino Alcántara . The Spain national team was created in 1920 on the occasion of the dispute of the Olympic Games in Antwerp . The importance of the success of the Spain national team in the Olympic games , which won the silver medal , was huge in the development of football as mass social event in Spain . The interest on football grew , more people attended to the stadiums , more informations about football appeared in the newspapers , and football was used as element of national prestige and political propaganda . After the Olympic triumph , football was more popular among Spanish fans , the attendances to the stadiums increased , and the pressure of professionalism grew . Spanish football turned professional in 1925 . An agreement between several clubs was made on 23 November 1928 which officially established Spain 's national football division , and the birth of the Spanish League . The first league championship began in 1929 . The Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 1939 ) brought disruption to the national competitions . Although the Spanish League was suspended , the Catalan and Valencian clubs continued contesting in the Mediterranean League in early 1937 . Barcelona later toured Mexico and the United States , raising support for the Spanish Republic . The Spanish League and the Cup were restored in the 1939 -- 40 season after Civil War had ended . Francisco Franco 's regime , a fascist political system , began to use football as a propaganda tool for the new regime . In 1941 , as part of his policy of eradicating regional identities , the Franco 's regime banned the use of non-Castilian names . As a result , many clubs that had chosen English prefixes previously , such as Athletic or Football club , had to amend their initial names , for other Castilian ( as Atlético , or Club de Fútbol ) . The Catalan Championship was banned and the Catalan shield taken from FC Barcelona 's badge . Spanish football began to rebuild slowly after the War , but Spain 's isolated international position meant they did not properly re-enter International football until 1950 . Later , Franco 's regime was able to use the football , based on the European triumphs of Real Madrid in the 1950s for political purposes . In this manner , Real Madrid was used as a Spanish brand of success to promote Spain 's image abroad , as well as the pride of being Spanish in the country itself . Spain was selected as host of the 1982 FIFA World Cup . Until the 1984 -- 85 season , the Royal Spanish Football Federation ( RFEF ) was responsible for organizing the league tournament . Since then , the competition was organized by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) ( English : Professional Football League ) , an independent body which was formed at the initiative of the clubs themselves after disagreements with the RFEF regarding the management professionalization and economic division of the League benefits . Since the entry into force of Spanish Law 10 / 1990 , almost all of the clubs competing professionally in Spain are actually companies under the legal status of sports companies , whose ownership is in the hands of its shareholders . Only three professional clubs ( Athletic Club , Barcelona and Real Madrid ) kept its original structure , such as sports clubs directly controlled by their members . After the appearance of private television in Spain , football clubs hugely increased its income thanks to the lucrative contracts to broadcast matches on television . This allowed them to hire many of the best players in the world , but most of the clubs also increased vastly their spending . In the last years La Liga is living in a big financial turmoil . Although the two big powerful clubs , Real Madrid and Barcelona , are at the top in Forbes ' football rich list , the rest of Spanish clubs are weighed down by a colossal debt around € 4.1 billion . For this reason , most of the clubs had to cut their budgets drastically . Spanish national football team ( La Roja ) ( edit ) Main article : Spain national football team Main article : List of Spain international footballers Within Spain , regional teams , most notably the football team of Catalonia , the football team of Basque Country , and even the football team of Galicia , began to compete against each other from 1915 onwards . Despite not being officially recognised by FIFA , these regional teams still occasionally play friendly games with some national team players playing for both teams . Some autonomous governments and social sectors in the historical communities ( especially in Catalonia and Basque Country ) prefer to call their regional teams as national team , while claiming to participate in international tournaments . The Spain national team , commonly referred to as La selección ( English : The selection ) or La Roja ( English : The Red one ) , made their international debut at the 1920 Olympic Games in Belgium and came away with the silver medal . Since then the Spanish national team has participated in a total of fourteen out twenty FIFA World Cup and nine out fourteen UEFA European Championship . Historically , the Spanish national team did not achieve important results , in terms of trophies or develop an attractive playing style . Surprisingly , this fact contrasted with the huge success obtained by the main Spanish football clubs at the European level . Nevertheless , the triumphs of Spanish national team in 2008 and 2012 European Championship , and in 2010 FIFA World Cup , with an attractive playing style , marked a point of inflection that divided the history of Spanish national football team in two parts . The Spanish national football team has been the winner of FIFA Team of Year in 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 and 2013 , as well as the winner of Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year in 2011 . The Spanish national football team have won four trophies in FIFA and UEFA tournaments : one FIFA World Cup in 2010 , and three UEFA European Championship in 1964 , 2008 and 2012 . In addition , it was runner - up in the UEFA European Championship in 1984 and in the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2013 . The Spain national under - 23 team won the gold medal in 1992 Olympic tournament and the silver medal in 2000 . The Spain national football team won the gold medal at the Mediterranean Games in 2005 and 2007 , the silver medal in 1955 , and the bronze medal in 1963 and 1967 . In addition , the honours list includes numerous titles at junior level teams : UEFA European Under - 21 Championship in 1986 , 1998 , 2011 , and 2013 . FIFA U-20 World Cup in 1999 . UEFA European Under - 19 Championship ( formerly Under - 18 ) in 1995 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2011 2012 and 2015 . UEFA European Under - 17 Championship ( formerly Under - 16 ) in 1986 , 1988 , 1991 , 1997 , 1999 , 2001 , 2007 and 2008 . 1999 Meridian Cup . Spain have won the Maurice Burlaz Trophy , the prize awarded to the national association that has achieved the best results in UEFA 's men 's youth competitions ( UEFA European Under - 19 Championship and UEFA European Under - 17 championship ) over the previous two seasons , in 1994 , 1996 , 1998 , 2002 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , and 2011 . A short list of some of the top Spanish football players ( grouped by playing positions and era ) which have ever played for the Spanish national team include : Goalkeepers : Ricardo Zamora ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Antoni Ramallets ( 1940s / 1960s ) , José Ángel Iribar ( 1960s / 1980s ) , Luis Arconada ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Andoni Zubizarreta ( 1970s / 1990s ) , Iker Casillas ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Víctor Valdés ( 2000s / 2010s ) , David de Gea ( 2010s ) Defenders : Jacinto Quincoces ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Joan Segarra ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Jesús Garay ( 1950s / 1960s ) , José Santamaría ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Feliciano Rivilla ( 1960s ) , José Antonio Camacho ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Antonio Maceda ( 1980s ) , Rafael Gordillo ( 1970s / 1990s ) , Miguel Ángel Nadal ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Fernando Hierro ( 1980s / 2000s ) , Abelardo Fernández ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Carles Puyol ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Sergio Ramos ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Gerard Piqué ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Jordi Alba ( 2010s ) Midfielders : Josep Samitier ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Martín Marculeta ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Leonardo Cilaurren ( 1920s / 1930s ) , José Luis Panizo ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Antonio Puchades ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Alfredo Di Stéfano ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Luis del Sol ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Luis Suárez ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Luis Aragonés ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Jesús María Pereda ( 1960s ) , Pirri ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Jesús María Zamora ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Míchel ( 1980s / 1990s ) , José Luis Pérez Caminero ( 1990s ) , Luis Enrique ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Pep Guardiola ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Julen Guerrero ( 1990s ) , Gaizka Mendieta ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Xavi ( 1990s / 2010s ) , Xabi Alonso ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Andrés Iniesta ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Santi Cazorla ( 2000s / 2010s ) , David Silva ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Cesc Fàbregas ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Juan Mata ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Sergio Busquets ( 2000s / 2010s ) Forwards : Pichichi ( 1910s / 20s ) , Paulino Alcántara ( 1910s / 1920s ) , Luis Regueiro ( 1920s / 1930s ) , Isidro Lángara ( 1930s ) , César ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Telmo Zarra ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Agustín Gaínza ( 1940s / 1950s ) , Estanislau Basora ( 1940s / 1950s ) , László Kubala ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Ferenc Puskás ( 1960s ) , Francisco Gento ( 1950s / 1960s ) , Amancio Amaro ( 1960s / 1970s ) , Santillana ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Juanito ( 1970s / 1980s , Quini ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Roberto López Ufarte ( 1970s / 1980s ) , Emilio Butragueño ( 1980s / 1990s ) , Julio Salinas ( 1980s / 1990s ) , Raúl ( 1990s / 2000s ) , Fernando Morientes ( 1990s / 2000s ) , David Villa ( 2000s / 2010s ) , Fernando Torres ( 2000s / 2010s ) Football Club competitions ( edit ) Main article : List of football clubs in Spain Main article : Football records in Spain Currently , the three most important competitions between clubs in Spain are La Liga ( English : League ) , the Copa del Rey ( English : King 's Cup ) and the Supercopa de España ( English : Spanish Supercup ) . Other extinct competitions were the League Cup , the Eva Duarte Cup and the President 's Cup of the Spanish Football Federation . Up to a total of fifteen clubs have been winners of some of the official competitions in Spain at the highest level , and FC Barcelona is the most awarded club with seventy - two national titles , The Spanish football league system consists of several leagues bound together hierarchically by promotion and relegation . In addition , Spanish Royal Federation Cup is a football competition for teams from the Segunda División B , the Tercera División and sometimes from the Preferente Regional who have failed to qualify or have been eliminated in the first round of the Copa del Rey . League ( La Liga ) ( edit ) Main article : La Liga Main article : List of Spanish football champions Main article : Football records in Spain In April 1927 , Álvaro Trejo , a director at Arenas Club de Getxo , first proposed the idea of a national league in Spain . After much debate about the size of the league and who would take part , the RFEF eventually agreed on the ten teams who would form the first Primera División in 1928 . FC Barcelona , Real Madrid , Athletic Bilbao , Real Sociedad , Arenas Club de Getxo and Real Unión were all selected as previous winners of the Copa del Rey . Athletic Madrid , RCD Español and CE Europa qualified as Copa del Rey runners - up and Racing de Santander qualified through a knock - out competition against Sevilla FC . Barcelona was the first winner of the competition . Only three of the founding clubs , Real Madrid , Barcelona and Athletic Bilbao , have never been relegated from the Primera Division ; six other clubs have never been below the top two tiers : Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Sporting de Gijón , Valencia , Espanyol and Atlético Madrid . Historically , some of the best football players in the world have played in the Spanish football league , including Ricardo Zamora , Josep Samitier , Alfredo Di Stéfano , Ladislav Kubala , Ferenc Puskás , Raymond Kopa , Héctor Rial , Telmo Zarra , Francisco Gento , Luis Suárez , Johan Cruyff , Diego Maradona , Bernd Schuster , Andoni Zubizarreta , Michael Laudrup , Hristo Stoichkov , Romário , Zinedine Zidane , Rivaldo , Ronaldo , Raúl , Ronaldinho , Carles Puyol , Xavi , Andrés Iniesta , Iker Casillas , Cristiano Ronaldo , and Lionel Messi , among others . La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) is the association responsible for administering the two professional football leagues in Spain . Professional Spanish football is divided into the Primera División ( First Division ) and Segunda División ( Second Division ) . The First Division is also known as Liga Santander , for sponsorship reasons , while the Second Division is officially called Liga 1 2 3 . The First Division consists of 20 professional teams and the Second Division has 22 . There are also lower Spanish national football divisions . Every year , the three lowest ranked teams in the First Division pass to the Second Division and the top three ranked teams in the Second Division pass to the First Division . La Liga is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world . The average stadium attendance was 21,000 in the 2014 -- 15 season , with a range of average attendance from 4,780 people in the stadium with the lowest average attendance to 77,632 people in the stadium with highest average attendance . In La Liga 's 89 - year history ( with the exeception of the three seasons that the league was suspended due to the civil war ) , Barcelona and Real Madrid have won 55 titles between them . Barcelona and Real Madrid are two fierce rivals clubs , and the matches between both two clubs are named as El Clásico . Those football matches are one of the most viewed sports events in the world . Although a total of 62 teams have competed in La Liga since its inception , only nine clubs have won the title : Real Madrid ( 33 ) , Barcelona ( 25 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 8 ) , Valencia ( 6 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 1 ) , and Real Betis ( 1 ) . King 's Cup ( Copa del Rey ) ( edit ) Main article : Copa del Rey Main article : Football records in Spain In 1902 , Carlos Padrós , later president of Madrid FC ( later to be Real Madrid ) , suggested a football competition to celebrate the coronation of Alfonso XIII . Four other teams entered the Copa del Ayuntamiento de Madrid , which would later develop into the Copa del Rey ( English : `` King 's Cup '' ) . These included Barcelona , Club Español de Fútbol , Club Bizcaya and New Foot - Ball de Madrid . The competition featured the first recorded game between Barcelona and Madrid FC , with the former emerging 3 -- 1 winners . Club Bizcaya , which consisted of players from both Basque teams , eventually beat Barcelona in the final . Alfonso XIII subsequently became the patron of many Spanish football clubs , granting them permission to use `` Real '' ( Spanish for `` royal '' ) in their names . Among the many clubs to add the prefix to their name was Madrid FC , which subsequently became Real Madrid . Fourteen clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 30 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 23 ) , Real Madrid ( 19 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 10 ) , Valencia ( 7 ) , Real Zaragoza ( 6 ) , Sevilla ( 5 ) , Espanyol ( 4 ) , Real Union ( 4 ) , Real Betis ( 2 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 2 ) , Real Sociedad ( 2 ) , Arenas Club de Getxo ( 1 ) and Mallorca ( 1 ) . Spanish Supercup ( Supercopa de España ) ( edit ) Main article : Supercopa de España The Spanish Super Cup ( Spanish : Supercopa de España ) is a championship organized by Royal Spanish Football Federation and contested by the winners of La Liga and Copa del Rey . The competition was founded in 1982 . Ten clubs have won the title : Barcelona ( 12 ) , Real Madrid ( 10 ) , Deportivo de La Coruña ( 3 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 2 ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 2 ) , Valencia ( 1 ) , Real Zaragoza ( 1 ) , Mallorca ( 1 ) , Sevilla ( 1 ) and Real Sociedad ( 1 ) . Spanish clubs in international competitions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish football clubs in international competitions The Spanish football clubs are very successful in international competitions . They are the most successful in different current European competitions , such as UEFA Champions League , UEFA Super Cup , and UEFA Europa League ; and they also were the most successful in the extinct Inter-Cities Fairs Cup . The most successful clubs in international competitions are Barcelona and Real Madrid . In addition , other Spanish clubs have also won titles in international tournaments , such as Atlético Madrid , Valencia , Sevilla , Real Zaragoza , Villarreal , Deportivo de La Coruña , Celta de Vigo and Málaga . Spanish football clubs hold different records in international competitions . Real Madrid is the most successful club in the European Cup / UEFA Champions League . They have won 13 titles and were runners - up three times . Real Madrid is also the most successful club in the Intercontinental Cup ( three titles , shared record with A.C. Milan , Peñarol , Boca Juniors , Nacional ) and FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles , shared record with Barcelona ) . Barcelona is the most successful club in the FIFA Club World Cup ( three titles , shared record with Real Madrid ) , and it is also the most successful club in the UEFA Super Cup ( five titles , shared record with Milan ) . In addition , Barcelona became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year ( 2009 ) completing the sextuple , and the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice ( 2009 and 2015 ) . Sevilla is the most successful club in the UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , with five titles . In total , the Spanish football clubs have won 73 international titles as of 2018 . Over the years , Spanish clubs have won the European Cups / Champions League 18 times , the UEFA Super Cup 14 times , the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 7 times , the UEFA Europa League 11 times , the UEFA Intertoto Cup 7 times and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 6 times . In addition , Spanish clubs have also won the Intercontinental Cup 4 times , and the FIFA Club World Cup 6 times . Women 's football ( edit ) Main article : Women 's football in Spain Women 's football is a minor sport in Spain . Unlike the men 's football , women 's football is an amateur sport in Spain . Currently there are two national competitions , the League and the Copa de la Reina ( English : Queen 's Cup ) , in the semi-professional clubs involved structure . The first teams and the first informal women 's football competitions in Spain emerged in the 1970s , although they were not officially recognized by the Royal Spanish Football Federation until 1980 , with the founding of the National Women 's Football Committee . The first official national competition was the Championships of Spain ( Copa de la Reina ) , established in 1983 . The women 's national league began to dispute the 1988 - 89 season . The Spain women 's national football team has been qualified only once in the FIFA Women 's World Cup , and twice in the UEFA Women 's Championship . Its youth division have had success in recent times . The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 19 Championship in 2004 . The Spain women 's national under - 19 football team won the UEFA Women 's Under - 17 Championship in 2010 , 2011 , and 2015 , as well as their third - place at the FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish football : Well red '' . The Economist. 2012 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Memory 2016 . Licensing and clubs ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Consejo Superior de Deportes ( CSD ) ( Sports Council ) . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sports habits IV . Study number 2,833 . March - april 2010 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` June Barometer . Study number 3,029 . June 2014 ( Document in Spanish ) '' ( PDF ) . Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas ( Centre for Sociological Research ) . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ James Lawton . `` La Roja : a journey through Spanish football , by Jimmy Burns '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe . `` Morbo : The story of Spanish football by Phil Ball ( London : WSC Books , 2001 ) '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Aakriti Mehrotra ( 2014 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Fascism & Football : The political history of Spanish football '' . Outside of the boot . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga de Fútbol Profesional ( LFP ) '' . LaLiga . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graham Hunter . `` Spain : the inside story of La Roja 's historic treble -- extract Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Rizwan ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) . `` The Success Of Spain : A Lesson For Every Football Nation '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tim Vickery . `` Tim Vickery : Spain success built on clear football identity '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Paul Wilson . `` How England could learn from Spain 's approach to youth Football '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Associations . Spain . Association Information . Real Federación Española de Fútbol . Honours '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain . Royal Spanish Football Federation . Spanish health good from top to bottom . Honours by National Teams '' . UEFA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA ranking for club competitions '' . uefa.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Andy Mitten . `` La Liga tops Premier League as Spain 's European superiority continues '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The strongest national league of the world '' . iffhs.de . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spain . Royal Spanish Football Federation . Honours by Clubs '' . UEFA.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` International Club Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Championship '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fairs ' Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Champions ' Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Super Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Cup '' . rsssf.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Tiki Taka Football ( The Barcelona style of play ) '' . Soccer Training Info . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ James Vaughan . `` Creative team cultures : How Spanish football put the ' I ' back in team '' . bluestoneedge.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Socieconomic impact of professional football in Spain '' ( PDF ) . KMG Sports . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Giles Tremlet . `` EU prepares to blow final whistle on Spain 's debt - ridden football clubs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jae Allen . `` The history of football in Spain '' . Livestrong.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` Total Football : History of Spanish football ( I ) : The Origins '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Sam Attard . `` A history of La Liga and Spanish football '' . Espagnol.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The British Newspaper Archive '' . The British Newspaper Archive . Retrieved October 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Courier '' . The Courier . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Marca '' . Marca . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Times '' . Evening Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( II ) : 1900 - 1905 , The first tournaments '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( III ) : 1905 - 1910 , The years of crisis and division '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( IV ) : 1911 - 1915 , the creation of RFEF , Athletic dominance and first idols '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` Pichichi : The myth '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( V ) : 1916 - 1920 , the Basque power , the Madrid - Barça rivalry and the `` furia roja '' `` . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The sports newspapers in Spain '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( VI ) : 1921 - 1925 , Basque - Catalan dominance , the Real Madrid - Athletic Madrid rivalry and first stepts of professionalism '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Juan A. Gisbert . `` The history of football in Spain ( VII ) : 1926 - 1928 , the professional football and Samitier 's golden era '' . tikitaka - futbol . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish soccer league '' . donquijote.com . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History . Origins the rivalry '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Austin Esecson ; Remy Lupica ; Neel Muthama . `` El Clasico as Spanish History . Franco gets his man '' . Soccer Politics Pages , Soccer Politics Blog , Duke University . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Pete Jensen . `` Pain in Spain : La Liga in financial turmoil '' . The independent . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ian Hawkey . `` Catalonia and Basque Country reignite call for independent national identities '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Spain win Maurice Burlaz Trophy '' . UEFAorg . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Primera División 2015 / 2016 '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spain . Primera División 2014 / 2015 . Attendance . Home matches '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sid Lowe . `` Review : The Story of Spanish Football Football '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Why Spain is absent from the World Cup '' . Fox Soccer . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 's women add to La Roja euphoria '' . FIFA . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . Further reading ( edit ) Ball , Phil . Morbo . The story of the Spanish football . WSC Books Ltd , 2011 . ISBN 9780956101129 Burns , Jimmy . La Roja : A journey through Spanish football . Simon & Schuster Ltd , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 652 - 7 ( Hardback ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85720 - 653 - 4 ( Trade paperback ) Burns , Jimmy . La Roja : How soccer conquered Spain and how Spanish soccer conquered the world . Nations books , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 717 - 2 ( pbk . ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 56858 - 718 - 9 ( e-book ) Lowe , Sid . Fear and Loathing in la Liga . Barcelona vs Madrid . Yellow Jersey Press , 2013 . ISBN 9780224091787 ( Hardback ) ISBN 9780224091794 ( Trade paperback ) Hunter , Graham . Spain : The inside history of la Roja 's historic treble . BackPage Press , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 909430 - 13 - 6 . Quiroga , Alejandro . Football and national identities in Spain : the strange death of Don Quixote . Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 35540 - 8 Vaczi , Mariann . Soccer , culture and society in Spain . An ethnography of Basque fandom . Routledge Taylor & Francis Group , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 138 - 77830 - 6 ( hbk ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 315 - 77207 - 3 ( ebk ) Llopis - Goig , Ramón . Spanish football and social change . Sociological investigations . Palgrave Macmillan , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 46794 - 2 External links ( edit ) Official RFEF Site Official LFP Site ( in English ) La Liga and Spanish Football in English Sport in Spain Athletics Basketball Disability Football Futsal Handball Motorsport Rugby Tennis Water polo Spain at Olympics Paralympics Deaflympics World Games Team sport Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's National team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's National team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Football in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_in_Spain&oldid=843210105 '' Categories : Football in Spain Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Türkçe Lingua Franca Nova 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . 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In a survey of sports habits of the Spanish population made in 2010 , football was the second most popular recreational sport practised by the population ( 17.9 % ) . A total of 75.9 % of people said they had ever bought tickets to attend a football match . In addition , a total of 67.3 % of the people said that they saw all , almost all , many , or some of the football matches broadcast on television . In another survey made in 2014 , the practice of football decreased to 14 % of the population , being overtaken by other sports , such as running , cycling and swimming for recreation . However , in this survey football was still the sport that interests the majority of Spain 's people ( 48 % ) . A total of 67 % of the population said they were fans or had sympathy for a particular club . In addition , 74.9 % said they watched , whenever possible , the matches broadcast on television regarding their favorite teams ; and 42.4 % had , flags , badges or objects of their favorite teams . Data of this survey confirmed the widespread impression that most of Spain 's people are supporters of Real Madrid ( 37.9 % ) or FC Barcelona ( 25.4 % ) , and the other teams have fewer supporters nationwide , as Atlético de Madrid ( 16.1 % ) , Valencia CF ( 3.5 % ) , Athletic Bilbao ( 3.3 . ) or Sevilla FC ( 3.2 % ) .

Robot - assisted surgery - wikipedia Robot - assisted surgery Jump to : navigation , search This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A robotically assisted surgical system used for prostatectomies , cardiac valve repair and gynecologic surgical procedures Robotic surgery , computer - assisted surgery , and robotically - assisted surgery are terms for technological developments that use robotic systems to aid in surgical procedures . Robotically - assisted surgery was developed to overcome the limitations of pre-existing minimally - invasive surgical procedures and to enhance the capabilities of surgeons performing open surgery . In the case of robotically - assisted minimally - invasive surgery , instead of directly moving the instruments , the surgeon uses one of two methods to control the instruments ; either a direct telemanipulator or through computer control . A telemanipulator is a remote manipulator that allows the surgeon to perform the normal movements associated with the surgery whilst the robotic arms carry out those movements using end - effectors and manipulators to perform the actual surgery on the patient . In computer - controlled systems the surgeon uses a computer to control the robotic arms and its end - effectors , though these systems can also still use telemanipulators for their input . One advantage of using the computerised method is that the surgeon does not have to be present , but can be anywhere in the world , leading to the possibility for remote surgery . In the case of enhanced open surgery , autonomous instruments ( in familiar configurations ) replace traditional steel tools , performing certain actions ( such as rib spreading ) with much smoother , feedback - controlled motions than could be achieved by a human hand . The main object of such smart instruments is to reduce or eliminate the tissue trauma traditionally associated with open surgery without requiring more than a few minutes ' training on the part of surgeons . This approach seeks to improve open surgeries , particularly cardio - thoracic , that have so far not benefited from minimally - invasive techniques . Robotic surgery has been criticized for its expense , by one estimate costing $1,500 to $2000 more per patient . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison to traditional methods 2 Uses 2.1 General surgery 2.2 Cardiothoracic surgery 2.3 Cardiology and electrophysiology 2.4 Colon and rectal surgery 2.5 Gastrointestinal surgery 2.6 Gynecology 2.7 Neurosurgery 2.8 Ophthalmology 2.9 Orthopedics 2.10 Children 2.11 Radiosurgery 2.12 Spine surgery 2.13 Transplant surgery 2.14 Urology 2.15 Vascular surgery 3 Miniature robotics 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Comparison to traditional methods ( edit ) Major advances aided by surgical robots have been remote surgery , minimally invasive surgery and unmanned surgery . Due to robotic use , the surgery is done with precision , miniaturization , smaller incisions ; decreased blood loss , less pain , and quicker healing time . Articulation beyond normal manipulation and three - dimensional magnification helps resulting in improved ergonomics . Due to these techniques there is a reduced duration of hospital stays , blood loss , transfusions , and use of pain medication . The existing open surgery technique has many flaws like limited access to surgical area , long recovery time , long hours of operation , blood loss , surgical scars and marks . The robot normally costs $1,390,000 and while its disposable supply cost is normally $1,500 per procedure , the cost of the procedure is higher . Additional surgical training is needed to operate the system . Numerous feasibility studies have been done to determine whether the purchase of such systems are worthwhile . As it stands , opinions differ dramatically . Surgeons report that , although the manufacturers of such systems provide training on this new technology , the learning phase is intensive and surgeons must operate on twelve to eighteen patients before they adapt . During the training phase , minimally invasive operations can take up to twice as long as traditional surgery , leading to operating room tie ups and surgical staffs keeping patients under anesthesia for longer periods . Patient surveys indicate they chose the procedure based on expectations of decreased morbidity , improved outcomes , reduced blood loss and less pain . Higher expectations may explain higher rates of dissatisfaction and regret . Compared with other minimally invasive surgery approaches , robot - assisted surgery gives the surgeon better control over the surgical instruments and a better view of the surgical site . In addition , surgeons no longer have to stand throughout the surgery and do not tire as quickly . Naturally occurring hand tremors are filtered out by the robot 's computer software . Finally , the surgical robot can continuously be used by rotating surgery teams . Critics of the system , including the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists , say there is a steep learning curve for surgeons who adopt use of the system and that there 's a lack of studies that indicate long - term results are superior to results following traditional laparoscopic surgery . Articles in the newly created Journal of Robotic Surgery tend to report on one surgeon 's experience . A Medicare study found that some procedures that have traditionally been performed with large incisions can be converted to `` minimally invasive '' endoscopic procedures with the use of the Da Vinci Surgical System , shortening length - of - stay in the hospital and reducing recovery times . But because of the hefty cost of the robotic system it is not clear that it is cost - effective for hospitals and physicians despite any benefits to patients since there is no additional reimbursement paid by the government or insurance companies when the system is used . Robot - assisted pancreatectomies have been found to be associated with `` longer operating time , lower estimated blood loss , a higher spleen - preservation rate , and shorter hospital stay ( s ) '' than laparoscopic pancreatectomies ; there was `` no significant difference in transfusion , conversion to open surgery , overall complications , severe complications , pancreatic fistula , severe pancreatic fistula , ICU stay , total cost , and 30 - day mortality between the two groups . '' For surgical removal of the uterus and cervix for early cervical cancer robotic and laparoscopic surgery resulted in similar outcomes with respect to the cancer . Uses ( edit ) General surgery ( edit ) In early 2000 the field of general surgical interventions with the daVinci device was explored by surgeons at Ohio State University . Reports were published in esophageal and pancreatic surgery for the first time in the world and further data were subsequently published by Horgan and his group at the University of Illinois and then later at the same institution by others . In 2007 , the University of Illinois at Chicago medical team , led by Prof. Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti , reported a pancreatectomy and also the Midwest 's first fully robotic Whipple surgery . In April 2008 , the same team of surgeons performed the world 's first fully minimally invasive liver resection for living donor transplantation , removing 60 % of the patient 's liver , yet allowing him to leave the hospital just a couple of days after the procedure , in very good condition . Furthermore , the patient can also leave with less pain than a usual surgery due to the four puncture holes and not a scar by a surgeon . Cardiothoracic surgery ( edit ) Robot - assisted MIDCAB and Endoscopic coronary artery bypass ( TECAB ) operations are being performed with the Da Vinci system . Mitral valve repairs and replacements have been performed . The Ohio State University , Columbus has performed CABG , mitral valve , esophagectomy , lung resection , tumor resections , among other robotic assisted procedures and serves as a training site for other surgeons . In 2002 , surgeons at the Cleveland Clinic in Florida reported and published their preliminary experience with minimally invasive `` hybrid '' procedures . These procedures combined robotic revascularization and coronary stenting and further expanded the role of robots in coronary bypass to patients with disease in multiple vessels . Ongoing research on the outcomes of robotic assisted CABG and hybrid CABG is being done . Cardiology and electrophysiology ( edit ) As of 2004 , three types of heart surgery are being performed on a routine basis using robotic surgery systems . These three surgery types were : Atrial septal defect repair -- the repair of a hole between the two upper chambers of the heart , Mitral valve repair -- the repair of the valve that prevents blood from regurgitating back into the upper heart chambers during contractions of the heart , Coronary artery bypass -- rerouting of blood supply by bypassing blocked arteries that provide blood to the heart . Colon and rectal surgery ( edit ) Many studies have been undertaken in order to examine the role of robotic procedures in the field of colorectal surgery . Results to date indicate that robotic - assisted colorectal procedures outcomes are `` no worse '' than the results in the now `` traditional '' laparoscopic colorectal operations . Robotic - assisted colorectal surgery appears to be safe as well . Most of the procedures have been performed for malignant colon and rectal lesions . However , surgeons are now moving into resections for diverticulitis and non-resective rectopexies ( attaching the colon to the sacrum in order to treat rectal prolapse . ) When evaluated for several variables , robotic - assisted procedures fare equally well when compared with laparoscopic , or open abdominal operations . Study parameters have looked at intraoperative patient preparation time , length of time to perform the operation , adequacy of the removed surgical specimen with respect to clear surgical margins and number of lymph nodes removed , blood loss , operative or postoperative complications and long - term results . More difficult to evaluate are issues related to the view of the operative field , the types of procedures that should be performed using robotic assistance and the potential added cost for a robotic operation . Many surgeons feel that the optics of the 3 - dimensional , two camera stereo optic robotic system are superior to the optical system used in laparoscopic procedures . The pelvic nerves are clearly visualized during robotic - assisted procedures . Less clear however is whether or not these supposedly improved optics and visualization improve patient outcomes with respect to postoperative impotence or incontinence , and whether long - term patient survival is improved by using the 3 - dimensional optic system . Additionally , there is often a need for a wider , or `` larger '' view of the operative field than is routinely provided during robotic operations. , The close - up view of the area under dissection may hamper visualization of the `` bigger view '' , especially with respect to ureteral protection . Questions remain unanswered , even after many years of experience with robotic - assisted colorectal operations . Ongoing studies may help clarify many of the issues of confusion associated with this novel surgical approach . Gastrointestinal surgery ( edit ) Multiple types of procedures have been performed with either the ' Zeus ' or da Vinci robot systems , including bariatric surgery and gastrectomy for cancer . Surgeons at various universities initially published case series demonstrating different techniques and the feasibility of GI surgery using the robotic devices . Specific procedures have been more fully evaluated , specifically esophageal fundoplication for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux and Heller myotomy for the treatment of achalasia . Other gastrointestinal procedures including colon resection , pancreatectomy , esophagectomy and robotic approaches to pelvic disease have also been reported . Gynecology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in gynecology is of uncertain benefit with it being unclear if it affects rates of complications . Gynecologic procedures may take longer with robot - assisted surgery but may be associated with a shorter hospital stay following hysterectomy . In the United States , robotic - assisted hysterectomy for benign conditions has been shown to be more expensive than conventional laparoscopic hysterectomy , with no difference in overall rates of complications . This includes the use of the da Vinci surgical system in benign gynecology and gynecologic oncology . Robotic surgery can be used to treat fibroids , abnormal periods , endometriosis , ovarian tumors , uterine prolapse , and female cancers . Using the robotic system , gynecologists can perform hysterectomies , myomectomies , and lymph node biopsies . Neurosurgery ( edit ) Several systems for stereotactic intervention are currently on the market . The NeuroMate was the first neurosurgical robot , commercially available in 1997 . Originally developed in Grenoble by Alim - Louis_Benabid 's team , it is now owned by Renishaw . With installations in the United States , Europe and Japan , the system has been used in 8000 stereotactic brain surgeries by 2009 . IMRIS Inc. 's SYMBIS ( TM ) Surgical System will be the version of NeuroArm , the world 's first MRI - compatible surgical robot , developed for world - wide commercialization . Medtech 's Rosa is being used by several institutions , including the Cleveland Clinic in the U.S , and in Canada at Sherbrooke University and the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital in Montreal ( MNI / H ) . Between June 2011 and September 2012 , over 150 neurosurgical procedures at the MNI / H have been completed robotized stereotaxy , including in the placement of depth electrodes in the treatment of epilepsy , selective resections , and stereotaxic biopsies . Ophthalmology ( edit ) The first robotic operation inside the eye took place at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 9 September 2016 . The robot was developed by Preceyes BV and the surgery was performed by Robert MacLaren , Professor of Ophthalmology at the University of Oxford . They operated successfully on the Reverend Dr William Beaver , a 70 year old man with a macular hole . The researchers commented that robotic eye surgery has taken longer to develop due to the need to miniaturise the components . They observed that the robot could make controlled movements inside the eye as small as 100th of a millimetre . Orthopedics ( edit ) The ROBODOC system was released in 1992 by Integrated Surgical Systems , Inc. which merged into CUREXO Technology Corporation . Also , The Acrobot Company Ltd. developed the `` Acrobot Sculptor '' , a robot that constrained a bone cutting tool to a pre-defined volume . The `` Acrobot Sculptor '' was sold to Stanmore Implants in August 2010 . Stanmore received FDA clearance in February 2013 for US surgeries but sold the Sculptor to Mako Surgical in June 2013 to resolve a patent infringement lawsuit . Another example is the CASPAR robot produced by U.R.S. which is used for total hip replacement , total knee replacement and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction . MAKO Surgical Corp ( founded 2004 ) produces the RIO ( Robotic Arm Interactive Orthopedic System ) which combines robotics , navigation , and haptics for both partial knee and total hip replacement surgery . Blue Belt Technologies received FDA clearance in November 2012 for the Navio Surgical System . The Navio System is a navigated , robotics - assisted surgical system that uses a CT free approach to assist in partial knee replacement surgery . Children ( edit ) Surgical robotics has been used in many types of pediatric surgical procedures including : tracheoesophageal fistula repair , cholecystectomy , nissen fundoplication , morgagni 's hernia repair , kasai portoenterostomy , congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair , and others . On 17 January 2002 , surgeons at Children 's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit performed the nation 's first advanced computer - assisted robot - enhanced surgical procedure at a children 's hospital . The Center for Robotic Surgery at Children 's Hospital Boston provides a high level of expertise in pediatric robotic surgery . Specially - trained surgeons use a high - tech robot to perform complex and delicate operations through very small surgical openings . The results are less pain , faster recoveries , shorter hospital stays , smaller scars , and happier patients and families . In 2001 , Children 's Hospital Boston was the first pediatric hospital to acquire a surgical robot . Today , surgeons use the technology for many procedures and perform more pediatric robotic operations than any other hospital in the world . Children 's Hospital physicians have developed a number of new applications to expand the use of the robot , and train surgeons from around the world on its use . Radiosurgery ( edit ) The CyberKnife Robotic Radiosurgery System uses image guidance and computer controlled robotics to treat tumors throughout the body by delivering multiple beams of high - energy radiation to the tumor from virtually any direction . The system uses a German KUKA KR 240 . Mounted on the robot is a compact X-band linac that produces 6MV X-ray radiation . Mounting the radiation source on the robot allows very fast repositioning of the source , which enables the system to deliver radiation from many different directions without the need to move both the patient and source as required by current gantry configurations . Spine surgery ( edit ) Robotic devices started to be used in minimally invasive spine surgery starting in the mid-2000s . As of 2014 , there were too few randomized clinical trials to allow judgements as to whether robotic spine surgery is more or less safe than other approaches . Transplant surgery ( edit ) Transplant surgery ( organ transplantation ) has been considered as highly technically demanding and virtually unobtainable by means of conventional laparoscopy . For many years , transplant patients were unable to benefit from the advantages of minimally invasive surgery . The development of robotic technology and its associated high resolution capabilities , three dimensional visual system , wrist type motion and fine instruments , gave opportunity for highly complex procedures to be completed in a minimally invasive fashion . Subsequently , the first fully robotic kidney transplantations were performed in the late 2000s . After the procedure was proven to be feasible and safe , the main emerging challenge was to determine which patients would benefit most from this robotic technique . As a result , recognition of the increasing prevalence of obesity amongst patients with kidney failure on hemodialysis posed a significant problem . Due to the abundantly higher risk of complications after traditional open kidney transplantation , obese patients were frequently denied access to transplantation , which is the premium treatment for end stage kidney disease . The use of the robotic - assisted approach has allowed kidneys to be transplanted with minimal incisions , which has virtually alleviated wound complications and significantly shortened the recovery period . The University of Illinois Medical Center reported the largest series of 104 robotic - assisted kidney transplants for obese recipients ( mean body mass index > 42 ) . Amongst this group of patients , no wound infections were observed and the function of transplanted kidneys was excellent . In this way , robotic kidney transplantation could be considered as the biggest advance in surgical technique for this procedure since its creation more than half a century ago . Urology ( edit ) Robotic surgery in the field of urology has become very popular , especially in the United States . It has been most extensively applied for excision of prostate cancer because of difficult anatomical access . It is also utilized for kidney cancer surgeries and to lesser extent surgeries of the bladder . As of 2014 , there is little evidence of increased benefits compared to standard surgery to justify the increased costs . Some have found tentative evidence of more complete removal of cancer and less side effects from surgery for prostatectomy . In 2000 , the first robot - assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy was performed . Vascular surgery ( edit ) In September 2010 , the first robotic operations with Hansen Medical 's Magellan Robotic System at the femoral vasculature were performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana ( UMC Ljubljana ) , Slovenia . The research was led by Borut Geršak , the head of the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at the centre . Geršak explained that the robot used was the first true robot in the history of robotic surgery , meaning the user interface was not resembling surgical instruments and the robot was not simply imitating the movement of human hands but was guided by pressing buttons , just like one would play a video game . The robot was imported to Slovenia from the United States . Miniature robotics ( edit ) As scientists seek to improve the versatility and utility of robotics in surgery , some are attempting to miniaturize the robots . For example , the University of Nebraska Medical Center has led a multi-campus effort to provide collaborative research on mini-robotics among surgeons , engineers and computer scientists . History ( edit ) The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot , which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983 . Intimately involved were biomedical engineer , Dr. James McEwen , Geof Auchinleck , a UBC engineering physics grad , and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students . The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984 , at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver . Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months , and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots , The Robotics Revolution , featured the device . Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot , which handed operative instruments on voice command , and a medical laboratory robotic arm . A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation . In 1985 a robot , the Unimation Puma 200 , was used to place a needle for a brain biopsy using CT guidance . In 1992 , the PROBOT , developed at Imperial College London , was used to perform prostatic surgery by Dr. Senthil Nathan at Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . This was the first pure robotic surgery in the world . The PROBOT was specifically designed for transurethral resection of the prostate . Meanwhile , when PROBOT was being developed , ROBODOC , a robotic system designed to assist hip replacement surgeries was the first surgical robot that was approved by the FDA . The ROBODOC from Integrated Surgical Systems ( working closely with IBM ) was introduced in 1992 to mill out precise fittings in the femur for hip replacement . The purpose of the ROBODOC was to replace the previous method of carving out a femur for an implant , the use of a mallet and broach / rasp . Further development of robotic systems was carried out by SRI International and Intuitive Surgical with the introduction of the da Vinci Surgical System and Computer Motion with the AESOP and the ZEUS robotic surgical system . The first robotic surgery took place at The Ohio State University Medical Center in Columbus , Ohio under the direction of Robert E. Michler . Examples of using ZEUS include a fallopian tube reconnection in July 1998 , a beating heart coronary artery bypass graft in October 1999 , and the Lindbergh Operation , which was a cholecystectomy performed remotely in September 2001 . The original telesurgery robotic system that the da Vinci was based on was developed at SRI International in Menlo Park with grant support from DARPA and NASA . Although the telesurgical robot was originally intended to facilitate remotely performed surgery in battlefield and other remote environments , it turned out to be more useful for minimally invasive on - site surgery . The patents for the early prototype were sold to Intuitive Surgical in Mountain View , California . The da Vinci senses the surgeon 's hand movements and translates them electronically into scaled - down micro-movements to manipulate the tiny proprietary instruments . It also detects and filters out any tremors in the surgeon 's hand movements , so that they are not duplicated robotically . The camera used in the system provides a true stereoscopic picture transmitted to a surgeon 's console . Examples of using the da Vinci system include the first robotically assisted heart bypass ( performed in Germany ) in May 1998 , and the first performed in the United States in September 1999 ; and the first all - robotic - assisted kidney transplant , performed in January 2009 . The da Vinci Si was released in April 2009 , and initially sold for $1.75 million . In May 2006 the first artificial intelligence doctor - conducted unassisted robotic surgery on a 34 - year - old male to correct heart arythmia . The results were rated as better than an above - average human surgeon . The machine had a database of 10,000 similar operations , and so , in the words of its designers , was `` more than qualified to operate on any patient '' . In August 2007 , Dr. Sijo Parekattil of the Robotics Institute and Center for Urology ( Winter Haven Hospital and University of Florida ) performed the first robotic assisted microsurgery procedure denervation of the spermatic cord for chronic testicular pain . In February 2008 , Dr. Mohan S. Gundeti of the University of Chicago Comer Children 's Hospital performed the first robotic pediatric neurogenic bladder reconstruction . On 12 May 2008 , the first image - guided MR - compatible robotic neurosurgical procedure was performed at University of Calgary by Dr. Garnette Sutherland using the NeuroArm . In June 2008 , the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) presented a robotic system for minimally invasive surgery , the MiroSurge . In September 2010 , the Eindhoven University of Technology announced the development of the Sofie surgical system , the first surgical robot to employ force feedback . In September 2010 , the first robotic operation at the femoral vasculature was performed at the University Medical Centre Ljubljana by a team led by Borut Geršak . See also ( edit ) Bone segment navigation Computer - assisted surgery Computer - integrated surgery Minimally invasive surgery Patient registration Stereolithography ( medicine ) Surgical Segment Navigator Telemedicine References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kolata , Gina ( 13 February 2010 ) . `` Results Unproven , Robotic Surgery Wins Converts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Estey , EP ( 2009 ) . `` Robotic prostatectomy : The new standard of care or a marketing success ? '' . Canadian Urological Association Journal . 3 ( 6 ) : 488 -- 90 . PMC 2792423 . PMID 20019980 . Jump up ^ O'Toole , M.D. ; Bouazza - Marouf , K. ; Kerr , D. ; Gooroochurn , M. ; Vloeberghs , M. ( 2009 ) . `` A methodology for design and appraisal of surgical robotic systems '' . Robotica. 28 ( 2 ) : 297 -- 310 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263574709990658 . ^ Jump up to : Finkelstein J ; Eckersberger E ; Sadri H ; Taneja SS ; Lepor H ; Djavan B ( 2010 ) . `` Open Versus Laparoscopic Versus Robot - Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy : The European and US Experience '' . Reviews in Urology. 12 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 43 . PMC 2859140 . PMID 20428292 . Jump up ^ Gerhardus , D ( July -- August 2003 ) . `` Robot - assisted surgery : the future is here '' . Journal of Healthcare Management . 48 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 251 . PMID 12908224 . Jump up ^ Breeden , James T. , MD , President of ACOG , ( 1 ) Statement on Robotic Surgery , 14 March 2013 Jump up ^ Zhou , JY ; Xin , C ; Mou , YP ; Xu , XW ; Zhang , MZ ; Zhou , YC ; Lu , C ; Chen , RG ( 2016 ) . `` Robotic versus Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy : A Meta - Analysis of Short - Term Outcomes '' . PLoS ONE . 11 ( 3 ) : e0151189 . Bibcode : 2016PLoSO ... 1151189Z . PMC 4790929 . PMID 26974961 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0151189 . 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( October 2009 ) . `` Current status of robotic assisted pelvic surgery and future developments '' . International Journal of Surgery . 7 ( 5 ) : 431 -- 440 . PMID 19735746 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijsu. 2009.08. 008 . Jump up ^ Kypson , Alan P ; Chitwood Jr. , W. Randolph ( 2004 ) . `` Robotic Applications in Cardiac Surgery '' . International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems . 1 ( 2 ) : 87 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2004cs ... 12055K . arXiv : cs / 0412055 . Jump up ^ D'Annibale , A et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . December 2004 . Volume 47 , issue 12 , pp. 2162 -- 2168 Jump up ^ Spinoglio , G. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . November 2008 . Volume 51 , issue 11 , pp. 1627 -- 1632 Jump up ^ Delaney , C. et al. Diseases of the colon and rectum . December 2003 . Volume 46 , pp. 1633 -- 1639 Jump up ^ Braumann , C. et al. Diseases of the Colon and Rectum . December 2005 . Volume 48 , Number 9 , pp1820 - 1827 . Jump up ^ Myung - Han , Hyun ; Chung - Ho Lee ; Hyun - Jung Kim ; YiXin Tong ; Sung - Soo Park ( November 2013 ) . `` Systematic review and meta - analysis of robotic surgery compared with conventional laparoscopic and open resection for gastric carcinoma '' . British Journal of Surgery . 100 ( 12 ) : 1566 -- 78 . PMID 24264778 . doi : 10.1002 / bjs. 9242 . Jump up ^ Melvin , W. Scott ; Needleman , Bradley J. ; Krause , Kevin R. ; Schneider , Carol ; Ellison , E. Christopher ( 2002 ) . `` Computer - Enhanced vs. Standard Laparoscopic Antireflux Surgery '' . Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery . 6 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 15 ; discussion 15 -- 6 . PMID 11986012 . doi : 10.1016 / S1091 - 255X ( 01 ) 00032 - 4 . Jump up ^ Melvin , W.S. ; Dundon , J.M. ; Talamini , M. ; Horgan , S. ( October 2005 ) . `` Computer - enhanced robotic telesurgery minimizes esophageal perforation during Heller myotomy '' . Surgery . 138 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 558 ; discussion 558 -- 9 . PMID 16269282 . doi : 10.1016 / j. surg. 2005.07. 025 . Jump up ^ Shaligram A ; Unnirevi J ; Simorov A ; Kothari VM ; Oleynikov D ( April 2012 ) . `` How does the robot affect outcomes ? A retrospective review of open , laparoscopic , and robotic Heller myotomy for achalasia '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 26 ( 4 ) : 1047 -- 50 . PMID 22038167 . doi : 10.1007 / s00464 - 011 - 1994 - 5 . Jump up ^ Liu , H ; Lawrie , TA ; Lu , D ; Song , H ; Wang , L ; Shi , G ( 10 December 2014 ) . `` Robot - assisted surgery in gynaecology '' . The Cochrane database of systematic reviews . 12 ( 12 ) : CD011422 . PMID 25493418 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD011422 . Jump up ^ `` Committee Opinion : Robotic Surgery in Gynecolgy '' . Obstetrics & Gynecology. 125 ( 3 ) : 760 -- 767 . March 2015 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. AOG. 0000461761.47981. 07 . Jump up ^ `` Robot - Assisted Surgery : Neurosurgery '' . Biomed.brown.edu . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SYMBIS Homepage on IMRIS Website '' . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons use robot to operate inside eye in world first '' . 9 September 2016 -- via The Guardian . Jump up ^ Walsh , Fergus ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` Robot operates inside eye in world first '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ UK surgeons carry out world 's first robot eye surgery . ITV News , 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ ROBODOC history . Robodoc.com . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Acrobot Sculptor Jump up ^ Siebert , W. ; Mai , Sabine ; Kober , Rudolf ; Heeckt , Peter F. ( 30 December 2004 ) . `` Chapter 12 -- Total knee replacement : robotic assistive technique '' . In DiGioia , Anthony M. ; Jaramaz , Branislav ; Picard , Frederic ; Nolte , Lutz - Peter . Computer and robotic assisted hip and knee surgery . Oxford University Press . pp. 127 -- 156 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850943 - X . Jump up ^ `` Home MAKO Surgical Corp '' . Makosurgical.com. 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Home Blue Belt Technologies , Inc . '' . Bluebelttech.com. 24 June 2014 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Robotic Surgery '' . Children 's Hospital Center . Archived from the original on 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Shweikeh , Faris ; Amadio , Jordan P. ; Arnell , Monica ; Barnard , Zachary R. ; Kim , Terrence T. ; Johnson , J. Patrick ; Drazin , Doniel ( 2014 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Robotics and the spine : a review of current and ongoing applications '' . Neurosurgical Focus. 36 ( 3 ) : E10 . PMID 24580002 . doi : 10.3171 / 2014.1. focus13526 . Jump up ^ Giulianotti PC , Gorodner V , Sbrana F , Tzvetanov I , Jeon H , Bianco F , Kinzer K , Oberholzer J , Benedetti E ( 2010 ) . `` Robotic Trans - Abdominal Kidney Transplantation in a Morbidly Obese Patient '' . AJT. 10 : 1 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Oberholzer J , Giulianotti P , Danielson KK , Spaggiari M , Bejarano - Pineda L , Bianco F , Tzvetanov I , Ayloo S , Jeon H , Garcia - Roca R , Thielke J , Tang I , Akkina S , Becker B , Kinzer K , Patel A , Benedetti E ( 2013 ) . `` Minimally invasive robotic kidney transplantation for obese patients previously denied access to transplantation '' . American Journal of Transplantation. 13 ( 3 ) : 721 -- 8 . PMC 3647345 . PMID 23437881 . doi : 10.1111 / ajt. 12078 . Jump up ^ Tzvetanov I , Giulianotti PC , Bejarano - Pineda L , Jeon H , Garcia - Roca R , Bianco F , Oberholzer J , Benedetti E ( December 2013 ) . `` Robotic - assisted kidney transplantation '' . Surg Clin North Am. 93 ( 6 ) : 1309 -- 23 . PMID 24206853 . doi : 10.1016 / j. suc. 2013.08. 003 . Jump up ^ Lee , DI ( April 2009 ) . `` Robotic prostatectomy : what we have learned and where we are going '' . Yonsei Med J. 50 ( 2 ) : 177 -- 81 . PMC 2678689 . PMID 19430547 . doi : 10.3349 / ymj. 2009.50. 2.177 . Jump up ^ Williams , SB ; Prado , K ; Hu , JC ( November 2014 ) . `` Economics of robotic surgery : does it make sense and for whom ? '' . The Urologic clinics of North America . 41 ( 4 ) : 591 -- 6 . PMID 25306170 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ucl. 2014.07. 013 . Jump up ^ Ramsay , C ; Pickard , R ; Robertson , C ; Close , A ; Vale , L ; Armstrong , N ; Barocas , DA ; Eden , CG ; Fraser , C ; Gurung , T ; Jenkinson , D ; Jia , X ; Lam , TB ; Mowatt , G ; Neal , DE ; Robinson , MC ; Royle , J ; Rushton , SP ; Sharma , P ; Shirley , MD ; Soomro , N ( 2012 ) . `` Systematic review and economic modelling of the relative clinical benefit and cost - effectiveness of laparoscopic surgery and robotic surgery for removal of the prostate in men with localised prostate cancer . '' . Health technology assessment ( Winchester , England ) . 16 ( 41 ) : 1 -- 313 . PMC 4780976 . PMID 23127367 . doi : 10.3310 / hta16410 . ^ Jump up to : `` V UKC Ljubljana prvič na svetu uporabili žilnega robota za posege na femoralnem žilju '' ( The First Use of a Vascular Robot for Procedures on Femoral Vasculature ) ( in Slovenian ) . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` UKC Ljubljana kljub finančnim omejitvam uspešen v razvoju medicine '' ( UMC Ljubljana Successfully Develops Medicine Despite Financial Limitations ) ( in Slovenian ) . 30 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Graham - Rowe , Duncan ( 26 January 2006 ) . `` Robot set loose to film your insides '' . New Scientist ( 2536 ) . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Medical Post 23 : 1985 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kwoh , Y.S. ; Hou , J. ; Jonckheere , E.A. & Hayall , S. ( February 1988 ) . `` A robot with improved absolute positioning accuracy for CT guided stereotactic brain surgery '' . IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering . 35 ( 2 ) : 153 -- 161 . doi : 10.1109 / 10.1354 . Jump up ^ Lanfranco , Anthony R. ; Castellanos , Andres E. ; Desai , Jaydev P. ; Meyers , William C. ( 2004 ) . `` Robotic Surgery '' . Annals of Surgery . 239 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21 . PMC 1356187 . PMID 14685095 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sla. 0000103020.19595. 7d . Jump up ^ `` ROBODOC : Surgical Robot Success Story '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Meadows , Michelle . `` Computer - Assisted Surgery : An Update '' . FDA Consumer magazine . Food and Drug Administration . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Jump up ^ McConnell , PI ; Schneeberger , EW ; Michler , RE ( 2003 ) . `` History and development of robotic cardiac surgery '' . Problems in General Surgery . 20 ( 2 ) : 20 -- 30 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. sgs. 0000081182.03671. 6e . Jump up ^ Leslie Versweyveld ( 29 September 1999 ) . `` ZEUS robot system reverses sterilization to enable birth of baby boy '' . Virtual Medical Worlds Monthly . Jump up ^ `` Robotics : the Future of Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery '' . Biomed.brown.edu. 6 October 1999 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Linbergh Operation -- IRCAD / EITS Laparoscopic Center '' . Retrieved 19 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Telerobotic Surgery '' . SRI International . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Robot Technology Eases Kidney Transplants '' . CBS News . 22 June 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` da Vinci Si Surgical System '' . Intuitive Surgical . Retrieved 30 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Autonomous Robotic Surgeon performs surgery on first live human '' . Engadget. 19 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Robot surgeon carries out 9 - hour operation by itself '' . Phys.Org . Jump up ^ Parekattil , Sijo . `` Robotic Infertility '' . Retrieved 11 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons perform world 's first pediatric robotic bladder reconstruction '' . Esciencenews.com. 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` neuroArm : revolutionary procedure a world first '' . ucalgary.ca. 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hagn , U. ; Nickl , M. ; Jörg , S. ; Tobergte , A. ; Kübler , B. ; Passig , G. ; Gröger , M. ; Fröhlich , F. ; Seibold , U. ; Konietschke , R. ; Le - Tien , L. ; Albu - Schäffer , A. ; Grebenstein , M. ; Ortmaier , T. & Hirzinger , G. ( 2008 ) . `` DLR MiroSurge -- towards versatility in surgical robotics '' . Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Computer und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie ; Proceedings of CURAC. 7 : 143 -- 146 . Jump up ^ `` Beter opereren met nieuwe Nederlandse operatierobot Sofie '' ( in Dutch ) . TU / e. 27 September 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Surgical robots . 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when was the first robot used in surgery

The first robot to assist in surgery was the Arthrobot , which was developed and used for the first time in Vancouver in 1983 . Intimately involved were biomedical engineer , Dr. James McEwen , Geof Auchinleck , a UBC engineering physics grad , and Dr. Brian Day as well as a team of engineering students . The robot was used in an orthopaedic surgical procedure on 12 March 1984 , at the UBC Hospital in Vancouver . Over 60 arthroscopic surgical procedures were performed in the first 12 months , and a 1985 National Geographic video on industrial robots , The Robotics Revolution , featured the device . Other related robotic devices developed at the same time included a surgical scrub nurse robot , which handed operative instruments on voice command , and a medical laboratory robotic arm . A YouTube video entitled Arthrobot illustrates some of these in operation .

List of the Fast and the Furious characters - wikipedia List of the Fast and the Furious characters Jump to : navigation , search This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fast and the Furious is an American action film series , centered around cars produced by Neal H. Moritz and distributed by Universal Pictures . Consisting of eight films and two short films , the following is a list of characters from The Fast and the Furious . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters table 2 Main characters 2.1 Dominic Toretto 2.2 Brian O'Conner 2.3 Letty Ortiz 2.4 Mia Toretto 2.5 Roman Pearce 2.6 Tej Parker 2.7 Sean Boswell 2.8 Han Lue 2.9 Gisele Yashar 2.10 Luke Hobbs 3 Supporting characters 3.1 The Fast and the Furious 3.1. 1 Vince 3.1. 2 Leon 3.1. 3 Jesse 3.1. 4 Hector 3.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 3.2. 1 Suki 3.2. 2 Jimmy 3.2. 3 Slap Jack 3.2. 4 Orange Julius 3.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 3.3. 1 Twinkie 3.3. 2 Neela 3.3. 3 Earl 3.3. 4 Reiko 3.4 Fast & Furious 3.4. 1 Rico Santos 3.4. 2 Tego Leo 3.4. 3 Cara 3.5 Fast Five 3.5. 1 Elena Neves 3.6 Furious 7 3.6. 1 Ramsey 3.6. 2 Safar 3.6. 3 Mando 3.7 The Fate of the Furious 3.7. 1 Magdalene Shaw 4 Antagonists 4.1 The Fast and the Furious 4.1. 1 Johnny Tran 4.1. 2 Lance Nguyen 4.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 4.2. 1 Carter Verone 4.2. 2 Enrique 4.2. 3 Roberto 4.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 4.3. 1 Takashi 4.3. 2 Morimoto 4.3. 3 Clay 4.4 Fast & Furious 4.4. 1 Arturo Braga 4.4. 2 Fenix Calderon 4.4. 3 Ramon Campos 4.5 Fast Five 4.5. 1 Hernan Reyes 4.5. 2 Zizi 4.6 Fast & Furious 6 4.6. 1 Owen Shaw 4.6. 2 Agent Riley Hicks 4.6. 3 Vegh 4.6. 4 Klaus 4.6. 5 Jah 4.6. 6 Denlinger 4.6. 7 Adolfson 4.6. 8 Oakes 4.6. 9 Ivory 4.6. 10 Firuz 4.7 Furious 7 4.7. 1 Deckard Shaw 4.7. 2 Mose Jakande 4.7. 3 Kiet 4.7. 4 Kara 4.8 The Fate of the Furious 4.8. 1 Cipher 4.8. 2 Connor Rhodes 5 Law enforcement officials and federal agents 5.1 The Fast and the Furious 5.1. 1 Agent Bilkins 5.1. 2 Sergeant Tanner 5.2 2 Fast 2 Furious 5.2. 1 Agent Markham 5.2. 2 Monica Fuentes 5.3 Fast & Furious 5.3. 1 Agent Penning 5.3. 2 Agent Sophie Trinh 5.3. 3 Agent Michael Stasiak 5.4 Fast Five 5.4. 1 Agent Wilkes 5.4. 2 Macroy 5.4. 3 Fusco 5.4. 4 Chato 5.5 Furious 7 5.5. 1 Mr. Nobody 5.5. 2 Agent Sheppard 5.6 The Fate of the Furious 5.6. 1 Little Nobody 6 References Characters table ( edit ) Key Main Indicates character had a main role in the film Archive Indicates the character only appears in archive footage Cameo Indicates the character had a minor or cameo appearance Photo Indicates that the character had a non-physical picture appearance Character Portrayed by Film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Principal characters Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Main Archive Cameo Main Brian O'Conner Paul Walker Main Main Letty Ortiz Michelle Rodriguez Main Main Photo Main Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster Main Main Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Main Main Tej Parker Ludacris Main Main Sean Boswell Lucas Black Main Archive Cameo Han Lue Sung Kang Main Archive Gisele Yashar Gal Gadot Main Archive Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson Main Primary supporting characters Vince Matt Schulze Main Main Archive Jesse Chad Lindberg Main Leon Johnny Strong Main Monica Fuentes Eva Mendes Main Cameo Suki Devon Aoki Main Archive Neela Nathalie Kelley Main Archive Twinkie Bow Wow Main Archive Tego Leo Tego Calderón Main Archive Cameo Rico Santos Don Omar Main Archive Cameo Elena Neves Elsa Pataky Main Mr. Nobody Kurt Russell Main Ramsey Nathalie Emmanuel Main Little Nobody Scott Eastwood Main Secondary supporting characters Hector Noel Gugliemi Main Cameo Edwin Ja Rule Main Agent Bilkins Thom Barry Main Main Sergeant Tanner Ted Levine Main Girl Minka Kelly Main Agent Markham James Remar Main Orange Julius Amaury Nolasco Main Archive Slap Jack Michael Ealy Main Archive Jimmy MC Jin Main Major Boswell Brian Goodman Main Mrs. Boswell Lynda Boyd Main Earl Jason Tobin Main Reiko Keiko Kitagawa Main Elvis Juan Fernández Main Cara Mirtha Michelle Main Agent Michael Stasiak Shea Whigham Main Cameo Agent Penning Jack Conley Main Agent Sophie Trinh Liza Lapira Main Agent Wilkes Fernando Chien Main Agent Fusco Alimi Ballard Main Agent Chato Yorgo Constantine Main Agent Macroy Geoff Meed Main Rosa Jeimy Osorio Main Jack O'Conner Max William Crane , Charlie & Miller Kimsey Main Samantha Hobbs Eden Estrella Main Mando Romeo Santos Main Agent Sheppard John Brotherton Main Magdalene Shaw Helen Mirren Main Raldo Celestino Cornielle Main Fernando Janmarco Santiago Main Brian Marcos Toretto Carlos De La Hoz , James Ayoub Main Primary antagonists Johnny Tran Rick Yune Main Carter Verone Cole Hauser Main D.K. / Takashi Brian Tee Main Arturo Braga John Ortiz Main Cameo Hernan Reyes Joaquim de Almeida Main Owen Shaw Luke Evans Main Cameo Deckard Shaw Jason Statham Cameo Main Cipher Charlize Theron Main Secondary antagonists Lance Nguyen Reggie Lee Main Enrique Mo Gallini Main Roberto Roberto Sanchez Main Morimoto Leonardo Nam Main Kamata Sonny Chiba Main Fenix Calderon Laz Alonso Main Archive Zizi Michael Irby Main Agent Riley Hicks Gina Carano Main Vegh Clara Paget Main Klaus Kim Kold Main Jah Joe Taslim Main Adolfson Benjamin Davies Main Denlinger Samuel M. Stewart Main Mose Jakande Djimon Hounsou Main Photo Kiet Tony Jaa Main Kara Ronda Rousey Main Connor Rhodes Kristofer Hivju Main During the production of Furious 7 , Paul Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 . As a result , his character Brian O'Conner was written out as retired . Walker 's brothers , Caleb and Cody , were used among others as stand - ins to complete his remaining scenes , and the film is dedicated to him . Main characters ( edit ) Dominic Toretto ( edit ) Main article : Dominic Toretto Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto appears in all of the films in the series but 2 Fast 2 Furious , in which he is only mentioned . An elite street racer , auto mechanic , and ex-convict , Dominic is the brother of Mia , husband of Letty Ortiz , brother - in - law of Brian O'Conner , and father of Brian Toretto . In the first film The Fast and the Furious , Dom leads a double - life in Los Angeles with his sister Mia , his girlfriend Letty , best friend Vince , and teammates Leon and Jesse . During the day , he tunes performance vehicles out of the auto shop behind his family 's grocery store ( which is run by Mia ) . At night , Dom and his team participate in illegal street racing in and around downtown LA . When they 're not racing or working in the garage , the team performs precision hijackings out of three black high - performance Honda Civics , targeting semi-trucks on LA freeways transporting electronic merchandise valued at hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars . LAPD police officer Brian O'Connor infiltrates the group while working undercover , using the alias of Brian Spilner and the guise of a new racer eager to participate in high - stakes matches . On his first night , he challenges Dom by buying into a race using the pink slip for his Mitsubishi Eclipse ( later said to be valued at $80,000 ) . Brian ultimately loses the race , and a subsequent run - in with Dom 's rival Johnny Tran leads to the Eclipse 's destruction . The result places Brian in debt to Dom for an equally capable vehicle that can run a quarter - mile in ten seconds . Over the following weeks and months , and much to the chagrin of Vince , Brian works closely with Dom and his team to restore a Toyota Supra in time to participate in Race Wars , a legal racing event held in the desert outside of LA that attracts hundreds of participants . Dom ultimately discovers Brian 's identity when Brian is forced to expose himself to save Vince after their final daytime hijacking goes awry . Vince , having sustained physical trauma from the endeavor , is bleeding out , forcing Brian to call for medevac and announce himself as an LAPD officer . This deception infuriates Dom , who immediately departs with Mia , Leon and Letty . By the time Vince is loaded onto the medevac , Dom is speeding away in the last remaining Civic with the remnants of Dom 's team . Brian catches up to Dom at his home in LA , Leon and Letty having already fled to avoid arrest . When Tran and his cousin Lance attempt a drive - by shooting on dirt bikes as revenge for an earlier dispute , Brian and Dom pursue them in separate cars . Dom , in his late father 's 1970 Dodge Charger , manages to incapacitate Lance while Brian pursues Tran in his Supra and kills him after shooting him in the side , causing him to crash at high speed on his motorcycle . Dom then challenges Brian to a race , pitting the Charger vs. the Supra on a quarter - mile strip with a railroad crossing as the finish line . The two engage in the high - speed drag race ultimately against an oncoming train . Barely surviving the train , Dom immediately collides with a semi-truck pulling out of a side street causing the Charger to flip multiple times . Brian , rushing to his aid , understands Dom 's plight and fulfilling his commitment to give Dom a ten - second car , hands over the keys to his Supra . Dom departs as the sound of police sirens approaches , leaving Brian to answer for his failure . In a post-credits scene , Dom is seen driving a Chevrolet Chevelle in Baja California , having eluded capture . In The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift he makes a cameo appearance at the end of the film as an old friend of the now deceased Han . In Fast & Furious , Dominic and Brian reunite in the wake of Letty 's death to stop drug lord Arturo Braga . In Fast Five , Dominic and Brian make a plot to steal all of Hernan Reyes ' money in an attempt to buy their freedom . During a talk with Brian , Dominic recalls his happy childhood with his father and Mia . Dominic , Brian , and Mia recruit many of their allies for the heist , while at the same time trying to evade capture by the DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Rio police officer Elena Neves . Hobbs and Elena become allies to Dominic after his team saves them from Reyes 's men . With the help of his team , Dominic 's heist is successful , and goes into hiding with Mia and Brian and starts a relationship with Elena . In Fast & Furious 6 , Dominic lives with Elena . He is approached by Hobbs , who asks him to help take down Owen Shaw , whose second - in - command is revealed to be an amnesiac but still - alive Letty . With Elena 's support , Dominic regroups with his team and tries to talk to Letty to remember him and her former friends . Through numerous actions , he eventually gains Letty 's trust , and defeats Shaw . His group is given full pardons from their crimes , and they return to the United States . Elena becomes Hobbs 's new partner so that Dominic can be with Letty and start anew . In a post credit scene , he would later get a call with a threatening message from a man related to Owen Shaw . In Furious 7 he is seeking revenge on Owen Shaw 's brother Deckard , who is revealed to have deliberately caused the crash that had killed Han in Tokyo Drift ( thus leading to Dom 's cameo in the third film ) and also destroyed Dom 's home . While he pursues Shaw he is recruited by mysterious government agent ' Mr Nobody ' to rescue Ramsey , a hacker with a device known as ' God 's Eye ' able to locate anyone on Earth , who has been captured by Mose Jakande with the promise of help in finding Shaw after Ramsey is safe . Dom and his crew save Ramsey - who is revealed to be female much to the surprise of her rescuers . Shaw and Jakande ultimately team up to kill Dom and the crew but they are defeated after a lengthy and violent battle . After this Dom bids an emotional farewell to Brian , who is retiring from the fast - paced , dangerous life to be with his son and the pregnant again Mia . In The Fate of the Furious , Dominic is on his honeymoon with Letty , when Cipher forces him to work for her and betray his friends and family by holding Elena hostage . He helps her steal the `` God Eye '' and all the equipment for her plan to start a war . On Cipher 's plan he learns he and Elena had a son while they were in a relationship . After nearly losing the nuclear warheads to Letty and the team . He watches in horror as Cipher 's henchman Connor Rhodes kills Elena on Cipher 's orders . In the film it is later revealed that throughout he made a deal with Deckard Shaw 's mother to have Deckard and Owen rescue his son from Cipher by helping Deckard fake his death . Once Deckard rescues his son , he turns on Cipher and helps his team stop her plans . He makes peace with Deckard and names his son Brian after his friend and `` brother '' Brian O'Connor . Dominic is tough and street smart . Although he owned a red Mazda RX - 7 and a fleet of black Honda Civic ( fifth generation ) for his heists in the first film , he is more interested in the American muscle cars , owning a 900 hp Dodge Charger R / T he built with his father , on which he is especially proud of . He also owned a Buick GNX , Pontiac Bonneville Convertible , Plymouth Road Runner , Dodge Challenger SRT8 and a Chevrolet Chevelle SS . Dominic Toretto is portrayed by Vin Diesel . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( flashbacks ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( cameo ) Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1993 Mazda RX - 7 , first film 1995 Honda Civic , first film 1970 Dodge Charger R / T , first , fourth , fifth and seventh film 1994 Toyota Supra , with Bomex body kit first film 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle , first and fourth film 1970 Plymouth Road Runner , third and seventh film 1966 Pontiac Bonneville Convertible , Los Bandoleros 1987 Buick Grand National , fourth film 2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI , fourth film 1973 Chevrolet Camaro F - Bomb , fourth film 1963 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Grand Sport , fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car , fifth film 2010 , 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8 , fifth and sixth film 2009 Dodge Challenger SRT8 , fifth and sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona , sixth film 1974 Plymouth Barracuda , seventh film 2015 Dodge Charger R / T , seventh film 2014 Lykan HyperSport , seventh film 1968 Dodge Charger R / T , seventh & Ice Charger eighth films 1961 Chevrolet Impala Sport Coupe , eighth film 1950 Chevrolet Fleetline , eighth film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon , eighth film 1972 Plymouth Road Runner GTX , eighth film Brian O'Conner ( edit ) Main article : Brian O'Conner Brian O'Conner appears in all of the films in the series except for The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift and The Fate of the Furious . During the events of The Fast and the Furious , Brian is undercover for an LAPD - FBI task force under the alias Brian Spilner . As part of his investigation into a string of hijackings that have resulted in millions of dollars in electronic merchandise being stolen , Brian is charged with infiltrating the Los Angeles street racing scene , as the evidence suggests the culprits are talented racers . His initial contact with Dom and his team goes poorly as Dom 's best friend Vince antagonizes Brian into a fight , which leads to Dom banishing him from the store and garnering Brian the nickname `` the buster '' from the team . However , Brian re-engages them later that night when he lays the pink slip for his Mitsubishi Eclipse down as a wager in a high - stakes race near downtown LA . Dom accepts , but is unable to collect when an LAPD raid leads to the frantic dispersal of all the racers . Dom abandons his car in a parking garage , and is rescued by Brian from being captured by an LAPD patrol officer . Fleeing the police , the duo accidentally enter into the territory of Dom 's rival , Johnny Tran , resulting in the destruction of Brian 's Eclipse . Due to the earlier terms of the race , Dom holds Brian to his debt , but lets him into his inner - circle . Brian presents a totaled Toyota Supra as payment , proposing that if they restore it that it will meet Dom 's demands . As they restore the car Brian becomes closer to both Dom and his sister Mia , whom he begins to date . Both his friendship to Dom and romance with Mia upset Dom 's best friend Vince . Under pressure from his superiors with the LAPD and FBI , Brian presses Dom harder to understand where he gets the money to pay for such high - end upgrades to their vehicles . Dom implies that if Brian proves himself at a big upcoming racing event called Race Wars , then he 'll reveal his secret . During the event , Dom and his crew depart in the middle of the night to hijack a semi truck . Brian reveals his identity to Mia and coerces information out of her to help Dom . The two of them subsequently pursue the crew near Thermal , and find them in the middle of a hijacking gone wrong . Vince , stuck on the truck and wounded by the armed truck driver , is rescued by Brian after Letty is incapacitated . Brian is then forced to reveal his identity to Dom as he calls for an emergency medevac to airlift Vince to safety . Infuriated , Dom leaves with Mia , Leon and Letty . Brian pursues them to the Toretto household , but Leon and Letty have already fled to avoid arrest . At that same time , Johnny Tran and his cousin Lance perform a drive - by shooting over an earlier dispute , prompting Brian and Dom to pursue them in separate cars . Dom disables Lance in his Dodge Charger while Brian kills Tran by shooting him in the side , causing him to fall off of his dirt bike at high speed . Dom then challenges Brian to a quarter - mile drag race on a stretch of road that has a railroad crossing as the finish line . The two finish in a tie , narrowly beating an oncoming train , but Dom immediately collides with a semi truck advancing from a side street , causing his vehicle to flip multiple times . Running to Dom 's aid , Brian understands Dom 's dilemma , and not wanting to send him back to prison , hands over the keys to his Supra so that Dom can escape capture by the police . In a short film to bridge the events of The Fast and the Furious and 2 Fast 2 Furious , Brian is shown to have surrendered his gun and badge at his home in LA , escaping as a SWAT team raids his house . He goes on the run in a red Dodge Stealth , earning money via street racing . Losing the Dodge when he 's forced to abandon it after police officers recognize the vehicle , he replaces it with a used Nissan Skyline that he repairs and restores with money he earns from subsequent races . He ultimately ends up in Miami , setting the stage for the second film . In the second film , he is living in Miami as a street racer , but gets caught by U.S. Customs agents . He is offered a deal to take part in a joint Customs / FBI operation in exchange for the cleansing of his criminal record . He and childhood friend Roman Pearce go undercover as street racers to track down the apprehend the ruthless drug lord , Carter Verone . In the fourth film , after having his crimes pardoned , O'Conner becomes an FBI agent and is given the task of bringing down Arturo Braga ( Ramon Campos ) , a known drug trafficker . O'Conner , as well as Toretto , both infiltrate Braga 's crew . While Braga is eventually apprehended , Toretto is arrested and sentenced to prison as well , resulting in O'Conner , Mia , and members of Toretto 's crew intercepting the prison bus to free Dominic from custody . In the fifth film , O'Conner and Toretto get caught in a crossfire with corrupt businessman and ruthless drug lord Hernan Reyes in Rio de Janeiro and plot to steal all of Reyes ' money to buy their freedom . It is revealed in Fast Five that O'Conner's father was not there for him and O'Conner does not know anything about him , unlike the close bond that Toretto 's father had with both his children . He is often worried that he will behave in the manner that his father did , but Toretto reassured him that he wo n't because he will keep an eye on him if he does . O'Conner had been in juvenile detention with Roman before he became a cop . O'Conner has also rekindled his relationship with Mia , and she becomes pregnant with his child . In the sixth film , O'Conner , Toretto , and Mia live peacefully in the Canary Islands in Spain , where Mia gives birth to their son . O'Conner joins Toretto 's team in complying with the request of Agent Hobbs to take down rival gang leader Owen Shaw . When the team realizes that Braga worked for Shaw , O'Conner decides to enter the United States to interrogate him about Shaw . After successfully questioning Braga and returning to London , O'Conner starts to feel guilty for letting Letty go undercover , which led to her amnesia and subsequent work for Shaw . The group captures Shaw and convinces Letty to side with them . O'Conner apologizes to Letty , who says that she might not remember him , but if she did work for him , she would have done of her own free will . Shaw reveals that he had captured Mia , leading to a high - speed chase after Shaw 's airplane , where Mia is rescued and Shaw is crippled and put into a coma . Hobbs then grants the group 's amnesty , and the entire crew move back to America , where Mia , Toretto and O'Conner have decided to reside in the old Toretto home . In the seventh and final film as a main character , O'Conner is in Los Angeles , where he is getting accustomed to life as a father . When Dom 's house is destroyed , he joins Dom 's crew in a series of missions to find and capture the bomber Deckard Shaw . The missions include an airdrop over the Caucasus Mountains to ambush Jakande 's convoy ; he jumps onto the bus to rescue the hacktivist Ramsey . At Abu Dhabi , he and Dominic break into a billionaire 's apartment room to recover the flash drive containing the God 's Eye program . He joins Dom and Mr. Nobody , along with a covert ops unit , to try to capture Shaw but is ambushed by Jakande and his militants , who have allied with Deckard . When Jakande goes after Dom 's crew in Los Angeles , he is part of the driving team carrying Ramsay , but after his car is destroyed , goes on foot to restore the cell tower connection so that God 's Eye can be hacked . Following the defeat of Jakande and Shaw , he and Mia return to normal family life by playing with their son at the beach . When Dom leaves , he notices and pulls up beside Dom 's car in his white Toyota Supra , asking Dom `` You thought you could leave without saying goodbye ? '' They look at each other and smile , then drive together for a bit and then branch off in separate directions . In the eighth film , O'Conner is mentioned by Letty and Roman as when Dom betrays the team due to Cipher 's actions . Roman suggests Brian be called in to help . But Letty refuses reminding him that team agreed to keep Brian and Mia out any conflict they are a part of . Dom later names his son after O'Connor . O'Conner was first unknown with the car tuning ( he owned a tuned Mitsubishi Eclipse in the first film , but its hinted this was paid for by the LAPD - FBI task force he had gone undercover for ) , but after with meeting Toretto , he became more positive , active in racing scene , becoming a skilled mechanic . He is very interested in tuners , especially Nissan Skyline models . He owned two Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 's ( one in the second movie and one in the fourth ) , Nissan C10 Skyline and finally a Nissan GT - R . Paul Walker 's death Brian was portrayed by actor Paul Walker . Due to Walker 's death in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 -- with Furious 7 being incomplete , filming was put on hold to allow the cast and crew of the film to grieve . The writers took this time to determine how to handle the fate of O'Conner in the film and decided that Walker 's character will be retired from the franchise rather than killed . The film used some voice clips and cut scenes from previous installments , his look - alike brothers Caleb and Cody plus his CGI - generated face to complete filming . The film ends with a tribute to Walker including highlights of Walker 's time in the Fast and Furious franchise and Walker 's co-star and close friend Vin Diesel giving an in - character voice over of how he will always be his brother , before the words `` For Paul '' are displayed on screen . The song `` See You Again '' by American rapper Wiz Khalifa and American singer Charlie Puth was dedicated to Walker . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 Cars driven 1995 Mitsubishi Eclipse RS , first film 2000 Ford Lightning , first film 1994 Toyota Supra , Targa with a 2JZ - GE Engine when it was a salvage car , later the engine changed to a 2JZ - GTE with Bomex body kit first filmurbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 1999 Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 , The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious and second film 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII , with Mitsubishi Lancer O-Z Rally Edition , taillights and DAMD body kit second film 1969 Chevrolet Yenko Camaro S / T , second film 1998 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car , fourth film 1998 Nissan Skyline GT - T R34 , with GT - R parts and engine for better drifts with RWD , fourth film 2002 Hummer H1 , fourth film 1970 Dodge Charger R / T , fourth and fifth film 2009 Subaru Impreza WRX STI , fourth and seventh film 1969 Nissan C10 Skyline 2000 GT - R , fifth film 2001 Porsche 911 , with 911 GT3 RS , logos , stickers , and body parts fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car , fifth film 2010 Dodge Charger SRT8 , fifth film 2011 Nissan GT - R , fifth and sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film 1970 Ford Escort Mark I Mexico , sixth film 2012 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Quadrifoglio Verde , sixth film 2013 Chrysler Town & Country , seventh film 1989 Nissan Skyline GT - R R32 , seventh film 2012 Nissan GT - R ( R35 ) Black Edition , seventh film 2011 McLaren 12C , seventh film 2008 Chevrolet Suburban , seventh film 1998 Toyota Supra turbo , seventh film 2015 Lykan Hypersport , seventh film Letty Ortiz ( edit ) Main article : Letty Ortiz Leticia `` Letty '' Ortiz is Dominic 's girlfriend and later his wife . She is also a highly skilled street racer and mechanic . In The Fast and the Furious , Letty expresses some concern about Dominic 's carjacking scheme , but goes along to back him up despite her concerns . In the end , during a botched highway robbery , she rolls her car and is injured , but survives . During the events of Fast & Furious , she is on Dominic 's crew in his heists of fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic , but when the local law enforcement starts closing in , he leaves her behind to protect her from harm . Several weeks later , Mia calls Dominic to tell him Letty has been apparently murdered by Fenix . It is later revealed that after she could not find Dominic , Letty contacted FBI agent Brian O'Conner and became a double agent for Braga 's crime ring in order to clear Dominic 's charges and allow him to come home . In the post-credits scene of Fast Five , Luke Hobbs receives a file regarding a robbery , in which Letty 's photograph is attached , revealing that she is still alive ; Fenix did not , in fact , kill her , and instead involved her in the robbery of a German military convoy . In the sixth film , it is revealed that she has amnesia , and is part of a lethally skilled mercenary organization led by Owen Shaw , a criminal mastermind . Dominic makes several attempts to try and reach out to her . It was revealed that Brian felt guilty for having Letty be an informant for the FBI to help him to take down Arturo Braga and having this led to her being presumed dead . She is also described as a tough street woman by Riley , which is true during their first encounter . Shaw orders Letty to detach a cable line to Roman 's car that was holding the tank from escaping . While attempting to do so , she is rescued by Dominic , gaining her full trust in him . Brian attempts to apologize to her , but Letty tells him that she does n't remember much for being an informant and if she did , no one forces her to do something she does n't want to do . She assists Hobbs , Dom and the others in stopping both Owen and Riley . Despite not being able to remember her previous life with Dom , she returns home with him stating that `` it feels like home '' . In the seventh film , Letty temporarily leaves Dom to sort through her amnesia and find out who she is on her own . However , after Deckard Shaw kills Han and blows up Dom 's house , Letty rejoins the team . During the course of the mission , Letty 's memories come back after hitting her head in a fight with Kara , including that she and Dom were married some point before Fast & Furious . Letty is last seen with her husband and friends on the beach , commenting on how different things will be now that Brian O'Conner is retiring . In The Fate of the Furious , Letty and Dom are enjoying their honeymoon in Havana . Everyone is taken by surprise when Dom seemingly betrays them in Berlin . While the others are convinced of his betrayal , only Letty knew something was wrong and suspected someone was blackmailing him . Her suspicion proved true when Cipher and Dom attacked Mr. Nobody 's secret base . She is last seen meeting Dom 's son with Elena , Brian . Letty is portrayed by Michelle Rodriguez . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five ( cameo / photo ) Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1997 Nissan 240SX , first film 1995 Honda Civic , first film 1973 Plymouth Road Runner , fourth film 1973 Jensen Interceptor , sixth film 1974 Plymouth Barracuda , seventh film 2015 Dodge Challenger , seventh film 2010 Dodge Viper , seventh film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon , eighth film 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle , eighth film 1966 Chevrolet Corvette C2 , eighth film Local Motors Rally Fighter , eighth film Mia Toretto ( edit ) Mia Toretto is Dominic 's sister and Brian 's love interest . Mia knows of her brother 's crimes , but disapproves and does not involve herself in them . Dominic 's friend , Vince , is shown to be attracted to her . Mia is also shown to be a proficient driver as she also grew up with Dominic under their race car driver father . In Fast & Furious , Mia is under surveillance by the FBI . She is seen at Letty 's funeral and is mostly seen afterwards either persuading Dominic not to get in danger , or talking to Brian about their past together . When Dominic gets injured , Brian calls her to help him . In Fast Five , she is happily living with Brian and reveals that she is pregnant with his baby . Throughout the film , she assists Dominic 's crew in the heist by driving and staying back at base with surveillance . In Fast & Furious 6 , she and Brian now have a son named Jack . After Elena helps rescue Jack , Mia is kidnapped by Shaw 's henchmen Vegh and Klaus . She is rescued by Brian and returns to the US with Dom and the others . In Furious 7 , Mia does not get involved in the team 's mission for revenge on Deckard Shaw , who has murdered their close friend Han and blown up the family home , as she stays to look after Jack and is pregnant with her second child . Mia is extremely worried that Brian will be killed but also confesses to her brother she fears the quiet life may not be for Brian due to him telling her he ' misses the bullets ' . She is last seen on the beach playing with her family as the rest of the team look on . In The Fate of the Furious , Mia is mentioned by Letty as she reminds Roman that the team all agreed to keep Brian and her out of any conflict they are a part of . Mia Toretto is portrayed by Jordana Brewster . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 Cars driven 1994 Acura Integra Type R , first film 1994 Toyota Supra , first film 2002 Acura NSX - T , with Honda NSX Type R Badges and parts fourth and fifth film 1966 Ford GT40 , fifth film 2012 Alfa Romeo Giulietta Quadrifoglio Verde , sixth film Roman Pearce ( edit ) Roman `` Rome '' Pearce is a childhood friend of Brian O'Conner . Originating from Barstow , California , Roman grew up alongside O'Conner . In 2 Fast 2 Furious , Brian says that he and Roman had met in juvenile detention . Two months after Brian finished Police Academy , Roman was arrested when he was found in a garage with eight stolen cars and sent to prison for three years , and after release , was prohibited to go more than a hundred yards from his home . Although Brian had no prior information for Roman 's arrest , Roman overall blamed Brian for the simple fact that he was a cop . Roman and Brian later mended their ways when Roman agreed to participate in a sting operation on Miami drug lord Carter Verone and later talked about opening their own high performance garage using pocketed amounts of Verone 's drug money . However , when Brian became an FBI agent , Roman started spending time and money gambling in Las Vegas , according to his Fast Five profile . Roman appears again in Fast Five as part of Dominic and Brian 's team as a `` fast - talker '' ( someone who can talk their way through anything , or as Dom puts it , `` bullshit his way through anything '' ) in their attempt to steal a vault from a corrupt Brazilian businessman . He is reluctant at first , thinking the mission is personal and not being good business until Dominic utters the vault is filled with one hundred million dollars in cash which is enough to change his mind . With his cut of the money , he buys a Koenigsegg CCXR Edition sports car and travels around the world in his own private jet . He helps Dominic take down Owen Shaw and returns to the U.S in the sixth film , helps Dom take down Owen 's brother Deckard Shaw in the seventh film and helps the team get Dom back and take down Cipher in the eighth film . He is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo , second film 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS , second film 1970 Dodge Challenger R / T , second film 1995 Toyota Supra , fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car , fifth film 2007 Koenigsegg CCXR , fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film 1969 Ford Anvil Mustang , sixth film 1968 Chevrolet Camaro Z28 , seventh film 2012 Bugatti Veyron , seventh film 1985 Chevrolet Caprice Classic , seventh film 2018 Dodge Challenger SRT Demon , eighth film Bentley Continental GT , eighth film Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 , eighth film Tej Parker ( edit ) Tej Parker is an old friend of Brian who allows him to participate in races hosted by him near his garage in Miami . Tej does not race anymore , preferring to referee and make money off selling parts out of his garage and also due to what he claims to have stopped him from racing , an injured leg . He has an off - on relationship with Suki . When Brian needs a place to stay , he allows Brian and Roman to stay in his garage rooms for a while . Later , when Brian needs to orchestrate a `` scramble '' to escape detection by the FBI , Tej shows him another large car garage owned by him , which they use for the scramble . Tej and Suki drive Brian and Roman 's Mitsubishis out to be intercepted by the FBI , allowing them to continue their mission which shows that he still can drive as well . Tej also appeared in Fast Five , Fast & Furious 6 , Furious 7 and The Fate of the Furious as part of Dominic and Brian 's crew , brought on as their technician expert. Tej Parker is portrayed by Ludacris . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 2002 Acura NSX , second film 2001 Dodge Ram , second film 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII , with Mitsubishi Lancer O-Z Rally Edition taillights and DAMD body kit second film 1963 Ford Galaxie 500 , fifth film 1994 Toyota Supra , fifth film 2003 Ferrari Enzo / FXX , sixth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film 2012 Lucra LC470 , sixth film 2015 Jeep Wrangler Unlimited , seventh film 2010 Ferrari 458 , seventh film 2016 Mercedes - AMG GT S , eighth film Howe & Howe Technologies Ripsaw , eighth film Sean Boswell ( edit ) Sean Boswell appears in The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift . He is a 17 - year - old loner in school during the events of the film . After having three strikes of street racing in the United States , Sean 's mother sent him to Tokyo , Japan , to live with his father and avoid jail time . In Japan he was introduced to the drift racing scene and made good friends with Han , a former member of Dominic Toretto 's crew and Sean 's supporter throughout the film . He eventually met Dominic at the end of the film and raced him through a parking garage . Aside from Han and Dominic , Sean has no connection to any other major characters in the series . He appears in Furious 7 when he talks with Dominic after their unseen race ( from Tokyo Drift ) and gives him some of Han 's things that were found after the crash . Sean Boswell is portrayed by Lucas Black . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( cameo ) Upcoming film appearances Cars driven 1971 Chevrolet Monte Carlo , third film 2003 Volkswagen Touran , with The Incredible Hulk paint and body scheme third film 1999 Nissan Silvia S15 with a Nissan RB Engine , third film 1994 Mazda RX - 7 , with Veilside body kit third film ( Han Instructed to drive ) 2006 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII , with an APR wide - body aero kit and RWD conversion , third and sixth ( post-credits ) film 1967 Ford Mustang GT with a Nissan RB Engine , third film 2001 Nissan Silvia S15 , third and seventh film Han Lue ( edit ) Main article : Han Lue Han Lue ( Chinese : 韓 哥 Hán Gē ) , also known by the alias Han Seoul - Oh is an aloof former gang member and street racer , a member of Dominic 's crew in Fast & Furious , Fast Five and Fast & Furious 6 , and Sean Boswell 's mentor and friend in The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift . Chronologically , in Fast & Furious he steals fuel tankers with Dominic , while in Fast Five he joins Dom and Brian 's heist team as a precision driver and a `` chameleon '' . While planning the heist in Fast Five , Gisele attributes Han 's constant need to occupy his hands to him being a former smoker . After the heist , Han and Gisele start a relationship and travel together through Europe , starting with Berlin . They assist Dom and his crew in taking down Owen Shaw . In Tokyo Drift , Han hires Sean Boswell as a delivery driver and teaches him how to race against Takashi . During a climatic getaway , a silver Mercedes crashes into his car , causing it to flip over and then explode . In the post-credits scene of Fast & Furious 6 , Deckard Shaw ( portrayed by Jason Statham ) is revealed to have driven the Mercedes after tracking the street racers on a police radio . Dominic goes to Japan to retrieve his body , he and his crew have a funeral for him in Furious 7 . Han is portrayed by Sung Kang . In the Fast & Furious 6 production notes , his last name is listed as Lue , while in Furious 7 , his name appears in the DSS files as Han Seoul - Oh , a nod to Han Solo from Star Wars . Director Justin Lin has stated that Seoul - Oh is a fake ID . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( archive footage / photo ) Cars driven 1994 Mazda RX - 7 , with Veilside , body kit third film , and sixth ( post-credits ) film 1967 Chevrolet C - Series , with a custom tail trailer and truck tires , fourth film 1970 Ford Maverick , fifth film 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI , Sedan fifth film 2011 Dodge Charger R / T Police Car , fifth film 2012 Lexus LFA , fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film 2012 Dodge Charger SRT8 , sixth film Gisele Yashar ( edit ) Main article : Gisele Yashar Gisele was the liaison for Braga who developed feelings for Dominic , who does not reciprocate . She warns him of potential danger that awaits him after delivering Braga 's heroin across the border . Dominic saves her life in the chaos surrounding the heroin exchange meant as a trap for Braga . She returns the favor by giving the location of Braga 's hideout in Mexico . Gisele re-appears alongside Dominic 's crew assisting him and Brian in their heist as their weapons expert , where it is revealed that she is a former Mossad agent . She and Han eventually start a relationship and take off to Europe together after the heist in Rio de Janeiro . Gisele reappears in Fast & Furious 6 , along with Han , and helps Dom and the gang take on a rival gang of hijacking , car criminals . In a running gag , she takes pride in her ability to accomplish objectives on her own where men would fail , that is , using her attractiveness to infiltrate Herman Reyes 's bodyguards and Owen Shaw 's security . She falls from the roof of an airborne car to her death while shooting the man who would have shot Han . Her last name in the sixth film 's production notes is Harabo , while her file in the fifth film presents it as Yashar . However , Lin has said that , like Han , she was not given a last name . She is portrayed by Gal Gadot . Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( flashbacks / photo / archive footage ) Cars driven 2007 Porsche Cayman , TECHART GTsport , fourth film 2009 Nissan 370Z , fifth film 1993 Ford Club Wagon , fifth film 2010 BMW E60 M5 , sixth film Luke Hobbs ( edit ) Agent Luke Hobbs is a United States Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent and bounty hunter . In Fast Five , he is trying to bring down Toretto 's crew which is his number one priority when he believes that Toretto 's crew killed the DEA agents in the train . After outsmarting Toretto and ambushing him , Mia , Brian , and Vince in their base , he takes them into custody to take back to the United States for prosecution . When his team is killed in an ambush by Hernan Reyes en route to the airport to take the fugitives home , he joins Toretto 's team to steal Reyes ' money , and personally kills a badly - injured Reyes , avenging his team . Faced with the chance to arrest the team after Reyes ' death , he instead offers them a 24 - hour head start to get to safety before he will start the search again . In Fast & Furious 6 , he comes to Toretto for help to bring down Owen Shaw , the leader of an international crime syndicate , recognizing that Toretto 's team are the best candidates to match Shaw 's own skills . He partners up with DSS Agent , Riley Hicks , who turns out to be a double agent who double crossed Hobbs and Toretto 's team . While Riley and Letty are fighting with each other in the airplane , Hobbs tosses a harpoon to Letty , who in return uses it to impale Riley off the airplane , killing her on impact . After the mission is completed , Hobbs grants amnesty to Toretto and his team , the two men publicly disagreeing on which of them was in charge during that mission but privately acknowledging that they trust each other . In Furious 7 , Shaw 's older brother , Deckard , breaks into Hobbs ' DSS office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight and later escapes by detonating a bomb that sends Hobbs and his partner Elena , flying out of a window and onto a car parked below . He is injured by the fall , and rushed to the hospital by Elena . Dom later visits Hobbs in the hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue British Special Forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother , Owen . During the final climactic scene , Hobbs , seeing that the team is being hunted by a Predator UAV drone , leaves the hospital - even breaking his own cast - and destroys the UAV drone by ramming it with an ambulance . Later , Hobbs plays a part in taking down Jakande when he shoots a belt of grenades that was slung onto Jakande 's chopper by Toretto destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . He later imprisons Shaw in a maximum security prison . In The Fate of the Furious , Hobbs initially appears coaching his daughter Samantha 's sports team , before being approached by a government contact to conduct an off - the - books mission to retrieve an EMP device from a facility in Berlin , and warned that he will be acting unofficially and will face arrest if captured . Although he claims the device with the aid of Dom 's team , he is captured after Dom steals the device himself due to the blackmail of cyber-terrorist Cipher , resulting in Hobbs being sent to the same prison as Shaw . However , he is swiftly ' released ' by Mr. Nobody to help Dom 's team track down Dom and Cipher , learning that she is seeking to gain control of nuclear launch codes to appoint herself to a position of power over the world . Despite the odds against them , Hobbs and Dom 's team manage to track Cipher while Dom sets plans in motion to escape her blackmail himself , culminating in the destruction of the converted Russian nuclear submarine Cipher was planning to use to launch her stolen missiles . Although offered reinstatement after the threat is over , Hobbs decides to remain officially retired to spend more time with his daughter and his new `` family '' , being Dom 's team . Luke Hobbs is portrayed by Dwayne Johnson . Film appearances Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle , fifth film Navistar MXT , sixth film International 4000 ambulance , seventh film Land Rover Defender , eighth film International MXT , eighth film Dodge Ram modified for ice , eighth film Supporting characters ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Vince ( edit ) Vince is a childhood friend and street racer under Dominic Toretto . He opposed O'Conner's inclusion into Dominic 's crew especially since his sister favored O'Conner over him . During Race Wars , Johnny Tran blames Dominic for the SWAT forces that came into his house , disrespecting his whole family for being narced out by someone and they get into a fight . Vince then leads Dominic away telling him to chill out . Near the end of the first film , Vince is seriously injured when he is shot by a trucker whose shipments he attempted to hijack . He recovers from his injuries , escapes from the hospital , and goes to Rio de Janeiro . He is not present or mentioned in Fast & Furious , but can be seen in a picture with Letty and Dominic at Letty 's funeral , although his face is not clear . Vince re-appears in Fast Five living in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro with his wife , Rosa and infant son , Nico ( who is named after Dominic ) . He tries to steal one of three cars on a train he attempted to hijack in an earlier mission , but it goes awry . Dominic 's trust in his longtime friend is strained for a time when he was caught hiding information from the team , but ultimately regains that trust after saving Mia from being killed and joins Dominic 's heist team . Before the crew could perform their heist on Reyes , he is later captured by Hobbs along with Dominic , Brian and Mia , but is fatally wounded while saving the cop from Zizi 's ambush on the convoy . Before he dies , Dominic promises Vince that he will watch over Rosa and Nico . After the successful heist on Reyes , Dominic gives Vince 's share to Rosa and Nico , promising to visit soon . Vince is portrayed by Matt Schulze . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast and Furious ( photo ) Fast Five Fast and Furious 6 ( archive footage / photo ) Cars driven 1998 Nissan Maxima with Dodge Viper GTS Blue Paint , first film 1995 Honda Civic , first film 1971 DeTomaso Pantera GT5 - S , fifth film Leon ( edit ) Leon is a friend and street racer under Dominic Toretto . Leon acts as a dispatcher during the street race at the beginning of the film alerting everyone of police presence , and is a participant in the truck heist gone bad . His whereabouts after the first film are unknown and is presumed to be devastated over the death of Jesse by Johnny Tran and Lance and as well as Vince by Hernan Reyes and his men . Leon is portrayed by Johnny Strong . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Fast and Furious ( photo ) Cars driven 1996 Nissan Skyline R33 GT - R 1995 Volkswagen Jetta GLX 1995 Honda Civic Jesse ( edit ) Jesse is a street racer and the brains of Dominic 's operations , and he is a wheelman in the heists . Jesse admits to having ADD and is shown often stuttering in his speeches and acting very nervous . Despite this setback , he is the computer nerd of the group as he is responsible for creating the designs , doing background checks on people , and hacking the engine characteristics of Toretto 's race vehicles with precise calculations ( a potential characteristic of those with ADD as they may at times have high IQs ) . He is somewhat reckless and irresponsible as he later raced Johnny Tran for pink slips against the wishes of both Brian and Toretto who warned him that Tran had over $100,000 under the hood of his vehicle . This proved to be true as Jesse lost to Tran , later driving off and escaping his loss . An enraged Tran and an accomplice later pull a drive - by shooting at Toretto 's house missing everyone but Jesse , who gets hit , killing him instantly . Brian and Dominic chase after Tran , shooting him dead and avenging Jesse 's death . Jesse is portrayed by Chad Lindberg . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Cars driven 1995 Volkswagen Jetta 1995 Honda Civic Hector ( edit ) Hector is a former street racer and organizer . He is a friend to both Dominic and Brian . In the first movie , Hector organizes and attends the original race in which Dominic and Brian participate , which is later interrupted by the police ; he has a last name , but claims he `` ca n't pronounce it '' . Brian begins investigating Hector and Tran 's activities and is convinced that Tran is behind the hijackings , believing his suspicions are founded when he discovers an unusual purchase made by Hector in The Racer 's Edge ( the parts shop where Brian works ) . Hector later throws a party at El Gato Negro , but his whereabouts after this party are unknown . Hector returns in Furious 7 , where he takes an accidental punch from Letty at the Race Wars after she has a traumatic flashback when the girl fans from the race wars pick on her , but Hector is not angry ; Dominic jokes that he `` never could take a punch '' . Hector is portrayed by Noel Gugliemi . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Furious 7 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Suki ( edit ) Suki is a friend of Brian and sometimes girlfriend of Tej Parker . She is shown to have a highly competitive nature but she is also an excellent driver by handling losses easily . Despite that Brian has won against her numerous times , they remain good friends , and she later helps Brian and Pearce out by driving Pearce 's Mitsubishi along with Tej to allow the pair to escape custody . Suki is portrayed by Devon Aoki . Suki 's car had appeared in the music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First '' . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 2000 Honda S2000 2003 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder GTS Jimmy ( edit ) Jimmy is a mechanic who works for Tej and is a close friend of Brian . He makes a few appearances in 2 Fast 2 Furious , including one which he freestyle raps during a poker game at Tej 's garage . He is portrayed by MC Jin . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Slap Jack ( edit ) Slap Jack is one of the street racers in the first race of the movie . While trying to beat Brian O'Conner's Skyline using nitrous , Brian outsmarts him also using the nitrous and jumping first off the bridge . After jumping the draw bridge , his Supra gets severely damaged , crash lands and crashes into a Pepsi billboard while Brian wins the race . Although his Supra is rebuilt during the scramble scene . He is portrayed by Michael Ealy . Slap Jack 's car Toyota Supra made appearances in the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , as well as music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First '' . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1993 Toyota Supra Mark IV Orange Julius ( edit ) Orange Julius is another street racer during the first race of the film . He wears an orange cap and an orange suit to hint his name . During the race , he tries to reach the bridge jump , but just stopped instead , refusing to finish the race . It is unknown if he finished the race or not if the bridge closed or opened . He is also seen during the scramble sequence in the end of the movie . His name has nothing to do with the Dairy Queen 's joint bevarage drink restaurant . His RX - 7 is similar to Dominic Torreto 's RX - 7 from the first film minus the spoiler . He is portrayed by Amaury Nolasco . Orange Julius ' car made appearances in the television film The Last Ride , and the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious , as well as music videos Ludacris ' `` Act a Fool '' and Lindsay Lohan 's `` First '' . Film appearances ; 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1992 FD Mazda RX - 7 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( edit ) Twinkie ( edit ) Twinkie is Sean 's first friend he meets in Tokyo . He takes and introduces him to the world of drifting where Sean wrecks Han 's favorite car . He is one of Han 's crew who helps Sean in the movie . He is a mechanic more than a street racer and also sells pre-owned goods . Twinkie is portrayed by Bow Wow . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( archive footage ) Cars driven 2003 Volkswagen Touran with The Incredible Hulk paint and body scheme , third film 2005 Volkswagen Golf R32 ( deleted scene ) Neela ( edit ) Neela is the love interest of Sean Boswell . When Sean arrives in Japan and goes to school , he meets Neela in class . When Sean goes to the drifting world with Twinkie , he sees Neela and begins talking to her then he realizes that she is with Takashi when confronted by him . Later , Neela claims that she grew up with Takashi after her mother died . As the movie goes on , she starts to like Sean even more . When Han is killed by Deckard Shaw , she was taken by Takashi . Eventually in the end , she ends up with Sean after he defeats Takashi on a final race down a mountain . She soon discovered it was Deckard Shaw who caused Han to crash and killed . Neela is portrayed by Nathalie Kelley . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Furious 7 ( archive footage ) Cars driven 2004 Mazda RX - 8 , third film Earl ( edit ) Earl is one of Han 's friends and crew member who tunes for racers , using stand - alone fuel management systems to control fuel and timing . Earl is portrayed by Jason Tobin . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Reiko ( edit ) Reiko is the other friend and crew member of Han 's . She is a data - log analyzer that helps Earl tune by checking the driving habits and various engine telemetry stored in data - logs . Reiko is portrayed by Keiko Kitagawa . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2005 Volkswagen Golf R32 ( deleted scenes ) Fast & Furious ( edit ) Rico Santos ( edit ) Rico Santos was a member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film and then in the end when they are busting Dominic out of the prison bus . He is in Dominic 's crew assisting with the heist in Rio de Janeiro . Rico does not join Dom and his crew in capturing Owen Shaw in Fast & Furious 6 , his absence explained as him having been last seen at a casino with Tego in Monte Carlo . In The Fate of the Furious , he is seen with Tego on the ambulance taking Deckard Shaw to hospital . Rico Santos is portrayed by Don Omar . Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 ( Archive footage ) Furious 7 ( Archive footage ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven 1993 Ford Club Wagon , fifth film 1994 Toyota Supra , fifth film Tego Leo ( edit ) Tego Leo is a member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film . Drives the car at the end of the film with Santos when they go with Brian and Mia to get Dominic out of the prison bus . He is in Dominic 's crew assisting with the heist in Rio de Janeiro . Afterwards , Tego and his friend Rico were last seen in a casino in Monte Carlo and do not join Dom and his crew in their mission to capture Owen Shaw . In The Fate of the Furious , Tego is seen with Rico on the ambulance taking Deckard Shaw to hospital . Leo Tego is portrayed by Tego Calderón . Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 ( Archive footage ) Furious 7 ( Archive footage ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven 1989 Chevrolet R3500 Crew Cab , fourth film 1978 Pontiac Trans Am , fourth and fifth film 2009 Nissan 370Z , fifth film Cara ( edit ) Cara is Han 's girlfriend and member of Toretto 's crew in the beginning of the film and she stays with Han during the heist . She presumably breaks up with Han afterward , since Han is single in Fast Five and begins a relationship with Gisele at the end of the film . Cara Mirtha is portrayed by Mirtha Michelle . Film appearances Los Bandoleros Fast & Furious Fast Five ( edit ) Elena Neves ( edit ) Officer Elena Neves was a member of the Rio military police ( PMERJ ) assigned to Hobbs ' DSS team to track down Dom and Brian for killing three DEA agents . She was chosen because of her knowledge of the favelas and the fact that she was the only incorruptible officer . Her police officer husband 's death had motivated her to join the force , preventing her from being bribed by Reyes like the rest of the police . When Dom saved her from a shootout in the favelas orchestrated by Reyes to prevent the theft of his drug money , she starts to believe they are innocent of killing the DEA agents . Elena later assisted Hobbs in aiding Dom and Brian in stealing Hernan Reyes cash supply and started a relationship with Dom after the job is done . Upon discovering that Dom 's wife , Letty , was still alive and currently working for Owen Shaw , Elena encouraged Dom to find her by joining Hobbs . She assisted Mia when Shaw 's crew attacks them and takes care of Jack during Mia 's kidnapping . After Letty was successfully convinced to rejoin Dom , Elena joined the DSS as Hobbs ' new partner to let the couple live together . Elena was present at the DSS HQ to check on Hobbs , and as she headed home , Hobbs gave her a letter of recommendation for her request to join Interpol . When Deckard Shaw breaks into the HQ to hack Hobbs computer to find out who crippled his brother , she assist Hobbs in attempt to bring him . Hobbs is left injured , so Elena informs Dom to visit him as she takes care of Hobbs 's daughter , Samantha . She was later kidnapped by Cipher in order to blackmail Dom into abandoning his family and retrieve nuclear launch codes , after it was revealed that Dom had fathered a child with Elena in Letty 's absence . After failing to retrieve the launch codes from Letty after an encounter in New York City , Dom returned to the base of operations to find Elena tied to a chair , with Cipher holding Dom 's son . As punishment for Dom being unable to shoot Letty to retrieve the launch codes , Cipher ordered one of her henchmen , Rhodes , to execute Elena by shooting her head and body in cold blood . Dom later avenges Elena 's death by killing Rhodes and promises to her that their son will always be safe . She is a main character in Fast Five and a supporting character in Fast & Furious 6 , Furious 7 and The Fate of the Furious . Despite the fact she was a Rio police officer , she did n't work for the regular Rio de Janeiro police department because they were owned by the corrupt Hernan Reyes , shown by the fact that she takes out one of the officers in the climax of the movie . Elena is portrayed by Elsa Pataky . Film appearances Fast Five Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle , fifth film Ford Escape , seventh film Furious 7 ( edit ) Ramsey ( edit ) Ramsey is a British computer hacker and the creator of God 's Eye , a program capable of tracking a specific person through digital services and coveted by mercenary Mose Jakande . Ramsey was a prisoner of Jakande , until Dom and his crew rescue her . Subsequently , she assists Dom and his crew in collecting the God 's Eye , stating that she trusts them more than her previous captors as the team is clearly brought together by respect and trust rather than the fear that kept her captors loyal . When she makes contact with her associate Safar , she learns that the hard drive has been sold away to a Jordanian prince despite her previous warning to keep it safe . When they lose the program to Jakande , Ramsey helps the crew to hack and regain control of it , then shuts it down . Ramsey returns in The Fate of the Furious , having joined Dom 's team as secondary technical advisor to Tej . Due to being the newest member , she was the one who doubted Dom the most after his betrayal . Throughout the film , she is constantly in the middle of Roman and Tej 's respective advances towards her : after Cipher is defeated , she admits she likes both of them but would only choose one of them if they figured out what her last name is . Ramsey is portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Safar ( edit ) Safar is an Emirati mechanic and Ramsey 's associate in Abu Dhabi . He was given by Ramsey a flash drive containing the God 's Eye program , but , not knowing its importance , sold it to a Jordanian prince . To make amends , Safar tips Dom and his crew on where the drive is located . Safar is portrayed by Ali Fazal . Film appearances Furious 7 Mando ( edit ) Mando is Dom 's friend who lives in the Dominican Republic . He invites Brian , Mia and Jack to his place to hide from Deckard Shaw . While Dom , Brian and their crew are going after Shaw , he watches over Mia . While Brian and Mia were staying at his place , Brian built a surveillance hub in Mando 's garage . Mando is portrayed by Romeo Santos . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Magdalene Shaw ( edit ) Magdalene Shaw is the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw . Dominic arranges a private meeting with her to make a deal that he 'll arrange her sons ' freedom from government custody if she has them rescue his son from Cipher 's plane . Magdalene Shaw is portrayed by Helen Mirren . Antagonists ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Johnny Tran ( edit ) Johnny Tran is the head of an opposing race crew to Dominic Toretto 's , and implied to be involved in some form of organized crime . He is first seen blowing up Brian O'Conner's car , originally owned by Sgt . Tanner , with his gang 's machine guns near the beginning of the film . It is soon revealed that their business deal went sour when Johnny found his sister sleeping with Dominic . Later , as O'Conner and Dominic spy on Tran at his garage , he is seen with his accomplice ( and cousin ) Lance interrogating a man named Ted Gassner regarding engines in his vehicles , which is also where they spot several boxes of merchandise in his garage ( the kind being robbed in the film from truckers ) . This leads Brian O'Conner to organize a large SWAT assault team to invade Tran 's house , only to find a few minor weapons charges and other minor issues . Tran gets slapped by his father for this and learned he destroyed Sgt . Tanner 's car and pays $80,000 of the car . After being bailed out , Tran is later seen at the Race Wars , racing Jesse for pink slips . Both Dominic and Brian warn Jesse about Tran 's vehicle having over $100,000 worth of upgrades , but Jesse ignores them and races Tran anyway . After Tran wins , he then confronts Dominic , accusing him of the SWAT team invasion of his home , which disrespected him in front of his entire family ( unaware that the man responsible , Brian O'Conner , is right there in front of him ; he soon becomes aware of this near the end ) . Dominic then delivers a right hook to Tran 's face , and the two men scuffle on the ground before being broken up by the crowd . After Tran and Lance kill Jesse in a drive - by shooting while driving motorcycles , Brian and Dominic chase after the two , ending with Brian shooting Tran in the side while Tran is fleeing on his motorcycle , sending Tran head - first into a curbside , breaking his neck . Johnny Tran is portrayed by Rick Yune . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious Cars driven 2000 Honda S2000 Lance Nguyen ( edit ) Lance Nguyen is Johnny 's cousin and henchman , who is known for his love of Snakeskin pants . He also destroyed Brian O'Conner's car owned by Sgt Tanner . He is arrested by Sgt . Tanner the owner of the car he and his cousin destroyed and later released from jail and Tran 's father pays $80,000 of the vehicle that Lance and Tran destroyed . Tran and his accomplice Lance later pull a drive by at Dominic 's house narrowly missing everyone except Jesse who was killed in the process . Dominic drives his 70 Dodge Charger into his dirt bike . Lance was injured in a motorcycle accident . Lance is portrayed by Reggie Lee . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Carter Verone ( edit ) Carter Verone is a drug dealer in Miami in 2 Fast 2 Furious who puts out the word that he needs drivers to deliver a `` package '' , leading Customs and the FBI to place Brian O'Conner and Roman Pearce undercover as drivers in order to land charges on him . When O'Conner and Pearce learn that Verone plans to execute the two of them after his package is delivered , they hatch a plot to thwart him . O'Conner and Pearce successfully capture Verone at the end of the film . Carter Verone is portrayed by Cole Hauser . Enrique ( edit ) Enrique is Verone 's henchman . He is beaten up by Brian and Roman after trying to kill Brian . Enrique is portrayed by Matt Gallini . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Roberto ( edit ) Roberto is Verone 's other henchman . He is thrown out of Roman 's car by an ejector seat . Roberto is portrayed by Roberto Sanchez . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1968 Cadillac DeVille convertible 1998 Dodge Durango The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( edit ) Takashi ( edit ) Takashi is a street racer who was acknowledged as the best drift racer in Tokyo given the title `` DK '' ( Drift King ) . He first confronts Sean at the drift race when Sean is talking to Neela . In the first race between them he easily beats Sean while Sean demolishes Han 's favorite car . Then when Takashi 's uncle Kamata comes to town he realizes that Han has been skimming money from their business . He goes to confront and chase Han and Sean down . During the chase , Han is killed by an unseen figure and he takes Neela back . At the end he is beaten by Sean going down the mountain but still survives the crash . It is unknown what happened to him after the race , but in a deleted scene , he was apprehended by his uncle 's henchmen . Takashi is portrayed by Brian Tee . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2002 Nissan Fairlady 350Z w / Veilside Mk . III Wide - body kit . Morimoto ( edit ) Morimoto was Takashi 's close friend . Morimoto confronts Sean with Han and Takashi when Sean is talking to Neela at the drifting site . He also confronts and beats up Twinkie when he believes Twinkie sold him a broken iPod until Sean breaks up the fight who gives Morimoto his own iPod to replace the broken one . When Takashi goes to confront Han about skimming money from Takashi 's business , Morimito accompanies him . While chasing Han and Sean he crashes into another car and presumably dies instantly on impact . Morimoto is portrayed by Leonardo Nam . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars driven 2002 Nissan Fairlady 350Z with Top Secret wide - body kit Clay ( edit ) Clay is a high school student . He appears at the beginning of the film when he agrees to race Sean after witnessing Sean talking to his girlfriend which caused a fight to occur at the school . He crashes during the race but manages to escape punishment with the help of his parents due to their wealth , leading Sean to go to Tokyo . Clay is portrayed by Zachery Ty Bryan . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Cars Driven 2006 Dodge Viper Fast & Furious ( edit ) Arturo Braga ( edit ) Arturo Braga is a drug trafficker who first appears as `` Ramon Campos '' in Fast & Furious . During a botched sting operation , it is revealed that `` Campos '' is Arturo Braga himself and he escapes to Mexico . Brian and Dominic capture him and bring him back to the USA . Arturo Braga is portrayed by John Ortiz . He returns making a cameo appearance in the sixth film being in jail having a connection with Shaw and O'Conner returns in the U.S. as a prisoner to gain access to Braga , who discloses how Letty survived the explosion that was thought to have killed her . Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 Fenix Calderon ( edit ) Fenix Calderon was Braga 's right - hand man who was responsible for murdering Letty in Fast & Furious . However Letty is shown alive in Fast & Furious 6 it means Fenix failed to kill her . In the climatic chase through the tunnels , he T - bones Brian 's car , causing him to crash . When Brian crawls out of the car , Fenix kicks him a few times and is about to shoot when Dominic comes out of the tunnel and impales him with a car , killing him . Fenix Calderon is portrayed by Laz Alonso . Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 ( Flashbacks ) Cars driven 1972 Ford Gran Torino Ramon Campos ( edit ) Ramon Campos was Braga 's double and a recruiter for drivers in the shipment of drugs in and out of Los Angeles . Ramon Campos is portrayed by Robert Miano . Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast Five ( edit ) Hernan Reyes ( edit ) Hernan Reyes is a corrupt businessman and ruthless Brazilian drug lord who provides resources to the favelas in Rio de Janeiro to gain control over them . He also has most of the Rio civil and military police and local division of the Brazilian federal highway police ( PRF ) on his payroll , which allows him to hide his money inside a vault in their evidence room . He wants Toretto and O'Conner dead when they plot to steal his money . He has Hobbs ' team and Vince killed on his orders , forcing a vengeful Hobbs to join Toretto . After , Dom crashed the vault to Reyes in a car accident , leaving Hernan badly injured . Reyes was subsequently shot and killed by Hobbs in revenge for murdering Hobbs ' team and Vince , ending his reign of terror . Hernan Reyes is portrayed by Joaquim de Almeida . Film appearances Fast Five Zizi ( edit ) Zizi is a lead henchman for Hernan Reyes . He enlists Vince , who brings Brian , Mia , and Dominic , to help him steal three confiscated cars off a moving train . However , when Mia drives the GT40 away from the intended destination , he turns on Dominic and Brian , shooting the DEA agents in the process . He also leads the ambush on Hobbs ' convoy , killing most of Hobbs ' team before his hit squad is wiped out by Toretto , Brian , and Vince , allowing them , Hobbs , Mia , and Elena to escape . Towards the end of the film , he is shot and killed by Brian when he tries to kill Dominic after surviving having Reyes ' money vault slammed into the vehicle he was driving with Reyes in the back . Zizi is portrayed by Michael Irby . Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven 2002 Volkswagen Touareg Fast & Furious 6 ( edit ) Owen Shaw ( edit ) Owen Shaw is a paramilitary - trained criminal mastermind . Formerly with the Special Air Service , ( the special ops of the British Army ) , Shaw has assembled a team of mercenaries to rob high - tech devices worth billions in the black market . While trying to escape the plane with the chip , Dom stops him and Shaw is thrown out of the car and plane falling to the ground . Lin describes him as `` an antagonist that 's worthy of Dominic Toretto '' and `` that had the opposite philosophy to Dom . Dom often goes with trusting his gut , whereas Shaw is more about the analytics where there is no room for weakness . '' In Furious 7 , it is revealed that Shaw survived his injuries from Fast & Furious 6 but is still in a coma . In The Fate of the Furious , Shaw is shown to have fully recovered , and is shown aiding his older brother in saving Dominic 's baby son from the terrorist Cipher . Shaw is portrayed by Luke Evans . Originally the role was earmarked for Jason Statham , who would later join the franchise in the sequel as Owen 's older brother Deckard Shaw . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( cameo ) The Fate of the Furious ( cameo ) Cars driven Flip Car ( One - seated , open - wheeled sports car similar to a cross of a dune buggy and a Formula car ) 2005 Aston Martin DB9 2013 Mercedes - Benz G - Class Agent Riley Hicks ( edit ) Riley Hicks was a member of Hobbs ' team , presumably helping him and Dom 's team try to take down Shaw and his team of mercenaries . However unbeknownst to them , she is actually a double agent that secretly helps Shaw and the others escape custody . Near the end of the film , Dominic 's team and Hobbs discover Riley 's true allegiance to Shaw as his second - in - command and lover . She engages in a second fight with Letty aboard the cargo plane and is eventually killed after Letty shoots her out of the plane using a harpoon gun given to her by Hobbs himself . Riley is portrayed by Gina Carano . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Vegh ( edit ) Vegh is a female assassin in Shaw 's team . She is his right - hand woman and one of the two drivers for the flip cars . She and Klaus both play an important role in kidnapping Mia . Vegh is killed by Brian by having her crash her car into an airline bumper . She is portrayed by Clara Paget . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven Flip Car ( Three - seated , open - wheeled sports car similar to a dune buggy ) Klaus ( edit ) Klaus is a body builder and the strongman in Shaw 's team , but also a hacker with ease . He is the one who kidnapped Mia as leverage so Shaw could be freed . He is knocked out by Dom and Hobbs during a fight aboard the cargo plane and is killed in the plane 's fiery crash . Klaus is portrayed by Kim Kold . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Jah ( edit ) Jah is a cold blooded killer in Shaw 's team who uses his martial arts and parkour to battle both Han and Roman , beating them up with ease . He is killed along with Denlinger when their vehicle is caught by the cargo plane 's crosswind . Jah is portrayed by Joe Taslim . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 2007 Range Rover Denlinger ( edit ) Denlinger is a member of Shaw 's crew , acting mainly as driver and he is a jeep support during the tank heist . He is killed along with Jah when their vehicle is caught by the cargo plane 's crosswind . Denlinger is portrayed by Samuel M. Stewart . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Adolfson ( edit ) Adolfson is a member of Shaw 's team , acting as sniper and infiltrator . He dies after Han throws him into one of the cargo plane 's jet engines , after Giselle sacrifices herself to stop him from hurting Han . Adolfson is portrayed by Benjamin Davies . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 2007 Range Rover Oakes ( edit ) Oakes is a former member of Shaw 's team , who is captured by Interpol . Hobbs came to confront him in the Interpol interrogation room . Oakes defiantly refuses to cooperate , which results in him getting badly beaten up and left in a trashed out interrogation room by Hobbs . He is killed by Shaw in London for betraying him , giving him a bag with a bomb inside it . Oakes is portrayed by Matthew Stirling . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Ivory ( edit ) Ivory is a member of Shaw 's team . During a shootout at one of Shaw 's hideouts , Ivory attempts to flee on motorcycle , but is shot dead by Gisele . Ivory is portrayed by David Ajala . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Firuz ( edit ) Firuz is a mechanic in London , who provides Shaw 's team with the flips cars and the harpoon guns . He is killed when Ivory and Jah shoot up his garage in an attempt to kill Gisele and Riley . Firuz is portrayed by Thure Lindhardt . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 Furious 7 ( edit ) Deckard Shaw ( edit ) Deckard Shaw is a UKSF assassin and the older brother of Owen Shaw , who was injured and put into a critical condition by Dominic in Fast & Furious 6 . Seeking to avenge his comatose brother , he meets him in London , in a secure hospital . Shaw sends a message to Dominic by killing Han during Tokyo Drift in a car chase in Tokyo , Japan and blowing up Dominic 's old house in Los Angeles in the seventh film . By the climactic ending , Deckard is captured and put into a CIA Detention Black Site prison , promising to escape and continue his revenge though Hobbs expresses doubts about it . In The Fate of the Furious , Shaw is recruited into the crew by Mr. Nobody as an ally , as part of the quest to figure out why Dominic has betrayed them . Shaw has his own motives to destroy Cipher who has blackmailed Dom and admitted his past conflict with her when the former tried to recruit him in her plans , which started the chain of events that led to the Shaw brothers ' feud with Dom and his crew . He is seemingly shot by Dom before Letty grabs the briefcase and tries to escape . As the film goes on , Shaw ultimately redeems himself , and in the climax , along with the recovered Owen , he saves Dominic 's baby son from Cipher , although Cipher manages to escape to parts unknown . Shaw is last seen attending the crew 's celebratory lunch in the end , where he makes peace with Dominic by presenting to him his son and joins the team . Shaw is portrayed by Jason Statham . Film appearances Fast & Furious 6 ( cameo ) Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Cars driven 1994 Mercedes - Benz W140 , sixth film 2008 Aston Martin DB9 , seventh film 2011 Lamborghini Aventador , seventh film 2014 Maserati Ghibli , seventh film 2014 Jaguar F - Type R Coupe , seventh film Fast Attack Vehicle , seventh film 2016 Jaguar F - Type R Coupe , eighth film Mose Jakande ( edit ) Mose Jakande was a Somalian terrorist who led a Private Military Base that allies to Shaw . He is powerful and violent with no allegiance to anyone . He wants the hacker known as `` Ramsey '' , who has created a device called God 's Eye , which can find anyone on Earth , for use as a personal toy . He teams up with Deckard Shaw in order to take on Dominic and his team after they rescue Ramsey from his henchmen , but soon turns on Shaw when faced with a chance to take out Toretto during a fight between the two men on top of a car park . He is killed in the ending climactic scene after Dom plants Deckard Shaw 's bag of grenades on his helicopter , which Hobbs shoots , destroying the helicopter with Jakande still inside . In the Fate of the Furious , it was revealed Jakande was working for Cipher for information on Toretto . Mose Jakande is portrayed by Djimon Hounsou . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( photo ) Kiet ( edit ) Kiet is Jakande 's henchman . A powerful martial artist , he fights Brian when the latter 's team tries to hijack the convoy in the mountains , and defeats him , leaving him and the bus to fall over a steep cliff . He later encounters Brian , but is killed when Brian knocks a reeling piece attached to a rope wrapped on his feet , which pulls him down a shaft to his death . Kiet is portrayed by martial artist and stunt coordinator Tony Jaa . Film appearances Furious 7 Kara ( edit ) Kara is the leader of an all - female bodyguard team protecting a billionaire Jordanian prince . During a party at Abu Dhabi , she fights Letty one - on - one , but is knocked out long enough for Letty to escape with Roman . Kara is portrayed by UFC Fighter Ronda Rousey . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Cipher ( edit ) Cipher is a criminal mastermind and cyberterrorist who blackmails Dom into working against his allies by kidnapping Dom 's son and Elena . It is revealed that she was the one who hired Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device after his brother Deckard Shaw refused to do the work himself and she also hired Mose Jakande to steal the God 's Eye . She plans to hijack a Russian nuclear submarine and then fire one of its missiles into the air , claiming that by doing this , she will let the world 's superpowers that she 'll hold them `` accountable '' should any one of them `` cross the line . '' She survives by jumping out of a flying plane before Deckard can kill her , though her plans are foiled by Dom and his crew , and Dom 's son is saved by Deckard . It is mentioned at the end by Mr. Nobody that Cipher is still at large and is rumored to be hiding in Athens , though thanks to Dom and his crew , she wo n't have the power to nuke any cities anytime soon . She is portrayed by Charlize Theron . Connor Rhodes ( edit ) Connor Rhodes is the ruthless henchmen of Cipher and a former teammate of Owen Shaw . He kills Elena under Cipher 's orders after Dom disobeyed her during the heist in New York . When he tries to shoot Letty from afar , Dom rebels against Cipher and kills Rhodes by breaking his neck , stating this was for Elena . He is portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . Cars driven 2011 Toyota FJ Cruiser Law enforcement officials and federal agents ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( edit ) Agent Bilkins ( edit ) Bilkins is an FBI agent who was seen in The Fast and the Furious and 2 Fast 2 Furious . He is Brian 's former boss while he was in the LAPD . Bilkins is shown to have doubts about Brian in The Fast and the Furious . He also complained at Brian 's car being destroyed at the hands of Johnny Tran and Lance Nguyen . In 2 Fast 2 Furious , Bilkins showed more sympathy towards Brian than Markham . When he came to Barstow with Brian , Bilkins manages to convince Roman to help Customs catch Verone in exchange of their criminal record being cleaned . He is portrayed by Thom Barry . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1998 Mercury Grand Marquis second film Sergeant Tanner ( edit ) Tanner is an LAPD officer in charge of the undercover operation in The Fast and the Furious , which Brian is assigned to solve . He serves as a father figure to Brian during the operation . He also financed $80,000 to buy Brian 's car , which was destroyed by Johnny Tran and Lance Nguyen . Tanner is portrayed by Ted Levine . Film appearances The Fast and the Furious 2 Fast 2 Furious ( edit ) Agent Markham ( edit ) Markham is a U.S. Customs agent responsible for taking down drug kingpin Carter Verone in 2 Fast 2 Furious . Markham initially opposes the inclusion of Brian and his partner Roman Pearce in the undercover sting operation . During the film , Markham shows no trust in Brian and Roman to the point of nearly blowing their cover during the first part of their mission . However , the duo gain his trust after stopping Verone from fleeing the country . Markham is portrayed by James Remar . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Cars driven 1995 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car Monica Fuentes ( edit ) Agent Monica Fuentes is a U.S. Customs ( U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or ICE in Fast Five ) federal agent . Monica has been working undercover as an assistant for drug kingpin Carter Verone for nearly a year when Brian and Roman are brought in . She falls in love with Brian , but earns Roman 's mistrust . Monica later warns Brian that after the mission Verone has assigned them , he intends to kill them . She blows her cover by telling Brian about the airstrip , being the only person Verone notified about it . She is then taken captive aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman jump their Camaro onto the boat , saving Monica and capturing Verone . In the mid-credits scene of Fast Five , Hobbs receives a file from Monica regarding a robbery , in which Letty 's photograph is attached , revealing that she is still alive , and is involved with the military convoy robbery in Berlin . Monica is portrayed by Eva Mendes . Film appearances 2 Fast 2 Furious Fast Five ( cameo ) Fast & Furious ( edit ) Agent penning ( edit ) Penning is a Supervisory Special Agent ( SSA ) for the FBI field office in Los Angeles , California . He is Brian 's supervisor and one of the leaders of the team of federal agents looking to take down drug lord Arturo Braga . Penning is portrayed Jack Conley . Film appearances Fast & Furious Agent sophie Trinh ( edit ) Sophie Trinh is an FBI agent who assists Brian in tracking down Braga . She also helps him acquire a Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 SpecV from a local impound for his mission . Sophie is portrayed by Liza Lapira . Film appearances Fast & Furious Agent Michael Stasiak ( edit ) Michael Stasiak is an FBI agent who is at odds with Brian . During an altercation over Brian interrupting Stasiak 's interrogation of Mia , Brian shoves Stasiak 's face against the wall , breaking his nose . He returns in Fast & Furious 6 , where he covertly helps Brian enter a prison to obtain information from convicted drug lord Arturo Braga . As a means to get himself locked in solitary to get closer to Braga , Brian once again breaks Stasiak 's nose . Stasiak is portrayed by Shea Whigham . Film appearances Fast & Furious Fast & Furious 6 Cars driven 1998 Ford Crown Victoria Undercover Police Car sixth film Fast Five ( edit ) Agent Wilkes ( edit ) Wilkes was a DSS federal agent . He was on Luke Hobbs ' team whose job was to capture Dominic Toretto and Brian O'Conner in Fast Five . After apprehending Dom , Brian , Mia and Vince , the convoy is ambushed by Hernan Reyes ' henchmen , led by Zizi . One of them fires a rocket at Wilkes ' vehicle , killing him and Macroy ; every DSS agent is taken out with the exception of Hobbs . Agent Wilkes is portrayed by Fernando Chien . Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle , fifth film Macroy ( edit ) Macroy was a DSS federal agent and a part of Luke Hobbs ' team tasked with apprehending Dominic Toretto and Brian O'Conner . He was also tasked with reassembling a Ford GT40 . He met his end when Zizi along with Reyes ' other henchmen killed him in an ambush by blowing up Wilkes ' vehicle . The other agents were gunned down as well , Hobbs being the only DSS agent to survive . Agent Macroy is portrayed by Geoff Meed . Film appearances Fast Five Fusco ( edit ) Fusco is a member of Hobbs team and helps disassemble and consequently reassemble the stolen car in the hope of finding what is missing and finding a lead on the whereabouts of Dominic and his team . Fusco is present during the subsequent chase and kills Reyes ' hit men alongside his fellow agents . He accompanies Hobbs to the ' meeting ' with Toretto and after being threatened by Dom 's fellow Brazilian street racers he and the team leave , but not before Tej places a tracking device on the agents ' truck . After the tracking signal is reversed Fusco and the rest of Hobbs team turn up at the garage to arrest Dom , Mia , Brian and Vince . On their way to the airport , however , they were suddenly ambushed by Reyes men , led by Zizi . One of them fires a rocket - propelled projectile at Fusco 's vehicle , sending it hurling off the road . As he lies injured , three grenades are suddenly thrown aside him as Hobbs watches on helplessly . He casts a final glare at his boss before they explode , killing him in the blasts . Agent Fusco is portrayed by Alimi Ballard . Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle , fifth film Chato ( edit ) Chato was a DSS federal agent . He was a member of Luke Hobbs ' team , tasked with capturing Dominic Toretto and his crew . He was killed during an ambush by Zizi and his men when he was rushing to help a wounded Hobbs . Agent Chato is portrayed by Yorgo Constantine . Film appearances Fast Five Cars driven GURKHA Armored Vehicle , fifth film Furious 7 ( edit ) Mr. Nobody ( edit ) Mr. Nobody is a government agent and the leader of an unknown covert ops team wanting to capture Mose Jakande , a mercenary coveting the God 's Eye , a program capable of tracking a specific individual using anything on a digital network . He approaches and convinces Dom to assist him in collecting the God 's Eye and rescuing its creator , Ramsey , in return for using the program to locate Deckard Shaw . He assembles Dom 's crew upon the latter 's agreement on the deal . While fighting Deckard and Jakande along with his mercenaries , he is shot by Kiet but tells Dom to move on without him and stop Jakande and Deckard while he is evacuated for medical treatment . Mr. Nobody is portrayed by Kurt Russell . Originally referred to as Frank Petty several weeks before the premiere , he was later noted to just be Mr. Nobody when Russell interviewed on Jimmy Kimmel Live . His real name is unknown . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious Agent Sheppard ( edit ) Sheppard is Mr. Nobody 's assistant and a tactical leader and member of his ops team . He was first seen when they attempt to attack Deckard causing him to flee and believe Dom is actually a criminal causing Dom to put him on chokehold , but Mr. Nobody stops him when they see Dom as an ally , leaving him passed out and later helps plan out Dom and his crew for their rescue of Ramsey and also participates in the infiltration to capture Deckard Shaw . Sheppard is killed by Mose Jakande during a shootout , leaving the God 's Eye to be taken by Jakande . Mr. Nobody avenges his death by killing several of Jakande 's men , although Hobbs would be the one who truly avenges Sheppard 's death by killing Jakande himself in the film 's climax . Sheppard is portrayed by John Brotherton . Film appearances Furious 7 The Fate of the Furious ( edit ) Little Nobody ( edit ) Eric Reisner is a law enforcement agent working under Mr. Nobody . In the film he is referred to as `` Little Nobody '' . He is portrayed by Scott Eastwood Cars driven 2013 Subaru BRZ , eighth film 2016 Subaru WRX STI , eighth film References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker died due to road accident '' . Daily Mail . London : Hazel Jones . April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker 's Surprising Replacement in Fast & Furious 7 '' . Time.com . Nolan Feeney. April 15 , 2014 . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A guide to the cars of Fast and Furious 7 '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 3 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast and the Furious Hollywood Supra '' . Supra Store.co Dodge Stealthm . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cars of Fast & Furious 6 '' . Los Angeles Times , . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Production 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Walker 's co-stars ' too distraught ' to film '' . ^ Jump up to : Jitchotvisut , Janaki ( 2013 - 05 - 23 ) . `` 2002 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VII '' . Complex Cars . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Han Seoul - Oh Is The Greatest `` Fast And Furious '' Character `` . buzzfeed.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious 6 production notes '' ( PDF ) . Universal Pictures . 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 -- via Visual Hollywood . Jump up ^ Willmore , Alison ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Han Seoul - Oh Is The Greatest `` Fast And Furious '' Character `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lin , Justin ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` hanseoulo '' . You Offend Me , You Offend My Family . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . ( Q ) : What is Gisele 's last name ? I 've seen two different ones . Yashar and Harabo . It 's driving me crazy ( A ) : We do n't give up Gisele and Han 's name . By the way , Han Seoul - Oh is a fake ID . Jump up ^ `` FAST & FURIOUS 6 - Movie Production Notes ... CinemaReview.com '' . cinemareview.com . Jump up ^ `` FAST & FURIOUS 6 - Movie Production Notes ... CinemaReview.com '' . cinemareview.com . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Luke Evans Offered Villain Role in Fast Six '' . Twitch . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Foundas , Scott ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` ' Raid ' actor joins ' Fast and Furious 6 ′ '' . Variety . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Frappier , Rob ( June 2013 ) . `` Jason Statham Talks Fast & Furious 7 '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fast and Furious ' : ' Furious 7 ' villain Jason Statham drives a Jaguar F - Type - Business Insider '' . Business Insider. 4 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( March 18 , 2015 ) . `` This Exclusive ' Furious 7 ' Scene Will Really Rev Your Engine ( VIDEO ) '' . The Moviefone Blog . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Cast Member Kurt Russell Reveals Plot Details , Teases Eighth Movie ( VIDEO ) '' . International Business Times . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Documents `` Fast Five '' ( PDF ) . Official Fast Five website . Universal Pictures . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 8 , 2011 . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Universal Pictures . `` Universal Pictures ' Furious 7 ' Starring Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , & Dwayne Johnson In Theaters April 3 , 2015 '' . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 -- via The Videography Blog . ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fast_and_the_Furious_characters&oldid=842455387 '' Categories : The Fast and the Furious characters Fictional government agents Fictional mechanics Fictional outlaws Fictional racing drivers Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from May 2015 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles containing Chinese - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 15 : 37 . 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who are the actors in fast and furious

Character Portrayed by Film The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Principal characters Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Main Archive Cameo Main Brian O'Conner Paul Walker Main Main Letty Ortiz Michelle Rodriguez Main Main Photo Main Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster Main Main Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Main Main Tej Parker Ludacris Main Main Sean Boswell Lucas Black Main Archive Cameo Han Lue Sung Kang Main Archive Gisele Yashar Gal Gadot Main Archive Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson Main Primary supporting characters Vince Matt Schulze Main Main Archive Jesse Chad Lindberg Main Leon Johnny Strong Main Monica Fuentes Eva Mendes Main Cameo Suki Devon Aoki Main Archive Neela Nathalie Kelley Main Archive Twinkie Bow Wow Main Archive Tego Leo Tego Calderón Main Archive Cameo Rico Santos Don Omar Main Archive Cameo Elena Neves Elsa Pataky Main Mr. Nobody Kurt Russell Main Ramsey Nathalie Emmanuel Main Little Nobody Scott Eastwood Main Secondary supporting characters Hector Noel Gugliemi Main Cameo Edwin Ja Rule Main Agent Bilkins Thom Barry Main Main Sergeant Tanner Ted Levine Main Girl Minka Kelly Main Agent Markham James Remar Main Orange Julius Amaury Nolasco Main Archive Slap Jack Michael Ealy Main Archive Jimmy MC Jin Main Major Boswell Brian Goodman Main Mrs. Boswell Lynda Boyd Main Earl Jason Tobin Main Reiko Keiko Kitagawa Main Elvis Juan Fernández Main Cara Mirtha Michelle Main Agent Michael Stasiak Shea Whigham Main Cameo Agent Penning Jack Conley Main Agent Sophie Trinh Liza Lapira Main Agent Wilkes Fernando Chien Main Agent Fusco Alimi Ballard Main Agent Chato Yorgo Constantine Main Agent Macroy Geoff Meed Main Rosa Jeimy Osorio Main Jack O'Conner Max William Crane , Charlie & Miller Kimsey Main Samantha Hobbs Eden Estrella Main Mando Romeo Santos Main Agent Sheppard John Brotherton Main Magdalene Shaw Helen Mirren Main Raldo Celestino Cornielle Main Fernando Janmarco Santiago Main Brian Marcos Toretto Carlos De La Hoz , James Ayoub Main Primary antagonists Johnny Tran Rick Yune Main Carter Verone Cole Hauser Main D.K. / Takashi Brian Tee Main Arturo Braga John Ortiz Main Cameo Hernan Reyes Joaquim de Almeida Main Owen Shaw Luke Evans Main Cameo Deckard Shaw Jason Statham Cameo Main Cipher Charlize Theron Main Secondary antagonists Lance Nguyen Reggie Lee Main Enrique Mo Gallini Main Roberto Roberto Sanchez Main Morimoto Leonardo Nam Main Kamata Sonny Chiba Main Fenix Calderon Laz Alonso Main Archive Zizi Michael Irby Main Agent Riley Hicks Gina Carano Main Vegh Clara Paget Main Klaus Kim Kold Main Jah Joe Taslim Main Adolfson Benjamin Davies Main Denlinger Samuel M. Stewart Main Mose Jakande Djimon Hounsou Main Photo Kiet Tony Jaa Main Kara Ronda Rousey Main Connor Rhodes Kristofer Hivju Main

Tom Paris - wikipedia Tom Paris Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This Star Trek - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tom Paris Star Trek character Portrayed by Robert Duncan McNeill Information Family Owen Paris ( father ) Julia Paris ( mother ) Children Miral Paris Species Human Affiliation United Federation of Planets Starfleet Maquis Posting Helmsman and medic , USS Voyager Rank Field commissioned lieutenant , junior grade , briefly demoted to ensign Thomas Eugene `` Tom '' Paris , played by Robert Duncan McNeill , is a character in the American science fiction television series Star Trek : Voyager . Paris serves as the chief helmsman and an auxiliary medic aboard the USS Voyager . The character 's middle name , `` Eugene '' , is a tribute to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Personality 3 Character background 4 Voyager relaunch novels 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biography ( edit ) Tom Paris is the son of Starfleet Admiral Owen Paris and a scion of a family with a long history of illustrious service in Starfleet . Following in his family 's tradition , Paris attended Starfleet Academy sometime in the 2350s and majored in astrophysics . A gifted pilot , Paris earned an assignment to the Academy 's honor squadron . His relationship with his father was not a good one ; while Tom wanted to join the Federation Naval Patrol , Owen wanted him to enlist at Starfleet Academy . Admiral Paris often disapproved of his son 's tendency to get into fights and his resulting punishments . Soon after his graduation from Starfleet Academy , Tom crashed a shuttle he was piloting near Caldik Prime , killing three other Starfleet officers . Afraid he would lose his commission , Paris falsified records that would later reveal the cause of the accident as pilot error . His efforts to cover up the error succeeded , yet still , overwhelmed by guilt and regret , he confessed . He was court martialed for his actions and was dishonorably discharged from Starfleet . This caused a major rift between Paris and his father . Following his discharge , Paris left San Francisco for Marseille , where he started spending his time drinking and playing pool in Sandrine 's , a waterfront bar . There , Chakotay , a former Starfleet officer now serving with the Maquis , recruited him to serve as a mercenary pilot for the Maquis Rebellion against the Federation . This adventure went no better than his earlier stint in Starfleet as Paris was captured by Starfleet while piloting his first mission for the Maquis . Tried and convicted of treason for aiding the Maquis Rebellion , Paris was sentenced to serve time in the Federation penal settlement near Auckland , New Zealand . Kathryn Janeway , captain of the starship USS Voyager , obtained Paris ' temporary release from the penal colony . Janeway , charged with finding and capturing the Maquis ship commanded by Chakotay , offered Paris early parole in exchange for serving as her informant on Chakotay and the Maquis . Janeway and the crew of Voyager , while searching for the Maquis ship , were thrown into the Delta Quadrant by a massive energy wave created by an alien known as the Caretaker . Once there , they successfully located the Maquis ship docked at the Caretaker 's array . The survivors of the incident became stranded about 70,000 light - years away from Earth . The Maquis ship was destroyed and its crew joined the Federation crew on Voyager . The marooning of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant provided Paris with a new beginning . Janeway gave Paris a field commission as a Starfleet lieutenant and made him chief helmsman of Voyager . He had a rough start , however , as Starfleet and Maquis alike viewed Paris with suspicion . Paris worked hard to earn his crewmates ' respect . During this time , he became best friends with Ensign Harry Kim , a young officer on his first mission who defied his crewmates to befriend Paris . Eventually , Paris was accepted by the crew and became one of Janeway 's valued officers . Paris ' duties were not limited to piloting Voyager . On Janeway 's orders , he trained as a field medic and assisted The Doctor until the Doctor recruited Kes as his primary assistant . Following Kes 's departure ( `` The Gift '' ) Paris once again served regular duty shifts in sickbay . In the episode `` Thirty Days '' , while disobeying direct orders in order to do what he felt was morally right , he was reduced to ensign and thrown in Voyager 's brig for a period of 30 days . About a year later , after working diligently at his duties , he regained his former rank . This occurred just before the events of `` Unimatrix Zero '' , during which it is revealed that he is fourth in the chain of command . While serving on Voyager , Paris nurtured a long - hidden talent for holo - programming , devising several programs for the entertainment of his fellow crewmembers . His most popular programs included a re-creation of Sandrine 's bar , an Irish town called Fair Haven , and a 1930s - era sci - fi movie serial entitled Captain Proton . Paris married Lieutenant B'Elanna Torres , Voyager 's half - Klingon chief engineer , in 2377 . Torres gave birth to their daughter Miral Paris during the events that led to Voyager 's return to the Alpha Quadrant and Earth . Personality ( edit ) Tom Paris at times displayed resentment toward his father , Owen Paris . This situation improved substantially over the course of the journey , due to Janeway 's willingness to offer him redemption , and later to his relationship with B'Elanna Torres . Paris also has a deep interest in 20th - century Earth pop - culture , often utilizing such in his holo - programs . The knowledge helped the crew during time - travel incidents . He became good friends with Harry Kim from the start and at times displayed protectiveness in the face of Harry 's customary naiveté . In the first episode he rescues the ensign from Quark , a manipulative Ferengi . The only member of the crew with whom Paris initially had a somewhat difficult relationship was Chakotay because of their history in the Maquis . However , throughout Voyager 's seven - year journey home , Paris and Chakotay reconciled ( in part due to Paris having earned Chakotay 's trust ) and became good friends . Tom was a full lieutenant at the very beginning of the series , then a lieutenant junior grade in the first - season episode `` Faces '' . Character background ( edit ) The writers planned to use the character of Nicolas Locarno as a template for Tom Paris , who was played by McNeill in the Next Generation episode `` The First Duty '' . As a result , Voyager 's writers created an entirely new character sharing many of Locarno 's attributes . The Tom Paris character has two backstories . The original backstory , and the only one acknowledged onscreen , cast Paris as a disgraced officer dishonorably discharged from Starfleet for covering up pilot error following a shuttle accident on Caldik Prime . In her published novel , Pathways , Voyager producer Jeri Taylor provided an alternative story much more similar to Locarno 's , moving the accident to Paris ' Starfleet Academy years and making his fellow cadets the victims of his recklessness . An unproduced Voyager script was to have had a flashback to his time attending Starfleet Academy , and shown that Ro Laren , the Bajoran character from Star Trek : The Next Generation was among his classmates . Voyager relaunch novels ( edit ) In the non-canonical Voyager relaunch novels , written by Christie Golden , Paris was promoted two steps in rank , like many of the Voyager crew , and is now a lieutenant commander . He serves as First Officer of Voyager , under the command of now - Captain Chakotay . See also ( edit ) Star Trek portal Fictional characters portal Star Trek : Voyager List of Star Trek : Voyager episodes Star Trek References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Okuda , M. , & Okuda , D. ( 1997 ) . The star trek encyclopedia : A reference guide to the future ( Updat and expand ed . ) . New York : Pocket Books . P. 374 Jump up ^ Star Trek The Next Generation DVD set Season 5 , Disk 7 , `` Memorable Missions '' featurette External links ( edit ) Tom Paris at Memory Alpha ( a Star Trek wiki ) `` Tom Paris '' at STARTREK.COM ( hide ) Star Trek : Voyager Characters Reginald Barclay Chakotay The Doctor Kathryn Janeway Kes Harry Kim Neelix Tom Paris Seven of Nine B'Elanna Torres Tuvok Other topics Episodes season 4 Awards Cast Novels String Theory : Cohesion Kazon Vidiians The Maquis The Borg Species 8472 USS Voyager Janeway Lambda one Video games Voyager Elite Force The Arcade Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Paris&oldid=808470504 '' Categories : Fictional aviators Fictional ensigns Fictional lieutenants Star Trek : Voyager characters Fictional mechanics Fictional medical personnel Fictional nurses Starfleet officers Starfleet nurses Starfleet ensigns Starfleet lieutenants Fictional characters introduced in 1995 Fictional military brats Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from December 2013 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Star Trek articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 November 2017 , at 01 : 49 . 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when does tom paris become a lieutenant again

The marooning of Voyager in the Delta Quadrant provided Paris with a new beginning . Janeway gave Paris a field commission as a Starfleet lieutenant and made him chief helmsman of Voyager . He had a rough start , however , as Starfleet and Maquis alike viewed Paris with suspicion . Paris worked hard to earn his crewmates ' respect . During this time , he became best friends with Ensign Harry Kim , a young officer on his first mission who defied his crewmates to befriend Paris . Eventually , Paris was accepted by the crew and became one of Janeway 's valued officers .

I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) - wikipedia I Love It ( Icona Pop song ) `` I Love It '' Single by Icona Pop featuring Charli XCX from the album Icona Pop and This Is ... Icona Pop Released 9 May 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Electropop dance - pop Length 2 : 37 Label Ten Songwriter ( s ) Charlotte Aitchison Patrik Berger Linus Eklöw Producer ( s ) Patrik Berger Style of Eye Icona Pop singles chronology `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) `` Mind Your Manners '' ( 2012 ) `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) `` We Got the World '' ( 2012 ) Charli XCX singles chronology `` Nuclear Seasons '' ( 2011 ) Nuclear Seasons 2011 `` I Love It '' ( 2012 ) I Love It2012 `` You 're the One '' ( 2012 ) You 're the One 2012 `` I Love It '' is a song by Swedish DJ duo Icona Pop featuring vocals from British recording artist Charli XCX . It was released in May 2012 as a digital download in Sweden , where it peaked at number two on the singles chart . The song was added to their debut studio album , Icona Pop , as well as their EP Iconic and their debut international album , This Is ... Icona Pop . The song received positive reviews from music critics , and publications Rolling Stone and Pitchfork included it on their year - end lists for 2012 . The song went on to become Icona Pop and Charli XCX 's first US hit , peaking at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and was certified double - platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , denoting over 2 million copies sold in the United States . In June 2013 , over a year after it was released elsewhere , the song charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart . It has gone on to sell 4.3 million certified downloads . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Release and promotion 4 Critical reception 5 Music video 6 Track listing 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year - end charts 7.3 All - time chart 8 Sales and certifications 9 Cover versions 10 Release history 11 References 12 External links Background ( edit ) Singer Charli XCX co-wrote and recorded an earlier version of `` I Love It '' . The song was originally written by Charli XCX , whom Icona Pop met several times in London . Swedish producer Patrik Berger sent Charli two beats , and she quickly wrote songs for each of them , one of which became `` I Love It '' and the other of which became her following single `` You 're the One '' . However , she later stated that she knew she would not end up releasing it herself because she could not reconcile it with her sound . While recording `` Good for You '' with Icona Pop , Berger presented them with Charli 's work on `` I Love It '' . Band member Aino Jawo said she felt a connection to the song because it mirrored her own experiences , and the line `` You 're from the 70s but I 'm a 90s bitch '' reminded her of an older man she had known . Member Caroline Hjelt described Charli XCX 's original demo as `` more cute , in a way ... really cool and cocky '' . Icona Pop approached Swedish producer Style of Eye to make a rougher version of the track , telling him , `` We want the punkiness . We want the ' fuck it ' feeling . '' Composition ( edit ) `` I Love It '' The song 's chorus features all three singers shouting `` I do n't care / I love it '' in unison . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Love It ( Original Demo ) '' The original version of the song before its composition was reworked . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` I Love It '' is set in common time with a tempo of 126 beats per minute ( Allegro ) , and is described as an electropop and dance - pop song . It is written in A ♭ major , with an authentic cadence for the main chord progression . Billboard critic Jessica Hopper defined the instrumental by its `` swells of revving synths '' and prominent sub-bass sounds . Pitchfork writer Lindsay Zoladz commented that the song was `` basically just two - and - a-half minutes of drop '' ; colleague Larry Fitzmaurice noted the track 's maximalist approach fit the contemporary trends in electronic and pop music . The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend . In its chorus , Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it '' . Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '' , and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo . Release and promotion ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was released in Sweden in May 2012 . It entered the Swedish Singles Chart the following month at number 48 , and after two months on the chart , the song peaked at number two for three consecutive weeks . After its January 2013 appearance on an episode of Girls , the song performed better in digital downloads than it had upon initial release . Ten days later it entered the Billboard Hot 100 , eventually climbing to number seven on the chart . Jawo and Hjelt 's first performance with Charli XCX happened in April 2013 , after seeing her back stage at a South by Southwest showcase where both acts were playing . In June 2013 , several cover versions of the song entered the UK Singles Chart , including one by vlogger Venus Angelic . When Icona Pop released their version , it entered at the top of the chart , overtaking Robin Thicke 's `` Blurred Lines '' featuring T.I. and Pharrell Williams . Critical reception ( edit ) `` I Love It '' was met with positive reviews from music critics . The song placed 15th on The Village Voice 's 2012 Pazz & Jop list , and it rose to eighth place the following year . Pitchfork Media labeled it `` Best New Music '' , calling the song `` delectable , empowering , infinitely repeatable '' . Pitchfork later listed the song number 50 on its `` Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' list . Rolling Stone placed `` I Love It '' at number 35 on its year - end list , naming it `` the Euro - slut club jam of the summer '' . Amrit Singh for Stereogum described it as `` fun '' , Heather Phares commented Jawo and Hjelt `` half - sung , half - shouted vocals and revved - up synths make the song inescapably catchy '' . Kat Bein of the Miami New Times called the song a `` feminist pop anthem '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` I Love It '' was directed by Fredrik Etoall . The video was shot in a day by friends of the band while they were in Paris . It shows Jawo and Hjelt playing a show for a crowd shouting the lyrics and dancing , with additional shots from backstage and an after - party . It also includes outdoor shots of them wearing fringed jackets that they made . Charli XCX does not appear in the video . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) 2 : 37 Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 33 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 20 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 40 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Club Edit ) 5 : 57 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 25 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Remix ) ( Radio Edit ) 3 : 44 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 53 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Tiësto 's Club Life Remix ) 4 : 30 Remixes ( Part 2 ) No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Wayne G & LFB Club Mix ) 6 : 27 10 . `` I Love It '' ( Steven Redant ' 90s Bitch Club Mix ) 6 : 52 11 . `` I Love It '' ( Solidisco Mix ) 5 : 18 CD single No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Original Version ) 2 : 37 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 Beatport Remixes No . Title Length 1 . `` I Love It '' ( Nari & Milani Remix ) 7 : 00 2 . `` I Love It '' ( Sick Individuals Remix ) 6 : 45 3 . `` I Love It '' ( Skitzofrenix Remix ) 6 : 03 4 . `` I Love It '' ( Hot Mouth Remix ) 5 : 41 5 . `` I Love It '' ( Sazon Booya Moombahton Remix ) 4 : 22 6 . `` I Love It '' ( Volta Bureau Remix ) 5 : 24 7 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Remix ) 4 : 39 8 . `` I Love It '' ( Style of Eye Dub ) 4 : 41 9 . `` I Love It '' ( Fukkk Offf Remix ) 4 : 48 10 . `` I Love It '' ( Apocalypto Remix ) 6 : 13 11 . `` I Love It '' ( Cobra Starship Remix ) 5 : 08 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders Dance ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia Dance ) Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 63 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 22 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 92 Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 18 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) 10 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 8 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 12 Mexico Top Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Mega Dance Top 30 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 16 Netherlands ( Mega Top 50 ) 10 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 9 Portugal ( Billboard ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 15 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 8 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 25 US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 24 Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 41 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 29 Germany ( Media Control AG ) 19 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 25 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 28 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 28 All - time chart ( edit ) Chart Position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 93 Australia ( ARIA ) 400 Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 6 × Platinum 420,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 450,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Iconic EP version 87,650 South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) Single version 95,498 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 2,127,000 Venezuela ( APFV ) 2x Platinum 20,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Several cover versions have charted in the UK . Artist Peak position Reference Loreen Harris 74 Venus Angelic 71 Remix Junkies 49 Remix Chix 61 New Music Masters 51 In 2017 , Swedish singer Moneybrother released a punk rock inspired cover version of the song as a part of the eighth season of Så mycket bättre . The track received mixed to positive reviews , ultimately failing to chart . Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Sweden 9 May 2012 Record Company TEN United States 5 February 2013 Mainstream Airplay Atlantic / Big Beat Records United Kingdom 21 June 2013 Digital EP Warner Records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Icona Pop 's ' All Night ' is now on the internet , as is the cover of their new album - Popjustice ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary . `` Pink Holds at No. 1 on Hot 100 While Rihanna Rules at Radio '' . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 16 February 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Makes Hot 100 Debut , Discusses The Anger Behind ' I Love It ' '' . Billboard. 125 ( 6 ) : 69 . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Nostro , Lauren ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Interview : Charli XCX Talks Debut Album , Internet Haters , and Writing Icona Pop 's ' I Love It ' '' . Complex . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Savage , Mark ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Charli XCX : Pop , punk and synaesthesia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Werthman , Christine ( 19 December 2012 ) . `` Q&A : Icona Pop '' . CMJ . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grisham , Tyler ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Rising : Icona Pop '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charli XCX : ' I do n't regret giving ' I Love It ' to Icona Pop ' '' . NME. 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Amrit ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Watch Icona Pop Play Fallon '' . Stereogum . Spin Media . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Laura ( 16 July 2013 ) . `` Robin Thicke Covers Icona Pop 's Summer Hit `` I Love It '' `` . Yahoo Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved 16 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop ( We Love It ) and Krewella ( We Do n't ) : Two Heroic , Sis - Centric Punk - Pop LPs '' . Spin . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Eklöw , Linus ; Berger , Patrik ; Aitchison , Charlotte ( 2012 ) . `` I Love It '' ( sheet music ) . Musicnotes.com . Universal Music Publishing Group . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopper , Jessica ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` Pop 's New Icons '' . 125 ( 33 ) . Billboard : 35 . ^ Jump up to : Zoladz , Lindsay ( 17 October 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : The Iconic EP '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fitzmaurice , Larry ( 9 May 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : `` I Love It '' `` . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 27 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Trageser , Stephen ( 8 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop prepares to rule the global market in dance pop '' . Nashville Scene . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Amy ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` Staff Lists : The Top 100 Tracks of 2012 '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Chuck ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Nightclubbing Catharsis Originated With ' 90s British Dance - Pop Duo Crush '' . Spin . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swedishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Andrew ( 28 January 2013 ) . `` Is `` Girls '' Finally Gonna Make a Hit Out of Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' ? `` . Popdust Inc . Jump up ^ Cubarrubia , RJ ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop , Charli XCX Party Through ' I Love It ' at SXSW '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Venus Angelic '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` New York Pazz and Jop Singles '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Pazz & Jop Singles Winners '' . The Village Voice. 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Songs of 2012 : Icona Pop , ' I Love It ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` Icona Pop : Iconic '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bein , Kat ( 6 August 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop 's Aino Jawo : `` We Are Feminists '' `` . Miami New Times . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Derek ( 27 September 2012 ) . `` Icona Pop : A New Kind Of 90s Bitch '' . DIY . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( February -- March 2014 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201329 into search . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201432 into search . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for Icona Pop . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Dance Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 08 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Ingles '' . Monitor Latino ( in Spanish ) . RadioNotas . Archived from the original on 26 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Dance Top 30 : 02 / 02 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ 3fm Mega Top 50 : 30 / 03 / 2013 ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Digital Songs - September 14 , 2013 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201327 into search . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Hot Dance / Electronic Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Icona Pop Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock General '' . Record Report ( in Spanish ) . R.R. Digital C.A. 28 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Year End Singles Chart '' . ARIA . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Prometheus Gobal Media . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles Jahrescharts 2013 '' ( in German ) . VIVA . Viacom International Media Networks . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 - radios 2013 '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles year end chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Canciones Anual 2013 '' . Promuiscae.es . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles Of 2013 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2013 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time -- Singles '' . Charts. org. sw . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Best of all time chart -- Top 1000 Singles '' . Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2018 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Icona Pop in the field Interpret . Enter I Love It in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2013 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX -- I Love It '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` ... : Certificaciones Mensuales 2015 : . '' Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Facebook . 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recorded Music NZ . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 5 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAON DOWNLOAD CHART -- 2013 년 6 월 '' . Gaon Chart ( in Korean ) . Korea Music Content Industry Association . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2013 . Jump up ^ UNSUPPORTED OR EMPTY REGION : South Korea ( Gaon Chart ) . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Singlar - Vecka 10 , 10 maj 2013 '' ( in Swedish ) . Swedish Recording Industry Association . 1 May 2013 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Icona Pop feat . Charli XCX ; ' I Love It ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . British Phonographic Industry . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter I Love It in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Icona Pop -- I Love It '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Jason Lipshutz ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` Icona Pop Looking Forward To Miley Cyrus & Katy Perry Tours In 2014 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ APFV ( 30 November 2013 ) . `` Certificaciones De Venezuela Del 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . APFV . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LOREEN HARRIS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REMIX JUNKIES '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` REMIX CHIX '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NEW MUSIC MASTERS '' . The Official Charts Company . Retrieved 7 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Som en lagom och uppsluppen personalfest '' . Aftonbladet . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Betyg : Så bra var tolkningar i `` Så mycket bättre '' `` . Expressen . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` I Love It -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` I Love It -- EP '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 20 May 2013 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics `` I Love It '' on YouTube Icona Pop Studio albums Icona Pop ( 2012 ) This Is ... Icona Pop ( 2013 ) Singles `` I Love It '' `` We Got the World '' `` Girlfriend '' `` All Night '' `` Just Another Night '' `` Get Lost '' `` Emergency '' `` Girls Girls '' Featured singles `` Mind Your Manners '' `` Never Been In Love '' `` Let You Down '' Related articles Discography Charli XCX Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Romance Sucker Mixtapes Number 1 Angel Pop 2 Extended plays You 're the One Vroom Vroom Singles `` Nuclear Seasons '' `` You 're the One '' `` You ( Ha Ha Ha ) '' `` Boom Clap '' `` Break the Rules '' `` Doing It '' `` Famous '' `` SuperLove '' `` After the Afterparty '' `` Boys '' Featured singles `` I Love It '' `` Fancy '' `` Drop That Kitty '' `` Crazy Crazy '' `` Dirty Sexy Money '' `` Girls '' Concert tours Girl Power North America Tour Charli and Jack Do America Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Love_It_(Icona_Pop_song)&oldid=853013834 '' Categories : 2012 singles Songs written by Patrik Berger ( record producer ) Icona Pop songs Charli XCX songs Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Number - one singles in Scotland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Television theme songs Songs written by Charli XCX 2012 songs Songs with feminist themes Songs written by Style of Eye Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Cite certification used with missing parameters CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use dmy dates from July 2018 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarydance Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceelectronic Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Português Scots Simple English Slovenčina 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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who sings the song i don't care i love it

The song 's lyrics describe breaking up with an older boyfriend . In its chorus , Icona Pop and Charli XCX shout in unison `` I do n't care / I love it '' . Critics compared the song 's breakup narrative to Kelly Clarkson 's 2004 single `` Since U Been Gone '' , and journalist Chuck Eddy wrote in a piece for Spin that the track 's brattiness was similar to British band Shampoo .

Freedom of the city - wikipedia Freedom of the city For the Northern Irish play , see The Freedom of the City . For the role - playing game campaign setting , see Freedom City . `` Key to the City '' redirects here . For other meanings of the term , see Key to the City ( disambiguation ) . Award to Robert Hadfield by the City of Sheffield Gold New York City ' Freedom of the City Box ' presented to Commodore Daniel Patterson , made by Jonathan Wilmarth , John L. Moffat , and Joseph Curtis , 1832 `` Ferdinand Receives the Keys of the City from the Virgin of Ghent '' , print after a painting made by Antoon van den Heuvel for the Joyous Entry by the Cardinal - Infante Ferdinand into Ghent in 1635 The Freedom of the City is an honour bestowed by a municipality upon a valued member of the community , or upon a visiting celebrity or dignitary . Arising from the medieval practice of granting respected citizens freedom from serfdom , the tradition still lives on in countries such as the United Kingdom , Ireland , Australia , Canada , South Africa and New Zealand -- although today the title of `` freeman '' confers no special privileges . The Freedom of the City can also be granted by municipal authorities to military units which have earned the city 's trust ; in this context , it is sometimes called the Freedom of Entry . This allows them the freedom to parade through the city , and is an affirmation of the bond between the regiment and the citizenry . The honour was sometimes accompanied by a `` freedom box '' , a small gold box inscribed to record the occasion ; these are not usual today . In some countries , such as the United States , esteemed residents and visitors may instead be presented with the Key to the City , a similarly symbolic honour . Other US cities award Honorary Citizenship , with just a certificate . Contents 1 Military privilege 2 Entitlement to civil privileges 2.1 United Kingdom 2.1. 1 Freedom of the City of London 2.1. 2 Freedom of the City of York 2.2 Ireland 3 Key to the city 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Military privilege ( edit ) Members of No. 28 Squadron RAAF marching through the centre of Canberra during the unit 's Freedom of the City parade in August 2013 Freedom of the City is an ancient honour granted to martial organisations , allowing them the privilege to march into the city `` with drums beating , colours flying , and bayonets fixed '' . This honour dates back to ancient Rome which regarded the `` pomerium '' , the boundary of the city , as sacred . Promagistrates and generals were forbidden from entering it , and resigned their imperium immediately upon crossing it . An exception was made for victory celebrations ( called triumphs ) , during which the victorious general would be permitted to enter for one day only . Under the Republic , soldiers also lost their status when entering , becoming citizens : thus soldiers at their general 's triumph wore civilian dress . Weapons were also banned inside the pomerium for religious and traditional reasons . ( The assassination of Julius Caesar occurred outside this boundary . ) Similar laws were passed by other European cities throughout the Medieval era , to protect public security and civic rights , even against their own king 's troops . As a result , soldiers would be forced to camp outside the walls of the city during the winter months . The Freedom of the City was an honour granted only to troops which had earned the trust of the local populace , either through some valiant action or simply by being a familiar presence . Today , martial freedom of the city is an entirely ceremonial honour , usually bestowed upon a unit with historic ties to the area , as a token of appreciation for their long and dedicated service . The awarding of the Freedom is often accompanied by a celebratory parade through the city . Entitlement to civil privileges ( edit ) A slightly more common freedom of the city is connected to the medieval concept of `` free status '' , when city and town charters drew a distinction between freemen and vassals of a feudal lord . As such , freemen actually pre-date ' boroughs ' . Early freedom of the boroughs ceremonies had great importance in affirming that the recipient enjoyed privileges such as the right to trade and own property , and protection within the town . In modern society , the award of honorary freedom of the city or borough tends to be entirely ceremonial , given by the local government in many towns and cities on those who have served in some exceptional capacity , or upon any whom the city wishes to bestow an honour . United Kingdom ( edit ) A recipient of Freedom of the City of London , Nigel Cumberland , after his ceremony Before parliamentary reform in 1832 , freedom of the city or town conferred the right to vote in the ' parliamentary boroughs ' for the MPs . Until the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 the freemen were the exclusive electorate for some of the boroughs . These two acts together curtailed the power of the freemen and extended the franchise to all ' householders ' ( defined as local rate payers ; in fact therefore property owners ) . The private property belonging to the freemen collectively was retained . The freemen of York , Oxford and Newcastle upon Tyne still own considerable areas within their towns , although the income is effectively given to support charitable objects . The Local Government Act 1972 specifically preserved freemen 's rights . The Local Democracy , Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 removed any restrictions entitling only men to be freemen . Today , the grant of honorary freedom in the United Kingdom is governed by the Local Government Act 1972 ( as amended by the Local Democracy , Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 ) . The 1972 Act enabled the councils of cities , royal boroughs , boroughs , and parishes ( or , in Wales , communities ) with the status of a royal town to confer the status of honorary freeman on `` persons of distinction and persons who have , in the opinion of the council , rendered eminent services '' to the local area . The 2009 Act extends the ability to grant the status of honorary freeman to any county , city , district , borough , town , parish or community council ( so removing the requirement for the town to have ' royal ' status , and also enabling county councils to confer the honour ) . A special meeting of the council can grant the honour by passing a resolution with a two - thirds majority at a specially convened meeting . The exact qualifications for borough freedom differ between each city or town , but generally fall into two categories , ' patrimony ' ( inheritance ) and ' servitude ' ( apprenticeship ) . For example , in Chester , only the children or grandchildren of freemen may apply for admission . In York , this extends to great - and great - great - grandchildren , and apprenticeship to a freeman of the city will also allow admission . In Great Grimsby , the widow of a freeman passes his rights to her second husband , who retains the privilege after either divorce from or death of the widow . The borough freedom is strongest in York , Chester , Newcastle upon Tyne and Coventry ; in Coventry , freedom is qualified by having served an apprenticeship . Durham and Northampton have extended their admission criteria to those who have served an apprenticeship without being ' bound ' ( trained ) by a freeman directly . Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne are bestowed the right to graze cattle on the town moor . Freedom of the city of London ( edit ) Lord Nelson 's certificate given him after becoming a Freeman of the City of London showing that he has Freedom Ari Norman 's Certificate of Freedom of the City of London Sir Tim Berners - Lee receiving the freedom of the City of London in 2014 In England , the most established borough freedom is that conferred by the Freedom of the City of London , first recorded in 1237 . This is closely tied to the role and status of the livery companies . From 1835 , the freedom `` without the intervention of a Livery Company '' has been bestowed by a general resolution of Common Council , by `` redemption '' ( purchase ) , at one time for an onerous sum . Now the Freedom can be obtained by servitude , by patrimony , by nomination , or by presentation via a Livery Company . Freedom by nomination by two sponsors is available for a fee ( known as a `` fine '' ) , of £ 100 as of 2018 , and free to those on the electoral roll of the City . New freemen are enrolled in a ceremony in Guildhall , when they receive a guide to conducting their lives in an honourable fashion and an impressive sealed certificate . Freemen 's children get admission preference at the City of London Freemen 's School . There are a number of rights traditionally but apocryphally associated with freemen -- the right to drive sheep and cattle over London Bridge ; to a silken rope , if hanged ; to carry a naked sword in public ; or that if the City of London Police finds a freeman drunk and incapable , they will bundle him or her into a taxi and send them home rather than throw them into a cell . While sheep have occasionally been driven over London Bridge by Freemen on special occasions , these `` privileges '' are now effectively symbolic . Mark Stephens with a sheep on London Bridge in 2009 The right to herd sheep and cattle across London 's four bridges technically no longer applies , as there are no livestock markets in the city . Nevertheless , this right has been exercised , or the city has granted permission , on several occasions in modern times : On 19 August 1999 , Jef Smith , a freeman of London walked two sheep over Tower Bridge to bring attention to the rights of older citizens . On 17 June 2006 , a flock of about thirty sheep was driven across the Millennium Bridge to mark the start of London Architecture Week . On 31 August 2008 , Amanda Cottrell , former High Sheriff of Kent , marched six rams across London Bridge to promote fundraising for the restoration of Canterbury Cathedral and `` a scheme backing local food production '' . On 17 September 2008 , the Lord Mayor of London , David Lewis , and some 500 freemen drove a flock of Romney ewes in relay across London Bridge to raise funds for the Lord Mayor 's charities ( Orbis and Wellbeing of Women ) . On 7 April 2013 , actor and presenter Stephen Fry drove Grace , a year - old lamb , over London Bridge for a documentary about becoming a freeman , Stephen Fry 's Key To The City . By 2015 , the driving of sheep across the bridge had become an annual event , organised by the Worshipful Company of Woolmen livery company , typically to raise funds for the Lord Mayor 's Appeal and the Worshipful Company of Woolmen . Freedom of the city of York ( edit ) York has a long history of freemen dating back to the Anglo - Saxon period , with records dating back to 1272 . Freemen may claim their rights through patronage ( as far back as their great - great - grandparent , there are records of women being admitted in York in medieval times , a right forgotten for a time until the late 1970s when the gild carried out research and rediscovered it ) or apprenticeship . Once ' sworn in ' , freemen can join the Gild ( archaic spelling used ) of Freemen who continue to take an interest in the affairs of the city . New admissions are made every year ( usually October ) following an admission ceremony with the Lord Mayor at the Guildhall . Ireland ( edit ) This section is about Ireland . For Freedom awarded specifically in Dublin , see Freedom of the City of Dublin . In Ireland , borough freedom of the city is generally given to noted foreign and national dignitaries and the list rarely exceeds a few dozen . As in the United Kingdom , the title generally comes with various ancient privileges -- for instance , freemen of Dublin are allowed the right to vote in certain elections , bring goods for sale in the city without customs and the right to pasture sheep on common ground such as College Green and St. Stephen 's Green . Key to the city ( edit ) Russian President Dmitry Medvedev received the Golden Key to the City of Madrid during his state visit to Spain in March 2009 . See also : List of Keys to the City in the United States and List of Keys to the City in Canada For other uses , see Key to the City ( disambiguation ) . In some countries , such as the United States , an ornamental key -- the `` key to the city '' -- is presented to esteemed visitors , residents , or others whom the city wishes to honour . This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition , and has a similar symbolic meaning ; evoking medieval walled cities , the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night , the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will , as a trusted friend of city residents . In some cities in the Netherlands , Belgium , and Germany , the key to the city is given to the so - called `` prince carnival ( nl ) '' who leads the carnivals which take place the week prior to Septuagesima . The tradition is that the mayor steps down for this period and power is transferred to the prince carnival , who then returns the key at the end of Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras . Today , the handing over of the key is mostly symbolic and marks the start and end of the carnival . In Calgary , Alberta , Canada , instead of a key , esteemed visitors receive a white cowboy hat and usually recite one of two oaths ( one formal , the other more silly ) to become honorary Calgarians . See also ( edit ) List of Freedom of the City recipients ( military ) Honorary citizenship References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 -- 75th Anniversary Naval Service of Canada '' . Royal Canadian Navy . Archived from the original on 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Section 248 of Text of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Sections 27 and 28 of the Text of the Local Democracy , Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Government Act 1972 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ Text of the Section 249 of the Local Democracy , Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Jump up ^ `` The Gild of Freemen of the City of York '' . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Moor '' . The Freemen of Newcastle upon Tyne . Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How to apply for the Freedom '' . City of London . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Protest Freeman herds sheep over Tower Bridge '' . BBC News . 19 August 1999 . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep flock driven through city '' . BBC News . 17 June 2006 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep marched over London Bridge '' . BBC News . 31 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sheep march over bridge for money '' . BBC News . 19 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry on Twitter '' . Twitter . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fry 's Key To The City '' . ITV . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why are there sheep being herded across London Bridge ? '' . ITV News . Jump up ^ 30 September 2018 . `` Alan Titchmarsh herds sheep over London Bridge '' . BBC News . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Register of the Freemen of the City of York - British History Online '' . www.british-history.ac.uk . Jump up ^ `` Key to the City of New York '' . New York City Commission for the United Nations , Consular Corps and Protocol . Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White Hat Ceremony '' . Visit Calgary . Archived from the original on 22 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Guild of Freemen of the City of London Freedom of the City of London The Gild of Freemen of the City of York Freemen of the City of Liverpool Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freedom_of_the_City&oldid=863877299 '' Categories : Freedom of the City Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 EngvarB from July 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what does the key to the city entitle you to

In some countries , such as the United States , an ornamental key -- the `` key to the city '' -- is presented to esteemed visitors , residents , or others whom the city wishes to honour . This practice is a variation on the freedom of the city tradition , and has a similar symbolic meaning ; evoking medieval walled cities , the gates of which would be guarded during the day and locked at night , the key symbolises the freedom of the recipient to enter and leave the city at will , as a trusted friend of city residents .

The Fast and the Furious - wikipedia The Fast and the Furious Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film franchise . For the franchise 's first film , see The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) . For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . The Fast and the Furious Created by Gary Scott Thompson Original work The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Owner Universal Studios Films and television Film ( s ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Short film ( s ) The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Fast & Furious Live Audio Original music BT ( The Fast and the Furious ) David Arnold ( 2 Fast 2 Furious ) Brian Tyler ( Tokyo Drift -- Fast Five , Furious 7 & The Fate of the Furious ) Lucas Vidal ( Fast & Furious 6 ) Miscellaneous Theme park attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged ( 2015 ) Official website http://www.fastandfurious.com/ The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . The spin - off film is set to be released on July 26 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 1.2 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 1.3 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) 1.4 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) 1.5 Fast Five ( 2011 ) 1.6 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) 1.7 Furious 7 ( 2015 ) 1.8 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) 1.9 Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) 1.10 Future 2 Short films 2.1 The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) 2.2 Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) 3 Storyline chronology 4 Characters 5 Cast and crew members 5.1 Characters 6 Reception 6.1 Box office performance 6.2 Critical and public response 7 Franchise extension 7.1 Theme park attractions 7.2 Fast & Furious Live 7.2. 1 Tour overview 7.2. 2 UK tour dates 7.2. 3 Worldwide tour dates 7.3 Soundtracks 7.4 Video games 7.5 Toys and model kits 8 International locations 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Films ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 film ) The film is based on an article , titled `` Racer X '' , about New York street clubs that race Japanese cars late at night , although the film is set primarily in Los Angeles . While elite street racer and ex-convict Dominic Toretto ( Vin Diesel ) and his crew : Jesse ( Chad Lindberg ) , Leon ( Johnny Strong ) , Vince ( Matt Schulze ) and Letty Ortiz ( Michelle Rodriguez ) , are under suspicion of stealing expensive electronic equipment by hijacking moving trucks , Brian O'Conner ( Paul Walker ) is an undercover police officer who attempts to find out who exactly is stealing the equipment . He works for FBI agent Bilkins ( Thom Barry ) and LAPD Sgt . Tanner ( Ted Levine ) . Falling for Dominic 's younger sister , Mia Toretto ( Jordana Brewster ) , Brian confesses to her his status as an undercover police officer and convinces her to come with him to save her brother and his friends from the truck drivers , who have now armed themselves to combat the robberies . He tracks Dominic 's location by triangulating his cell phone signal and they arrive at the hijacking in progress to find Letty , badly injured in a car accident , and Vince critically wounded , having lacerated his arm and been shot by a truck driver . Brian and Mia work together with Dominic , Leon and Letty to rescue Vince . Brian then makes the difficult decision to blow his cover to the crew by phoning in for a medivac . The revelation enrages Dominic , who flees with Leon , Letty , and Mia as the medivac arrives for Vince . Brian soon follows Dominic to his house and holds him at gunpoint to prevent him from fleeing further . Jesse arrives shortly afterwards , apologizing for his actions at Race Wars and pleading for Dominic 's help with Johnny Tran ( Rick Yune ) . Moments later , Tran and his cousin Lance Nguyen ( Reggie Lee ) perform a drive - by shooting , killing Jesse . Brian and Dominic chase them , with Dominic driving his late father 's modified 1970 Dodge Charger . Dominic forces Lance 's motorcycle off the road , severely injuring him , while Brian shoots and kills Tran . Afterwards , Brian and Dominic engage in an impromptu street race , narrowly avoiding a passing train . However , Dominic collides with a semitruck and rolls his car twice , injuring himself , and rendering the Charger undrivable . Instead of arresting him , Brian hands over the keys to his Supra and lets Dominic escape , using the line `` I owe you a ten - second car . '' 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : 2 Fast 2 Furious Watched by undercover Customs Agent Monica Fuentes ( Eva Mendes ) , Brian is caught by US Customs agents and given a deal by FBI Agent Bilkins and Customs Agent Markham ( James Remar ) to go undercover and try to bring down drug lord Carter Verone ( Cole Hauser ) in exchange for the erasure of his criminal record . Brian agrees but only if he is given permission to choose his partner , refusing to partner with the agent assigned to watch him . Brian heads home to Barstow , California , where he recruits Roman Pearce ( Tyrese Gibson ) , a childhood friend of Brian who had served jail time and is under house arrest , to help him . Pearce agrees , but only for the same deal Brian was offered , and with the help of Monica , Brian and Roman work together to take down Verone . After acquiring confiscated vehicles and being hired by Verone as his drivers , the duo return to a Customs / FBI hideout , where Roman confronts Markham over the latter 's interference with the mission . After the situation is cooled down , Brian tells Bilkins and Markham that Verone plans to smuggle the money into his private jet and fly off , but also suspects something wrong with Monica 's role in the mission . Later , Brian and Roman race two of Verone 's drivers for their cars and begin to devise a personal back up plan if the operation goes awry . Roman confronts Brian about his attraction to Monica and the constant threat of Verone 's men . On the day of the mission , Brian and Roman begin transporting duffel bags of Verone 's money , with two of Verone 's men Enrique ( Mo Gallini ) and Roberto ( Roberto Sanchez ) riding along to watch Brian and Roman . Before the 15 - minute window is set , the detective in charge , Whitworth ( Mark Boone Junior ) , decides to call in the police to move in for the arrest , resulting in a high - speed chase across the city . The duo lead the police to a warehouse , where a scramble by dozens of street racers disorient the police . Following the scramble , police manage to pull over the Evo and the Eclipse , only to find out that they were driven by two members of Brian 's new crew , friends , Tej Parker ( Ludacris ) and Suki ( Devon Aoki ) . As Brian approaches the destination point in a Yenko Camaro , Enrique tells him to make a detour away from the airfield . Meanwhile , Roman gets rid of Roberto by using an improvised ejector seat in his ( orange ) Dodge Challenger powered by nitrous oxide . At the airfield , Customs Agents have Verone 's plane and convoy surrounded , only to discover they are duped into a decoy maneuver while Verone is at a boatyard several miles away . As he knew Monica was an undercover agent , he gave her the wrong information on the destination point and plans to use her as leverage . When Brian arrives at the intended drop - off point , Enrique prepares to kill him when Roman suddenly appears and the both of them dispatch Enrique . Verone makes his escape aboard his private yacht , but Brian and Roman use the Yenko Camaro and drive off a ramp , crashing on top of the yacht . The duo manage to apprehend Verone and save Monica . With their crimes pardoned , Brian and Roman ponder on what to do next other than to settle in Miami when the former mentions starting a garage . Roman asks how they would afford that and Brian reveals that he took some of the money , as Roman also reveals that his pockets are n't empty , having taken money for himself . The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift This film 's story occurs sometime after Fast & Furious 6 with a scene that was later made concurrent with events in Furious 7 . After totaling his car in an illegal street race , Sean Boswell ( Lucas Black ) is sent to live in Tokyo , Japan , with his father , a U.S. Navy officer , in order to avoid juvenile detention or even jail . While in school , he befriends Twinkie ( Bow Wow ) , a `` military brat '' who introduces him to the world of drift racing in Japan . Though forbidden to drive , he decides to race against Takashi ( Brian Tee ) aka D.K. ( Drift King ) . He borrows a Nissan Silvia from Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) , now a business partner to Takashi , and loses , totaling the car because of his lack of knowledge of drifting . To repay his debt for the car he destroyed , Sean works for Han . Later on , Han becomes friends with Sean and teaches him how to drift . Takashi 's uncle Kamata ( Sonny Chiba ) ( the head of the Yakuza ) reprimands Takashi for allowing Han to steal from him . Takashi confronts Han , Sean and Neela ( Nathalie Kelley ) , and in doing so , they flee . During the chase , Han is killed in a car accident when his car catches fire . Takashi , Sean , and his father become involved in an armed standoff which is resolved by Neela agreeing to leave with Takashi . Twinkie gives his money to Sean to replace the money Han stole , which Sean then returns to Kamata . Sean proposes a race against Takashi to determine who must leave Tokyo . Sean and Han 's friends then build a 1967 Ford Mustang , with an inline - 6 engine and other parts salvaged from Han 's Silvia that Sean had destroyed . Sean wins the race and is later challenged by Dominic Toretto . Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Fast & Furious , as well as its succeeding films , takes place before the events of The Fast and The Furious : Tokyo Drift . About five years after the events of the first film , Dominic and his new crew ( Letty , Han , Leo , Santos and Cara ) have been hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . When their trail gets too hot , Dominic disbands the crew . However , he is later informed that Letty has been murdered . Dominic returns to Los Angeles where he finds traces of nitro - methane at the crash site , and tracks the buyer of the gas to David Park . Meanwhile , Brian O'Conner , who has been working as an FBI agent , is tracking down a drug trafficker named Arturo Braga . When Brian and Dominic cross paths at David Park 's apartment , Dominic is about to drop David out the window . But Brian intervenes , and works a scheme where he enters a street race where the winner would join Braga 's team of drivers . Although Dominic wins the four - car race by bumping Brian 's car , Brian later joins the team by replacing one of Braga 's other drivers . The team meets Fenix Calderon ( Laz Alonso ) who directs them to drive the heroin across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian realizes that the drivers are to be killed following the mission , and when Fenix reveals to Dominic that he killed Letty , Dominic detonates the nitrous in his car , blowing up a bunch of vehicles . In the chaos , Brian hijacks the Hummer that is carrying the heroin . Dominic and Brian drive back to Los Angeles , hiding the heroin in an impound lot . When Dominic learns Brian was the last person to contact Letty , he attacks him until Brian reveals that Letty was working undercover for Brian , tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's name . Brian negotiates with the agency to free Dominic if they can lure Braga into personally coming to exchange the heroin for cash . However , at the drop site , it is revealed that the Braga they arrested was a decoy , and that the real Braga ( John Ortiz ) has escaped , fleeing to Mexico . Suspended from duty , Brian joins Dominic to go to Mexico and in hopes of catching Braga . Although Braga agreeably surrenders , they are pursued by Braga 's men through town and then the tunnels . Fenix T - bones Brian 's car right outside the tunnel exit , but before he can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As the police arrive , Dominic refuses to escape , saying he is tired of running . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . During the prison bus ride to Lompoc penitentiary , Brian and Mia , along with Leo and Santos , arrive in their cars and intercept the bus . Fast Five ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five This section is transcluded from Fast Five . ( edit history ) When Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto is being transported to Lompoc Prison by bus , his sister Mia Toretto and friend Brian O'Conner lead an assault on the bus , causing it to crash and freeing Dom . While the authorities search for them , the trio escapes to Rio de Janeiro . Awaiting Dom 's arrival , Mia and Brian join their friend Vince and other participants on a job to steal three cars from a train . Brian and Mia discover that agents from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) are also on the train and that the cars are seized property . When Dom arrives with the rest of the participants , he realizes that the lead participant , Zizi , is only interested in stealing one car - a Ford GT40 . Dom has Mia steal the car herself before he and Brian fight Zizi and his henchmen , during which Zizi kills the DEA agents assigned to the vehicles . Dom and Brian are captured and brought to crime lord Hernan Reyes , the owner of the cars and Zizi 's boss . Reyes orders the pair be interrogated to discover the location of the car , but they manage to escape and retreat to their safehouse . While Brian , Dom , and Mia examine the car to discover its importance , Vince arrives and is caught trying to remove a computer chip from it . He admits he was planning to sell the chip to Reyes on his own , and Dom forces him to leave . Brian investigates the chip and discovers it contains the complete financial details of Reyes ' criminal empire , including the locations of US $100 million in cash . Diplomatic Security Service agent Luke Hobbs and his team arrive in Rio to arrest Dom and Brian . With the help of local officer Elena Neves , they travel to Dom 's safehouse , but find it under assault by Reyes ' men . Brian , Dom and Mia escape ; Dom suggests they split up and leave Rio , but Mia announces she is pregnant with Brian 's child . Dom agrees to stick together and suggests they steal the money from Reyes to start a new life . They organize a team to perform the heist : Han , Roman , Tej , Gisele , Leo , and Santos . Vince later joins the team after saving Mia from being captured by Reyes ' men . Hobbs and his team eventually find and arrest Dom , Mia , Brian , and Vince . While transporting them to the airport for extradition to the United States , the convoy is attacked by Reyes ' men , who kill Hobbs ' team . Hobbs and Elena are saved by Dom , Brian , Mia , and Vince as they fight back and escape , but Vince is shot in the process and dies . Wanting to avenge his murdered team , Hobbs and Elena agree to help with the heist . The gang break into the police station and tear the vault holding Reyes ' money from the building using their cars , dragging it through the city . After an extensive police chase , Dom makes Brian continue without him while he attacks the police and the pursuing Reyes , using the vault attached to his car to smash their vehicles . Brian returns and kills Zizi while Reyes is badly injured by Dom 's assault . Hobbs arrives on the scene and executes Reyes to avenge his team . Though Hobbs refuses to let Dom and Brian go free , he gives them a 24 - hour head start to escape on the condition they leave the vault as it is . However , the vault is empty as it had been switched during the chase . After splitting the cash ( Vince 's share is given to his family ) , they go their separate ways . On a tropical beach , Brian and a visibly pregnant Mia relax . They are met by Dom and Elena . Brian challenges Dom to a final , no - stakes race to prove who is the better driver . In a mid-credits scene , Hobbs is given a file by Monica Fuentes concerning the hijack of a military convoy in Berlin , where he discovers a recent photo of Dom 's former girlfriend Letty , who had been presumed dead . Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : Fast & Furious 6 This section is transcluded from Fast & Furious 6 . ( edit history ) Following their successful heist in Brazil , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and his professional criminal crew have fled around the world : Dom lives with Elena ; his sister Mia lives with Brian O'Conner and their son , Jack ; Gisele and Han live together ; and Roman and Tej live in luxury . Meanwhile , DSS agent Luke Hobbs and Riley Hicks investigate the destruction of a Russian military convoy by a crew led by former British SAS Major and special ops soldier Owen Shaw . Hobbs persuades Dom to help capture Shaw by showing him a photo of the supposedly long - dead Letty Ortiz , Dom 's former lover . Dom and his crew accept the mission in exchange for their amnesty , allowing them to return to the United States . In London , Shaw 's hideout is found , but this is revealed to be a trap , distracting them and the police while Shaw 's crew performs a heist at an Interpol building . Shaw flees by car , detonating his hideout and disabling most of the police , leaving Dom , Brian , Tej , Han , Gisele , Hobbs , and Riley to pursue him . Letty arrives to help Shaw , shooting Dom without hesitation before escaping . Back at their headquarters , Hobbs tells Dom 's crew that Shaw is stealing components to create a deadly device , intending to sell it to the highest bidder . Meanwhile , Shaw 's investigation into the opposing crew reveals Letty 's relationship with Dom , but she is revealed to be suffering from amnesia . Dominic 's crew learns that Shaw is connected to a drug lord who was imprisoned by Brian , Arturo Braga . Brian returns to Los Angeles as a prisoner to question Braga , who says Letty survived the explosion that seemingly killed her ; Shaw took her in after discovering her amnesia . With FBI help , Brian is released from prison , regrouping with the team in London . Dom challenges Letty in a street racing competition ; afterwards , he returns her cross necklace he had kept . After Letty leaves , Shaw offers Dom a chance to walk away , threatening to otherwise hurt his family , but Dom refuses . Tej tracks Shaw 's next attack to a Spanish NATO base . Shaw 's crew assaults a highway military convoy carrying a computer chip to complete his deadly device . Dom 's crew interferes while Shaw , accompanied by Letty , commandeers a tank , destroying cars en route . Brian and Roman manage to flip the tank before it causes further damage , resulting in Letty being thrown from the vehicle and Dom risking his life to save her . Shaw and his crew are captured , but reveal Mia has been kidnapped by Shaw . Hobbs is forced to release Shaw , and Riley , revealed to be Shaw 's covert accomplice , leaves with him ; Letty chooses to remain with Dom . Shaw 's group board a large moving aircraft on a runway as Dom 's crew gives chase . Dom , Letty , and Brian board the craft ; Brian rescues Mia , escaping in an onboard car . The plane attempts take - off , but is held down by excess weight as the rest of the team tether the plane to their vehicles . Gisele sacrifices herself to save Han from Shaw 's henchman ; Letty kills Riley and escapes to safety , but Dom pursues Shaw and the computer chip . As the plane crashes into the ground , Shaw is thrown from it , seriously injuring him , and Dom drives a car out of the exploding plane . Dom reunites with his crew , and gives the chip to Hobbs to secure their pardons . Dom and the others return to his old family home in Los Angeles . Hobbs and Elena , now working together , arrive to confirm the crew 's freedom ; Elena accepts that Dom loves Letty . As Roman says grace over the crew 's meal , Dom asks Letty if the gathering feels familiar ; she answers `` no , but it feels like home . '' In a mid-credits scene , which takes place in Tokyo , Han is involved in a car chase when he is suddenly broadsided by an oncoming car . The driver walks away from the scene after leaving Letty 's cross necklace by the crash , and calls Dom as Han 's car fatally explodes , saying , `` You do n't know me . You 're about to . '' Furious 7 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Furious 7 This section is transcluded from Furious 7 . ( edit history ) After defeating Owen Shaw and his crew and securing amnesty for their past crimes , Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto , Brian O'Conner and the rest of their team have returned to the United States to live normal lives again . Brian begins to accustom himself to life as a father , while Dom tries to help Letty Ortiz regain her memory . Meanwhile , Owen 's older brother , Deckard Shaw , breaks into the secure hospital that the comatose Owen is being held in and swears vengeance against Dom and his team , before breaking into Luke Hobbs ' Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) office to extract profiles of Dom 's crew . After revealing his identity , Shaw engages Hobbs in a fight , and escapes when he detonates a bomb that severely injures Hobbs . Dom later learns from his sister Mia that she is pregnant again and convinces her to tell Brian . However , a bomb , disguised in a package sent from Tokyo , explodes and destroys the Toretto house just seconds after Han , a member of Dom 's team , is killed by Shaw in Tokyo . Dom later visits Hobbs in a hospital , where he learns that Shaw is a rogue special forces assassin seeking to avenge his brother . Dom then travels to Tokyo to claim Han 's body , and meets and races Sean Boswell , a friend of Han 's who gives him personal items found at Han 's crash site . Back at Han 's funeral in Los Angeles , Dom notices a car observing them , and after a chase , confronts its driver , who is revealed to be Shaw . Both prepare to fight , but Shaw flees when a covert ops team arrives and opens fire , led by Mr. Nobody . Nobody says that he will assist Dom in stopping Shaw if he helps him obtain God 's Eye , a computer program that uses digital devices to track down a person , and save its creator , a hacker named Ramsey , from a mercenary named Mose Jakande . Dom , Brian , Letty , Roman Pearce , and Tej Parker then airdrop their cars over the Caucasus Mountains in Azerbaijan , ambush Jakande 's convoy , and rescue Ramsey . The team then heads to Abu Dhabi , where a billionaire has acquired the flash drive containing God 's Eye , and manages to steal it from the owner . With God 's Eye near telecommunications repeaters , the team tracks down Shaw , who is waiting at a remote factory . Dom , Brian , Nobody and his team attempt to capture Shaw , but are ambushed by Jakande and his men and forced to flee while Jakande obtains God 's Eye . At his own request , the injured Nobody is left behind to be evacuated by helicopter while Brian and Dom continue without him . To reduce their disadvantage , the crew returns to Los Angeles to fight Shaw , Jakande and his men . Meanwhile , Brian promises Mia that once they deal with Shaw , he will retire and fully dedicate himself to their family . While Jakande pursues Brian and the rest of the team with a stealth helicopter and an aerial drone , Ramsey attempts to hack into God 's Eye . Hobbs , seeing the team in trouble , leaves the hospital and destroys the drone with an ambulance . Brian engages Jakande 's henchman Kiet and throws him down an elevator shaft , allowing Ramsey to regain control of God 's Eye and shut it down . Dom and Shaw engage in a one - on - one brawl on top of a public parking garage , before Jakande intervenes and attacks them both . Shaw is defeated when part of the parking garage collapses beneath him . Dom then launches his vehicle at Jakande 's helicopter , tossing Shaw 's bag of grenades onto its skids , before injuring himself when his car lands and crashes . Hobbs then shoots the bag of grenades from ground level , destroying the helicopter and killing Jakande . Dom is pulled from the wreckage of his car , believed to be dead . As Letty cradles Dom 's body in her arms , she reveals that she has regained her memories , and that she remembers their wedding . Dom regains consciousness soon after , remarking , `` It 's about time '' . Shaw is taken into custody by Hobbs and locked away in a secret , high - security prison . At a beach , Brian and Mia play with their son while Dom , Letty , Roman , Tej , and Ramsey observe , acknowledging that Brian is better off retired with his family . Dom silently leaves , Ramsey asks if he 's gon na say goodbye . Dom says , `` It 's never goodbye . '' He drives away , but Brian catches up with him at a crossroad . As Dom remembers the times that he had with Brian , they bid each other farewell and drive off in separate directions , as the screen fades to `` For Paul '' written on a white title screen . The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fate of the Furious This section is transcluded from The Fate of the Furious . ( edit history ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him . Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts a defeated Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Hobbs & Shaw ( 2019 ) ( edit ) Vin Diesel announced in an interview with Variety that potential spin - offs for the series were in the early stages of development . A spin - off film centered around two characters Luke Hobbs and Deckard Shaw has been announced by Universal and has a release date of July 26 , 2019 , with Variety reporting that Shane Black is being considered to direct and Morgan returning to write the script . The announcement of the spin - off provoked a response on Instagram by Tyrese Gibson , criticizing Johnson for causing the ninth Fast & Furious film to be delayed for another year . On October 23 , 2017 , Dwayne Johnson posted a video on Instagram which showed the finished script for the spin - off , titled Hobbs and Shaw . In February 2018 , David Leitch entered talks to direct the film . In March 2018 , it was reported that the film will start production in September 2018 . On April 12 , 2018 , it was announced that Leitch would direct the film . Future ( edit ) In February 2016 , Diesel announced the ninth film and tenth film would be released on April 10 , 2020 , and April 2 , 2021 , respectively , and that the tenth film would serve as the final film in the series . Justin Lin is reportedly in line to direct the ninth installment . It was also announced that Jordana Brewster would return for the ninth installment . In September of the same year , both Caleb and Cody Walker revealed to Entertainment Tonight that their brother 's character may possibly return for another cameo in the franchise . On April 23 , 2018 , Universal and DreamWorks Animation are creating an animated series based on the franchise and will be launched on Netflix . Short films ( edit ) The turbo charged prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious The short film was included on a new print of the DVD of the first film in June 2003 to bridge the first two films . Brian O'Conner packs his bags and leaves Los Angeles , before the LAPD gets a chance to arrest him for letting Dominic escape . While the FBI launch a national manhunt for him , Brian travels across Arizona , New Mexico , and Texas , winning every street race he participates in , with his red Dodge Stealth . However , he is forced to ditch his car at a motel in San Antonio when police officers are notified of his presence . When they collect the car , he manages to hitch a ride from an unknown woman ( Minka Kelly ) , despite her knowing who he really is . She drops him at a used car lot , with him realizing she knows that he is a wanted man . There , he buys a green Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 . Later , collecting money from street races , he modifies the car with new rims and repaints it silver before traveling eastbound and winning more races on the way . Upon reaching Jacksonville , Florida , Brian heads south toward Miami , where he sees Slap Jack 's Toyota Supra and Orange Julius ' Mazda RX - 7 ( both 2 Fast 2 Furious characters ) before the screen reads `` 2 be continued ... '' . Los bandoleros ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : Los Bandoleros ( film ) Tego Leo ( Tego Calderón ) is in a Dominican Republic prison , ranting about corporations holding back the electric car and starting wars for oil . Meanwhile , on the streets , Rico Santos ( Don Omar ) chats to an old man unable to find enough gas . Han Lue ( Sung Kang ) arrives and is collected from the airport by Cara ( Mirtha Michelle ) and Malo ( F. Valentino Morales ) . They drive him back to Santos ' house , where his aunt Rubia ( Adria Carrasco ) is struggling with rising prices linked to the cost of gasoline and Dominic is working on his car . The team then enjoy a welcome meal with the family . After breaking Leo out of prison , they head to a club , where Han and Cara flirt , while Dominic meets up with local politician Elvis ( Juan Fernandez ) , who informs them of a window of opportunity to hijack a gasoline shipment . While relaxing at the club afterwards , Dominic is surprised by the arrival of Letty , who has tracked him from Mexico . The two drive together to the beach , where they `` rekindle their relationship '' . Storyline chronology ( edit ) Below is a table of all films , both short and feature length , in chronological order . Real world release dates are also noted . Timeline order Title Release date The Fast and the Furious 2001 - 06 - 22 ! June 22 , 2001 -- The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 03 ! June 3 , 2003 2 Fast 2 Furious 2003 - 06 - 06 ! June 6 , 2003 -- Los Bandoleros 2009 - 07 - 28 ! July 28 , 2009 Fast & Furious 2009 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2009 Fast Five 2011 - 04 - 29 ! April 29 , 2011 5 Fast & Furious 6 2013 - 05 - 24 ! May 24 , 2013 6 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 2006 - 06 - 16 ! June 16 , 2006 7 Furious 7 2015 - 04 - 03 ! April 3 , 2015 8 The Fate of the Furious 2017 - 04 - 12 ! April 14 , 2017 Characters ( edit ) Observação * The dark grey - colored fields indicate that the character did not appear in the film Character Filme The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) Turbo - Charged Prelude ( 2003 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast Six ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Dominic Toretto Vin Diesel Vin Diesel Brian O'Conner Paul Walker Paul Walker Letty Ortiz Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Michelle Rodriguez Mia Toretto Jordana Brewster Jordana Brewster Roman Pearce Tyrese Gibson Tyrese Gibson Sean Boswell Lucas Black Lucas Black Tej Parker Ludacris Ludacris Han Seoul - Oh Sung Kang Tego Leo Tego Calderó Tego Calderón Rico Santos Don Omar Don Omar Gisele Yashar Gal Gadot Luke Hobbs Dwayne Johnson Twinkie Bow Wow ( rapper ) Bow Wow ( rapper ) Elena Neves Elsa Pataky Owen Shaw Luke Evans Deckard Shaw Jason Statham Neela Nathalie Kelley Nathalie Kelley Cast and crew members ( edit ) Crew / Detail The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Director Rob Cohen John Singleton Justin Lin James Wan F. Gary Gray Producer ( s ) Neal H. Moritz Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Clayton Townsend Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell Neal H. Moritz , Vin Diesel , Michael Fottrell , Chris Morgan Writer ( s ) Screenplay by : Gary Scott Thompson Erik Bergquist David Ayer Based on : `` Racer X '' by Ken Li Screenplay by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Story by : Michael Brandt Derek Haas Gary Scott Thompson Written by : Chris Morgan Based on characters by : Gary Scott Thompson Cinematographer ( s ) Ericson Core Matthew F. Leonetti Stephen F. Windon Amir Mokri Stephen F. Windon Stephen F. Windon Marc Spicer Stephen F. Windon Composer BT David Arnold Brian Tyler Lucas Vidal Brian Tyler Editor ( s ) Peter Honess Bruce Cannon Dallas Puett Kelly Matsumoto Dallas Puett Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Kelly Matsumoto Fred Raskin Christian Wagner Christian Wagner Kelly Matsumoto Dylan Highsmith Greg D'auria Leigh Folsom Boyd Christian Wagner Leigh Folsom Boyd Dylan Highsmith Kirk M. Morri Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Costume Designer ( s ) Sanja Milkovic Hays Production Designer Waldemar Kalinowski Keith Brian Burns Ida Random Peter Wenham Jan Roelfs Bill Brzeski Running time 106 minutes 107 minutes 104 minutes 107 minutes 131 minutes ( extended - 132 minutes ) 130 minutes ( extended - 131 minutes ) 137 minutes ( extended - 140 minutes ) 136 minutes ( extended , only on digital - 148 minutes ) MPAA rating PG - 13 PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended version ) PG - 13 ( Theatrical version ) Unrated ( Extended Director 's Cut , only on Digital ) Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each film , see the `` Reception '' section on each film 's article . Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Budget Box office gross Box office ranking Ref ( s ) North America Other territories Worldwide All time North America All time Other territories All time worldwide The Fast and the Furious June 22 , 2001 $38,000,000 $144,533,925 $62,750,000 $207,283,925 # 299 # 573 2 Fast 2 Furious June 6 , 2003 $76,000,000 $127,154,901 $109,195,760 $236,350,661 # 388 # 476 The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift June 16 , 2006 $85,000,000 $62,514,415 $95,953,877 $158,468,292 # 1,121 Fast & Furious April 3 , 2009 $85,000,000 $155,064,265 $208,100,000 $363,164,265 # 281 # 257 # 244 Fast Five April 29 , 2011 $125,000,000 $209,837,675 $416,300,000 $626,137,675 # 137 # 85 # 89 Fast & Furious 6 May 24 , 2013 $160,000,000 $238,679,850 $550,000,000 $788,679,850 # 101 # 38 # 49 Furious 7 April 3 , 2015 $190,000,000 $353,007,020 $1,163,038,891 $1,516,045,911 # 37 # 3 # 6 The Fate of the Furious April 14 , 2017 $250,000,000 $226,008,385 $1,009,996,733 $1,236,005,118 # 140 # 6 # 11 Total $1,009,000,000 $1,516,800,436 $3,615,335,261 $5,132,135,697 10 - 6 List indicator ( s ) A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film . Critical and public response ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore The Fast and the Furious 53 % ( 147 reviews ) 58 ( 34 reviews ) 7001750000000000000 ♠ B+ 2 Fast 2 Furious 36 % ( 160 reviews ) 38 ( 36 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift 37 % ( 114 reviews ) 45 ( 32 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast & Furious 29 % ( 175 reviews ) 46 ( 28 reviews ) 7001833300000000000 ♠ A - Fast Five 77 % ( 196 reviews ) 66 ( 41 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Fast & Furious 6 69 % ( 198 reviews ) 61 ( 39 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Furious 7 80 % ( 240 reviews ) 67 ( 50 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A The Fate of the Furious 66 % ( 253 reviews ) 56 ( 45 reviews ) 7001916700000000000 ♠ A Franchise extension ( edit ) Theme Park attractions ( edit ) Universal has incorporated several theme park attractions involving the Fast & Furious franchise . Universal Studios Hollywood and its Studio Tour has featured several of the picture car vehicles . From 2006 to 2013 , The Fast & The Furious : Extreme Close - Up attraction was part of the Studio Tour . On June 25 , 2015 , Universal Studios Hollywood allotted the final portion of their Studio Tour for the dark ride Fast and Furious : Supercharged . Universal Orlando announced the development of a ride of the same name to open in 2018 . Fast & Furious live ( edit ) Fast & Furious Live is a live show that combines stunt drivers , pyrotechnics and projection mapping . The show had two preview shows on January 11 -- 12 at Liverpool 's Echo Arena . It officially began its tour at London 's The O2 Arena on January 19 , 2018 , followed by a worldwide tour until later in 2018 . On March 1 , 2018 , it was revealed on the tour 's website that five new dates had been released for September . The following list is sourced from the tour 's website . Tour overview ( edit ) Tour Cities Shows Start date End date UK London ; Newcastle ; Manchester ; Birmingham ; Sheffield ; Belfast ; Glasgow 20 19 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 13 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Worldwide Antwerp ; Vienna ; Munich ; Cologne ; Lisbon ; Zürich ; Stockholm ; Oslo ; Helsinki ; Copenhagen ; Berlin ; Paris ; Turin ; Amsterdam ; Prague 36 26 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 22 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 22 ) UK tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) The O2 Arena London 19 / 20 January 2018 Metro Radio Arena Newcastle 6 - 8 April 2018 Manchester Arena Manchester 13 - 15 April 2018 Arena Birmingham Birmingham 20 - 22 April 2018 The SSE Arena Belfast 27 - 29 April 2018 FlyDSA Arena Sheffield 4 - 6 May 2018 The SSE Hydro Glasgow 11 - 13 May 2018 Worldwide tour dates ( edit ) Venue ( s ) City ( s ) Country ( s ) Show ( s ) Date ( s ) Sportpaleis Antwerp Belgium 26 - 28 January 2018 Stadthalle Vienna Austria 9 - 11 February 2018 Olympiahalle Munich Germany 16 - 18 February 2018 Lanxess Arena Cologne 2 - 4 March 2018 Altice Arena Lisbon Portugal 17 March 2018 Hallenstadion Zürich Switzerland 18 - 20 May 2018 Ericsson Globe Stockholm Sweden 25 - 27 May 2018 Telenor Arena Oslo Norway 1 - 3 June 2018 Hartwall Arena Helsinki Finland 8 - 10 June 2018 Royal Arena Copenhagen Denmark 15 - 17 June 2018 Mercedes - Benz Arena Berlin Germany 22 - 24 June 2018 AccorHotels Arena Paris France 29 June -- 1 July 2018 Pala Alpitour Turin Italy 7 / 8 September 2018 Ziggo Dome Amsterdam The Netherlands 15 September 2018 O2 Arena Prague Czech Republic 21 / 22 September 2018 Soundtracks ( edit ) Fast & Furious soundtrack albums Title Release date The Fast and the Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2001 First soundtrack to the 2001 film More Fast and Furious 2001 Second soundtrack album to the 2001 film 2 Fast 2 Furious : Soundtrack 2003 Soundtrack to the 2003 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2006 First soundtrack to the 2006 film The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2006 Second soundtrack to the 2006 film Fast & Furious : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2009 First soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) 2009 Second soundtrack to the 2009 film Fast Five ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2011 First soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast Five : Original Motion Picture Score 2011 Second soundtrack to the 2011 film Fast & Furious 6 ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) 2013 Soundtrack to the 2013 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 2015 First soundtrack to the 2015 film Furious 7 : Original Motion Picture Score 2015 Second soundtrack to the 2015 film The Fate of the Furious : The Album 2017 First soundtrack to the 2017 film The Fate of the Furious : Original Motion Picture Score 2017 Second soundtrack to the 2017 film Video games ( edit ) The film series has spawned several racing video games for various systems . The arcade game The Fast and the Furious ( known as Wild Speed in Japan ) was released by Raw Thrills in 2004 . In 2006 , the video game The Fast and the Furious was released for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . Several games ( The Fast and the Furious : Pink Slip , Fast & Furious , Fast Five , Fast & Furious : Adrenaline , Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy ) have all been released for iOS and are available on the iTunes App Store ; for Android devices there is an official version of Fast & Furious 6 : The Game and Fast & Furious Legacy . In 2013 , Fast & Furious : Showdown was released for the PC ( Windows OS ) , Xbox 360 , PlayStation 3 , Wii U and Nintendo 3DS . Various cars , locations and characters from the series have also appeared in the Facebook game Car Town . In 2015 , in a deal with Microsoft Studios , a standalone expansion of Forza Horizon 2 for Xbox One and Xbox 360 was released titled Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious . Toys and model kits ( edit ) Racing Champions released diecast metal replicas of the film 's cars in different scales from 1 / 18 to 1 / 64 . RadioShack sold ZipZaps micro RC versions of the cars in 2002 . 1 / 24 scale plastic model kits of the hero cars were manufactured by AMT Ertl . Johnny Lightning , under the JL Full Throttle Brand , released 1 / 64th and 1 / 24th models of the cars from Tokyo Drift . These models were designed by Diecast Hall of Fame designer Eric Tscherne . Greenlight has also sold cars from the new films in the series and some from the previous films . Hot Wheels has released 1 / 64 models since 2013 . International locations ( edit ) The Fast and the Furious franchise was filmed in a number of countries including : Brazil , Cuba , Dominican Republic , Germany , Iceland , Japan , Mexico , Panama , Puerto Rico , Spain , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and the United States . See also ( edit ) List of highest - grossing film franchises References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fast and the Furious Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . June 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ David Gonzales ( 6 April 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 7 ' Marks Universal 's Biggest Franchise Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious ' Spinoffs In the Works ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 10 Cast and Crew '' . Fast and Furious . January 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast & Furious : The Rock And Jason Statham Spin - Off Coming In 2019 '' . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson and Jason Statham 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff Gets 2019 Release Date '' . Jump up ^ `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director in Early Talks for Dwayne Johnson 's ' Fast and Furious ' Spinoff '' . Jump up ^ `` The Rock 's Fast and Furious Spin - Off Begins Shooting This Fall '' . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott . `` Box Office : ' Fast And Furious 9 ' Delay Offers Answer To Universal 's ' Wicked ' Problem '' . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 9 ' Moved Back a Year to 2020 '' . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Universal Sets Dates for ' Fast & Furious ' Parts 9 and 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 10 will be the final movie of the series '' . April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Fast and Furious Spinoff Gets July 2019 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Paul Walker 's brother Cody claims Fast & Furious : Ride or Die ' WILL be filmed and set in Australia ' '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast and Furious ' Animated Series From DreamWorks Animation Set at Netflix '' . Variety . April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ aegies . `` The Fast & Furious Timeline '' . Polygon . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Challenge '' . The Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- WORLDWIDE GROSSES - Overseas '' . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo Movie Franchises -- Franchise Index '' . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Gross '' . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BoxOfficeMojo -- Alltime Box Office -- Worldwide Grosses & # 1 - 100 '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TheNumbers Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Five ( 2011 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` theStudioTour.com - Universal Studios Hollywood - The Fast and the Furious '' . thestudiotour.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious attraction takes shape at Universal Studios Hollywood '' . Los Angeles Times . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ IGN Cars ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` Fast and Furious : Extreme Close Up '' . IGN . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marc Graser . `` ' Fast & Furious - Supercharged ' Opening at Universal Studios June 25 - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Universal Orlando Close Up - New Fast & Furious Ride Coming - Universal Orlando Blog '' . Close Up . Jump up ^ Spectacular Fast and Furious car stunt live show is a £ 25m gamble - Mark Brown , The Guardian , 22 September 2017 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2005 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mods -- RadioShack ZipZaps -- These Zaps Zip From Radio Shack '' . Micro RC Cars . November 25 , 2002 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2004 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ HW City / Speed Power Series ( 2013 New Model ) : Toyota Supra - Orange Track Diecast , 8 January 2016 Jump up ^ The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 05 External links ( edit ) Official website The Fast and the Furious on IMDb ( hide ) The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar TV series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Cite error : There are < ref group = N > tags on this page , but the references will not show without a ( ( reflist group = N ) ) template ( see the help page ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fast_and_the_Furious&oldid=838040431 '' Categories : The Fast and the Furious Action films by series American action adventure films Action thriller films Auto racing films Crime films by series Crime thriller films Film series American road movies Techno - thriller films Thriller films by series Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from March 2016 Pages with reference errors Pages with missing references list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 15 : 28 . 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when did fast and furious 5 come out

The Fast and the Furious ( also known as Fast & Furious ) is an American franchise based on a series of action films that is largely concerned with illegal street racing , heists and espionage , and includes material in various other media that depicts characters and situations from the films . Distributed by Universal Pictures , the series was established with the 2001 film titled The Fast and the Furious ; this was followed by seven sequels , two short films that tie into the series , and as of May 2017 , it has become Universal 's biggest franchise of all time , currently the sixth - highest - grossing film series of all time with a combined gross of over $5 billion . The spin - off film is set to be released on July 26 , 2019 .

Skywalker family - wikipedia Skywalker family Jump to : navigation , search `` Skywalker '' redirects here . For other uses , see Skywalker ( disambiguation ) . This Star Wars - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Skywalker family is a fictional family in the Star Wars franchise . Within the series ' fictional universe , the Skywalkers are a bloodline with strong inherent capabilities related to the Force . Luke Skywalker , his twin sister Princess Leia , and their father Darth Vader are central characters in the original Star Wars film trilogy . Vader , in his previous identity as Anakin Skywalker , is a lead character in the prequel film trilogy . Luke , Leia , and Leia 's son Kylo Ren play crucial roles in the sequel trilogy of films . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Family members 2.1 Shmi Skywalker - Lars 2.2 Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) 2.3 Padmé Amidala 2.4 Luke Skywalker 2.5 Leia Organa 2.6 Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) 3 Family tree 4 Legends 4.1 Ben Skywalker 4.2 Nat Skywalker 4.3 Kol Skywalker 4.4 Cade Skywalker 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) In terms of the series ' internal chronology , the Skywalkers first appeared in the 1999 film Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . In this film , Jedi Knight Qui - Gon Jinn discovers Shmi Skywalker and her son Anakin as slaves on the planet Tatooine . Qui - Gon finds that Anakin has a higher count of midi - chlorians ( force - imparting microorganisms ) than any Jedi , even Yoda , counting to about 20,000 . Shmi informs Qui - Gon that Anakin has no father , leading Qui - Gon to suggest that Anakin is a product of midi - chlorians , an example of a miraculous birth . As the film progresses , Anakin leaves Tatooine to begin his Jedi training . Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that , in Anakin 's absence , Shmi has married Cliegg Lars , becoming the stepmother of Owen . Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers . Owen later marries Beru Whitesun . As a Jedi Knight , Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala . In Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith Padme gives birth to twins , Luke and Leia . Luke is raised by Beru and Owen Lars on Tatooine . While Leia is raised by Senator Bail Organa and Queen Breha Organa on Alderaan . In Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Leia and her husband Han Solo , after marrying have a son named Ben Solo , who later adopts the name Kylo Ren . The family breaks apart following Ben 's descent into the dark side , with Leia and Han separating . Family members ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker - Lars ( edit ) Shmi Skywalker is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe , portrayed by Pernilla August . She appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace and Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones . She is the mother of Anakin Skywalker , paternal grandmother to Luke Skywalker and Leia Organa and paternal - maternal great - grandmother to Kylo Ren . Her first name is derived from Lakshmi , a Hindu goddess . In The Phantom Menace , she and her son are introduced as slaves of junk merchant Watto on the desert world Tatooine . She welcomes Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn ( Liam Neeson ) into their home , and tells him that Anakin has no father ; she simply `` became '' pregnant with him . Qui - Gon helps Anakin win his freedom , but can not get Shmi out of slavery . She allows Anakin to leave with Qui - Gon , assuring her heartbroken son that they will meet again . In Attack of the Clones , Anakin ( Hayden Christensen ) , now a young adult Jedi apprentice , senses through the Force that she is in pain . He travels to Tatooine to find her , and , upon arriving , learns that she had been freed by and married to moisture farmer Cliegg Lars ( Jack Thompson ) , but had recently been abducted by Tusken Raiders . He finds her inside one of their encampments , but it 's too late -- beaten and tortured beyond help , she dies in his arms . Heartbroken and enraged , Anakin slaughters every single Tusken in the camp , including the women and children . His mother 's death ignites a strong anger in Anakin , and sets him on the path to becoming Darth Vader . Anakin Skywalker ( Darth Vader ) ( edit ) Main article : Darth Vader Anakin Skywalker is the son of Shmi Skywalker and no father , due to being conceived through the force . Anakin is discovered on Tatooine by Jedi Master Qui - Gon Jinn who is sure that the boy is the `` Chosen One '' of Jedi Prophecy , who will bring balance to the Force . After the death of Qui - Gon , he becomes the Padawan of Obi - Wan Kenobi . He also forms a close bond with Padmé Amidala , the young senator of Naboo . The newly elected Chancellor of the Galactic Republic , Palpatine , also befriends Anakin , promising to watch the boy 's progress `` with great interest '' and advise him . Torn between his loyalty to the Jedi and his drive for power , Anakin succumbs to temptation and becomes Darth Vader . Padmé Amidala ( edit ) Main article : Padmé Amidala The secret wife of Anakin Skywalker , and mother of Luke and Leia and maternal grandmother of Kylo Ren . She served as Queen of Naboo , and later as a Senator for her planet . Her closest friend in the Senate was Senator Bail Organa . She reconnected and fell in love with Anakin Skywalker after he was assigned to protect her from an assassination attempt , and secretly married him shortly after the Battle of Geonosis , and died while giving birth to her children shortly after the first Empire Day . Obi - Wan and Yoda decided to separate the children in order to keep them hidden from Darth Vader . Luke Skywalker ( edit ) Main article : Luke Skywalker Luke Skywalker is the son of Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker and Senator of Naboo , Padmé Amidala . He is taken in by his uncle and aunt , Owen and Beru Lars , after the death of Padmé and Anakin 's fall to the dark side . He is force sensitive and skilled with a lightsaber . In Return of the Jedi , a dying Yoda confirms to Luke , that Darth Vader ( previously Anakin Skywalker ) is actually his father , despite Luke 's belief that Vader 's claim to fatherhood in The Empire Strikes Back was a ruse to pull Luke to the dark side . He also finds out from Obi - Wan 's force ghost that Princess Leia Organa is his sister . In The Force Awakens , as the last known Jedi , Luke is in hiding after failing to prevent his nephew Ben ( now Kylo Ren ) from turning to the dark side to join Supreme Leader Snoke . Leia Organa ( edit ) Main article : Princess Leia The daughter of Anakin Skywalker and Padmé Amidala , Leia Organa was adopted by Bail and Breha Organa of Alderaan . At age 19 she is the Princess of Alderaan , and is captured by Darth Vader while in the Tantive IV blockade runner on a so - called `` diplomatic mission '' . Leia is shown to be force sensitive . In The Empire Strikes Back , Leia professes her love for Han Solo when he is put into carbonite stasis , although it is originally Han and Luke who compete for her affections . In Return of the Jedi , planning to feed Luke , Han , and Chewbacca to the flesh eating Sarlacc , Jabba the Hutt is instead strangled to death by Leia by a chain he has on her . She later becomes involved in the Battle of Endor . In the years that follow , she becomes General Organa , the leader of the Resistance , a military organization unofficially backed by the New Republic to counter the First Order . She married Han Solo and had a son named Ben Solo , later Kylo Ren , whose turning to the dark side separated the couple before the events of The Force Awakens . Leia has been on a search to find her missing brother Luke and save her son from the dark side . Ben Solo ( Kylo Ren ) ( edit ) Main article : Kylo Ren Ben Solo is the son of Leia Organa and Han Solo . He initially trains to be a Jedi under his uncle , Luke Skywalker , before he falls to the dark side and becomes Kylo Ren , working for the First Order and under the influence of Supreme Leader Snoke . He is obsessed with the legacy of his grandfather , the Sith Lord Darth Vader , and aspires to finish what Vader started : the elimination of the Jedi . Family tree ( edit ) ( hide ) Skywalker family tree Aika Lars Cliegg Lars Shmi Skywalker Jobal Naberrie Ruwee Naberrie Beru Whitesun Owen Lars Anakin Skywalker Padmé Amidala Bail Organa Breha Organa Luke Skywalker Leia Organa Han Solo Ben Solo References : Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padmé Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker . Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 . Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo . Legends ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . In the Star Wars expanded universe , Luke , following his sister 's marriage to Han Solo and the birth of the Solo children ( Anakin , Jacen , and Jaina ) , marries Mara Jade , who has a son named Ben . A further complication in this continuity is the fact that the Return of the Jedi novelization includes a detail about Owen Lars being Obi - Wan Kenobi 's estranged brother . To explain subsequent references , Star Wars : Lone Wolf : A Tale of Obi - Wan and Luke introduces `` Owen Kenobi '' , a personification of the bond Kenobi feels toward Owen Lars . In the Expanded Universe book Tatooine Ghost , Shmi 's granddaughter , Leia , is given Shmi 's old journal , which describes Anakin 's childhood . Leia learns , through Shmi 's love for Anakin , to forgive her father for his role in the destruction of Alderaan and for torturing her aboard the Death Star , as depicted in A New Hope . Ben Skywalker ( edit ) Luke Skywalker and Mara Jade Skywalker 's son . Named after Obi - Wan `` Ben '' Kenobi , Jedi Knight . Former student of Jacen Solo , his cousin . In Fate of the Jedi : Outcast , he voluntarily accompanies his father into exile . He proves himself as both a fighter and as an investigator to carry on his father 's name . His love interest is Vestara Khai , formerly a Sith apprentice , then a Jedi apprentice . The character was voted the 40th top Star Wars character by IGN and the top 6th Star Wars Expanded Universe character by UGO Networks . Nat Skywalker ( edit ) Nat is a former / returned Jedi master and the older brother of Kol . He took the name `` Bantha '' Rawk He was also with him all the time . Kol Skywalker ( edit ) Kol Skywalker is a character in Star Wars : Legacy . He is a descendant of Luke Skywalker and is a Jedi master . He is the father of Cade Skywalker . Cade Skywalker ( edit ) The descendant of Anakin Skywalker , Luke Skywalker , Mara Jade Skywalker and Ben Skywalker , and the son of Kol Skywalker . He is a protagonist of the Star Wars : Legacy comic series . According to the comic book series from Dark Horse called Star Wars : Legacy , which takes place 125 years after Return of the Jedi , Cade Skywalker , son of Kol Skywalker and a direct descendant of Luke Skywalker , is the last surviving Skywalker of his time . It is shown that he has completely abandoned the Jedi way after an attack by the New Sith Order on the Jedi Academy on Ossus . Nevertheless , he still encounters other Jedi , as well as the ghost of Luke Skywalker . The character was voted the 84th top Star Wars character by IGN . See also ( edit ) Solo family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Star Wars I : The Phantom Menace script Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Kevin . `` There 's Either an Error in the New ' Star Wars ' Crawl or a Big Surprise for Luke and Leia '' . Mic . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa . Jump up ^ McMilian , Graeme ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lucasfilm Unveils New Plans for Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kahn , James ( 1983 ) . Star Wars Episode VI : Return of the Jedi . Del - Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30767 - 4 . Jump up ^ Watson , Jude ( 1999 ) . Jedi Apprentice : The Hidden Past . Scholastic . ISBN 0590519336 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Clone Wars Comics and Literature '' . Starwars.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Star Wars Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Adam Rosenberg ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Top 50 Star Wars Expanded Universe Characters '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2010 . External links ( edit ) Skywalker family on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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who are uncle owen and aunt beru related to

Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones reveals that , in Anakin 's absence , Shmi has married Cliegg Lars , becoming the stepmother of Owen . Owen tells Anakin they are stepbrothers . Owen later marries Beru Whitesun . As a Jedi Knight , Anakin secretly marries Padmé Amidala .

Zimbabwe - Wikipedia Zimbabwe This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the country . For the historical city , see Great Zimbabwe . For other uses , see Zimbabwe ( disambiguation ) . `` ZWE '' redirects here . For other uses , see ZWE ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 20 ° S 30 ° E  /  20 ° S 30 ° E  / - 20 ; 30 Republic of Zimbabwe Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unity , Freedom , Work '' Anthem : `` Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe '' Location of Zimbabwe ( dark blue ) in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city Harare 17 ° 50 ′ S 31 ° 3 ′ E  /  17.833 ° S 31.050 ° E  / - 17.833 ; 31.050 Official languages 16 languages ( show ) Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga `` Koisan '' ( presumably Tsoa ) Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shangani Shona `` sign language '' Sotho Tonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Ethnic groups ( 2012 ) 99.4 % Black African ( over 80 % Shona ; Ndebele are largest minority ) 0.2 % White African 0.4 % others , including Coloured and Indian Demonym Zimbabwean Zimbo ( colloquial ) Government Unitary dominant - party presidential republic ( de jure ) Military dictatorship under a presidential republic ( de facto ) President Emmerson Mnangagwa Vice President Constantino Chiwenga Vice President Kembo Mohadi Legislature Parliament Upper house Senate Lower house House of Assembly Independence from the United Kingdom Declared 11 November 1965 Republic 2 March 1970 Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1 June 1979 Republic of Zimbabwe 18 April 1980 Current constitution 15 May 2013 Area Total 390,757 km ( 150,872 sq mi ) ( 60th ) Water ( % ) Population 2016 estimate 16,150,362 ( 73rd ) 2012 census 12,973,808 Density 26 / km ( 67.3 / sq mi ) ( 170th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $33.872 billion Per capita $2,276 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $17.105 billion Per capita $1,149 Gini ( 1995 ) 50.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.516 low 154th Currency United States dollar ( official for government ) , South African rand , and many other currencies , e.g. Botswana pula , euro , Chinese renminbi , Indian rupees , pound sterling , Australian dollars . Zimbabwean bond coins are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins . Zimbabwean bond notes for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar Time zone CAT ( UTC + 2 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 263 ISO 3166 code ZW Internet TLD . zw The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation . The United States dollar ( US $ ) , Euro ( € ) , South African rand ( R ) , Botswana pula ( P ) , Pound sterling ( £ ) , Indian rupees ( ₹ ) , Australian dollars ( A $ ) , Chinese Renminbi ( 元 / ¥ ) , and Japanese yen ( ¥ ) are legal tender . The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions . Zimbabwe ( / zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ / ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 16 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used . Since the 11th century , present - day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade . The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s ; it became the self - governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923 . In 1965 , the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia . The state endured international isolation and a 15 - year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces ; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980 . Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations , which it withdrew from in December 2003 . It is a member of the United Nations , the Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) , the African Union ( AU ) , and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) . It was once known as the `` Jewel of Africa '' for its prosperity . Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980 , when his ZANU - PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule ; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017 . Under Mugabe 's authoritarian regime , the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations . Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era , blaming Zimbabwe 's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries . Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe , who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials , though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him `` a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator '' . The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s , experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way . On 15 November 2017 , in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe 's rapidly declining economy , Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country 's national army in a coup d'état . On 19 November 2017 , ZANU - PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place . On 21 November 2017 , Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-colonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) 2.2 Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) 2.3 UDI and civil war ( 1965 -- 1980 ) 2.4 Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) 3 Geography and environment 3.1 Climate 3.2 Flora and fauna 3.3 Environmental issues 4 Government and politics 4.1 Human rights 4.2 Armed forces 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Tourism 5.3 Water supply and sanitation 6 Science and technology 7 Demographics 7.1 Largest cities 7.2 Language 7.3 Refugee crisis 7.4 Religion 8 Culture 8.1 Arts 8.2 Cuisine 8.3 Sports 8.4 Media 8.5 Scouting 8.6 National symbols 9 Health 10 Education 11 See also 12 Source 13 Notes 14 References 15 Sources 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology ( edit ) Further information : Great Zimbabwe and Rhodesia ( name ) The name `` Zimbabwe '' stems from a Shona term for Great Zimbabwe , an ancient ruined city in the country 's south - east whose remains are now a protected site . Two different theories address the origin of the word . Many sources hold that `` Zimbabwe '' derives from dzimba - dza - mabwe , translated from the Karanga dialect of Shona as `` large houses of stone '' ( dzimba = plural of imba , `` house '' ; mabwe = plural of bwe , `` stone '' ) . The Karanga - speaking Shona people live around Great Zimbabwe in the modern - day province of Masvingo . Archaeologist Peter Garlake claims that `` Zimbabwe '' represents a contracted form of dzimba - hwe , which means `` venerated houses '' in the Zezuru dialect of Shona and usually references chiefs ' houses or graves . Zimbabwe was formerly known as Southern Rhodesia ( 1898 ) , Rhodesia ( 1965 ) , and Zimbabwe Rhodesia ( 1979 ) . The first recorded use of `` Zimbabwe '' as a term of national reference dates from 1960 as a coinage by the black nationalist Michael Mawema , whose Zimbabwe National Party became the first to officially use the name in 1961 . The term `` Rhodesia '' -- derived from the surname of Cecil Rhodes , the primary instigator of British colonisation of the territory during the late 19th century -- was perceived by African nationalists as inappropriate because of its colonial origin and connotations . According to Mawema , black nationalists held a meeting in 1960 to choose an alternative name for the country , proposing names such as `` Matshobana '' and `` Monomotapa '' before his suggestion , `` Zimbabwe '' , prevailed . A further alternative , put forward by nationalists in Matabeleland , had been `` Matopos '' , referring to the Matopos Hills to the south of Bulawayo . It was initially unclear how the chosen term was to be used -- a letter written by Mawema in 1961 refers to `` Zimbabweland '' -- but `` Zimbabwe '' was sufficiently established by 1962 to become the generally preferred term of the black nationalist movement . In a 2001 interview , black nationalist Edson Zvobgo recalled that Mawema mentioned the name during a political rally , `` and it caught hold , and that was that '' . The black nationalist factions subsequently used the name during the Second Chimurenga campaigns against the Rhodesian government during the Rhodesian Bush War of 1964 -- 1979 . Major factions in this camp included the Zimbabwe African National Union ( led by Robert Mugabe from 1975 ) , and the Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( led by Joshua Nkomo from its founding in the early 1960s ) . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Zimbabwe Precolonial era ( 1000 -- 1887 ) ( edit ) Further information : Bantu expansion Towers of Great Zimbabwe . Proto - Shona - speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands . The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states , beginning around the 10th century . Around the early 10th century , trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast , helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 11th century . This was the precursor to the more impressive Shona civilisations that would dominate the region during the 13th to 15th centuries , evidenced by ruins at Great Zimbabwe , near Masvingo , and other smaller sites . The main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture . The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal . They traded in gold , ivory , and copper for cloth and glass . From about 1300 until 1600 , Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe . This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe 's stone architecture , which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom 's capital of Great Zimbabwe . From c. 1450 to 1760 , Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa . This Shona state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today , and parts of central Mozambique . It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire , also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as `` Munhumutapa '' , and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal . The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century . As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior , and especially due to the increasing amount of Carnegie family farmers , a new Shona state emerged , known as the Rozwi Empire . Relying on centuries of military , political and religious development , the Rozwi ( meaning `` destroyers '' ) expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau by force of arms . They continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding muskets to their arsenal and recruiting a professional army to defend recent conquests . Around 1821 , the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King Shaka and created his own clan , the Ndebele . The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal , leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane . When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836 , they drove the tribe even further northward . By 1838 , the Rozwi Empire , along with the other smaller Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to vassaldom . After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840 , Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present - day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland , establishing Bulawayo as their capital . Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals , similar to those of Shaka , which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions . Mzilikazi died in 1868 and , following a violent power struggle , was succeeded by his son , Lobengula . Colonial era and Rhodesia ( 1888 -- 1964 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Company rule in Rhodesia , Southern Rhodesia , and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Matabeleland in the 19th century . In the 1880s , white colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes 's British South Africa Company ( BSAC ) . In 1888 , Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples . He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland , and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well . Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column , a group of Europeans protected by well - armed British South Africa Police ( BSAP ) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury ( now Harare ) , and thereby establish company rule over the area . In 1893 and 1894 , with the help of their new Maxim guns , the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the First Matabele War . Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika , then known as `` Zambesia '' . In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties , mass settlement was encouraged , with the British maintaining control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources . In 1895 , the BSAC adopted the name `` Rhodesia '' for the territory , in honour of Rhodes . In 1898 `` Southern Rhodesia '' became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi , which later became Zimbabwe . The region to the north was administered separately and later termed Northern Rhodesia ( now Zambia ) . Shortly after Rhodes ' disastrous Jameson Raid on the South African Republic , the Ndebele rebelled against white rule , led by their charismatic religious leader , Mlimo . The Second Matabele War lasted in Matabeleland until 1896 , when Mlimo was assassinated . Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts ( known as Chimurenga ) against company rule during 1896 and 1897 . Following these failed insurrections , the Ndebele and Shona groups were finally subdued by the Rhodes administration , which organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans , thus displacing many indigenous peoples . The opening of the railway to Umtali in 1899 . Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923 . Shortly after annexation , on 1 October 1923 , the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force . Under the new constitution , Southern Rhodesia became a self - governing British colony , subsequent to a 1922 referendum . Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars . Proportional to the white population , Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the Empire , including Britain itself . In 1953 , in the face of African opposition , Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland ( Malawi ) in the ill - fated Central African Federation , which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia . Growing African nationalism and general dissent , particularly in Nyasaland , persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963 , forming three separate divisions . While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland , however , Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule . With Zambian independence , Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front ( RF ) dropped the designation `` Southern '' in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( commonly abbreviated to `` UDI '' ) from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965 , intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of `` no independence before majority rule '' . It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776 , which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions . UDI and civil War ( 1965 -- 1980 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Rhodesia , Rhodesian Bush War , Zimbabwe Rhodesia , and Lancaster House Agreement This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ian Smith signing the Unilateral Declaration of Independence on 11 November 1965 with his cabinet in audience . After the Unilateral Declaration of Independence ( UDI ) , the British government petitioned the United Nations for sanctions against Rhodesia pending unsuccessful talks with Smith 's administration in 1966 and 1968 . In December 1966 , the organisation complied , imposing the first mandatory trade embargo on an autonomous state . These sanctions were expanded again in 1968 . The United Kingdom deemed the Rhodesian declaration an act of rebellion , but did not re-establish control by force . A guerrilla war subsequently ensued when Joshua Nkomo 's Zimbabwe African People 's Union ( ZAPU ) and Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union ( ZANU ) , supported actively by communist powers and neighbouring African nations , initiated guerilla operations against Rhodesia 's predominantly white government . ZAPU was supported by the Soviet Union , the Warsaw Pact and associated nations such as Cuba , and adopted a Marxist -- Leninist ideology ; ZANU meanwhile aligned itself with Maoism and the bloc headed by the People 's Republic of China . Smith declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970 , following the results of a referendum the previous year , but this went unrecognised internationally . Meanwhile , Rhodesia 's internal conflict intensified , eventually forcing him to open negotiations with the militant nationalists . Bishop Abel Muzorewa signs the Lancaster House Agreement seated next to British Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington . In March 1978 , Smith reached an accord with three African leaders , led by Bishop Abel Muzorewa , who offered to leave the white population comfortably entrenched in exchange for the establishment of a biracial democracy . As a result of the Internal Settlement , elections were held in April 1979 , concluding with the United African National Council ( UANC ) carrying a majority of parliamentary seats . On 1 June 1979 , Muzorewa , the UANC head , became prime minister and the country 's name was changed to Zimbabwe Rhodesia . The Internal Settlement left control of the Rhodesian Security Forces , civil service , judiciary , and a third of parliament seats to whites . On 12 June , the United States Senate voted to lift economic pressure on the former Rhodesia . Following the fifth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting ( CHOGM ) , held in Lusaka , Zambia from 1 to 7 August in 1979 , the British government invited Muzorewa , Mugabe , and Nkomo to participate in a constitutional conference at Lancaster House . The purpose of the conference was to discuss and reach an agreement on the terms of an independence constitution , and provide for elections supervised under British authority allowing Zimbabwe Rhodesia to proceed to legal independence . With Lord Carrington , Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs of the United Kingdom , in the chair , these discussions were mounted from 10 September to 15 December in 1979 , producing a total of 47 plenary sessions . On 21 December 1979 , delegations from every major interest represented reached the Lancaster House Agreement , effectively ending the guerrilla war . On 11 December 1979 , the Rhodesian House of Assembly voted 90 to nil to revert to British colonial status ( the ' aye ' votes included Ian Smith himself ) . The bill then passed the Senate and was assented to by the President . With the arrival of Lord Soames , the new Governor , just after 2 p.m. on 12 December 1979 , Britain formally took control of Zimbabwe Rhodesia as the Colony of Southern Rhodesia , although on 13 December Soames declared that during his mandate the name Rhodesia and Zimbabwe Rhodesia would continue to be used . Britain lifted sanctions on 12 December , and the United Nations on 16 December , before calling on its member states to do likewise on 21 December . Thus Zambia , Mozambique , Tanzania , Angola and Botswana lifted sanctions on 22 -- 23 December ; Australia partly pre-empted this , lifting all but trade sanctions on 18 December , and trade sanctions on 21 December . During the elections of February 1980 , Robert Mugabe and the ZANU party secured a landslide victory . Prince Charles , as the representative of Britain , formally granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe at a ceremony in Harare in April 1980 . Independence era ( 1980 -- present ) ( edit ) Trends in Zimbabwe 's Multidimensional Poverty Index , 1970 -- 2010 . Zimbabwe 's first president after its independence was Canaan Banana in what was originally a mainly ceremonial role as Head of State . Robert Mugabe , leader of the ZANU party , was the country 's first Prime Minister and Head of Government . Opposition to what was perceived as a Shona takeover immediately erupted around Matabeleland . The Matabele unrest led to what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ) . The Fifth Brigade , a North Korean - trained elite unit that reported directly to the Zimbabwean Prime Minister , entered Matabeleland and massacred thousands of civilians accused of supporting `` dissidents '' . Estimates for the number of deaths during the five - year Gukurahundi campaign ranged from 3,750 to 80,000 . Thousands of others were tortured in military internment camps . The campaign officially ended in 1987 after Nkomo and Mugabe reached a unity agreement that merged their respective parties , creating the Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( ZANU -- PF ) . Elections in March 1990 resulted in another victory for Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party , which claimed 117 of the 120 contested seats . During the 1990s , students , trade unionists , and other workers often demonstrated to express their growing discontent with Mugabe and ZANU - PF party policies . In 1996 , civil servants , nurses , and junior doctors went on strike over salary issues . The general health of the population also began to significantly decline ; by 1997 an estimated 25 % of the population had been infected by HIV in a pandemic that was affecting most of southern Africa . Land redistribution re-emerged as the main issue for the ZANU - PF government around 1997 . Despite the existence of a `` willing - buyer - willing - seller '' land reform programme since the 1980s , the minority white Zimbabwean population of around 0.6 % continued to hold 70 % of the country 's most fertile agricultural land . In 2000 , the government pressed ahead with its Fast Track Land Reform programme , a policy involving compulsory land acquisition aimed at redistributing land from the minority white population to the majority black population . Confiscations of white farmland , continuous droughts , and a serious drop in external finance and other supports led to a sharp decline in agricultural exports , which were traditionally the country 's leading export - producing sector . Some 58,000 independent black farmers have since experienced limited success in reviving the gutted cash crop sectors through efforts on a smaller scale . Map showing the food insecurity in Zimbabwe in June 2008 President Mugabe and the ZANU - PF party leadership found themselves beset by a wide range of international sanctions . In 2002 , the nation was suspended from the Commonwealth of Nations due to the reckless farm seizures and blatant election tampering . The following year , Zimbabwean officials voluntarily terminated its Commonwealth membership . The Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) went into effect in 2002 , creating a credit freeze of the Zimbabwean government through Section 4 C , Multilateral Financing Restriction . The bill was sponsored by Bill Frist , and co-sponsored by US senators Hillary Clinton , Joe Biden , Russ Feingold and Jesse Helms . Through ZDERA Section 4C , the Secretary of the Treasury is ordered to direct US Directors at the International Financial Institutions listed in Section 3 , `` to oppose and vote against -- ( 1 ) any extension by the respective institution of any loan , credit , or guarantee to the Government of Zimbabwe ; or ( 2 ) any cancellation or reduction of indebtedness owed by the Government of Zimbabwe to the United States or any international financial institution . '' Following elections in 2005 , the government initiated `` Operation Murambatsvina '' , an effort to crack down on illegal markets and slums emerging in towns and cities , leaving a substantial section of urban poor homeless . The Zimbabwean government has described the operation as an attempt to provide decent housing to the population , although according to critics such as Amnesty International , authorities have yet to properly substantiate their claims . On 29 March 2008 , Zimbabwe held a presidential election along with a parliamentary election . The results of this election were withheld for two weeks , after which it was generally acknowledged that the Movement for Democratic Change -- Tsvangirai ( MDC - T ) had achieved a majority of one seat in the lower house of parliament . In late 2008 , problems in Zimbabwe reached crisis proportions in the areas of living standards , public health ( with a major cholera outbreak in December ) and various basic affairs . In September 2008 , a power - sharing agreement was reached between Tsvangirai and President Mugabe , permitting the former to hold the office of prime minister . Due to ministerial differences between their respective political parties , the agreement was not fully implemented until 13 February 2009 . By December 2010 , Mugabe was threatening to completely expropriate remaining privately owned companies in Zimbabwe unless `` western sanctions '' were lifted . Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe attended the Independence Day celebrations in South Sudan in July 2011 A 2011 survey by Freedom House suggested that living conditions had improved since the power - sharing agreement . The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs stated in its 2012 -- 2013 planning document that the `` humanitarian situation has improved in Zimbabwe since 2009 , but conditions remain precarious for many people '' . On 17 January 2013 , Vice President John Nkomo died of cancer at St Anne 's Hospital , Harare at the age of 78 . A new constitution approved in the Zimbabwean constitutional referendum , 2013 curtails presidential powers . Mugabe was re-elected president in the July 2013 Zimbabwean general election which The Economist described as `` rigged . '' and the Daily Telegraph as `` stolen '' . The Movement for Democratic Change alleged massive fraud and tried to seek relief through the courts . In a surprising moment of candour at the ZANU - PF congress in December 2014 , President Robert Mugabe accidentally let slip that the opposition had in fact won the contentious 2008 polls by an astounding 73 % . After winning the election , the Mugabe ZANU - PF government re-instituted one party rule , doubled the civil service and , according to The Economist , embarked on `` misrule and dazzling corruption '' . A 2017 study conducted by the Institute for Security Studies ( ISS ) concluded that due to the deterioration of government and the economy `` the government encourages corruption to make up for its inability to fund its own institutions '' with widespread and informal police roadblocks to issue fines to travellers being one manifestation of this . In July 2016 nationwide protests took place regarding the economic collapse in the country , and the finance minister admitted `` Right now we literally have nothing . '' In November 2017 , the army led a coup d'état following the dismissal of Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa , placing Mugabe under house arrest . The army denied that their actions constituted a coup . Mugabe resigned on 21 November 2017 , after leading the country for 37 years . Although under the Constitution of Zimbabwe Mugabe should be succeeded by Vice President Phelekezela Mphoko , a supporter of Grace Mugabe , ZANU - PF chief whip Lovemore Matuke stated to the Reuters news agency that Mnangagwa would be appointed as president . In December 2017 the website Zimbabwe News , calculating the cost of the Mugabe era using various statistics , said that at the time of independence in 1980 , the country was growing economically at about 5 per cent a year , and had done so for quite a long time . If this rate of growth had been maintained for the next 37 years , Zimbabwe would have in 2016 a GDP of US $52 billion . Instead it had a formal sector GDP of only US $14 billion , a cost of US $38 billion in lost growth . The population growth in 1980 was among the highest in Africa at about 3 , 5 per cent per annum , doubling every 21 years . Had this growth been maintained , the population would have been 31 million . Instead , as of 2018 , it is about 13 million . The discrepancies were believed to be partly caused by death from starvation and disease , and partly due to decreased fertility . The life expectancy has halved , and death from politically motivated violence sponsored by government exceeds 200,000 since 1980 . The Mugabe government has directly or indirectly caused the deaths of at least 3 million Zimbabweans in 37 years . Geography and environment ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Geography of Zimbabwe The Zambezi River in the Mana Pools National Park . Zimbabwe map of Köppen climate classification . Zimbabwe is a landlocked country in southern Africa , lying between latitudes 15 ° and 23 ° S , and longitudes 25 ° and 34 ° E. It is bordered by South Africa to the south , Botswana to the west and southwest , Zambia to the northwest , and Mozambique to the east and northeast . Its northwest corner is roughly 150 meters from Namibia , nearly forming a four - nation quadripoint . Most of the country is elevated , consisting of a central plateau ( high veld ) stretching from the southwest northwards with altitudes between 1,000 and 1,600 m . The country 's extreme east is mountainous , this area being known as the Eastern Highlands , with Mount Nyangani as the highest point at 2,592 m . These highlands are renowned for their great natural beauty , with famous tourist destinations such as Nyanga , Troutbeck , Chimanimani , Vumba and Chirinda Forest at Mount Selinda . About 20 % of the country consists of low - lying areas , ( the low veld ) under 900m . Victoria Falls , one of the world 's biggest and most spectacular waterfalls , is located in the country 's extreme northwest and is part of the Zambezi river . Climate ( edit ) Zimbabwe has a tropical climate with many local variations . The southern areas are known for their heat and aridity , parts of the central plateau receive frost in winter , the Zambezi valley is also known for its extreme heat and the Eastern Highlands usually experience cool temperatures and the highest rainfall in the country . The country 's rainy season generally runs from late October to March and the hot climate is moderated by increasing altitude . Zimbabwe is faced with recurring droughts , the latest one commencing early in 2015 and ongoing into 2016 . Severe storms are rare . Flora and fauna ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Wildlife of Zimbabwe An elephant at a water hole in Hwange National Park . The country is mostly savannah , although the moist and mountainous eastern highlands support areas of tropical evergreen and hardwood forests . Trees found in these Eastern Highlands include teak , mahogany , enormous specimens of strangling fig , forest newtonia , big leaf , white stinkwood , chirinda stinkwood , knobthorn and many others . In the low - lying parts of the country fever trees , mopane , combretum and baobabs abound . Much of the country is covered by miombo woodland , dominated by brachystegia species and others . Among the numerous flowers and shrubs are hibiscus , flame lily , snake lily , spider lily , leonotus , cassia , tree wisteria and dombeya . There are around 350 species of mammals that can be found in Zimbabwe . There are also many snakes and lizards , over 500 bird species , and 131 fish species . Environmental issues ( edit ) Large parts of Zimbabwe were once covered by forests with abundant wildlife . Deforestation and poaching has reduced the amount of wildlife . Wood land degradation and deforestation , due to population growth , urban expansion and lack of fuel , are major concerns and have led to erosion and land degradation which diminish the amount of fertile soil . Local farmers have also been criticised by environmentalists for burning off vegetation to heat their tobacco barns . Government and Politics ( edit ) Main articles : Politics of Zimbabwe and Elections in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a republic with a presidential system of government . The semi-presidential system was abolished with the adoption of a new constitution after a referendum in March 2013 . Under the constitutional changes in 2005 , an upper chamber , the Senate , was reinstated . The House of Assembly is the lower chamber of Parliament . Former President Robert Mugabe 's Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front ( commonly abbreviated ZANU - PF ) has been the dominant political party in Zimbabwe since independence . In 1987 then - prime minister Mugabe revised the constitution , abolishing the ceremonial presidency and the prime ministerial posts to form an executive president , a Presidential system . His ZANU party has won every election since independence , in the 1990 election the second - placed party , Edgar Tekere 's Zimbabwe Unity Movement , won only 20 % of the vote . During the 1995 parliamentary elections most opposition parties , including the ZUM , boycotted the voting , resulting in a near - sweep by the ruling party . When the opposition returned to the polls in 2000 , they won 57 seats , only five fewer than ZANU . Presidential elections were again held in 2002 amid allegations of vote - rigging , intimidation and fraud . The 2005 Zimbabwe parliamentary elections were held on 31 March and multiple claims of vote rigging , election fraud and intimidation were made by the MDC and Jonathan Moyo , calling for investigations into 32 of the 120 constituencies . Jonathan Moyo participated in the elections despite the allegations and won a seat as an independent member of Parliament . General elections were again held in Zimbabwe on 30 March 2008 . The official results required a runoff between Mugabe and Morgan Tsvangirai , the opposition leader ; the MDC challenged these results , claiming widespread election fraud by the Mugabe government . The run - off was scheduled for 27 June 2008 . On 22 June , citing the continuing unfairness of the process and refusing to participate in a `` violent , illegitimate sham of an election process '' , Tsvangirai pulled out of the presidential run - off , the ZEC held the run - off and President Mugabe received a landslide majority . Supporters of the Movement for Democratic Change in 2005 . The MDC - T led by Morgan Tsvangirai is now the majority in the Lower chamber of Parliament . The MDC split into two factions . One faction ( MDC - M ) , now led by Arthur Mutambara contested the elections to the Senate , while the other , led by Tsvangirai , opposed to contesting the elections , stating that participation in a rigged election is tantamount to endorsing Mugabe 's claim that past elections were free and fair . The opposition parties have resumed participation in national and local elections as recently as 2006 . The two MDC camps had their congresses in 2006 with Tsvangirai being elected to lead MDC - T , which has become more popular than the other group . Mutambara , a robotics professor and former NASA robotics specialist has replaced Welshman Ncube who was the interim leader of MDC - M after the split . Morgan Tsvangirai did not participate in the Senate elections , while the Mutambara faction participated and won five seats in the Senate . The Mutambara formation has been weakened by defections from MPs and individuals who are disillusioned by their manifesto . As of 2008 , the Movement for Democratic Change has become the most popular , with crowds as large as 20,000 attending their rallies as compared to between 500 -- 5,000 for the other formation . On 28 April 2008 , Tsvangirai and Mutambara announced at a joint news conference in Johannesburg that the two MDC formations were co-operating , enabling the MDC to have a clear parliamentary majority . Tsvangirai said that Mugabe could not remain President without a parliamentary majority . On the same day , Silaigwana announced that the recounts for the final five constituencies had been completed , that the results were being collated and that they would be published on 29 April . In mid-September 2008 , after protracted negotiations overseen by the leaders of South Africa and Mozambique , Mugabe and Tsvangirai signed a power - sharing deal which would see Mugabe retain control over the army . Donor nations have adopted a ' wait - and - see ' attitude , wanting to see real change being brought about by this merger before committing themselves to funding rebuilding efforts , which are estimated to take at least five years . On 11 February 2009 Tsvangirai was sworn in as Prime Minister by President Mugabe . In November 2008 , the government of Zimbabwe spent US $7.3 million donated by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria . A representative of the organisation declined to speculate on how the money was spent , except that it was not for the intended purpose , and the government has failed to honour requests to return the money . In February 2013 , Zimbabwe 's election chief , Simpson Mtambanengwe , resigned due to ill health . His resignation came months before the country 's constitutional referendum and elections . Human Rights ( edit ) Main article : Human rights in Zimbabwe This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A demonstration in London against Robert Mugabe . Protests are discouraged by Zimbabwean police in Zimbabwe . There are widespread reports of systematic and escalating violations of human rights in Zimbabwe under the Mugabe administration and the dominant party , the ZANU - PF . In 2011 , there were reports of 640 corpses having been recovered from the Monkey William Mine in Chibondo . They were allegedly authenticated by the Fallen Heroes Trust of Zimbabwe and the Department of National Museums and Monuments who are leading the exhumation process as victims of the Ian Smith regime during the Rhodesian Bush War . One body was identified as a ZANLA cadre , Cde Rauya , by the Fallen Heroes Trust Chief exhumer . Government Minister Saviour Kasukuwere admitted the remains were discovered in 2008 , but claimed the remains were decades old despite clear evidence the exhumed skeletons still had hair and clothes . Solidarity Peace Trust said that the presence of soft tissues `` is not necessarily an indicator that these bones entered the grave more recently , although it could be . '' Journalists found a body in the mine with ' what appeared to be blood and fluids dripping onto the skulls below ' . The opposition MDC called for research on all violence that included killings of its supporters during disputed elections in 2008 . Amnesty International ( AI ) expressed concern that `` international best practice on exhumations is not being adhered to ... ( M ) ishandling of these mass graves has serious implications on potential exhumations of other sites in Zimbabwe . Thousands of civilians were also killed in Matabeleland and Midlands provinces in the mid 1980s and are allegedly buried in mine shafts and mass graves in these regions '' , AI added . According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to shelter , food , freedom of movement and residence , freedom of assembly and the protection of the law . In 2009 , Gregory Stanton , then President of the International Association of Genocide Scholars , stated there was `` clear evidence that Mugabe government was guilty of crimes against humanity and that there was sufficient evidence of crimes against humanity to bring Mugabe to trial in front of the International Criminal Court . Male homosexuality is illegal in Zimbabwe . Since 1995 , the government has carried out campaigns against both homosexual men and women . President Mugabe has blamed gays for many of Zimbabwe 's problems and viewed homosexuality as an `` un-African '' and immoral culture brought by European colonists and practiced by only `` a few whites '' in his country . Opposition gatherings are frequently the subject of brutal attacks by the police force , such as the crackdown on an 11 March 2007 Movement for Democratic Change ( MDC ) rally and several others during the 2008 election campaign . In the attacks of 2007 , party leader Morgan Tsvangirai and 49 other opposition activists were arrested and severely beaten by the police . After his release , Morgan Tsvangirai told the BBC that he suffered head injuries and blows to the arms , knees and back , and that he lost a significant amount of blood and hundreds were killed . Police action was strongly condemned by the UN Secretary - General , Ban Ki - moon , the European Union and the United States . While noting that the activists had suffered injuries , but not mentioning the cause of them , the Zimbabwean state - owned daily newspaper The Herald claimed the police had intervened after demonstrators `` ran amok looting shops , destroying property , mugging civilians , and assaulting police officers and innocent members of the public '' . The newspaper argued that the opposition had been `` willfully violating the ban on political rallies '' . There are also abuses of media rights and access . The Zimbabwean government is accused of suppressing freedom of the press and freedom of speech . It has been repeatedly accused of using the public broadcaster , the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation , as a propaganda tool . Newspapers critical of the government , such as the Daily News , closed after bombs exploded at their offices and the government refused to renew their license . BBC News , Sky News , and CNN were banned from filming or reporting from Zimbabwe . In 2009 reporting restrictions on the BBC and CNN were lifted . Sky News continue to report on happenings within Zimbabwe from neighbouring countries like South Africa . Armed Forces ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Zimbabwe Defence Forces The flag of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces . The Zimbabwe Defence Forces were set up by unifying three insurrectionist forces -- the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army ( ZANLA ) , the Zimbabwe People 's Revolutionary Army ( ZIPRA ) , and the Rhodesian Security Forces ( RSF ) -- after the Second Chimurenga and Zimbabwean independence in 1980 . The integration period saw the formation of The Zimbabwe National Army ( ZNA ) and Air Force of Zimbabwe ( AFZ ) as separate entities under the command of Rtd General Solomon Mujuru and Air Marshal Norman Walsh who retired in 1982 , and was replaced by Air Marshal Azim Daudpota who handed over command to the late Rtd Air Chief Marshal Josiah Tungamirai in 1985 . In December 2003 , General Constantine Chiwenga , was promoted and appointed Commander of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces . Lieutenant General P.V. Sibanda replaced him as Commander of the Army . The ZNA currently has an active duty strength of 30,000 . The Air Force has about 5,139 standing personnel . The Zimbabwe Republic Police ( includes Police Support Unit , Paramilitary Police ) is part of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces and numbers 25,000 . Following majority rule in early 1980 , British Army trainers oversaw the integration of guerrilla fighters into a battalion structure overlaid on the existing Rhodesian armed forces . For the first year , a system was followed where the top - performing candidate became battalion commander . If he or she was from ZANLA , then his or her second - in - command was the top - performing ZIPRA candidate , and vice versa . This ensured a balance between the two movements in the command structure . From early 1981 , this system was abandoned in favour of political appointments , and ZANLA and ZANU fighters consequently quickly formed the majority of battalion commanders in the ZNA . The ZNA was originally formed into four brigades , composed of a total of 28 battalions . The brigade support units were composed almost entirely of specialists of the former Rhodesian Army , while unintegrated battalions of the Rhodesian African Rifles were assigned to the 1st , 3rd and 4th Brigades . The Fifth Brigade was formed in 1981 and disbanded in 1988 after the demonstration of mass brutality and murder during the brigade 's occupation of Matabeleland in what has become known as Gukurahundi ( Shona : `` the early rain which washes away the chaff before the spring rains '' ) , the campaign which finished off Mugabe 's liberation struggle . The Brigade had been re-formed by 2006 , with its commander , Brigadier - General John Mupande praising its `` rich history '' . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Provinces of Zimbabwe , Districts of Zimbabwe , and Wards of Zimbabwe Administrative divisions of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has a centralised government and is divided into eight provinces and two cities with provincial status , for administrative purposes . Each province has a provincial capital from where government administration is usually carried out . Province Capital Bulawayo Bulawayo Harare Harare Manicaland Mutare Mashonaland Central Bindura Mashonaland East Marondera Mashonaland West Chinhoyi Masvingo Masvingo city Matabeleland North Lupane District Matabeleland South Gwanda Midlands Gweru The names of most of the provinces were generated from the Mashonaland and Matabeleland divide at the time of colonisation : Mashonaland was the territory occupied first by the British South Africa Company Pioneer Column and Matabeleland the territory conquered during the First Matabele War . This corresponds roughly to the precolonial territory of the Shona people and the Matabele people , although there are significant ethnic minorities in most provinces . Each province is headed by a Provincial Governor , appointed by the President . The provincial government is run by a Provincial Administrator , appointed by the Public Service Commission . Other government functions at provincial level are carried out by provincial offices of national government departments . The provinces are subdivided into 59 districts and 1,200 wards ( sometimes referred to as municipalities ) . Each district is headed by a District Administrator , appointed by the Public Service Commission . There is also a Rural District Council , which appoints a chief executive officer . The Rural District Council is composed of elected ward councillors , the District Administrator and one representative of the chiefs ( traditional leaders appointed under customary law ) in the district . Other government functions at district level are carried out by district offices of national government departments . At the ward level there is a Ward Development Committee , comprising the elected ward councillor , the kraalheads ( traditional leaders subordinate to chiefs ) and representatives of Village Development Committees . Wards are subdivided into villages , each of which has an elected Village Development Committee and a Headman ( traditional leader subordinate to the kraalhead ) . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Zimbabwe A proportional representation of Zimbabwe 's exports , 2010 Minerals , gold , and agriculture are the main foreign exports of Zimbabwe . Tourism also plays a key role in its economy . The mining sector remains very lucrative , with some of the world 's largest platinum reserves being mined by Anglo American plc and Impala Platinum . The Marange diamond fields , discovered in 2006 , are considered the biggest diamond find in over a century . They have the potential to improve the fiscal situation of the country considerably , but almost all revenues from the field have disappeared into the pockets of army officers and ZANU - PF politicians . In terms of carats produced , the Marange field is one of the largest diamond producing projects in the world , estimated to produce 12 million carats in 2014 worth over $350 million . Zimbabwe is the biggest trading partner of South Africa on the continent . Taxes and tariffs are high for private enterprises , while state enterprises are strongly subsidised . State regulation is costly to companies ; starting or closing a business is slow and costly . Government spending was predicted to reach 67 % of GDP in 2007 . Tourism was an important industry for the country , but has been failing in recent years . The Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force released a report in June 2007 , estimating 60 % of Zimbabwe 's wildlife has died since 2000 due to poaching and deforestation . The report warns that the loss of life combined with widespread deforestation is potentially disastrous for the tourist industry . The ICT sector of Zimbabwe has been growing at a fast pace . A report by the mobile internet browser company , Opera , in June / July 2011 has ranked Zimbabwe as Africa 's fastest growing market . A market in Mbare , Harare Since 1 January 2002 , the government of Zimbabwe has had its lines of credit at international financial institutions frozen , through US legislation called the Zimbabwe Democracy and Economic Recovery Act of 2001 ( ZDERA ) . Section 4C instructs the Secretary of the Treasury to direct directors at international financial institutions to veto the extension of loans and credit to the Zimbabwean government . According to the United States , these sanctions target only seven specific businesses owned or controlled by government officials and not ordinary citizens . The GDP per capita ( current ) , compared to neighbouring countries ( world average = 100 ) . Zimbabwe maintained positive economic growth throughout the 1980s ( 5 % GDP growth per year ) and 1990s ( 4.3 % GDP growth per year ) . The economy declined from 2000 : 5 % decline in 2000 , 8 % in 2001 , 12 % in 2002 and 18 % in 2003 . Zimbabwe 's involvement from 1998 to 2002 in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo drained hundreds of millions of dollars from the economy . From 1999 -- 2009 , Zimbabwe saw the lowest ever economic growth with an annual GDP decrease of 6.1 % . The downward spiral of the economy has been attributed mainly to mismanagement and corruption by the government and the eviction of more than 4,000 white farmers in the controversial land confiscations of 2000 . The Zimbabwean government and its supporters attest that it was Western policies to avenge the expulsion of their kin that sabotaged the economy . By 2005 , the purchasing power of the average Zimbabwean had dropped to the same levels in real terms as 1953 . In 2005 , the government , led by central bank governor Gideon Gono , started making overtures that white farmers could come back . There were 400 to 500 still left in the country , but much of the land that had been confiscated was no longer productive . By 2016 there were about 300 farms owned by white farmers left out of the original 4,500 . The farms left were either too remote or their owners had paid for protection or collaborated with the regime . In January 2007 , the government issued long term leases to some white farmers . At the same time , however , the government also continued to demand that all remaining white farmers , who were given eviction notices earlier , vacate the land or risk being arrested . Mugabe pointed to foreign governments and alleged `` sabotage '' as the cause of the fall of the Zimbabwean economy , as well as the country 's 80 % formal unemployment rate . Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32 % in 1998 , to an official estimated high of 11,200,000 % in August 2008 according to the country 's Central Statistical Office . This represented a state of hyperinflation , and the central bank introduced a new 100 billion dollar note . On 29 January 2009 , in an effort to counteract runaway inflation , acting Finance Minister Patrick Chinamasa announced that Zimbabweans will be permitted to use other , more stable currencies to do business , alongside the Zimbabwe dollar . In an effort to combat inflation and foster economic growth the Zimbabwean Dollar was suspended indefinitely on 12 April 2009 . In 2016 Zimbabwe allowed trade in the United States dollar and various other currencies such as the rand ( South Africa ) , the pula ( Botswana ) , the euro , and the Pound Sterling ( UK ) . After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009 , the Zimbabwean economy rebounded . GDP grew by 8 -- 9 % a year between 2009 and 2012 . In November 2010 , the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as `` completing its second year of buoyant economic growth '' . By 2014 , Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered . Zimplats , the nation 's largest platinum company , has proceeded with US $500 million in expansions , and is also continuing a separate US $2 billion project , despite threats by Mugabe to nationalise the company . The pan-African investment bank IMARA released a favourable report in February 2011 on investment prospects in Zimbabwe , citing an improved revenue base and higher tax receipts . In late January 2013 , the Zimbabwean finance ministry reported that they had only $217 in their treasury and would apply for donations to finance the coming elections that is estimated to cost 107 million USD . As of October 2014 , Metallon Corporation was Zimbabwe 's largest gold miner . The group is looking to increase its production to 500,000 troy ounces per annum by 2019 . Agriculture ( edit ) Zimbabwe 's commercial farming sector was traditionally a source of exports and foreign exchange , and provided 400,000 jobs . However , the government 's land reform program badly damaged the sector , turning Zimbabwe into a net importer of food products . For example , between 2000 and 2016 annual wheat production fell from 250,000 tons to 60,000 tons , maize was reduced from two million tons to 500,000 tons and cattle slaughtered for beef fell from 605,000 to 244,000 . Coffee production , once a prized export commodity came to a virtual halt after seizure or expropriation of white - owned coffee farms in 2000 , and has never recovered . For the past ten years , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ( ICRISAT ) has been assisting Zimbabwe 's farmers to adopt conservation agriculture techniques , a sustainable method of farming that can help increase yields . By applying the three principles of minimum soil disturbance , legume - based cropping and the use of organic mulch , farmers can improve infiltration , reduce evaporation and soil erosion , and build up organic soil content . Between 2005 and 2011 , the number of smallholders practising conservation agriculture in Zimbabwe increased from 5000 to more than 150000 . Cereal yields rose between 15 and 100 per cent across different regions . Tourism ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Tourism in Zimbabwe Victoria Falls , the end of the upper Zambezi and beginning of the middle Zambezi . Since the land reform programme in 2000 , tourism in Zimbabwe has steadily declined . After rising during the 1990s , ( 1.4 million tourists in 1999 ) industry figures described a 75 % fall in visitors to Zimbabwe in 2000 . By December , less than 20 % of hotel rooms had been occupied . In 2016 , the total contribution of tourism to Zimbabwe was $1.1 billion ( USD ) , or about 8.1 % of Zimbabwe 's GDP . It is expected to rise 1.4 % in 2017 . Employment in travel and tourism , as well as industries travel and tourism indirectly supports , was 5.2 % of national employment and is expected to rise by 1.4 % in 2017 . Several airlines pulled out of Zimbabwe between 2000 and 2007 . Australia 's Qantas , Germany 's Lufthansa , and Austrian Airlines were among the first to pull out and in 2007 British Airways suspended all direct flights to Harare . The country 's flagship airline Air Zimbabwe , which operated flights throughout Africa and a few destinations in Europe and Asia , ceased operations in February 2012 . As of 2017 , several major commercial airlines had resumed flights to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe has several major tourist attractions . Victoria Falls on the Zambezi , which are shared with Zambia , are located in the north west of Zimbabwe . Before the economic changes , much of the tourism for these locations came to the Zimbabwe side but now Zambia is the main beneficiary . The Victoria Falls National Park is also in this area and is one of the eight main national parks in Zimbabwe , the largest of which is Hwange National Park . The Eastern Highlands are a series of mountainous areas near the border with Mozambique . The highest peak in Zimbabwe , Mount Nyangani at 2,593 m ( 8,507 ft ) is located here as well as the Bvumba Mountains and the Nyanga National Park . World 's View is in these mountains and it is from here that places as far away as 60 -- 70 km ( 37 -- 43 mi ) are visible and , on clear days , the town of Rusape can be seen . Zimbabwe is unusual in Africa in that there are a number of ancient ruined cities built in a unique dry stone style . The most famous of these are the Great Zimbabwe ruins in Masvingo . Other ruins include Khami Ruins , Zimbabwe , Dhlo - Dhlo and Naletale . The Matobo Hills are an area of granite kopjes and wooded valleys commencing some 22 miles ( 35 km ) south of Bulawayo in southern Zimbabwe . The Hills were formed over 2,000 million years ago with granite being forced to the surface , then being eroded to produce smooth `` whaleback dwalas '' and broken kopjes , strewn with boulders and interspersed with thickets of vegetation . Mzilikazi , founder of the Ndebele nation , gave the area its name , meaning ' Bald Heads ' . They have become famous and a tourist attraction due to their ancient shapes and local wildlife . Cecil Rhodes and other early white pioneers like Leander Starr Jameson are buried in these hills at a site named World 's View . Water supply and sanitation ( edit ) Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe Water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe is defined by many small scale successful programs but also by a general lack of improved water and sanitation systems for the majority of Zimbabwe . According to the World Health Organization in 2012 , 80 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved , i.e. clean , drinking - water sources , and only 40 % of Zimbabweans had access to improved sanitation facilities . Access to improved water supply and sanitation is distinctly less in rural areas . Public expenditure on education in Southern Africa as a share of GDP , 2012 or closest year . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) There are many factors which continue to determine the nature , for the foreseeable future , of water supply and sanitation in Zimbabwe . Three major factors are the severely depressed state of the Zimbabwean economy , the reluctance of foreign aid organizations to build and finance infrastructure projects , and the political instability of the Zimbabwean state . Science and Technology ( edit ) Main article : Science and technology in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has relatively well - developed national infrastructure and a long - standing tradition of promoting research and development ( R&D ) , as evidenced by the levy imposed on tobacco - growers since the 1930s to promote market research . The country also has a well - developed education system , with one in eleven adults holding a tertiary degree . Given the country 's solid knowledge base and abundant natural resources , Zimbabwe has the potential to figure among the countries leading growth in sub-Saharan Africa by 2020 . Scientific research output in terms of publications in Southern Africa , cumulative totals by field , 2008 -- 2014 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , Figure 20.6 To do so , however , Zimbabwe will need to correct a number of structural weaknesses . For instance , it currently lacks the critical mass of researchers needed to trigger innovation . Although the infrastructure is in place to harness research and development to Zimbabwe 's socio - economic development , universities and research institutions lack the requisite financial and human resources to conduct research and the current regulatory environment hampers the transfer of new technologies to the business sector . The economic crisis has precipitated an exodus of university students and professionals in key areas of expertise ( medicine , engineering , etc . ) that is of growing concern . More than 22 % of Zimbabwean tertiary students were completing their degrees abroad in 2012 , compared to a 4 % average for sub-Saharan Africa as a whole . In 2012 , there were 200 researchers ( head count ) employed in the public sector , one - quarter of whom were women . This is double the continental average ( 91 in 2013 ) but only one - quarter the researcher density of South Africa ( 818 per million inhabitants ) . The government has created the Zimbabwe Human Capital Website to provide information for the diaspora on job and investment opportunities in Zimbabwe . Despite the fact that human resources are a pillar of any research and innovation policy , the Medium Term Plan 2011 -- 2015 did not discuss any explicit policy for promoting postgraduate studies in science and engineering . The scarcity of new PhDs in science and engineering fields from the University of Zimbabwe in 2013 was symptomatic of this omission . Nor does the development agenda to 2018 , the Zimbabwe Agenda for Sustainable Economic Transformation , contain any specific targets for increasing the number of scientists and engineers , or the staffing requirements for industry and other productive sectors . In addition , the lack of co-ordination and coherence among governance structures has led to a multiplication of research priorities and poor implementation of existing policies . Scientific publication trends in the most productive SADC countries , 2005 -- 2014 . Source : UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 ( 2015 ) , data from Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science , Science Citation Index Expanded The country 's Second Science and Technology Policy was launched in June 2012 , after being elaborated with UNESCO assistance . It replaces the earlier policy dating from 2002 . The 2012 policy prioritizes biotechnology , information and communication technologies ( ICTs ) , space sciences , nanotechnology , indigenous knowledge systems , technologies yet to emerge and scientific solutions to emergent environmental challenges . The Second Science and Technology Policy also asserts the government commitment to allocating at least 1 % of GDP to research and development , focusing at least 60 % of university education on developing skills in science and technology and ensuring that school pupils devote at least 30 % of their time to studying science subjects . In 2014 , Zimbabwe counted 21 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals , according to Thomson Reuters ' Web of Science ( Science Citation Index Expanded ) . This placed Zimbabwe sixth out of the 15 SADC countries , behind Namibia ( 59 ) , Mauritius ( 71 ) , Botswana ( 103 ) and , above all , South Africa ( 175 ) and the Seychelles ( 364 ) . The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 scientific publications per million inhabitants , compared to a global average of 176 per million . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Zimbabwe Population in Zimbabwe Year Million 1950 2.7 2000 12.2 2016 16.2 A n'anga ( Traditional Healer ) of the majority ( 70 % ) Shona people , holding a kudu horn trumpet Zimbabwe 's total population is 12.97 million . According to the United Nations World Health Organisation , the life expectancy for men was 56 years and the life expectancy for women was 60 years of age ( 2012 ) . An association of doctors in Zimbabwe has made calls for President Mugabe to make moves to assist the ailing health service . The HIV infection rate in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 14 % for people aged 15 -- 49 in 2009 . UNESCO reported a decline in HIV prevalence among pregnant women from 26 % in 2002 to 21 % in 2004 . Some 85 % of Zimbabweans are Christian ; 62 % of the population attends religious services regularly . The largest Christian churches are Anglican , Roman Catholic , Seventh - day Adventist and Methodist . As in other African countries , Christianity may be mixed with enduring traditional beliefs . Ancestral worship is the most practised non-Christian religion , involving spiritual intercession ; the mbira dzavadzimu , which means `` voice of the ancestors '' , an instrument related to many lamellophones ubiquitous throughout Africa , is central to many ceremonial proceedings . Mwari simply means `` God the Creator '' ( musika vanhu in Shona ) . Around 1 % of the population is Muslim . A group of women and children in Norton , Zimbabwe Bantu - speaking ethnic groups make up 98 % of the population . The majority people , the Shona , comprise 70 % . The Ndebele are the second most populous with 20 % of the population . The Ndebele descended from Zulu migrations in the 19th century and the other tribes with which they intermarried . Up to one million Ndebele may have left the country over the last five years , mainly for South Africa . Other Bantu ethnic groups make up the third largest with 2 to 5 % : these are Venda , Tonga , Shangaan , Kalanga , Sotho , Ndau , Nambya , Tswana , Xhosa and Lozi . Minority ethnic groups include white Zimbabweans , who make up less than 1 % of the total population . White Zimbabweans are mostly of British origin , but there are also Afrikaner , Greek , Portuguese , French and Dutch communities . The white population dropped from a peak of around 278,000 or 4.3 % of the population in 1975 to possibly 120,000 in 1999 , and was estimated to be no more than 50,000 in 2002 , and possibly much less . The 2012 census lists the total white population at 28,782 ( roughly 0.22 % of the population ) , one - tenth of its 1975 estimated size . Most emigration has been to the United Kingdom ( between 200,000 and 500,000 Britons are of Rhodesian or Zimbabwean origin ) , South Africa , Botswana , Zambia , Canada , Australia and New Zealand . Coloureds form 0.5 % of the population , and various Asian ethnic groups , mostly of Indian and Chinese origin , are also 0.5 % . According to 2012 Census report , 99.7 % of the population is of African origin . Official fertility rates over the last decade were 3.6 ( 2002 Census ) , 3.8 ( 2006 ) and 3.8 ( 2012 Census ) . Largest cities ( edit ) Largest cities or towns in Zimbabwe http://www.geohive.com/cntry/zimbabwe.aspx Rank Name Province Pop . Harare Bulawayo Harare Harare 1,485,231 Mutare Bulawayo Bulawayo 653,337 Chitungwiza Harare 356,840 Mutare Manicaland 187,621 5 Epworth Harare 167,462 6 Gweru Midlands 157,865 7 Kwekwe Midlands 100,900 8 Kadoma Mashonaland West 92,469 9 Masvingo Masvingo 87,886 10 Chinhoyi Mashonaland West 77,929 Language ( edit ) Main article : Languages of Zimbabwe English is the main language used in the education and judiciary systems . The Bantu languages Shona and Sindebele are the principal indigenous languages of Zimbabwe . Shona is spoken by 70 % of the population , Sindebele by 20 % . Other minority Bantu languages include Venda , Tsonga , Shangaan , Kalanga , Sotho , Ndau and Nambya . Less than 2.5 % , mainly the white and `` coloured '' ( mixed race ) minorities , consider English their native language . Shona has a rich oral tradition , which was incorporated into the first Shona novel , Feso by Solomon Mutswairo , published in 1956 . English is spoken primarily in the cities , but less so in rural areas . Radio and television news now broadcast in Shona , Sindebele and English . Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution , an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages . Refugee crisis ( edit ) The economic meltdown and repressive political measures in Zimbabwe have led to a flood of refugees into neighbouring countries . An estimated 3.4 million Zimbabweans , a quarter of the population , had fled abroad by mid-2007 . Some 3,000,000 of these left for South Africa and Botswana . Apart from the people who fled into the neighbouring countries , there are approximately 36,000 internally displaced persons ( IDPs ) . There is no current comprehensive survey , although the following figures are available : Survey Number Date Source National Survey 880 -- 960,000 2007 Zimbabwe Vulnerability Assessment Committee Former Farm Workers 1,000,000 2008 UNDP Victims of Operation Murambatsvina 570,000 2005 UN People Displaced by Political Violence 36,000 2008 UN The above surveys do not include people displaced by Operation Chikorokoza Chapera or beneficiaries of the fast - track land reform programme but who have since been evicted . Religion ( edit ) Main article : Religion in Zimbabwe Religion in Zimbabwe religion percent Protestantism 63 % Roman Catholicism 17 % Ethnic religion 11 % Irreligion 7 % Others 2 % An estimated 80 % of the country 's citizens identify themselves as Christians . Protestants ( mostly followers of Pentecostal African Churches ) are around 63 % of the population . Estimates from 2005 said there were 1,145,000 Roman Catholics in Zimbabwe . This is about 9 % of the total population . The followers of ethnic religions are around 11 % . Around 1 % are Muslims , mainly from Mozambique and Malawi , 0.1 % are Hindus and 0.3 % are Baha'is . Approximately 7 % of citizens have no religious practice or are atheist . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has many different cultures which may include beliefs and ceremonies , one of them being Shona , Zimbabwe 's largest ethnic group . The Shona people have many sculptures and carvings which are made with the finest materials available . Zimbabwe first celebrated its independence on 18 April 1980 . Celebrations are held at either the National Sports Stadium or Rufaro Stadium in Harare . The first independence celebrations were held in 1980 at the Zimbabwe Grounds . At these celebrations doves are released to symbolise peace and fighter jets fly over and the national anthem is sung . The flame of independence is lit by the president after parades by the presidential family and members of the armed forces of Zimbabwe . The president also gives a speech to the people of Zimbabwe which is televised for those unable to attend the stadium . Zimbabwe also has a national beauty pageant , the Miss Heritage Zimbabwe contest which has been held annually ever since 2012 . Arts ( edit ) Main article : Zimbabwean art See also : Music of Zimbabwe `` Reconciliation '' , a stone sculpture by Amos Supuni Traditional arts in Zimbabwe include pottery , basketry , textiles , jewellery and carving . Among the distinctive qualities are symmetrically patterned woven baskets and stools carved out of a single piece of wood . Shona sculpture has become world - famous in recent years having found popularity in the 1940s . Most subjects of carved figures of stylised birds and human figures among others are made with sedimentary rocks such as soapstone , as well as harder igneous rocks such as serpentine and the rare stone verdite . Zimbabwean artefacts can be found in countries like Singapore , China and Canada . i.e. Dominic Benhura 's statue in the Singapore Botanic Gardens . Shona sculpture in has survived through the ages and the modern style is a fusion of African folklore with European influences . World - renowned Zimbabwean sculptors include Nicholas , Nesbert and Anderson Mukomberanwa , Tapfuma Gutsa , Henry Munyaradzi and Locardia Ndandarika . Internationally , Zimbabwean sculptors have managed to influence a new generation of artists , particularly Black Americans , through lengthy apprenticeships with master sculptors in Zimbabwe . Contemporary artists like New York sculptor M. Scott Johnson and California sculptor Russel Albans have learned to fuse both African and Afro - diasporic aesthetics in a way that travels beyond the simplistic mimicry of African Art by some Black artists of past generations in the United States . Several authors are well known within Zimbabwe and abroad . Charles Mungoshi is renowned in Zimbabwe for writing traditional stories in English and in Shona and his poems and books have sold well with both the black and white communities . Catherine Buckle has achieved international recognition with her two books African Tears and Beyond Tears which tell of the ordeal she went through under the 2000 Land Reform . The first Prime Minister of Rhodesia , Ian Smith , wrote two books -- The Great Betrayal and Bitter Harvest . The book The House of Hunger by Dambudzo Marechera won an award in the UK in 1979 and the Nobel Prize - winning author Doris Lessing 's first novel The Grass Is Singing , the first four volumes of The Children of Violence sequence , as well as the collection of short stories African Stories are set in Rhodesia . In 2013 NoViolet Bulawayo 's novel We Need New Names was shortlisted for the Booker Prize . The novel tells the story of the devastation and emigration caused by the brutal suppression of Zimbabwean civilians during the Gukurahundi in the early 1980s . Internationally famous artists include Henry Mudzengerere and Nicolas Mukomberanwa . A recurring theme in Zimbabwean art is the metamorphosis of man into beast . Zimbabwean musicians like Thomas Mapfumo , Oliver Mtukudzi , the Bhundu Boys ; Alick Macheso and Audius Mtawarira have achieved international recognition . Among members of the white minority community , Theatre has a large following , with numerous theatrical companies performing in Zimbabwe 's urban areas . Cuisine ( edit ) A meal of sadza ( right ) , greens , and goat offal . The goat 's small intestines are wrapped around small pieces of large intestines before cooking . Like in many African countries , the majority of Zimbabweans depend on a few staple foods . `` Mealie meal '' , also known as cornmeal , is used to prepare sadza or isitshwala , as well as porridge known as bota or ilambazi . Sadza is made by mixing the cornmeal with water to produce a thick paste / porridge . After the paste has been cooking for several minutes , more cornmeal is added to thicken the paste . This is usually eaten as lunch or dinner , usually with sides such as gravy , vegetables ( spinach , chomolia , or spring greens / collard greens ) , beans , and meat ( stewed , grilled , roasted , or sundried ) . Sadza is also commonly eaten with curdled milk ( sour milk ) , commonly known as `` lacto '' ( mukaka wakakora ) , or dried Tanganyika sardine , known locally as kapenta or matemba . Bota is a thinner porridge , cooked without the additional cornmeal and usually flavoured with peanut butter , milk , butter , or jam . Bota is usually eaten for breakfast . Graduations , weddings , and any other family gatherings will usually be celebrated with the killing of a goat or cow , which will be barbecued or roasted by the family . Raw boerewors Even though the Afrikaners are a small group ( 10 % ) within the white minority group , Afrikaner recipes are popular . Biltong , a type of jerky , is a popular snack , prepared by hanging bits of spiced raw meat to dry in the shade . Boerewors is served with sadza . It is a long sausage , often well - spiced , composed of beef rather than pork , and barbecued . As Zimbabwe was a British colony , some people there have adopted some colonial - era English eating habits . For example , most people will have porridge in the morning , as well as 10 o'clock tea ( midday tea ) . They will have lunch , often leftovers from the night before , freshly cooked sadza , or sandwiches ( which is more common in the cities ) . After lunch , there is usually 4 o'clock tea ( afternoon tea ) , which is served before dinner . It is not uncommon for tea to be had after dinner . Rice , pasta , and potato - based foods ( french fries and mashed potato ) also make up part of Zimbabwean cuisine . A local favourite is rice cooked with peanut butter , which is taken with thick gravy , mixed vegetables and meat . A potpourri of peanuts known as nzungu , boiled and sundried maize , black - eyed peas known as nyemba , and bambara groundnuts known as nyimo makes a traditional dish called mutakura . Mutakura can also be the above ingredients cooked individually . One can also find local snacks , such as maputi ( roasted / popped maize kernels similar to popcorn ) , roasted and salted peanuts , sugar cane , sweet potato , pumpkin , and indigenous fruits , such as horned melon , gaka , adansonia , mawuyu , uapaca kirkiana , mazhanje ( sugar plum ) , and many others . Sports ( edit ) Main article : Sport in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe women 's national football team at the 2016 Olympic Games Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe . The Warriors have qualified for the Africa Cup of Nations three times ( 2004 , 2006 , 2017 ) , and won the Southern Africa championship on four occasions ( 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2009 ) and the Eastern Africa cup once ( 1985 ) . Rugby union is a significant sport in Zimbabwe . The national side have represented the country at 2 Rugby World Cup tournaments in 1987 and 1991 . The team are currently ranked 26 in the world by World Rugby . Cricket also has a following among the white minority . It is one of ten Test cricket playing nations and a ICC full member as well . Notable cricket players from Zimbabwe include Andy Flower , Heath Streak and Brendan Taylor . Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals , one in field hockey with the women 's team at the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow , and seven by swimmer Kirsty Coventry , three at the 2004 Summer Olympics and four at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All - Africa Games in swimming with Kirsty Coventry obtaining 11 gold medals in the different competitions . Zimbabwe has also competed at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis , most notably with the Black family , which comprises Wayne Black , Byron Black and Cara Black . Zimbabwe has also done well in golf . The Zimbabwean Nick Price held the official World Number 1 status longer than any player from Africa has ever done in the 24 - year history of the ranking . Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball , volleyball , netball , and water polo , as well as squash , motorsport , martial arts , chess , cycling , polocrosse , kayaking and horse racing . However , most of these sports do not have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level . Zimbabwean professional rugby league players currently playing overseas are Masimbaashe Motongo and Judah Mazive . Former players include now SANZAAR CEO Andy Marinos who made an appearance for South Africa at the Super League World Nines and featured for the Sydney Bulldogs as well as Zimbabwe - born former Scotland rugby union international Scott Gray , who spent time at the Brisbane Broncos . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media of Zimbabwe The media of Zimbabwe is now once again diverse , having come under tight restriction between 2002 and 2008 by the government during the growing economic and political crisis in the country . The Zimbabwean constitution promises freedom of the media and expression . Since the appointment of a new media and information minister in 2013 the media is currently facing less political interference and the supreme court has ruled some sections of the strict media laws as unconstitutional . In July 2009 the BBC and CNN were able to resume operations and report legally and openly from Zimbabwe . CNN welcomed the move . The Zimbabwe Ministry of Media , Information and Publicity stated that , `` the Zimbabwe government never banned the BBC from carrying out lawful activities inside Zimbabwe '' . The BBC also welcomed the move saying , `` we 're pleased at being able to operate openly in Zimbabwe once again '' . In 2010 the Zimbabwe Media Commission was established by the inclusive , power - sharing government . In May 2010 the Commission licensed three new privately owned newspapers , including the previously banned Daily News , for publication . Reporters Without Borders described the decisions as a `` major advance '' . In June 2010 NewsDay became the first independent daily newspaper to be published in Zimbabwe in seven years . ZBC 's monopoly in the broadcasting sector was ended with the licensing of two private radio stations in 2012 . Since the 2002 Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act ( AIPPA ) was passed , a number of privately owned news outlets were shut down by the government , including Daily News whose managing director Wilf Mbanga went on to form the influential The Zimbabwean . As a result , many press organisations have been set up in both neighbouring and Western countries by exiled Zimbabweans . Because the internet is currently unrestricted , many Zimbabweans are allowed to access online news sites set up by exiled journalists . Reporters Without Borders claims the media environment in Zimbabwe involves `` surveillance , threats , imprisonment , censorship , blackmail , abuse of power and denial of justice are all brought to bear to keep firm control over the news . '' The main published newspapers are The Herald and The Chronicle which are printed in Harare and Bulawayo respectively . The heavy - handedness on the media has progressively relaxed since 2009 . In its 2008 report , Reporters Without Borders ranked the Zimbabwean media as 151st out of 173 . The government also bans many foreign broadcasting stations from Zimbabwe , including the CBC , Sky News , Channel 4 , American Broadcasting Company , Australian Broadcasting Corporation ( ABC ) , and Fox News . News agencies and newspapers from other Western countries and South Africa have also been banned from the country . Scouting ( edit ) Main article : The Scout Association of Zimbabwe Baden - Powell 's drawing of Chief of Scouts Burnham , Matobo Hills , 1896 It was in the Matabeleland region in Zimbabwe that , during the Second Matabele War , Robert Baden - Powell , the founder of Scouting , and Frederick Russell Burnham , the American born Chief of Scouts for the British Army , first met and began their lifelong friendship . In mid-June 1896 , during a scouting patrol in the Matobo Hills , Burnham began teaching Baden - Powell woodcraft . Baden - Powell and Burnham discussed the concept of a broad training programme in woodcraft for young men , rich in exploration , tracking , fieldcraft , and self - reliance . It was also during this time in the Matobo Hills that Baden - Powell first started to wear his signature campaign hat like the one worn by Burnham . Scouting in the former Rhodesia and Nyasaland started in 1909 when the first Boy Scout troop was registered . Scouting grew quickly and in 1924 Rhodesia and Nyasaland sent a large contingent to the second World Scout Jamboree in Ermelunden , Denmark . In 1959 , Rhodesia hosted the Central African Jamboree at Ruwa . In 2009 , Scouts celebrated 100 years of Scouting in Zimbabwe and hundreds of Scouts camped at Gordon Park , a Scout campground and training area , as part of these celebrations . Besides scouting , there are also leadership , life skills and general knowledge courses and training experiences mainly for school children ranging from pre-school to final year high school students and some times those beyond High school . These courses and outings are held at , for example , Lasting Impressions ( Lasting Impressions ~ Zimbabwe on YouTube ) , Far and Wide Zimbabwe ( Far and wide . ) and Chimanimani Outward Bound ( Outwardbound Zimbabwe at the Wayback Machine ( archived 16 June 2007 ) ) . National Symbols ( edit ) Traditional Zimbabwe Bird design The stone - carved Zimbabwe Bird appears on the national flags and the coats of arms of both Zimbabwe and Rhodesia , as well as on banknotes and coins ( first on Rhodesian pound and then Rhodesian dollar ) . It probably represents the bateleur eagle or the African fish eagle . The famous soapstone bird carvings stood on walls and monoliths of the ancient city of Great Zimbabwe , built , it is believed , sometime between the 13th and 16th centuries by ancestors of the Shona . The ruins , which gave their name to modern Zimbabwe , cover some 1,800 acres ( 7.3 km ) and are the largest ancient stone construction in Zimbabwe . Balancing Rocks are geological formations all over Zimbabwe . The rocks are perfectly balanced without other supports . They are created when ancient granite intrusions are exposed to weathering , as softer rocks surrounding them erode away . They are often remarked on and have been depicted on both the banknotes of Zimbabwe and the Rhodesian dollar banknotes . The ones found on the current notes of Zimbabwe , named the Banknote Rocks , are located in Epworth , approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) south east of Harare . There are many different formations of the rocks , incorporating single and paired columns of 3 or more rocks . These formations are a feature of south and east tropical Africa from northern South Africa northwards to Sudan . The most notable formations in Zimbabwe are located in the Matobo National Park in Matabeleland . The National Anthem of Zimbabwe is `` Blessed be the Land of Zimbabwe '' ( Shona : `` Simudzai Mureza wedu WeZimbabwe '' ; Northern Ndebele : `` Kalibusiswe Ilizwe leZimbabwe '' ) . It was introduced in March 1994 after a nationwide competition to replace `` Ishe Komborera Africa '' as a distinctly Zimbabwean song . The winning entry was a song written by Professor Solomon Mutswairo and composed by Fred Changundega . It has been translated into all three of the main languages of Zimbabwe . Health ( edit ) See also : HIV / AIDS in Zimbabwe and Zimbabwean cholera outbreak Map showing the spread of cholera in and around Zimbabwe put together from several sources . At independence , the policies of racial inequality were reflected in the disease patterns of the black majority . The first five years after independence saw rapid gains in areas such as immunisation coverage , access to health care , and contraceptive prevalence rate . Zimbabwe was thus considered internationally to have an achieved a good record of health development . Zimbabwe suffered occasional outbreaks of acute diseases ( such as plague in 1994 ) . The gains on the national health were eroded by structural adjustment in the 1990s , the impact of the HIV / AIDS pandemic and the economic crisis since the year 2000 . In 2006 , Zimbabwe had one of the lowest life expectancies in the world according to UN figure -- 44 for men and 43 for women , down from 60 in 1990 , but recovered to 60 in 2015 . The rapid drop was ascribed mainly to the HIV / AIDS pandemic . Infant mortality rose from 6 % in the late 1990s to 12.3 % by 2004 . By 2016 HIV / AIDS prevalence had been reduced to 13.5 % compared to 40 % in 1998 . The health system has more or less collapsed . At the end of November 2008 , some operations at three of Zimbabwe 's four major referral hospitals had shut down , along with the Zimbabwe Medical School , and the fourth major hospital had two wards and no operating theatres working . Due to hyperinflation , those hospitals still open were not able to obtain basic drugs and medicines . The situation changed drastically after the Unity Government and the introduction of the multi-currency system in February 2009 although the political and economic crisis also contributed to the emigration of the doctors and people with medical knowledge . In August 2008 large areas of Zimbabwe were struck by the ongoing cholera epidemic . By December 2008 more than 10,000 people had been infected in all but one of Zimbabwe 's provinces and the outbreak had spread to Botswana , Mozambique , South Africa and Zambia . On 4 December 2008 the Zimbabwe government declared the outbreak to be a national emergency and asked for international aid . By 9 March 2009 The World Health Organization ( WHO ) estimated that 4,011 people had succumbed to the waterborne disease since the outbreak began in August 2008 , and the total number of cases recorded had reached 89,018 . In Harare , the city council offered free graves to cholera victims . There had been signs that the disease is abating , with cholera infections down by about 50 % to around 4,000 cases a week . The 2014 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Zimbabwe was 614 compared to 960 in 2010 -- 11 and 232 in 1990 . The under 5 mortality rate , per 1,000 births was 75 in 2014 ( 94 in 2009 ) . The number of midwives per 1,000 live births was unavailable in 2016 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 42 . Education ( edit ) Main article : Education in Zimbabwe St George 's College , Harare was established in 1896 by a French Jesuit Due to large investments in education since independence , Zimbabwe has the highest adult literacy rate in Africa which in 2013 was 90.70 % . This is lower than the 92 % recorded in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme and the 97.0 % recorded in the 2002 census , while still substantially higher than 80.4 % recorded in the 1992 census . The education department has stated that 20,000 teachers have left Zimbabwe since 2007 and that half of Zimbabwe 's children have not progressed beyond primary school . The wealthier portion of the population usually send their children to independent schools as opposed to the government - run schools which are attended by the majority as these are subsidized by the government . School education was made free in 1980 , but since 1988 , the government has steadily increased the charges attached to school enrollment until they now greatly exceed the real value of fees in 1980 . The Ministry of Education of Zimbabwe maintains and operates the government schools but the fees charged by independent schools are regulated by the cabinet of Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe 's education system consists of 2 years of pre-school , 7 years of primary and 6 years of secondary schooling before students can enter university in the country or abroad . The academic year in Zimbabwe runs from January to December , with three terms , broken up by one month holidays , with a total of 40 weeks of school per year . National examinations are written during the third term in November , with `` O '' level and `` A '' level subjects also offered in June . There are seven public ( Government ) universities as well as four church - related universities in Zimbabwe that are fully internationally accredited . The University of Zimbabwe , the first and largest , was built in 1952 and is located in the Harare suburb of Mount Pleasant . Notable alumni from Zimbabwean universities include Welshman Ncube ; Peter Moyo ( of Amabhubesi ) ; Tendai Biti , Chenjerai Hove , Zimbabwean poet , novelist and essayist ; and Arthur Mutambara . Many of the current politicians in the government of Zimbabwe have obtained degrees from universities in USA or other universities abroad . National University of Science and Technology ( NUST ) is the second largest public research university in Zimbabwe located in Bulawayo . It was established in 1991 . The National University of Science and Technology strives to become a flourishing and reputable institution not only in Zimbabwe and in Southern Africa but also among the international fraternity of Universities . Its guidance , cultural values is the encouragement of all its members and society of those attitudes of fair mindedness , understanding , tolerance and respect for people and views which are essential for the attainment and maintenance of justice , peace and harmony at all times . Africa University is a United Methodist related university institution located in Manicaland which attracts students from at least 36 African countries . The institution has been growing steadily and has steady study material and learning facilities . The highest professional board for accountants is the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Zimbabwe ( ICAZ ) with direct relationships with similar bodies in South Africa , Canada , the UK and Australia . A qualified Chartered Accountant from Zimbabwe is also a member of similar bodies in these countries after writing a conversion paper . In addition , Zimbabwean - trained doctors only require one year of residence to be fully licensed doctors in the United States . The Zimbabwe Institution of Engineers ( ZIE ) is the highest professional board for engineers . Education in Zimbabwe became under threat since the economic changes in 2000 with teachers going on strike because of low pay , students unable to concentrate because of hunger and the price of uniforms soaring making this standard a luxury . Teachers were also one of the main targets of Mugabe 's attacks because he thought they were not strong supporters . See also ( edit ) Zimbabwe portal Education in Zimbabwe Index of Zimbabwe - related articles Outline of Zimbabwe Source ( edit ) This article incorporates text from a free content work . Licensed under CC - BY - SA IGO3. 0 UNESCO Science Report : towards 2030 , UNESCO . To learn how to add open license text to Wikipedia articles , please see Wikipedia : Adding open license text to Wikipedia . For information on reusing text from Wikipedia , please see the terms of use . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The following languages , namely Chewa , Chibarwe , English , Kalanga , Koisan , Nambya , Ndau , Ndebele , Shangani , Shona , sign language , Sotho , Tonga , Tswana , Venda and Xhosa , are the officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe '' . The Beaver County Times . 13 September 1981 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- Zimbabwe '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ Constitution of Zimbabwe ( final draft ) ( PDF ) , Kubatana Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ) . Jump up ^ `` Developments in English '' . International Association of University Professors of English Conference . Cambridge University Press . 31 October 2014 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census Results in Brief '' ( PDF ) . Zimbabwe National Statistical Agency . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 September 2013 . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe '' . International Monetary Fund . Jump up ^ `` GINI Index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Time '' . Greenwich Mean Time . Greenwich 2000 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe to make Chinese yuan legal currency after Beijing cancels debts '' , The Guardian , France - Presse , 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hungwe , Brian ( 6 February 2014 ) , `` Zimbabwe 's multi-currency confusion '' , News , BBC , retrieved 26 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference language was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Boris ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Robert Mugabe tarnished the jewel that is Zimbabwe . Now is its chance to shine again '' -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ Lessing , Doris ( 10 April 2003 ) . `` The Jewel of Africa '' -- via www.nybooks.com . Jump up ^ Chifera , Irwin . `` What Happened to Zimbabwe , Once Known as The Jewel of Africa ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 2015 Human Rights Report '' . United States Department of State Bureau of Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor . 2015 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe 's Robert Mugabe '' . BBC . 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe '' . USA Today . 16 March 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Caused Zimbabwe 's Economic Crash ? '' . Quora. 29 November 2015 -- via Slate . ^ Jump up to : McKenzie , David ; Swails , Brent ; Dewan , Angela . `` Zimbabwe in turmoil after apparent coup '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe 's Robert Mugabe confined to home as army takes control '' . The Guardian . 2017 Nov 15 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ruling party sacks Mugabe as leader '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe 's President Mugabe ' resigns ' '' . BBC News . 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ISBN 0 - 09 - 170670 - X . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Scouts celebrate their centenary in a park that Baden - Powell had visited in 1936 '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Huffman , Thomas N. ( 1985 ) . `` The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe '' . African Arts . 18 ( 3 ) : 68 -- 73 , 99 -- 100 . doi : 10.2307 / 3336358 . JSTOR 3336358 . Jump up ^ Sinclair , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Review : The Soapstone Birds of Great Zimbabwe Symbols of a Nation by Edward Matenga '' . The South African Archaeological Bulletin . 56 ( 173 / 174 ) : 105 -- 106 . doi : 10.2307 / 3889033 . JSTOR 3889033 . Jump up ^ Landow , George P. `` Great Zimbabwe '' . Brown University . Archived from the original on 9 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Rocks '' . Archived from the original on 17 August 2009 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Davies , R. and Sanders , D. ( 1998 ) . `` Adjustment policies and the welfare of children : Zimbabwe , 1980 -- 1985 '' . In : Cornia , G.A. , Jolly , R. and Stewart , F. ( eds . ) Adjustment with a human face , Vol. II : country case studies . Clarendon Press , Oxford , pp. 272 -- 99 ; ISBN 0198286112 . Jump up ^ Dugbatey , K. ( 1999 ) . `` National health policies : sub-Saharan African case studies ( 1980 -- 1990 ) '' . Soc . Sci. Med. 49 ( 2 ) : 223 -- 239 . doi : 10.1016 / S0277 - 9536 ( 99 ) 00110 - 0 . PMID 10414831 . Jump up ^ Marquette , C.M. ( 1997 ) . `` Current poverty , structural adjustment , and drought in Zimbabwe '' . World Development . 25 ( 7 ) : 1141 -- 1149 . doi : 10.1016 / S0305 - 750X ( 97 ) 00019 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe in 10 numbers '' . BBC News . 2017 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division '' . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Hungwe , Brian ( 7 November 2008 ) . `` The death throes of Harare 's hospitals '' . BBC . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : coping with the cholera outbreak '' . 26 November 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe cholera deaths near 500 '' . BBC . 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` PM urges Zimbabwe cholera action '' . BBC News . 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Miliband backs African calls for end of Mugabe '' , The Times , 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares national emergency over cholera '' . Reuters. 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe declares cholera outbreak a national emergency '' . Agence France - Presse. 4 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : On the cholera frontline . IRIN. 9 March 2009 Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe says cholera epidemic may spread with rain '' . Reuters. 30 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The State of the World 's Midwifery '' . United Nations Population Fund . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking of African Countries By Literacy Rate : Zimbabwe No. 1 '' . The African Economist . Jump up ^ `` Unlicensed and outdoors or no school at all '' Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , irinnews.org , 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe : Country Leads in Africa Literacy Race '' , AllAfrica.com , 14 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Poverty Income Consumption and Expenditure Survey 2011 / 12 Report ( Report ) . Zimstat. 2013 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Nkepile Mabuse ( 28 September 2009 ) . `` Zimbabwe schools begin fightback '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zimbabwe US Embassy '' . Archived from the original on 18 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC report on 40 years in Zimbabwe 's schools '' . BBC News . 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 November 2007 . Sources ( edit ) Parsons , Neil ( 1993 ) . A New History of Southern Africa ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 84195319 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Barclay , Philip ( 2010 ) , Zimbabwe : Years of Hope and Despair . Bourne , Richard . Catastrophe : What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe ? ( 2011 ) ; 302 pages . McGregor , JoAnn ; Primorac , Ranka , eds. ( 2010 ) , Zimbabwe 's New Diaspora : Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival , Berghahn Books , 286 pages . Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe 's continuing crisis , with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa ; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse . Meredith , Martin . Mugabe : Power , Plunder , and the Struggle for Zimbabwe 's Future ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search . Orner , Peter ; Holmes , Annie ( 2011 ) , Hope Deferred : Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives , Voice of witness . Smith , Ian Douglas . Bitter Harvest : Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutZimbabweat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Parliament of Zimbabwe -- official government site Zimbabwe Government Online official government mirror site Zimbabwe at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Zimbabwe profile from the BBC News Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe `` Zimbabwe '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Zimbabwe from UCB Libraries GovPubs Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe from International Futures World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe Zimbabwe articles 1890 -- 1923 : Company rule ; 1923 -- 80 : Southern Rhodesia ; 1953 -- 63 : Federation ; 1965 -- 79 : Rhodesia under UDI ; 1979 : Zimbabwe Rhodesia under UDI ; 1980 -- present : Zimbabwe History Chronology Pre-colonial Rudd Concession Company rule Pioneer Column First Matabele War Shangani Patrol Second Matabele War Second Boer War First World War Southern Rhodesia colonial history Second World War Rhodesia -- Nyasaland federation Malayan Emergency involvement Unilateral Declaration of Independence Rhodesia Bush War 1975 Victoria Falls Conference 1976 Geneva Conference Internal Settlement Zimbabwe Rhodesia Lancaster House Agreement Gukurahundi 2008 -- 09 cholera outbreak 2016 -- 17 protests 2017 coup d'état By topic Constitutional Cricket ( to 1992 ) Cricket ( 1992 -- 2006 ) Cricket crisis ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Military Geography Chimanimani District Cities and towns Districts Great Zimbabwe Place name renaming Provinces Rivers Limpopo Zambezi Wards ( municipalities ) Wildlife Politics Elections Electoral Commission Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Land reform Military Parliament Senate House of Assembly Political parties Presidents Vice-President Prime Minister 2007 political crisis Economy Central bank Dollar ( suspended currency ) Stock Exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Culture Art Media Music Public holidays Sex work Demographics Ethnic groups ( diaspora ) Black Hungwe Kunda Lemba Manyika Ndebele Rusape Jews Shona Tokaleya Tonga White Afrikaners British Greeks Jews `` Rhodies '' Others Coloureds ( Goffals ) Indians Languages Afrikaans English ( South African ) Shona Sindebele Symbols Animal Anthem Coat of arms Emblem Flag Flower Outline Index Book Category Portal Geographic locale Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely / mostly in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . Subdivisions of Zimbabwe Provinces Bulawayo Harare Province Manicaland Mashonaland Central Mashonaland East Mashonaland West Masvingo Matabeleland North Matabeleland South Midlands Districts Beitbridge Bikita Bindura Binga Bubi Buhera Bulawayo Bulilimamangwe Chegutu Chikomba Chimanimani Chipinge Chiredzi Chirumhanzu Chivi Gokwe North Gokwe South Goromonzi Guruve Gutu Gwanda Gweru Harare Hurungwe Hwange Hwedza Insiza Kadoma Kariba Kwekwe Lupane Makonde Makoni Marondera Masvingo Matobo Mazowe Mberengwa Mount Darwin Mudzi Mukumbura Murehwa Mutare Mutasa Mutoko Muzarabani Mwenezi Nkayi Nyanga Rushinga Seke Shamva Shurugwi Tsholotsho Umguza Umzingwane Uzumba - Maramba - Pfungwe Wedza Zaka Zvimba Zvishavane Wards Wards of Zimbabwe Largest cities Harare Bulawayo Chitungwiza Mutare Gweru Kwekwe Kadoma Masvingo Chinhoyi Marondera International membership Nations in the Group of 15 ( G - 15 ) Summits 2006 2012 Members Algeria Argentina Brazil Chile Egypt India Indonesia Iran Jamaica Kenya Malaysia Mexico Nigeria Senegal Sri Lanka Venezuela Zimbabwe Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) Member states Angola Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Seychelles South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Zambia Zimbabwe Leaders Chairpersons Levy Mwanawasa Kgalema Motlanthe Secretaries - General Kaire Mbuende Prega Ramsamy Tomaz Salomão See also Southern African Development Coordination Conference ( forerunner ) Southern African Customs Union ( SACU ) Common Monetary Area ( CMA ) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa ( COMESA ) African Union ( AU ) History Pan-Africanism Casablanca Group Monrovia Group Abuja Treaty Sirte Declaration Lome Summit Organisation of African Unity Chairperson Secretary General Geography Borders Extreme points Member states Regions Organs Executive Council Permanent Representatives ' Committee Specialized Technical Committees Assembly Chairperson Commission Chairperson Deputy Chairperson AUCC Pan-African Parliament Bureau Secretariat Gallagher Estate African Court of Justice African Court on Human and Peoples ' Rights ECOSOCC Committees Peace and Security Political Affairs Infrastructure and Energy Social Affairs and Health HR , Sciences and Technology Trade and Industry Rural Economy and Agriculture Economic Affairs Women and Gender Cross-Cutting Programs Financial Institutions AFRA Commission African Central Bank African Monetary Fund African Investment Bank Peace and Security Council ACIRC African Standby Force Panel of the Wise UNAMID AMIB AMIS AMISOM MISCA Politics APRM Foreign relations African Charter on Human and Peoples ' Rights African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights Enlargement Symbols Anthem Emblem Flag Economy Currencies Development Bank African Economic Community NEPAD African Continental Free Trade Area Single African Air Transport Market Culture Africa Day Languages Theory Afro United States of Africa United States of Latin Africa Category History British Empire Legend Current territory Former territory * Now a Commonwealth realm Now a member of the Commonwealth of Nations Historical flags of the British Empire Europe 1542 -- 1800 Ireland ( integrated into UK ) 1708 -- 1757 , 1763 -- 1782 and 1798 -- 1802 Minorca Since 1713 Gibraltar 1800 -- 1813 Malta ( Protectorate ) 1813 -- 1964 Malta ( Colony ) 1807 -- 1890 Heligoland 1809 -- 1864 Ionian Islands 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1921 -- 1937 Irish Free State North America 17th century and before 18th century 19th and 20th century 1579 New Albion 1583 -- 1907 Newfoundland 1605 -- 1979 * Saint Lucia 1607 -- 1776 Virginia Since 1619 Bermuda 1620 -- 1691 Plymouth 1623 -- 1883 Saint Kitts 1624 -- 1966 * Barbados 1625 -- 1650 Saint Croix 1627 -- 1979 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1628 -- 1883 Nevis 1629 -- 1691 Massachusetts Bay 1632 -- 1776 Maryland since 1632 Montserrat 1632 -- 1860 Antigua 1635 -- 1644 Saybrook 1636 -- 1776 Connecticut 1636 -- 1776 Rhode Island 1637 -- 1662 New Haven 1643 -- 1860 Bay Islands Since 1650 Anguilla 1655 -- 1850 Mosquito Coast 1655 -- 1962 * Jamaica 1663 -- 1712 Carolina 1664 -- 1776 New York 1665 -- 1674 and 1702 -- 1776 New Jersey Since 1666 Virgin Islands Since 1670 Cayman Islands 1670 -- 1973 * Bahamas 1670 -- 1870 Rupert 's Land 1671 -- 1816 Leeward Islands 1674 -- 1702 East Jersey 1674 -- 1702 West Jersey 1680 -- 1776 New Hampshire 1681 -- 1776 Pennsylvania 1686 -- 1689 New England 1691 -- 1776 Massachusetts Bay 1701 -- 1776 Delaware 1712 -- 1776 North Carolina 1712 -- 1776 South Carolina 1713 -- 1867 Nova Scotia 1733 -- 1776 Georgia 1754 -- 1820 Cape Breton Island 1762 -- 1974 * Grenada 1763 -- 1978 Dominica 1763 -- 1873 Prince Edward Island 1763 -- 1791 Quebec 1763 -- 1783 East Florida 1763 -- 1783 West Florida 1784 -- 1867 New Brunswick 1791 -- 1841 Lower Canada 1791 -- 1841 Upper Canada Since 1799 Turks and Caicos Islands 1818 -- 1846 Columbia District / Oregon Country 1833 -- 1960 Windward Islands 1833 -- 1960 Leeward Islands 1841 -- 1867 Canada 1849 -- 1866 Vancouver Island 1853 -- 1863 Queen Charlotte Islands 1858 -- 1866 British Columbia 1859 -- 1870 North - Western Territory 1860 -- 1981 * British Antigua and Barbuda 1862 -- 1863 Stickeen 1866 -- 1871 British Columbia 1867 -- 1931 * Dominion of Canada 1871 -- 1964 Honduras 1882 -- 1983 * Saint Kitts and Nevis 1889 -- 1962 Trinidad and Tobago 1907 -- 1949 Newfoundland 1958 -- 1962 West Indies Federation 1 . Occupied jointly with the United States . 2 . In 1931 , Canada and other British dominions obtained self - government through the Statute of Westminster . See Name of Canada . 3 . Gave up self - rule in 1934 , but remained a de jure Dominion until it joined Canada in 1949 . South America 1631 -- 1641 Providence Island 1651 -- 1667 Willoughbyland 1670 -- 1688 Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 1831 -- 1966 Guiana Since 1833 Falkland Islands Since 1908 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4 . Now a department of Colombia . 5 . Occupied by Argentina during the Falklands War of April -- June 1982 . Africa 17th and 18th centuries 19th century 20th century Since 1658 Saint Helena 1792 -- 1961 Sierra Leone 1795 -- 1803 Cape Colony Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha 1806 -- 1910 Cape of Good Hope 1807 -- 1808 Madeira 1810 -- 1968 Mauritius 1816 -- 1965 The Gambia 1856 -- 1910 Natal 1862 -- 1906 Lagos 1868 -- 1966 Basutoland 1874 -- 1957 Gold Coast 1882 -- 1922 Egypt 1884 -- 1900 Niger Coast 1884 -- 1966 Bechuanaland 1884 -- 1960 Somaliland 1887 -- 1897 Zululand 1890 -- 1962 Uganda 1890 -- 1963 Zanzibar 1891 -- 1964 Nyasaland 1891 -- 1907 Central Africa 1893 -- 1968 Swaziland 1895 -- 1920 East Africa 1899 -- 1956 Sudan 1900 -- 1914 Northern Nigeria 1900 -- 1914 Southern Nigeria 1900 -- 1910 Orange River 1900 -- 1910 Transvaal 1903 -- 1976 Seychelles 1910 -- 1931 South Africa 1914 -- 1960 Nigeria 1915 -- 1931 South - West Africa 1919 -- 1961 Cameroons 1920 -- 1963 Kenya 1922 -- 1961 Tanganyika 1923 -- 1965 and 1979 -- 1980 Southern Rhodesia 1924 -- 1964 Northern Rhodesia 6 . League of Nations mandate . 7 . Self - governing Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence in 1965 ( as Rhodesia ) and continued as an unrecognised state until the 1979 Lancaster House Agreement . After recognised independence in 1980 , Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003 . Asia 17th and 18th century 19th century 20th century 1685 -- 1824 Bencoolen 1702 -- 1705 Pulo Condore 1757 -- 1947 Bengal 1762 -- 1764 Manila and Cavite 1781 -- 1784 and 1795 -- 1819 Padang 1786 -- 1946 Penang 1795 -- 1948 Ceylon 1796 -- 1965 Maldives 1811 -- 1816 Java 1812 -- 1824 Banka and Billiton 1819 -- 1826 Malaya 1824 -- 1948 Burma 1826 -- 1946 Straits Settlements 1839 -- 1967 Aden 1839 -- 1842 Afghanistan 1841 -- 1997 Hong Kong 1841 -- 1946 Sarawak 1848 -- 1946 Labuan 1858 -- 1947 India 1874 -- 1963 Borneo 1879 -- 1919 Afghanistan ( protectorate ) 1882 -- 1963 North Borneo 1885 -- 1946 Unfederated Malay States 1888 -- 1984 Brunei 1891 -- 1971 Muscat and Oman 1892 -- 1971 Trucial States 1895 -- 1946 Federated Malay States 1898 -- 1930 Weihai 1878 -- 1960 Cyprus 1907 -- 1949 Bhutan ( protectorate ) 1918 -- 1961 Kuwait 1920 -- 1932 Mesopotamia 1921 -- 1946 Transjordan 1923 -- 1948 Palestine 1945 -- 1946 South Vietnam 1946 -- 1963 North Borneo 1946 -- 1963 Sarawak 1946 -- 1963 Singapore 1946 -- 1948 Malayan Union 1948 -- 1957 Federation of Malaya Since 1960 Akrotiri and Dhekelia ( before as part of Cyprus ) Since 1965 British Indian Ocean Territory ( before as part of Mauritius and the Seychelles ) League of Nations mandate . Iraq 's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty Oceania 18th and 19th centuries 20th century 1788 -- 1901 New South Wales 1803 -- 1901 Van Diemen 's Land / Tasmania 1807 -- 1863 Auckland Islands 1824 -- 1980 New Hebrides 1824 -- 1901 Queensland 1829 -- 1901 Swan River / Western Australia 1836 -- 1901 South Australia since 1838 Pitcairn Islands 1841 -- 1907 New Zealand 1851 -- 1901 Victoria 1874 -- 1970 Fiji 1877 -- 1976 Western Pacific Territories 1884 -- 1949 Papua 1888 -- 1901 Rarotonga / Cook Islands 1889 -- 1948 Union Islands 1892 -- 1979 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 1893 -- 1978 Solomon Islands 1900 -- 1970 Tonga 1900 -- 1974 Niue 1901 -- 1942 * Australia 1907 -- 1947 * New Zealand 1919 -- 1942 and 1945 -- 1968 Nauru 1919 -- 1949 New Guinea 1949 -- 1975 Papua and New Guinea 9 . Now part of the * Realm of New Zealand . 10 . Suspended member . 11 . Now Kiribati and * Tuvalu . 12 . Now the * Solomon Islands . 13 . Now * Papua New Guinea . Antarctica and South Atlantic Since 1658 Saint Helena Since 1815 Ascension Island Since 1816 Tristan da Cunha Since 1908 British Antarctic Territory 1841 -- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory ( transferred to the Commonwealth of Australia ) 1841 -- 1947 Ross Dependency ( transferred to the Realm of New Zealand ) 14 . Since 2009 part of Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ; Ascension Island ( 1922 -- ) and Tristan da Cunha ( 1938 -- ) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena . 15 . Both claimed in 1908 ; territories formed in 1962 ( British Antarctic Territory ) and 1985 ( South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ) . Languages of Zimbabwe Official languages Chewa Chibarwe English Kalanga Koisan Nambya Ndau Ndebele Shona Sotho Tonga Tsonga Tswana Venda Xhosa Zimbabwe Sign Unofficial languages Dombe Fanagalo Kunda Lozi Manyika Ndau Tsoa Tswa BNF : cb11933830b ( data ) GND : 4049850 - 5 HDS : 3476 LCCN : n80089993 NARA : 10035795 NDL : 00569590 SUDOC : 029018455 VIAF : 128940544 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&oldid=843668086 '' Categories : Zimbabwe 1980 establishments in Zimbabwe Bantu countries and territories English - speaking countries and territories Former British colonies G15 nations Landlocked countries Member states of the African Union Member states of the United Nations Republics Southeast African countries States and territories established in 1980 Countries in Africa Military dictatorships Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Webarchive template wayback links Pages with broken reference names CS1 errors : dates Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use South African English from April 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Use dmy dates from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles containing Shona - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles containing Northern Ndebele - language text Free - content attribution Free content from UNESCO Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bamanankan বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Chi - Chewa ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deitsch Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski ཇོང ་ ཁ Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gagauz Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Кырык мары Лезги لۊری شومالی Latgaļu Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala La . lojban . 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where is zimbabwe located in the world map

Zimbabwe ( / zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ / ) , officially the Republic of Zimbabwe , is a landlocked country located in southern Africa , between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers , bordered by South Africa , Botswana , Zambia and Mozambique . The capital and largest city is Harare . A country of roughly 16 million people , Zimbabwe has 16 official languages , with English , Shona , and Ndebele the most commonly used .

Hectare - wikipedia Hectare Jump to : navigation , search Hectare Unit system non-SI metric system Unit of Area Symbol ha In SI base units : 1 ha = 10 m The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər , - tɑːr / ; SI symbol : ha ) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares ( 10,000 m ) or 1 square hectometre ( hm ) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre . An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres . In 1795 , when the metric system was introduced , the `` are '' was defined as 100 square metres and the hectare ( `` hecto - '' + `` are '' ) was thus 100 `` ares '' or ​ ⁄ km . When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960 , resulting in the International System of Units ( SI ) , the are was not included as a recognised unit . The hectare , however , remains as a non-SI unit accepted for use with the SI units , mentioned in Section 4.1 of the SI Brochure as a unit whose use is `` expected to continue indefinitely '' . Comparison of area units Unit SI 1 ca 1 m 1 a 100 m 1 ha 10,000 m 100 ha 1,000,000 m 1 km non-SI comparisons non-SI metric 0.3861 sq mi 1 km 2.471 acre 1 ha 107,639 sq ft 1 ha 1 sq mi 259.0 ha 1 acre 0.4047 ha Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units 2.1 Centiare 2.2 Deciare 2.3 Are 2.4 Decare 2.5 Hectare 3 Conversions 4 Visualising a hectare 4.1 International rugby pitch 4.2 Statue of Liberty 4.3 Interior of all - weather athletics track 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The metric system of measurement was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government . The law of 18 Germinal , Year III ( 7 April 1795 ) defined five units of measure : The metre for length The are ( 100 m ) for area ( of land ) The stère ( 1 m ) for volume of stacked firewood The litre ( 1 dm ) for volumes of liquid The gram for mass Although the law defined the length of the metre , there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre ( and hence the are ) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted . The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when , under the Convention of the Metre , its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) . At the first meeting of the CGPM in 1889 when a new standard metre , manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted , the are and hectare were automatically redefined . In 1960 , when the metric system was updated as the International System of Units ( SI ) , the are did not receive international recognition . The International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) makes no mention of the are in the current ( 2006 ) definition of the SI , but classifies the hectare as a `` Non-SI unit accepted for use with the International System of Units '' In 1972 , the European Economic Community ( EEC ) passed directive 71 / 354 / EEC , which catalogued the units of measure that might be used within the Community . The units that were catalogued replicated the recommendations of the CGPM , supplemented by a few other units including the are ( and implicitly the hectare ) whose use was limited to the measurement of land . Many UK farmers , especially older ones , still use the acre for everyday calculations , and convert to hectares only for official ( especially European Union ) paperwork . Farm fields can have very long histories which are resistant to change , with names such as `` the six acre field '' stretching back hundreds of years and across generations of family farmers . Some younger agricultural workers are now beginning to think in hectares as their `` first language '' , though this is more typical of professional consultants and managers than of traditional farming and land - owning families , and in some circles may be viewed as a social class indicator . Units ( edit ) Definition of a hectare and of an are . The names centiare , deciare , decare and hectare are derived by adding the standard metric prefixes to the original base unit of area , the are . Centiare ( edit ) The centiare is one square metre . Deciare ( edit ) The deciare is ten square metres . Are ( edit ) The are ( / ɑːr / or / ɛər / ) is a unit of area , equal to 100 square metres ( 10 m × 10 m ) , used for measuring land area . It was defined by older forms of the metric system , but is now outside the modern International System of Units ( SI ) . It is still commonly used in colloquial speech to measure real estate , in particular in Indonesia , India , and in various European countries . In Russian and other languages of the former Soviet Union , the are is called sotka ( Russian : сотка : ' a hundred ' , i.e. 100 m ) . It is used to describe the size of suburban dacha or allotment garden plots or small city parks where the hectare would be too large . Etymologically , the word are finds its roots in the Talmudic Aramaic word ארעא ( araa ) , meaning `` land '' . Decare ( edit ) The decare ( / ˈdɛkɑːr , - ɛər / ) is derived from deca and are , and is equal to 10 ares or 1000 square metres . It is used in Norway and in the former Ottoman areas of the Middle East and the Balkans ( Bulgaria ) as a measure of land area . Instead of the name `` decare '' , the names of traditional land measures are usually used , redefined as one decare : Stremma in Greece Dunam , dunum , donum , or dönüm in Israel , Palestine , Jordan , Lebanon , Syria and Turkey Mål is sometimes used for decare in Norway , from the old measure of about the same area . Hectare ( edit ) Trafalgar Square has an area of about one hectare . The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər , - tɑːr / ) , although not a unit of SI , is the only named unit of area that is accepted for use within the SI . In practice the hectare is fully derived from the SI , being equivalent to a square hectometre . It is widely used throughout the world for the measurement of large areas of land , and it is the legal unit of measure in domains concerned with land ownership , planning , and management , including law ( land deeds ) , agriculture , forestry , and town planning throughout the European Union . The United Kingdom , United States , Burma , and to some extent Canada use the acre instead . Some countries that underwent a general conversion from traditional measurements to metric measurements ( e.g. Canada ) required a resurvey when units of measure in legal descriptions relating to land were converted to metric units . Others , such as South Africa , published conversion factors which were to be used particularly `` when preparing consolidation diagrams by compilation '' . In many countries , metrication redefined or clarified existing measures in terms of metric units . The following legacy units of area have been redefined as being equal to one hectare : Jerib in Iran Djerib in Turkey Gong Qing ( 公頃 / 公顷 -- gōngqǐng ) in Hong Kong / mainland China Manzana in Argentina Bunder in The Netherlands ( until 1937 ) Conversions ( edit ) Metric and imperial / US customary comparisons Unit Symbol Metric equivalents Imperial / US customary equivalents centiare ca 1 m 0.01 a 1.19599 sq yd are 100 ca 100 m 0.01 ha 3.95369 perches decare daa 10 a 1,000 m 0.1 ha 0.98842 roods hectare ha 100 a 10,000 m 0.01 km 2.471 acres square kilometre km 100 ha 1,000,000 m 0.38610 sq mi The most commonly used units are in bold . One hectare is also equivalent to : 1 square hectometre 15 mǔ or 0.15 qǐng 10 dunam or dönüm ( Middle East ) 10 stremmata ( Greece ) 6.25 rai ( Thailand ) ≈ 1.008 chō ( Japan ) ≈ 2.381 feddan ( Egypt ) Visualising a hectare ( edit ) International Rugby pitch ( edit ) Waikato Stadium -- Hamilton , New Zealand The maximum playing area of an international - sized rugby union pitch is about one hectare On an international rugby union field the goal lines are up to 100 metres apart . Behind the goal line is the in - goal area ( which is also a playing area ) . This area extends between 10 and 22 metres behind the goal line , giving a maximum length of 144 metres for the playing area . The maximum width of the pitch is 70 metres , giving a maximum playing area of 10,080 square metres or 1.008 hectares . Statue of Liberty ( edit ) The Statue of Liberty -- New York Harbor The Statue of Liberty occupies a square of land with an area of one hectare 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W  /  40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W  / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444  ( Statue of Liberty ) The Statue of Liberty , a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions , is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor . Its base is built on eighteenth - century fortifications . The distance between the apex of the bastions in the front of the base to those at the back ( where the entrance to the statue is located ) is approximately 100 m while the distance between the apexes of the left - hand and right - hand bastions is a little under 100 m . Thus , if a square were to enscribe the bastions , it would have sides of approximately 100 m , giving it an area of one hectare . Interior of all - weather athletics track ( edit ) Hansen Field at Western Illinois University in Macomb , Illinois incorporates an all - weather running track The grass in the centre of a standard athletic track is a little over one hectare in extent Athletics tracks are found in almost every country of the world . Although many tracks consist of markings on a field of suitable size , where funds permit , specialist all - weather tracks have a rubberized artificial running surface with a grass interior ( as shown in the picture and diagram ) . The perimeter of the inside kerb of the track is a little under 400 metres , as the actual length of the track is measured 300 mm from the inside kerb . The IAAF specifications state that the radius of the kerb is 36.5 m , from which it can be calculated that the area inside the kerb is 1.035 ha . The soccer field often found inside is normally 105 × 70 m , that is 0.73 hectares . See also ( edit ) Conversion of units Hecto - Hectometre Order of magnitude Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is a standard high school problem in geometry References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BIPM ( 2014 ) . `` SI Brochure , Table 6 '' . Retrieved 17 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` La loi du 18 Germinal an 3 '' la mesure ( républicaine ) de superficie pour les terrains , égale à un carré de dix mètres de côté '' '' ( The law of 18 Germanial year 3 `` The ( Republican ) measure of land area equivalent to a ten - metre square '' ) ( in French ) . Le CIV ( Centre d'Instruction de Vilgénis ) -- Forum des Anciens . Retrieved 2 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Thierry Thomasset . `` Le stère '' ( PDF ) . Tout sur les unités de mesure ( All the units of measure ) ( in French ) . Université de Technologie de Compiègne . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ FJ Smith . `` Standard Kilogram Weights -- A Story of Precision Fabrication '' ( PDF ) . Platinum Metals Rev. , 1973 , 17 , ( 2 ) . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( Chapter 4 ; Table 6 ) '' . International Bureau of Weights and Measures. 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2009 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council Directive of 18 October 1971 on the approximation of laws of the member states relating to units of measurement , ( 71 / 354 / EEC ) '' . Retrieved 7 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` are '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` are -- definition . American English definition of are by Macmillan Dictionary '' . Macmillandictionary.com . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SI brochure ( 8th edition ) '' . BIPM . March 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Decrease in total grain yield '' . Grain and oil seeds , area and production , 2002 . Statistics Norway . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Market of agricultural land in Bulgaria '' . BNR Radio Bulgaria . 5 October 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Λεξικό της κοινής Νεοελληνικής ( Dictionary of Modern Greek ) , Ινστιτούτο Νεοελληνικών Σπουδών , Θεσσαλονίκη , 1998 . ISBN 960 - 231 - 085 - 5 Jump up ^ El - Eini , Roza I.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Currency and Measures '' . Mandated landscape : British imperial rule in Palestine , 1929 -- 1948 . Routledge . p. xxiii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5426 - 3 . Retrieved 5 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` DEPARTMENT FOR ENVIRONMENT , FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS , AND RURAL PAYMENTS AGENCY ; The Delays in Administering the 2005 Single Payment Scheme in England '' ( PDF ) . National Audit Office . 18 October 2006 . p. 27 . Jump up ^ `` hectare '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Bureau international des poids et mesures ( 2006 ) . `` The International System of Units ( SI ) '' ( PDF ) . 8th ed . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Chapter 5 . Jump up ^ The Council of the European Communities ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Council Directive 80 / 181 / EEC of 20 December 1979 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to Unit of measurement and on the repeal of Directive 71 / 354 / EEC '' . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Weights and Measures Act 1985 '' ( PDF ) . British Government . 1985 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix G -- Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2006 . Retrieved 8 August 2006 . Jump up ^ MYA / 01 / 008 Agriculture Sectore Review , Working Paper No. 6 -- Agroindustry in Myanmar Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Instructions for the Conversions of Areas to Metric '' . Law Society of South Africa . November 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Britannica , unit of measurement , accessed 30 October 2009 Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh ( 1911 ) . The Encyclopædia britannica : a dictionary of arts , sciences , literature and general information . The Encyclopædia britannica company . p. 442 . Retrieved 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Oscar van Vlijmen ( 11 September 2006 ) . `` Oppervlakte '' ( Area ) . Eenheden , constanten en conversies ( Units , constants and conversion ) ( in Dutch ) . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Jacob de Gelder ( 1824 ) . Allereerste Gronden der Cijferkunst ( Introduction to Numeracy ) ( in Dutch ) . ' s - Gravenhage and Amsterdam : de Gebroeders van Cleef . p. 156 . Retrieved 19 September 2012 . Jump up ^ BS350 : Part 1 : 1974 Conversion factors and tables Part 1 . Basis of tables . Conversion factors . British Standards Institution . 1974 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ 2.4710439 U.S. survey acres or 2.4710538 international acres Jump up ^ `` Chinese Measurements -- Units of Area '' . On - line Chinese Tools . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ François Cardarelli ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of scientific units , weights , and measures : their SI equivalences and origins . London , Berlin and Heidelberg : Springer Verlag . p. 97 . ISBN 1 - 85233 - 682 - X . Retrieved 29 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Thailand Property Conversion '' . Siam Legal ( Thailand ) Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Law 1 -- The Ground '' . Laws of the Game -- Rugby Union 2010 . International Rugby Board ( IRB ) . Retrieved 19 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` IAAF 400 Metre Standard Track Marking Plan '' . IAAF. 2008 . p. 35 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hectare . Look up hectare in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Official SI website : Table 6 . Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( hide ) SI units Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hectare&oldid=817449462 '' Categories : Units of area Non-SI metric units Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Aramaic - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 文言 West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 December 2017 , at 12 : 56 . 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100 acres is equal to how many hectares

The hectare ( / ˈhɛktɛər , - tɑːr / ; SI symbol : ha ) is an SI accepted metric system unit of area equal to 100 ares ( 10,000 m ) or 1 square hectometre ( hm ) and primarily used in the measurement of land as a metric replacement for the imperial acre . An acre is about 0.405 hectare and one hectare contains about 2.47 acres .

Grand Slam ( Tennis ) - wikipedia Grand Slam ( Tennis ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grand Slam . Tennis Grand Slam tournaments ATP World Tour Finals WTA Tour Championships ATP Masters 1000 WTA Premier tournaments Summer Olympics ATP 500 series ATP 250 series WTA International tournaments ATP Challenger Tour Finals ATP Challenger WTA 125s ITF Men 's Circuit ITF Women 's Circuit Wheelchair Tennis Masters Summer Paralympics No ATP / WTA Rankings Davis Cup Fed Cup World Team Cup Hopman Cup Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Location of the four major tennis championships The Grand Slam tournaments , also called majors , are the four most important annual tennis events . They offer the most ranking points , prize money , public and media attention , the greatest strength and size of field , and greater number of `` best of '' sets for men . The Grand Slam itinerary consists of the Australian Open in mid January , the French Open in May and June , Wimbledon in July , and the US Open in August and September . Each tournament is played over a period of two weeks . The Australian and United States tournaments are played on hard courts , the French on clay , and Wimbledon on grass . Wimbledon is the oldest , founded in 1877 , followed by the US in 1881 , the French in 1891 , and the Australian in 1905 . However , of these four , only Wimbledon was a major before 1924 -- 25 , when all four became designated Grand Slam tournaments . Skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money -- was not unusual before 1982 , which was the start of the norm of counting Grand Slam titles . Grand Slam tournaments are not operated by the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) or the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) , which were formally founded in 1972 and 1973 respectively , though the ATP and WTA do award ranking points based on a player 's performance at a major . The term Grand Slam , without qualification , and also originally , refers to the achievement of winning all four major championships within a single calendar year within one of the five events : men 's and women 's singles ; men 's , women 's , and mixed doubles . In doubles , one team may accomplish a Grand Slam playing together or one player may achieve it with different partners . Winning the four majors in consecutive tournaments but not in the same year is known as a Non-Calendar Year Grand Slam , while winning all four majors at any point during the course of a career is known as a Career Grand Slam . Winning the gold medal at the Summer Olympic Games in addition to the four majors in one calendar year is known as a `` Golden Grand Slam '' or more commonly the `` Golden Slam '' . Also , winning the Year - End Championship ( known as ATP Finals for men 's singles and doubles disciplines , and WTA Finals for both women 's disciplines ) in the same period is known as a `` Super Slam '' . Together , all four Majors in all three disciplines ( singles , doubles , and mixed doubles ) are called a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles . No male or female player has won all twelve events in one calendar year , although a `` career boxed set '' has been achieved by three female players . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' 2 History 3 Tournament details 4 Winners 4.1 Grand Slam champions 4.2 Players who completed the Grand Slam 4.2. 1 Chronological 4.2. 2 Per player 5 Non-calendar year Grand Slam 5.1 Controversy over terminology 5.2 Achievements and near misses 6 Career Grand Slam 6.1 Men 's singles 6.2 Women 's singles 6.3 Men 's doubles 6.4 Women 's doubles 6.5 Mixed doubles 6.6 Boys ' singles 6.7 Boys ' doubles 6.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 6.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 7 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles 7.1 Men 's singles 7.2 Women 's singles 7.3 Men 's doubles 7.4 Women 's doubles 7.5 Mixed doubles 7.6 Men 's wheelchair singles 7.7 Women 's wheelchair singles 7.8 Men 's wheelchair doubles 7.9 Women 's wheelchair doubles 8 Most consecutive Grand Slam singles finals 8.1 Men 8.2 Women 8.3 Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss 8.4 Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss 9 Golden Slam 9.1 Non-calendar year Golden Slam 9.2 Career Golden Slam 10 Super Slam 10.1 Non-calendar year Super Slam 10.2 Career Super Slam 11 Three Major tournament titles in a year 12 Triple Crown 13 Boxed Set 13.1 Career Boxed Set 14 Multiple Career Grand Slams 15 Pro Slam 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References 19 External links Origin of the term `` Grand Slam '' ( edit ) The term Glossary of contract bridge terms slam for winning all of the tricks in the whist family card games ( see also whist terms ) is attested from early in the 17th century . Grand slam for all of the tricks , in contrast to small slam or little slam for all but one , dates from early in the 19th century . This use was inherited by contract bridge , a modern development of whist defined in 1925 that became very popular in Britain and America by 1930 . Grand slam has been used in golf since 1930 , when Bobby Jones won the four major championships , two British and two American tournaments . Although John F. Kieran of The New York Times is widely credited with first applying the term `` grand slam '' to tennis to describe the winning of all four major tennis tournaments in a calendar year , sports columnist Alan Gould had used the term in that connection almost two months before Kieran . History ( edit ) The possibility of being the reigning champion of all the current four Majors did not exist until 1924 -- 25 , when the International Lawn Tennis Federation designated the Australasian , French ( before 1925 only open to members of French tennis clubs ) , British and American championship tournaments as the four Majors . Before that time only three events : Wimbledon , the World Hard Court Championships ( held in Paris & once in Brussels ) and the World Covered Court Championships ( held in various locations ) were considered the premier international tennis events by the ILTF . Tony Wilding of New Zealand won all three of those earlier majors in one year : 1913 . It has been possible to complete a Grand Slam in most years and most disciplines since 1925 . It was not possible from 1940 to 1945 because of interruptions at Wimbledon , the Australian and French opens due to the Second World War , the years from 1970 to 1985 when there was no Australian tournament in mixed doubles , and 1986 when there was no Australian Open at all . Phil Dent has pointed out that skipping Grand Slam tournaments -- especially the Australian Open -- was not unusual then , before counting major titles became the norm . Thus , many players had never played the Austral ( as ) ian amateur or open championships : the Doherty brothers , William Larned , Maurice McLoughlin , Beals Wright , Bill Johnston , Bill Tilden , René Lacoste , Henri Cochet , Bobby Riggs , Jack Kramer , Ted Schroeder , Pancho Gonzales , Budge Patty , Manuel Santana , Jan Kodeš and others , while Brookes , Ellsworth Vines , Jaroslav Drobný , Manuel Orantes , Ilie Năstase ( at 35 years old ) and Björn Borg came just once . Beginning in 1969 , when the first Australian Open was held on the Milton Courts at Brisbane , the tournament was open to all players , including professionals , who at that point were prohibited from playing the traditional circuit . Nevertheless , except for the 1969 and 1971 tournaments , many of the best players missed this championship until 1982 , because of the remoteness , the inconvenient dates ( around Christmas and New Year 's Day ) and the low prize money . In 1970 , George MacCall 's National Tennis League , which employed Rod Laver , Ken Rosewall , Andrés Gimeno , Pancho Gonzales , Roy Emerson and Fred Stolle , prevented its players from entering the tournament because the guarantees were insufficient . The tournament was won by Arthur Ashe . In terms of the current four majors , the first to win all four in a single year was Don Budge , who completed the feat in 1938 . To date , 17 players have completed a Grand Slam , though only six in the most prestigious singles titles . Of these players , three have won multiple Grand Slams : Rod Laver accomplished the feat twice in men 's singles ; Margaret Court accomplished the feat three times , in two different disciplines -- once in women 's singles and twice in mixed doubles ; and Esther Vergeer completed a grand slam twice in Women 's wheelchair doubles . The four Junior disciplines , boys ' and girls ' singles and doubles , provide limited opportunities to achieve a Grand Slam . Players are only eligible from age 13 to 18 , with 18 - year - olds likely to hold a physical advantage . Only Stefan Edberg has completed the Grand Slam in a Junior discipline . Tournament details ( edit ) Event Dates Venue Current champion ( s ) Men 's Singles Women 's Singles Men 's Doubles Women 's Doubles Mixed Doubles Australian Open mid / late January Melbourne Park , Melbourne Roger Federer Serena Williams Henri Kontinen John Peers Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Abigail Spears Juan Sebastián Cabal French Open late May / early June Stade Roland Garros , Paris Rafael Nadal Jeļena Ostapenko Ryan Harrison Michael Venus Bethanie Mattek - Sands Lucie Šafářová Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna Wimbledon late June / early July All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , London Roger Federer Garbiñe Muguruza Marcelo Melo Łukasz Kubot Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina Martina Hingis Jamie Murray US Open late August / early September USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center , New York City Rafael Nadal Sloane Stephens Jean - Julien Rojer Horia Tecău Chan Yung - jan Martina Hingis Martina Hingis Jamie Murray Winners ( edit ) Grand Slam champions ( edit ) Per discipline ( all - time ) List of Grand Slam men 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam men 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam women 's doubles champions List of Grand Slam mixed doubles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' singles champions List of Grand Slam boys ' doubles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' singles champions List of Grand Slam girls ' doubles champions List of wheelchair tennis champions Per tournament ( Open Era only ) List of Australian Open champions List of French Open champions List of Wimbledon Open Era champions List of US Open ( tennis ) champions Players who completed the Grand Slam ( edit ) Chronological ( edit ) # Year Player Discipline Notes 1938 Don Budge Men 's singles Part of a total of 6 consecutive titles 1951 Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Men 's doubles Part of a total of 7 consecutive titles ( 8 consecutive for Sedgman ) 1953 Maureen Connolly Women 's singles Part of 6 consecutive titles 1960 Maria Bueno Women 's doubles With Christine Truman and Darlene Hard 5 1962 Rod Laver Men 's singles 6 1963 Margaret Court Ken Fletcher Mixed doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Court 7 , Fletcher 6 ) 7 1965 Margaret Court Mixed doubles With John Newcombe , Ken Fletcher and Fred Stolle -- part of 5 consecutive titles 8 1967 Owen Davidson Mixed doubles With Lesley Turner and Billie Jean King 9 1969 Rod Laver Men 's singles Only player to complete the singles ' Grand Slam twice 10 1970 Margaret Court Women 's singles Six consecutive titles 11 Stefan Edberg ( in junior tennis ) Boys ' singles Only Junior to complete a Grand Slam 12 1984 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Women 's doubles Eight consecutive titles 13 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles Five consecutive titles 14 1998 Martina Hingis Women 's doubles With Mirjana Lučić and Jana Novotná 15 2009 Esther Vergeer Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 14 consecutive titles for Vergeer 16 2011 Esther Vergeer Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of consecutive titles ( Vergeer 8 , Walraven 7 ) 17 2013 Aniek van Koot Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 18 2014 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles With Joachim Gérard and Shingo Kunieda 19 2014 Yui Kamiji Jordanne Whiley Women 's wheelchair doubles Part of 5 consecutive titles Per player ( edit ) Player Grand Slams Singles Doubles Mixed Total Margaret Court Rod Laver Esther Vergeer ( wheelchair tennis ) Don Budge Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Maureen Connolly Maria Bueno Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Stefan Edberg ( junior tennis ) Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Steffi Graf Martina Hingis Korie Homan ( wheelchair tennis ) Sharon Walraven ( wheelchair tennis ) Aniek van Koot ( wheelchair tennis ) Jiske Griffioen ( wheelchair tennis ) Stéphane Houdet ( wheelchair tennis ) Yui Kamiji ( wheelchair tennis ) Jordanne Whiley ( wheelchair tennis ) Non-calendar year Grand Slam ( edit ) Controversy over terminology ( edit ) In 1982 , the International Tennis Federation ( ITF ) began offering a $1 million bonus to any singles player to win four consecutive major titles , no matter the time of completion . Although groups variously identified as the Men 's International Professional Tennis Council , `` abetted primarily by some British tennis writers '' , and `` European tennis journalists '' had advocated for the ITF to change the definition of `` Grand Slam '' , ITF General Secretary David Gray made it clear that this was not going to happen . In a 1983 letter to tennis journalist Paul Fein , Gray clarified : There seems to be some confusion . The ITF 's only initiative in this matter has been the organisation of the offer of a bonus of $1 m. to any player who holds all four Grand Slam titles simultaneously ( ... ) In spite of all that we have read on this matter , it has never been my Committee of Management 's intention to alter the basis of the classic Grand Slam i.e. , the capture of all four titles in a year . The ITF 's plan was to offer the cash bonus for three years , apparently to encourage players to compete in all four major tournaments as much as to reward success at them . Even before the ITF had announced their bonus , the Grand Slam controversy had taken on a life of its own . Writing in 1982 , Neil Amdur claimed , `` Now the sport spins nervously under the influence of big dollars and even bigger egos , and tradition has almost gone the way of white balls and long flannels ( ... ) If the four major tournaments want to offer a $1 million incentive for any player in the future who can sweep their titles -- and such talks have been rumored -- that bonus would be a welcome addition . But changing what the Grand Slam is all about is like a baseball player believing that he ' hit for the cycle ' after slugging a single , double and triple in the first game of a doubleheader and a home run in his first time at bat in the second game . '' Despite seeming clarity from the ITF , some journalists suggested that the sport 's organizing body had turned its back on history and changed the `` rules '' of tennis by redefining a Grand Slam . Such confusion continued for years . For instance , when Steffi Graf completed the Grand Slam in 1988 , George Vecsey wrote , `` Even the International Tennis Federation , which should have more respect for history , ruled in 1982 that winning any four straight majors constituted a Grand Slam -- and offered a $1 million bonus for it ( ... ) But many tennis people , and most writers , and probably most fans , too , did not accept the new rules , and the I.T.F. has dropped the gimmick . '' Vecsey was only half right : the ITF dropped the `` gimmick '' of the cash bonus , but it had never changed any rules . However , the ambiguous way the ITF described the Grand Slam in their Constitution led to journalists continuing to make the same assumption as Vecsey over two decades later . For instance , when Rafael Nadal was on the verge of completing a non-calendar year Grand Slam at the 2011 Australian Open , one writer observed , `` Most traditionalists insist that the ' Grand Slam ' should refer only to winning all four titles in a calendar year , although the constitution of the International Tennis Federation , the sports governing body , spells out that ' players who hold all four of these titles at the same time achieve the Grand Slam ' . '' This was true until later in 2011 , when the ITF edited the description to eliminate all confusion . As it now stands , `` The Grand Slam titles are the championships of Australia , France , the United States of America and Wimbledon . Players who hold all four of these titles in one calendar year achieve the ' Grand Slam ' . '' When Martina Navratilova won the 1984 French Open and became the reigning champion of all four women 's singles events , she was the first player to receive the bonus prize in recognition of her achievement . Some media outlets did , indeed , say that she had won a Grand Slam . Others simply noted the ongoing controversy : `` Whether the Slam was Grand or Bland or a commercial sham tainted with an asterisk the size of a tennis ball , Martina Navratilova finally did it . '' Although the ITF recognizes what is now unofficially known as the `` non-calendar year Grand Slam '' on its Roll of Honour , no subsequent player to win four or more majors in a row -- Steffi Graf , Serena Williams , or Novak Djokovic -- has received bonus prize money . Combining the Grand Slam and non-calendar year Grand Slam , the total number of times that players achieved the feat ( of being the reigning champion in all four majors ) expands to 18 . Achievements and near misses ( edit ) Three women have won four or more consecutive major titles since 1970 , with Navratilova taking six in a row in 1983 -- 1984 . On the men 's side , Novak Djokovic was the first singles player since Rod Laver to hold all four major titles at once , which he accomplished between Wimbledon 2015 and the 2016 French Open . Prior to the Open Era , Don Budge received the same accolades in winning the French Championships in 1938 , but then completed the more prestigious Grand Slam at the 1938 US Championships , giving him six majors in a row , the only male to ever win more than four consecutive major tournaments . The Bryan brothers ( Bob and Mike ) were the last to achieve a non-calendar year Grand Slam in men 's doubles . Several players and teams came up one title short . Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde , known collectively as The Woodies , reached the final of the 1997 French Open while holding all the other three titles , but lost to Yevgeny Kafelnikov and Daniel Vacek . In singles , Pete Sampras lost the 1994 French Open quarterfinal to fellow countryman Jim Courier , having won the previous three majors . Roger Federer in 2006 and 2007 and Novak Djokovic in 2012 repeated this , both ultimately losing the French Open final to Rafael Nadal . Nadal himself was prevented from achieving this feat by his countryman David Ferrer , who defeated him in the quarterfinal of the 2011 Australian Open , which Nadal entered holding the other three major titles . In women 's doubles , Martina Hingis and Sania Mirza had won three Majors from Wimbledon 2015 to the 2016 Australian Open , but lost in the third round of the 2016 French Open to Barbora Krejčíková and Kateřina Siniaková . In 2017 , Bethanie Mattek - Sands and Lucie Šafářová had the chance to win four consecutive titles at Wimbledon , but withdrew from their scheduled second round match following an acute knee injury suffered by Mattek - Sands in the second round of the Ladies ' Singles competition . This list is for those players who achieved a non-calendar Grand Slam , but who failed to win the Grand Slam during the same streak . Men 's singles : Novak Djokovic ( 2015 -- 16 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2015 Wimbledon to 2016 French Open Women 's singles : Martina Navratilova ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Six consecutive major titles from 1983 Wimbledon to US Open 1984 Steffi Graf ( 1993 -- 94 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1993 French Open to the 1994 Australian Open Serena Williams ( 2002 -- 03 , 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2002 French Open to the 2003 Australian Open Four consecutive major titles from 2014 US Open to 2015 Wimbledon Men 's doubles : Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan ( 2012 -- 13 ) Four consecutive major titles from 2012 US Open to 2013 Wimbledon Women 's doubles : Louise Brough ( 1949 -- 50 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1949 French Championships to 1950 Australian Championships ( three times with Margaret Osborne duPont and the 1950 Australian Championships won with Doris Hart ) Pam Shriver and Martina Navratilova ( 1986 -- 87 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1986 Wimbledon to the 1987 French Open Navratilova also won the 1986 French Open with Andrea Temesvári , totaling 5 consecutive major titles for her Gigi Fernández and Natasha Zvereva ( 1992 -- 1993 ) Six consecutive major titles from the 1992 French Open to 1993 Wimbledon Natasha Zvereva ( 1996 -- 97 ) Four consecutive major titles from the 1996 US Open to 1997 Wimbledon ( three times with Gigi Fernández and the 1997 Australian Open won with Martina Hingis ) Serena Williams and Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) Four consecutive titles from 2009 Wimbledon to the 2010 French Open Mixed doubles : Billie Jean King ( 1967 -- 68 ) Four consecutive major titles from 1967 French Championships to the 1968 Australian Championships ( three times with Owen Davidson and the 1968 Australian Championships won with Dick Crealy ) . Men 's wheelchair doubles : Stéphane Houdet ( 2009 -- 10 ) Five consecutive titles from the 2009 French Open to 2010 French Open ( the first two with Michaël Jeremiasz , the 2009 US Open won with Stefan Olsson and the last two with Shingo Kunieda ) Shingo Kunieda ( 2014 -- 15 ) Four consecutive titles from the 2014 Wimbledon to 2015 French Open ( the first three with Stéphane Houdet and the 2015 French Open with Gordon Reid ) Note ^ From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Career Grand Slam ( edit ) The career achievement of all four major championships in one format is termed a Career Grand Slam in that format . Dozens of players have accomplished that ( column two ) and 17 have doubled it : won a second championship in each of the four majors in one format ( column three ) . Two or more career championships in all four majors is sometimes called a `` Multiple Slam Set '' . Three players have Multiple Slam Sets in two formats , one in three formats , so 22 players are counted in the table ( column three ) . Their achievements are tabulated below . Career Grand Slams by format Format Numbers of players Completed the Career GS Completed at least 2 Men 's singles 8 players ( 2 Golden , 1 Super ) 2 players Women 's singles 10 players ( 2 Golden , 2 Super ) 5 players Men 's doubles 21 players ( 14 as teams ) 5 players ( 2 as a team ) Women 's doubles 21 players ( 10 as teams ) 8 players ( 6 as teams ) Mixed doubles 17 players ( 7 as teams ) 4 players ( 2 as teams ) Eight men and ten women have won Career Grand Slams in singles play ( rows one and two ) ; among them two men and five women have at least two Career Grand Slams in singles ( column three ) . Since the beginning of the open era , five men and six women have achieved this ( Rod Laver , Andre Agassi , Roger Federer , Rafael Nadal , Novak Djokovic ; Margaret Court , Chris Evert , Martina Navratilova , Steffi Graf , Serena Williams and Maria Sharapova ) . Several singles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam , grouped by the missing Grand Slam tournament : Australian Open : René Lacoste , Henri Cochet , Helen Wills , Althea Gibson , Tony Trabert , Margaret Osborne duPont , and Manuel Santana French Open : Frank Sedgman , Ashley Cooper , Louise Brough Clapp , Virginia Wade , Arthur Ashe , Pete Sampras , John Newcombe , Jimmy Connors , Boris Becker , Stefan Edberg , Martina Hingis , and Lindsay Davenport Wimbledon : Ken Rosewall , Hana Mandlíková , Ivan Lendl , Monica Seles , Guillermo Vilas , Mats Wilander , Justine Henin , and Stan Wawrinka US Open : Jean Borotra , Jack Crawford , Lew Hoad , and Evonne Goolagong Cawley Several doubles players have won three major championships without achieving the Career Grand Slam : Australian Open : John Van Ryn , Helen Wills , Elizabeth Ryan , Margaret Osborne duPont , Darlene Hard , Billie Jean King , Betty Stöve , Robert Seguso , Mahesh Bhupathi , Lindsay Davenport , Ekaterina Makarova and Elena Vesnina . French Open : John Bromwich , Nancy Richey , Arantxa Sánchez Vicario , Cara Black , and Sania Mirza Wimbledon : Vic Seixas , Ashley Cooper , Virginia Wade , Virginia Ruano Pascual , Paola Suárez , Bethanie Mattek - Sands , and Lucie Šafářová US Open : Jean Borotra , Jacques Brugnon , Jack Crawford , Althea Gibson , and Rod Laver Only six players have completed a Career Grand Slam in both singles and doubles : one male ( Roy Emerson ) and five female ( Margaret Court , Doris Hart , Shirley Fry Irvin , Martina Navratilova , and Serena Williams ) . Court , Hart and Navratilova are the only three players to have completed a `` Career Boxed Set '' , winning all four titles in singles , doubles , and mixed doubles ; this has never been done by a male player . The remainder of this section is a complete list , by format , of all players who have won the Career Grand Slam . Players are ordered chronologically by their completion of the Slam . Men 's singles ( edit ) Eight men have won all four grand slam tournaments . Two of the eight men achieved a double career Slam . Originally , the grand slams were held on grass ( Australian , Wimbledon , and US Open ) and clay ( French ) and the first four players achieved their grand slams on two surfaces . The US Open changed its surface from grass to clay in 1975 and then to hard court in 1978 . The Australian Open changed from grass to hard court in 1988 . The last four players ( Agassi , Federer , Nadal , Djokovic ) achieved their grand slam on three different surfaces : hard court , clay , and grass . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Fred Perry 26 1934 1935 1934 1933 Don Budge 23 1938 1938 1937 1937 Rod Laver 24 1960 1962 1961 1962 Roy Emerson 27 1961 1963 1964 1961 5 Andre Agassi 29 1995 1999 1992 1994 6 Roger Federer 27 2009 2003 7 Rafael Nadal 24 2009 2005 2008 8 Novak Djokovic 29 2008 2016 2011 2011 Women 's singles ( edit ) Each woman 's `` first wins '' in the four Majors are listed chronologically and their ages upon completion of the Slam are given in brackets . Five of the ten women achieved at least two career Slams , two of the ten have achieved three careers slams and Steffi Graf is the only player to achieve four career Slams . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Maureen Connolly 18 1953 1953 1952 1951 Doris Hart 28 1949 1950 1951 1954 Shirley Fry Irvin 29 1957 1951 1956 1956 Margaret Court 20 1960 1962 1963 1962 5 Billie Jean King 28 1968 1972 1966 1967 6 Chris Evert 27 1982 7 Martina Navratilova 26 1981 1982 1978 8 Steffi Graf 19 1988 1988 1988 9 Serena Williams 21 2003 2002 2002 1999 10 Maria Sharapova 25 2008 2012 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Men 's doubles ( edit ) At Men 's Doubles , 21 players have won the career Slam including fourteen who `` slammed '' with a unique partner . The latter are listed first , as seven teams , ignoring any major wins with other partners . Five of the 21 men achieved at least a double career Slam at Men 's Doubles , led by Roy Emerson and John Newcombe with triple Slams . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Adrian Quist 26 1936 1935 1935 1939 Frank Sedgman 24 1951 1951 1948 1950 Ken McGregor 23 1951 1951 1951 1951 Lew Hoad 21 1953 1953 1953 1956 Ken Rosewall 22 1953 1953 1956 1956 6 Neale Fraser 25 1957 1958 1959 1957 7 Roy Emerson 25 1962 1960 1959 1959 8 John Newcombe 23 1965 1967 1965 1967 Tony Roche 24 1965 1967 1965 1967 10 Bob Hewitt 37 1963 1972 1962 1977 11 John Fitzgerald 28 1982 1986 1989 1984 Anders Järryd 29 1989 13 Jacco Eltingh 28 1994 1995 1998 1994 Paul Haarhuis 32 1994 1995 1998 1994 15 Todd Woodbridge 29 1992 2000 1993 1995 Mark Woodforde 34 1992 2000 1993 1989 17 Jonas Björkman 32 1998 2005 2002 2003 18 Bob Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 Mike Bryan 28 2006 2003 2006 2005 20 Daniel Nestor 35 2002 2007 2008 21 Leander Paes 38 2012 1999 1999 2006 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Women 's doubles ( edit ) At Women 's Doubles , 21 players have won the career Slam including ten who `` slammed '' with a unique partner . Eight of the 22 achieved at least a double career Slam at Women 's Doubles , led by Martina Navratilova with seven or more titles in each Major . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Louise Brough Clapp 27 1950 1946 1946 1942 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 30 1957 1950 1951 1951 Maria Bueno 20 1960 1960 1958 1960 5 Margaret Court 22 1961 1964 1964 1963 Lesley Turner Bowrey 21 1964 1964 1964 1961 7 Judy Tegart Dalton 32 1964 1966 1969 1970 8 / Martina Navratilova 23 1980 1976 1977 9 Kathy Jordan 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 Anne Smith 21 1981 1980 1980 1981 11 Pam Shriver 21 1982 1984 1981 12 Helena Suková 25 1990 1990 1985 13 Gigi Fernández 28 1993 1991 1992 1988 / Natasha Zvereva 21 1993 1989 1991 1991 15 / Jana Novotná 25 1990 1990 1989 1994 16 Martina Hingis 17 1997 1998 1998 17 Serena Williams 19 2001 1999 2000 1999 Venus Williams 20 2001 1999 2000 1999 19 Lisa Raymond 33 2000 2006 2001 2001 20 Sara Errani 27 2013 2012 2014 2012 Roberta Vinci 31 2013 2012 2014 2012 Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Mixed doubles ( edit ) At Mixed Doubles , a total of 17 players have won the career Slam , including seven who `` slammed '' as a pair ( won all four with same partner ) -- an odd number because Margaret Court has accomplished a career Grand Slam separately with Ken Fletcher and Marty Riessen . The other four of the seven are Doris Hart , Frank Sedgman , Leander Paes , and Martina Hingis . Also three of the 15 players have accomplished multiple career Grand Slams in mixed doubles , led by Margaret Court 's quadruple Slam . # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jean Borotra 29 1928 1927 1925 1926 Doris Hart 26 1949 1951 1951 1951 Frank Sedgman 21 1949 1951 1951 1951 Margaret Court 20 1963 1963 1963 1961 5 Ken Fletcher 23 1963 1963 1963 1963 6 Owen Davidson 23 1965 1967 1967 1966 7 Billie Jean King 24 1968 1967 1967 1967 8 Marty Riessen 33 1969 1969 1969 9 Bob Hewitt 39 1961 1970 1977 1979 10 Todd Woodbridge 24 1993 1992 1994 1990 11 Mark Woodforde 27 1992 1995 1993 1992 12 / Martina Navratilova 46 2003 1985 1985 13 Daniela Hantuchová 22 2002 2005 2001 2005 14 Mahesh Bhupathi 29 2006 1997 2002 1999 15 Cara Black 30 2002 2008 16 Leander Paes 42 2003 2016 1999 2008 Martina Hingis 35 2006 2016 2015 2015 Boys ' singles ( edit ) Stefan Edberg ( 1983 ) Boys ' doubles ( edit ) Mark Kratzmann ( 1983 French Open , Wimbledon & US Open ; 1984 Australian Open ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Kunieda , Shingo Shingo Kunieda ( JPN ) 24 2007 2008 2006 2007 Jeremiasz , Michael Michael Jeremiasz ( FRA ) 32 2003 2009 2009 2005 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet ( FRA ) 40 2007 2009 2009 Scheffers , Maikel Maikel Scheffers ( NED ) 28 2011 2008 2011 5 Peifer , Nicolas Nicolas Peifer ( FRA ) 25 2016 2011 2015 2011 6 Reid , Gordon Gordon Reid ( GBR ) 25 2017 2015 2016 2015 Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) # Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer ( NED ) 27 2007 2009 2005 Homan , Korie Korie Homan ( NED ) 29 2009 2009 2009 2005 Walraven , Sharon Sharon Walraven ( NED ) 40 2011 Griffioen , Jiske Jiske Griffioen ( NED ) 27 2006 2008 2012 2006 5 van Koot , Aniek Aniek van Koot ( NED ) 23 2013 2012 2013 6 Kamiji , Yui Yui Kamiji ( JPN ) 20 2014 2014 2014 2014 Whiley , Jordanne Jordanne Whiley ( GRB ) 22 2014 2014 2014 2014 Most consecutive Grand Slam tournament titles ( edit ) Men 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Don Budge ( from the 1937 Wimbledon to the 1938 U.S. Championships ) . Women 's singles ( edit ) 6 : Maureen Connolly ( from the 1952 Wimbledon to the 1953 U.S. Championships ) . 6 : Margaret Court ( from the 1969 US Open to the 1971 Australian Open ) . 6 : Martina Navratilova ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1984 US Open ) . Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Men 's doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Ken McGregor and Frank Sedgman ( from the 1951 Australian Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Player : 8 : Frank Sedgman ( from the 1950 U.S. Championships to the 1952 Wimbledon ) Women 's doubles ( edit ) Team and Player : 8 : Martina Navratilova and Pam Shriver ( from the 1983 Wimbledon to the 1985 French Open ) Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team : 6 : Margaret Court and Ken Fletcher ( from the 1963 Australian Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Player : 7 : Margaret Court ( from the 1962 US Championships to the 1964 French Championships ) Men 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Shingo Kunieda ( from the 2007 Australian Open to the 2011 French Open ) Women 's wheelchair singles ( edit ) 13 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 7 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 Wimbledon ) Men 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Player : 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2009 French Open to the 2010 French Open ) 5 : Stéphane Houdet ( from the 2014 Australian Open to the 2015 Australian Open ) Women 's wheelchair doubles ( edit ) Team : 7 : Esther Vergeer and Sharon Walraven ( from the 2010 Wimbledon to 2012 Australian Open ) Player : 14 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2005 French Open to the 2009 US Open ) 8 : Esther Vergeer ( from the 2010 French Open to the 2012 French Open ) Most consecutive Grand Slam singles Finals ( edit ) Men ( edit ) Rank Player Cons . finals From To Roger Federer 10 2005 Wimbledon Championships 2007 US Open Roger Federer 8 2008 French Open 2010 Australian Open Jack Crawford 7 1933 Australian Championships 1934 Wimbledon Championships Don Budge 6 1937 Wimbledon Championships 1938 U.S. Championships = Rod Laver 6 1961 Wimbledon Championships 1962 U.S. Championships = Novak Djokovic 6 2015 Australian Open 2016 French Open 7 Fred Perry 5 1934 Wimbledon Championships 1935 Wimbledon Championships = Frank Sedgman 5 1951 U.S. Championships 1952 U.S. Championships = Fred Stolle 5 1964 Wimbledon Championships 1965 Wimbledon Championships = Rafael Nadal 5 2011 French Open 2012 French Open Women ( edit ) Rank Player Cons . finals From To Steffi Graf 13 1987 French Open 1990 French Open Martina Navratilova 11 1985 French Open 1987 US Open Maureen Connolly 6 1952 Wimbledon Championships 1953 US Championships = Margaret Court 6 1969 US Open 1971 Australian Open = Martina Navratilova 6 1983 Wimbledon Championships 1984 US Open = Chris Evert 6 1984 French Open 1985 Wimbledon Championships = / Monica Seles 6 1991 US Open 1993 Australian Open 8 Margaret Court 5 1963 Wimbledon Championships 1964 Wimbledon Championships = Margaret Court 5 1965 Australian Championships 1966 Australian Championships = Steffi Graf 5 1993 Australian Open 1994 Australian Open = Martina Hingis 5 1997 Australian Open 1998 Australian Open Most Grand Slam singles titles without a loss ( edit ) Helen Wills Moody won all 16 of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she played beginning with the 1924 U.S. Championships and extending to the 1933 Wimbledon Championships ( not counting her defaults in the 1926 French and Wimbledon Championships ) . During this period , she won 6 Wimbledons , 4 French Championships , and 6 U.S. Championships . She also won the 1924 Summer Olympics during this period . Moody never entered the Australian Championships . Most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles without a loss ( edit ) Doris Hart won all 13 of the Grand Slam mixed doubles tournaments she played beginning with the 1951 French Championships and extending to the 1955 U.S. Championships . During this period , she won 5 Wimbledons , 3 French Championships , and 5 U.S. Championships . Golden Slam ( edit ) Tennis was an Olympic sport from the inaugural 1896 Summer Olympics through the 1924 Games , then was dropped for the next 64 years ( except as a demonstration sport in 1968 and 1984 ) before returning in 1988 . As there were only three Major championships designated by the International Lawn Tennis Federation before 1925 , none of the tennis players who participated in the Olympics between 1896 and 1924 had a chance to complete a Golden Grand Slam . However , there was a possibility to complete a Career Golden Grand Slam by winning the 1920 Olympics or 1924 Olympics plus each of the four grand slams , all of which were present from 1925 onwards . The term Golden Slam ( initially `` Golden Grand Slam '' ) was coined in 1988 . Only one player has completed the Golden Slam : Steffi Graf ( 1988 Australian Open , 1988 French Open , 1988 Wimbledon Championships , 1988 US Open , and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Non-calendar year Golden Slam ( edit ) Winning four consecutive Grand Slam tournaments and Olympic event in the period of twelve months , although not in the same year , is called a `` Non-calendar year Golden Slam '' . Only Bob and Mike Bryan have achieved this by winning the 2012 Olympics , 2012 US Open , 2013 Australian Open , 2013 French Open and 2013 Wimbledon Championships . After they won the final at Wimbledon , this was coined the `` Golden Bryan Slam '' . Career Golden Slam ( edit ) A player who wins all four Grand Slam tournaments and the Olympic gold medal during his or her career is said to have achieved a Career Golden Slam . Serena Williams is the only player to have achieved a Career Golden Slam in both singles and doubles . # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 7 Serena Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 Venus Williams Women 's doubles 2001 1999 2000 1999 2000 9 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 10 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 11 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 12 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 13 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 14 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 15 Rafael Nadal Men 's singles 2009 2005 2008 2008 16 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 17 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 19 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 20 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 22 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 Super Slam ( edit ) Soon after the Open Era began in 1968 , the new professional tours each held a year - end championship ( YEC ) , which are elite tournaments involving only the top performers of the given season . The subsequent return of tennis to the Olympics in 1988 gave rise to the notion of a Super Slam as a combination of Golden Slam and YEC title . Eligible YECs are currently called the ATP Finals for men , WTA Finals for women , and the Wheelchair Tennis Masters . No player has ever completed the Super Slam in a single season . Non-calendar year Super Slam ( edit ) Only one player has completed the Super Slam in a period of twelve months : Steffi Graf ( 1987 Virginia Slims Championships , 1988 Australian Open , 1988 French Open , 1988 Wimbledon Championships , 1988 US Open and 1988 Olympic gold medal ) Career Super Slam ( edit ) # Player Discipline Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Olympics Year - end Pam Shriver Women 's doubles 1982 1984 1981 1988 1981 Steffi Graf Women 's singles 1988 1988 1988 1988 Gigi Fernández Women 's doubles 1993 1991 1992 1988 1992 1993 Andre Agassi Men 's singles 1995 1999 1992 1994 1990 5 Todd Woodbridge Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 Mark Woodforde Men 's doubles 1992 2000 1993 1992 1992 7 Esther Vergeer Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2005 2000 2001 8 Korie Homan Women 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2009 2009 2005 2008 9 Daniel Nestor Men 's doubles 2002 2007 2009 2000 2007 10 Michaël Jeremiasz Men 's wheelchair doubles 2003 2009 2009 2005 2008 2008 11 Stéphane Houdet Men 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2009 2008 2006 12 Sharon Walraven Women 's wheelchair doubles 2011 2011 2008 13 Bob Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 Mike Bryan Men 's doubles 2006 2003 2006 2005 2012 2003 15 Serena Williams Women 's singles 2003 2002 2002 1999 2012 2001 16 Shingo Kunieda Men 's wheelchair doubles 2009 2008 2006 2007 2012 17 Aniek van Koot Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2012 2013 2016 2012 Jiske Griffioen Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2012 2006 2016 19 Nicolas Peifer Men 's wheelchair doubles 2016 2011 2015 2011 2016 2016 Three major tournament titles in a year ( edit ) Players who have won three of the four Grand Slam tournaments in the same year . Jack Crawford , Lew Hoad , Martina Navratilova and Serena Williams won the first three events , but lost the last grand slam tournament . Crawford , an asthmatic , won two of the first three sets of the 1933 U.S. Championships final against Fred Perry , then tired in the heat and lost the last two sets and the match . Key SF QF # R RR Q # NH ( W ) Won ; ( F ) finalist ; ( SF ) semifinalist ; ( QF ) quarterfinalist ; ( # R ) rounds 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 ; ( RR ) round - robin stage ; ( Q # ) qualification round ; ( A ) absent ; ( NH ) not held . To avoid confusion and double counting , these charts are updated either at the conclusion of a tournament , or when the player 's participation in the tournament has ended . Men 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jack Crawford 1933 Fred Perry 1934 QF Tony Trabert 1955 SF Lew Hoad 1956 5 Ashley Cooper 1958 SF 6 Roy Emerson 1964 QF 7 Jimmy Connors 8 Mats Wilander 1988 QF 9 Roger Federer 3R 10 Roger Federer 2006 11 Roger Federer 2007 12 Rafael Nadal QF 13 Novak Djokovic 2011 SF 14 Novak Djokovic 2015 Women 's singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Helen Wills 1928 Helen Wills 1929 Margaret Court 1962 2R Margaret Court 1965 5 Margaret Court 1969 SF 6 Billie Jean King 1972 7 Margaret Court 1973 SF 8 Martina Navratilova 4R 9 Martina Navratilova 1984 SF 10 Steffi Graf 1989 11 Monica Seles 1991 12 / Monica Seles 1992 13 Steffi Graf 1993 14 Steffi Graf 1995 15 Steffi Graf 16 Martina Hingis 1997 17 Serena Williams 2002 18 Serena Williams 2015 SF Men 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Jacques Brugnon 1928 SF John Van Ryn 1933 SF Jack Crawford 1935 UR John Bromwich 1950 SF 5 Ken McGregor 1952 Frank Sedgman 1952 7 Ken Rosewall 1953 UR Lew Hoad 1953 UR 9 Ken Rosewall 1956 Lew Hoad 1956 11 Tony Roche 1967 QF John Newcombe 1967 QF 13 John Newcombe 1973 14 Anders Järryd SF 15 Anders Järryd 1991 3R John Fitzgerald 1991 3R 17 Jacco Eltingh 1998 18 Bob Bryan 2013 SF Mike Bryan 2013 SF note : UR = Unknown Result . Please help us find this information . Women 's doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Osborne duPont 1946 Louise Brough 1946 Margaret Osborne duPont 1949 Louise Brough 1949 5 Louise Brough 1950 6 Doris Hart 1951 Shirley Fry Irvin 1951 8 Doris Hart 1952 Shirley Fry Irvin 1952 10 Doris Hart 1953 Shirley Fry Irvin 1953 12 Darlene Hard 1960 13 Lesley Turner Bowrey 1964 14 Nancy Richey 1966 2R 15 Betty Stöve 1972 16 Margaret Court 1973 QF Virginia Wade 1973 QF 18 Martina Navratilova 1982 SF 19 Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver 21 Martina Navratilova 1986 NH 22 Martina Navratilova QF Pam Shriver QF 24 Helena Suková 1990 Jana Novotná 1990 26 Gigi Fernández 1992 QF Natasha Zvereva 1992 SF 28 Gigi Fernández 1993 SF Natasha Zvereva 1993 SF 30 Gigi Fernández 1994 SF Natasha Zvereva 1994 SF 32 Natasha Zvereva 1997 33 Jana Novotná 1998 34 Virginia Ruano Pascual SF Paola Suárez SF 36 Serena Williams 2009 3R Venus Williams 2009 3R Mixed doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Eric Sturgess 1949 Frank Sedgman 1951 Doris Hart 1951 Frank Sedgman 1952 Doris Hart 1952 6 Vic Seixas 1953 Doris Hart 1953 8 Margaret Court 1964 9 Billie Jean King 1967 10 Marty Riessen 1969 QF Margaret Court 1969 SF 12 Bob Hewitt 1979 NH 13 Martina Navratilova 1985 NH 14 Mark Woodforde 1992 3R 15 Martina Hingis 2015 2R Leander Paes 2015 2R Boys ' singles Mark Kratzmann 1984 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Nicolás Pereira 1988 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Gaël Monfils 2004 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Girls ' singles Natalia Zvereva 1987 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Magdalena Maleeva 1990 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Boys ' doubles Mark Kratzmann 1983 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Simon Youl 1983 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Jason Stoltenberg 1988 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Todd Woodbridge 1988 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Ben Ellwood 1994 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Brendan Evans 2004 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Scott Oudsema 2004 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Girls ' doubles Beth Herr 1982 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Corina Morariu 1995 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Ludmilla Varmuzova 1995 : Australian Open , French Open , US Open Victoria Azarenka 2005 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2006 : Australian Open , French Open , Wimbledon Urszula Radwańska 2007 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Tímea Babos 2010 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Sloane Stephens 2010 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Taylor Townsend 2012 : Australian Open , Wimbledon , US Open Barbora Krejčíková 2013 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Kateřina Siniaková 2013 : French Open , Wimbledon , US Open Men 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Shingo Kunieda 2007 NH Shingo Kunieda 2009 NH Shingo Kunieda NH Shingo Kunieda 2014 NH 5 Shingo Kunieda 2015 NH Women 's wheelchair singles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Esther Vergeer 2009 NH Esther Vergeer 2011 NH Men 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stéphane Houdet 2009 SF Shingo Kunieda 2013 SF Shingo Kunieda 2014 SF Women 's wheelchair doubles # Player Year Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Esther Vergeer 2007 NH Yui Kamiji 2016 NH Note : From 1977 to 1985 , the Australian Open was held in December as the last Major of the calendar year . Triple Crown ( edit ) Winning singles , doubles and mixed doubles titles at one Grand Slam event is called a Triple Crown . It has become a rare accomplishment in tennis . This is partly because the final match in all three disciplines often takes place concurrently in the same day if not in consecutive days . Doris Hart for example attained her first Triple Crown after playing three Wimbledon final matches held in one single day . Notes : This list excludes the 1909 triple crown of Jeanne Matthey and the 1920 , 1921 , 1922 and 1923 triple crown wins of Suzanne Lenglen . The French Championship tennis tournament at the time was a domestic competition not recognized as an international major . At the time the major clay court event ( actual precursor of the French Open in its current international format ) was the World Hard Court Championships , where Suzanne Lenglen also attained triple championship in 1921 and 1922 ) . Also the 1941 triple championship of Alice Weiwers is not listed due to its disputed official status : French championships held in Vichy France from 1941 to 1945 are currently not recognized by Fédération Française de Tennis . Men Total Player Year Triple champion of 3 times Don Budge 1937 Wimbledon 1938 Wimbledon 1938 US Championships 2 times Bill Tilden 1922 US Championships 1923 US Championships Frank Sedgman 1951 US Championships 1952 Wimbledon Neale Fraser 1959 US Championships 1960 US Championships 1 time Jack Hawkes 1926 Australian Championships Jean Borotra 1928 Australian Championships Jack Crawford 1932 Australian Championships Bobby Riggs 1939 Wimbledon Vic Seixas 1954 US Championships Ken Rosewall 1956 US Championships Women Total Player Year Triple champion of 5 times Suzanne Lenglen 1920 Wimbledon 1922 Wimbledon 1925 French Championships 1925 Wimbledon 1926 French Championships Margaret Court 1963 Australian Championships 1964 French Championships 1965 Australian Championships 1969 Australian Open 1970 US Open 4 times Alice Marble 1938 US Championships 1939 Wimbledon 1939 US Championships 1940 US Championships Doris Hart 1951 Wimbledon 1952 French Championships 1952 Wimbledon 1954 US Championships 3 times Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman 1909 US Championships 1910 US Championships 1911 US Championships Mary Browne 1912 US Championships 1913 US Championships 1914 US Championships Daphne Akhurst Cozens 1925 Australian Championships 1928 Australian Championships 1929 Australian Championships Nancye Wynne Bolton 1940 Australian Championships 1947 Australian Championships 1948 Australian Championships Louise Brough Clapp 1947 US Championships 1948 Wimbledon 1950 Wimbledon Billie Jean King 1967 Wimbledon 1967 US Championships 1973 Wimbledon 2 times Mabel Cahill 1891 US Championships 1892 US Championships Helen Wills Moody 1924 US Championships 1928 US Championships 1 time Juliette Atkinson 1895 US Championships Molla Bjurstedt Mallory 1917 US Championships Helen Jacobs 1934 US Championships Simonne Mathieu 1938 French Championships Sarah Palfrey Cooke 1941 US Championships Margaret Osborne duPont 1950 US Championships Thelma Coyne Long 1952 Australian Championships Maureen Connolly 1954 French Championships Martina Navratilova US Open Boxed set ( edit ) Another Grand Slam - related accomplishment is winning a `` boxed set '' of Grand Slam titles -- which is at least one of every possible type of Major championship available to a player : the singles , doubles , and mixed doubles at all four Grand Slam events of the year . This has never been accomplished within a year or consecutively across two calendar years . Career boxed set ( edit ) The Career Boxed Set refers to winning one of every possible grand slam title ( singles , doubles , mixed ) over the course of an entire career . No male player has completed this , although Frank Sedgman came close . He only missed out on the French Open singles title . Men who participate in top / elite level singles have played comparatively few doubles , and very few mixed doubles . So far , only three women have completed the boxed set during their careers : Boxed Sets Player Age Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Margaret Court 22 ( Pre-Open Era ) 1960 ( WS ) 1961 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1963 ( WS ) 1964 ( WD ) 1963 ( XD ) 1962 ( WS ) 1963 ( WD ) 1961 ( XD ) 31 ( Post-Open Era ) 1969 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1973 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) 1970 ( WS ) 1969 ( WD ) 1968 ( XD ) 1969 ( WS ) 1968 ( WD ) 1969 ( XD ) Doris Hart 29 1949 ( WS ) 1950 ( WD ) 1949 ( XD ) 1950 ( WS ) 1948 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1951 ( WS ) 1947 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) 1954 ( WS ) 1951 ( WD ) 1951 ( XD ) Martina Navratilova 46 1981 ( WS ) 1980 ( WD ) 2003 ( XD ) 1982 ( WS ) 1975 ( WD ) 1974 ( XD ) 1978 ( WS ) 1976 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) 1983 ( WS ) 1977 ( WD ) 1985 ( XD ) Court is not only unique in having two boxed sets , but is also unique in the timing of her accomplishments . Her first boxed set was completed before the start of the open era , and she has a boxed set achieved solely within the open era . Martina Hingis has come closer than any other currently active player to joining this elite group . She just needs the French Open singles , having reached the final in 1997 and 1999 . Prior to Hingis , it was Billie Jean King who came close at completing a career boxed set . She only needed the Australian Open women 's doubles title and although she reached the final twice ( in 1965 and 1969 ) , she failed to win the title . Multiple career Grand Slams ( edit ) Of the many players who have managed to win a full set of four majors , there is a small number who have gone on to win all four majors a second or more times . The completion of `` Multiple Career Grand Slams '' or sometimes called `` multiple slam sets '' ( MSS ) has been achieved by only 22 unique players up to the end of the 2015 Wimbledon . MSS players can be found in each of the five tennis disciplines : men 's or women 's singles , men 's or women 's doubles , mixed doubles . It can also be found in women 's wheelchair doubles . Of these , five players have completed MSS in more than one discipline : Roy Emerson , Martina Navratilova , Frank Sedgman and Serena Williams have MSS in two disciplines , Margaret Court has MSS in three disciplines . This table shows each multiple occurrence of a complete MSS for each of the players who have accomplished multiple slams in a particular tennis discipline . The year shown for each of the four majors is the year that particular major win was repeated as part of that player 's achievement of their second ( all 22 players ) and third ( 8 players ) and fourth ( 4 players ) and fifth through seventh ( Martina Navratilova , in women 's doubles ) complete slam set of Major wins . For example , the fourth row shows that Margaret Court completed her third career slam set in Women 's Singles -- winning each of the four majors three times -- during the 1970 Wimbledon Championships ( bold ) . More specific , she won : Australian open 11 times , the third in 1962 ; French Open five times , the third in 1969 ; Wimbledon three times ( determines the maximum of sets ) , the third in 1970 and finally US Open five times , the third in 1969 . Grey background shades lesser achievements by the same player in the same discipline ( e.g. , Court in the eighth row ) ; yellow highlights the greatest achievement in the discipline ( e.g. , Graf in the third row ) . Slam Sets completed , second and subsequent sets ( chronological sequence in column one ) Name Country Discipline MSS Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open 09 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Singles 1963 1967 1965 1964 13 Laver , Rod Rod Laver AUS Men 's Singles 1962 1969 1962 1969 34 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1994 1995 1992 1995 15 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1962 1969 1970 1969 49 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2007 2015 2009 2008 21 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Singles 1984 1979 1984 22 Evert , Chris Chris Evert USA Women 's Singles 1984 1976 1976 06 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Singles 1961 1964 1965 1965 30 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf FRG Women 's Singles 1989 1988 1989 1989 31 Graf , Steffi Steffi Graf GER Women 's Singles 1990 1993 1991 1993 42 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Singles 2005 2013 2003 2002 16 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1969 1962 1971 1965 18 Newcombe , John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1971 1973 1968 1973 01 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Men 's Doubles 1952 1952 1951 1951 04 Fraser , Neale Neale Fraser AUS Men 's Doubles 1958 1960 1961 1960 10 Stolle , Fred Fred Stolle AUS Men 's Doubles 1964 1968 1964 1966 14 Rosewall , Ken Ken Rosewall AUS Men 's Doubles 1956 1968 1956 1969 43 Bryan , Bob Bob Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 44 Bryan , Mike Mike Bryan USA Men 's Doubles 2007 2013 2011 2008 07 Emerson , Roy Roy Emerson AUS Men 's Doubles 1966 1961 1961 1960 17 Newcombe , John John Newcombe AUS Men 's Doubles 1967 1969 1966 1971 28 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 7 1988 1988 1986 29 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1988 1984 35 Zvereva , Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1997 1993 1993 1995 12 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Women 's Doubles 1962 1965 1969 1968 32 Fernández , Gigi Gigi Fernández USA Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1993 1990 36 Novotná , Jana Jana Novotná CZE Women 's Doubles 1995 1991 1990 1997 37 Williams , Serena Serena Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 38 Williams , Venus Venus Williams USA Women 's Doubles 2003 2002 2009 50 Hingis , Martina Martina Hingis SUI Women 's Doubles 1998 2000 1998 2015 19 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1982 1982 1979 1978 20 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1981 1980 23 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1985 1982 25 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 5 1985 1986 1984 26 Navratilova , Martina Martina Navratilova USA Women 's Doubles 6 1984 1986 24 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1985 1982 1984 27 Shriver , Pam Pam Shriver USA Women 's Doubles 1984 1986 33 Zvereva , Natasha Natasha Zvereva BLR Women 's Doubles 1994 1992 1992 1992 11 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1969 1969 1968 1964 02 Hart , Doris Doris Hart USA Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 03 Sedgman , Frank Frank Sedgman AUS Mixed Doubles 1950 1952 1952 1952 40 Bhupathi , Mahesh Mahesh Bhupathi IND Mixed Doubles 2009 2012 2005 2005 05 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1964 1964 1965 1962 08 Court , Margaret Margaret Court AUS Mixed Doubles 1965 1965 1966 1963 41 Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2009 2011 2007 45 Griffioen , Jiske Jiske Griffioen NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2007 2013 2013 2007 51 van Koot , Aniek Aniek van Koot NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2013 2013 2013 2015 39 Vergeer , Esther Esther Vergeer NED Women 's wheelchair doubles 2006 2008 2006 48 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2015 2014 2014 47 Kunieda , Shingo Shingo Kunieda JPN Men 's wheelchair doubles 2008 2013 2014 46 Houdet , Stéphane Stéphane Houdet FRA Men 's wheelchair doubles 2014 2009 2013 2011 By discipline ( numbers of players and table entries ) Men 's Singles ( 2 people ; 2 entries ) Women 's Singles ( 5 people ; 9 entries ) Men 's Doubles ( 8 people ; 10 entries ) Women 's Doubles ( 9 people ; 17 entries ) Mixed Doubles ( 4 people , 6 entries ) Men 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 2 people ; 3 entries ) Women 's Wheelchair Doubles ( 3 people ; 4 entries ) Pro Slam ( edit ) Before the Open Era began in 1968 , only amateur players were allowed to compete in the four majors . Many male top players `` went pro '' in order to win prize money legally , competing on a professional world tour comprising completely different events . From 1927 through 1967 , the three oldest pro events were considered `` majors '' of the pro tour : the U.S. Pro Tennis Championships , French Pro Championship and Wembley Championships . A player who won all three in a calendar year was considered to achieve a `` Professional Grand Slam '' , or `` Pro Slam '' . The feat was accomplished twice : Ken Rosewall in 1963 ; Rod Laver in 1967 . Three other players won those three major trophies during their pro careers : Ellsworth Vines , Hans Nüsslein and Don Budge . The pro slams did not have a women 's draw . See also ( edit ) Tennis portal List of Grand Slam related tennis records Lists of tennis records and statistics Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Australian Open is played on Plexicushion while the US Open is played on DecoTurf . Jump up ^ In 1984 , the Australian Open was the last event held , rather than the first . ^ Jump up to : Until 2016 , Wimbledon have never hosted singles tournament for wheelchairs . ^ Jump up to : Notwithstanding year when the US Open did not take place due to date clashes with the Paralympics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Q. What is the points breakdown for all tournament categories ? '' . RANKINGS : Frequently Asked Questions ( 10 ) . ATP World Tour -- Official Site of Men 's Professional Tennis ( atpworldtour.com ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Overview '' . ITFTennis.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sport and the Media : Managing the Nexus '' . Google Books . 2016 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ USOpen.org . Archived 1 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Grandslamhistory.com `` STATS '' . Grand Slam History Reference Book ( grandslamhistory.com ) . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Crowe , Jerry ( 22 May 1994 ) . LA Times `` Return to Grand Slam Glory : Rod Laver Was the Last Man to Sweep Four Major Titles and Thinks It Can Be Done Again '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slam '' . Online Etymological Dictionary ( etymonline.com ) . Douglas Harper . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin , John ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` Writings Offer Encyclopedic Insight on Winners of Grand Slams . '' The New York Times p . SP8 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gould , Alan ( 18 July 1933 ) . `` Sports Slants : ( subsection ) Tennis ' Grand Slam ' `` . The Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) . p. 10 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ( 6 ) 1912 -- 1914 : The first World Clay Court Championships '' . Histoire du tennis : La légende du grand chelem ( www.histoiredutennis.com ) . 30 April 2001 . Retrieved 16 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Max ( 1974 ) . The Encyclopedia of Tennis . The Viking Press . p. 33 . ISBN 067029408X . Jump up ^ Bonnie DeSimoneArchive ( 26 May 2007 ) . `` Chris Evert owned Roland Garros like no other '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Milton Tennis Centre '' . Australian Stadiums . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Nikki Tugwell ( 14 January 2008 ) . `` Hewitt chases amazing slam win '' . The Daily Telegraph . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 25 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Fein , Paul . Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ) . 218 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil . ( 17 August 1982 ) . `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Fein , Paul . Tennis Confidential ( 2002 ) . 221 . Jump up ^ Amdur , Neil . ( 17 August 1982 ) . `` Leave Grand Slam of Tennis Alone '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George . ( 11 September 1988 ) . `` A Champion For All Seasons '' The New York Times Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Paul . ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` Nadal : ' This will be my only shot at doing the Grand Slam ' '' The Independent Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ ITF Constitution landing page . Full text of the Memorandum , Articles of Association and Bye - laws of ITF LIMITED . Jump up ^ Stratte - McClure , Joel ( 25 June 1984 ) . `` Martina Navratilova Takes the Grand Slam and Nets a Cool Million While She 's at It '' . People . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Curry. ( 18 June 1984 ) . `` Worthy of Really High Fives '' Sports Illustrated Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Tandon , Kamakshi ( 5 January 2009 ) . `` Gold Standard : Graf mints Golden Slam in 1988 '' . TENNIS ( tennis.com ) . Archived from the original on 14 August 2009 . Retrieved 26 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness world records '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steffi Graf : The Queen Returns to Centre Court -- Golden Grand Slam definition . '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Matt ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` Bryan Twins on Verge of Golden Slam '' . 10sBalls.com . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 6 July 2013 ) . `` Bob and Mike Bryan complete the ' Golden Bryan Slam ' at Wimbledon '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Serena Williams Blitzes To Olympic Singles Gold '' . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` # 7 : Andre Agassi '' . Sports Illustrated . Photo Gallery : Top 10 Men 's Tennis Players of All Time . p. 4 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kay , Dimitri ( 22 November 2010 ) . `` Rafael Nadal Will Bid To Emulate Andre Agassi at the World Tour Finals '' . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Murry R. , ed. ( 2013 ) . American Sports : A History of Icons , Idols , and Ideas . Greenwood Press . p. 26 . ISBN 9780313397523 . Jump up ^ Vecsey , George ( 11 September 1988 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; A Champion For All Seasons '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Connors at the Association of Tennis Professionals . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wimbledon announces Wheelchair Tennis Singles events from 2016 '' . www.wimbledon.com . AELTC. 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` US Open -- The Unbelievable , Unbreakable Records '' . Archived from the original on 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Martina Navratilova '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 40 Important Women 's Moments : 1987 , Martina 's Triple Crown '' . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hingis and Paes complete career mixed slam '' . rolandgarros.com . Fédération Française de Tennis ( FFT ) . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Max ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of Tennis . pp. 60 -- 71 . ^ Jump up to : Geist , Robert ( 1999 ) . Ken Rosewall : Der Grosse Meister . Austria . p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Raymond ( September 2007 ) . `` Greatest Player of All Time : A Statistical Analysis '' . Tennis Week Magazine . Jump up ^ Craig , Hunt . `` Legends of the game # 3 -- Ken Rosewall '' . Tennis Sydney . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( 30 August 2009 ) . `` The Greatest ? Do n't Forget Laver 's Lost Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grand Slam ( tennis ) . Official website of the Australian Open Official website of the French Open Official website of Wimbledon Official website of the US Open All - times Grand Slam tournaments finals -- Reference book . Grand Slam tournaments Open era ( 1968 -- present ) Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Pre-open era ( amateur ) ( 1924 -- 67 ) Australian Championships French Championships Wimbledon Championships US National Championships Pre-open era ( professional ) ( 1927 -- 67 ) US Pro French Pro Wembley Pro ILTF ( 1913 -- 23 ) World Hard Court Championships World Grass Court Championships World Covered Court Championships History of tennis Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Grand Slam tournament venues Australian Open Melbourne Park Rod Laver Arena Hisense Arena Margaret Court Arena French Open Stade Roland Garros Court Philippe Chatrier Court Suzanne Lenglen Court 1 Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club Centre Court No. 1 Court No. 2 Court No. 3 Court US Open USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Arthur Ashe Stadium Louis Armstrong Stadium Grandstand Grand Slam / non-calendar year / career Grand Slam - winning singles / doubles tennis players Grand Slam Men 's singles 1938 : Don Budge 1962 : Rod Laver 1969 : Rod Laver Women 's singles 1953 : Maureen Connolly 1970 : Margaret Court 1988 : Steffi Graf Men 's doubles 1951 : Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman Women 's doubles 1960 : Maria Bueno 1984 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1998 : Martina Hingis Mixed doubles 1963 : Margaret Court / Ken Fletcher 1965 : Margaret Court 1967 : Owen Davidson Non-calendar year Grand Slam Men 's singles 2015 -- 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1983 -- 84 : Martina Navratilova 1993 -- 94 : Steffi Graf 2002 -- 03 : Serena Williams 2014 -- 15 : Serena Williams Men 's doubles 2012 -- 13 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan Women 's doubles 1949 -- 50 : Louise Brough 1986 -- 87 : Martina Navratilova / Pam Shriver 1992 -- 93 : Gigi Fernández / Natasha Zvereva 1996 -- 97 : Natasha Zvereva 2009 -- 10 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams Mixed doubles 1967 -- 68 Billie Jean King Career Grand Slam Men 's singles 1933 - 34 - 35 : Fred Perry 1937 - 38 : Don Budge 1960 - 61 - 62 : Rod Laver 1961 - 63 - 64 : Roy Emerson 1992 - 94 - 95 - 99 : Andre Agassi 2003 - 04 - 09 : Roger Federer 2005 - 08 - 09 - 10 : Rafael Nadal 2008 - 11 - 16 : Novak Djokovic Women 's singles 1951 - 52 - 53 : Maureen Connolly 1949 - 50 - 51 - 54 : Doris Hart 1951 - 56 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1960 - 62 - 63 : Margaret Court 1966 - 67 - 68 - 72 : Billie Jean King 1974 - 75 - 82 : Chris Evert 1978 - 81 - 82 - 83 : Martina Navratilova 1987 - 88 : Steffi Graf 1999 - 2002 - 03 : Serena Williams 2004 - 06 - 08 - 12 : Maria Sharapova Men 's doubles 1935 - 36 - 39 : Adrian Quist 1948 - 50 - 51 Frank Sedgman 1951 : Ken McGregor 1953 -- 56 : Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall 1957 - 58 - 59 : Neale Fraser 1959 - 60 - 62 : Roy Emerson 1965 -- 67 : John Newcombe / Tony Roche 1962 - 64 - 67 - 77 : Bob Hewitt 1982 - 84 - 86 - 89 : John Fitzgerald 1983 - 87 - 89 : Anders Järryd 1994 - 95 - 98 : Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis 1989 - 92 -- 93 - 2000 : Mark Woodforde 1992 -- 93 - 95 - 2000 : Todd Woodbridge 1998 - 2002 - 03 - 05 : Jonas Björkman 2003 - 05 - 06 : Bob Bryan / Mike Bryan 2002 - 04 - 07 - 08 : Daniel Nestor 1999 - 2006 - 12 : Leander Paes Women 's doubles 1942 - 46 - 50 : Louise Brough Clapp 1947 - 48 - 50 - 51 : Doris Hart 1950 - 51 - 57 : Shirley Fry Irvin 1956 -- 1957 : Althea Gibson 1958 -- 60 : Maria Bueno 1961 -- 64 : Lesley Turner Bowrey 1961 - 63 - 64 : Margaret Court 1964 - 66 - 69 - 70 : Judy Tegart Dalton 1980 -- 81 : Kathy Jordan / Anne Smith 1975 - 76 - 77 - 80 : / Martina Navratilova 1981 - 82 - 83 - 84 : Pam Shriver 1989 - 90 - 93 : Helena Suková 1988 -- 90 - 91 - 92 : Gigi Fernández 1989 - 90 - 91 - 93 : / Natasha Zvereva 1989 - 90 - 94 : Jana Novotná 1996 - 97 - 98 : Martina Hingis 1999 - 2000 - 01 : Serena Williams / Venus Williams 2000 - 01 - 06 : Lisa Raymond 2012 - 13 - 14 : Sara Errani / Roberta Vinci Mixed doubles 1925 - 26 - 27 - 28 Jean Borotra 1949 -- 51 : Doris Hart / Frank Sedgman 1961 - 1963 : Margaret Court 1962 - 1963 : Ken Fletcher 1965 - 66 - 67 : Owen Davidson 1967 -- 68 : Billie Jean King 1969 -- 75 : Marty Riessen 1961 - 70 - 77 - 79 : Bob Hewitt 1992 -- 93 - 95 : Mark Woodforde 1990 - 93 - 94 - 95 : Todd Woodbridge 1974 - 85 - 2003 : Martina Navratilova 2001 - 02 - 05 : Daniela Hantuchová 1997 - 99 - 2005 - 06 : Mahesh Bhupathi 2002 - 04 - 08 - 10 : Cara Black 1999 - 2003 - 08 - 16 : Leander Paes 2006 - 15 - 16 : Martina Hingis Tennis records and statistics Grand Slam Records Champions Men 's singles Chronological Women 's singles Chronological Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Champions by country Singles Singles finals Open Era singles Men 's finals Women 's finals Age of first title Men 's Singles Open Era All - time Misc . ATP Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Singles Doubles Awards No. 1 rankings ATP singles ATP doubles All - time Select players Singles Doubles Open Era Match wins Masters Series Women 's Singles Open Era All - time WTA Tour Rankings Records Elite champions Awards No. 1 rankings WTA singles and doubles All - time Select players Other Notable rivalries Open Era Titles leaders Records Tournaments Singles Doubles Olympics ITF Rankings Champions Match duration Longest Shortest Tiebreaker Golden set Serving Speed Aces Tennis ITF History Glossary Match types Statistics Players Umpires Women 's tennis Basics General Scoring system point Strategy grips serve and volley Equipment ball racket strings Official Technology electronic line judge hawk - eye cyclops Courts Carpet Clay Grass Hard Shots Backhand Backspin Drop shot Flat Forehand Groundstroke Half volley Lob Passing shot Serve ace Smash Topspin Volley Grand Slams Events Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Stats Records Singles finals Professional tours Men ATP World Tour ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men 's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA 125K series ITF Women 's Circuit Team tennis tournaments Active Davis Cup Fed Cup Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis International Premier Tennis League Defunct Wightman Cup World Team Cup Champions Tennis League Multi-sport events Intercontinental Olympics Youth Olympics Universiade Commonwealth Island Mediterranean Continental All - Africa Asian Pacific Pan American Outline Portal WikiCommons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_(tennis)&oldid=803778305 '' Categories : Tennis terminology Grand Slam ( tennis ) Tennis tournaments Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2013 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2014 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 15 : 46 . 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who has won a calendar grand slam in tennis

Player Grand Slams Singles Doubles Mixed Total Margaret Court Rod Laver Esther Vergeer ( wheelchair tennis ) Don Budge Ken McGregor Frank Sedgman Maureen Connolly Maria Bueno Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Stefan Edberg ( junior tennis ) Martina Navratilova Pam Shriver Steffi Graf Martina Hingis Korie Homan ( wheelchair tennis ) Sharon Walraven ( wheelchair tennis ) Aniek van Koot ( wheelchair tennis ) Jiske Griffioen ( wheelchair tennis ) Stéphane Houdet ( wheelchair tennis ) Yui Kamiji ( wheelchair tennis ) Jordanne Whiley ( wheelchair tennis )

Donovan Mitchell - wikipedia Donovan Mitchell For the poet , see Donovan Mitchell ( poet ) . Donovan Mitchell No. 45 -- Utah Jazz Position Shooting guard League NBA ( 1996 - 09 - 07 ) September 7 , 1996 ( age 21 ) Elmsford , New York Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 215 lb ( 98 kg ) Career information High school Brewster Academy ( Wolfeboro , New Hampshire ) College Louisville ( 2015 -- 2017 ) NBA draft 2017 / Round : 1 / Pick : 13th overall Selected by the Denver Nuggets Playing career 2017 -- present Career history 2017 -- present Utah Jazz Career highlights and awards NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2018 ) NBA Slam Dunk Contest champion ( 2018 ) First - team All - ACC ( 2017 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Donovan Corey Mitchell Jr. ( born September 7 , 1996 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . He played college basketball for the Louisville Cardinals . He was selected by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft and was later traded on draft night to the Utah Jazz . During his rookie season , Mitchell was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team and won the Slam Dunk Contest . Contents 1 Early life 2 High school career 3 College career 4 Professional career 4.1 Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) 4.1. 1 Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) 5 Career statistics 5.1 NBA 5.1. 1 Regular season 5.1. 2 Playoffs 5.2 College 6 Off the court 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Donovan Mitchell was born on September 7 , 1996 to parents Donovan Mitchell Sr. and Nicole Mitchell . His father Donovan Sr. serves as director of players relations for the New York Mets . He has a younger sister named Jordan . Mitchell was born and raised in Elmsford , New York and attended Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich , Connecticut . Mitchell played his AAU basketball for The City and Riverside Hawks programs based out of New York City . High school career ( edit ) Mitchell attended Canterbury School in New Milford , Connecticut for his sophomore year of high school before transferring to Brewster Academy in Wolfeboro , New Hampshire for his junior and senior years . Along with basketball , he also played baseball in high school for two years , but focused on basketball when he went to Brewster , a move which garnered him more attention from college basketball coaches . He committed to the University of Louisville to play college basketball . College career ( edit ) Mitchell decided to wear the jersey number 45 , showing his appreciation for Michael Jordan , as 45 is the number Jordan wore for his baseball career and during the early part of his first comeback in 1995 . As a freshman at the University of Louisville , Mitchell averaged 7.4 points , 1.7 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game . As a sophomore , he averaged 15.6 points , 2.7 assists and 4.9 rebounds per game . Mitchell shot 46.3 percent from the floor , 35.4 percent from behind the arc and 80.6 percent from the free - throw line . He was named to the First Team All - Atlantic Coast Conference . After the season , he entered the 2017 NBA draft , but did not immediately hire an agent . Professional career ( edit ) Utah Jazz ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) Rookie season ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick ( Tyler Lydon ) and Trey Lyles . On July 5 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a four - year rookie scale contract with the Jazz . On July 11 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas . Later that day , Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas , the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League . In his NBA debut on October 18 , 2017 , Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets . On December 1 , 2017 , he scored a career - high 41 points in a 114 -- 108 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . He set the Jazz scoring record for a rookie and became the first NBA rookie to score 40 points in a game since Blake Griffin in 2011 . He surpassed Darrell Griffith 's team - record 38 in 1981 . Mitchell also became the seventh rookie in franchise history to have a 30 - plus point game , as well as the first to have a 40 - plus point game . On January 4 , 2018 , Mitchell was named the Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December 2017 after averaging 23.1 points , 3.4 assists , 3.2 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 34.3 minutes per game during the month of December . On January 15 , 2018 , Mitchell surpassed Karl Malone for most 20 + points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20 + point game . On February 2 , 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns , becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40 - point games since Allen Iverson in 1996 - 97 . On February 5 , 2018 , Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon ( strained left hip flexor ) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round , then a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine . On March 1 , 2018 , Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February . On April 10 , he set a rookie record for most three - pointers in a season with 186 three - pointers during a 119 -- 79 win over the Golden State Warriors . On April 12 , at the end of the regular season , Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April . In Mitchell 's playoff debut against the Oklahoma City Thunder on April 15 , he recorded 27 points , 10 rebounds , and 3 assists . However , during the game he bruised his foot and was questionable for Game 2 . He ended up playing in Game 2 , scoring 28 points , including 13 in the 4th quarter to lead the Jazz to a 102 -- 95 win . Mitchell set a new record for points by a shooting guard in their first two postseason games with 55 points , breaking Michael Jordan 's record of 53 points . Mitchell led the Jazz to a 4 - 2 series win over the Thunder , averaging 28.5 points a game on 46.2 percent shooting . His 171 points in the series were the third-most ever by a rookie in his first six playoff games , behind only Kareem Abdul - Jabbar and Wilt Chamberlain . His 38 points in Game 6 ( on 14 - of - 26 shooting ) marked the highest scoring output by a rookie in a series - clinching win since 1980 . On May 22 , 2018 , he was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team . Career statistics ( edit ) Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high NBA ( edit ) Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2017 -- 18 Utah 79 71 33.4 . 437 . 340 . 805 3.7 3.7 1.5 . 3 20.4 Career 79 71 33.4 . 437 . 340 . 805 3.7 3.7 1.5 . 3 20.4 Playoffs ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2018 Utah 11 11 37.4 . 420 . 313 . 907 5.9 4.2 1.5 . 4 24.4 Career 11 11 37.4 . 420 . 313 . 907 5.9 4.2 1.5 . 4 24.4 College ( edit ) Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2015 -- 16 Louisville 31 5 19.1 . 442 . 250 . 754 3.4 1.7 . 8 . 1 7.4 2016 -- 17 Louisville 34 33 32.3 . 408 . 354 . 806 4.9 2.7 . 5 15.6 Career 65 38 26.0 . 418 . 329 . 788 4.1 1.5 . 3 11.7 Off the court ( edit ) During the 2017 -- 18 season Mitchell appeared on the cover of SLAM Magazine and is now starring in a documentary called `` Rookie on the Rise '' . The docu - series follows Mitchell on his race for the Rookie Of The Year . The series is available for viewing on Young Hollywood TV -- a digital network available on Apple TV , Amazon Channels , Amazon Fire TV , Chromecast and Roku . The series could also be viewed on younghollywood.com , Facebook Watch , Young Hollywood 's YouTube page , Twitter and other social channels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Talks Importance of Sister Jordan Participating in Dunk Contest '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goon , Kyle ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell has learned the value of education from his mom -- that 's why he 's going to finish his degree '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Woodyard , Eric ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` New York native Donovan Mitchell cherishes Madison Square Garden debut '' . Deseret News . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . His locker room nametag may read Greenwich , Connecticut , but he was actually born in Elmsford , New York Jump up ^ Berman , Marc ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` Mets executive 's son is high on the Knicks ' draft radar '' . New York Post . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DONOVAN MITCHELL '' . 247sports.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Steve ( 18 January 2015 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell preps for U of L career '' . Springfield , Mass : The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell : Baseball star ? '' . cincinnati.com . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Reid , Christian ( 17 March 2017 ) . `` How a baseball injury led Connecticut native Donovan Mitchell to star for Louisville hoops under Rick Pitino '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Four - star guard Donovan Mitchell commits to Louisville '' . si.com . Sports Illustrated . 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` Is Donovan Mitchell Cards ' next star ? '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Varney , Dennis ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Utah Jazz take Louisville 's Donovan Mitchell after draft - night trade involving former UK star '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Press Release ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) . `` ACC Announces All - Conference Team , Postseason Awards , All - ACC Teams '' . theacc.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell to enter draft , but may return to Louisville '' . espn.co.uk . ESPN . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Greer , Jeff ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Mitchell declares for NBA draft , wo n't hire agent '' . The Courier - Journal . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Polacek , Scott ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Picked No. 13 in NBA Draft , Nuggets to Trade Him to Jazz '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Tim ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Signs Utah Jazz Rookie Contract '' . bleacherreport.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aulbach , Lucas ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell signs shoe deal with Adidas , then scores 37 points at NBA Summer League '' . Courier - Journal . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Genessy , Jody ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell 's NBA career gets off to a very quick start '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA rookie Donovan Mitchell scores 41 points as Jazz beat Pelicans '' . news.com.au. 2 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 1 December 2017 ) . `` Rookie Donovan Mitchell scores career - high 41 , Jazz beat Pelicans '' . Sportsnet.ca . Salt Lake City : Sportsnet . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell goes for career - high 41 in Jazz victory '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Celtics ' Jayson Tatum , Utah Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month '' . NBA.com . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Powell , Shaun ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` League taking note of Donovan Mitchell 's impressive rookie campaign '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What Donovan Mitchell 's Iverson comps mean for the Jazz '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz rookie Donovan Mitchell to replace Aaron Gordon in 2018 Verizon Slam Dunk '' . NBA.com . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for February '' . NBA.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Utah Jazz guard Donovan Mitchell breaks rookie record for 3 - pointers '' . NBA.com. April 10 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 76ers ' Ben Simmons , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell named Kia Rookies of Month for March , April '' . NBA.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Thunder 's Paul George , Jazz 's Donovan Mitchell set to play Game 2 '' . nba.com. April 18 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' I 've got to be smart with it ' : Donovan Mitchell ( left foot contusion ) questionable for Game 2 vs. Thunder '' . sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Royce ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell 's 55 points in his first 2 playoff games most ever by guard '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Donovan Mitchell dominated the Thunder in his playoff series debut '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Donovan Mitchell , Ben Simmons lead 2017 - 18 NBA All - Rookie first team '' . NBA.com . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Woodyard , Eric ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell becomes second Utah Jazz player to make cover of SLAM magazine '' . deseretnews.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lourim , Jake ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell has been a star on the court and now in a documentary series '' . Louisville Courier Journal . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Sierra ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Donovan Mitchell Gets A ' Fresh Cut ' In New Web Series '' . vibe.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive release Rookie on The Rise '' . vibe.com . May 5 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) National Basketball Association portal Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Louisville Cardinals bio Utah Jazz current roster 2 Ingles 3 Rubio 10 Burks 11 Exum 13 Bradley 15 Favors 18 Lyles 22 Sefolosha 23 O'Neale 24 Allen 25 Neto 27 Gobert 31 Niang 33 Udoh 45 Mitchell 99 Crowder -- Cavanaugh ( TW ) -- Mitrou - Long ( TW ) Head coach : Snyder Assistant coaches : Bryant Jensen Jones Lang McKown Wells Watkinson 2017 NBA draft First round Markelle Fultz Lonzo Ball Jayson Tatum Josh Jackson De'Aaron Fox Jonathan Isaac Lauri Markkanen Frank Ntilikina Dennis Smith Zach Collins Malik Monk Luke Kennard Donovan Mitchell Bam Adebayo Justin Jackson Justin Patton D.J. Wilson T.J. Leaf John Collins Harry Giles Terrance Ferguson Jarrett Allen OG Anunoby Tyler Lydon Anžejs Pasečņiks Caleb Swanigan Kyle Kuzma Tony Bradley Derrick White Josh Hart Second round Frank Jackson Davon Reed Wes Iwundu Frank Mason III Ivan Rabb Jonah Bolden Semi Ojeleye Jordan Bell Jawun Evans Dwayne Bacon Tyler Dorsey Thomas Bryant Isaiah Hartenstein Damyean Dotson Dillon Brooks Sterling Brown Ike Anigbogu Sindarius Thornwell Vlatko Čančar Mathias Lessort Monté Morris Edmond Sumner Kadeem Allen Alec Peters Nigel Williams - Goss Jabari Bird Sasha Vezenkov Ognjen Jaramaz Jaron Blossomgame Alpha Kaba Slam Dunk Contest winners 1984 : Nance 1985 : Wilkins 1986 : Webb 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Walker 1990 : Wilkins 1991 : Brown 1992 : Ceballos 1993 : Miner 1994 : Rider 1995 : Miner 1996 : Barry 1997 : Bryant 2000 : Carter 2001 : Mason 2002 : Richardson 2003 : Richardson 2004 : Jones 2005 : Smith 2006 : Robinson 2007 : Green 2008 : Howard 2009 : Robinson 2010 : Robinson 2011 : Griffin 2012 : Evans 2013 : Ross 2014 : Wall 2015 : LaVine 2016 : LaVine 2017 : Robinson III 2018 : Mitchell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donovan_Mitchell&oldid=854697852 '' Categories : 1996 births Living people African - American basketball players Basketball players from Connecticut Basketball players from New York ( state ) Denver Nuggets draft picks Louisville Cardinals men 's basketball players People from New Milford , Connecticut Shooting guards Utah Jazz players Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Volapük 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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where was donovan mitchell picked in the draft

Mitchell was drafted by the Denver Nuggets with the 13th overall pick in the 2017 NBA draft only to be traded to the Utah Jazz for the 24th pick ( Tyler Lydon ) and Trey Lyles . On July 5 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a four - year rookie scale contract with the Jazz . On July 11 , 2017 , Mitchell signed a multi-year shoe deal with Adidas . Later that day , Mitchell scored 37 points against the Memphis Grizzlies in the 2017 NBA Summer League in Las Vegas , the most by any player during the 2017 NBA Summer League . In his NBA debut on October 18 , 2017 , Mitchell registered 10 points and 4 assists against the Denver Nuggets . On December 1 , 2017 , he scored a career - high 41 points in a 114 -- 108 win over the New Orleans Pelicans . He set the Jazz scoring record for a rookie and became the first NBA rookie to score 40 points in a game since Blake Griffin in 2011 . He surpassed Darrell Griffith 's team - record 38 in 1981 . Mitchell also became the seventh rookie in franchise history to have a 30 - plus point game , as well as the first to have a 40 - plus point game . On January 4 , 2018 , Mitchell was named the Western Conference Rookie of the Month for December 2017 after averaging 23.1 points , 3.4 assists , 3.2 rebounds and 1.8 steals in 34.3 minutes per game during the month of December . On January 15 , 2018 , Mitchell surpassed Karl Malone for most 20 + points games during a rookie season when he had his 19th 20 + point game . On February 2 , 2018 Donovan recorded his second 40 point game of his rookie season against the Phoenix Suns , becoming the first rookie guard to notch two 40 - point games since Allen Iverson in 1996 - 97 . On February 5 , 2018 , Donovan was officially named by the NBA as an injury replacement for Orlando Magic forward Aaron Gordon ( strained left hip flexor ) for the 2018 NBA Slam Dunk Contest . He won the contest scoring a 48 and 50 in the first round , then a 50 and 48 in the final round being the first rookie to win the contest since Zach LaVine . On March 1 , 2018 , Mitchell was named as the Western Conference rookie of the month for the 3rd time this season for games played in February . On April 10 , he set a rookie record for most three - pointers in a season with 186 three - pointers during a 119 -- 79 win over the Golden State Warriors . On April 12 , at the end of the regular season , Mitchell was named Western Conference Rookie of the Month for March and April .

British Airways destinations - wikipedia British Airways destinations This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 5 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the list of destinations served by British Airways regional subsidiary BA CityFlyer , see BA CityFlyer destinations . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British Airways is one of few carriers serving destinations across all six inhabited continents . Following is a list of destinations the airline flies to , as of March 2017 ; terminated destinations are also listed . The list does not include cities served solely by affiliated regional carriers , and some terminated destinations may now be served either via franchise or through codeshare agreements with other carriers . Each destination is provided with the name of the country served , the name of the airport served , and both the International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) three - letter designator ( IATA airport code ) and the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) four - letter designator ( ICAO airport code ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes and references 3.1 Notes 3.2 References 4 External links List ( edit ) Hub Future destination Seasonal Terminated destination This transport - related list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . City Country IATA ICAO Airport Refs Aarhus Denmark AAR EKAH Aarhus Airport Aberdeen United Kingdom ABZ EGPD Aberdeen Airport Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire ABJ DIAP Port Bouet Airport Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates AUH OMAA Abu Dhabi International Airport Abuja Nigeria ABV DNAA Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Accra Ghana ACC DGAA Kotoka International Airport Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADD HAAB Bole International Airport Adelaide Australia ADL YPAD Adelaide Airport Agadir Morocco AGA GMAD Al Massira Airport Alexandria Egypt ALY HEAX Alexandria International Airport Algiers Algeria ALG DAAG Houari Boumediene Airport Alicante Spain ALC LEAL Alicante Airport Almaty Kazakhstan ALA UAAA Almaty International Airport Amman Jordan AMM OJAI Queen Alia International Airport Amsterdam Netherlands AMS EHAM Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Ankara Turkey ESB LTAC Esenboğa International Airport Annecy France NCY LFLP Annecy -- Haute - Savoie -- Mont Blanc Airport Antigua Antigua and Barbuda ANU TAPA V.C. Bird International Airport Antwerp Belgium ANR EBAW Antwerp International Airport Ashgabat Turkmenistan ASB UTAA Ashgabat Airport Athens Greece ATH LGAV Athens International Airport Atlanta United States ( Georgia ) ATL KATL Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport ^ Auckland New Zealand AKL NZAA Auckland Airport Austin United States ( Texas ) AUS KAUS Austin - Bergstrom International Airport Baghdad Iraq BGW ORBI Baghdad International Airport Bahrain Bahrain BAH OBBI Bahrain International Airport ^ Baku Azerbaijan GYD UBBB Heydar Aliyev International Airport Baltimore ( Washington , D.C. ) United States ( Maryland ) BWI KBWI Baltimore / Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Bangalore India BLR VOBL Bengaluru International Airport Bangkok Thailand BKK VTBS Suvarnabhumi Airport Barbados Barbados BGI TBPB Grantley Adams International Airport Barcelona Spain BCN LEBL Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Bari Italy BRI LIBD Bari Airport Barra United Kingdom BRR EGPR Barra Airport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg Switzerland France Germany BSL MLH EAP LFSB EuroAirport Basel - Mulhouse - Freiburg Beijing China PEK ZBAA Beijing Capital International Airport Beirut Lebanon BEY OLBA Beirut -- Rafic Hariri International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BFS EGAA Belfast International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BHD EGAC George Best Belfast City Airport Belgrade Serbia BEG LYBE Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Benbecula United Kingdom BEB EGPL Benbecula Airport Bergamo Italy BGY LIME Orio al Serio Airport Bergen Norway BGO ENBR Bergen Airport Berlin Germany TXL EDDT Berlin Tegel Airport Bermuda Bermuda BDA TXKF L.F. Wade International Airport Bern Switzerland BRN LSZB Bern Airport Biarritz France BIQ LFBZ Biarritz -- Anglet -- Bayonne Airport Bilbao Spain BIO LEBB Bilbao Airport Billund Denmark BLL EKBI Billund Airport Birmingham United Kingdom BHX EGBB Birmingham Airport Bishkek Kyrgyzstan FRU UAFM Manas International Airport Blackpool United Kingdom BLK EGNH Blackpool International Airport Bodrum Turkey BJV LTFE Milas - Bodrum Airport Bogotá Colombia BOG SKBO El Dorado International Airport Bologna Italy BLQ LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport Bordeaux France BOD LFBD Bordeaux -- Mérignac Airport Boston United States ( Massachusetts ) BOS KBOS Logan International Airport Bournemouth United Kingdom BOH EGHH Bournemouth Airport Bratislava Slovakia BTS LZIB Bratislava Airport Bremen Germany BRE EDDW Bremen Airport Brindisi Italy BDS LIBR Brindisi -- Salento Airport Brisbane Australia BNE YBBN Brisbane Airport Bristol United Kingdom BRS EGGD Bristol Airport Brussels Belgium BRU EBBR Brussels Airport Bucharest Romania OTP LROP Henri Coandă International Airport Budapest Hungary BUD LHBP Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Buenos Aires Argentina EZE SAEZ Ministro Pistarini International Airport Cagliari Italy CAG LIEE Cagliari - Elmas Airport Cairo Egypt CAI HECA Cairo International Airport Calgary Canada ( Alberta ) YYC CYYC Calgary International Airport Campbeltown United Kingdom CAL EGEC Campbeltown Airport Cancún Mexico CUN MMUN Cancún International Airport Cape Town South Africa CPT FACT Cape Town International Airport Caracas Venezuela CCS SVMI Simón Bolívar International Airport Cardiff United Kingdom CWL EGFF Cardiff Airport Casablanca Morocco CMN GMMN Mohammed V International Airport Catania Italy CTA LICC Catania Vincenzo Bellini Airport Chambéry France CMF LFLB Chambéry Airport Chania Greece CHQ LGSA Chania International Airport Charlotte United States ( North Carolina ) CLT KCLT Charlotte Douglas International Airport Chengdu China CTU ZUUU Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport Chennai India MAA VOMM Chennai International Airport ^ Chicago United States ( Illinois ) ORD KORD O'Hare International Airport ^ Christchurch New Zealand CHC NZCH Christchurch Airport Cologne Germany CGN EDDK Cologne Bonn Airport Colombo Sri Lanka CMB VCBI Bandaranaike International Airport Copenhagen Denmark CPH EKCH Copenhagen Airport Cork Ireland ORK EICK Cork Airport Dalaman Turkey DLM LTBS Dalaman Airport Dallas / Fort Worth United States ( Texas ) DFW KDFW Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport Damascus Syria DAM OSDI Damascus International Airport Dammam Saudi Arabia DMM OEDF King Fahd International Airport Dar es Salaam Tanzania DAR HTDA Julius Nyerere International Airport Delhi India DEL VIDP Indira Gandhi International Airport ^ Denver United States ( Colorado ) DEN KDEN Denver International Airport Derry United Kingdom LDY EGAE Londonderry Airport Detroit United States ( Michigan ) DTW KDTW Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport Dhahran Saudi Arabia DHA OEDR Dhahran International Airport Dhaka Bangladesh DAC VGHS Shahjalal International Airport Doha Qatar DOH OTBD Doha International Airport Doha Qatar DOH OTHH Hamad International Airport Dresden Germany DRS EDDC Dresden Airport Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB OMDB Dubai International Airport ^ Dublin Ireland DUB EIDW Dublin Airport Dubrovnik Croatia DBV LDDU Dubrovnik Airport Durban South Africa DUR FADN Durban International Airport Düsseldorf Germany DUS EDDL Düsseldorf Airport East Midlands United Kingdom EMA EGNX East Midlands Airport Eday United Kingdom EOI EGED Eday Airport Edinburgh United Kingdom EDI EGPH Edinburgh Airport Eindhoven Netherlands EIN EHEH Eindhoven Airport Entebbe Uganda EBB HUEN Entebbe International Airport Exeter United Kingdom EXT EGTE Exeter International Airport Fair Isle United Kingdom FIE EGEF Fair Isle Airport Faro Portugal FAO LPFR Faro Airport Frankfurt Germany FRA EDDF Frankfurt Airport ^ Fort Lauderdale United States ( Florida ) FLL KFLL Fort Lauderdale - Hollywood International Airport Freetown Sierra Leone FNA GFLL Lungi International Airport Friedrichshafen Germany FDH EDNY Friedrichshafen Airport Funchal Portugal FNC LMPA Madeira Airport Gaborone Botswana GBE FBSK Sir Seretse Khama International Airport Geilo Norway VDB ENFG Fagernes Airport Geneva Switzerland GVA LSGG Geneva International Airport Genoa Italy GOA LIMJ Genoa Cristoforo Colombo Airport Gibraltar Gibraltar GIB LXGB Gibraltar International Airport Glasgow United Kingdom GLA EGPF Glasgow International Airport Gothenburg Sweden GOT ESGG Göteborg Landvetter Airport Grand Cayman Cayman Islands GCM MWCR Owen Roberts International Airport Grenoble France GNB LFLS Grenoble -- Isère Airport Guadalajara Mexico GDL MMGL Guadalajara International Airport Guernsey Guernsey GCI EGJB Guernsey Airport Hamburg Germany HAM EDDH Hamburg Airport Hanover Germany HAJ EDDV Hannover Airport Harare Zimbabwe HRE FVHA Harare International Airport Hassi Messaoud Algeria HME DAUH Oued Irara -- Krim Belkacem Airport Haugesund Norway HAU ENHD Haugesund Airport Havana Cuba HAV MUHA José Martí International Airport Helsingborg Sweden AGH ESTA Ängelholm - Helsingborg Airport Helsinki Finland HEL EFHK Helsinki Airport Hoedspruit South Africa -- FAHS Eastgate Airport Hong Kong China HKG VHHH Hong Kong International Airport ^ Houston United States ( Texas ) IAH KIAH George Bush Intercontinental Airport ^ Hyderabad India HYD VOHS Rajiv Gandhi International Airport Ibiza Spain IBZ LEIB Ibiza Airport Innsbruck Austria INN LOWI Innsbruck Airport Inverness United Kingdom INV EGPE Inverness Airport Islamabad Pakistan ISB OPRN Benazir Bhutto International Airport Islay United Kingdom ILY EGPI Islay Airport Istanbul Turkey IST LTBA Istanbul Atatürk Airport Jakarta Indonesia CGK WIII Soekarno -- Hatta International Airport Jeddah Saudi Arabia JED OEJN King Abdulaziz International Airport Jerez de la Frontera Spain XRY LEJR Jerez Airport Jersey Jersey JER EGJJ Jersey Airport Johannesburg South Africa JNB FAOR OR Tambo International Airport ^ Kalamata Greece KLX LGKL Kalamata International Airport Karachi Pakistan KHI OPKC Karachi International Airport Kano Nigeria KAN DNKN Mallam Aminu Kano International Airport Kefalonia begins 15 May 2018 Greece EFL LGKF Kefalonia International Airport Kelowna Canada ( British Columbia ) YLW CYLW Kelowna International Airport Khartoum Sudan KRT HSSS Khartoum International Airport Kiev Ukraine KBP UKBB Boryspil International Airport Kingston Jamaica KIN MKJP Norman Manley International Airport Kirkwall United Kingdom KOI EGPA Kirkwall Airport Kolkata India CCU VECC Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport Kraków Poland KRK EPKK John Paul II International Airport Kraków - Balice Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KUL WMKK Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuwait Kuwait KWI OKBK Kuwait International Airport Lagos Nigeria LOS DNMM Murtala Muhammed International Airport Lanzarote Spain ACE GCRR Lanzarote Airport Larnaca Cyprus LCA LCLK Larnaca International Airport Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Spain LPA GCLP Gran Canaria Airport Las Vegas United States ( Nevada ) LAS KLAS McCarran International Airport Leeds United Kingdom LBA EGNM Leeds Bradford International Airport Leipzig Germany LEJ EDDP Leipzig / Halle Airport Lilongwe Malawi LLW FWKI Lilongwe International Airport Lima Peru LIM SPIM Jorge Chavez International Airport Limoges France LIG LFBL Limoges -- Bellegarde Airport Linz Austria LNZ LOWL Linz Airport Lisbon Portugal LIS LPPT Lisbon Airport Liverpool United Kingdom LPL EGGP Liverpool John Lennon Airport Ljubljana Slovenia LJU LJLJ Ljubljana Jože Pučnik Airport London United Kingdom LGW EGKK Gatwick Airport London United Kingdom LCY EGLC London City Airport London United Kingdom LHR EGLL Heathrow Airport London United Kingdom LTN EGGW London Luton Airport London United Kingdom STN EGSS London Stansted Airport Los Angeles United States ( California ) LAX KLAX Los Angeles International Airport Luanda Angola LAD FNLU Quatro de Fevereiro Airport Lugano Switzerland LUG LSZA Lugano Airport Lusaka Zambia LUN FLLS Lusaka International Airport Luxembourg Luxembourg LUX ELLX Findel Airport Luxor Egypt LXR HELX Luxor International Airport Lyon France LYS LFLL Lyon - Saint Exupéry Airport Madrid Spain MAD LEMD Adolfo Suárez Madrid -- Barajas Airport ^ Mahé Seychelles SEZ FSIA Seychelles International Airport Mahébourg Mauritius MRU FIMP Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport Málaga Spain AGP LEMG Málaga Airport Malé Maldives MLE VRMM Ibrahim Nasir International Airport Malmö Sweden MMX ESMS Malmö Airport Malta Malta MLA LMML Malta International Airport Manchester United Kingdom MAN EGCC Manchester Airport Manila Philippines MNL RPLL Ninoy Aquino International Airport Manzini Swaziland MTS FDMS Matsapha Airport Marrakech Morocco RAK GMMX Marrakech - Menara Airport Marseille France MRS LFML Marseille Provence Airport Melbourne Australia MEL YMML Melbourne Airport Menorca Spain MAH LEMH Menorca Airport Mexico City Mexico MEX MMMX Mexico City International Airport Miami United States ( Florida ) MIA KMIA Miami International Airport Milan Italy LIN LIML Linate Airport Milan Italy MXP LIMC Malpensa Airport Minsk Belarus MSQ UMMS Minsk International Airport Monrovia Suspended indefinitely Liberia ROB GLRB Roberts International Airport Montego Bay Jamaica MBJ MKJS Sangster International Airport Montpellier France MPL LFMT Montpellier -- Méditerranée Airport Montreal Canada ( Quebec ) YUL CYUL Montréal - Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Moscow Russia DME UUDD Domodedovo International Airport Mumbai India BOM VABB Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ^ Munich Germany MUC EDDM Munich Airport Münster Germany FMO EDDG Münster Osnabrück International Airport Murcia Spain MJV LELC Murcia - San Javier Airport Muscat Oman MCT OOMS Muscat International Airport Mykonos Greece JMK LGMK Mykonos Island National Airport Nagoya Japan NKM RJNA Komaki Airport Nairobi Kenya NBO HKJK Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ^ Nantes France NTE LFRS Nantes Atlantique Airport Naples Italy NAP LIRN Naples Airport Nashville begins 4 May 2018 United States ( Tennessee ) BNA KBNA Nashville International Airport Nassau Bahamas NAS MYNN Lynden Pindling International Airport New Orleans United States ( Louisiana ) MSY KMSY Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport New York City United States ( New York ) JFK KJFK John F. Kennedy International Airport Newark ( New York City ) United States ( New Jersey ) EWR KEWR Newark Liberty International Airport Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom NCL EGNT Newcastle Airport Newquay United Kingdom NQY EGHQ Newquay Cornwall Airport Nice France NCE LFMN Nice Côte d'Azur Airport Norrköping Sweden NRK ESSP Norrköping Airport North Ronaldsay United Kingdom NRL EGEN North Ronaldsay Airport Norwich United Kingdom NWI EGSH Norwich International Airport Nuremberg Germany NUE EDDN Nuremberg Airport Oakland United States ( California ) OAK KOAK Oakland International Airport Orlando United States ( Florida ) MCO KMCO Orlando International Airport Osaka Japan KIX RJBB Kansai International Airport Oslo Norway FBU ENFB Fornebu Airport Oslo Norway OSL ENGM Oslo Gardermoen Airport Ostend Belgium OST EBOS Ostend - Bruges International Airport Palermo Italy PMO LICJ Falcone -- Borsellino Airport Palma de Mallorca Spain PMI LEPA Palma de Mallorca Airport Papa Westray United Kingdom PPW EGEP Papa Westray Airport Paphos Cyprus PFO LCPH Paphos International Airport Paris France CDG LFPG Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris France ORY LFPO Orly Airport Perth Australia PER YPPH Perth Airport Philadelphia United States ( Pennsylvania ) PHL KPHL Philadelphia International Airport Phoenix United States ( Arizona ) PHX KPHX Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport Pisa Italy PSA LIRP Galileo Galilei Airport Pittsburgh United States ( Pennsylvania ) PIT KPIT Pittsburgh International Airport Plymouth United Kingdom PLH EGHD Plymouth City Airport Port Elizabeth South Africa PLZ FAPE Port Elizabeth Airport Port of Spain Trinidad and Tobago POS TTPP Piarco International Airport Porto Portugal OPO LPPR Francisco de Sá Carneiro Airport Porto Santo Portugal PXO LPPS Porto Santo Airport Prague Czech Republic PRG LKPR Prague Václav Havel Airport Pristina Kosovo PRN BKPR Pristina International Airport Adem Jashari Providenciales Turks and Caicos Islands PLS MBPV Providenciales International Airport Pula Croatia PUY LDPL Pula Airport Punta Cana Dominican Republic PUJ MDPC Punta Cana International Airport Reykjavík Iceland KEF BIKF Keflavík International Airport Richards Bay South Africa RCB FARB Richards Bay Airport Riga Latvia RIX EVRA Riga International Airport Rio de Janeiro Brazil GIG SBGL Rio de Janeiro - Galeão International Airport Riyadh Saudi Arabia RUH OERK King Khalid International Airport Rome Italy FCO LIRF Leonardo da Vinci - Fiumicino Airport Rotterdam Netherlands RTM EHRD Rotterdam The Hague Airport Saarbrücken Germany SCN EDDR Saarbrücken Airport Saint Kitts Saint Kitts and Nevis SKB TKPK Robert L. Bradshaw International Airport Saint Petersburg Russia LED ULLI Pulkovo Airport Salzburg Austria SZG LOWS Salzburg Airport San Diego United States ( California ) SAN KSAN San Diego International Airport San Francisco United States ( California ) SFO KSFO San Francisco International Airport San Jose United States ( California ) SJC KSJC San Jose International Airport San José de Costa Rica Costa Rica SJO MROC Juan Santamaría International Airport San Juan Puerto Rico SJU TJSJ Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport Sanday United Kingdom NDY EGES Sanday Airport Santiago de Chile Chile SCL SCEL Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport Santorini Greece JTR LGSR Santorini National Airport Seattle United States ( Washington ) SEA KSEA Seattle - Tacoma International Airport Seoul South Korea GMP RKSS Gimpo International Airport Seoul South Korea ICN RKSI Incheon International Airport Shanghai China PVG ZSPD Shanghai Pudong International Airport ^ Shannon Ireland SNN EINN Shannon Airport Sharm el - Sheikh Egypt SSH HESH Sharm el - Sheikh International Airport Shetland Islands United Kingdom LSI EGPB Sumburgh Airport Singapore Singapore SIN WSSS Singapore Changi Airport Skopje Macedonia SKP LWSK Skopje `` Alexander the Great '' Airport Sofia Bulgaria SOF LBSF Sofia Airport Southampton United Kingdom SOU EGHI Southampton Airport St. George Grenada GND TGPY Maurice Bishop International Airport Stavanger Norway SVG ENZV Stavanger Airport Stockholm Sweden ARN ESSA Arlanda Airport Stockholm Sweden BMA ESSB Bromma Airport Stornoway United Kingdom SYY EGPO Stornoway Airport Stronsay United Kingdom SOY EGER Stronsay Airport Stuttgart Germany STR EDDS Stuttgart Airport Sydney Australia SYD YSSY Sydney Airport São Paulo Brazil GRU SBGR São Paulo - Guarulhos International Airport Taipei Taiwan TPE RCTP Taoyuan International Airport Tallinn Estonia TLL EETN Tallinn Airport Tampa United States ( Florida ) TPA KTPA Tampa International Airport Tampere Finland TMP EFTP Tampere - Pirkkala Airport Tangier Morocco TNG GMTT Tangier Ibn Battouta Airport Tashkent Uzbekistan TAS UTTT Tashkent International Airport Tbilisi Georgia TBS UGTB Tbilisi International Airport Teesside United Kingdom MME EGNV Durham Tees Valley Airport Tehran Iran IKA OIIE Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport Tel Aviv Israel TLV LLBG Ben Gurion Airport Tenerife Spain TFS GCTS Tenerife South Airport Thessaloniki Greece SKG LGTS Thessaloniki International Airport Thisted Denmark TED EKTS Thisted Airport Tirana Albania TIA LATI Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza Tiree United Kingdom TRE EGPU Tiree Airport Tobago Trinidad and Tobago TAB TTCP Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport Tokyo Japan HND RJTT Haneda Airport Tokyo Japan NRT RJAA Narita International Airport Toronto Canada ( Ontario ) YYZ CYYZ Toronto Pearson International Airport Toulouse France TLS LFBO Toulouse - Blagnac Airport Tripoli Libya TIP HLLT Tripoli International Airport Tunis Tunisia TUN DTTA Tunis - Carthage International Airport Turin Italy TRN LIMF Turin Caselle Airport Turku Finland TKU EFTU Turku Airport Vaasa Finland VAA EFVA Vaasa Airport Valencia Spain VLC LEVC Valencia Airport Vancouver Canada ( British Columbia ) YVR CYVR Vancouver International Airport Venice Italy VCE LIPZ Venice Marco Polo Airport Verona Italy VRN LIPX Verona Airport Victoria Falls Zimbabwe VFA FVFA Victoria Falls Airport Vienna Austria VIE LOWW Vienna International Airport Vieux - Fort Saint Lucia UVF TLPL Hewanorra International Airport Vilnius Lithuania VNO EYVI Vilnius International Airport Warsaw Poland WAW EPWA Warsaw Chopin Airport Washington , D.C. United States ( Virginia ) IAD KIAD Washington Dulles International Airport Waterford Ireland WAT EIWF Waterford Airport Westray United Kingdom WRY EGEW Westray Airport Wick United Kingdom WIC EGPC Wick Airport Windhoek Namibia WDH FYWH Windhoek Hosea Kutako International Airport Yerevan Armenia EVN UDYZ Zvartnots International Airport Zagreb Croatia ZAG LDZA Zagreb Airport Zakynthos Greece ZTH LGZA Zakynthos International Airport Zaragoza Spain ZAZ LEZG Zaragoza Airport Zurich Switzerland ZRH LSZH Zurich Airport See also ( edit ) United Kingdom portal Aviation portal British Airways franchise destinations British Airways World Cargo Transport in the United Kingdom Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ International traffic was transferred to Incheon Airport in 2001 . Jump up ^ The source lists Derry as Londonderry , but per the manual of style , the city is listed as Derry . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' . Flight International . 53 ( 4617 ) : 57 . 18 -- 24 March 1998 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ) . Flight International : 98 -- 99 . 20 March 2001 -- 26 March 2001 . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Route Network on 14 December 2000 , British Airways ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ) . Flight International : 59 -- 60 . 24 March 1999 -- 30 March 1999 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways transfers nine bmi routes to British Airways code '' . Centre for Aviation . 11 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` bmi flights changing to have BA flight numbers '' . British Airways . 10 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways suspends London Heathrow -- Agadir route from 26 October 2014 '' . London Air Travel . 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 Jan 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways : deux petites nouveautés pour l'hiver '' ( British Airways : two new requests for winter ) ( in French ) . Air Journal . 19 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : ba.com -- New flight routes and destinations Archived 17 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Ends Entebbe / Almaty Service from October 2015 '' . Airline Route. 24 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Latest information about bmi flights '' . British Airways . 3 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ) . Flight International : 67 . 1 April 1989 . Retrieved 25 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Long haul freighter schedule ( Effective October 2011 ( 2011 - 10 ) ) '' ( PDF ) . British Airways World Cargo . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 31 July 2012 . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2011/01/25/ba-w85/ Jump up ^ Mutzabaugh , Ben ( 3 March 2014 ) . `` Boeing Dreamliner puts Austin on the global travel map '' . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ azernews.az - British Airways suspending Baku flights Jump up ^ `` British Airways to start service from BWI to Heathrow '' . The Baltimore Sun . 15 October 2001 . Jump up ^ `` World Airline Directory -- British Airways '' ( PDF ) . Flight International : 74 . 24 March 1993 -- 30 March 1993 . Retrieved 30 August 2011 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : British Airways - Timetables ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways to launch new summer seasonal routes from London Heathrow to Biarritz , Menorca and Palermo '' . Londonairtravel.com. 21 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Rob ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` British Airways to start Bilbao flights '' . Buying Business Travel . Archived from the original on 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways Adds London Heathrow - Billund Route from May 2016 '' . Airlineroute.net. 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://mediacentre.britishairways.com/pressrelease/details/86/2017-228/8244 Jump up ^ `` British Airways To Fly to Bodrum and Dalaman in 2015 '' . Fethiye Times . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways adds new Heathrow -- Europe routes in S17 '' . Routes Online . 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BA to scrap struggling Bmi routes '' . The Telegraph . 19 July 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Kathryn M. ( 23 November 2015 ) . `` Airline Routes - Nov. 23 , 2015 '' . Air Transport World . British Airways adds London LHR - Chania and Kalamata , Greece , to its summer scheduled beginning April 30 , 2016 , with a mixed fleet of Airbus A319 and A320 aircraft . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/269370/british-airways-closes-chengdu-reservations-from-jan-2017/ Jump up ^ Phillips , Tony ( 2013 ) . With Great Foresight - The story of Christchurch International Airport . ( Christchurch , N.Z. ) : The Caxton Press . p. 147 . ISBN 9780473265403 . Jump up ^ Duclos , François ( 15 April 2013 ) . `` British Airways est de retour au Sri Lanka '' ( British Airways is back at Sri Lanka ) ( in French ) . Air Journal . Archived from the original on 16 April 2013 . Jump up ^ BA to end Colombo turn Male seasonal Archived 26 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Airways To Fly to Bodrum and Dalaman in 2015 '' . Fethiye Times . 24 February 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania : Dons See Loss As BA Closes Shop '' . AllAfrica.com . Tanzania Daily News . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 18 January 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Doha International Airport frontpage '' . Archived from the original on 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrate Gulf 's newest hub with discount on flights '' ( Press release ) . Oneworld. 27 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flights to Dublin ( DUB ) '' . British Airways . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways launches flights to Fort Lauderdale '' . Buying Business Travel . 27 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ebola outbreak : BA and Whitehall pushed to restart direct flights to virus - hit countries '' . The Independent . 1 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Adds London Gatwick -- Friedrichshafen / Grenoble Winter Service from late - Dec 2014 '' . Airline Route. 7 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` BA New Routes '' . British Airways . Jump up ^ British Airways ' Speedbird Club : Arret de la route Hassi Messaoud au départ de Gatwick Jump up ^ Aujourd'hui Le Maroc -- Alger : British Airways craint des attentats Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` British Airways set for Highlands return '' . The Scotsman. 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Jump up ^ BA history 1990s Jump up ^ http://aviationtribune.com/airlines/europe/british-airways-launches-new-route-kefalonia/ Jump up ^ `` New flights from Krakow to UK , Netherlands '' . Krakow Post . 24 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Alan , Alan ( 30 October 2015 ) . `` IAG net profit up 39 % in 3Q '' . Air Transport World . Archived from the original on 31 October 2015 . Growth in the quarter had come from all parts of the group ; Iberia , for example , had restored some previously ditched routes , such as Madrid - Havana , and opened new ones , such as Madrid - Cali , while BA opened up London Heathrow - Kuala Lumpur . Jump up ^ `` BA New Routes '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . Archived from the original on 17 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways : deux routes vers les îles Canaries '' ( British Airways : two services to the Canary Islands ) ( in French ) . Air Journal . 8 November 2012 . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways ' Winter 2013 Schedule Includes New Service to Gran Canaria and Frequency Increases To Hot - spot Destinations '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 22 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Bmi Purchase Boosts British Airways Domestic Services From Winter 2012 '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 27 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/08/18/ba-lim-s16/ Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272269/british-airways-removes-lima-nw17-schedule/ Jump up ^ `` New Routes '' . British Airways . 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia 's booming economy increasingly reliant on Kenya and Ethiopian Airways . A flag carrier needed ? '' . Centre for Aviation . 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways abandons London - Lusaka route '' . The Lusaka Times . 4 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/277852/british-airways-opens-seychelles-reservation-in-w18/ ^ Jump up to : `` Airline Routes '' . Air Transport World . 21 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` LH Quits Manila , '' TTG Asia ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways Launches Flights to Oporto , Mykonos and Santorini '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 16 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/274202/british-airways-adds-nashville-service-from-may-2018/ Jump up ^ `` U.S. and Britain Agree To Expand Air Service ; Gatwick to Get New Service New Entrants in Market , '' The New York Times ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` British Airways Announces Services Between New Orleans and London '' . EconoTimes. 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 20 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Choice for Bay Area Residents With New Oakland to London Service '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BA transfers Paris Orly route from London Heathrow to City '' ( Press release ) . London Air Travel . 18 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.airkosova.net/2012/08/british-airways-to-farewell-pristina/ Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/05/08/ba-europe-w15/ ^ Jump up to : `` British Airways atterrit à Zagreb , Rotterdam '' ( British Airways lands at Zagreb and Rotterdam ) ( in French ) . Air Journal . 10 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways to start 787 - 9 flights to San Jose , California '' . Air Transport World . 26 August 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways to Start Costa Rica Service from May 2016 '' . Airline Route. 6 August 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Rob ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` British Airways to end Puerto Rico route '' . Buying Business Travel . Archived from the original on 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways Serves San Juan '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 28 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` First direct flight from UK to Chile coming in 2017 '' . The Telegraph . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlassis , Gus ( 3 April 2001 ) . `` Olympic 's privatisation again in doubt as new Athens hub opens '' . Athens : Flightglobal . Flight International . Archived from the original on 7 March 2013 . South Korea 's new Incheon International airport opened for business on 29 March . The airport , built at a cost of $5 billion , will initially be able to handle 27 million passengers and 1.7 million tonnes of cargo annually . Some 50 km west of the capital Seoul , the airport will handle international traffic while the older Gimpo airport it replaces is to remain open for domestic traffic . Jump up ^ `` British Airways Announces New Route To Asia '' ( Press release ) . British Airways . 3 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways resumes Seoul service with more Asian destinations to come as BA integrates bmi '' . Centre for Aviation . 3 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Tom Otley ( 3 May 2012 ) . `` BA returns to Seoul '' . Business Traveller . Archived from the original on 3 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/21/british-airways-abandons-flights-to-egypts-sharm-el-sheikh-resor/ Jump up ^ britishairways.com -- Timetables Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` BA announces summer route and terminal changes '' . 17 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Airways Delays Tehran Resumption to Sep 2016 '' . routesonline . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lufthansa , Austrian Airlines halt Libya flights indefinitely '' . Reuters Africa . 7 April 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://airlineroute.net/2015/08/18/ba-vlcop-w15/ External links ( edit ) British Airways ' current destination list International Airlines Group Operations Divisions and subsidiaries Iberia Iberia Cargo Iberia Express Level British Airways BA CityFlyer British Airways Engineering British Airways Maintenance Cardiff Gatwick Ground Services OpenSkies Aer Lingus Aer Lingus Regional IAG Cargo Iberia Cargo British Airways World Cargo Vueling -- Franchisees Air Nostrum Comair Sun - Air of Scandinavia Destinations Aer Lingus Air Nostrum British Airways franchise Iberia History History of Iberia History of British Airways Predecessors and acquisitions Aviaco Air Panamá Internacional British Airways Ltd ( 1935 -- 1939 ) British European Airways British Midland International Bmibaby British South American Airways British Overseas Airways Corporation British Airways Helicopters Compañía Aero Marítima Mallorquina ( de ) Compañía Española de Tráfico Aéreo ( es ) Concesionaria de Líneas Aéreas Subvencionadas Corporación Dominicana de Aviación Clickair Imperial Airways Viva Air Former franchisees BA Connect British Airways Ltd ( 2012 -- 2015 ) British Regional Airlines Brymon Airways CityFlyer Express Loganair Maersk Air UK Incidents Iberia IB062 IB401 Madrid runway disaster 1973 Nantes mid-air collision IB602 IB610 British Airways BA9 BA38 BA149 BA268 1976 Zagreb mid-air collision BA2276 BA5390 Aer Lingus EI712 EI164 Others Air Nostrum BMI ( Stockport air disaster , Kegworth air disaster ) Comair People Antonio Vázquez Romero Willie Walsh Other Airways Flying Club British Airways ethnic liveries Fleet Oneworld `` Speedbird '' List of airline holding companies Heathrow Terminal 5 Waterside Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Airways_destinations&oldid=834484747 '' Categories : Lists of airline destinations Oneworld destinations British Airways Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2013 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from June 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Incomplete transport lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 58 . 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where does british airways fly to in south america

City Country IATA ICAO Airport Refs Aarhus Denmark AAR EKAH Aarhus Airport Aberdeen United Kingdom ABZ EGPD Aberdeen Airport Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire ABJ DIAP Port Bouet Airport Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates AUH OMAA Abu Dhabi International Airport Abuja Nigeria ABV DNAA Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Accra Ghana ACC DGAA Kotoka International Airport Addis Ababa Ethiopia ADD HAAB Bole International Airport Adelaide Australia ADL YPAD Adelaide Airport Agadir Morocco AGA GMAD Al Massira Airport Alexandria Egypt ALY HEAX Alexandria International Airport Algiers Algeria ALG DAAG Houari Boumediene Airport Alicante Spain ALC LEAL Alicante Airport Almaty Kazakhstan ALA UAAA Almaty International Airport Amman Jordan AMM OJAI Queen Alia International Airport Amsterdam Netherlands AMS EHAM Amsterdam Airport Schiphol Ankara Turkey ESB LTAC Esenboğa International Airport Annecy France NCY LFLP Annecy -- Haute - Savoie -- Mont Blanc Airport Antigua Antigua and Barbuda ANU TAPA V.C. Bird International Airport Antwerp Belgium ANR EBAW Antwerp International Airport Ashgabat Turkmenistan ASB UTAA Ashgabat Airport Athens Greece ATH LGAV Athens International Airport Atlanta United States ( Georgia ) ATL KATL Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport ^ Auckland New Zealand AKL NZAA Auckland Airport Austin United States ( Texas ) AUS KAUS Austin - Bergstrom International Airport Baghdad Iraq BGW ORBI Baghdad International Airport Bahrain Bahrain BAH OBBI Bahrain International Airport ^ Baku Azerbaijan GYD UBBB Heydar Aliyev International Airport Baltimore ( Washington , D.C. ) United States ( Maryland ) BWI KBWI Baltimore / Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport Bangalore India BLR VOBL Bengaluru International Airport Bangkok Thailand BKK VTBS Suvarnabhumi Airport Barbados Barbados BGI TBPB Grantley Adams International Airport Barcelona Spain BCN LEBL Barcelona -- El Prat Airport Bari Italy BRI LIBD Bari Airport Barra United Kingdom BRR EGPR Barra Airport Basel Mulhouse Freiburg Switzerland France Germany BSL MLH EAP LFSB EuroAirport Basel - Mulhouse - Freiburg Beijing China PEK ZBAA Beijing Capital International Airport Beirut Lebanon BEY OLBA Beirut -- Rafic Hariri International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BFS EGAA Belfast International Airport Belfast United Kingdom BHD EGAC George Best Belfast City Airport Belgrade Serbia BEG LYBE Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport Benbecula United Kingdom BEB EGPL Benbecula Airport Bergamo Italy BGY LIME Orio al Serio Airport Bergen Norway BGO ENBR Bergen Airport Berlin Germany TXL EDDT Berlin Tegel Airport Bermuda Bermuda BDA TXKF L.F. Wade International Airport Bern Switzerland BRN LSZB Bern Airport Biarritz France BIQ LFBZ Biarritz -- Anglet -- Bayonne Airport Bilbao Spain BIO LEBB Bilbao Airport Billund Denmark BLL EKBI Billund Airport Birmingham United Kingdom BHX EGBB Birmingham Airport Bishkek Kyrgyzstan FRU UAFM Manas International Airport Blackpool United Kingdom BLK EGNH Blackpool International Airport Bodrum Turkey BJV LTFE Milas - Bodrum Airport Bogotá Colombia BOG SKBO El Dorado International Airport Bologna Italy BLQ LIPE Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport Bordeaux France BOD LFBD Bordeaux -- Mérignac Airport Boston United States ( Massachusetts ) BOS KBOS Logan International Airport Bournemouth United Kingdom BOH EGHH Bournemouth Airport Bratislava Slovakia BTS LZIB Bratislava Airport Bremen Germany BRE EDDW Bremen Airport Brindisi Italy BDS LIBR Brindisi -- Salento Airport Brisbane Australia BNE YBBN Brisbane Airport Bristol United Kingdom BRS EGGD Bristol Airport Brussels Belgium BRU EBBR Brussels Airport Bucharest Romania OTP LROP Henri Coandă International Airport Budapest Hungary BUD LHBP Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport Buenos Aires Argentina EZE SAEZ Ministro Pistarini International Airport Cagliari Italy CAG LIEE Cagliari - 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The Beatles ' rooftop concert - wikipedia The Beatles ' rooftop concert Jump to : navigation , search The Beatles ' rooftop concert Aerial view Date 30 January 1969 Venue Apple Corps Ltd 3 Savile Row , London , UK 51 ° 30 ′ 37.48 '' N 0 ° 8 ′ 23.13 '' W  /  51.5104111 ° N 0.1397583 ° W  / 51.5104111 ; - 0.1397583 Participants John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Billy Preston Length 42 minutes Producer George Martin Engineers Glyn Johns Alan Parsons The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles . On 30 January 1969 , the band , with keyboardist Billy Preston , surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row . In a 42 - minute set , the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume . Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Set list 3 Legacy 4 Personnel 5 Citations 6 Sources 7 External links History ( edit ) Although the concert was unannounced , the Beatles had planned on performing live during their Get Back sessions earlier in January . It is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert , but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event . George Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician , in the hope that a talented outside observer would encourage the band to be tight and focused . Ringo Starr remembered : `` There was a plan to play live somewhere . We were wondering where we could go -- ' Oh , the Palladium or the Sahara ' . But we would have had to take all the stuff , so we decided , ' Let 's get up on the roof ' '' . The audio was recorded onto two eight - track recorders in the basement of Apple by engineer Alan Parsons , and film director Michael Lindsay - Hogg brought in a camera crew to capture several angles of the performance -- including reactions from people on the street . When the Beatles first started playing , there was some confusion from spectators watching five stories below , many of whom were on their lunch break . As the news of the event spread , crowds of onlookers began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of local buildings . While most responded positively to the concert , the Metropolitan Police Service grew concerned about noise and traffic issues . Apple employees initially refused to let police inside , ultimately reconsidering when threatened with arrest . As police ascended to the roof , the Beatles realised that the concert would eventually be shut down , but continued to play for several more minutes . Paul McCartney improvised the lyrics of his song `` Get Back '' to reflect the situation , `` You 've been playing on the roofs again , and you know your Momma does n't like it , she 's gon na have you arrested ! '' The concert came to an end with the conclusion of `` Get Back '' , with John Lennon saying , `` I 'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves and I hope we 've passed the audition '' . Set list ( edit ) The rooftop concert consisted of nine takes of five Beatles songs , including : `` Get Back '' ( three takes ) `` Do n't Let Me Down '' ( two takes ) `` I 've Got a Feeling '' ( two takes ) `` One After 909 '' ( one take ) `` Dig a Pony '' ( one take ) The first performance of `` I 've Got a Feeling '' , and the recordings of `` One After 909 '' , and `` Dig a Pony '' were later used for the album Let It Be . In 1996 , a `` rooftop '' version of `` Get Back '' , which was the last song of the Beatles ' final live performance , was included in Anthology 3 . An edit of the two takes of `` Do n't Let Me Down '' was included on Let It Be ... Naked . There was also a brief jam of `` I Want You ( She 's So Heavy ) '' while the cameramen changed film . Legacy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 3 Savile Row , London , the location of the concert The Beatles ' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans . They did record one more album , Abbey Road , but by September 1969 the Beatles had unofficially disbanded . Several of the rooftop performances , particularly that of `` Dig a Pony '' , showed the Beatles once again in top form , if only temporarily . Fans believed the rooftop concert might have been a try - out for a return to live performances and touring . The Rutles ' `` Get Up and Go '' sequence in the film All You Need Is Cash mimics the footage of the rooftop concert , and uses similar camera angles . In January 2009 , tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location , but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems . In The Simpsons fifth season episode `` Homer 's Barbershop Quartet '' , the Be Sharps ( Homer , Apu , Barney and Principal Skinner ) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits on a rooftop . George Harrison , who guest - starred in the episode , is shown saying dismissively `` It 's been done ! '' As the song ends and the credits begin , Homer repeats John Lennon 's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs , including Barney until he says , `` I do n't get it . '' In the 2007 film Across The Universe , a musical made up entirely of Beatles ' music , Sadie 's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original . It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department . U2 also referenced the concert in their video for `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' , which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles . McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan on 15 July 2009 from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater , where he was recording a performance for Late Show with David Letterman . News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth , and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set , which duplicated the original Beatles gig . Personnel ( edit ) John Lennon -- vocals , guitar Paul McCartney -- vocals , bass guitar George Harrison -- vocals , guitar Ringo Starr -- drums Billy Preston -- electric piano Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 Things You Need To Know About The Beatles ' Rooftop Concert '' . mojo4music.com. 30 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewisohn 1992 , pp. 306 -- 307 . ^ Jump up to : Lewisohn 1992 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ The Beatles 2000 , p. 321 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Kevin ; Kehew , Brian ( 2006 ) . Recording the Beatles : the studio equipment and techniques used to create their classic albums . Curvebender . p. 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9785200 - 0 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Perone 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beatles rooftop birthday : It 's 40 years since the fab four 's last ever concert '' . BBC . 30 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Lifton , Dave . `` 44 YEARS AGO : THE BEATLES PERFORM LIVE FOR THE LAST TIME , ON A LONDON ROOFTOP '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Everett 1999 , p. 219 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Beatles Bible Jump up ^ `` Paul McCartney : ' I Want to Live in Peace ' '' . Life Magazine . 7 November 1969 . Jump up ^ MacDonald 2005 , p. 331 . Jump up ^ Perone 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rutles ! '' . CD Review . 12 ( 1 -- 9 ) : 80 . Jump up ^ Banerjee , Subhajit ( 30 January 2009 ) . `` The Beatles rooftop concert : It was 40 years ago today '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Suebsaeng , Asawin ( 30 January 2012 ) . `` 8 Videos to Commemorate the Beatles ' Final Concert , 43 Years Later '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved 30 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 2009 ) . Roger Ebert 's Movie Yearbook 2010 . Andrews McMeel Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7407 - 9218 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) The Beatles ( 2000 ) . The Beatles Anthology ( 1st ed . ) . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 3636 - 4 . Everett , Walter ( 1999 ) . The Beatles as Musicians : Revolver through the Anthology . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 512941 - 0 . MacDonald , Ian ( 2005 ) . Revolution in the Head : The Beatles ' Records and the Sixties ( 3rd ( 2007 ) ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 733 - 3 . Lewisohn , Mark ( 1992 ) . The Complete Beatles Chronicle : The Definitive Day - By - Day Guide To the Beatles ' Entire Career ( 2010 ed . ) . Chicago Review Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56976 - 534 - 0 . Perone , James E ( 2005 ) . Woodstock : An Encyclopedia of the Music and Art Fair -- American history through music . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33057 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Do n't Let Me Down from the rooftop Let It Be Let It Be ( film ) Let It Be ... Naked Songs Side one `` Two of Us '' `` Dig a Pony '' `` Across the Universe '' `` I Me Mine '' `` Dig It '' `` Let It Be '' `` Maggie Mae '' Side two `` I 've Got a Feeling '' `` One After 909 '' `` The Long and Winding Road '' `` For You Blue '' `` Get Back '' Non-album B - side `` Do n't Let Me Down '' Outtakes `` All Things Must Pass '' `` Another Day '' `` The Back Seat of My Car '' `` Gimme Some Truth '' `` Hear Me Lord '' `` Let It Down '' `` Teddy Boy '' `` Watching Rainbows '' Related articles Rooftop concert Billy Preston Phil Spector Let It Be ( Laibach album ) Kum Back Let It Be ( musical ) Let It Be ... Naked The Beatles discography Please Please Me With the Beatles A Hard Day 's Night Beatles for Sale Help ! Rubber Soul Revolver Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Magical Mystery Tour The Beatles ( White Album ) Yellow Submarine Abbey Road Let It Be Past Masters The Beatles John Lennon Paul McCartney George Harrison Ringo Starr Stuart Sutcliffe Pete Best History The Quarrymen In Hamburg At The Cavern Club Decca audition Beatlemania in the United Kingdom North American releases In the United States More popular than Jesus In Bangor In India Break - up Murder of John Lennon Anthology Love ( Cirque du Soleil ) The Beatles : Rock Band Line - ups Religious views Timeline Live performances 1960 Johnny Gentle Tour Winter 1963 Helen Shapiro UK Tour 1963 Roy Orbison Tour 1964 world tour 1965 European tour 1965 US tour 1965 UK tour 1966 tour of Germany , Japan and the Philippines 1966 US tour Rooftop concert List of live performances Associated places 34 Montagu Square , Marylebone Abbey Road , London Abbey Road Studios The Bag O'Nails Beatlemania Hamburg Beatles Ashram Beatles - Platz Blue Angel The Casbah Coffee Club Candlestick Park The Cavern Club Kaiserkeller Kinfauns 3 Savile Row The Scotch of St. James Shea Stadium Stanley Street Star - Club Strawberry Field Tittenhurst Park The Top Ten Club Wigmore Street Yellow Submarine sculpture Associated companies Apple Corps Apple Records Harrisongs Lingasong Records Northern Songs Phillips ' Sound Recording Services Seltaeb Startling Music Influence Artists who have covered the Beatles Beatlemania Beatlesque British Invasion Cultural impact The Fest for Beatles Fans The Rutles Tributes Lists Awards and nominations Bootlegs Cover songs Discography Instruments Performers Post-breakup collaborations Recording sessions Songs Sgt . 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Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( film ) The Twelfth Album Up Against It Other topics Apple Corps v Apple Computer Apple scruffs Beatle boots Beatles Day Fifth Beatle Lennon -- McCartney Jeff Lynne and the Beatles Paul is dead Recording technology Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles%27_rooftop_concert&oldid=836267537 '' Categories : The Beatles 1969 in British music 1969 in London Concerts in the United Kingdom January 1969 events 20th century in the City of Westminster Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2013 Use British English from November 2016 Pages using infobox event with blank parameters All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 日本 語 Norsk Português Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 18 : 19 . 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where did the beatles final live performance take place

The Beatles ' rooftop concert was the final public performance of the English rock band the Beatles . On 30 January 1969 , the band , with keyboardist Billy Preston , surprised a central London office and fashion district with an impromptu concert from the roof of the headquarters of the band 's multimedia corporation Apple Corps at 3 Savile Row . In a 42 - minute set , the Beatles were heard playing nine takes of five songs before the Metropolitan Police Service asked them to reduce the volume . Footage from the performance was later used in the 1970 documentary film Let It Be .

Luis Guillermo Solís - wikipedia Luis Guillermo Solís Jump to : navigation , search This name uses Spanish naming customs : the first or paternal family name is Solís and the second or maternal family name is Rivera . Luis Guillermo Solís 47th President of Costa Rica Incumbent Assumed office 8 May 2014 Preceded by Laura Chinchilla First Vice President Helio Fallas Venegas Second Vice President Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Personal details ( 1958 - 04 - 25 ) 25 April 1958 ( age 59 ) San José , Costa Rica Political party National Liberation Party ( Before 2005 ) Citizens ' Action Party ( 2009 -- present ) Spouse ( s ) Nancy Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) Domestic partner Mercedes Peñas Domingo ( 2006 -- Present ) Children 6 ( 5 with Richards ) Alma mater University of Costa Rica Tulane University University of Michigan , Ann Arbor Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ( born 25 April 1958 ) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014 . He is a member of the center - left Citizens ' Action Party ( PAC ) . Solís led the field in the 2014 presidential election , and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round , San José mayor Johnny Araya Monge , ceased active campaigning . Solís has a long academic and political career , culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life , education , and academic career 2 Political beginnings 3 2014 presidential campaign 4 Presidency 4.1 Economic issues 4.1. 1 Liquidity problems 5 Political , economic , and social philosophy 6 Personal life 7 References 8 External links Early life , education , and academic career ( edit ) Solís was born in San José , Costa Rica , to Vivienne Rivera Allen , an educator , and Freddy Solís Avendaño , an uneducated shoemaker . Both his parents lived in Turrialba , and as such many residents consider him Turrialban . His family has Afro - Caribbean and Chinese roots , coming from Jamaica to Costa Rica in the early 1900s . Solís grew up in San Pedro de Montes de Oca and Curridabat , neighborhoods of San José . He attended Methodist High School in San José , where he was president of the student body , before studying history at the University of Costa Rica , where he earned a degree with academic honors in 1979 . He earned a master 's degree in Latin American Studies at Tulane University in New Orleans . Solís has held various academic and consulting positions . Between 1981 and 1987 , he was an associate professor at the University of Costa Rica . In addition , he was a Fulbright Scholar at the University of Michigan from 1983 to 1985 . During this time , Solís worked with the Arias administration and eventually became director of the Center for Peace and Reconciliation ( CPR for its Spanish initials ) . From 1992 to 1995 , Solís worked with the Academic Council of the United Nations System . Starting in 1999 , Solís worked for Florida International University as coordinator in the Center for the Administration of Justice and as a researcher for the Latin American and Caribbean Center , where he analyzed political and social events in Latin America . A writer and editorial writer , Solís has published numerous essays and books about national and international affairs . In the 1990s , he wrote for La República , a daily newspaper based in San José . His writing has been published by Foreign Affairs Latinoamérica , Frontera Norte , Espacios and Global Governance . His writing has focused on civil society , international relations , and trade . Political beginnings ( edit ) While still at UCR , Solís joined the National Liberation Party ( PLN for its Spanish initials ) in 1977 . Solís was an adviser to Óscar Arias in the Foreign Ministry , working on the Esquipulas Peace Agreement for which Arias would later win a Nobel Peace Prize . Solís served as Director of International Relations for the PLN . During José María Figueres Olsen 's time in office , Solís was ambassador of Central American Affairs . In 2002 , Solís followed Rolando González Ulloa as General Secretary of the PLN , a position he resigned from the following year , citing his disappointment with the Alcatel - Lucent bribery scandal that many PLN leaders were involved in . In 2005 , he denounced the PLN for irregularities and corruption during party elections , along with a host of former PLN members . Solís went as far as to call the PLN leadership `` Napoleonic '' and `` anti-democratic '' . He officially renounced his affiliation with the party and returned to academics . After the 2006 election , Solís ' name began to come up in PAC circles , particularly at meetings of the `` ungroup , '' an informal gathering of PAC officials , led by former deputy and former Vice President of the National University of Costa Rica Alberto Salom Echeverría . Ottón Solís , one of PAC 's founders and three - time presidential candidate , suggested that Luis Guillermo Solís run as a vice presidential candidate in 2010 . Luis Guillermo Solis rejected the offer because he was working for the General Secretariat of Ibero - America ( SEGIB for its Spanish initials ) , and employees of SEGIB were not allowed to participate in elections . In 2009 , Luis Guillermo Solís began his official affiliation with PAC . He began attending meetings of the `` ungroup '' in 2010 . Within the party , PAC leader María Eugenia Venegas recognized Solís ' potential and pushed for him to be elevated within the party . Solís undertook several trips around the country to meet with national and provincial PAC leaders . 2014 presidential campaign ( edit ) Solís announced his candidacy for president on 27 November 2012 . In the PAC 's primary , he ran against Epsy Campbell Barr , Juan Carlos Mendoza García , and Ronald Solís Bolaños , winning with 35 percent of the vote , only 110 votes more than Juan Carlos Mendoza García . In October 2013 , he chose Helio Fallas and Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría as his Vice-Presidential running mates . Among his aims , Solís claimed he would clean up corruption , create major investments in infrastructure , and shore up Costa Rica 's universal health care and social security system . He also promised to continue initiatives to keep Costa Rica environmentally friendly . He said that he would `` put the brakes '' on new free trade agreements and would begin correctly administrating current free trade agreements . As such , Solís received a tremendous amount of political support from the country 's trade unions . On 2 February 2014 , Solís won the most votes in the election with 30.95 percent . PLN candidate Johnny Araya came second with 29.95 percent of the vote . Most of Solís ' support came from the Central Valley provinces of San José , Alajuela , Heredia and Cartago . PAC supporters wave their traditional colors to celebrate Luis Guillermo Solís ' victory on 6 April 2014 Because no candidate exceeded 40 percent of the vote , a runoff was scheduled for 6 April , as required by the constitution . However , on 5 March , Araya announced that he would abandon his campaign after polls showed him far behind Solís ; one poll showed him losing by over 43 percent . However , under Costa Rican law the runoff still had to take place , and Solís won with over 77 percent of the vote , the largest margin ever recorded for a free election in Costa Rica . Unlike the first round , Solís earned a majority in every province , including Puntarenas , Limón , and Guanacaste . When he took office on 8 May , he was the first president in 66 years not to come from the PLN or what is now the PUSC . Immediately after the election , Solís thanked Costa Rican voters . He received congratulatory notes from world leaders , including US Secretary of State John Kerry , Ecuadoran President Rafael Correa , Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto , Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro , Bolivian President Evo Morales , and the spokesperson from the French Ministry of International Affairs . For his part , Araya congratulated Solís on his victory , calling for national unity . Presidency ( edit ) Solís speaking in 2014 A little over a week before taking office , in April 2014 , Solís announced the creation of his cabinet . His cabinet consists of mostly PAC members or non-aligned citizens . However , two PUSC members were also added : María del Rocío Sáenz , Abel Pacheco 's former health minister , heads the Costa Rican Social Security System ( Caja Costarricense del Seguro Social ) . Delia Villalobos , another former health minister , heads the Social Protection Council ( Consejo de Seguridad ) . Solís took office on 8 May 2014 , amid festive fanfare . Delegations from more than 80 countries attended his inauguration at La Sabana Metropolitan Park , including Prince Felipe de Borbón of Spain , Evo Morales of Bolivia , Rafael Correa of Ecuador , and the Secretary General of the Organization of American States , José Miguel Insulza . Solís said , in Costa Rican vernacular , that he is taking over a `` weed farm '' ( finca encharralada ) , pointing out growing income inequality and poverty , as well as a national teachers ' strike . Economic issues ( edit ) In 2014 , President Solís presented a budget with an increase in spending of 19 % for 2015 , an increase of 0.5 % for 2016 and an increase of 12 % for 2017 . When the 2017 budget was finally proposed , it totaled US $15.9 billion . Debt payments account for one - third of that amount . Of greater concern is the fact that a full 46 % of the budget will require financing , a step that will increase the debt owed to foreign entities . The country 's credit rating was reduced by Moody 's Investors Service in early 2017 to Ba2 from Ba1 , with a negative outlook on the rating . The agency particularly cited the `` rising government debt burden and persistently high fiscal deficit , which was 5.2 % of GDP in 2016 '' . Moody 's was also concerned about the `` lack of political consensus to implement measures to reduce the fiscal deficit ( which ) will result in further pressure on the government 's debt ratios '' . In late July 2017 , the Costa Rica Central Bank estimated the budget deficit at 6.1 percent of the country 's GDP . A 2017 study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development warned that reducing the foreign debt must be a very high priority for the government . Other fiscal reforms were also recommended to moderate the budget deficit . Liquidity problems ( edit ) In early August 2017 , the President promised admitted that the country was facing a `` liquidity crisis '' and promised that a higher VAT tax and higher income tax rates were being considered by his government . Such steps are essential , Solís told the nation , because it was facing difficulties in paying its obligations and guaranteeing the provision of services . '' `` Despite all the public calls and efforts we have made since the start of my administration to contain spending and increase revenues , there is still a gap that we must close with fresh resources , '' he said . The crisis was occurring in spite of growth , low inflation and continued moderate interest rates , Solís concluded . He explained that the Treasury will prioritize payments on the public debt first , then salaries , and then pensions . The subsequent priorities include transfers to institutions `` according to their social urgency . '' All other payments will be made only if funds are available . Political , economic , and social philosophy ( edit ) The past generated two different economies : one very dynamic , modern and generally oriented toward international markets , with limited possibilities for new sources of employment , and the other , traditional , which created many jobs with low pay where small and medium - sized businesses concentrated . Luis Guillermo Solís , Plan Rescate , 2014 - 2018 Like most members of PAC , Solís identifies himself as a progressivist . His Plan Rescate , or Rescue Plan , outlines his political beliefs . This plan focused on three central issues : anti-corruption , economic growth , and reducing income inequality . Solís claims that economic neoliberalism has created too much income inequality for Costa Rica . Past governments have avoided collecting taxes on large companies and high - income earners , leading to budget deficits which Solís claims his administration will fix through better enforcement . Banks should not encourage exports at the expense of income growth among the poor , according to Solís . He believes that economic liberalization has generally harmed women more than men because they have traditionally had less access to higher - income jobs . Part of that liberalization , he claims , included ignoring the financial and growth needs of the agricultural industry . Solís supports environmental protections , which he believes Costa Rica has forgotten . As such , Solís believes that water must be safeguarded from private development and mismanagement , something that has caused water shortages in many of the country 's municipalities . Solís claims that he will prosecute violators of the Water Resources Management Bill . In addition , Solís supports increased rights for rights for lesbians , gays , bisexuals , and transsexuals . In May 2014 , he ordered that a rainbow flag be flown over the Presidential House as a show of solidarity with gays on International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia . Solís is a Catholic . As a presidential candidate , he visited the basilica of Our Lady of Angels , home to the Costa Rican patron saint La Negrita , a traditional pilgrimage for many Costa Ricans and tourists . He supports the separation of church and state despite Catholicism being the country 's official religion . With regard to ethical issues , he also supports civil unions , and in - vitro fertilization . Personal life ( edit ) Solis has ten children from his previous marriage to his first wife , Nancy Olive Worsfold Richards ( 1987 -- 2006 ) : Monica , Cristina , Beatriz , Charlie , Carly , Jennifer , John , Carlos , Diego and Ignacio . Solís is not married to Mercedes Peñas Domingo , but she is altogether considered the First Lady of Costa Rica . He and Peñas , who began dating in 2006 , have one daughter , Inés . Peñas said that she hopes to be active as an adviser to Solís , who called her `` Jiminy Cricket . '' Saying that some of her duties as First Lady are machista , she will nevertheless greet dignitaries and perform other obligations . In addition to public service and academics , Solís enjoys farming . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Romo , Jose Luis ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Mercedes Peñas , la primera dama española y atípica de Costa Rica '' . El Mundo . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hernández , Josué ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` ' He vuelto una vez más a la tierra de mis padres ' , dijo Luis Guillermo Solís en Turrialba '' ( `` I 'm back again in the land of my parents '' , said Luis Guillermo Solís in Turrialba ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Zach ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Costa Rican presidential candidate Luis Guillermo Solís : ' It 's not going to be business as usual ' '' . The Tico Times . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ortiz de Zárate ( editor ) , Roberto ( March 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera , CIDOB '' ( in Spanish ) . Barcelona : Barcelona Centre for International Affairs . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Biografía '' ( Biography ) . Campaign web site ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 27 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerén Catepillán , Pablo ( 18 January 2005 ) . `` Corrales dice adiós a Liberación '' ( Corrales says goodbye to the National Liberation Party ) . Al Día ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oviedo , Estaban ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís : El profesor desconocido que , en tres años , llegó a ser el presidente '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís : The unknown professor who , in three years , became president ) . La Nación ( San Jose ) ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Murillo , Álvaro ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` PAC completa su fórmula presidencial con el exministro Helio Fallas '' ( PAC completes presidential ticket with ex-minister Helio Fallas ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Díaz , Luis Edo. ( 27 January 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís llama a sus seguidores a ' cambiar la historia ' patria '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís calls on his supporters to ' change history ' for the country ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Sequeira , Aaron ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís propone evitar firma de nuevos tratados comerciales '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís proposes avoiding the signing of new free trade agreements ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ name = optimism > Kane , Corey ( 1 May 2014 ) . `` Labor voices optimism over new administration , takes parting shots at Costa Rica 's Chinchilla '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica '' ( Costa Rican Map of Electoral Results ) . RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ) . San José : La Nación . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Oviedo , Esteban ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís sorprende y entra a segunda ronda con Johnny Araya '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís surprises and enters second round with Johnny Araya ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica government 's presidential candidate withdraws '' . BBC . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solís advierte que aún no es presidente a pesar de retirada de Araya '' ( Solís warns that he is not yet president despite Araya 's withdrawal ) . Prensa Libre ( in Spanish ) . Guatemala City . AFP . 5 March 2014 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Live Costa Rica presidential election results The Tico Times , 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mapa de Resultados Elecciones Costa Rica Abril 2014 '' ( Costa Rican Map of April 2014 Electoral Results ) . RESULTADOS ELECTORALES EN MAPA SEGUNDA RONDA ELECTORAL ( in Spanish ) . San José : La Nación . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bermúdez Aguilar , Andrés ; Efrén López Madrigal ( 7 April 2014 ) . `` PAC ganó elecciones con más de un millón de votos '' ( PAC wins election with more than one million votes ) . La Prensa Libre ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Agüero R. , Mercedes ; Álvaro Murillo ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Gobiernos amigos desean éxitos y ofrecen apoyo a Luis Guillermo Solís '' ( Friendly goverernments wish success and offer help to Luis Guillermo Solís ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Agüero R. , Mercedes ; David Delgado ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís gana con 1 , 3 millones de votos '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís wins 1.3 million votes ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José . Retrieved 8 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Oviedo , Esteban ; Esteban Mata ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Solís confía a exministros del PUSC dos cargos clave '' . La Nacion ( Costa Rica ) ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 29 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Oviedo , Esteban ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís recibe una economía estable pero amenazada '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Guevara , Paula Ruiz ( 0 May 2014 ) . `` Fiesta democrática se vivió desde las gradas del Nacional '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 9 May 2014 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Arias , L. ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Representatives from 80 countries to attend Luis Guillermo Solís ' inauguration on Thursday '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonseca , Graciela ( 8 May 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís : `` Hay un poco de nerviosismo , pero es normal '' `` . Costa Rica Hoy ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ Jump up ^ http://www.ticotimes.net/2016/09/05/costa-rica-national-budget-2017 Jump up ^ https://www.moodys.com/research/Moodys-downgrades-Costa-Ricas-government-bond-rating-to-Ba2-continued--PR_361770 Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ http://news.co.cr/costa-rica-playing-fire-delaying-fiscal-reform-says-intl-expert/63565/ Jump up ^ http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/hoy-san-diego/news/ Jump up ^ https://www.efe.com/efe/english/business/costa-rica-will-have-trouble-paying-bills-president-says/50000265-3342508# Jump up ^ http://qcostarica.com/costa-rica-government-faces-liquidity-problems/ ^ Jump up to : Kane , Corey ( 9 April 2014 ) . `` President - elect Solis ' plan : Balance the budget and protect the environment without raising taxes '' . The Tico Times . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jiménez Badilla , Eillyn ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Me gusta sembrar chayotes , por eso soy sensible al campo '' ( I like growing chayotes , because of that I 'm a simple farmer ) . Diario Extra ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Zach ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` Social conservative lawmakers incensed over LGBT flag at Casa Presidencial '' . The Tico Times . San Jose . Retrieved 19 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Mata , Esteban ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` Luis Guillermo Solís impulsará Estado laico desde nuevo Gobierno '' ( Luis Guillermo Solís to push for secular state with new government ) . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Costa Rica 's future First Lady , Mercedes Peñas Domingo '' . Inside Costa Rica . 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Murillo , Álvaro ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` La primera dama , Mercedes Peñas : ' Me pondré las tenis y estaré en el terreno ' '' . La Nacion ( in Spanish ) . San Jose . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luis Guillermo Solís . Biography by CIDOB ( in Spanish ) Political offices Preceded by Laura Chinchilla President of Costa Rica 2014 -- present Incumbent Presidents and heads of state of Costa Rica Juan Mora Fernández Gallegos Carrillo Joaquín Mora Aguilar Carrillo Morazán Pinto Alfaro Oreamuno Gallegos Alfaro Castro Miguel Mora Juan Mora Porras Montealegre Jiménez Zamora Castro Jiménez Zamora Carranza Guardia Esquivel Sáenz Herrera Guardia Lizano Fernández Soto Rodríguez Zeledón Yglesias Esquivel Ibarra González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno González Flores Tinoco Quirós Aguilar Acosta Jiménez Oreamuno González Víquez Jiménez Oreamuno Cortés Calderón Guardia Picado Figueres Ferrer Ulate Figueres Ferrer Echandi Orlich Trejos Figueres Ferrer Oduber Carazo Monge Arias Calderón Fournier Figueres Olsen Rodríguez Echeverría Pacheco Arias Chinchilla Solís Current heads of state in Central American countries Elizabeth II ( Belize ) Luis Guillermo Solís ( Costa Rica ) Salvador Sánchez Cerén ( El Salvador ) Jimmy Morales ( Guatemala ) Juan Orlando Hernández ( Honduras ) Daniel Ortega ( Nicaragua ) Juan Carlos Varela ( Panama ) Citizens ' Action Party Partido Acción Ciudadana National Executive Committee Olivier Pérez González ( President ) Olga Marta Sánchez Oviedo ( Secretary General ) Leda Zamora Chaves ( Treasurer ) 2014 - 2018 Deputies ( 13 / 57 ) San José Epsy Campbell Barr Ottón Solís Víctor Hugo Morales Zapata Marcela Guerrero Campos Ruperto Marvin Atencio Delgado Alajuela Nidia María Jiménez Vásquez Javier Francisco Cambronero Arguedas Franklin Corella Vargas Cartago Emilia Molina Cruz Marco Vinicio Redondo Quirós Heredia Henry Mora Jiménez Marlene Madrigal Flores Puntarenas Laura María Garro Sánchez Notable Members Luis Guillermo Solís Helio Fallas Ana Helena Chacón Echeverría Ottón Solís Epsy Campbell Barr Guido Miranda Juan Carlos Mendoza García Elizabeth Fonseca Corrales Juan Manuel Villasuso Wilfrido Blanco Víctor Morales Mora Jorge Antonio Salas Bonilla Alberto Salom Echeverría Alberto Cañas Escalante Hernán Solano Gloria Valerín Rodríguez Ronald Solís Bolaños Issues and beliefs Christian socialism Social democracy Progressivism Portal : Politics List of political parties Politics of Costa Rica VIAF : 189160567 LCCN : n87939039 ISNI : 0000 0001 0467 6401 GND : 13384739X SUDOC : 129603198 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Luis_Guillermo_Solís&oldid = 800228897 '' Categories : Citizens ' Action Party politicians 1958 births Catholicism in Costa Rica Costa Rican people of Chinese descent Costa Rican people of Jamaican descent Costa Rican Roman Catholics Fulbright Scholars Government ministers of Costa Rica Living people People from San José , Costa Rica Costa Rican politicians of Chinese descent Presidents of Costa Rica Tulane University alumni University of Michigan alumni University of Costa Rica alumni Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 errors : dates Pages using infobox officeholder with an atypical party value Pages using infobox officeholder with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Sámegiella Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 06 : 06 . 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who is the president of costa rica 2017

Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera ( born 25 April 1958 ) is a Costa Rican politician who has been President of Costa Rica since 2014 . He is a member of the center - left Citizens ' Action Party ( PAC ) . Solís led the field in the 2014 presidential election , and he was effectively handed the presidency after the runner - up in the first round , San José mayor Johnny Araya Monge , ceased active campaigning . Solís has a long academic and political career , culminating in his election as the first President of Costa Rica to be a member of the PAC .

Power Rangers - wikipedia Power Rangers Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Power Rangers ( disambiguation ) . Power Rangers The current logo for the Power Rangers franchise Created by Haim Saban Shuki Levy Original work Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Print publications Novel ( s ) Power Rangers : The Official Movie Novel Comics Mighty Morphin Power Rangers MMPR : Pink Power Rangers : Aftershock Go Go Power Rangers Justice League / Power Rangers Films and television Film ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie Saban 's Power Rangers Television series See below Theatrical presentations Play ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers World Tour Live on Stage Games Traditional Power Rangers Collectible Card Game Video game ( s ) See list Audio Soundtrack ( s ) Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Album : A Rock Adventure Power Rangers - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Original music `` Go Go Power Rangers '' `` Power Rangers : The Official Single '' Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series . Produced first by Saban Entertainment , later by BVS Entertainment , and today by SCG Power Rangers , the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai , produced by Toei Company . The first Power Rangers entry , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , debuted on August 28 , 1993 , and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s , during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai . As of 2001 , the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide . Despite initial criticism that its action violence targeted child audiences , the franchise has continued , and as of 2017 the show consists of 24 television seasons of 20 different themed series and three theatrical films released in 1995 , 1997 and 2017 . In 2010 , Haim Saban , creator of the series , regained ownership of the franchise after seven years under The Walt Disney Company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 History 2.1 Adapting the Super Sentai series 2.2 Broadcast history 3 Television series 3.1 The Saban Era 3.2 The Disney Era 3.3 The Neo-Saban Era 4 Feature films 5 Distribution 5.1 Home media 6 Broadcast 7 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Premise Further information : List of Power Rangers characters and List of Power Rangers villains Since Power Rangers derives most of its footage from the Super Sentai series , it features many hallmarks that distinguish it from other superhero series . Each series revolves around a team of youths recruited and trained by a mentor to morph into the eponymous Power Rangers , able to utilize special powers and pilot immense assault machines , called Zords , to overcome the periodic antagonists . In the original series Mighty Morphin , the wizard Zordon recruits `` teenagers with attitude '' against Rita Repulsa . When `` morphed , '' the rangers become powerful superheroes wearing color - coded skin - tight spandex suits and helmets with opaque visors ; identical except in individual rangers ' color and helmet design . Morphed Rangers generally possess enhanced strength , durability , agility and combat prowess . Some possess superhuman or psychic abilities such as super-speed , element manipulation , extra-sensory perception or invisibility . In addition , each individual ranger has a unique weapon , as well as common weaponry used for ground fighting . When enemies grow to incredible size ( as nearly all do ) , Rangers utilize individual Zords that combine into a larger Megazord . Rangers teams operate in teams of five or three , with more Rangers joining the team later . Each team of Rangers , with a few exceptions , obeys a general set of conventions , outlined at the beginning of Mighty Morphin and implied by mentors throughout many of the other series : Power Rangers may not use their Ranger powers for personal gain or for escalating a fight ( unless the enemy does so ) , nor may the Power Rangers disclose their identities to the general public . The penalty for disobeying these rules , in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , is the loss of their power . As in Super Sentai , the color palette of each Power Rangers team changes every series . Only Red and Blue appear in every Ranger team , while a Yellow Ranger has been present in every season except Power Rangers Dino Charge . Other colors and designations also appear throughout the series . A Rangers ' color designation also influences their wardrobe throughout the series : civilian clothing often matches Ranger color . History Adapting the Super Sentai series This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2009 ) Production of Power Rangers episodes involves extensive localization of and revision of original Super Sentai source material in order to incorporate American culture and conform to American television standards . Rather than making an English dub or translation of the Japanese footage , Power Rangers programs consist of scenes featuring English - speaking actors ( either from the United States , Canada , Australia , New Zealand , or the United Kingdom ) spliced with scenes featuring either Japanese actors dubbed into English or the action scenes from the Super Sentai Series featuring the Rangers fighting monsters or the giant robot ( Zord and Megazord ) battles with English dubbing . In some series , original fight scenes are filmed to incorporate characters or items unique to the Power Rangers production . Like many of Saban Entertainment previous ventures in localizing Japanese television for a Western audience , the plot , character names , and other names usually differ greatly from the source footage , though a few seasons have stayed close to the story of the original Super Sentai season . Along with adapting the villains from the Super Sentai counterparts , most Power Rangers series also feature villains with no Sentai counterpart . Generally , the primary antagonist of a Power Rangers series ( for example , Lord Zedd , Divatox , etc . ) are not adapted from the Sentai . Exceptions to this includes Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Lightspeed Rescue and a few others which only use villains adapted from the Japanese shows . The series that began the franchise , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( an American adaptation of the 1992 Japanese Super Sentai Series , Kyōryū Sentai Zyuranger ) , began broadcasting as part of the Fox Kids block of programing that aired on the FOX network . It lasted for three seasons ( from 1993 to 1996 ) . Broadcast history The Saban Entertainment run of the franchise -- beginning with Power Rangers in Space -- used this version of the Power Rangers logo ( 1998 -- 2001 ) . Saban Entertainment distributed the Power Rangers series from 1993 until the end of 2001 , and Fox broadcast it until the fall of 2002 . The Walt Disney Company purchased the franchise as part of a buyout that took place in 2001 . This resulted in Fox Family Worldwide becoming ABC Family Worldwide Inc . This buyout also saw Saban Entertainment becoming BVS Entertainment in 2002 , from News Corporation , Fox 's parent company , and Haim Saban . The show continued to air on Fox until the company replaced its Fox Kids package with `` FoxBox '' in the United States . Since September 2002 , all Power Rangers shows had aired on various Disney - owned networks ( ABC Kids , Toon Disney and Jetix channels worldwide ) . When Wild Force ended , Disney moved production of the franchise from Los Angeles to New Zealand . This resulted in the closure of MMPR Productions and the dismissal of many members of the production . From Ninja Storm to date , Power Rangers is produced in New Zealand . ABC Family , another Disney - owned network , also used to air Power Rangers until it did away with its Jetix timeslot after August 31 , 2006 . On February 12 , 2009 , Toon Disney ended in the wake of Disney XD , ending cable airings of Power Rangers in certain areas of the United States . Several ABC affiliate broadcasting groups declined to air most of the Power Rangers series since 2006 due to the lack of FCC - compliant educational and informational content in the programs . The Saban era seasons , starting with In Space , have gone under the `` Saban 's Power Rangers '' moniker , up until Time Force . Since the re-acquisition of Power Rangers by Saban in 2010 , this practice has continued once again starting with Samurai . Starting in 2005 , up until 2007 , during its run on Jetix , Power Rangers reruns were aired under the moniker Power Rangers Generations , showcasing select episodes from Mighty Morphin through Dino Thunder . An article in The New Zealand Herald published on March 7 , 2009 , identified Power Rangers RPM as the last season of the Power Rangers run . Production manager Sally Campbell stated in an interview , `` ... at this stage we will not be shooting another season . '' A September 1 , 2009 , revision to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia by Disney 's head archivist Dave Smith states that `` production of new episodes ( of Power Rangers ) ceased in 2009 '' . Production of Power Rangers ceased and the last series by BVS Entertainment , RPM , ended on December 26 , 2009 . On October 1 , 2009 , Bandai released a press release that Disney would re-broadcast Mighty Morphin Power Rangers starting in January 2010 on ABC Kids in lieu of a new series utilizing footage from the 2009 Super Sentai television series . A new toy line accompanied the series and appeared in stores in the later part of 2009 . ABC 's over-the air telecasts ended on August 28 , 2010 , and turned the hour back to affiliates . On May 12 , 2010 , Haim Saban bought back the Power Rangers franchise from Disney for $43 million and announced plans to produce a new season of the television series . The eighteenth season , Samurai , began airing on Nickelodeon on February 7 , 2011 , with the previous episodes beginning rebroadcast on Nicktoons later that year . It was also announced that Saban plans to make a new Power Rangers movie . On July 2 , 2012 , it was announced that Saban Brands would launch a Saturday morning cartoon block on The CW , called Vortexx , on August 25 , 2012 , that would air Power Rangers Lost Galaxy . To commemorate the series ' 20th anniversary , Nickelodeon began airing Power Rangers Megaforce on February 2 , 2013 , featuring all of the past rangers from the series ' 20 - year history . On October 1 , 2013 , Saban Brands announced that it had extended agreements with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Incorporated through 2016 for its globally recognized Power Rangers franchise . In January 2016 , Saban and Nickelodeon extended their broadcast partnership through 2018 . The 90s Are All That aired Mighty Morphin Power Rangers as part of Mighty Morphin Weekend in 2013 . Television series Main article : List of Power Rangers episodes Variations of Power Rangers throughout the franchise unite . The first series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers through In Space followed a story arc called `` The Zordon Era '' with a gradually changing cast and characters over six years . Beginning with Lost Galaxy , although it had ties with the previous story arc , each Power Rangers series had its own self - contained storylines , independent of previous series . Crossover episodes between different series featuring rangers , villains , and other characters from past seasons also began with Lost Galaxy , with a few exceptions . The Saban Era The Saban Era is seasons 1 - 10 that includes Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 - 1996 ) to Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) . These series aired on Fox during the Fox Kids programming block . The Zordon Era is Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to Power Rangers in Space . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1996 ) Season 1 : When the evil witch Rita Repulsa and her minions Goldar , Squatt , Baboo , and Finster , are freed from their imprisonment on the Moon , the wizard Zordon , with the help of his assistant Alpha 5 , enlists five teenagers -- Jason Lee Scott , Trini Kwan , Billy Cranston , Kimberly Hart , and Zack Taylor -- to become the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers to battle Rita 's invasion of the Earth , using their Power Coins and Dinozords to combat her monsters . Rita soon creates her own evil Power Ranger by brainwashing a recent transfer student Tommy Oliver , but the Power Rangers are able to free him from her control and he joins their side . This season uses footage from Kyōryu Sentai Zyuranger . Season 2 : Rita 's superior Lord Zedd returns to the Earth to take over for Rita 's incompetence , imprisoning her once more . His new monsters prove too powerful for the Dinozords , leading Zordon to empower them into the Thunderzords . Jason , Trini , and Zack leave to join a youth conference in Switzerland , and are replaced by Rocky DeSantos , Aisha Campbell , and Adam Park , respectively , and Rita returns and marries Lord Zedd . This season uses footage from Gosei Sentai Dairanger . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) : When the evil wizard Ivan Ooze is freed by construction work , he takes revenge against Zordon for imprisoning him . As his powers are too strong for the Power Rangers , Alpha 5 uses the last of the Command Center 's power to send them to the planet Phaedos to learn the ways of the Ninjetti from the warrior Dulcea to stop Ooze before he can conquer the universe . The movie , which does not fall into the canon of the TV series , drew inspiration from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Season 3 : Rita 's brother Rito Revolto comes to Earth and destroys the Power Rangers ' Power Coins and Thunderzords . The Power Rangers seek out Ninjor , creator of the Power Coins , for new Power Coins giving them new ninja powers and the Ninjazords , and later the Shogunzords . Rita also enchants a new Australian exchange student Kat Hillard into slowly draining Kimberly of her Ranger powers , until the spell is broken ; when Kimberly ultimately leaves to train for the Olympics , she entrusts Kat to be her replacement amongst the Power Rangers . This season uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Mighty Morphin Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) : When Rita 's father Master Vile comes to Earth , he turns back time , turning the Power Rangers , and many of their friends , into children . Zordon calls upon his proteges the Alien Rangers of Aquitar to protect the Earth from Master Vile 's monsters and to help work on a machine that would return the child rangers to their proper ages . Unfortunately , Only Billy returns to normal as the machine which required the power coins as a power source is stolen by Rito & Goldar allowing Rita & Zedd to destroy the coins . The child rangers then travel throughout time to gather the fragments of the Zeo Crystal to bring time back to normal . During her journey in Africa , Aisha meets Tanya Sloan and realizes that she can do more help to stop the sickness plaguing the wildlife and sends Tanya back with her Zeo Crystal . This series also uses footage from Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . Power Rangers Zeo ( 1996 ) : With the Zeo Crystal restored , time brought back to normal , and Master Vile defeated , the Rangers are caught off guard when Goldar and Rito destroy their headquarters . Although Zordon reveals he is fine , he warns the Rangers that the Machine Empire is planning on conquering the Earth , and the Rangers must use the power of the Zeo Crystal to become the Zeo Rangers to battle them . Billy , who used his scientific prowess to return to his original age during Alien Rangers , decides to work on the Zeo Zords and other machinery , and his presence in the destruction of the previous Command Center leaves him unable to receive the powers of the Gold Ranger , Trey of Triforia , but Jason returns instead . Billy soon begins to age rapidly , a side effect from the regenerator , he used to return to his normal age , and leaves Earth to be healed on Aquitar . This season uses footage from Chōriki Sentai Ohranger . Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) : The intergalactic pirate Divatox kidnaps the wizard Lerigot to open a dimensional barrier so she can wed the demon Maligore . To stop her , Zordon gives the Rangers their new Turbo Ranger powers to stop her . Rocky , however , has been hurt , and in his stead Zordon sends Justin Stewart , a young boy who inadvertently discovers the Rangers ' identities . This film drew inspiration from Gekisou Sentai Carranger and serves as a bridge to the subsequent TV season . Power Rangers Turbo ( 1997 ) : After Divatox 's plans are foiled , she sets her sights on conquering the Earth , with the Turbo Rangers and eventually the intergalactic police officer the Blue Senturion combatting her monsters . Tommy , Adam , Tanya , and Kat soon retire from being Power Rangers , choosing T.J. Johnson , Carlos Vallerte , Ashley Hammond , and Cassie Chan as their replacements , who are also assisted by the Phantom Ranger . Zordon also leaves , putting Dimitria in his place . This season uses footage from Gekisou Sentai Carranger . Power Rangers in Space ( 1998 ) : After Divatox succeeds in destroying the Command Center , she is called off planet to participate in Dark Specter 's evil alliance in conquering the universe . T.J. , Carlos , Ashley , and Cassie travel into outer space to try to stop him , and meet up with Andros , who they join to become the Space Rangers to stop Dark Specter and his protege Astronema . They eventually awaken Andros ' friend Zhane , the Silver Ranger , and free Andros ' sister Karone ( Astronema ) from Dark Specter 's control and ultimately use Zordon , captured by Dark Specter , to defeat Dark Specter 's armies and free the universe from his control . This season uses footage from Denji Sentai Megaranger . Power Rangers Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) : The governments of the Earth decide to send out an experimental space colony Terra Venture , on which Leo Corbett stows away to join his brother Mike on the journey to find new planets . When it encounters a wormhole on the Moon , Leo , Mike , Kai Chen , and Kendrix Morgan go through it and encounter Maya and her planet Mirinoi which is under attack from Scorpius and his minions , led by Trakeena . After Leo , Mike , and Kendrix are stranded , Kai commandeers the Astro Megaship along with its mechanic Damon Henderson to save them . Mike , Kai , Damon , Maya , and Kendrix are chosen by the Quasar Sabers to fight Scorpius , but Mike seemingly falls to his death , leaving Leo to act as the leader of the Galaxy Rangers in his stead back on Terra Venture . Mike later returns after it is revealed the Magna Defender has been using his body as a vessel to fight Scorpius ' monsters along with the Galaxy Rangers . Mid-season , Deviot revives the Psycho Rangers and the space rangers come to help . Kendrix ultimately dies while saving the Pink Space Ranger , Cassie and is replaced by Karone . They later must fight Captain Mutiny and his space pirates after they are transported to the Lost Galaxy . This season uses footage from Seijuu Sentai Gingaman . Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) : Carter Grayson , Chad Lee , Joel Rawlings , Kelsey Winslow , and Dana Mitchell are hired by Operation Lightspeed to protect Mariner Bay from a group of evil demons led by Queen Bansheera from taking over the world by fighting as the Lightspeed Rangers . They are later joined by Dana 's long lost brother Ryan . This season uses footage from Kyuukyuu Sentai GoGoFive . Power Rangers Time Force ( 2001 ) : When the mutant Ransik and his daughter Nadira escape custody of the Time Force police in the year 3000 by stealing the very prison , they travel back in time to 2001 , but not before seemingly killing the Red Time Force Ranger Alex . His subordinates Jen Scotts , Lucas Kendall , Katie Walker , and Trip travel back in time to 2001 and seek out Alex 's ancestor Wes Collins , as his DNA unlocks the Time Force Morphers , allowing all of them to become the Time Force Power Rangers to recapture the mutants Ransik uses to thwart them and stop the Bio-Lab who ended up creating him . They are ultimately joined by Eric Myers , who uses the Quantum Morpher and Q - Rex to fight . This season uses footage from Mirai Sentai Timeranger . Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) : Jungle man Cole Evans , Air Force pilot Taylor Earhardt , would - be pro-bowler Max Cooper , florist Danny Delgado , and martial artist Alyssa Enrilé are chosen by Princess Shayla of the floating island Animaria to be the Wild Force Power Rangers to fight the evil Orgs . They are later joined by Merrick Baliton , one of the original Wild Force Power Rangers who used a forbidden power to defeat the Master Org 3,000 years in the past , after he is freed from the power in the present . This season uses footage from Hyakujuu Sentai Gaoranger . Wild Force featured an anniversary commemoration episode in `` Forever Red '' , featuring the return of nearly every Red Ranger . Wild Force marked a shift from Saban Entertainment to BVS Entertainment in production and distribution and was the last season to be filmed in the United States . The Disney Era The Disney Era is seasons 11 - 17 that includes Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) to Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) . These series aired on various Disney television networks . Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) : Shane Clarke , Tori Hanson , and Dustin Brooks are bumbling students of Kanoi Watanabe 's Wind Ninja Academy , but when Lothor kidnaps the other students , they are all that remain to protect the Earth from Lothor 's evil space ninjas as the Wind Rangers . They are also joined in battle by adopted brothers Hunter and Blake Bradley of the rival Thunder Ninja Academy as the Thunder Rangers and Kanoi 's son Cam as the Samurai Ranger . aired in 2003 . This season uses footage from Ninpuu Sentai Hurricaneger . Ninja Storm is the first season to be filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) : When the evil Mesogog appears to bring the Earth back to the Mesozoic age , Dr. Tommy Oliver of Reefside reluctantly enlists his students Conner McKnight , Ethan James , and Kira Ford to battle him as the Dino Rangers . Tommy later joins them as a Ranger , once more , as well as Trent Fernandez - Mercer , adopted son of Tommy 's once colleague Dr. Anton Mercer , who is Mesogog 's alterego . This season uses footage from Bakuryuu Sentai Abaranger . Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) : In the year 2025 , the Space Patrol Delta police force protects the galaxy from the Troobian Empire 's forces . When their A-Squad of Power Rangers fall in battle , B - Squad members Sky Tate , Bridge Carson , and Syd Drew are joined by rookies Jack Landors and Z Delgado under the direction of Commander Anubis Cruger to be the S.P.D. Power Rangers . They are later joined by Sam , a young boy they save from the Troobian Empire who in the future becomes the Omega Ranger , as well as Cmdr . Cruger as the Shadow Ranger and technical expert Dr. Kat Manx as the Kat Ranger . This season uses footage from Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger . Power Rangers Mystic Force ( 2006 ) : The sorceress Udonna enlists the help of Chip Thorn , Madison Rocca , Vida Rocca , Xander Bly , and new guy in town Nick Russell to become the Mystic Rangers to protect Briarwood and its nearby magical forest from the evil forces of Morticon , who plans on taking over both the magical and human worlds . They are eventually joined by Udonna 's old friend Daggeron and his genie Jenji , and Udonna and her long lost husband Leanbow , who has been trapped as the evil Koragg since falling in battle 20 years prior . This season uses footage from Mahou Sentai Magiranger . Power Rangers Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) : Wealthy adventurer Andrew Hartford tasks Will Aston , Dax Lo , Ronny Robinson , Rose Ortiz , and reluctantly his own son Mack to act as the Overdrive Rangers , searching for the jewels of the Corona Aurora before either Flurious or Moltor , and later Kamdor and the Fearcats can . They are later joined by Tyzonn , member of a search and rescue team from the planet Mercuria , who has a past with the Fearcats . This season uses footage from GoGo Sentai Boukenger . Operation Overdrive also featured an anniversary episode in `` Once a Ranger '' , bringing back several characters from previous seasons . Power Rangers Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) : The Pai Zhua , or `` Order of the Claw '' , has protected the world from the evil spirit of Dai Shi for nearly ten thousand years . When Jarrod , Lily Chilman , and Theo Martin are chosen by Master Mao to guard the container of Dai Shi 's spirit , Jarrod is deemed unworthy and replaced by rookie or `` cub '' member Casey Rhodes . Angered by this slight , Jarrod attempts to steal Dai Shi 's vessel , only to become possessed by his spirit . Mao , who falls in battle , entrusts in best student R.J. to lead the others as the Jungle Fury Power Rangers to stop Dai Shi from taking over the world . R.J. later joins them in battle , as does Dom Hargan , a former Pai Zhua student who went to find his path in life . This season uses footage from Juken Sentai Gekiranger . Power Rangers RPM ( 2009 ) : A malicious and rapidly evolving computer virus known as Venjix has ravaged the Earth , leaving the surviving members of humanity to huddle for safety in the force field protected city of Corinth . To stop Venjix 's attacks , led by his humanoid warrior Tenaya , the mysterious Doctor K enlists Scott Truman , Flynn McAllistair , Summer Landsdown , and reluctantly Ziggy Grover and the apparent cyborg Dillon as the RPM Ranger Operators . They are later joined by Gem and Gemma , Doctor K 's old friends . This season uses footage from Engine Sentai Go - onger . RPM was the last season to be produced by BVS Entertainment . In 2010 , a re-versioned edit of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers aired . During this year , Saban Brands bought back the rights to Power Rangers . The Neo-Saban Era The Neo-Saban Era began in season 18 and continues to present starting with Power Rangers Samurai . These series aired on Nickelodeon . Power Rangers Samurai and Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) : In order to prevent Master Xandred 's Nighlok forces from taking over the Earth , Mentor Ji of the Shiba House trains Jayden , Kevin , Mia , Mike , and Emily in the ways of the samurai to fight as the Samurai Power Rangers . They are later joined by Jayden 's childhood friend Antonio as the Gold Ranger , who is instrumental in unlocking the group 's Super Mode . These two seasons use footage from Samurai Sentai Shinkenger . Samurai is the first season back under the ownership of Saban and the first season produced by SCG Power Rangers. Power Rangers continues to be produced and filmed in New Zealand . Power Rangers Megaforce ( 2013 ) : Zordon 's protege Gosei calls on high school students Troy Burrows , Noah Carver , Jake Holling , Emma Goodall , and Gia Moran to become the Megaforce Power Rangers to battle the invasion of the Warstar Empire . They are later joined by the Robo Knight in his fight against the Toxic Mutants . This season uses footage from Tensou Sentai Goseiger . Super Megaforce ( 2014 ) : With the Warstar Empire 's forces increasing their invasion , Gosei gives the Rangers new morphers to assume Super Mega Mode , allowing them to call on the powers of all of the previous Power Rangers . They are joined by Orion , a citizen from the planet Andresia . Super Megaforce also features the return of several previous characters . This season uses footage from Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger . Power Rangers Dino Charge and Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) : When an intergalactic bounty hunter comes to Earth looking for the Energems , entrusted to an alien who lost them during the asteroid bombardment that resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs , the Dino Charge Power Rangers are formed to find the Energems first . These two seasons use footage from Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger . Power Rangers Ninja Steel and Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 - 2018 ) : The Power Rangers are protecting an item called the Ninja Nexus Prism from the forces of Galvanax , the champion of the universe 's most popular intergalactic game show , who wants the Prism , which contains six magical Ninja Power Throwing Stars , to become invincible . The Rangers must master the arsenal of throwing stars , Zords , and Megazords , all made from the titular legendary `` ninja steel '' , to stop Galvanax 's warrior contestants sent to Earth to retrieve the Prism , the Steel and the Power Stars for him . This season uses footage from Shuriken Sentai Ninninger . Feature films The Power Rangers franchise has also generated three theatrical motion pictures . The first two are distributed by 20th Century Fox , and the third film released in 2017 by Lionsgate . Film Release date Box office revenue Director United States Foreign Total TV series franchise Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie June 30 , 1995 $38,187,431 $28,245,763 $66,433,194 Bryan Spicer Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie March 28 , 1997 $8,363,899 $1,251,941 $9,615,840 David Winning and Shuki Levy Reboot Saban 's Power Rangers March 24 , 2017 $84,350,803 $50,525,733 $134,876,536 Dean Israelite Distribution Power Rangers has long had success in international markets and continues to air in many countries , with the exception of New Zealand , where the series filming takes place as of 2009 . As of 2006 , Power Rangers aired at least 65 times a week in more than 40 worldwide markets . Many markets carry or have carried the series on their respective Fox or later Jetix / Disney XD channels or have syndicated the program on regional children 's channels or blocks , either dubbed into the local language or broadcast in the original English . Since the 2010 acquisition by Saban Brands , international television distribution rights for Power Rangers have been managed by MarVista Entertainment . Broadcast in East Asian territories has been treated differently from in other international markets due to the prevalence and familiarity of ' the Super Sentai brand originating in Japan . Power Rangers was briefly banned in Malaysia for supposedly encouraging the use of drugs because it contained the word `` Morphin ' '' in its title , which could be associated with morphine . The show eventually aired without the offending word . In Japan , many Power Rangers television seasons and movies were dubbed into Japanese for television and video with the voice actors often pulled from past Super Sentai casts , leading to the English - dubbed action sequences being `` re-dubbed '' or `` restored '' back to Japanese as well . Power Rangers Mystic Force is the latest season to be broadcast in Japan on Toei Channel in January 2014 , with the Magiranger cast voicing their counterparts . After broadcast of Power Rangers ended in South Korea with Wild Force , Bandai of Korea started airing dubbed Super Sentai series under the 파워 레인저 ( Power Ranger ) brand on JEI TV . Some seasons of Super Sentai broadcast in South Korea have similarly named titles as their American counterparts , such as Power Ranger Dino Thunder for Abaranger in 2007 and Power Ranger S.P.D. in place of Dekaranger . Home media This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) As of October 2009 , 33 Power Rangers DVD collections have been released in the United States : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie , 1995 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie / Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie , 1995 , 1997 ; 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( DVD compilation set of both movies . ) The Best of the Power Rangers : The Ultimate Rangers , 2003 ; BVHE ( DVD compilation of episodes from five different seasons of Power Rangers . The episodes include `` Forever Red '' and `` White Light '' ( Tommy 's reintroduction as the White Power Ranger ) ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2003 ; BVHE Power Rangers Dino Thunder Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2004 ; BVHE Power Rangers S.P.D. Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2005 ; BVHE Power Rangers Mystic Force Volumes 1 -- 3 and ' Dark Wish ' , 2006 ; BVHE Power Rangers Operation Overdrive Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2007 ; BVHE ( The release of an entire season for the first time in the US . ) Power Rangers Jungle Fury Volumes 1 & 2 , 2008 ; BVHE ( Volumes 3 - 5 are only available in the UK . ) Power Rangers RPM Volumes 1 & 2 , 2009 ; BVHE Power Rangers RPM ' Bandai Demo DVD ' , 2009 ; BVHE ( A promo DVD given away at Disney Stores . Contains the episode In or Out ) . Power Rangers Samurai Volumes 1 -- 5 , 2012 ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Monster Bash '' and 2 MMPR Halloween episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Samurai `` Christmas Together , Samurai Forever '' and 2 MMPR Christmas episodes ; Lionsgate Power Rangers Super Samurai Volumes 1 -- 4 plus The Complete Series ; Lionsgate Internationally , additional DVD releases have occurred ( such as Lightspeed Rescue , Time Force and Wild Force in Germany ) and as free DVDs attached to the Jetix magazine , published in the UK . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 , Season 2 , and Season 3 , Power Rangers Zeo , Power Rangers Turbo , and Power Rangers In Space have been released in Germany as well in both English and German , with Power Rangers Lost Galaxy only in German . Additionally , Ninja Storm , Dino Thunder , S.P.D. , Mystic Force , and Operation Overdrive saw complete boxset releases in the UK . In France , Mighty Morphin Season 1 and Season 2 have been released in their entirety in 5 episode DVD volumes , and the first 25 episodes of Season 3 were released in May 2008 . In Italy , Mighty Morphin , Zeo , Dino Thunder and S.P.D. have appeared in their entirety . Zeo and S.P.D. were made available as commercial DVDs , while Mighty Morphin and Dino Thunder were issued as bi-weekly volumes at newsstands . The iTunes Store previously made Power Rangers episodes available : part of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , all of Power Rangers S.P.D. , and the first 26 episodes of Power Rangers Mystic Force . Subsequent seasons and episodes of the program also made their appearances in the iTunes Store , but as of July 2009 , Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie is the only Power Rangers film available . In 2012 , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 volumes 1 & 2 were released on iTunes to coincide with the DVD releases . As of February 2013 , all 3 seasons of MMPR were released on iTunes . On June 15 , 2011 , all episodes of Power Rangers from Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 to Mighty Morphin Power Rangers re-version were made available for instant streaming on Netflix . As of 2017 , all seasons through Dino Super Charge have been made available on Netflix . On March 12 , 2012 , Shout ! Factory announced a home video distribution deal with Saban , which includes the first 17 series of Power Rangers . Shout ! Factory released the first seven seasons on DVD in August 2012 , seasons 8 - 12 on November 2013 , a 20 - year collection on December 2013 , and seasons 13 - 17 on April 2014 . On March 22 , 2012 Lionsgate Home Entertainment reached a home media distribution deal with Saban to release Power Rangers Samurai to DVD and Blu - ray . As of April 2015 , all series through Super Megaforce are available on the iTunes Store . As of 2016 , Dino Charge became available on iTunes . Broadcast The series originally aired on Fox 's children block , Fox Kids from 1993 - 2002 . When Disney bought the rights to Power Rangers , it moved to ABC 's Saturday morning block , ABC Kids from 2002 - 2010 . During that time , all seasons aired on the ABC Family ( now Freeform ) and Toon Disney 's block Jetix . When Saban bought Power Rangers back , the series aired new episodes on Nickelodeon , while previous seasons aired on Nicktoons . Video games Main article : List of Power Rangers video games See also Television in the United States portal Film in the United States portal Science Fiction portal 1990s portal 2000s portal 2010s portal Big Bad Beetleborgs Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight List of Power Rangers cast members Masked Rider Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Super Sentai Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills VR Troopers List of the highest - grossing media franchises Notes Jump up ^ As the series progresses , one or more of the Rangers will usually receive motorcycles for long - distance travel , as well as individual Zords . In many series , a Ranger is also given additional Zords or weapons . In some cases , one Ranger may receive something that other Rangers do not ; an example is the Battlizer given to the Red Ranger of each series since Power Rangers in Space ( until Operation Overdrive ) . Jump up ^ Public servants ( rescue squad , police officers , etc . ) appearing as Rangers disregard this convention in Power Rangers Lightspeed Rescue , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive and Power Rangers RPM . Jump up ^ An original Power Ranger , the Titanium Ranger , was created especially for Lightspeed Rescue to add a sixth Power Ranger to the series . Jump up ^ Other color designations include metallic colors , violet , and `` Shadow '' , as well as protagonists who have powers and costumes similar to those of the Rangers but are not called `` Power Rangers '' , such as the Blue Senturion and Koragg the Knight Wolf . Jump up ^ A joke highlighted this correlation in Dino Thunder when Tommy Oliver ( a former Green Ranger , White Ranger , and Red Ranger ) became the new Black Ranger ; he said that he had to go shopping because he did not own enough black - colored clothing . References Jump up ^ `` Toei Company Profile Toei '' . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` BANDAI Co. , Ltd Global Development '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Kerry , Dollan ( November 26 , 2001 ) . `` Beyond Power Rangers '' . Forbes . Forbes , Inc . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dumpster '' . Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 1993 - 08 - 28 . Fox . Jump up ^ Power Rangers Dino Thunder , Power Rangers S.P.D. , Power Rangers Operation Overdrive , Power Rangers Jungle Fury Jump up ^ Heffley , Lynne ( November 25 , 1993 ) . `` Low - Tech Equals High Ratings : Fox 's Offbeat ' Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ' Flexes Its Kidvid Muscle '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The original ' Power Rangers ' return in 2010 '' . Kung Fu Cinema . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Haim Saban '' . Saban . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp. and Haim Saban Reach Agreement to Sell Fox Family Worldwide to Disney for $5.3 Billion '' . saban . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buys Fox Family for $3 B '' . CNNfn . www.money.cnn.com . July 23 , 2001 . Retrieved September 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights out for ' Power Rangers ' '' . New York Post . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved October 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` LIGHTS OUT FOR ' POWER RANGERS ' '' . New York Post . 2009 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Alanah May ( March 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' defeated '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved March 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Supplement to Disney A to Z : The Official Encyclopedia '' ( PDF ) . September 1 , 2009 . p. 87 . Retrieved September 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` PRESS RELEASE : Bandai America Powers Up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line Bandai America '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CORRECTING and REPLACING PHOTOS Bandai America Powers up Like It 's 1993 ; Brings Back Mighty Morphin Power Rangers in New Toy Line '' . October 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Carugati , Anna ( November 9 , 2010 ) . `` Video Interview : Saban Brands ' Elie Dekel '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( 2010 - 05 - 12 ) . `` Saban re-acquires rights to ' Rangers ' - Entertainment News , TV News , Media - Variety '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Disney 's Q3 boosted by TV operations profit ; Power Rangers sale added $43 million to coffers '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Power Rangers Samurai '' premiering in February 2011 `` . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Capital Group Acquires Power Rangers from The Walt Disney Company `` The Toy Book '' . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SABAN BRINGS `` POWER RANGERS '' FRANCHISE TO NICKELODEON '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Viacom . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mogul Saban buys back Power Rangers from Disney '' . Google News . Associated Press . May 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved May 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Partners with The CW to Launch Five - Hour Kids Television Block '' ( PDF ) . Saban . July 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wallenstein , Andrew ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Saban Brands to rebuild CW toon block '' . Variety . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Marcucci , Carl ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` The CW signs Saban Brands for kids block '' . Radio & Television Business Report . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to Launch Vortexx on The CW '' . PR Newswire . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands to launch Vortexx kid shows on The CW '' . Los Angeles Business . July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Saban Brands Announces Extended Partnerships for Power Rangers Franchise with Nickelodeon and Bandai America Through 2016 '' . Business Wire . Retrieved October 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dynamic New Season , Saban 's Power Rangers Dino Super Charge , to Premiere Saturday , Jan. 30 , at 12 p.m. ( ET / PT ) on Nickelodeon '' . Business Wire . January 12 , 2016 . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( 2014 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Power Rangers Dino Charge ' coming in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 24th Power Rangers Season Is Power Rangers Ninja Steel '' . Anime News Network . January 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Nicholson ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Power Rangers : Dino Super Charge Premiere Date and Next Iteration Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate '' . SABAN 'S POWER RANGERS TO BEGIN PRODUCTION TODAY. 2016 - 02 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Shows Muscle with Boys Properties '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` MarVista to sell ' Rangers ' TV library '' . Variety . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MarVista to Re-Introduce Power Rangers to International Market '' . WorldScreen . July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graziadio , Marissa ( September 13 , 2010 ) . `` New Partners On Board for Power Rangers Samurai '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia : Authorities ban the hit television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers '' , Reuters , December 22 , 1995 Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 '' . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 파워 레인저 S.P.D. '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - First 2 Volumes of ' Complete Series ' DVDs Planned @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Box Art , Date , Price & Extras for Volume 3 : Blue Sapphire DVD @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive - Finish the Adventure in February : Final Two Volumes Kick Into Overdrive @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Jungle Fury - Disney Announces Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 DVDs for Jungle Fury @ TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers RPM , Vol. 2 : Race for Corinth @ Amazon.com '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers R.P.M. - Disney Store 's Promo Disc Says Volumes 3 and 4 ' Coming Soon ' '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 1 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 2 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers Season 3 @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Zeo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Turbo @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers In Space @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Lost Galaxy @ Amazon.de '' . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Ninja Storm @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Dino Thunder @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers S.P.D. @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mystic Force @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Operation Overdrive @ Amazon.co.uk '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Power Rangers Mighty Morphin - Volume 28 @ lcj-editions.com '' . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Bowers , Trinnette ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Power Rangers : At a Netflix near you '' . My Fox Orlando . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - ' Seasons 1 - 7 : From Mighty Morphin to Lost Galaxy ' Announced : Date , Cost , Action Figure ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Season 8 - 12 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers - Pricing is Revealed for ' Power Rangers Legacy : The First 20 Years ' '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Multiple Shows ( 5 ) - Power Rangers : Seasons 13 - 17 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate to Distribute ' Power Rangers Samurai ' '' . Home Media Magazine . 2012 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 09 . External links Official Power Rangers Website Fox Kids Official Power Rangers website ( Archive ) Power Rangers at Saban Brands Power Rangers at TV.com Power Rangers at Bandai Power Rangers Media TV series Saban Entertainment Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 ) Season 1 2010 re-version Alien Rangers ( 1996 ) Zeo ( 1996 ) Episodes Turbo ( 1997 ) Episodes in Space ( 1998 ) Episodes Lost Galaxy ( 1999 ) Episodes Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Episodes Time Force ( 2001 ) Episodes Wild Force ( 2002 ) Episodes Disney Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Episodes Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Episodes S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Episodes Mystic Force ( 2006 ) Episodes Operation Overdrive ( 2007 ) Episodes Jungle Fury ( 2008 ) Episodes RPM ( 2009 ) Episodes Saban Brands Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Season 1 Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Season 1 Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season 1 Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 ) Episodes Films Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 ) Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 ) Video games Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 ) The Movie ( 1995 ) The Fighting Edition ( 1995 ) Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 ) Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 ) Time Force ( 2001 ) Wild Force ( 2002 ) Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Super Legends ( 2007 ) Legacy Wars ( 2017 ) Others `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song ) `` Power Rangers '' ( song ) A Rock Adventure World Tour Live on Stage Collectible Card Game Comics Justice League / Power Rangers Home video Universe Rangers Planets Races Villains Zords Related articles Cast members Power / Rangers Super Sentai Power Rangers Dino Force Brave Power Rangers Hyperforce Corporate Haim Saban Saban Entertainment Saban Brands Shuki Levy Tony Oliver Bandai Namco Entertainment Bandai Related Saban series VR Troopers Masked Rider Big Bad Beetleborgs Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog Related DIC series Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills Related Adness series Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight Super Sentai Ishinomori Series Gorenger ( 1975 -- 1977 ) J.A.K.Q. 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Power Rangers is an American entertainment and merchandising franchise built around a live action superhero television series . Produced first by Saban Entertainment , later by BVS Entertainment , and today by SCG Power Rangers , the television series takes much of its footage from the Japanese tokusatsu Super Sentai , produced by Toei Company . The first Power Rangers entry , Mighty Morphin Power Rangers , debuted on August 28 , 1993 , and helped launch the Fox Kids programming block of the 1990s , during which it catapulted into popular culture along with a line of action figures and other toys by Bandai . As of 2001 , the media franchise has generated over $6 billion in retail sales worldwide .

ABO blood group system - wikipedia ABO blood group system Jump to : navigation , search `` ABO '' redirects here . For other uses , see ABO ( disambiguation ) . `` H substance '' redirects here . For use in inflammation , see histamine . For hydrogen atom , see hydrogen . ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells and IgM antibodies present in the serum The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one , both , or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes . In human blood transfusions it is the most important of the 35 different blood type ( or group ) classification systems currently recognized . A very rare ( in modern medicine ) mismatch in this , or any other serotype , can cause a serious , potentially fatal , adverse reaction after a transfusion , or a contra - indicated immune response to an organ transplant . The associated anti-A and anti-B antibodies are usually IgM antibodies , which are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances , such as food , bacteria , and viruses . ABO blood types are also present in some other animals , for example rodents and apes , such as chimpanzees , bonobos , and gorillas . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of discoveries of the blood types 2 Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion 3 Genetics 3.1 Subgroups 3.2 Distribution and evolutionary history 3.3 Origin theories 4 Clinical relevance 4.1 Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) 4.2 Disease risks 4.3 ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn 4.4 Clinical applications 4.5 Clinical marker 5 Pseudoscience 6 Data tables 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History of discoveries of the blood types ( edit ) Czech serologist Jan Janský is credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I , II , III , IV ) The ABO blood group system is widely credited to have been discovered by the Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner , who identified the O , A , and B blood types in 1900 . Landsteiner originally described the O blood type as type `` C '' , and in parts of Europe it is rendered as `` 0 '' ( zero ) , signifying the lack of A or B antigen . Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1930 for his work . Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered the fourth type , AB , in 1902 . Ukraine marine uniform imprint , showing the wearer 's blood type as `` B ( III ) Rh + '' It was subsequently found that the Czech serologist Jan Janský had independently pioneered the classification of human blood into four groups in 1907 , but Landsteiner 's independent discovery had been accepted by the scientific world while Janský remained then in relative obscurity . However , in 1921 an American medical commission acknowledged Janský 's classification . Jan Janský is nowadays credited with the first classification of blood into the four types ( I , II , III , IV ) . Janský 's classification remains in use today . In Russia and states of the former USSR , blood types O , A , B , and AB are respectively designated I , II , III , and IV . The designation A and B with reference to blood groups was proposed by Ludwik Hirszfeld . In America , W.L. Moss published his own ( very similar ) work in 1910 . Ludwik Hirszfeld and E. von Dungern discovered the heritability of ABO blood groups in 1910 -- 11 . Felix Bernstein demonstrated the correct blood group inheritance pattern of multiple alleles at one locus in 1924 . Watkins and Morgan , in England , discovered that the ABO epitopes were conferred by sugars , to be specific , N - acetylgalactosamine for the A-type and galactose for the B - type . After much published literature claiming that the ABH substances were all attached to glycosphingolipids , Finne et al. ( 1978 ) found that the human erythrocyte glycoproteins contain polylactosamine chains that contains ABH substances attached and represent the majority of the antigens . The main glycoproteins carrying the ABH antigens were identified to be the Band 3 and Band 4.5 proteins and glycophorin . Later , Yamamoto 's group showed the precise glycosyl transferase set that confers the A , B and O epitopes . Diagram showing the carbohydrate chains that determine the ABO blood group Student blood test . Three drops of blood are mixed with anti-B ( left ) and anti-A ( right ) serum . Agglutination on the right side indicates blood type A . There are three basic variants of immunoglobulin antigens in humans that share a very similar chemical structure but are distinctly different . Red circles show where there are differences in chemical structure in the antigen - binding site ( sometimes called the antibody - combining site ) of human immunoglobulin . Notice the O - type antigen does not have a binding site . Alteration of ABO antigens for transfusion ( edit ) In April 2007 , an international team of researchers announced in the journal Nature Biotechnology an inexpensive and efficient way to convert types A , B , and AB blood into type O . This is done by using glycosidase enzymes from specific bacteria to strip the blood group antigens from red blood cells . The removal of A and B antigens still does not address the problem of the Rh blood group antigen on the blood cells of Rh positive individuals , and so blood from Rh negative donors must be used . Patient trials will be conducted before the method can be relied on in live situations . Another approach to the blood antigen problem is the manufacture of artificial blood , which could act as a substitute in emergencies . Genetics ( edit ) A and B are codominant , giving the AB phenotype . Blood groups are inherited from both parents . The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene ( the ABO gene ) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics : i , I , and I . The I designation stands for isoagglutinogen , another term for antigen . The gene encodes a glycosyltransferase -- that is , an enzyme that modifies the carbohydrate content of the red blood cell antigens . The gene is located on the long arm of the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) . The I allele gives type A , I gives type B , and i gives type O. As both I and I are dominant over i , only ii people have type O blood . Individuals with I I or I i have type A blood , and individuals with I I or I i have type B. I I people have both phenotypes , because A and B express a special dominance relationship : codominance , which means that type A and B parents can have an AB child . A couple with type A and type B can also have a type O child if they are both heterozygous ( I i , I i ) The cis - AB phenotype has a single enzyme that creates both A and B antigens . The resulting red blood cells do not usually express A or B antigen at the same level that would be expected on common group A or B red blood cells , which can help solve the problem of an apparently genetically impossible blood group . Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB The table above summarizes the various blood groups that children may inherit from their parents . Genotypes are shown in the second column and in small print for the offspring : AO and AA both test as type A ; BO and BB test as type B . The four possibilities represent the combinations obtained when one allele is taken from each parent ; each has a 25 % chance , but some occur more than once . Blood group inheritance by phenotype only Blood type O AB O O O or A O or B A or B O or A O or A O , A , B or AB A , B or AB O or B O , A , B or AB O or B A , B or AB AB A or B A , B or AB A , B or AB A , B or AB Historically , ABO blood tests were used in paternity testing , but in 1957 only 50 % of American men falsely accused were able to use them as evidence against paternity . Occasionally , the blood types of children are not consistent with expectations -- for example , a type O child can be born to an AB parent -- due to rare situations , such as Bombay phenotype and cis AB . Subgroups ( edit ) The A blood type contains about 20 subgroups , of which A1 and A2 are the most common ( over 99 % ) . A1 makes up about 80 % of all A-type blood , with A2 making up almost all of the rest . These two subgroups are not always interchangeable as far as transfusion is concerned , as some A2 individuals produce antibodies against the A1 antigen . Complications can sometimes arise in rare cases when typing the blood . With the development of DNA sequencing , it has been possible to identify a much larger number of alleles at the ABO locus , each of which can be categorized as A , B , or O in terms of the reaction to transfusion , but which can be distinguished by variations in the DNA sequence . There are six common alleles in white individuals of the ABO gene that produce one 's blood type : A O A101 ( A1 ) A201 ( A2 ) B101 ( B1 ) O01 ( O1 ) O02 ( O1v ) O03 ( O2 ) The same study also identified 18 rare alleles , which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity . People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A antibodies , though these are usually not clinically significant as they do not stably interact with the antigen at body temperature . Cis AB is another rare variant , in which A and B genes are transmitted together from a single parent . Distribution and evolutionary history ( edit ) Main article : Blood type distribution by country The distribution of the blood groups A , B , O and AB varies across the world according to the population . There are also variations in blood type distribution within human subpopulations . In the UK , the distribution of blood type frequencies through the population still shows some correlation to the distribution of placenames and to the successive invasions and migrations including Norsemen , Danes , Saxons , Celts , and Normans who contributed the morphemes to the placenames and the genes to the population . The two common O alleles , O01 and O02 , share their first 261 nucleotides with the group A allele A01 . However , unlike the group A allele , a guanosine base is subsequently deleted . A premature stop codon results from this frame - shift mutation . This variant is found worldwide , and likely predates human migration from Africa . The O01 allele is considered to predate the O02 allele . Some evolutionary biologists theorize that there are four main lineages of the ABO gene and that mutations creating type O have occurred at least three times in humans . From oldest to youngest , these lineages comprise the following alleles : A101 / A201 / O09 , B101 , O02 and O01 . The continued presence of the O alleles is hypothesized to be the result of balancing selection . Both theories contradict the previously held theory that type O blood evolved first . Origin theories ( edit ) It is possible that food and environmental antigens ( bacterial , viral , or plant antigens ) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens . The antibodies created against these environmental antigens in the first years of life can cross-react with ABO - incompatible red blood cells that it comes in contact with during blood transfusion later in life . Anti-A antibodies are hypothesized to originate from immune response towards influenza virus , whose epitopes are similar enough to the α - D-N - galactosamine on the A glycoprotein to be able to elicit a cross-reaction . Anti-B antibodies are hypothesized to originate from antibodies produced against Gram - negative bacteria , such as E. coli , cross-reacting with the α - D - galactose on the B glycoprotein . However , it is more likely that the force driving evolution of allele diversity is simply negative frequency - dependent selection ; cells with rare variants of membrane antigens are more easily distinguished by the immune system from pathogens carrying antigens from other hosts . Thus , individuals possessing rare types are better equipped to detect pathogens . The high within - population diversity observed in human populations would , then , be a consequence of natural selection on individuals . HIV can be neutralized in in vitro experiments using antibodies against blood group antigens specifically expressed on the HIV - producing cell lines . Clinical relevance ( edit ) The carbohydrate molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells have roles in cell membrane integrity , cell adhesion , membrane transportation of molecules , and acting as receptors for extracellular ligands , and enzymes . ABO antigens are found having similar roles on epithelial cells as well as red blood cells . Bleeding and thrombosis ( von Willebrand factor ) ( edit ) The ABO antigen is also expressed on the von Willebrand factor ( vWF ) glycoprotein , which participates in hemostasis ( control of bleeding ) . In fact , having type O blood predisposes to bleeding , as 30 % of the total genetic variation observed in plasma vWF is explained by the effect of the ABO blood group , and individuals with group O blood normally have significantly lower plasma levels of vWF ( and Factor VIII ) than do non-O individuals . In addition , vWF is degraded more rapidly due to the higher prevalence of blood group O with the Cys1584 variant of vWF ( an amino acid polymorphism in VWF ) : the gene for ADAMTS13 ( vWF - cleaving protease ) maps to the ninth chromosome ( 9q34 ) , the same locus as ABO blood type . Higher levels of vWF are more common amongst people who have had ischemic stroke ( from blood clotting ) for the first time . The results of this study found that the occurrence was not affected by ADAMTS13 polymorphism , and the only significant genetic factor was the person 's blood group . Disease risks ( edit ) Compared to O group individuals , non-O group ( A , AB , and B) individuals have a 14 % reduced risk of squamous cell carcinoma and 4 % reduced risk of basal cell carcinoma . Conversely , type O blood is associated with a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer . The B antigen links with increased risk of ovarian cancer . Gastric cancer has reported to be more common in blood group A and least in group O . According to Glass , Holmgren , et al. , those in the O blood group have an increased risk of infection with cholera , and those O - group individuals who are infected have more severe infections . The mechanisms behind this association with cholera are unclear in the literature . ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn ( edit ) Main article : Hemolytic disease of the newborn ( ABO ) ABO blood group incompatibilities between the mother and child does not usually cause hemolytic disease of the newborn ( HDN ) because antibodies to the ABO blood groups are usually of the IgM type , which do not cross the placenta . However , in an O - type mother , IgG ABO antibodies are produced and the baby can potentially develop ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn . Clinical applications ( edit ) In human cells , the ABO alleles and their encoded glycosyltransferases have been described in several oncologic conditions . Using anti-GTA / GTB monoclonal antibodies , it was demonstrated that a loss of these enzymes was correlated to malignant bladder and oral epithelia . Furthermore , the expression of ABO blood group antigens in normal human tissues is dependent the type of differentiation of the epithelium . In most human carcinomas , including oral carcinoma , a significant event as part of the underlying mechanism is decreased expression of the A and B antigens . Several studies have observed that a relative down - regulation of GTA and GTB occurs in oral carcinomas in association with tumor development . More recently , a genome wide association study ( GWAS ) has identified variants in the ABO locus associated with susceptibility to pancreatic cancer . Clinical marker ( edit ) A multi-locus genetic risk score study based on a combination of 27 loci , including the ABO gene , identified individuals at increased risk for both incident and recurrent coronary artery disease events , as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy . The study was based on a community cohort study ( the Malmo Diet and Cancer study ) and four additional randomized controlled trials of primary prevention cohorts ( JUPITER and ASCOT ) and secondary prevention cohorts ( CARE and PROVE IT - TIMI 22 ) . Pseudoscience ( edit ) During the 1930s , connecting blood groups to personality types became popular in Japan and other areas of the world . Studies of this association have yet to confirm its existence definitively . Other popular but unsupported ideas include the use of a blood type diet , claims that group A causes severe hangovers , group O is associated with perfect teeth , and those with blood group A2 have the highest IQs . Scientific evidence in support of these concepts is nonexistent . Data tables ( edit ) ABO allele frequencies in Korean , Japanese and German populations . Population ABO allele A ( Pro ) A ( Leu ) O ( T ) O ( A ) O Korean ( n = 253 ) 0.022 0.209 0.209 0.360 0.200 0 Japanese ( n = 520 ) 0.071 0.216 0.178 0.273 0.262 0 German ( n = 169 ) 0.213 0.077 0.047 0.426 0.216 0.021 Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.001 . Korean versus Japanese , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.001 . Korean versus German , p < 0.01 . Korean versus German , p < 0.05 ( Fisher 's exact probability test ) . Fukumori et al. , 1996 . Nishimukai et al. , 1996 . Source : Table 2 , Page 333 , Kang Sung - ha et al. ( 1997 ) See also ( edit ) Kidd blood group References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) . `` ABO blood group system '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ ISBT ( 2014 ) . `` Table of Blood Group Systems v4. 0 ( November ) '' ( PDF ) . International Society of Blood Transfusion . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Muramatsu M , Gonzalez HD , Cacciola R , Aikawa A , Yaqoob MM , Puliatti C ( 2014 ) . `` ABO incompatible renal transplants : Good or bad ? '' . WORLD JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION. 4 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 29 . doi : 10.5500 / wjt. v4. i1. 18 . PMC 3964193 . PMID 24669364 . Jump up ^ Maton , Anthea ; Jean Hopkins ; Charles William McLaughlin ; Susan Johnson ; Maryanna Quon Warner ; David LaHart ; Jill D. Wright ( 1993 ) . Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , USA : Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 981176 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , SY ; Graham , C ( May 2013 ) . `` Karl Landsteiner ( 1868 - 1943 ) : originator of ABO blood classification '' ( PDF ) . Singapore medical journal . 54 ( 5 ) : 243 -- 4 . doi : 10.11622 / smedj. 2013099 . PMID 23716146 . Jump up ^ Landsteiner K ( 1900 ) . `` Zur Kenntnis der antifermentativen , lytischen und agglutinierenden Wirkungen des Blutserums und der Lymphe '' . Zentralblatt Bakteriologie. 27 : 357 -- 62 . 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Jump up ^ Shima , M ; Fujimura Y ; et al. ( 1995 ) . `` ABO blood group genotype and plasma von Willebrand factor in normal individuals '' . Vox Sang. 68 ( 4 ) : 236 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1995. tb02579. x . PMID 7660643 . Jump up ^ Bowen , DJ ; Collins PW ; et al. ( March 2005 ) . `` The prevalence of the cysteine1584 variant of von Willebrand factor is increased in type 1 von Willebrand disease : co-segregation with increased susceptibility to ADAMTS13 proteolysis but not clinical phenotype '' . Br J Haematol . Blackwell Synergy. 128 ( 6 ) : 830 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2005. 05375. x . PMID 15755288 . Jump up ^ Bongers T ; de Maat M ; van Goor M ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` High von Willebrand factor levels increase the risk of first ischemic stroke : influence of ADAMTS13 , inflammation , and genetic variability '' . Stroke. 37 ( 11 ) : 2672 -- 7 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. STR. 0000244767.39962. f7 . PMID 16990571 . 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Jump up ^ Dabelsteen , Erik ( 2002 - 02 - 01 ) . `` ABO blood group antigens in oral mucosa . What is new ? '' . Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine . 31 ( 2 ) : 65 -- 70 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 0904 - 2512.2001. 00004. x . ISSN 0904 - 2512 . PMID 11896825 . Jump up ^ Amundadottir , Laufey T. ( 2016 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Pancreatic Cancer Genetics '' . International Journal of Biological Sciences . 12 ( 3 ) : 314 -- 325 . doi : 10.7150 / ijbs. 15001 . ISSN 1449 - 2288 . PMC 4753160 . PMID 26929738 . Jump up ^ Mega , Jessica L. ; Stitziel , Nathan O. ; Smith , J. Gustav ; Chasman , Daniel I. ; Caulfield , Mark J. ; Devlin , James J. ; Nordio , Francesco ; Hyde , Craig L. ; Cannon , Christopher P. ( 2015 - 06 - 06 ) . `` Genetic risk , coronary heart disease events , and the clinical benefit of statin therapy : an analysis of primary and secondary prevention trials '' . Lancet . 385 ( 9984 ) : 2264 -- 2271 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 14 ) 61730 - X . ISSN 1474 - 547X . PMC 4608367 . PMID 25748612 . Jump up ^ American Red Cross , Southern California Blood Services Region ( n.d. ) . `` Answers to Commonly Asked Questions About Blood and Blood Banking '' ( PDF ) . Blood : the Basics : 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 November 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung Il Ryu , Young Woo Sohn ( 2007 ) , A Review of Sociocultural , Behavioral , Biochemical Analyses on ABO Blood - Groups Typology , The Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology . Jump up ^ Hobgood , Donna K. ( 2011 ) . `` Personality traits of aggression - submissiveness and perfectionism associate with ABO blood groups through catecholamine activities '' . Medical Hypotheses. 77 ( 2 ) : 294 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mehy. 2011.04. 039 . PMID 21601990 . Jump up ^ Klein , Harvey G ( 7 March 2005 ) . `` Why Do People Have Different Blood Types ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Sung - ha , Kang ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Distribution of ABO Genotypes and Allele Frequencies in a Korean Population '' . Japanese Journal of Human Genetics . 42 ( 2 ) : 333 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02766955 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Further reading ( edit ) Dean L ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 5 : The ABO blood group '' . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Retrieved 24 March 2007 . Farr A ( 1 April 1979 ) . `` Blood group serology -- the first four decades ( 1900 -- 1939 ) '' . Med Hist. 23 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 26 . doi : 10.1017 / s0025727300051383 . PMC 1082436 . PMID 381816 . External links ( edit ) ABO at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI , NIH ABO blood groups , antibodies and antigens explained YouTube educational video Encyclopædia Britannica , ABO blood group system National Blood Transfusion Service Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO ( hide ) Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ABO_blood_group_system&oldid=825716594 '' Categories : Blood antigen systems Hidden categories : CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Íslenska ಕನ್ನಡ 日本 語 Plattdüütsch Português Suomi தமிழ் ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 00 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

inheritance of the a b o blood groups is an example of

Blood group inheritance Blood type O AB Genotype ii ( OO ) I i ( AO ) I I ( AA ) I i ( BO ) I I ( BB ) I I ( AB ) O ii ( OO ) O OO OO OO OO O or A AO OO AO OO AO AO AO AO O or B BO OO BO OO BO BO BO BO A or B AO BO AO BO I i ( AO ) O or A AO AO OO OO O or A AA AO AO OO AA AA AO AO O , A , B or AB AB AO BO OO B or AB AB AB BO BO A , B or AB AA AB AO BO I I ( AA ) AO AO AO AO AA AO AA AO AA AA AA AA A or AB AB AO AB AO AB AB AB AB AB A or AB AA AB AA AB I i ( BO ) O or B BO BO OO OO O , A , B or AB AB BO AO OO A or AB AB AB AO AO O or B BB BO BO OO BB BB BO BO A , B or AB AB BB AO BO I I ( BB ) BO BO BO BO B or AB AB BO AB BO AB AB AB AB AB BB BO BB BO BB BB BB BB B or AB AB BB AB BB AB I I ( AB ) A or B AO AO BO BO A , B or AB AA AO AB BO A or AB AA AA AB AB A , B or AB AB AO BB BO B or AB AB AB BB BB A , B , or AB AA AB AB BB

Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) - wikipedia Beverly Hills Cop ( film series ) Jump to : navigation , search Beverly Hills Cop Directed by Martin Brest ( I ) Tony Scott ( II ) John Landis ( III ) Adil El Arbi ( IV ) Bilall Fallah ( IV ) Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer ( I - II , IV ) Don Simpson ( I - II ) Mace Neufeld ( III ) Robert Rehme ( III ) Eddie Murphy ( IV ) Screenplay by Daniel Petrie , Jr . ( I ) Larry Ferguson ( II ) Warren Skaaren ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Story by Danilo Bach ( I ) Daniel Petrie , Jr . ( I ) Eddie Murphy ( II ) Robert D. Wachs ( II ) Steven E. de Souza ( III ) Josh Appelbaum ( IV ) André Nemec ( IV ) Starring Eddie Murphy Judge Reinhold John Ashton ( l - ll , lV ) Gil Hill ( l - lll ) Ronny Cox ( I - II ) Brandon T. Jackson ( Unaired pilot ) Music by Harold Faltermeyer ( I - II ) Nile Rodgers ( III ) Cinematography Bruce Surtees ( I ) Jeffrey L. Kimball ( II ) Mac Ahlberg ( III ) Dante Spinotti ( IV ) Edited by Billy Weber ( I - II ) Arthur Coburn ( I ) Chris Lebenzon ( II ) Michael Tronick ( II ) Dale Beldin ( III ) Production company Simpson / Bruckheimer ( I - II ) Eddie Murphy Productions ( I - III ) Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date 1984 - 1994 Running time 312 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $735.5 million Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie , Jr. and Danilo Bach . The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley , a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills , California to investigate crimes , even though it is out of his jurisdiction . There , he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) . Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III . Murphy , Reinhold , and Gil Hill , who plays Axel 's boss , Inspector Todd , are the only actors who appear in all three films . Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series . The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures . The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office . Following a failed attempt at a television series based on the films , Paramount decided to produce another film with a currently unknown release date . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films 1.1 Overview 1.2 Unaired television pilot 1.3 Cast and characters 1.4 Music 1.5 Future 2 Crew 3 Reception 3.1 Box office performance 3.2 Critical and public reaction 3.3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Films ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Axel Foley ( Eddie Murphy ) is introduced as a Detroit cop who , after the murder of his friend , travels to California to investigate and track down the killer ( s ) , who he believes operate an arts dealership as a cover in Beverly Hills . He teams up with two reluctant detectives , Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) and John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , from the Beverly Hills police department who were supposed to keep a watch on him , especially after seeing Foley 's different approach to tackling the situations which were considered unacceptable by the chief of police . Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills , after finding out that Captain Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) was shot . He once again teams up with Detective Billy Rosewood and Sgt . John Taggart , who , reluctantly and against incompetent and verbally abusive Police Chief Harold Lutz 's ( Allen Garfield ) orders , help Foley to find out the person responsible for Bogomil 's shooting . Axel , Billy , and John soon discover that the alphabet crimes , a series of felonies ( robberies and Bogomil 's shooting ) that have been going on in the area , are masterminded by weapons kingpin Maxwell Dent ( Jürgen Prochnow ) . With this information , Axel , Billy , and Taggart try to find Dent and his lover , Karla Fry ( Brigitte Nielsen ) , ( who had shot Bogomil ) . Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Axel returns to Beverly Hills once again . During an assignment , his boss , Inspector Todd ( Gil Hill ) is killed , and certain evidence points towards an amusement park called `` Wonderworld '' . Upon arriving in Beverly Hills , Axel looks up his old friend Billy Rosewood who has attained the title of DDOJSIOC ( Deputy Director of Joint Special Inter Operational Command ) . Bogomil and Taggart have retired and a new detective called Jon Flint ( Hector Elizondo ) is Rosewood 's new partner . Unaired television pilot ( edit ) CBS ordered a pilot with Brandon T. Jackson starring as Axel Foley 's son , Aaron . The hour long crime drama was produced by the critically acclaimed writer Shawn Ryan who created The Shield and The Chicago Code . In January 2013 , Ryan stated , `` It 's going to be a CBS procedural . We 're going to solve a case every week , but we 're going to do it with a lot of humor and a lot of fun . And I would say the stealth thing I would like to get in is , in a day and age when income inequality and class inequities dominate a lot of the country , this is going to be an opportunity to put a young working - class kid in Detroit in the middle of Beverly Hills , you can do a lot of stealth social commentary . My approach is to update it and make it feel modern and 2013 . The pilot opens with a 4 - 5 minute sequence which I think is really harrowing and really dangerous , that would be something that you might have seen on Chicago Code or The Shield . I want it to feel grounded in that way . There 'll be some opportunities for laughs after that . It 's not a laughs come first show . '' In February 2013 , Kevin Pollak was cast as Rodney Daloof , an irritating and incredibly risk - averse in - house attorney for the Beverly Hills Police Department . David Denman was cast as Brad , an honest and likable but socially awkward detective , formerly a baseball player and a musician . Director Barry Sonnenfeld agreed to both direct the Beverly Hills Cop pilot and serve as an executive producer . In May 2013 , CBS decided to pass on the Beverly Hills Cop TV series . In August 2013 , Brandon T. Jackson give his reason about the pass : I think we were very edgy for CBS . I think we were the edgiest as you could 've went for CBS . It would have been like a ' Fresh Prince ' thing on CBS , like the edgiest you can go on network TV . But it does n't agree to our franchise man . '' In February 2015 , Eddie Murphy stated that his cameo appearance in the pilot ironically doomed the show 's chances : `` I was gon na be in the pilot , and they thought I should be recurring . I 'm not gon na do Beverly Hills Cop on TV . I remember when they tested it -- they had this little knob that you turn if you like it or you do n't like it . So when Axel shows up in the pilot , some people turned the knob so much , they broke it . So the network decided ' if he is n't recurring , then this is n't gon na happen . ' So it did n't happen . '' In a January 2016 interview , Shawn Ryan blamed personality clashes with the network : `` The official answer is they decided they liked other pilots better . If you look at what pilots they picked up that year , I think that 's kind of incredible . I would say there were a lot of 400 lb . gorillas involved in the show and sometimes the gorillas do n't always get along . '' . He also said that he was very proud of the pilot and loved working with Murphy . During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . Cast and characters ( edit ) Character Films Beverly Hills Cop Beverly Hills Cop II Beverly Hills Cop III Axel Foley Eddie Murphy Billy Rosewood Judge Reinhold Jenny Summers Lisa Eilbacher John Taggart John Ashton Andrew Bogomil Ronny Cox G. Douglas Todd Gil Hill Serge Bronson Pinchot Bronson Pinchot Jeffrey Friedman Paul Reiser Jon Flint Héctor Elizondo Music ( edit ) There is a recurring instrumental theme throughout the film series called `` Axel F '' , which was composed by Harold Faltermeyer . The theme became popular with audiences , and has been remixed by Crazy Frog . A new version of the theme was created for Beverly Hills Cop III , with Faltermeyer not returning for the film . Future ( edit ) A fourth entry in the series was initially announced for release in the mid-1990s , under the production of Eddie Murphy 's own production company `` Eddie Murphy Productions '' , though production later fizzled out . It was re-announced in 2006 , when producer Jerry Bruckheimer announced his intention to resurrect the film series , though he eventually gave up his option to produce the film , instead passing production duties to Lorenzo di Bonaventura . In September 2006 a script , an amalgamation of several earlier drafts , was presented to Murphy who was reported to be `` very happy '' with the outline which was described as an attempt to recapture the `` feel of the original '' . Murphy admitted one of his motivations for making a fourth Beverly Hills Cop film was to make up for the fact that the third film was `` horrible '' and that `` he did n't want to leave ( the series ) like that '' . In May 2008 , Rush Hour director Brett Ratner was officially named director , who promised the film would return under the series ' standard `` R '' rating , rather than as a rumored watered down PG - 13 . Michael Brandt and Derek Haas were hired as screenwriters to improve on the existing script in July 2008 and completed a new script , under the working title Beverly Hills Cop 2009 , which would see Foley return to Beverly Hills to investigate the murder of his friend Billy Rosewood . The script was eventually rejected , leaving Ratner to work on a new idea . In an interview with Empire magazine , Ratner stated `` I 'm working very hard on the fourth . It 's very difficult , especially since there were three before . We 're trying to figure out some important things , like where do we start ? Is Axel retired ? Is he in Beverly Hills ? Is he on vacation ? Does Judge Reinhold return as the loveable Billy Rosewood ? Many questions to figure out , but I 'm hoping to have a script before film disappears from our existence . '' Although Murphy himself committed to the project , it was unconfirmed whether the series ' other principal actors , Judge Reinhold , John Ashton , Ronny Cox or Bronson Pinchot would also return , though Ratner stated in late 2009 that he was trying to convince Reinhold and Ashton to reprise their roles . Harold Faltermeyer 's `` Axel F '' , however , would definitely be returning for the proposed fourth installment , with Ratner quoted as saying `` It 'll be back but it 'll be a whole new interpretation . '' On November 15 , 2010 , Ratner stated in an interview with MTV that there was still a possibility that they will make a fourth film , but that it would n't be `` anytime soon . '' In October 2011 , Murphy discussed a possible fourth film , stating , `` They 're not doing it . What I 'm trying to do now is produce a TV show starring Axel Foley 's son , and Axel is the chief of police now in Detroit . I 'd do the pilot , show up here and there . None of the movie scripts were right ; it was trying to force the premise . If you have to force something , you should n't be doing it . It was always a rehash of the old thing . It was always wrong . '' During late Summer 2013 , after CBS decided to pass on the TV series , Paramount decided to move forward with the fourth film . On September 13 , 2013 , Jerry Bruckheimer , stated he was in talks to produce . On December 6 , 2013 , it was announced that Eddie Murphy will again reprise the role of Axel Foley and Brett Ratner will direct . On May 2 , 2014 , Deadline announced that screenwriters Josh Appelbaum and Andre Nemec would be penning the screenplay . On June 27 , 2014 , in an interview with Rolling Stone , Murphy discussed returning to the edgier type character of Axel Foley after years of making family friendly films . `` I have n't done a street guy , working class , blue - collar character in ages so maybe it 's like , ' Oh , wow , I did n't remember he was able to do that , ' '' Murphy said . According to studio reports on the film 's plot , Foley will return to Detroit after leaving his job in Beverly Hills and he will be faced with the coldest winter on record to navigate the new rules and old enemies of one of America 's most tenacious cities . The state of Michigan approved $13.5 million in film incentives , based on an estimated $56.6 million of filmmaker spending in the state . The film will be shot in and around Detroit and is estimated to provide jobs for 352 workers . The film was originally scheduled for a March 25 , 2016 release , but on May 6 , 2015 , Paramount Pictures pulled Beverly Hills Cop IV from its release schedule , due to script concerns . On June 14 , 2016 , Deadline.com reported that Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah , directors of the Belgian drama Black , would direct the film . In January 2017 , it was revealed that a new entry in the franchise will commence filming in June 2017 with Eddie Murphy reprising his role as Axel Foley , and Adil El Arbi and Bilall Fallah as directors . Crew ( edit ) Film Director Producer Writer ( s ) Composer Editor Cinematographer Beverly Hills Cop Martin Brest Don Simpson Jerry Bruckheimer screenplay : Daniel Petrie , Jr . story : Danilo Bach Daniel Petrie , Jr . Harold Faltermeyer Arthur Coburn Billy Weber Bruce Surtees Beverly Hills Cop II Tony Scott screenplay : Larry Ferguson story : Eddie Murphy Robert D. Wachs Chris Lebenzon Michael Tronick Billy Weber Jeffrey L. Kimball Beverly Hills Cop III John Landis Mace Neufeld Robert Rehme Steven E. de Souza Nile Rodgers Dale Beldin Mac Ahlberg Beverly Hills Cop IV Adil El Arbi Bilall Fallah Jerry Bruckheimer Eddie Murphy Josh Appelbaum André Nemec Dante Spinotti Reception ( edit ) Box Office performance ( edit ) Film Release date Box office revenue Box office ranking Budget Reference United States Foreign Worldwide All time domestic All time worldwide Beverly Hills Cop December 5 , 1984 $234,760,478 $80,600,000 $316,360,478 # 61 # 39 # 193 $15,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop II May 20 , 1987 $153,665,036 $146,300,000 $299,965,036 # 178 # 157 # 216 $20,000,000 Beverly Hills Cop III May 25 , 1994 $42,614,912 $76,594,077 $119,208,989 # 1,305 $50,000,000 Total $431,040,426 $304,494,077 $735,534,503 $85,000,000 List indicator ( s ) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices ( by Box Office Mojo ) . Critical and public reaction ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metascore CinemaScore Beverly Hills Cop 83 % ( 42 reviews ) 64 ( 10 reviews ) N / A Beverly Hills Cop II 46 % ( 26 reviews ) 48 ( 11 reviews ) A - Beverly Hills Cop III 10 % ( 49 reviews ) 16 ( 15 reviews ) Accolades ( edit ) Beverly Hills Cop Academy Awards nominated for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) - Danilo Bach and Daniel Petrie , Jr . British Academy Film Awards Nominated for Best Score - Harold Faltermeyer Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy - Eddie Murphy Beverly Hills Cop II Academy Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey and Bob Seger Golden Globe Awards Nominated for Best Original Song for `` Shakedown '' - Harold Faltermeyer , Keith Forsey , and Bob Seger Golden Raspberry Awards Winner for Worst Original Song for `` I Want Your Sex '' - George Michael Beverly Hills Cop III Golden Raspberry Awards Nominated for Worst Director - John Landis Nominated for Worst Remake or Sequel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 10 , 1984 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP II ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 4 , 1987 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BEVERLY HILLS COP III ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . May 13 , 1994 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murphy Resurrects Classic Character '' . The Huffington Post . 2013 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Ditzian , THE DEADLINE TEAM ( May 2 , 2014 ) . `` Paramount Sets ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Starring Eddie Murphy For Spring 2016 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Brandon T. Jackson to Play Eddie Murphy 's Son in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` CBS Lands Shawn Ryan and Eddie Murphy 's ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( 2013 - 01 - 24 ) . `` ' Last Resort ' co-creator Shawn Ryan on the series finale , ' Beverly Hills Cop ' and more '' . Hitfix . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Kevin Pollak to Co-Star in CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` David Denman Cast In ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot , Donal Logue Joins ' Copper ' Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2013 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Barry Sonnenfeld To Direct CBS ' ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` CBS Rejects ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Pilot as Producers Explore Options '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Duncan , JJ ( August 7 , 2013 ) . `` Zimbio Exclusive Interview : Brandon T. Jackson Talks ' Percy Jackson , ' Stand - Up , and Working with Eddie Murphy '' . Zimbio . Livingly Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Repanich , Jeremy ( 2015 - 02 - 10 ) . `` The Playboy Conversation : Eddie Murphy '' . Playboy . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Jester McGree ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Shawn Ryan on Remaking the Best Show You 've Never Heard Of < < Movie & TV News and Interviews -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Editorial.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop'soundtrack '' . Soundtrack Collector . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Crazy Frog `` Axel F '' `` . Fetchfido . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Soundtrack '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Ratner offers Beverly Hills Cop 4 Update '' . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Murphy Back for Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Coming Soon . November 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ; McClintock , Pamela ( November 29 , 2006 ) . `` Murphy back for more ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Davis , Erik ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop IV ! '' . Cinematical . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 2 , 2006 ) . `` Beverly Hills Cop 4 finally underway ? '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Quashes Retirement Rumours '' . MTV Movies . MTV . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Third ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Was So Horrible ' '' . MTV . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( July 1 , 2008 ) . `` Axel to keep it real ! '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' May Be Geared Towards Kids , Says Brett Ratner '' . MTV Movies . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jamie ( July 31 , 2008 ) . `` Writers Attached To Beverly Hills Cop 4 '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` Axel Foley smells a rat '' . Moviehole . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Morris , Clint ( October 15 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive : Ashton in Cop 4 ! ? '' . Moviehole . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Axel F Tune Will Be Back For Beverly Hills Cop IV '' . Internet Movie Database . September 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Eddie Murphy , Brett Ratner Still Hoping For Fourth ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . MTV . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Grossberg , Josh ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Shrek 's Donkey Done For ? The Klumps Killed Off ? Eddie Murphy Ready to Get Raw Again '' . E ! Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : Jerry Bruckheimer And Paramount Ink First - Look Deal ; Brett Ratner Attached To Direct ' Beverly Hills Cop ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ; Goldberg , Lesley ( 2014 - 06 - 27 ) . `` Eddie Murphy Will Be Back in Detroit for ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Paramount postpones ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' '' . Detroit Free - Press . Gannett Company . May 7 , 2015 . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` BEVERLY HILLS COP 4 Pulled From Paramount 's Release Schedule '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beverly Hills Cop ' Lands Adil El Arbi & Bilall Fallah To Direct Eddie Murphy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Luca ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) . `` A New Beverly Hills Cop Film Is Going Into Production This Summer '' . All The Stuff You Care About . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beverly Hills Cop 4 ' moves forward with Eddie Murphy '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II Production Budget '' . The - Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . Rotten Tomatoes . IGN Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop III '' . metacritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database. 2009 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Films in Close Race for Globe Awards '' . Wilmington Morning Star . Associated Press . 1988 - 01 - 06 . p. 6D . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Archive '' . Razzies.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 . External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Beverly Hills Cop series Films Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Beverly Hills Cop II ( 1987 ) Beverly Hills Cop III ( 1994 ) Characters Axel Foley Music Beverly Hills Cop `` Axel F '' `` The Heat Is On '' `` Neutron Dance '' `` New Attitude '' `` Stir It Up '' Beverly Hills Cop II `` Cross My Broken Heart '' `` I Want Your Sex '' `` Shakedown '' Beverly Hills Cop III `` Luv 4 Dem Gangsta'z '' `` The Right Kinda Lover '' Other Video game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hills_Cop_(film_series)&oldid=823262000 '' Categories : English - language films Action films by series American action comedy films Beverly Hills Cop Comedy films by series Fictional portrayals of the Detroit Police Department Film series introduced in 1984 Films set in Beverly Hills , California Paramount franchises American film series Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 31 January 2018 , at 05 : 09 . 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how many beverly hills cops movies are there

Beverly Hills Cop is a series of American action comedy films and an unaired television pilot based on characters created by Daniel Petrie , Jr. and Danilo Bach . The films star Eddie Murphy as Axel Foley , a street - smart Detroit cop who travels to Beverly Hills , California to investigate crimes , even though it is out of his jurisdiction . There , he meets Detective Billy Rosewood ( Judge Reinhold ) , Sergeant John Taggart ( John Ashton ) , and Lieutenant Andrew Bogomil ( Ronny Cox ) . Ashton and Cox do not appear in Beverly Hills Cop III . Murphy , Reinhold , and Gil Hill , who plays Axel 's boss , Inspector Todd , are the only actors who appear in all three films . Harold Faltermeyer produced the now famous `` Axel F '' theme song heard throughout the series . The series as a whole have been distributed by Paramount Pictures . The films have made a total of $ 735,534,503 at the worldwide box office .

List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions - wikipedia List of Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles champions Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles Champions Location London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC / LTA Created 1884 ( established ) Open Era : 1968 ( 51 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1884 -- Present ) Prize money £ 2,000,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy Venus Rosewater Dish Website aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html Most titles Amateur era 7 : Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( challenge round ) 8 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 9 : Martina Navratilova Most consecutive titles Amateur era 3 : Lottie Dod Suzanne Lenglen ( challenge round ) 4 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 6 : Martina Navratilova Current champion Angelique Kerber ( 1st singles title ) The Championships , Wimbledon is an annual tennis tournament first contested in 1877 and played on outdoor grass courts at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club ( AELTC ) in the Wimbledon suburb of London , United Kingdom . The Ladies ' Singles was started in 1884 . Contents 1 History 2 Champions 2.1 Amateur Era 2.2 Open Era 3 Statistics 3.1 Multiple champions 3.2 Championships by country 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Wimbledon has historically been played in the last week of June and the first week of July ( though changed to the first two weeks of July in 2017 ) , and has been chronologically the third of the four Grand Slam tournaments of the tennis season since 1987 . The event was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I and again from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . The Ladies ' Singles ' rules have undergone several changes since the first edition . From 1886 until 1921 , the event started with a knockout phase , the All Comers ' Singles , whose winner then faced the defending champion in a challenge round . The All Comers ' winner was automatically awarded the title six times ( 1887 , 1891 , 1895 , 1907 , 1908 ) in the absence of the previous year 's champion . The challenge round system was abolished with the 1922 edition . Since the first championships , all matches have been played at the best - of - three sets . Between 1877 and 1883 , the winner of the next game at five games - all took the set in every match except the All Comers ' final , and the challenge round , which were won with six games and a two games advantage . All sets were decided in two - game advantage format from 1884 to 1970 . The lingering death best - of - 12 points tie - break was introduced in 1971 for the first two sets , played at eight games - all until 1978 and at six games - all since 1979 . The Ladies ' Singles champion receives a sterling silver salver commonly known as the `` Venus Rosewater Dish '' , or simply the `` Rosewater Dish '' . The salver , which is 18.75 inches ( about 48 cm ) in diameter , is decorated with figures from mythology . New singles champions are traditionally elected honorary members of the AELTC by the club 's committee . In 2012 , the Ladies ' Singles winner received prize money of £ 1,150,000 . These records include the Amateur Era only , Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1903 -- 1904 , 1906 , 1910 -- 1911 , 1913 -- 1914 ) holds the record for most titles , with seven , and Lottie Dod ( 1891 -- 1893 ) and Suzanne Lenglen ( 1919 -- 1921 ) holds the record for most consecutive wins in the Ladies ' Singles during the challenge round era , with three victories each . The record for most consecutive and most wins post challenge round during the Amateur Era is Helen Wills Moody ( 1927 -- 1930 ) , with four straight wins , and Moody holds the record for most victories in this era with eight ( 1927 -- 1930 , 1932 -- 1933 , 1935 , 1938 ) . These records only include the Open Era , since the inclusion of the professional tennis players , Martina Navratilova ( 1978 -- 1979 , 1982 -- 1987 , 1990 ) holds the record for most victories with nine . Navratilova holds the record for most consecutive victories with six ( 1982 -- 1987 ) . This event has been won without the loss of a set , during the Open Era of Tennis , by the following players : Billie Jean King in 1968 , 1972 , 1973 and 1975 , Margaret Court in 1970 , Evonne Goolagong Cawley in 1971 and 1980 , Chris Evert in 1974 and 1981 , Martina Navratilova in 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , and 1990 , Steffi Graf in 1992 and 1996 , Jana Novotná in 1998 , Lindsay Davenport in 1999 , Venus Williams in 2000 , 2007 and 2008 , Serena Williams in 2002 , 2009 , 2010 , 2015 and 2016 , Maria Sharapova in 2004 , Petra Kvitová in 2011 and 2014 and Marion Bartoli in 2013 . Champions ( edit ) Regular competition All Comers ' winner , Challenge round winner ‡ Defending champion , Challenge round winner † All Comers ' winner , no Challenge round ◊ Amateur Era ( edit ) Lottie Dod was a five - time champion and is the youngest ever winner of the ladies ' singles championships ( 15 years and 285 days ) . Charlotte Cooper Sterry was a five - time champion and is the oldest ladies ' singles champion ( 37 year and 282 days ) . Dorothea Lambert Chambers was a seven - time champion between 1903 and 1914 . Suzanne Lenglen was a six - time champion . Helen Wills Moody was an eight - time champion between 1927 and 1938 . Maureen Connolly competed in 1952 , 1953 and 1954 and won the title on all three occasions . Althea Gibson won the title in 1957 , the first tennis player of colour to do so , and successfully defended her title in 1958 . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1884 BRI Maud Watson BRI Lillian Watson 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1885 BRI Maud Watson BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 1886 BRI Blanche Bingley ‡ BRI Maud Watson 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1887 BRI Lottie Dod ‡ BRI Blanche Bingley 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1888 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1889 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Lena Rice 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1890 BRI Lena Rice ◊ BRI May Jacks 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1891 BRI Lottie Dod ◊ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1892 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1893 BRI Lottie Dod † BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1894 BRI Blanche Hillyard ◊ BRI Edith Austin 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 1 1895 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Helen Jackson 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1896 BRI Charlotte Cooper † BRI Alice Pickering 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1897 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 1898 BRI Charlotte Cooper ◊ BRI Louisa Martin 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1899 BRI Blanche Hillyard ‡ BRI Charlotte Cooper 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1900 BRI Blanche Hillyard † BRI Charlotte Cooper 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1901 BRI Charlotte Sterry ‡ BRI Blanche Hillyard 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1902 BRI Muriel Robb ‡ BRI Charlotte Sterry 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 1903 BRI Dorothea Douglass ◊ BRI Ethel Larcombe 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1904 BRI Dorothea Douglass † BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1905 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Douglass 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1906 BRI Dorothea Douglass ‡ USA May Sutton 6 -- 3 , 9 -- 7 1907 USA May Sutton ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 1908 BRI Charlotte Sterry ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1909 BRI Dora Boothby ◊ BRI Agnes Morton 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1910 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ‡ BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1911 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Dora Boothby 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 1912 BRI Ethel Larcombe ◊ BRI Charlotte Sterry 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1913 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers ◊ BRI Winifred McNair 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 1914 BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers † BRI Ethel Larcombe 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 1915 No competition ( due to World War I ) 1916 1917 1918 1919 FRA Suzanne Lenglen ‡ BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 10 -- 8 , 4 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 1920 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † BRI Dorothea Lambert Chambers 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 1921 FRA Suzanne Lenglen † USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1922 FRA Suzanne Lenglen USA Molla Mallory 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1923 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Kitty McKane 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1924 GBR Kitty McKane USA Helen Wills 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1925 FRA Suzanne Lenglen GBR Joan Fry 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1926 GBR Kitty Godfree ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1927 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1928 USA Helen Wills ESP Lilí Álvarez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 1929 USA Helen Wills USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 1930 USA Helen Moody USA Elizabeth Ryan 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1931 GER Cilly Aussem GER Hilde Krahwinkel 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1932 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1933 USA Helen Moody GBR Dorothy Round 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 , 6 -- 3 1934 GBR Dorothy Round USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 2 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 1935 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1936 USA Helen Jacobs DEN Hilde Sperling 6 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1937 GBR Dorothy Round POL Jadwiga Jędrzejowska 6 -- 2 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1938 USA Helen Moody USA Helen Jacobs 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 0 1939 USA Alice Marble GBR Kay Stammers 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 0 1940 No competition ( due to World War II ) 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 USA Pauline Betz USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1947 USA Margaret Osborne USA Doris Hart 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1948 USA Louise Brough USA Doris Hart 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 1949 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 10 -- 8 , 1 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 1950 USA Louise Brough USA Margaret duPont 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1951 USA Doris Hart USA Shirley Fry 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 1952 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1953 USA Maureen Connolly USA Doris Hart 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1954 USA Maureen Connolly USA Louise Brough 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 1955 USA Louise Brough USA Beverly Fleitz 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 1956 USA Shirley Fry GBR Angela Buxton 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1957 USA Althea Gibson USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1958 USA Althea Gibson GBR Angela Mortimer 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1959 BRA Maria Bueno USA Darlene Hard 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 3 1960 BRA Maria Bueno RSA Sandra Reynolds 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 1961 GBR Angela Mortimer GBR Christine Truman 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1962 USA Karen Susman TCH Věra Suková 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1963 AUS Margaret Smith USA Billie Jean Moffitt 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1964 BRA Maria Bueno AUS Margaret Smith 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 6 -- 3 1965 AUS Margaret Smith BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1966 USA Billie Jean King BRA Maria Bueno 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 1967 USA Billie Jean King GBR Ann Jones 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 Open Era ( edit ) Billie Jean King is a six - time champion overall and a four - time champion in the open era . Martina Navratilova is a nine - time singles champion , an all - time Grand Slam record in the Open Era for women ( Margaret Court won the Australian 11 times ) . She won six consecutive titles from 1982 to 1987 . Steffi Graf is a seven - time champion over a nine - year period from 1988 to 1996 . Serena Williams is a seven - time champion . Venus Williams is a five - time champion . Year Country Champion Country Runner - up Score in the final 1968 USA Billie Jean King AUS Judy Tegart 9 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 1969 GBR Ann Jones USA Billie Jean King 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1970 AUS Margaret Court USA Billie Jean King 14 -- 12 , 11 -- 9 1971 AUS Evonne Goolagong AUS Margaret Court 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1972 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1973 USA Billie Jean King USA Chris Evert 6 -- 0 , 7 -- 5 USA Chris Evert URS Olga Morozova 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 USA Billie Jean King AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 1 1976 USA Chris Evert AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1977 GBR Virginia Wade NED Betty Stöve 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1978 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 1979 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 1980 AUS Evonne Goolagong Cawley USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 1981 USA Chris Evert Lloyd TCH Hana Mandlíková 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 1982 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Martina Navratilova USA Andrea Jaeger 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 3 1984 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1985 USA Martina Navratilova USA Chris Evert Lloyd 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 1986 USA Martina Navratilova TCH Hana Mandlíková 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 USA Martina Navratilova FRG Steffi Graf 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1988 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1989 FRG Steffi Graf USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 1 1990 USA Martina Navratilova USA Zina Garrison 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 1991 GER Steffi Graf ARG Gabriela Sabatini 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 1992 GER Steffi Graf YUG Monica Seles 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 1993 GER Steffi Graf CZE Jana Novotná 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1994 ESP Conchita Martínez USA Martina Navratilova 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 1995 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 GER Steffi Graf ESP Arantxa Sánchez Vicario 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 1997 SUI Martina Hingis CZE Jana Novotná 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1998 CZE Jana Novotná FRA Nathalie Tauziat 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1999 USA Lindsay Davenport GER Steffi Graf 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 2000 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2001 USA Venus Williams BEL Justine Henin 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2002 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2003 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 RUS Maria Sharapova USA Serena Williams 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2005 USA Venus Williams USA Lindsay Davenport 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 2006 FRA Amélie Mauresmo BEL Justine Henin 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2007 USA Venus Williams FRA Marion Bartoli 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 2008 USA Venus Williams USA Serena Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 2009 USA Serena Williams USA Venus Williams 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 USA Serena Williams RUS Vera Zvonareva 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 2011 CZE Petra Kvitová RUS Maria Sharapova 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2012 USA Serena Williams POL Agnieszka Radwańska 6 -- 1 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 2013 FRA Marion Bartoli GER Sabine Lisicki 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2014 CZE Petra Kvitová CAN Eugenie Bouchard 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2015 USA Serena Williams ESP Garbiñe Muguruza 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2016 USA Serena Williams GER Angelique Kerber 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2017 ESP Garbiñe Muguruza USA Venus Williams 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 0 2018 GER Angelique Kerber USA Serena Williams 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Statistics ( edit ) Multiple champions ( edit ) Title defended in the challenge round Player Amateur Era Open Era All - time Years Martina Navratilova ( USA ) 0 9 9 1978 , 1979 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 Helen Wills Moody ( USA ) 8 0 8 1927 , 1928 , 1929 , 1930 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1938 Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( UK ) 7 0 7 1903 , 1904 , 1906 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 , 1914 Steffi Graf ( GER ) 0 7 7 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 Serena Williams ( USA ) 0 7 7 2002 , 2003 , 2009 , 2010 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 Blanche Bingley ( UK ) 6 0 6 1886 , 1889 , 1894 , 1897 , 1899 , 1900 Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) 6 0 6 1919 , 1920 , 1921 , 1922 , 1923 , 1925 Billie Jean King ( USA ) 6 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 Charlotte Cooper Sterry ( UK ) 5 0 5 1895 , 1896 , 1898 , 1901 , 1908 Lottie Dod ( UK ) 5 0 5 1887 , 1888 , 1891 , 1892 , 1893 Venus Williams ( USA ) 0 5 5 2000 , 2001 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 Louise Brough Clapp ( USA ) 0 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1955 Maureen Connolly ( USA ) 0 1952 , 1953 , 1954 Maria Bueno ( BRA ) 0 1959 , 1960 , 1964 Margaret Court ( AUS ) 1963 , 1965 , 1970 Chris Evert ( USA ) 0 1974 , 1976 , 1981 Althea Gibson ( USA ) 0 1957 , 1958 Dorothy Round ( UK ) 0 1934 , 1937 Kitty McKane Godfree ( UK ) 0 1924 , 1926 May Sutton Bundy ( USA ) 0 1905 , 1907 Maud Watson ( UK ) 0 1884 , 1885 Evonne Goolagong Cawley ( AUS ) 0 1971 , 1980 Petra Kvitová ( CZE ) 0 2011 , 2014 Championships by Country ( edit ) The Ladies ' Singles plate ( right ) with the Gentlemen 's Singles trophy ( left ) . Country Amateur Era Open Era All - time First title Last title United States ( USA ) 28 29 57 1905 2016 United Kingdom ( UK ) 34 36 1884 1977 Germany ( GER ) 8 9 1931 2018 France ( FRA ) 6 8 1919 2013 Australia ( AUS ) 5 1963 1980 Brazil ( BRA ) 0 1959 1964 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 0 1998 2014 Spain ( ESP ) 0 1994 2017 Switzerland ( SUI ) 0 1997 1997 Russia ( RUS ) 0 See also ( edit ) Wimbledon Open other competitions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's singles champions List of Wimbledon gentlemen 's doubles champions List of Wimbledon ladies ' doubles champions List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions Grand Slam women 's singles List of Australian Open women 's singles champions List of French Open women 's singles champions List of US Open women 's singles champions List of Grand Slam women 's singles champions Notes ( edit ) Since 2009 , Centre Court features a retractable roof , allowing indoor and night - time play . Wimbledon entered the Open Era with the 1968 edition , allowing professional players to compete alongside amateurs . John McEnroe is the only player to have been denied membership in 1981 , because of his on - court behaviour during the championships . Each year is linked to an article about that particular year 's draws , but pre-1922 they did not have draws due to the challenge round system . In 1922 till the present they do have draws , but the years of 1925 -- 1939 do not have draw pages with links , so it is linked to the year 's articles instead . `` British Isles '' ( BRI ) is used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ( 1801 -- 1922 ) , distinct from `` Great Britain '' ( GBR ) used for players from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ( 1922 -- present ) . The tournament was not held from 1915 to 1918 because of World War I . The tournament was not held from 1940 to 1945 because of World War II . Czechoslovakia ( TCH , 1918 -- 1992 ) split into the Czech Republic ( CZE , 1992 -- present ) and Slovakia ( SVK , 1992 -- present ) . Martina Navratilova was born in Czechoslovakia , but was stripped of her citizenship in 1975 when she defected to the United States . She became a US citizen in 1981 . FRG is West Germany , but after unification became just Germany ( GER ) after 1990 . References ( edit ) General `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . `` Grand Slam Tournaments - Wimbledon '' ( PDF ) . usta.com . United States Tennis Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Specific Jump up ^ `` FAQ - Grass Courts '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament profile - Wimbledon '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Wimbledon - History : History '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ladies ' Singles Finals '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Barrett , John ( 1986 ) . 100 Wimbledon Championships : A Celebration . Collins Willow . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 218220 - 1 . Jump up ^ Roberts , John ( 1998 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Tennis : Fast , fan friendly - but full of faults '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking with tradition '' . The Age . The Age Company Ltd. 2004 - 01 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - History : The trophies '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` About Wimbledon - Behind the scenes : The All England Lawn Tennis Club '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Prize Money '' ( PDF ) . wimbledon.org . All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Ladies ' Singles Finals 1884 - 2017 '' . wimbledon.com . Wimbledon Championships . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Harman , Neil ( 2009 - 04 - 22 ) . `` No more soaked strawberries - Centre Court , Wimbledon , gets a roof '' . The Times . Times Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Jolly snub for McEnroe ; he 's refused All - England '' . St. Petersburg Times . United Press International . 1981 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ Zenilman , Avi ( 2009 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Back Issues : McEnroe vs. Thatcher '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast Publications . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` History - Rolls of Honour : Country abbreviations '' . wimbledon.org . IBM , All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 11 March 2008 ) . `` ' Ashamed ' Navratilove regains Czech nationality '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 9 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wimbledon Championships . The Championships , Wimbledon official website Tennis portal Wimbledon women 's singles drawsheets Pre Open Era 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 -- 1918 ( WWI ) 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 -- 1945 ( WWII ) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Wimbledon Championships Pre Open Era 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Grand Slam tournament champions Australian Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) French Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) Wimbledon Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) US Open Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Singles finalists ( open era ) All tournaments Men 's singles Women 's singles Men 's doubles Women 's doubles Mixed doubles Boys ' singles Girls ' singles Boys ' doubles Girls ' doubles Grand Slam overall records Pre Open Era Wimbledon ladies ' singles champions ( 1884 ) Maud Watson ( 1885 ) Maud Watson ( 1886 ) Blanche Bingley ( 1887 ) Lottie Dod ( 1888 ) Lottie Dod ( 1889 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1890 ) Lena Rice ( 1891 ) Lottie Dod ( 1892 ) Lottie Dod ( 1893 ) Lottie Dod ( 1894 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1895 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1896 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1897 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1898 ) Charlotte Cooper ( 1899 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1900 ) Blanche Bingley Hillyard ( 1901 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1902 ) Muriel Robb ( 1903 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1904 ) Dorothea Douglass ( 1905 ) May Sutton ( 1906 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1907 ) May Sutton ( 1908 ) Charlotte Sterry ( 1909 ) Dora Boothby ( 1910 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1912 ) Dorethea Lambert Chambers ( 1913 ) Ethel Thomson Larcombe ( 1914 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 ) Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( 1915 - 18 ) No competition ( due to World War I ) ( 1919 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1920 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1921 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1922 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1923 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1924 ) Kathleen McKane ( 1925 ) Suzanne Lenglen ( 1926 ) Kathleen McKane Godfree ( 1927 ) Helen Wills ( 1928 ) Helen Wills ( 1929 ) Helen Wills ( 1930 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1931 ) Cilly Aussem ( 1932 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1933 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1934 ) Dorothy Round ( 1935 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1936 ) Helen Jacobs ( 1937 ) Dorothy Round ( 1938 ) Helen Wills Moody ( 1939 ) Alice Marble ( 1940 -- 45 ) No competition ( due to World War II ) ( 1946 ) Pauline Addie ( 1947 ) Margaret Osborne ( 1948 ) Louise Brough ( 1949 ) Louise Brough ( 1950 ) Louise Brough ( 1951 ) Doris Hart ( 1952 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1953 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1954 ) Maureen Connolly ( 1955 ) Louise Brough ( 1956 ) Shirley Fry ( 1957 ) Althea Gibson ( 1958 ) Althea Gibson ( 1959 ) Maria Bueno ( 1960 ) Maria Bueno ( 1961 ) Angela Mortimer ( 1962 ) Karen Hantze Susman ( 1963 ) Margaret Smith ( 1964 ) Maria Bueno ( 1965 ) Margaret Smith ( 1966 ) Billie Jean King ( 1967 ) Billie Jean King Wimbledon ( Open era ) ladies ' singles champions ( 1968 ) Billie Jean King ( 1969 ) Ann Haydon - Jones ( 1970 ) Margaret Court ( 1971 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1972 ) Billie Jean King ( 1973 ) Billie Jean King ( 1974 ) Chris Evert ( 1975 ) Billie Jean King ( 1976 ) Chris Evert ( 1977 ) Virginia Wade ( 1978 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1979 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1980 ) Evonne Goolagong ( 1981 ) Chris Evert ( 1982 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1983 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1984 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1985 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1986 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1987 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1988 ) Steffi Graf ( 1989 ) Steffi Graf ( 1990 ) Martina Navratilova ( 1991 ) Steffi Graf ( 1992 ) Steffi Graf ( 1993 ) Steffi Graf ( 1994 ) Conchita Martínez ( 1995 ) Steffi Graf ( 1996 ) Steffi Graf ( 1997 ) Martina Hingis ( 1998 ) Jana Novotná ( 1999 ) Lindsay Davenport ( 2000 ) Venus Williams ( 2001 ) Venus Williams ( 2002 ) Serena Williams ( 2003 ) Serena Williams ( 2004 ) Maria Sharapova ( 2005 ) Venus Williams ( 2006 ) Amélie Mauresmo ( 2007 ) Venus Williams ( 2008 ) Venus Williams ( 2009 ) Serena Williams ( 2010 ) Serena Williams ( 2011 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2012 ) Serena Williams ( 2013 ) Marion Bartoli ( 2014 ) Petra Kvitová ( 2015 ) Serena Williams ( 2016 ) Serena Williams ( 2017 ) Garbiñe Muguruza ( 2018 ) Angelique Kerber Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Wimbledon_ladies%27_singles_champions&oldid=850241275 '' Categories : Lists of Wimbledon champions Women 's tennis in the United Kingdom Lists of female tennis players Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Lietuvių Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 17 : 30 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who holds the most women's wimbledon titles

Wimbledon Ladies ' Singles Champions Location London United Kingdom Venue AELTC Governing body AELTC / LTA Created 1884 ( established ) Open Era : 1968 ( 51 editions ) Surface Grass ( 1884 -- Present ) Prize money £ 2,000,000 ( 2016 ) Trophy Venus Rosewater Dish Website aeltc2010.wimbledon.org/en_GB/about/history/rolls/ladiesroll.html Most titles Amateur era 7 : Dorothea Lambert Chambers ( challenge round ) 8 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 9 : Martina Navratilova Most consecutive titles Amateur era 3 : Lottie Dod Suzanne Lenglen ( challenge round ) 4 : Helen Wills Moody ( regular ) Open era 6 : Martina Navratilova Current champion Angelique Kerber ( 1st singles title )

Jinx ( Children 's game ) - wikipedia Jinx ( Children 's game ) Jump to : navigation , search Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rules 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Rules ( edit ) A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time . One of them then calls `` jinx '' on the other . The game ends when someone speaks the jinxee 's name or the jinxee speaks . In the latter case , the jinxee loses the game , and often a penalty is exacted , typically a punch on the arm . An alternative penalty is the individual who initiates the jinx begins counting , and the individual who was jinxed is required to provide a coke for every additional number added to the count , prior to the jinx ending . In America , if there are two people that say something at the same time , then one person can say `` Jinx , you owe me a coke '' The person who says it first gets a free coke from the other person . Some variations include ' boundaries ' , such as no jinxing under a roof or on top of a cloud . See also ( edit ) Games portal Punch buggy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2010 ) . The Lore of the Playground : One Hundred Years of Children 's Games , Rhymes & Traditions . Random House UK . p. 379 . ISBN 1905211511 . Jump up ^ Oremland , Jerome D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Jinx game : A ritualized expression of separation - individuation '' . The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child . 28 : 419 -- 431 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rapoport , Judith ( 1989 ) . Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents . Amer Psychiatric Pub Incorporated . p. 292 . ISBN 0880482826 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Henrietta L. ; Goldberger , Erica A. ; Rapoport , Judith L. ; Cheslow , Deborah L. ; Swedo , Susan E. ( 1990 ) . `` Childhood Rituals : Normal Development or Obsessive - Compulsive Symptoms ? '' . Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry . 29 ( 1 ) : 18 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004583 - 199001000 - 00004 . External links ( edit ) Barrett , Grant ( April 16 , 2008 ) . `` Jinx and padiddle '' . The Star . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . McSpaden , Cheri ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Even Johnny Depp got jinxed '' . The Holland Sentinel . Retrieved July 12 , 2013 . December 17 , 2006 comic strip from Big Nate in which the characters play a game of Jinx Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jinx_(children%27s_game)&oldid=812299843 '' Categories : Children 's games Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 27 November 2017 , at 04 : 02 . About Wikipedia

where does jinx you owe me a coke come from

Jinx is a children 's game with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously .

Hickey ( surname ) - wikipedia Hickey ( surname ) Jump to : navigation , search Hickey is a common surname of Irish origin . The original form is Ó hÍceadha , which is still used in Ireland . Notable people with the surname include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Arts and entertainment 2 Sport 3 Politics and law 4 History and current affairs 5 Religion 6 Science and academia 7 Fictional characters 8 See also Arts and entertainment ( edit ) Cheryl Hickey , born 1976 , entertainment reporter for the Global Television Network Dale Hickey born 1937 , Australian artist Dave Hickey , American art critic , author of Air Guitar : Essays on Art & Democracy ( 1998 ) Eddie Hickey , US sportsman Emily Henrietta Hickey , Irish author and translator Ersel Hickey , rockabilly singer James Harden - Hickey , 19th - century American writer Kenny Hickey , US musician Michael Hickey , US screenwriter Rich Hickey , Creator of the Clojure programming language Tom Hickey , Irish actor , famous for his role in The Riordans Thomas Hickey , 1741 -- 1842 , Irish painter William Hickey ( actor ) William Hickey ( memoirist ) May Wynn , actress , born Donna Lee Hickey before taking the stage name `` May Wynn , '' after playing a character by that name in The Caine Mutiny Sport ( edit ) Ambrose Hickey ( 1945 -- 2016 ) , Irish Gaelic footballer Anthony Hickey , born 1992 , American basketball player Charlie Hickey , American college baseball coach Colin Hickey , Australian speed skater Denis Hickie , Irish international Rugby Union Jack Hickey ( rugby ) , Australian Dual internationalist Rugby Union , Rugby league Jarrad Hickey , born 1985 , Australian Rugby League player Jim Hickey ( American football ) Jim Hickey ( baseball coach ) Miriam Hickey , US Soccer player Noah Hickey , New Zealand football player Noel Hickey , Irish sportsman Pat Hickey , born 1953 , Canadian Ice Hockey player Pat Hickey ( sports administrator ) , born 1945 , Irish sports administrator Red Hickey , 1917 -- 2006 , athlete , played American Football Reg Hickey , player and coach for Geelong in Australian rules football Thomas Hickey , professional ice hockey player , L.A. Kings Politics and law ( edit ) Bonnie Hickey , Canadian politician Eileen Hickey ( New York ) ( 1945 -- 1999 ) , New York politician Eileen M. Hickey ( 1886 -- 1960 ) , Northern Irish politician James Hickey ( Irish politician ) Jimmy Hickey Jr. , American politician John J. Hickey , American politician Maggie Hickey , Australian politician Theodore M. Hickey , American politician Vivian Hickey ( 1916 - 2016 ) , American politician and educator William J. Hickey , New York politician and judge History and current affairs ( edit ) Colonel James Hickey ( soldier ) , in charge of the US Special forces team which captured Saddam Hussein Elizabeth Hickey historian and writer Jim Hickey ( weather presenter ) Thomas Hickey ( soldier ) , executed for mutiny during the American Revolutionary War Religion ( edit ) Antony Hickey , born 1586 , Irish Franciscan theologian David Francis Hickey ( 1882 -- 1973 ) , American - born Catholic bishop in Belize Rev. William Hickey ( 1787 - 1875 ) , Irish priest , writer and philanthropist Science and academia ( edit ) Joseph Hickey ( 1907 - 1993 ) , American ornithologist Raymond Hickey , Irish linguist Fictional characters ( edit ) Earl Hickey , fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl Randy Hickey , fictional character in the NBC show My Name Is Earl See also ( edit ) Hickey ( disambiguation ) Ó hÍceadha Irish medical families This page lists people with the surname Hickey . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hickey_(surname)&oldid=813665472 '' Categories : Surnames Anglicised Irish - language surnames Hidden categories : All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 16 : 46 . About Wikipedia

where does the last name hickey come from

Hickey is a common surname of Irish origin . The original form is Ó hÍceadha , which is still used in Ireland . Notable people with the surname include :

Transient lingual papillitis - wikipedia Transient lingual papillitis Jump to : navigation , search This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( January 2014 ) Transient lingual papillitis ( also termed fungiform papillary glossitis , eruptive lingual papillitis , or colloquially , lie bumps ) , are painful , hypertrophic , red and white papillae on the tongue . Cause ( edit ) The name `` lie bumps '' is a result of a myth that telling lies would cause them . However , very little has been written about this condition in scientific articles or textbooks and scientific studies have failed to produce a definite cause . Possible causes include : `` stress , gastrointestinal upset , menstruation , acidic or sour food , smoking , and local trauma '' ( direct physical irritation ) of the tongue . Lie bumps are often caused by the taste bud ( s ) splitting . These bumps are small , white bumps on the base of the tongue . They are likely to be the result of transient lingual papillitis ( TLP ) . This condition is limited to the upper ( dorsal ) surface of the tongue , affecting some of the tiny bumps on the tongue known as the fungiform papillae , what we commonly call the `` taste buds . '' TLP is a harmless problem . These bumps can become notably red or white and are quite tender for up to several days . While the cause of TLP is not known with certainty , most experts feel that local accidental trauma ( rubbing , scraping or biting ) is a major factor ; however , contact reactions to things like certain foods have also been suggested . Lie bumps are not contagious and the discomfort is relatively minor . Typically these lesions heal within a few days with no treatment , though a doctor may refer a patient to an oral pathologist in prolonged cases . Treatments ( edit ) There are no specific treatments for this problem , other than using ice or numbing medicines to ease the pain . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marks , R. ; Scarff , C.E. ; Yap , L.M. ; Verlinden , V. ; Jolley , D. ; Campbell , J. ( October 2005 ) . `` Fungiform papillary glossitis : atopic disease in the mouth ? '' . British Journal of Dermatology . British Association of Dermatologists. 153 ( 100,000,000,000 ) : 740 -- 745 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2005. 06577. x . PMID 16181454 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Roux , O. ; Lacour , J.P. ; Paediatricians of the Region Var - Cote D'Azur ( February 2004 ) . `` Eruptive lingual papillitis with household transmission : a prospective clinical study '' . British Journal of Dermatology . British Association of Dermatologists. 150 ( 2 ) : 299 -- 303 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2133.2004. 05703. x . PMID 14996101 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30 . Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06 , K11 -- K14 , 520 -- 525 , 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand , foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical , mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints , chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transient_lingual_papillitis&oldid=842620026 '' Categories : Tongue Conditions of the mucous membranes Oral mucosal pathology Tongue disorders Hidden categories : Articles with weasel words from January 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 May 2018 , at 15 : 58 . 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where do lie bumps come from on your tongue

The name `` lie bumps '' is a result of a myth that telling lies would cause them . However , very little has been written about this condition in scientific articles or textbooks and scientific studies have failed to produce a definite cause . Possible causes include : `` stress , gastrointestinal upset , menstruation , acidic or sour food , smoking , and local trauma '' ( direct physical irritation ) of the tongue . Lie bumps are often caused by the taste bud ( s ) splitting .

WWE Greatest Royal Rumble - Wikipedia WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Jump to : navigation , search Greatest Royal Rumble Promotional poster featuring various WWE wrestlers Theme song ( s ) `` When Legends Rise '' by Godsmack Information Promotion WWE Brand ( s ) Raw SmackDown Sponsor ( s ) Saudi General Sports Authority Date April 27 , 2018 Attendance 60,000 Venue King Abdullah International Stadium City Jeddah , Saudi Arabia WWE Network event chronology WrestleMania 34 Greatest Royal Rumble Backlash ( 2018 ) Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . The event was held on April 27 , 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time . It aired live in the United States at noon EDT , with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT . At the event , all men 's main roster championships were defended , in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match . The card featured ten matches . In the main event , Braun Strowman won the titular Greatest Royal Rumble match to become the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion . In the penultimate match , Brock Lesnar retained the Universal Championship in a steel cage match against Roman Reigns . On the undercard , the WWE Championship match between AJ Styles and Shinsuke Nakamura resulted in a double countout , The Undertaker defeated Rusev in a casket match , and John Cena defeated Triple H in the opening match . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Background 1.2 Storylines 2 Event 2.1 Preliminary matches 2.2 Main event 3 Controversy 4 Results 4.1 Tag Team Eliminator bracket 4.2 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations 5 WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 5.1 History 5.2 Championship belt design 5.3 Reigns 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Since 1988 , the Royal Rumble has been an annual event held by WWE and is typically shown on pay - per - view . The event is highlighted by the Royal Rumble match , a battle royal whose participants enter at timed intervals . The Greatest Royal Rumble included the largest version of the match to date , having a total of 50 participants . On March 5 , 2018 , WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble , a live event to be held on April 27 , 2018 , at King Abdullah International Stadium , part of the King Abdullah Sports City , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event is a part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030 , Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program . On March 19 , 2018 , WWE scheduled seven championship matches for the event : the WWE Championship , Universal Championship , United States Championship , Intercontinental Championship , SmackDown Tag Team Championship , Raw Tag Team Championship and Cruiserweight Championship were to be defended at the event . As revealed on March 22 , 2018 , the event was streamed live on the WWE Network . It also aired on traditional pay - per - view in the United States and internationally . The event was also the first WWE pay - per - view to feature Arabic commentary . In the weeks leading up to the event , the WWE held tryouts in Saudi Arabia . From these tryouts , eight were selected to receive training by WWE , which would include an opportunity to earn a spot at the Greatest Royal Rumble event itself . Storylines ( edit ) The card comprised ten matches that resulted from scripted storylines and had results predetermined by WWE on the Raw and SmackDown brands . Storylines were produced on WWE 's weekly television shows , Monday Night Raw , SmackDown Live , and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live . On April 9 , Brock Lesnar , who had renewed his WWE contract , was scheduled to defend the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match as a rematch from WrestleMania 34 . On Raw following WrestleMania , Reigns expressed frustration about not being told about his future matches and opponents , singling out the steel cage match with Lesnar . Reigns alleged that there was a conspiracy against him . Samoa Joe , who had been out with an injury since January , came out and warned Reigns that Lesnar would beat him again . On March 26 , WWE scheduled a ladder match between then - champion The Miz , Seth Rollins , Finn Bálor , and Samoa Joe for the Intercontinental Championship . At WrestleMania 34 , The Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Rollins , thus making Rollins the defending champion . Both Miz and Joe were traded to SmackDown while Rollins and Bálor remained on Raw . On March 26 , Cesaro and Sheamus were scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Hardy Boyz ( Jeff and Matt Hardy ) . At WrestleMania 34 , however , Cesaro and Sheamus lost the titles to Braun Strowman and 10 - year - old Nicholas . The following night on Raw , Strowman and Nicholas relinquished the titles due to Nicholas being a fourth grader . Cesaro and Sheamus demanded their titles back , but Raw General Manager Kurt Angle instead scheduled them to face the winner of the four - team Tag Team Eliminator tournament for the vacant titles at the Greatest Royal Rumble . `` Woken '' Matt Hardy and Bray Wyatt won the tournament by defeating Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) and The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) . Cesaro and Sheamus were then traded to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake - up . At WrestleMania 34 , The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) and The New Day 's Big E and Kofi Kingston in a triple threat tag team match to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship . On the following SmackDown , The Usos defeated The New Day to earn a title match at Greatest Royal Rumble . A match between John Cena and Triple H was scheduled on March 26 . The Undertaker , was originally scheduled to face Rusev in a casket match , the first match of its kind in three years . Due to reasons not entirely clear , Rusev was temporarily replaced by Chris Jericho -- this was explained with Rusev 's wife Lana complaining about her husband competing in a casket match -- but eventually reinserted back into the match . Jericho was restored to his original participation in the Greatest Royal Rumble match . At WrestleMania 34 , Jinder Mahal defeated Randy Orton , Bobby Roode , and Rusev in a fatal - four way match to win the United States Championship . Mahal was then traded to Raw and lost the championship to Jeff Hardy and Mahal invoked his rematch clause for the Greatest Royal Rumble . Hardy was then traded to SmackDown the following night . At WrestleMania 34 , AJ Styles successfully defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura . After the match , showed his respect to Styles but then attacked him with a low blow and a Kinshasa , turning heel . On April 17 , after repeated attacks on Styles by Nakamura , a rematch between the two was scheduled for the Greatest Royal Rumble . On the WrestleMania 34 pre-show , Cedric Alexander defeated Mustafa Ali in the WWE Cruiserweight Championship tournament final to win the vacant title . Two nights later on 205 Live , Buddy Murphy attacked the new champion during his celebration . Murphy was then scheduled to face Alexander for the title at the Greatest Royal Rumble , but he failed his mandatory weigh - in when he weighed 207 pounds , 2 pounds over the 205 pound weight limit . He was then removed from the match and banned from competing on 205 Live until he met the weight requirement . The following week , Kalisto earned a Cruiserweight Championship match at the Greatest Royal Rumble by winning a gauntlet match . Event ( edit ) Preliminary matches ( edit ) Other on - screen personnel Role : Name : English commentators Michael Cole Corey Graves Byron Saxton Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Marcelo Rodríguez Arabic commentators Faisal Almughaisib Sultan Alharbi Jude Aldajani Ring announcer Greg Hamilton Referees Danilo Anfibio Jason Ayers John Cone Dan Engler Darrick Moore Chad Patton Ryan Tran Interviewer Mike Rome Pre-show panel Byron Saxton Jerry Lawler Jim Ross Booker T The actual pay - per - view opened with John Cena facing Triple H. During the match , after trading finishers , and reversing each other 's finishers , Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Triple H , a springboard into the corner turnbuckle , followed and another Attitude Adjustment to pick up the victory . Following the match Cena thanked the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for their hospitality , and expressed excitement over the event . In the following match , Cedric Alexander defended the Cruiserweight Championship against Kalisto . The match ended when Alexander countered a Salida Del Sol attempt into a Lumbar Check to retain the title . Next , the vacant Raw Tag Team Championship was contested between the team of Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy and the former champions , Cesaro and Sheamus . In the end , Hardy distracted Sheamus , allowing Wyatt to perform a Sister Abigail on him . Hardy and Wyatt then performed a wheelbarrow Twist of Fate on Sheamus to win the title . Jeff Hardy then defended the United States Championship against Jinder Mahal . In the end , Hardy performed a Swanton Bomb on Mahal to retain the title . After that , The Bludgeons Brothers defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos. Harper and Rowan retained their titles after performing a Double Crucifix Powerbomb on Jimmy Uso . Next , Seth Rollins defended the Intercontinental Championship against Finn Balor , Samoa Joe and The Miz in a Ladder match . Near the end of the match , Finn Balor climbed the ladder to unhook the championship , only for Rollins to leap from the top rope onto the ladder and managed to retrieve the title belt before Balor , thus retaining his championship . Later , AJ Styles defended the WWE Championship against Shinsuke Nakamura . During the match , Nakamura resorted to various illegal tactics , such as a Low Blow , increasingly frustrating Styles . In the end , both Nakamura and Styles brawled outside of the ring only for the match to end in a double countout . Post-match Styles performed a Phenomenal Forearm over the top rope on Nakamura . After that , The Undertaker fought Rusev ( who was accompanied by Aiden English ) in a Casket match . At the end of the match , Undertaker performed a Chokeslam on Rusev and rolled him into the casket . Before he could close the lid , English attacked the Undertaker , who retailiated with another Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver before putting English into the casket alongside Rusev and closing it for the victory . In the penultimate match , Brock Lesnar ( accompanied by Paul Heyman ) defended the Universal Championship against Roman Reigns in a steel cage match . Lesnar delivered multiple German Suplexes during the match , and both men kicked out of each other 's finishing moves . At one point in the match , Reigns tried to escape the cage through the door only for Heyman to slam the door on Reigns . The match ended after Reigns put Lesnar through the cage wall with a Spear , sending it onto the floor . Despite Reigns touching the floor with both feet first , the referee awarded the win to Lesnar , thereby retaining the Universal Championship . Main event ( edit ) Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler began the 50 - man Royal Rumble match as the first two entrants . Bryan survived until the final 3 , beating out Rey Mysterio for the longest time spent in a single Royal Rumble match of all time at an hour and sixteen minutes . At the end of the match , Big Cass eliminated Bryan only for Cass to then attempt a Big Boot on Braun Strowman , who ducked and knocked Cass over the top rope to win the match . Strowman also achieved the most eliminations of a single Royal Rumble match at 13 , beating out a record previously held by Roman Reigns with 12 . Post-match , Strowman received a trophy and the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship . Controversy ( edit ) See also : Women in WWE WWE had been criticized for holding the event without female wrestlers , who were unable to perform at the event due to the limited rights women have in Saudi Arabia . Triple H , WWE 's Executive Vice President of Talent , Live Events and Creative , responded to the criticism : `` I understand that people are questioning it , but you have to understand that every culture is different and just because you do n't agree with a certain aspect of it , it does n't mean it 's not a relevant culture ... You ca n't dictate to a country or a religion about how they handle things but , having said that , WWE is at the forefront of a women 's evolution in the world and what you ca n't do is effect change anywhere by staying away from it ... While women are not competing in the event , we have had discussions about that and hope that , in the next few years they will be '' . Women were in attendance for the event , though only if accompanied by a male guardian . This was a major change from previous events , which were only open to men . Associated Press noted that this is due to `` a series of social changes '' by the Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman . During the event , WWE aired a promotional video , which included WWE female wrestlers . The Saudi General Sports Authority issued an apology for `` indecent material '' that aired at the event . In addition to the women , wrestler Sami Zayn did not participate in the event as Zayn is of Syrian descent , and Saudi Arabia has strained relations with Syria . Another subject of criticism was the situation of LGBT rights in Saudi Arabia , as in Saudi Arabia homosexual intercourse is illegal and can be punished by death . Results ( edit ) No . Results Stipulations Times John Cena defeated Triple H Singles match 15 : 45 Cedric Alexander ( c ) defeated Kalisto Singles match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship 10 : 15 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy defeated Cesaro and Sheamus Tag team match for the vacant WWE Raw Tag Team Championship 8 : 50 Jeff Hardy ( c ) defeated Jinder Mahal ( with Sunil Singh ) Singles match for the WWE United States Championship 6 : 10 5 The Bludgeon Brothers ( Harper and Rowan ) ( c ) defeated The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship 5 : 05 6 Seth Rollins ( c ) defeated Finn Bálor , Samoa Joe , and The Miz Ladder match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship 15 : 05 7 AJ Styles ( c ) vs. Shinsuke Nakamura ended in a double countout Singles match for the WWE Championship 14 : 25 8 The Undertaker defeated Rusev ( with Aiden English ) Casket match 9 : 40 9 Brock Lesnar ( c ) ( with Paul Heyman ) defeated Roman Reigns by escaping the cage Steel cage match for the WWE Universal Championship 9 : 15 10 Braun Strowman won by last eliminating Big Cass 50 - man Royal Rumble match for the WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship 1 : 17 : 20 ( c ) -- refers to the champion ( s ) heading into the match Tag Team Eliminator bracket ( edit ) First Round Raw ( 4 / 9 ) Finals Raw ( 4 / 16 ) Championship Match Greatest Royal Rumble ( 4 / 27 ) The Revival ( Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson ) Pin Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows 3 : 35 Cesaro and Sheamus 8 : 50 The Revival 5 : 25 Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Bray Wyatt and Matt Hardy Pin Titus Worldwide ( Apollo Crews and Titus O'Neil ) 5 : 07 Greatest Royal Rumble match entrances and eliminations ( edit ) -- Raw -- SmackDown -- NXT -- Free agent -- Winner Draw Entrant Brand Order Eliminated by Time Elimination ( s ) Daniel Bryan SmackDown 48 Big Cass 1 : 16 : 05 Dolph Ziggler Raw 12 Kurt Angle 0 : 21 : 44 Sin Cara SmackDown Dolph Ziggler 0 : 01 : 18 0 Curtis Axel Raw Mark Henry 0 : 02 : 00 0 5 Mark Henry Free agent 5 Daniel Bryan and Dolph Ziggler 0 : 03 : 27 6 Mike Kanellis Raw Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 03 0 7 Hiroki Sumi Free agent Mark Henry 0 : 00 : 46 0 8 Viktor Raw 6 Daniel Bryan 0 : 00 : 51 0 9 Kofi Kingston SmackDown 14 Elias 0 : 16 : 34 10 Tony Nese Raw 9 Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods 0 : 07 : 13 11 Dash Wilder Raw 7 Daniel Bryan and Hornswoggle 0 : 01 : 26 0 12 Hornswoggle Free agent 8 Tony Nese 0 : 01 : 00 13 Primo Colón SmackDown 11 Kurt Angle 0 : 05 : 10 0 14 Xavier Woods SmackDown 15 Elias 0 : 09 : 56 15 Bo Dallas Raw 10 Kurt Angle 0 : 01 : 34 0 16 Kurt Angle Raw 16 Elias 0 : 07 : 59 17 Scott Dawson Raw 19 Bobby Roode 0 : 11 : 44 0 18 Goldust Raw 18 Bobby Roode 0 : 10 : 04 0 19 Konnor Raw 13 Elias 0 : 02 : 25 0 20 Elias Raw 41 Bobby Lashley 0 : 34 : 04 5 21 Luke Gallows SmackDown 20 Rey Mysterio 0 : 09 : 16 0 22 Rhyno Raw 25 Roderick Strong 0 : 16 : 22 0 23 Drew Gulak Raw 17 Tucker Knight 0 : 01 : 47 0 24 Tucker Knight NXT 23 Big E 0 : 10 : 08 25 Bobby Roode Raw 29 Baron Corbin 0 : 17 : 44 26 Fandango Raw 21 Mojo Rawley 0 : 03 : 42 0 27 Chad Gable Raw 24 Apollo Crews 0 : 08 : 17 0 28 Rey Mysterio Free agent 37 Baron Corbin 0 : 20 : 25 29 Mojo Rawley Raw 27 Randy Orton 0 : 08 : 52 30 Tyler Breeze Raw 22 Mojo Rawley 0 : 00 : 16 0 31 Big E SmackDown 33 Braun Strowman 0 : 13 : 59 32 Karl Anderson SmackDown 26 Randy Orton 0 : 04 : 25 0 33 Apollo Crews Raw 28 Randy Orton 0 : 03 : 26 34 Roderick Strong NXT 30 Baron Corbin 0 : 06 : 00 35 Randy Orton SmackDown 39 Elias 0 : 10 : 58 36 Heath Slater Raw 34 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 38 0 37 Babatunde NXT 31 Braun Strowman 0 : 05 : 53 0 38 Baron Corbin Raw 38 Randy Orton 0 : 07 : 08 39 Titus O'Neil Raw 35 Braun Strowman 0 : 04 : 42 0 40 Dan Matha NXT 32 Braun Strowman 0 : 02 : 01 0 41 Braun Strowman Raw 50 ! -- Winner 0 : 22 : 14 ! 0 : 22 : 14 13 42 Tye Dillinger SmackDown 36 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 29 0 43 Curt Hawkins Raw 40 Braun Strowman 0 : 00 : 20 0 44 Bobby Lashley Raw 45 Braun Strowman 0 : 14 : 38 45 The Great Khali Free agent 42 Braun Strowman and Bobby Lashley 0 : 00 : 31 0 46 Kevin Owens Raw 47 Braun Strowman 0 : 10 : 43 0 47 Shane McMahon SmackDown 44 Braun Strowman 0 : 08 : 07 0 48 Shelton Benjamin SmackDown 43 Chris Jericho 0 : 04 : 23 0 49 Big Cass SmackDown 49 Braun Strowman 0 : 07 : 23 50 Chris Jericho SmackDown 46 Braun Strowman 0 : 03 : 18 By eliminating 13 men , Braun Strowman broke the record of 12 , set by Roman Reigns at the 2014 Royal Rumble . Daniel Bryan broke the longevity record for lasting 1 : 16 : 05 , previous record held by Rey Mysterio ( lasting 1 : 02 : 12 ) at the 2006 Royal Rumble . WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship ( edit ) WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt with default side plates Details Promotion WWE Date established April 27 , 2018 Current champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Date won April 27 , 2018 Other name ( s ) Belt Kingdom Championship ( show ) Statistics First champion ( s ) Braun Strowman Longest reign Braun Strowman ( 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + days ) Heaviest champion Braun Strowman ( 385 lbs ) The WWE Greatest Royal Rumble Championship , also known as the Belt Kingdom Championship ( Arabic : حزام بطولة المملكة ) , is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by American professional wrestling promotion WWE and sanctioned by the Saudi General Sports Authority . The current and inaugural champion is Braun Strowman , who was awarded the championship for winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match at the namesake event . History ( edit ) On March 5 , 2018 , WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority advertised the Greatest Royal Rumble , a live event to be held on April 27 , 2018 , at King Abdullah International Stadium , part of the King Abdullah Sports City , in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event was part of a 10 - year strategic multi-platform partnership between WWE and the Saudi General Sports Authority in support of Saudi Vision 2030 , Saudi Arabia 's social and economic reform program . The Greatest Royal Rumble Championship was unveiled by WWE on April 27 , 2018 during the Greatest Royal Rumble event . The championship was announced on the official website of the Saudi General Sports Authority as the Belt Kingdom Championship . Braun Strowman , the 41st entrant of the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match , became the inaugural Greatest Royal Rumble Champion by lastly eliminating Big Cass . Championship belt design ( edit ) As with some other championship belts unveiled in 2016 , the base design is similar to the WWE Championship , with notable differences . Instead of a large cut out of the WWE logo , the center plate is modeled with Arabic pattern with the WWE logo in the center . Like the WWE Championship belt and other belts introduced in 2016 and 2017 , the Greatest Royal Rumble Championship belt features two side plates , both separated by gold divider bars , with removable round sections that can be replaced with the current champion 's logo ; the default plates feature the official logo of Saudi General Sports Authority which is identical to the national emblem of Saudi Arabia . The plates are on a green leather strap resembling the color of the national flag of Saudi Arabia . Reigns ( edit ) As of May 28 , 2018 , there has been one reign , which is the inaugural and current champion , Braun Strowman . No . Champion Reign Date Days held Location Event Notes Ref . Strowman , Braun Braun Strowman April 27 , 2018 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 + Jeddah , Saudi Arabia Greatest Royal Rumble Became the inaugural champion by winning the 50 - man Greatest Royal Rumble match References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Let 's rumble like never before . `` When Legends Rise '' by @ godsmack is an # OfficialThemeSong for the Greatest Royal Rumble event . # WWEGRR `` . WWE on Twitter . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First - ever WWE Greatest Royal Rumble wows 60,000 in Jeddah '' . Arab News . April 27 , 2018 . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : WWE.com staff ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE Greatest Royal Rumble to be shown live on Sky Sports Box Office '' . Sky Sports . March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ WWE.com staff ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Greatest Royal Rumble to stream on WWE Network Friday , April 27 , at 12 p.m. ET / 9 a.m. PT '' . WWE . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Johnson ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` WWE NETWORK TO BROADCAST GREATEST ROYAL RUMBLE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia to host the Greatest Royal Rumble '' . Saudigazette. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WWE Network confirms Greatest Royal Rumble start time , Kickoff '' . WWE . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Seven title bouts , 50 - Man Greatest Royal Rumble Match announced for Greatest Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Specialty Matches : Royal Rumble '' . WWE . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( 2005 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Statistical survival -- breaking down the Royal Rumble '' . SLAM ! Wrestling . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Silverstein ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWE news , rumors : ' Greatest Royal Rumble , ' NXT injury , Jericho - NJPW done ? '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jefferson Lake ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` WWE : Saudi Arabia to host 50 - man Royal Rumble '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Transformation Program 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Pay Per View on Verizon Fios '' . Verizon Fios . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : WWE Network Offering Arabic Commentary For Greatest Royal Rumble Event '' . 27 April 2018 . Retrieved 27 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eight athletes selected to receive additional training in Saudi Arabia '' . WWE . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How Pro Wrestling Works '' . HowStuffWorks . 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where is the greatest royal rumble taking place

Greatest Royal Rumble was a professional wrestling pay - per - view event and WWE Network event promoted by WWE for their Raw and SmackDown brands . The event was held on April 27 , 2018 at the King Abdullah Sports City 's King Abdullah International Stadium in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia . The event was scheduled for 7 : 00 p.m. local time . It aired live in the United States at noon EDT , with a pre-show starting at 11 a.m. EDT . At the event , all men 's main roster championships were defended , in addition to a 50 - man Royal Rumble match .

Bugsy Malone - wikipedia Bugsy Malone Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Bugzy Malone . This media article uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bugsy Malone Theatrical release poster by Charles Moll Directed by Alan Parker Produced by Alan Marshall Written by Alan Parker Starring Scott Baio Jodie Foster Florrie Dugger John Cassisi Martin Lev Music by Paul Williams Cinematography Peter Biziou Michael Seresin Edited by Gerry Hambling Production companies Goodtimes Enterprises RSO Records Distributed by Fox - Rank Distributors ( United Kingdom ) Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Release date 26 June 1976 ( 1976 - 06 - 26 ) Running time 93 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Italian Budget £ 575,000 - £ 1 million Box office $2.8 million Bugsy Malone is a 1976 American - British musical gangster comedy film , directed by Alan Parker and featuring only child actors . Set in New York City , the film is loosely based on events in New York and Chicago from the early 1920s to 1931 during Prohibition , specifically the exploits of real - life gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran , as dramatized in cinema . Parker lightened the subject matter considerably for the children 's market ; in the U.S. the film received a G rating . The film was Parker 's feature - length directorial debut , introduced actor Scott Baio , and featured a 13 - year old Jodie Foster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Music 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Accolades 6 Home media 7 Soundtrack 8 Legacy 9 Stage adaptation 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A mobster named Roxy Robinson is `` splurged '' by members of a gang , using rapid - fire cream - shooting `` splurge guns '' . Once splurged , a kid is `` all washed up ... finished '' . Speakeasy boss Fat Sam introduces himself and Bugsy Malone , a boxing promoter with no money ( `` Bugsy Malone '' ) . At Fat Sam 's speakeasy , there is much dancing and singing ( `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' ) . Fat Sam is worried that his rival Dandy Dan will try to take control of the speakeasy . Blousey Brown , an aspiring singer , has come for an audition , but Sam is too distracted to see her . Bugsy meets Blousey when he trips over her luggage . He is smitten and flirts with her . Fat Sam 's is raided by Dandy Dan 's men , who shoot up the place . Dandy Dan 's men continue to attack Fat Sam 's empire , eventually taking away rackets and splurging members of Fat Sam 's gang . Fat Sam sends all his available men to see if they can track down the guns . They are trapped at a laundry and all are splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang . Bugsy returns to Fat Sam 's to arrange a new audition for Blousey . Fat Sam 's girlfriend , the chanteuse Tallulah , makes a pass at him . Although Bugsy rejects her flirtation , Tallulah plants a big kiss on Bugsy 's forehead when Blousey enters ; Blousey is jealous . Fat Sam hires Blousey after her audition , but she refuses to speak to Bugsy ( `` I 'm Feelin ' Fine '' ) . Fat Sam hires Bugsy to accompany him to a meeting with Dandy Dan . The meeting is a trap , but Bugsy helps Fat Sam escape . Gratefully , Fat Sam pays him $200 . Bugsy and Blousey reconcile and have a romantic outing on a lake ; Bugsy promises to take her to Hollywood . When he returns Sam 's car to the garage , he is attacked and his money is stolen . Bugsy is saved by Leroy Smith , who assaults the attackers and drives them away . Bugsy realizes that Leroy has the potential to be a great boxer . Bugsy introduces Leroy to Cagey Joe and helps him train ( `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer ? '' ) . Fat Sam again seeks Bugsy 's aid after his assistant Knuckles is unintentionally killed . Bugsy resists , but Fat Sam offers $400 , enough money to keep his promise to Blousey . Blousey is disappointed when she learns that Bugsy has n't bought the tickets to California yet ( `` Ordinary Fool '' ) . Bugsy and Leroy follow Dandy Dan 's men to a warehouse , where the guns are being stashed . The two of them ca n't take the place alone , so Bugsy recruits a large group of down - and - out workers at a soup kitchen ( `` Down and Out '' ) . They steal the crates of guns and take them to Fat Sam 's , arriving just as Dandy Dan 's gang arrives . Chaos ensues as a massive splurge gun fight erupts , covering everyone ( except Bugsy and Blousey ) with cream . Unarmed patrons throw cream pies . The piano player is hit from behind and falls onto the keys , striking a single bass note . The tone silences the room , and the cream - covered crowd performs in a final number ( `` You Give a Little Love '' ) . They realize they can all be friends , and Bugsy and Blousey leave for Hollywood . Cast ( edit ) Scott Baio as Bugsy Malone , an Italian - Irish ex-boxer / boxing scout . Florrie Dugger as Blousey Brown , a sassy young dame interested in Hollywood . Jodie Foster as Tallulah , Fat Sam 's gun moll , the speakeasy 's star chanteuse and Bugsy 's old flame . John Cassisi as Fat Sam Staccetto , crime boss . He is dubbed by the press as `` The Alleged Mobster King of the Lower East Side '' . Martin Lev as Dandy Dan , rival gang boss who steals Fat Sam 's territory . Paul Murphy as Leroy Smith , an African - American tramp who discovers he has a talent for boxing Sheridan Earl Russell as Knuckles , Fat Sam 's main hoodlum who constantly cracks his knuckles . The only character to actually be killed by the splurge as opposed to `` finished '' . Albin ' Humpty ' Jenkins as Fizzy , Caretaker at Fat Sam 's Grand Slam , tap dancer Paul Chirelstein as Smolsky , dim - witted police captain Andrew Paul as O'Dreary , dumb policeman Jeffrey Stevens as Louis , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Donald Waugh as Snake Eyes , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Peter Holder as Ritzy , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Michael Kirkby as Angelo , one of Fat Sam 's hoodlums Dexter Fletcher as Baby Face , down and out Davidson Knight as Cagey Joe , the boxing gym owner John Williams as Roxy Robinson , Fat Sam 's best bodyguard , splurged by Dandy Dan 's gang Bonnie Langford as Lena Marelli , showy , pompous theatre performer Mark Curry as Oscar DeVelt , stuck - up theatre producer Jonathan Scott - Taylor as News Reporter Sarah E. Joyce as Smokey Priscilla , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Helen Corran as Bangles , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Kathy Spaudling as Loretta , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Vivienne McKone as Velma , showgirl , Tallulah 's Troupe Lynn Aulbaugh as Louella , Dandy Dan 's wife and polo partner Michael Jackson as Razamatazz - Fat Sam 's personal pianist and performer at the Grand Slam Speakeasy ( n.b. not Michael Jackson ) Louise English as Ballerina Mel Production ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was Alan Parker 's first feature film . Parker was trying to find a film project that was not `` parochial '' and decided upon an American gangster setting : `` I had four young children and we used to go to a cottage in Derbyshire at weekends . On the long , boring car journey up there , I started telling them the story of a gangster called Bugsy Malone . They 'd ask me questions and I 'd make up answers , based on my memories of watching old movie reruns as a kid . '' His eldest son suggested children should be cast as the `` heroes '' . Casting ( edit ) The director chose to cast several unknown actors in the film . To find his Fat Sam , Parker visited a Brooklyn classroom , asking for `` the naughtiest boy in class '' . The students were unanimous in selecting John Cassisi , and Parker gave him the role . Florrie Dugger ( Blousey ) was originally cast in a smaller role ; when the actress cast as Blousey suddenly grew taller than Baio , Dugger was promoted . She had been `` discovered '' at RAF Chicksands , an air force base in Bedfordshire where her American father was stationed . At the time of filming , all of the cast were under 17 years old . Parker cast Baio after he slammed down the script and stormed out of his audition . Baio later remembered : I had quit the business , because I did n't like driving into Manhattan . Well , the long and the short of it is that I wanted to play with my friends after school , but it happened to be raining that day , so I went to the city to meet with Alan Parker . I read it , but I just barely read it . I did n't even want to be there . He was English , but I did n't even know what that was . He was just this weird guy with long hair , and I did n't know what he was . ( Laughs . ) So I sort of read the script , threw it at him , and walked out the door . That was it : I 'd gotten the part before I got home . Music ( edit ) Parker chose Paul Williams to score the film in order to get a more `` palatable '' modern sound , and simply because he liked him . Williams had scored Brian De Palma 's commercial failure Phantom of the Paradise , but had also written huge pop - radio hits ( such as `` We 've Only Just Begun '' ( lyrics ) , and `` ( Just An ) Old Fashioned Love Song '' ) . In fact , Williams would soon win an Oscar for his song `` Evergreen '' from the film A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) . Williams felt that `` ... the challenge for me was to provide songs that reflected the period ... and yet maintained an energy that would hold the young audiences attention . '' According to Parker , Williams was writing while on tour , recording songs in different cities , and sending the completed tapes to Hollywood . Arriving during the first pre-shoot rehearsals , the songs had to be accepted and used as they were , with voices by Williams , Archie Hahn and others . Neither the director nor the songwriter was entirely comfortable with the results . Williams later wrote `` I 'm really proud of the work and the only thing I 've ever doubted is the choice of using adult voices . Perhaps I should have given the kids a chance to sing the songs . '' Parker also commented : `` Watching the film after all these years , this is one aspect that I find the most bizarre . Adult voices coming out of these kids ' mouths ? I had told Paul that I did n't want squeaky kids voices and he interpreted this in his own way . Anyway , as the tapes arrived , scarcely weeks away from filming , we had no choice but to go along with it ! '' Filming ( edit ) The film was rehearsed and shot in England , largely on Pinewood Studios ' `` H '' stage , with locations in Black Park Country Park ( Wexham , Buckinghamshire ) and Reading , Berkshire . The `` splurge firearm '' proved to be problematic . After initial experiments with cream - filled wax balls proved painful , Parker decided to abandon the idea of filming the firearms directly . Instead , the firearms fired ping - pong balls , and a fast cut to a victim being pelted with `` splurge '' was used to convey the impression of the rapid - firing firearms . Baio later said making the film was `` awesome '' : A kid 's fantasy : You get to dress up as gangster , you get to shoot guns that fire whipped cream , you get to drive cars with pedals that look like real cars , and you get to talk like a grown - up . I mean , you could n't ask for a better first big gig . Talk about getting you hooked on a business ! It was fantastic . Release ( edit ) Bugsy Malone was released in late 1976 to generally positive reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it currently holds a score of 83 % based on 18 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . Despite the positive critical reception , Bugsy Malone was not a commercial success in the US , bringing in just over $2.7 million . Paramount gave it a limited release , usually in second - tier theaters in a double - bill with The Bad News Bears , which had already been out for six months and was no longer much of a draw . According to Parker , the film was `` quite successful '' in the United Kingdom . By 1985 , it had earned an estimated profit of £ 1,854,000 . Accolades ( edit ) The film garnered 15 award nominations , including `` Best Motion Picture ( Musical / Comedy ) '' , `` Best Original Score '' and `` Best Original Song '' ( for the title track ) from the Golden Globes , and an Oscar for `` Best Original Song Score '' ( Paul Williams ) . The film was in competition for the Palme d'Or at the 1976 Cannes Film Festival . Actress Jodie Foster received two BAFTAs , `` Best Supporting Actress '' and `` Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles '' , however , both her nominations were for her previous year 's work in Taxi Driver in addition to her work on Bugsy Malone . Alan Parker received the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay , and a nomination for Best Direction . Geoffrey Kirkland won the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design . Additionally , Paul Williams received a nomination for the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music , and Monica Howe a Best Costume Design nomination . The film itself received a Best Picture nomination . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Gangster Films list . Home media ( edit ) In the early eighties , Bugsy Malone was released on VHS . On 16 April 1996 , it was re-released by Paramount on VHS . Although the film has never been commercially released on Region 1 DVD , it has been available through Internet sites as an Asian import supporting Region 1 ( US ) . On 9 September 2008 , Arista / SME released a Blu - ray version , encoded for `` all regions '' , as a United Kingdom import . This edition includes a director 's commentary as well as other special features , however , as of October 2009 , the Blu - ray version was discontinued . A US DVD ( Region 1 ) release was listed around 2003 / 04 as being available soon , however the film has yet to be released in this format . Soundtrack ( edit ) CD cover The album was originally released as an LP in 1976 . In March 1996 , Polydor UK released the soundtrack on CD . It has yet to be released in the US on CD but is available through various outlets as an import . Performers include Paul Williams , Archie Hahn , Julie McWhirter , and Liberty Williams . The track listing is : `` Bugsy Malone '' -- Paul Williams `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Paul Williams `` Tomorrow '' `` Bad Guys '' `` I 'm Feeling Fine '' `` My Name Is Tallulah '' - Louise `` Liberty '' Williams `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer ? '' `` Ordinary Fool '' `` Down and Out '' `` You Give a Little Love '' -- Paul Williams A cast recording of the National Youth Music Theatre stage version of Bugsy Malone was released in 1998 . Like the stage show , this recording featured two songs originally written by Williams , but not used in the film : `` That 's Why They Call Him Dandy '' and `` Show Business '' . There is also some additional incidental orchestral score , such as an Overture and Exit Music , with music arranged by John Pearson . Legacy ( edit ) In 2003 , Bugsy Malone was voted # 19 on a list of the 100 greatest musicals , as chosen by viewers of Channel 4 in the UK , placing it higher than The Phantom of the Opera , Cats , and The King and I. Bugsy Malone ranks 353rd on Empire Magazine 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . Bugsy Malone has been adapted into a stage show in two forms . A 2003 television documentary called Bugsy Malone : After They Were Famous features a reunion and interviews with Jodie Foster , Scott Baio , John Cassisi and Florrie Dugger . The British actors who played Fat Sam 's gang are also reunited at Pinewood Studios . The documentary reported that Dugger , who ( unlike her co-stars ) had never acted again , had chosen to pursue a career in the United States Air Force Medical Service . In 2010 , UK band Silvery included a cover of `` You Give a Little Love '' on their second album ' Railway Architecture ' , and Olly Murs , runner up in the 2009 UK series of The X Factor , sampled `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer '' in his song `` Hold On '' that can be found on his debut album . In 2011 , the film was the most screened film in secondary schools in the United Kingdom . In 2017 , the song `` You Give A Little Love '' was sung by a children 's chorus at the end of a Netflix `` Black Mirror '' episode ( Season 4 episode 3 `` Crocodile '' ) . Stage adaptation ( edit ) Parker wrote the book for a stage adaptation of Bugsy Malone , using Williams ' music . This premiered in the West End in 1983 at Her Majesty 's Theatre and ran for 300 performances . It was directed by Michael Dolenz and the cast featured Catherine Zeta - Jones as Tallulah . In 1997 , the National Youth Music Theatre mounted an all - youth version . It was revived at the Queen 's Theatre in 1997 , starring Sheridan Smith and Jamie Bell . Another revival played in 2015 and again in 2016 at the Lyric Hammersmith theatre , where it was nominated for the Olivier Award for best musical revival . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BUGSY MALONE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1976 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Detail view of Movies Page '' . www.afi.com . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Walker , National Heroes : British Cinema in the Seventies and Eighties , Harrap , 1985 p 86 Jump up ^ Kelly , Matthew ( 2003 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Bugsy Malone '' . After They Were Famous . Season 3 . Episode 18 . ITV . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) - Box office / business '' . Internet Movie Database . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Alan ; Baio , Scott ; Dickson , Andrew ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` How we made Bugsy Malone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Nick ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Florrie Dugger : The downside of growing up with Bugsy Malone '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 14 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bugsy Malone -- Trivia IMDB . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Will Harris , `` Scott Baio talks Chachi , Bob Loblaw , and Howard Cosell '' , AV Club 3 April 2014 accessed 7 April 2014 Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone DVD Special Edition PaulWilliamsCoUK.Plus.com David Chamberlayne . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Paul Williams -- Bugsy Malone Soundtrack PaulWilliamsCoUK.plus.com ; David Chamberlayne . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Bugsy Malone '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bugsy Malone -- Awards IMDB . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Musicals -- Broadcast Christmas 2003 , Channel 4 ( UK ) . Presented by Denise Van Outen '' . thecustard.tv . The Custard. 2003 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time -- # 400 -- 301 empireonline.com ; Empire Online . Retrieved 3 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone '' . Music Theater International . Retrieved 18 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone JR '' . Music Theater International . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' After They Were Famous `` , Bugsy Malone. ( 2003 ) '' on IMDb Jump up ^ Parker , Alan . `` Bugsy Malone : The Making of the Film '' . Alan Parker - Director , Writer , Producer - Official Website . Retrieved 7 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top movies for schools revealed '' . BBC News . 13 December 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Bugsy Malone : Show History '' , MTIshows.com , accessed July 16 , 2016 Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` Bugsy Malone , review of Lyric Hammersmith 's Olivier nominated revival '' , LondonTheatre.co , June 27 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Olivier awards 2016 : complete list of nominations '' , The Guardian , February 29 , 2016 External links ( edit ) Bugsy Malone on IMDb Bugsy Malone at the TCM Movie Database Bugsy Malone at Rotten Tomatoes Bugsy Malone show site at Music Theatre International Busy Malone JR . show site at Music Theatre International The Guide to Musical Theatre Bugsy Malone -- Synopsis , etc ( hide ) Films directed by Alan Parker The Evacuees ( 1975 , Play for Today ) Bugsy Malone ( 1976 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Fame ( 1980 ) Shoot the Moon ( 1982 ) Pink Floyd -- The Wall ( 1982 ) Birdy ( 1984 ) Angel Heart ( 1987 ) Mississippi Burning ( 1988 ) Come See the Paradise ( 1990 ) The Commitments ( 1991 ) The Road to Wellville ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Angela 's Ashes ( 1999 ) The Life of David Gale ( 2003 ) BNF : cb164596801 ( data ) GND : 7659633 - 3 VIAF : 316754431 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bugsy_Malone&oldid=843603375 '' Categories : 1976 films American films American criminal comedy films American musical comedy films British films British criminal comedy films British musical comedy films English - language films Italian - language films 1970s criminal comedy films 1970s musical comedy films Directorial debut films Films about Al Capone Films directed by Alan Parker Films set in 1929 Films shot in Buckinghamshire Films shot in England Films whose writer won the Best Screenplay BAFTA Award Musicals by Paul Williams ( songwriter ) Screenplays by Alan Parker Paramount Pictures films Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films adapted into plays Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles lacking reliable references from May 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from May 2015 Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 44 . 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who sang my name is tallulah in bugsy malone

`` Bugsy Malone '' -- Paul Williams `` Fat Sam 's Grand Slam '' -- Paul Williams `` Tomorrow '' `` Bad Guys '' `` I 'm Feeling Fine '' `` My Name Is Tallulah '' - Louise `` Liberty '' Williams `` So You Wanna Be a Boxer ? '' `` Ordinary Fool '' `` Down and Out '' `` You Give a Little Love '' -- Paul Williams

List of Toy Story characters - wikipedia List of Toy Story characters This is a list of characters from Disney / Pixar 's Toy Story franchise which consists of the animated films Toy Story ( 1995 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) and the animated short films . Contents 1 Primary characters 1.1 Sheriff Woody 1.2 Buzz Lightyear 1.3 Jessie 2 Toy characters by owner 2.1 Andy 's toys 2.1. 1 Hamm the Piggy Bank 2.1. 2 Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex 2.1. 3 Slinky Dog 2.1. 4 Mr. Potato Head 2.1. 5 Mrs. Potato Head 2.1. 6 Bullseye 2.1. 7 Squeeze Toy Aliens / Little Green Men 2.1. 8 Barbie 2.1. 9 Sarge and the Bucket O ' Soldiers 2.1. 10 Bo Peep 2.1. 11 RC 2.1. 12 Wheezy 2.1. 13 Etch 2.1. 14 Mr. Spell 2.1. 15 Rocky Gibraltar 2.1. 16 Lenny 2.1. 17 Snake 2.1. 18 Robot 2.1. 19 Mr. Shark 2.1. 20 Mr. Mike 2.1. 21 See ' n Say 2.1. 22 Roly Poly Clown 2.1. 23 Troikas 2.1. 24 Troll 2.1. 25 Toddle Tots Fire Truck 2.2 Bonnie 's toys 2.2. 1 Chuckles 2.2. 2 Dolly 2.2. 3 Mr. Pricklepants 2.2. 4 Trixie 2.2. 5 Buttercup 2.2. 6 Peas - in - a-Pod 2.2. 7 Angel Kitty 2.2. 8 Totoro 2.3 Sid and Hannah 's toys 2.3. 1 Combat Carl 2.3. 2 Hannah 's dolls 2.3. 3 Mutant toys 2.4 Mason 's toys 3 Toy characters by location 3.1 Al 's Toy Barn and apartment 3.1. 1 Stinky Pete the Prospector 3.1. 2 Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear 3.1. 3 Evil Emperor Zurg 3.1. 4 Tour Guide Barbie 3.2 Sunnyside Daycare 3.2. 1 Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear 3.2. 2 Ken 3.2. 3 Big Baby 3.2. 4 Twitch 3.2. 5 Stretch 3.2. 6 Chunk 3.2. 7 Sparks 3.2. 8 Chatter Telephone 3.2. 9 Bookworm 3.2. 10 Cymbal - banging monkey 3.3 Toys in other projects 3.3. 1 Discarded Fun Meal Toys 3.3. 2 Sleep Well Toys 4 Non-toy characters 4.1 Humans 4.1. 1 Andy Davis 4.1. 2 Bonnie Anderson 4.1. 3 Molly Davis 4.1. 4 Mrs. Davis 4.1. 5 Sid Phillips 4.1. 6 Hannah Phillips 4.1. 7 Al McWhiggin 4.1. 8 Mrs. Anderson 4.1. 9 Geri the Cleaner 4.1. 10 Emily 4.1. 11 Daisy 4.1. 12 Ron 4.1. 13 Mason 4.2 Animals 4.2. 1 Scud 4.2. 2 Buster 4.2. 3 Crazy Critters 4.2. 4 Mr. Jones 5 References Primary characters ( edit ) Sheriff Woody ( edit ) Main article : Sheriff Woody Voiced by : Tom Hanks ( 1995 -- present ) Jim Hanks ( 1996 -- present ) Sheriff Woody Pride is a 1950s old traditional pull string cowboy doll , and Andy 's favorite toy . Appearing in all three Toy Story films , he usually acts as the leader of the gang . His rivalry with Buzz forms the basis of the plot of the first film . In Toy Story 2 , he is stolen at a yard sale by a toy collector , causing the other toys to embark on a rescue mission . In Toy Story 3 he and the other toys are shipped to a daycare center . Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Main article : Buzz Lightyear Voiced by : Tim Allen ( 1995 -- present ) Patrick Warburton ( 2000 -- 2001 ) ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Treats , few video games , merchandise , attractions ) ( 1996 -- 2005 ) Mike MacRae ( video games ) ( 2010 -- present ) Javier Fernandez - Peña ( Spanish Buzz ) Previously known as Tinny and Lunar Larry , Buzz Lightyear is a modern - day `` space ranger '' action figure , and wears a green and white space suit with various features such as retractable wings and transparent air helmet , a laser `` weapon , '' and various sound effects . In the films , he acts as Woody 's second - in - command . In Toy Story , he begins the series believing he is a real space ranger ( the other toys are aware that they are toys ) and develops a rivalry with Woody , who resents him for getting more attention as the newcomer . During the film , he comes to realize that he is just a toy , and eventually becomes good friends with Woody . He is extremely loyal to his friends . During his time trapped at Sid 's house , Hannah , Sid 's sister , called Buzz Mrs. Nesbit . In Toy Story 2 , Buzz goes to save Woody from Al with Potato Head , Hamm , Rex , and Slink ( Slinky Dog ) where he gets stuck in the Buzz Lightyear aisle in Al 's Toy Barn by another Buzz and finds out for himself what he was really like . In Toy Story 3 , a relationship begins to develop between Buzz and Jessie . He is particularly open with his affection when accidentally switched to `` Spanish mode . '' Jessie ( edit ) Main article : Jessie ( Toy Story ) Voiced by : Joan Cusack ( 1999 -- present ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ) Toy Story 2 Sarah McLachlan ( singing voice ) Toy Story 2 Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity ) Jessie is a cowgirl doll , and part of the Woody 's Round Up gang . Jessie is also Buzz Lightyear 's girlfriend . She first appeared in Toy Story 2 along with Bullseye ( her horse ) and Stinky Pete . Initially , Jessie was hesitant to join Andy 's friends . After she becomes part of the family , she is very happy ( despite that Andy first calls her Bazooka Jane ) . In Toy Story 3 , she was riding Bullseye when Woody fell off the train in Andy 's opening sequence . She argued with Woody on their way to Sunnyside Daycare because of when the others think Andy threw them out . Later in the film , Jessie feels close with Buzz , even when Buzz got switched into Spanish . At the end , Jessie and Buzz danced to the Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Jessie also makes a cameo appearance in Monsters , Inc. as one of the toys Boo gives Sulley . Jessie also appears in Pixar 's production of Toy Story of Terror ! as the main character that saves the other toys from the toy stealer and seller at the rest stop . Toy characters by owner ( edit ) Andy 's toys ( edit ) Hamm the piggy bank ( edit ) Voiced by : John Ratzenberger ( 1995 -- present ) Andrew Stanton ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Hamm is a wisecracking realist piggy bank with a cork in his belly in place of a stopper . He and Mr. Potato Head appear to be best friends , and are often seen playing games , such as Battleship ( with Hamm always winning ) . Out of all the toys , he is shown to have the most knowledge of the outside , often being very familiar with various gadgets that are shown , likely as an homage to Ratzenberger 's famous role of mail carrier and bar know - it - all Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . In Toy Story , Hamm interrupts Woody 's staff meeting by alerting the crowd telling them that the birthday guests are arriving at 3 : 00 . Hamm becomes fascinated with Buzz 's features and ridicules of Woody , along with Potato Head . When Woody inadvertently knocks Buzz off the window , Hamm is one of the many toys who believes that Woody did it intentionally and he turns on him . However , Hamm realizes the truth that Buzz is alive . At the end , Hamm cheers for Potato Head when Molly gets a Mrs. Potato Head for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , Hamm resents the Al 's Toy Barn chicken mascot . When Woody is stolen , he and Mr. Potato Head organize a crime scene to present Woody 's kidnapping to the other toys . After helping the toys find the Al 's Toy Barn commercial on TV , Hamm goes with Buzz , Slinky , Rex , and Mr. Potato Head on a mission to rescue Woody . In Al 's Toy Barn , Hamm spots a `` Bonus Belt '' Buzz , thinking he is Andy 's Buzz , though he comments on the new Buzz 's odd behavior . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he and Mr. Potato Head operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised to pull the gear lever to get the truck to move . While reading the truck 's manual , he states `` I seriously doubt he 's getting this kinda mileage '' . Eventually , Hamm and the other toys are able to rescue Woody and are able to return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , Hamm is `` Evil Dr. Porkchop '' in Andy 's western play opening sequence , appearing in a giant pig - shaped spaceship to rescue One - Eyed Bart and thwart Woody and his gang . Later , when the toys are accidentally thrown out , Hamm is angry , believing that Andy threw them out on purpose . He escapes with the rest of the toys to Sunnyside Daycare , where he is initially happy to be played with , but dismayed as he realizes the toddlers are too rough . Later that night , Hamm and his friends realize that Woody was telling the truth about Andy . When the toys are imprisoned by Lotso and his henchmen , Hamm is shown to be able to play the harmonica . When Woody comes back to rescue the toys from Sunnyside he quotes `` Return of the Astro - Nut '' on Buzz being turned back to demo . He helps the toys escape by fighting with Rex to distract Buzz , who has been switched to demo mode by Lotso , so that Jessie can trap him under a plastic container . Hamm and Rex , being the heaviest of the toys , sit on top of the container to prevent Buzz from escaping . When Woody returns with Buzz 's instruction manual to switch him back , Hamm reads the instructions while the others hold Buzz down . When they were about to die in the incinerator , Hamm grabbed the hands of Slinky and Rex . Later , after the toys are rescued from an incinerator - related death at the dump due to Lotso 's selfishness , Hamm , along with Slinky , wants revenge , but Woody talks them both out of it . He is donated along with Andy 's other toys to Bonnie , where he becomes best friends with Buttercup . In a 2010 advertisement for the United States Postal Service promoting Toy Story 3 , Hamm wears a postal worker 's hat while promoting the Priority Mail service ; Ratzenberger is best known for his role as mailman Cliff Clavin on the long - running sitcom Cheers . He also makes an appearance in the Toy Story 3 video game as the mayor in Toy Box mode . Hamm also appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Rex the Tyrannosaurus Rex ( edit ) Voiced by : Wallace Shawn ( 1995 -- present ) Earl Boen ( video games ) Rex is an excitable large , green , plastic Tyrannosaurus Rex . Rex suffers from anxiety , an inferiority complex and the concern that he is not scary enough . Rex 's worst fear ( after Sid ) is that Andy will get another , scarier dinosaur . He is among the largest of Andy 's toys , and is often depicted as the heaviest . He is voiced by Earl Boen in the video games Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue ( 1999 ) and Toy Story Racer ( 2001 ) . Although Rex is a toy dinosaur he dislikes confrontation and is sensitive in nature . In Toy Story , he states that he was manufactured by a smaller company that was purchased in a leveraged buyout by Mattel ( coincidentally , real - life Rex toys used to be made by Hasbro , but as of 2009 are indeed made by Mattel ) . He is first introduced when he moves Woody 's doodle pad , then tries to scare Woody with his roar . When Buzz arrives , Rex is fascinated by his cool features . Later , when Woody knocks Buzz out the window , he reluctantly sides against Woody out of pressure from the other toys . He is , however , a great deal less antagonistic than most of the other toys . He later feels guilty when everyone discovers Woody was telling the truth all along . He gains confidence at the end , saying he could play as the dominant predator if Andy gets a leaf eater . The beginning of Toy Story 2 , he is shown playing the `` Buzz Lightyear : Attack on Zurg '' video game , which he loses , much to his frustration . He is responsible for the toys seeing the commercial for Al 's Toy Barn commercial when he accidentally clicks the remote control . When Woody was kidnapped by Al , Rex tried to send a message to the FBI for help , but he did n't know how to write FBI , and later joins Buzz ' team to rescue Woody . Inside Al 's Toy Barn , he excitedly finds a `` Buzz Lightyear '' video game strategy guide , which he takes with him . He loses the guide later , but is still able to give Buzz two tips from the guide on defeating Zurg . In a parody of Jurassic Park , he chases a car driven by the toys in Al 's Toy Barn , in which Mr. Potato Head spots his reflection in the rear view mirror . It is Rex 's tail sticking out of Al 's bag that later causes the real Buzz to go after them . When the other Toys , led by Buzz 2 reach Al 's Apartment , the toys use an unwilling Rex as a battering ram to break in against the unlocked grate . When Zurg is about to finish off Buzz 2 , he turns away , not bearing to look anymore , but his tail knocks Zurg down the elevator shaft , making him feel overjoyed about finally defeating Zurg for real . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he serves as the navigator and tells Buzz which way to go since he ca n't see out the window while controlling the steering wheel . Eventually , he and the others manage to rescue Woody and return home in a stolen baggage carrier . In Toy Story 3 , he is Woody 's `` Dinosaur who Eats Force Field Dogs '' in Andy 's opening western play sequence , where he frightens One - Eyed Bart and his gang with a terrifying roar , but is then overpowered by a flood of monkeys . He is seen to be especially sad about Andy 's lack of attention to the toys , expressing joy when Andy touches him for only a few moments . When the toys are initially left for the garbage pickup , he is ultimately responsible for saving them when they use his tail to rip a hole in the garbage bag . He is initially happy to be at Sunnyside , and is visibly sad when Woody leaves , but becomes dismayed after a rough playtime with the toddlers , commenting `` Andy never played with us like that ! '' He is imprisoned along with Andy 's other toys by Lotso and his gang . Later , at the garbage dump , Rex is the last to escape the shredder , only barely escaping when he grabs onto a broken fan . He discovers a source of light thinking that it 's daylight , but Woody convinces him that it 's not ; it 's the light of the flame from the incinerator . When the toys are finally given to Bonnie , Rex becomes close friends with Trixie the Triceratops . In an outtake of Toy Story 2 , when used as a battering ram , Rex hurt his head when banged against the locked grate . Rex makes an appearance in an outtake of Monsters , Inc. where he waits at the crosswalk with Mike and Sulley in a scene reminiscent of Jurassic Park . Rex is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . In the movie WALL - E , Rex is seen in the background inside WALL - E 's truck . Rex reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , Partysaurus Rex and in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! , and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Slinky Dog ( edit ) `` Slinky Dog '' redirects here . For the original toy , see Slinky -- Slinky Dog ( section ) . Voiced by : Jim Varney ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Blake Clark ( 2010 -- present ) Darryl Kurylo ( Toy Story Racer ) Slinky Dog ( usually called just Slinky or sometimes Slink ) is a toy dachshund with a metal Slinky for a body , who speaks with a southern accent . Slinky 's head , feet , and tail are plastic and he is missing his pull string . Slinky also has a green collar . Slinky Dog is based on Slinky , a pull toy by James Industries , which was popular in the 1950s , 1960s and early 1970s . With the permission of James Industries , Slinky Dog was partially redesigned for the film by Pixar artist Bud Luckey to make him more appealing as an animated character . In Toy Story , he likes playing checkers with Woody , usually choosing the red side . Slinky is shown to be the most loyal to Woody and stands up for him when Potato Head complains . Slinky is fascinated by Buzz , along with the rest of the toys , but does not make fun of Woody when Buzz arrives like the others do . When Woody knocks Buzz out of the window , Slinky is one of the few toys who believes it was an accident . Later , when Andy notices Woody is missing , he and Bo Peep are worried about him , in contrast to the others , who are glad he 's gone . Later , he attempts to help when Woody throws a chain of Christmas lights from Sid 's house to Andy 's , but Potato Head stops him . Even Slinky appears to give up on Woody when he pretends Buzz is with him but accidentally reveals his broken arm . He is stretched almost to the point of breaking when helping rescue Woody and Buzz on the moving truck , but is fixed by the end of the film . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Slinky is the one who finds Woody 's hat , and joins Buzz , Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and Rex on a mission to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . His springy coil is used as a bungee cord when the toys jump from the roof of Andy 's house . When the toys break into Al 's apartment , Slinky uses his spring to hold Jessie and Bullseye back by coiling them up so the toys can safely rescue Woody . After Al packs up Woody and his Roundup gang and heads for the airport , Slinky , stretching down from the elevator ceiling by Buzz , Hamm and Potato Head , reaches for the case that contains Woody , and almost manages to save him , but is thwarted by the Prospector . While following Al to the airport on a pizza planet delivery truck , he operates the truck 's gas and brake pedals . They manage to reach the airport and use a pet carrier to get inside . When a girl approaches them ( mistaking the toys for a puppy ) , Slinky barks to scare her off to prevent their discovery . After rescuing Woody , they return home with the rest of the group in a stolen baggage carrier . In an outtake , he is seen petting his own hind section and talking to it . In Toy Story 3 , Slinky has a smaller role compared to the previous two films . He is the only original character that had to be re-cast ( due to Jim Varney 's death ) , and was replaced by Blake Clark ( with a professional Jim Varney voice ) in this film . Slinky is One - Eyed Bart 's `` Attack Dog with a Built - in Force Field '' and protects the bad guys with his shield in Andy 's western play sequence . At Sunnyside Daycare , Slinky has been tangled up by the young children . Later that night , Slinky reveals that Woody was telling them the truth about Andy 's intention to store the toys into the attic . Slinky and his friends are imprisoned by Lotso 's gang . He is shown to be the happiest toy to see Woody return , and assists him in subduing the Monkey toy who monitors the security cameras . When the toys reach the dumpster , Slinky stretches himself to create a bridge for the toys to climb across to safety , although they are stopped by Lotso . When the toys end up at the dump , Slinky is the first to be taken up by a magnetic ceiling due to the metallic section ( Slinky ) of his body . When Lotso betrays the toys and leaves them to be burned up in the incinerator , Slinky is the first to follow Buzz in joining hands in acceptance of their fate . After the toys are rescued by the Squeeze Toy Aliens , he and Hamm are the most vocal about wanting to get revenge on Lotso for leaving them to die before Woody convinces them Lotso is n't worth it . He is eventually donated to Bonnie along with the rest of the toys . His catchphrase , said in all three movies , is `` Golly bob - howdy ! '' Slinky reappears in the short film Hawaiian Vacation , in which he acts as a hotel porter as part of Ken and Barbie 's Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . He does not speak in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins , silently appearing along with Jessie in one scene . Mr. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by : Don Rickles ( 1995 -- 2014 ) TBA ( 2019 ) Mr. Potato Head ( often referred to as simply Potato Head ) is a Brooklyn - accented doll based on the real - life toy Mr. Potato Head by Playskool . He is an outspoken and sarcastic potato - shaped toy : his patented design allows him to separate his detachable parts from his body by removing them from the holes on his body . He also has a compartment on his lower back to store extra appendages . He is capable of retaining control over his parts even if they are several meters away from his main body . For example , he can still see if one or both of his detachable eyes are removed , as well as being able to move his hands if they are detached . The same thing applies to his `` Mrs . '' counterpart , as she was able to see Andy in his room through her eye left behind . While this attribute is mostly used for comedic effect ( i.e. as a running gag , he often finds himself being split or falling apart due to outside forces ) , it does have its uses , particularly in the second and third films . In Toy Story , it is hinted that he used to be Andy 's favorite toy years before the events of the film , until he received Woody at the point of kindergarten , and therefore seems to have a strong jealousy towards Andy ` s love for Woody . Then , when Andy gets the Buzz Lightyear action figure for his birthday he becomes fascinated with all of Buzz 's features and ridicules Woody for not having a laser like Buzz as well as Woody 's pull - string . After Buzz is knocked out of the window , Potato Head ( perhaps due to his jealously towards Woody , and wanting to reclaim his long lost favorite toy position ) blames Woody for kicking him out , thinking that Woody might do the same to him if Andy plays with him more often , and turns the other toys against Woody and leads a mutiny with them . When Woody reveals himself at Sid 's House later , Mr. Potato Head convinces the others to refuse to help him , still assuming that Woody attacked Buzz . But when they are packed up Mr. Potato Head is still unhappy because he is stuck with Rex as a moving buddy and put in a moving truck . Later when Woody catches up with them and tosses RC onto the street to rescue Buzz , Potato Head , still distrusting Woody ( and perhaps still eager to reclaim his favorite toy position ) , orders the other toys to mutiny again , and `` toss him overboard '' , however , when Bo Peep reveals that `` Woody was telling the truth , '' the toys realize their mistake . He decides to reform himself as an apology to Woody by holding Slinky 's tail to help Woody and Buzz back at the truck but gets hit after Slinky 's attempt fails . When Woody tosses RC in the truck , Potato Head gets hit . At the end of the film , he is surprised to hear Molly receiving Mrs. Potato Head for her Christmas present and promptly decides to shave by removing his mustache . In Toy Story 2 , after Al McWhiggin steals Woody , he goes with Buzz , Hamm , Rex , and Slinky to rescue Woody . Later , when they are going to leave , Mrs. Potato Head packs some extra pair of shoes and angry eyes on his back compartment . When the toys cross the street to Al 's Toy Barn , they cause a semi to jackknife , and the chains restraining a large pipe on the semi break , freeing the pipe , which rolls down the street , during which Mr. Potato Head gets one of his feet stuck in a chewing gum and has to pull his foot off the gum before the pipe can crush him . After the toys break into Al 's room using Rex as a battering ram , Potato Head attempts to frighten Jessie by reaching into his back compartment for his angry eyes , but attaches his spare pair of shoes by mistake . When the toys leave the apartment after Al leaves with Woody , Potato Head throws his hat like a frisbee to jam the closing doors , letting the toys pass through . Outside , he is the first to spot an idling Pizza Planet delivery truck nearby . While the toys chase Al in the truck , Potato Head and Hamm operate the truck 's levers and knobs and are advised by three alien toys to pull the truck 's gear lever to get the truck to move . He later saves the alien toys from flying out the window . In the airport , when he sees the luggage area , he gasps and his angry eyes and pair of shoes come out after his compartment opens . He feels annoyed when the aliens repeatedly express their eternal gratefulness towards him , but after the toys return home in a stolen baggage carrier , he reluctantly gives in when his wife wants to adopt the aliens , much to his dismay . In an outtake , he is seen taking a dislike with the Barrel of Monkeys , saying he is `` drawing the line at monkeys '' and wants to call his agent . In Toy Story 3 , Potato Head is resentful of the aliens , who still worship him for saving their lives . Potato Head is sad that Andy does n't play with them anymore , and complains all that to Woody . He is frustrated that Andy `` threw them away '' , when he was actually going to put them in the attic . Again , Potato Head is the toy most doubtful of Woody when he and the other toys are almost thrown away by accident . Potato Head is excited to get played with in Sunnyside . After a rough playtime with the toddlers , he and Mrs. Potato Head 's parts are scattered on the floor , and he gets his parts stuck up a kid 's mouth and nose . Later that night , his wife Mrs. Potato Head through the other eye left in Andy 's bedroom , spots that Andy is looking for his toys , making Mr. Potato Head and the other toys shocked . When Lotso 's dark attitude is revealed , he tries to defend his friends from Lotso , but Big Baby throws him into `` The Box '' on Lotso 's orders . When Jessie told Woody she was wrong to leave Andy , Potato Head agrees saying that she was wrong . The toys hatch an escape plan which Potato Head initiates by arguing with and distracting the captors , and he is thrown in the box once again . Only his smaller parts are able to escape , through a small hole . He reassembles onto a floppy tortilla , checks if Lotso is sleeping and then gives the signal . Pecked at by a pigeon , the tortilla falls apart , and Potato Head rejoins the other toys using a cucumber for a body . Bullseye returns his original plastic body to him . The toys manage to escape Sunnyside , and he and the other toys jump onto a garbage truck . Eventually , they end up in a landfill , facing death in the incinerator . However , Potato Head and the toys are saved by his alien children , who he now accepts and declares himself to be eternally grateful , just as the aliens had told him when they met . They eventually return to Andy 's home and get washed . Mr. Potato Head then says his farewell to Woody before Andy comes into the room . Potato Head is donated to Bonnie at the end of the film . Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mr. Potato Head 's actor , Don Rickles , however died in 2017 so his voice actor is currently unknown for 2019 's upcoming film , Toy Story 4 . He is seen as an Interactive Audio - Animatronic at Toy Story Midway Mania ! . It is stated on the Toy Story website that Mr. Potato Head was Andy 's second toy . Mrs. Potato Head ( edit ) Voiced by Estelle Harris ( 1999 -- present ) Mrs. Potato Head is Mr. Potato Head 's wife and female counterpart . Unlike her husband , Mrs. Potato Head is sweet and not hot - headed or impatient . Although mentioned as one of Molly 's Christmas presents near the end of the first movie , she is not seen until Toy Story 2 . In Toy Story 2 , her husband has found her lost earring . Before her husband leaves with Buzz and his troops , she stores his `` extra pair of shoes and angry eyes '' into his back compartment . She also warns the toys by saying `` Do n't talk to any toy you do n't know ! '' She is not seen again until the end of the film . She becomes an adoptive mother of the three Squeeze Toy Aliens that Andy 's toys had found in the Pizza Planet truck , as they will not leave because Mr. Potato Head saved their lives . She is then happily watching Wheezy sing his version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' with her husband . In Toy Story 3 , she has a more central role . She is `` One - Eyed Betty '' , One - Eyed Bart 's wife in the opening sequence . She uses her ninja skills and her nunchuk to herd Woody to the back , and eventually off the train . After One - Eyed Bart and Betty rob tons of gold , they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . At the present time when Andy 's toys all cram themselves in the toy box , Mrs. Potato Head loses one of her eyes . She is one of the toys who believe Andy threw them out on purpose . They are later donated to Sunnyside Daycare . She and her husband experience a rough playtime with the toddlers at the Caterpillar Room . When the toys hear something from the halls , Mrs. Potato Head uses her eye and looks under the door . She at first just sees the dark hall , but then she sees Andy looking for the toys in his room , due to the eye she left behind in Andy 's house . She tells the toys it truly was an accident that they were thrown away . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , Mrs. Potato Head complains about her chewed up pocketbook and yells at him when he calls her `` Sweet Potato , '' along with telling him she needs more respect and having over 30 accessories . But Lotso takes off her mouth . Near the end of the film , she is saved from death in an incinerator by her adoptive children , and much to her delight , her husband now accepts them . She recovers her missing eye before she and the toys are donated to Bonnie . Even though she was Molly 's Christmas gift in the first film , the second and third films imply that she is one of Andy 's toys . Mrs. Potato Head reappears in the theatrical short film Hawaiian Vacation and acts as a tour guide for Ken and Barbie in their Hawaiian adventures . She also reappears in Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Bullseye ( edit ) Vocal effects by Frank Welker ( 1999 -- present ) Bullseye is a toy horse who was introduced in Toy Story 2 . He is the first toy with which Woody interacted in Al 's penthouse . He was very happy to finally see Woody after a long time in storage . Bullseye is shown to loathe fights as he hides in a can when Jessie jumps on Woody . He is also upset at Woody 's intention to abandon the Roundup gang to return to Andy , as Bullseye does not want Woody to leave . When Woody ultimately decides to return to Andy 's room , it is Bullseye 's loyalty that causes Woody to try to get the other toys to join him . At the airport , after Bullseye escapes from Al 's case , Woody and Buzz Lightyear mount Bullseye and gallop across the airfield to rescue Jessie from being sent to Japan . Although Woody gets separated from Buzz , Buzz commandeers Bullseye to follow Woody , as they are seen galloping next to the wheels of the plane Woody and Jessie are on as it heads down the runway . The mission finally ends when Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz , seconds before the plane takes off . After the toys return home , both Bullseye and Jessie become part of Andy 's toys . Bullseye has every letter of Andy 's name printed on the sole of each of his hooves . Bullseye returns in Toy Story 3 as one of the remaining toys in Andy 's room . He is still Woody 's horse in the opening sequence and saves him when he falls off the train by One - Eyed Betty . Bullseye 's fast speed helps Woody catch the train and rescue the orphans . Bullseye is really sad when Andy would n't play with them anymore . After Andy 's mother thought the bag that the toys were in was trash , Bullseye and the toys manage to safely hide in a recycling bin . The toys are donated to Sunnyside Daycare . At Sunnyside , he proves his loyalty to Woody when he makes clear he wants to stay with him . He only stays when Woody tells him to since Woody does n't want him to be alone in the attic . Bullseye is roughly tumbled over by a screaming toddler with a rolling wheel toy . After the toddler play session , Bullseye is covered with paint and has a blue sticker in his snout , which is removed by Jessie . When Lotso is revealed to be evil , he locks the toys up and shows them Woody 's hat , making Bullseye miss Woody and sad he 's gone . Bullseye is extremely happy when Woody comes back to Sunnyside and gives him back his hat . The toys then plan an escape . Bullseye helps by going through the playground , carrying the aliens on his back . He goes with Woody and is almost caught by Big Baby when Bullseye jumps and accidentally makes an alien fall and squeak . But they hide inside a pail safely . The toys then go to the garbage dump , and Bullseye is the most desperate to escape from the incinerator . They are rescued by the three aliens . At the end , Bullseye is donated to Bonnie , along with the rest of the toys . In Bonnie 's room Bullseye changes the channel of a radio to a Spanish channel causing Buzz and Jessie to dance to the Spanish version of `` You 've got a friend in me . '' Bullseye acts like a dog in many ways . Unlike most of the other toys , Bullseye can not communicate in clear speech but sounds like an actual horse and uses body language to speak . According to a character interview that used to be on the Toy Story website , Bullseye communicated with Jessie while in storage by tapping his hooves to yes or no questions . Bullseye reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Squeeze Toy aliens / Little Green Men ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon ( 1995 -- present ) Debi Derryberry -- Toy Story Patrick Warburton -- Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins The Squeeze Toy Aliens , also known as Little Green Men ( or `` LGMs '' ) in the Buzz Lightyear of Star Command television series , are a series of green , three - eyed squeaky toy aliens . They appear in all three films , and some were among Andy 's toys after the events of Toy Story 2 . Similar to Buzz , they think they 're real aliens . Though it is not certain whether they are male or female at first glance , they are identified in the third film by Mr. Potato Head as `` ( his ) boys , '' implying that all three are male . In Toy Story , Buzz and Woody climb inside a giant rocket - shaped claw game at Pizza Planet . Inside the claw game are hundreds of squeeze toy aliens . When Buzz asks who is in charge , the Little Green Men say `` the claw '' , which belongs in the machine ; the Little Green Men say that the claw will `` decide who will go and who will stay '' . Sid spots Buzz inside the claw game and tries to win him . Woody attempts to save Buzz and escape through the claw game 's maintenance hatch , but the Little Green Men stop him and say that they must not fight the claw . Woody , Buzz , and a Little Green Man get taken to Sid 's house . Sid gives the Little Green Man to his dog , Scud , who violently chews it as Woody and Buzz watch in horror . Near the end of the movie , the same Little Green Man is seen to be intact , and it helps Woody try to scare Sid by getting out of Scud 's food bowl and walking like a zombie toward Sid . In Toy Story 2 , a trio of them are hanging above the dashboard in the Pizza Planet truck . Buzz groans when he sees them , remembering them from the claw game in the first film . When the toys are having trouble getting the truck to move , they tell Mr. Potato Head to `` use the wand of power '' ( the truck 's gear lever ) , which they mistook for the control lever of the giant claw game . They nearly fall out of the window , due to the sharp turns from Buzz trying to catch Al in his car . Fortunately , Mr. Potato Head saves them . The Little Green Men are thankful and hand him his ear . Throughout the rest of the movie they frequently say `` You have saved our lives , we are eternally grateful , '' much to Potato Head 's dismay . The Little Green Men join the quest to save Woody and mistake the entrance to the baggage area for the `` Mystic Portal '' . They chase after the luggage with Rex , Hamm , and Potato Head , only to find cameras . Back home , the trio , along with Bullseye and Jessie , end up becoming some of Andy 's toys . They say their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head , and Mrs. Potato Head is so happy that he saved their lives , so she suggests that they adopt them , with the Little Green Men calling Potato Head `` daddy '' . They reappear in Toy Story 3 as the `` henchmen '' under One - Eyed Bart and One - Eyed Betty , and serve as the getaway drivers during the western opening sequence and drive Barbie 's corvette . The car is destroyed by Buzz 's laser and they are transported to Dr. Porkchop 's aircraft . In the present time , the same trio continues to express their gratefulness to Mr. Potato Head . When Andy 's mother mistakes the trash bag containing them as trash , she puts the toys on the curb , but they manage to escape the garbage bag . They are donated to Sunnyside along with the rest of Andy 's toys . In Sunnyside , the Little Green Men find a toy crane , which reminds them of the claw game in Pizza Planet . The Little Green Men get sat on and bounced on during a rough playtime with the toddlers . The toys plan to escape Sunnyside . The Little Green Men have to go through the playground with Woody and ride on Bullseye . They almost get caught by Big Baby because one of the Little Green Men falls off Bullseye and squeaks , but manage to hide inside a pail . Later when Andy 's toys escape , one of the Little Green Men 's feet gets stuck in the lid of the bin at the bottom of the chute , possibly after being pulled by Lotso , who had been thrown in the bin by Big Baby . Woody goes in to help , but after he helps the Little Green Man , Lotso grabs Woody 's feet and pulls him into the bin just as the refuse truck arrives . The toys are collected by the truck and subsequently sent to landfill . The Little Green Men are separated from the others by a bulldozer when they wander off , having spotted a crane . Woody and Mrs. Potato Head yell and try to warn them , but they are presumed to be dead after being crushed by the bulldozer . In the end , however , they are revealed to have avoided the conveyor belt and later rescue everyone from an incinerator with a giant claw crane for which the Potato Heads finally acknowledges them as his children , reciting their repetitive line , `` You have saved our lives and we are eternally grateful . '' The trio are later delivered to Bonnie along with Andy 's other toys . The Aliens reappear in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry and Partysaurus Rex . Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson -- ( 1999 -- present ) In Toy Story 2 , when the toys discover Barbie dolls in an aisle while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie volunteers to help them . During the end credits she is a cinema usherette and is seen giving out instructions to the audience . After a while she asks if everyone has gone and promptly stops smiling and complains that it hurts her face . She then leaves for her break . In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated . Barbie appears with Ken in Hawaiian Vacation . They sneak out of the daycare and stowaway in Bonnie 's backpack to go to Hawaii but Ken is disappointed to find out that Bonnie did n't take her backpack on her family vacation . The gang creates their own Hawaiian paradise to cheer Ken and Barbie up . They share their first kiss outside and then get trapped in the snow . Sarge and the Bucket O ' soldiers ( edit ) Voiced by R. Lee Ermey ( Sarge ) Sarge ( also known as Army Sarge and Sergeant ) is the gung - ho commander of an army of plastic toy soldiers from Bucket O Soldiers and loosely based on his voice actor 's role as Gunnery Sergeant Hartman in the 1987 film Full Metal Jacket . In Toy Story , he and the Bucket O ' Soldiers are set in particular positions . They are highly disciplined with a `` Leave no man behind '' policy and are masters of reconnaissance . Woody describes them as `` professionals . '' The soldiers venture out of Andy 's room with one of Andy 's baby monitors ( while the other monitor resides in Andy 's room with Woody operating it ) and hide in an indoor plant to report Andy 's birthday presents to the toys and one of his comrades was injured after Mrs. Davis accidentally steps on one of them . They announced the first few presents to the other toys in Andy 's room through the monitors , but did n't get to tell them that Andy got a Buzz Lightyear action figure after Rex accidentally breaks the monitor . However , they were able to warn them that Andy and his friends are coming upstairs upon Woody fixing the monitor . Sarge and his soldiers thought Woody was a murderer when he knocked Buzz off the window , so they `` frag '' him and each one of them attack Woody , along with the other toys . In the moving van , the soldiers attack Woody when he pushed RC off the van , making Sarge and the toys think he 's murdering him now . However , Sarge sees that Woody knocking Buzz out the window was an accident , attempts to helps him on the van with the other toys , and is proud to work under Woody once again as shown at the end of the film when they hide in a Christmas tree and Christmas lights with the baby monitor to report to the toys what Andy and Molly are getting for Christmas . In Toy Story 2 , the role of Sarge is very minor . He first orders the soldiers to keep looking for Woody 's hat in the toy box . When Buster was about to come to the room , Sarge and his army held back the door ( with help from Rocky ) to prevent Buster 's entry , but Buster bursts open the door , causing the soldiers to go flying everywhere . When Woody alerts the toys about the yard sale occurring outside the house , he signals Sarge for an `` emergency roll call '' and Sarge orders the toys to line up in a single - file line . At the end , Sarge and his soldiers watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' In Toy Story 3 , several years after Toy Story 2 , only Sarge and two paratroopers are seen . Woody orders Sarge and his men to retrieve Andy 's cellphone . That plan , however , fails , and knowing that Andy is going to get out the garbage bag , Sarge and his last two men leave Andy 's room to find a better life . Buzz believes they are going AWOL , but Sarge claims that their mission is complete , and that when trash bags come out , the Army men are always the first to be thrown away ( it 's likely that the rest of the soldiers had either left prior to that day , or were sold in a yard sale ) . They appear again at the end of the film where they land in Sunnyside , and possibly recognizing Barbie , begin a happy new life under Barbie and Ken 's leadership . Bo Peep ( edit ) Voiced by : Annie Potts ( 1995 -- present ) Rebecca Wink ( Toy Story Racer ) Bo Peep is a porcelain figurine attached to Molly 's bedside lamp inspired by the heroine of the famed nursery rhyme ; a beautiful , sweet - natured shepherdess accompanied by a single figure merged to resemble three sheep , who serves as Woody 's romantic interest of the films . In spite of her status as one of Molly 's toys , like Mrs. Potato Head she may fall under the category of Andy 's toy . In Andy 's games of imaginative play she is used as the damsel - in - distress of the stories , and she is depicted as gentle , ladylike , and kindhearted . In the first film , after Woody 's exclusion from the group when Buzz Lightyear started to attract more attention , she remained loyal to him rather than taunting him because of Buzz 's rise in popularity . After Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window , she was one of the only toys who did not antagonize him . She continued to show her attraction to Woody in Toy Story 2 , flirting with him while playing a minor role . However , she did not return in Toy Story 3 , except in flashback footage , as , over the years , she had apparently been sold , much to Woody 's distress , like a few of the other characters . The particular reason for her disappearance was never disclosed officially , though Woody shows grief over her loss . In August 2015 , however , it was revealed that Bo Peep will have a major role in Toy Story 4 . The fourth film will focus on her relationship with Woody , along with Woody and Buzz trying to find and bring her back . RC ( edit ) RC is Andy 's remote controlled buggy . He has a green body with blue splash decals on the front . RC `` speaks '' with revving sounds , although Mr. Potato Head and the other toys can understand him regardless . RC is a playable character in Toy Story Racer . In Toy Story , RC was fascinated with Buzz 's features . When Woody becomes really jealous , he calls out to Buzz that there is a toy ( a magic 8 - ball ) trapped underneath the desk . Woody sneaks over to RC , starts him up , and tried to hit Buzz but misses . However , RC hits a board instead , causing thumbtacks on the board to fall and a globe to roll . Buzz falls out a window when the globe hits a red lamp and swings around and hits him . RC says to the other toys that Woody accidentally knocked Buzz out the window . RC then turns on Woody and thinks that he murdered Buzz . When Woody went to the moving van , he got RC out of the box and pushes him into the street and controlled him to rescue Buzz during the moving scene at the end of the film . After the toys mistakenly think that Woody is trying to get rid of RC , they toss Woody out of the moving truck into the street . RC finds Buzz hiding under the car in the streets and is thrilled to see him alive and well . Buzz controlled RC to catch Woody . Woody switched the remote to turbo mode to catch up with the truck , but RC 's batteries deplete , causing him to slow down and finally stop . When Woody lights the rocket taped onto Buzz 's back , Woody and Buzz hold onto RC as they rocket toward the truck , but the force of the rocket lifts Woody up from RC . Nevertheless , Woody manages to toss RC back into the truck ( knocking Mr. Potato Head apart in the process ) before he and Buzz go skyrocketing into the air . In Toy Story 2 , RC has a very minor role . He was used when Andy played with his toys . With Buzz riding him , he crashed into Evil Dr. Porkchop and knocked him down . He is not seen again until the end of the film , when he watched Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' . RC does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 , having seemingly been sold in a yard sale alongside a number of other toys . Instead , he only appears via archival footage . Wheezy ( edit ) Voiced by : Joe Ranft ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Robert Goulet ( singing voice ) Phil LaMarr ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Wheezy ( also known as Wheezy the Penguin ) is a squeeze toy penguin with a red bow tie . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy is introduced when Woody finds him on the shelf . Wheezy was one of Andy 's favourite toys until one day his squeaker broke . Andy 's mom then put him on the shelf , intending to fix his broken squeaker later , but she forgot about him . He is about to be sold at the yard sale , and in saving him , Woody ends up falling so that he is stuck at the yard sale himself and subsequently stolen by Al . At the end of the film , he gets a new `` squeaker '' and sings `` You 've Got a Friend in Me , '' the ending theme of the movie . During the outtakes , he describes himself as `` not a good catcher '' as he fails to catch Mike 's microphone thus hurting himself several times . Wheezy does not directly appear in Toy Story 3 as he was sold in a yard sale after Toy Story 2 , as mentioned by Woody , but he does appear in footage of Andy as a boy ( Toy Story 3 ) . Wheezy appears in the Toy Story 3 video game , where he is voiced by Phil LaMarr in toy box mode along with Bo Peep . Etch ( edit ) Etch is an Etch A Sketch magic screen by Ohio Art Company . Etch can draw quickly and accurately . Such sketches include guns , portraits of Buzz , Woody and Al , and even semi-complicated maps . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk . In Toy Story , Woody compliments Etch 's art by saying that he has the fastest knobs in the west . He was also seen in the background many times , such as during the staff meetings and during Andy 's birthday and Christmas gift opening scenes . He became fascinated with Buzz during the middle of the film when he sketched a portrait of him . Angered by this , Woody erased it . He apparently , like most of the toys , temporarily believes Woody deliberately knocked Buzz out of the window ; he helps Mr. Potato Head threaten Woody by sketching a hangman 's noose . In Toy Story 2 , Etch was seen helping Hamm , Mr. Potato Head and the gang to identify Woody 's kidnapper , Al . Later on , when the toys were surfing channels to find the location on how to find Al 's Toy Barn , Etch is seen in the back as he was ready to draw a map for Buzz . Near the end of the movie , sometime before Andy comes back from cowboy camp , Etch , as well as the rest of the toys ( then including Jessie , Bullseye , and the Aliens ) , were aligned to welcome Andy home , with a `` Welcome Home , Andy '' sign written on Etch . Etch was sold in yard sale years after the second Toy Story , was mentioned by Woody , and only appeared in the archive footage of Andy as a kid in Toy Story 3 . Mr. Spell ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Pidgeon Mr. Spell is based on a popular 1970s Speak & Spell toy by Texas Instruments . He frequently holds or has held seminars on a variety of topics such as `` plastic corrosion awareness '' and `` what to do if you or part of you is swallowed . '' He also reveals the words he is saying . When Andy 's friends came to his birthday party , the toys panicked in thinking that they might be replaced with new toys and Mr. Spell , along with basically everyone else aside from Woody , ran to the window in panic to see the size of the presents . Then later , when Andy 's friends were running up to his room , Woody told everyone to go back to their places and the toys began to scatter and Mr. Spell can be seen in the overhead shot running in fright and then again behind Mr. Potato Head . In Toy Story 2 , when Buster finds Woody , Mr. Spell displays 13.5 , the amount of time in seconds it has elapsed for Buster to find Woody , setting a new record . Later , after Woody is stolen from a yard sale , Buzz uses Mr. Spell to help Andy 's toys figure out who has stolen Woody . Mr. Spell does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold in a yard sale along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Rocky Gibraltar , Lenny , Snake , Robot , Mr. Shark , Mr. Mike , Roly Poly Clown , See ' n Say , the Troikas , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Rocky Gibraltar ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel ( Toy Story ) Pat Fraley ( Toy Story Racer ) Rocky Gibraltar , more simply referred to as Rocky , is a figure of a heavyweight wrestler . He is the second strongest toy in Andy 's room , after Buzz Lightyear . In the first movie , he is seen lifting weights ( Tinker Toys ) with Snake , Troll , Buzz , Mr. Potato Head , and Rex . Rocky lifts the heaviest weights out of all of Andy 's toys . Rocky is silent and plays a minor role in the movies , but he can speak in the Disney Adventures comics and in the Toy Story Animated Storybook and Toy Story Activity Center CD - ROM games from Disney Interactive . In the Activity Center computer game , he can be seen on the top shelf playing cards with Hamm and speaks in third - person , saying , `` Rocky needs to work on brain muscles . '' He is one of the toys who turn against Woody , who accidentally knocked Buzz off a window . After Woody throws RC off the moving truck , Rocky , under Mr. Potato Head 's orders , spins Woody in the air and later tosses him off the truck personally . But when the toys realize that Woody 's only use of RC is to help Buzz onto the truck , Bo Peep calls Rocky who then redeems himself by lowering the truck 's ramp for them . In Toy Story 2 , Rocky , along with Sarge 's toy soldiers , tries to hold back the door to prevent Buster from entering , but Buster rams the door open , causing Rocky and the soldiers to go flying . Rocky is also seen holding Wheezy as Wheezy begs Buzz to rescue Woody and when waving Buzz and his rescue squad goodbye as they leave on their mission . At the end of the movie , Rocky is seen enjoying Wheezy 's rendition of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' He only appears in the third film via archive footage of Andy as a child . Rocky 's name and a logo on his championship belt are references to the Rock of Gibraltar . Rocky is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Lenny ( edit ) Voiced by Joe Ranft Lenny ( often known as Lenny the Binoculars ) is a pair of wind up binoculars . He is used as binoculars by the other toys in various situations and is talkative when he warns the toys what he sees on his watch and has a major role in Toy Story . Lenny does not speak in Toy Story 2 , unlike the first film , and his role is more minor ; Buzz uses Lenny to keep watch on Woody during the events at the yard sale until Al McWhiggin of Al 's Toy Barn steals Woody . Lenny appears in Toy Story 3 through archive footage from when Andy was young . Lenny was sold , possibly at a yard sale , before the events of Toy Story 3 . Lenny is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Snake ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Snake is a green and purple jointed rattlesnake toy who is best friends with Robot , as they are often seen together . He has a major role in the first film . He is unable to talk , but he communicates through hissing . When Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window , he sided with Mr. Potato Head against Woody . Later , at the end of the film , he and the other toys try to help Woody , Buzz and RC get back onto the moving van when they realized their mistake . In Toy Story 2 , Snake has a very minor role in the film . He is first seen when Hamm , Mr. Potato Head , Etch and everyone else try to figure out who stole Woody . He is n't seen again until the end of the movie where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 along with Robot , Bo Peep , Etch , Lenny and the other toys , but he made two cameos in the home videos at the start of the film . Robot ( edit ) Voiced by : Jeff Pidgeon Robot is an educational robot toy from Playskool . Unlike his best pal Snake , he speaks English . He is shown to be good with building blocks . In Toy Story , he stands on his head for Buzz to run on his treads like a treadmill and also repairs his ship . He is also one of the toys who turn against Woody when Buzz was accidentally knocked out the window . He and Rocky later throw Woody out of the moving truck , but then try to help Woody , Buzz and RC when the toys realized that they made a big mistake . In Toy Story 2 , he assists Buzz in the yard sale role call and is n't seen again until later at the end of the film where he watches Wheezy sing `` You Got a Friend in Me '' . Robot does not appear in Toy Story 3 . He was sold at yard sale along with Snake and the others , but he made a cameo in the home videos at the beginning of the film . Mr. Shark ( edit ) Voiced by : Jack Angel Mr. Shark is a blue rubber , squeaky shark toy who appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . The back of him is never seen because he spends most of his time in the toy box . In the first film , he steals Woody 's hat and imitates him before he takes his hat back . In Toy Story 2 , he is used as one of the death traps during Andy 's playtime . At the end of the film , he repairs Wheezy by finding him an extra squeaker . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . Mr. Mike ( edit ) Mr. Mike , also known as Microphone , is a toy tape recorder who helps Woody amplify his voice during staff meetings with his attached microphone . In Toy Story 2 , Wheezy uses him as a karaoke machine . He was sold at a yard sale prior to the events of Toy Story 3 . See ' n Say ( edit ) See ' n Say is an educational animal toy that appeared in Toy Story . Whenever he feels strong emotions , his central arrow wheel spins rapidly . This is his form of communication as he is unable to talk and just like Etch , Mr. Spell and Mike , he gets around by waddling on his stand . See ' n say did not appear in Toy Story 2 . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 . However , a different See ' n Say was seen when Ken , Twitch , Sparks , Chunk and Stretch were seen gambling inside a vending machine . Roly Poly Clown ( edit ) Roly Poly Clown is a rocking , chiming clown toy with a painted jacket and hands and a party hat seen in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . While not being able to talk , he mainly communicates through facial expressions . He also must rely on rolling around to get places since he does n't have feet . When not out , Roly Poly Clown resides in the toy box . He was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Lenny , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Robot , Snake , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Mr. Shark , the Troikas , and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troikas ( edit ) The Troikas are a set of five non-talking egg - shaped toys that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . They are in the style of the Russian doll with a picture of five animals : a dog ( largest ) , a cat ( second largest ) , a duck ( medium ) , a fish ( smallest ) , and a ladybug ( second smallest ) . They were sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with Bo Peep , her sheep , RC , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , Troll and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Troll ( edit ) Troll is a Troll doll with pink hair and a blue bathing suit that appear in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . In the first film it became fascinated with Buzz and is seen lifting weights ( Tinker dolls ) with Rocky , Rex , Mr. Potatoe Head , Robot and Snake . In Toy Story 2 it is seen alongside with Bo Peep to help for searching Woody 's hat before Andy is about to go to the summer camp . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Toddle Tots Fire Truck . Toddle Tots Fire truck ( edit ) The Toddle Tots Fire Truck is a fire truck toy directly taken from the Little Tikes company that appears in Toy Story and Toy Story 2 . It is piloted by the Fireman Toddle Tots . It was sold at a yard sale before Toy Story 3 , along with RC , Bo Peep , her sheep , Wheezy , Etch , Mr. Spell , See ' n Say , Lenny , Mr. Mike , Rocky Gibraltar , Robot , Snake , Mr. Shark , Roly Poly Clown , the Troikas and Troll . Bonnie 's toys ( edit ) These characters are the toys owned by Bonnie in Toy Story 3 and the short films . Chuckles ( edit ) Voiced by : Bud Luckey ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Chuckles is a brokenhearted toy clown who was once owned by Daisy ( along with Lotso and Big Baby ) , and is later owned by Bonnie . He is first seen mournfully looking out the kitchen window in Bonnie 's house , where he tells Woody about Lotso 's past , stating that Lotso used to be a good friend . Chuckles explains that he , Lotso , and Big Baby were accidentally left behind on a trip with Daisy 's family , and when they finally made it back to Daisy 's house , both him and Lotso discovered that Lotso had been replaced , which caused Lotso to snap . Chuckles objected when Lotso claimed all three had been replaced , but Lotso silenced him , and lied to Big Baby , saying that Daisy did not love him anymore . After the three found their way to Sunnyside and Lotso took over , running it like a prison , Chuckles was damaged and Bonnie found him and took him home . He still feels sorry for what happened to Lotso , but knows that what Lotso is doing at Sunnyside is wrong . He gives Woody a pendant ( which formerly belonged to Big Baby ) that says My heart belongs to Daisy , which later leads Big Baby to discover Lotso 's deception and rebel against him . In one of the end credits sequences , Chuckles sees a crayon - drawn picture of him , and Dolly says that `` Bonnie really got your smile , '' making Chuckles happy again , for the first time in many years . Chuckles returns in the short film Hawaiian Vacation and he sings a Hawaiian love song while playing a ukulele when Barbie and Ken get their recreated Hawaiian adventures . He also appears in Small Fry . Dolly ( edit ) Voiced by Bonnie Hunt Dolly is a soft dress - up rag doll with purple hair , googly - eyes , an orange dress with buttons sewn on , and gently blushing cheeks . She helps Woody get back to Sunnyside Daycare Center with the rest of Andy 's toys . In the Toy Story 3 video game , she is seen as a witch . It 's indicated that she is the leader of Bonnie 's toys . Dolly appears in the theatrical short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex . Mr. Pricklepants ( edit ) Voiced by Timothy Dalton Mr. Pricklepants is a stuffed hedgehog . He wears lederhosen and a Tyrolean hat , and views himself as a thespian . Mr. Pricklepants was made in Germany ( although he speaks with an English accent and actor 's diction ) and is from the Waldfreunde ( Forest Friends ) collection of premium imported plush toys . Throughout Toy Story 3 , he expresses great interest in theater arts and in the same respect , takes the art of role playing as a child 's toy very seriously . Buttercup refers to him sarcastically as `` Baron von Shush '' due to his habit of `` shushing '' the other toys when they break character . During the credits , he plays Romeo , with one of the aliens playing Juliet . Mr. Pricklepants reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appeared in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Trixie ( edit ) Voiced by Kristen Schaal Trixie is a blue toy Triceratops . She chats online with `` a dinosaur toy down the street '' who goes by the name `` Velocistar237 . '' She becomes best friends with Rex during the credits , playing cooperatively on a computer . Trixie reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation , Small Fry , and Partysaurus Rex , and appears in the TV specials Toy Story of Terror ! and Toy Story That Time Forgot . Buttercup ( edit ) Voiced by Jeff Garlin Buttercup is a white unicorn with a yellow mane and a pink nose . Despite his appearance , he has a very gruff voice and sarcastic personality . He is the first to introduce himself to Woody when Bonnie brings him home . He later appears at the end of the movie , now very close friends with Hamm . He also appears in Small Fry , Hawaiian Vacation , and Partysaurus Rex . Peas - in - a-Pod ( edit ) Voiced by Charlie Bright , Amber Kroner , and Brianna Maiwand in Toy Story 3 Zoe Levin in Hawaiian Vacation and Small Fry Peas - in - a-Pod are three soft , plush green balls in a green zip - up case that looks like a pea pod . They have the personalities of small children , and their names are Peaty , Peatrice , and Peanelope . The Peas - in - a-Pod reappear in the short film Hawaiian Vacation . They also appear in Small Fry . Angel Kitty ( edit ) Voiced by Emma Hudak Angel Kitty is a Christmas ornament that only appears in Toy Story That Time Forgot . A running gag in the film is Angel Kitty giving a moral about Christmas much to other toys ' ( mostly Trixie ) dismay and joy . She is mostly seen with a trumpet giving morals . She was last seen in Toy Story That Time Forgot giving one last moral and `` vanishes '' . Totoro ( edit ) Totoro , the title character from My Neighbor Totoro , who is also the mascot of Studio Ghibli , appears as one of Bonnie 's toys . He is a big plush toy and does not speak at all during the film , nor is he spoken to by anyone by his name . He does however display his famous grin during the credit scenes , and at the end of the film , he is seen juggling the alien triplets , while Mr. and Mrs. Potato Head watch . According to the tie - in book , The Art of Toy Story 3 , Totoro 's appearance in the film was intended as a tribute to Hayao Miyazaki , who is a close friend of Pixar executive John Lasseter . In addition to Lasseter 's relationship to Miyazaki , another factor that contributed to Totoro 's appearance was Disney 's role in dubbing Studio Ghibli films for their English - language releases . Sid and Hannah 's toys ( edit ) The following toys are only seen in the first film . Combat Carl ( edit ) Combat Carl is a G.I. Joe - type toy character . He first appears as a toy of Sid 's that Sid blows up with an M - 80 explosive in his first scene in Toy Story . Pieces of him are later seen coming to life during Woody 's plan to frighten Sid into altering his behavior near the end of the film . A different character with the same name appears in Toy Story of Terror ! Hannah 's dolls ( edit ) For Janie , see `` Janie and Pterodactyl '' under `` Mutant toys . '' Sally -- Sally is Hannah 's replacement doll for Janie . Sally has brown hair and a yellow dress . After Sid is attacked by the toys , Sid sees Sally , then runs off in fright , thinking that Sally will come to life . Marie Antoinette and her little sister -- Marie Antoinette and her little sister are a company of two headless dolls from Hannah 's tea party . One is Barbie without her original legs ( she has spare legs from a rag doll body ) , and the second is rag doll in violet bloom dress . A dark brown headless teddy bear is also seen with the dolls . It is because Sid tortured Hannah 's toys . Yet , she is able to play with them . `` Marie Antoinette '' is probably a nickname ( given by Buzz ) , based on their headlessness rather than the actual name of one of the toys . Mutant toys ( edit ) The Mutant Toys are mutilated toys who live their unhappy lives in the darkest corners of Sid 's room . They are assembled by Sid from mixed pieces of several toys that belong to him and Hannah ( hence the baby doll 's parts ) . They do not speak , though it is revealed they know Morse Code . Woody and Buzz initially think that they are cannibals who are going to eat them , before they learn that the toys are actually friendly and compassionate . They fix Buzz 's broken arm , Janie and the Pterodactyl , and also help Woody implement his plan to save Buzz from Sid . They close in on Sid as Woody tells Sid how much they hate being mutilated , and they all rejoice in victory after Woody frightens Sid away with his own voice . In Toy Story Treats , the Mutant Toys appear in Andy 's house . Baby Face -- The leader of the mutant toys , he is a one - eyed baby doll head staked on top of a spider - like body with crab - like pincers made of Erector set pieces . Baby Face lives in the shadows under Sid 's bed . One way Baby Face communicates with the other toys is by banging in Morse code on the side of Sid 's metal bedpost with his big claw . This method is used when he signals the other mutant toys to gather around to listen to Woody as he formulates his plan to rescue Buzz from Sid . When the mutant toys gain on Sid , Baby Face , suspended by Legs , lands on Sid 's head , scaring him . Baby Face is a playable character in the Toy Story Racer video game . Legs -- A toy fishing rod with Barbie doll legs . She is shown to be very strong , being able to hold Ducky 's and Baby Face 's weight . When Woody formulates his plan to save Buzz from Sid , he assigns Legs to partner up with Ducky . Legs opens the vent grating so she and Ducky can go to the front porch , where Legs lowers Ducky through the hole Ducky created so Ducky can swing toward the doorbell . After Ducky catches the Frog , Legs pulls both toys up to safety . Later , when the mutant toys advance on Sid , Legs lowers Baby Face onto Sid 's head , scaring him . Hand - in - the - Box -- Hand - in - the - box is based on the character Thing from the 1960s TV horror spoof The Addams Family . A green rubber arm that emerges from a black box , it appears to be based on the electro - mechanical coin - bank that was marketed as part of the show 's merchandising . During Woody 's plan to save Buzz from Sid , Hand - in - the - box , held by Rockmobile mounted on Babyface 's head , extends its hand to the doorknob , ready to open the door when the signal comes . After the Frog is let out the room to distract Scud , Hand - in - the - box mounts Roller Bob ( held by Rockmobile ) and extends its hand to pull Jingle Joe ( carrying Janie and the Pterodactyl ) when Woody motions the other mutant toys to go down to Sid 's backyard . The Hand also grabs Sid 's leg when the mutant toys surround him . Roller Bob -- A jet pilot action figure , whose torso has been attached to an old - school mini-skateboard . After the Frog is let out of Sid 's room to distract Scud , Roller Bob ferries Woody and the other mutant toys outside the house to Sid 's yard . The Frog -- The speediest toy of all . A tin wind - up frog with two different wheels ( left is from an erector set and right is from a monster truck ) instead of back legs . The Frog is missing his left front foot . As part of Woody 's plot to rescue Buzz from Sid , Woody orders , `` Wind the Frog ! '' , and the Walking Car twists the wind - up key on the Frog 's back to provide energy . When Ducky rings the doorbell , the Frog is let out of Sid 's room , allowing Scud to chase him down the stairs and out to the front porch , where he is caught by Ducky , and Legs reels both toys up to safety . Jingle Joe -- The result of a triple toy combination . He is a Combat Carl head staked on top of a Melody Push Chime toddler toy with an arm which is missing from a Mickey Mouse figure . He appears at the part when he turns Woody 's flashlight off by pressing the button . He helps in the plan to save Buzz by supplying motion for Janie and the Pterodactyl when there is no room on Roller Bob . Ducky -- Another triple toy combination : a duck - headed Pez dispenser with a baby doll torso and plunger base . Other than Rockmobile , he is the only one of Sid 's toys that can communicate orally . He and Legs go to the front porch via the vent , and Ducky , suspended from the porch ceiling by Legs , swings toward the doorbell until he finally activates it , giving Woody the signal to release the Frog . Ducky catches the Frog as Legs reels both toys up to safety . Rockmobile -- A figure with an insect 's head who sits in a headless upper torso of Rocky Gibraltar , in which is a steering wheel from a toy car . Rockmobile also walks on the Rocky doll 's hands . Walking Car -- A yellow 1957 Austin - Healey 3000 car with small baby doll arms . He can run and climb very quickly . As part of Woody 's plot to save Buzz from Sid , when Woody orders to wind the Frog , the Walking Car twists the screw on the Frog 's back , giving the Frog enough energy to speed from Sid 's room to the porch . Janie and Pterodactyl -- Hannah 's beloved rag doll , Janie , and Sid 's creepy toy , a small plastic Pterodactyl , are the subjects of Sid 's last `` operation '' , called a `` double bypass brain transplant '' ( he ripped off their heads and replaced Janie 's head with a pterodactyl 's ) . The mutant toys later put their heads on the correct bodies . After the Frog is released from Sid 's room for Scud to chase after , Janie and the Pterodactyl ride Jingle Joe ( since Roller Bob has run out of capacity ) as Woody motions the toys to go down to Sid 's back yard . Janie has yellow hair and a striped dress . Red Pickup Truck -- a toy Toyota Hilux . It is a broken red pickup truck with crooked parts , missing ear windows and is covered in sand because it was abused and buried in the sandbox . It helps Woody and the other mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear from being blown up with a rocket by emerging from the sandbox along with Burned Rag Doll and Walking Car . Burned Rag Doll -- a one eyed rag doll that was possibly burnt in an explosion or fire . It repeatedly utters `` Mama ! '' , which signifies that it talks . It helps Woody and the mutant toys rescue Buzz Lightyear by coming out of the sandbox along with Walking Car and Red Pickup Truck . Mason 's toys ( edit ) Appearing in Toy Story That Time Forgot , these are the toys of Bonnie 's best friend Mason . Battlesaurs -- A group of mostly humanoid dinosaur toys who initially believe themselves to be real beings rather than playthings ( like Buzz in the first and third films , and Buzz 2 in the second film ) . This illusion is encouraged by Mason 's greater interest in a new videogame system that he received for Christmas , and they become hostile to Mason 's other toys and to Bonnie 's when they are brought over for a playdate . However , Trixie is eventually able to convince them that being played with brings its own joy , and they happily embrace their life as toys . Reptillus Maximus ( voiced by Kevin McKidd ) -- The Carcharodontosaurus - like Champion of the Battlesaurs , who is fascinated by Trixie after meeting her . Initially , Reptillus is resistant to the idea of being a plaything , feeling that to submit to the will of his child would be surrender and dishonorable . However , Trixie later helps him to see that being there for Mason is honorable , and he helps her divert Mason 's attention to his new toys . Near at the end of Toy Story That Time Forgot it 's implied that he has a crush on Trixie . The Cleric ( voiced by Steve Purcell ) -- An anthropomorphic Ludodactylus and the `` spiritual '' leader of the Battlesaurs . The Cleric is the first Battlesaur shown to be aware of their status as toys , but conceals it from the others so that he can rule over them and Mason 's other toys . However , his plans are thwarted when Reptillus sides with Trixie ; he is later shown apparently enjoying his new role as Mason 's plaything . Ray - Gon ( voiced by Jonathan Kydd ) -- A Scelidosaurus who serves as the armorer of the Battlesaurs , his main contribution is providing Trixie and Rex with battle armor , with the latter featuring remote - control arms that the Cleric uses to manipulate Rex . Goliathon -- An Erythrosuchus that is kept as a pet by the other Battlesaurs and used to imprison their enemies in its belly . Guards -- Various guards are part of the Battlesaur collections , with raptor - like males and Parasaurolophus - like females amongst others . Toy characters by location ( edit ) Al 's Toy Barn and apartment ( edit ) Shown in a Buzz Lightyear commercial in Toy Story , this section contains characters from Toy Story 2 . Al 's Toy Barn appears in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . Stinky Pete the Prospector ( edit ) Voiced by : Kelsey Grammer ( Toy Story 2 ) Stephen Stanton ( Toy Story 3 : The Video Game ) Stinky Pete , also known as Prospector , is a prospector doll and the primary antagonist of Toy Story 2 . He is a toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show , Woody 's Roundup , where the characters consists of Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete , and Bullseye . The Prospector doll seen in the film had never been opened and was still `` Mint in the Box '' making him sought after by thousands of collectors . In contrast to the character on the show , Stinky Pete is quite intelligent , manipulative , and well - spoken and , when he first appears , he seems to be a grandfather figure and mentor . However , he becomes embittered because he has never been sold or played with until Al McWhiggin eventually found him . Stinky Pete makes no secret of his hatred for space toys like Buzz Lightyear , whom he blames for causing the show to be canceled after the launch of Sputnik , causing children all over America to lose their interest in cowboy toys , shifting their interest to space adventures instead . Years after being purchased , Stinky Pete would spend years in storage while Al bought more toys and advertisements from Woody 's Roundup . After Al had stolen Woody , Stinky Pete and Jessie were excited because now they could go to the Konishi Toy Museum in Japan , where they will be treated with respect . Woody reveals that he has an owner named Andy Davis , which infuriates Jessie and leads the Prospector to become determined to make sure Woody does n't go back to Andy at any cost , despite the fact that he is now aware that Al actually has stolen Woody because he still belongs to Andy . When Al accidentally rips off Woody 's arm , Stinky Pete secretly leaves his box and he sabotages Woody 's attempt to recover his arm and return to Andy by turning on the TV . He then frames Jessie for this by putting the TV remote near her before returning to his box and pretending that he `` does n't know '' how the TV turned on after Woody falls for his trick . He later convinces Woody to wait until his arm is supposed to be fixed in the morning , which is done after Al calls in a cleaner . After Woody 's arm is fixed , Stinky Pete convinces Woody after a story that Jessie tells him about her old owner , that Andy wo n't play with him anymore by the time he goes to college , but in Japan , Woody will be treasured forever . Woody agrees to stay with them instead of going back to Andy , much to Stinky Pete , Jessie and Bullseye 's delight . However , Woody 's friends arrive during a celebration of going to Japan and they demand that Woody returns to Andy , but Woody angrily refuses , resulting in the toys sadly saying goodbye and leaving without him . However , before leaving , Buzz says an upset goodbye to Woody by saying that he 'll be staying behind glass forever and not being loved again if he chooses to go to Japan , leaving Woody to think over his choice . However , Woody has a change of heart and tells Buzz that he is coming with them , and invites his friends to come with him to Andy 's house . However , Stinky Pete is very angry with Woody for attempting to leave with Jessie and Bullseye back to Andy 's house , and once again he sabotages Woody 's attempt to escape by tightening the bolt to the vent ( as well as revealing to the others that he can actually get out of his box whenever he wants ) and uses his pick axe to turn off the TV , causing Woody to realize that it was the Prospector who foiled his escape the previous night by turning on the TV and framing Jessie for it . He sees unpopular toys like him and the Roundup Gang doomed to either always ending up in storage or `` spending a lifetime on a dime store shelf watching every other toy be sold , '' similar to his fate before Al found him , and does not want Woody , Jessie , and Bullseye to suffer the same fate . He also sees children as destroyers of toys whose ultimate fate will be `` spending eternity rotting in some landfill '' . This makes him all the more determined to go to the Tokyo museum and become an exhibit for the rest of his life , unlike Woody and Jessie . When Slinky attempts to get Woody out of Al 's suitcase , Stinky Pete quickly stops them and yanks Woody back in . When an angry Stinky Pete punches Buzz off the ramp at the airport to prevent Woody 's rescue , Woody confronts and fights Stinky Pete for harming his friend . Stinky Pete manages to overpower him , ripping his right arm in the process . He then attempts to finish Woody off after he refuses to get back in the case as told , assuring him that he will be fixed again in Japan while saying that going home will eventually end up with him being in pieces . The other toys blind and stun Stinky Pete with flash cameras that the toys found after they confused and mistook another green luggage case for Woody 's . Buzz , surviving the fall , captures Stinky Pete and Woody instructs Buzz and the other toys to dump Stinky Pete into a Barbie doll backpack that belongs to a little girl named Amy ( voiced by Debi Derryberry ) , who enjoys decorating her dolls ' faces with tattoos , as punishment and revenge for his betrayal , knowing it will make him learn the true meaning of playtime . Upon learning of Amy 's occupations of decorating her dolls , Stinky Pete starts to weep as he is taken to his new owner 's home . Ironically , this fate is a rectification of a past injustice done to Stinky Pete . Since much of his anger came from never being sold , opened or played with ; now he is finally being owned by a child after waiting 50 years . However , after the film 's release , the film 's website featured interviews with the characters . In Stinky Pete 's interview , he has reformed and said that he has become accustomed to Amy decorating him , as well of being fond of Amy herself . Despite his appearance , Stinky Pete does not appear in the third film , because he was no longer mentioned , though he seems to accurately predict the events of Toy Story 3 ( as what he had said after his defeat started to come true in the film ) . He asks Woody if Andy will take him to college , and later tells the rest of the toys that children destroy toys , which occurs in the Sunnyside Daycare , and that they will be forgotten and end up in a landfill permanently , where the toys are narrowly rescued from the incinerator after an escape attempt and return to Andy 's . The last part of his prediction did not come true . According to his box , Stinky Pete had a total of 9 sayings . In one outtake , Stinky Pete is seen talking to two Barbie dolls in the box , promising them a role in the third film . In another outtake , Stinky Pete gives Woody a choice to go back to Andy 's home or stay , until he suffers a bout of flatulence , which he later implies is the reason for his nickname . Despite the fact that he does not appear in the third film , Stinky Pete does appear in the Toy Box Mode of Toy Story 3 : The Video Game . According to the DVD commentary , the Pixar team had deliberated for a while what the proper comeuppance for the Prospector would be before it was decided for him to be placed in a Barbie bag with a face - painted Barbie . Utility Belt Buzz Lightyear ( edit ) Voiced by Tim Allen When searching for Woody at Al 's Toy Barn , Buzz comes across the Buzz Lightyear aisle , causing him to stare in awe . While looking around , Buzz notices that there is a display case labeled `` New Utility Belt . '' Buzz then climbs up the display case to find a newer Buzz Lightyear with a Utility Belt . When Buzz tries to take the belt , the newer Buzz ( who thinks he is a real Space Ranger , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the original film ) springs to life and grabs him , believing him to be an AWOL Space Ranger . Buzz finds himself wondering out loud if he was this deluded , which Utility Belt Buzz mistakes for talking back and threatens to use his laser on him . Buzz tries to prove to him that he is not an actual Space Ranger by showing him that his laser is actually a light bulb . This does n't work however and Utility Belt Buzz jumps out of the way and tells him that he could 've killed him . Buzz then decides that he 's had enough and tries to leave , only for Utility Belt Buzz to jump out and attack him . After trapping Buzz in a box similar to the one he came in , he is mistaken for the original Buzz by the gang . When Rex mentions that he knows how to defeat Emperor Zurg -- having recently acquired a walkthrough guide for the Buzz Lightyear video game that he 's been stuck on , Utility Belt Buzz quickly decides to tag along thinking that the toys are trying to find Zurg . While the gang search Al 's Toy Barn and through the vents of Al 's apartment with Utility Belt Buzz , they become increasingly suspicious of his cocky attitude ( `` I 'm Buzz Lightyear ! I 'm always sure ! '' ) and strange actions ( such as thinking that he is flying up the elevator shift and is unaware that he 's standing on the elevator , which is helping him fly ) until they are finally reunited with Andy 's Buzz , who defuses his counterpart 's confusion by claiming that the situation is a ' Code 546 ' ( Precisely what this involves is unknown , but it prompted Utility Belt Buzz to refer to Woody as `` Your Majesty '' ) . Heading to the elevator on the way down , they encounter a savage Emperor Zurg toy and Utility Belt Buzz engages him in battle . When Utility Belt Buzz claims Zurg killed his father , Zurg responds he is his father , causing Utility Belt Buzz to scream in dismay ( a parody of The Empire Strikes Back ) . Rex defeats Zurg by accident , sending him falling off the elevator to his apparent doom by knocking him off - balance with his tail when he turns away as Zurg prepares to shoot Utility Belt Buzz , upsetting him . He is last seen playing catch with his `` father , '' the Zurg toy , whose attitude towards Utility Belt Buzz has changed after the fall . Evil Emperor Zurg ( edit ) Voiced by : Andrew Stanton ( 1999 -- present ) Wayne Knight ( Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ) Jess Harnell ( mini counterpart ) James Patrick Stuart ( Disney Magic Kingdoms ) Evil Emperor Zurg is a space villain action figure and Buzz Lightyear 's archenemy . He has red evil eyes with neon gritting teeth , silver horns on his head , a purple tunic with a black cape on it and his weapon , a gun ( which has a power control that , as a homage to This is Spinal Tap , goes to 11 ) . In some cases , he does not have a gun but a hand like the one on his other arm . In the first film , Zurg is a referenced character , and does not appear at all . However , Zurg is first seen in the opening sequence of the second film when Buzz is trying to take his main power away from him ( Zurg 's main power is from an AA battery which is actually revealed to be a hologram ) . In the ensuing battle , Zurg vaporizes the top half of Buzz Lightyear 's body with his gun , killing him . The sequence then cuts showing that the opening sequence was actually a video game played by Rex . As the story progresses , a Zurg toy in Al 's Toy Barn bursts out from its box and follows Andy 's Buzz Lightyear , who is on the way to rescue Woody from Al McWhiggin . Zurg is deluded , similar to Andy 's Buzz in the first film . In the second film , another copy of Buzz Lightyear , deluded in the same way as Andy 's Buzz in the first film , escapes from Al 's Toy Barn and battles with Zurg on top of an elevator . In a reference to the relationship of Luke Skywalker and Darth Vader , the principal hero and villain respectively of the original Star Wars trilogy , Evil Emperor Zurg claims he is in fact the father of Buzz , in an almost word - for - word parody of the scene in The Empire Strikes Back . As Zurg attempts to finish off Buzz at point - blank range , Rex accidentally hits Zurg with his large tail and sends him falling down the elevator shaft . The second Buzz looks down the shaft in despair , thinking he has lost his father , while Rex is excited that he has finally managed to defeat Zurg in real life . Near the end of the film , Zurg is seen to have survived his fall with a bent horn and is now playing catch with the second Buzz . He supposedly bumped his head so hard that he forgot he was Buzz Lightyear 's worst enemy . In the novelisation , however , Zurg is killed by the fall , and Buzz finds him and takes him back to Al 's Toy Barn to bury him . Zurg is mentioned in the third film by Buzz in his bad guy character after Lotso resets him to Demo mode . Zurg appears briefly during a sequence in the end credits , where he is donated to Sunnyside Daycare center and greeted by the resident toys . Zurg also appears as in Buzz Lightyear of Star Command and its direct - to - video movie Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins . Zurg says he is Lightyear 's father during a fight in order to shock Lightyear , before regaining the advantage during the fight and then denying the truth of that previous claim . Whether or not this is actually true , Buzz definitely does not know who his father is . This version of Zurg is also severely lightened up , going from the movie 's Darth Vader-esque version to a far less intimidating one ; in the TV series Zurg is a flamboyant villain who is just as much a comic relief character as he is a formidable opponent , similar to Skeletor . This Zurg is known for videotaping Buzz 's speeches , maintaining a troll doll collection , and various other comedic habits . He is shown to have a bit of a British accent throughout the series . It is revealed in the first episode that there is a Nana Zurg , but she is never seen at all ( although he claims that she 's `` plenty evil '' ) . Zurg would appear to be a cyborg of some description , also much like Darth Vader . However , it has also been discussed amongst fans that his `` cybernetic '' traits could also very well be because of advanced technology . There is yet to be a clear answer . In the TV series , he is the warlord - like ruler of an evil empire and is in command of an army of Hornet robots , as well of a minion workforce consisting of Grubs and Brainpods . The seat of which is the hellish Planet Z ( standing for Xrghthung ) . In various media surrounding the film , his planet is said to be called Xrghthung . However , because this is unpronounceable in the TV series it is changed to simply `` Z . '' It is unknown whether Zurg rules over any other worlds , but , if he does , they have not been revealed . Planet Z evidently possesses vast resources and forces enabling Zurg to be a serious threat to the Galactic Alliance . Despite being frequently gullible and bungling , Zurg is evidently highly intelligent , able to concoct sound military tactics and Machiavellian evil schemes . Additionally , he occasionally references stereotypes of typical evil villains and intentionally violates them , showing how aware he is of his similarity to them . For example , when designing a vast prison on Planet Z , he declines building an execution arena , for it simply `` gives the captives more time to get away . '' When he was designing a schematic for a new base , he expressly forbade for air vents that allow `` hero - sized objects '' into the control room . `` And , may I remind you , no giant trash compactor ! When heroes fall in , they always have enough time to figure a way out . Make it -- an incinerator ! '' Despite his camp nature , he is just as fearsome and ruthless as his movie counterpart . Zurg is frequently mentioned to be the most evil villain in the galaxy and appears to possess authority over all other villains . In fact , he would appear to be a physical manifestation of pure evil . He is particularly proud of this and frequently brags of how `` evil '' he is . He is a parody of Darth Vader on Star Wars , Darkseid on DC Comics , Ming the Merciless on Flash Gordon , Megatron on Transformers , Doctor Doom on Marvel Comics as well as The Six Million Dollar Man . Zurg appears as a playable character in Toy Story 3 : The Video Game on the PlayStation 3 in Toy Box Mode after completing several missions . He also has a convertible ( the ZurgsMobile ) that matches his personality . His mini counterpart is featured in the short Small Fry . Zurg appears in the 2015 live - action Disney movie , Tomorrowland . Tour guide Barbie ( edit ) Voiced by Jodi Benson Tour Guide Barbie is a Barbie doll initially from Al 's Toy Barn in Toy Story 2 . When Hamm , Slinky Dog , Rex and Mr. Potato Head come upon the Barbie aisle at Al 's Toy Barn while searching for Woody , Tour Guide Barbie hops into the toy car they are driving . She gives the toys a tour in the toy barn and helps them locate Buzz Lightyear ( they actually find a different , ' limited - edition ' Buzz ) . After the outtakes of the film , Tour Guide Barbie waves goodbye to the audience until her face hurts from smiling . She then leaves for a break . Sunnyside Daycare ( edit ) These characters live at Sunnyside Daycare Centre . All appear in Toy Story 3 only . Lots - O ' - Huggin ' bear ( edit ) Voiced by Ned Beatty Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear ( Lotso for short ) is a plush , hot pink teddy bear with a big plum nose , a sweet strawberry scent and a southern accent , who uses a wooden toy mallet as an assistive cane ( although he is still able to walk even without it ) . He is the self - proclaimed leader of the toys at the Sunnyside Daycare Center . He initially acts like a kind - hearted and wise caretaker , but is eventually revealed to be a ruthless prison warden , although his backstory makes him more of a tragic villain . In Toy Story 3 , he welcomes Andy 's toys to Sunnyside and assigns them to the Caterpillar Room . Woody tries to escape from Sunnyside so he could go back to Andy , but is instead found and taken by a little girl named Bonnie . Woody learns from Chuckles , one of Bonnie 's toys , that Lotso was once owned and loved by a girl named Daisy , having become Daisy 's favorite toy when she obtained it for Christmas . Lotso became friends with Chuckles and Big Baby . One day , Daisy and her family had a picnic in the countryside . When she fell asleep , her parents drove her home , inadvertently leaving the toys behind . Not wanting to give up , Lotso led his two friends on a long trek back to Daisy 's house , only to discover that Daisy had gotten another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear . Lotso became embittered and convinced Big Baby that they had been replaced , leaving Daisy 's home with Chuckles . Lotso eventually discovered Sunnyside Daycare Center and turned it into an internment camp for toys . Big Baby took on the role of Lotso 's enforcer , while Chuckles was broken , and was discovered by Bonnie and taken home . Meanwhile , Lotso realizes that Buzz is actually requesting a transfer of himself and the rest of Andy 's toys to the Butterfly Room . Thinking of Buzz to be useful to him , Lotso only approves the transfer to him . When Buzz refuses Lotso 's offer to stay in the Caterpillar Room , Lotso reverses Buzz to demo mode and manipulates him into imprisoning Andy 's other toys . When Woody and Andy 's toys attempt to flee from the daycare center . Lotso catches the group and once again offers them to stay at Sunnyside when a garbage truck arrives , but the toys refuse and Lotso instructs Stretch to push the toys into the dumpster . Woody argues with Lotso over his wrongdoings and reveals to him what he knows about Daisy and tosses Daisy 's ownership tag to him ; Lotso destroys it and says that toys are supposed to be discarded . His henchmen then turn on him and Big Baby throws him into the dumpster . As the toys attempt to flee , a vengeful Lotso pulls Woody into the dumpster just as the truck collects it to get the other toys to be sent to the dump . At the landfill , the toys end up on a conveyor belt leading to a shredder . Finding Lotso stuck under a large golf bag , Woody and Buzz rescue him and escape the shredder , only to realize that it leads to an incinerator . As they are about to reach the incinerator , Lotso sees an emergency stop button , and with Woody and Buzz 's help , manages to reach it . However , instead of pushing the button , he chooses to leave them behind , as he is still evil and selfish on the inside and still believes that all toys are meant to be at the dump . When Woody and the toys are rescued by the aliens , Hamm and Slinky want to get back at Lotso for leaving them to die , but Woody talks them out of it , claiming that `` he 's not worth it '' and that the dump is the right place for him . Lotso ( who is unaware the Andy 's toys are still alive ) is eventually found by a garbage man who recalls that he once had a Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear as a child , and straps Lotso to the grill of a garbage truck with three other toys before driving away . Lotso was intended to be in the first film ( originally for a sequel to Tin Toy ) , but the technology to design the fur to the proper consistency had yet to exist until Monsters , Inc. in 2001 , so he was saved for the third film . However , an early version of Lotso can be seen in the first film when Woody says `` Everybody hear me ? Up on the shelf , can you hear me ? Great ! '' and can be seen in the second film during the first Al 's Toy Barn Commercial . Test audiences who had sympathized with Lotso for his backstory had wanted him to push the button in the incinerator scene to redeem himself . However , according to the DVD commentary , director Lee Unkrich explained that Lotso not pushing the button to save the toys was intended for the audience to really care about the characters after three films of getting to know them when it looked like it was the end for them in the incinerator . The Pixar team took note of the people 's concerns and made Lotso to be an outright , selfish liar . Lotso also makes a cameo appearance in Pixar 's 2009 movie Up in a little girl 's room in the city where Mr. Fredricksen 's house goes by in the bottom left corner in the shadow of the bed . Ned Beatty was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for his performance as Lotso , and Pixar and he received widespread praise for the character 's back story and Beatty 's performance . IGN named Lotso the best villain of the summer of 2010 . Ken ( edit ) Voiced by Michael Keaton Ken is a smooth - talking doll who falls in love with Barbie . He first appears wearing light blue pleated and cuffed shorts , and a tucked - in leopard - print shirt with short sleeves . His accessories include matching ascot , sensible loafers and a fashion - forward gold belt . He lives in Ken 's Dreamhouse , a big yellow doll house with three stories , a large wardrobe room , and an elevator . Barbie originally breaks up with Ken when she finds him , Lotso , his other henchmen , and a reset Buzz Lightyear locking up her friends and discovering their ulterior motive . Piqued , Ken orders her locked up as well . However , as part of a plan to escape , she pretends to forgive Ken , gaining access to his dream house . Barbie then ties Ken hostage to try to get him to reveal how to reset Buzz back to normal . As a provocation , she entangles him in an ironing board and rips his clothing apart . Ken reveals the truth after she begins to sabotage his prized Nehru jacket . He is not seen again until Lotso has the toys cornered at the dumpster , where he is the first to turn on Lotso . Ken comes to Barbie 's help by trying to stop Lotso , having realized Barbie through her understanding of civics . Lotso tells Ken `` there 's 100,000,000 just like her '' , but Ken insists that for him , there is no one else like her , and wins back her affections . In the end credits of the film , he and Barbie are seen greeting new toys at Sunnyside as Barbie becomes his girlfriend again , and with Lotso gone , they both take charge of the Sunnyside toys as the new leaders . He resembles a real doll from 1988 called Animal Lovin ' Ken . Due to being called a `` girl 's toy , '' it is often joked about his femininity : such as his large selection and obsession with clothes , him wearing Barbie 's scarf , his rather feminine boxer - shorts , Bookworm not being suspicious seeing who he believed being Ken ( Barbie in a spacesuit outfit ) in high heels , as well as at the end Buzz believing Barbie wrote them the fancy note , only to discover Ken 's signature at the end . Ken , along with Barbie , appears in the theatrical short , Hawaiian Vacation , in which the two embark on a journey to Hawaii , but ends up in Bonnie 's room , where Woody and the other toys reenact various Hawaiian scenes . Big Baby ( edit ) Voiced by Woody Smith ( 2010 -- present ) Big Baby is a Bitty Baby doll with a lazy eye who carries around a bottle and is adorned with childlike scribbling that resembles ferocious tattoos . He normally does not speak , instead communicating through baby sounds , with the exception of one spoken line after the toys escape Sunnyside . Big Baby was once one of Daisy 's toys before he , Lotso , and Chuckles were lost at a rest area . After returning home , Lotso lied to Big Baby , claiming that Daisy replaced and no longer loved them . They eventually took over Sunnyside Daycare , where Big Baby became Lotso 's third - in - command . Eventually , Woody reveals to Lotso that Daisy still cared about them and gives Big Baby his pendant , sparking his memory of his former owner , whom he called `` Mama '' . Lotso derides Big Baby for his attachment to Daisy and smashes the pendant with his mallet . Big Baby turns against Lotso and throws him in the dumpster ( a parody of a scene from Return of the Jedi ) , blows him a raspberry , and helps Woody and his friends escape Sunnyside . In the credits , Big Baby is much happier at Sunnyside under Barbie and Ken 's care , and even wears gold diapers to match their outfits at a party at the daycare . The baby who provided the voice for Big Baby is named `` Woody , '' according to Lee Unkrich 's Twitter account , and the film 's credits confirm it as being Woody Smith ( listed under Additional voices ) . Twitch ( edit ) Voiced by John Cygan Twitch is a green `` insectaloid warrior '' action figure with a bug 's head , orange eyes with ferocious chomping mandibles , wings , and two muscular arms . He is one of the toy thugs working for Lotso . He helps to reprogram Buzz , and later apprehends Andy 's other toys . He keeps a search light working in the playground . He and Sparks `` break '' the Chatter telephone before he is convinced of Lotso 's evil by Woody and Ken . Because of how Lotso abused Big Baby , Twitch turns on Lotso , along with the other gang members . During the credits , he is seen living in a happier Sunnyside and is shown taking a turn to endure playtime with the young children in the Caterpillar Room , switching with Chunk so he can rest . Twitch is reminiscent of the 1980s `` He - Man and the Masters of the Universe '' toy line , and other similar lines . Stretch ( edit ) Voiced by Whoopi Goldberg Stretch is a toy rubber octopus with sticky suckers on her eight long arms and a glittery , purple body . She is the sole female member of Lotso 's gang , and at first welcomes the toys , but later helps capture them with her elastic tentacles . With her cohorts , she later catches Woody and his friends , and was eager to push them into the dumpster , should they not admit defeat . However , Stretch was also seen to be the first toy to doubt Lotso 's leadership and motives , as she was seen to visibly cringe at Lotso 's true character being revealed . After Lotso destroys Big Baby 's locket , he angrily orders Stretch to push Woody and his friends into the dumpster , which Stretch is now reluctant to do , causing Lotso to reveal his true feelings about all toys . Eventually , Lotso is thrown into the dumpster by Big Baby for his lies and treachery , and Stretch immediately leaves the area , shocked at what had happened but relieved . In the credits , she welcomes new toys happily without Lotso and is later seen sneaking a message to Woody and the gang in Bonnie 's backpack . She is based on a purple Wacky WallWalker toy from the 1980s . Chunk ( edit ) Voiced by Jack Angel Chunk is an orange muscular rock monster toy . He has two red eyes when fierce , blue eyes when he 's friendly , huge fists , and a face that you can change by rolling it up or down to a different facial expression or pressing a button at the top of his head . He welcomes the toys to Sunnyside , but later helps Lotso and Buzz imprison them . He is then convinced of Lotso 's deception when he abuses Big Baby , and is seen helping Woody and his friends climb to safety . In the credits , he is seen taking the abuse of the younger children , later taking a rest while Twitch takes his place . He is based on the short lived Rock Lords toyline . Chunk has a very low level of intelligence : During a gambling scene , he describes Buzz as `` He ai n't the sharpest knife in the ... place ... where they ... keep the knives '' . He enjoys teasing Ken during the gambling scene since he called him a `` girl 's toy . '' Sparks ( edit ) Voiced by Jan Rabson Sparks is a robot toy at Sunnyside Daycare . He has shown to be both blunt and sarcastic . Sparks ' retro design has flashing red LED eyes and a blaster cavity in his chest that spits out real sparks when he 's rolling around on his wheels , but is completely safe for children . He sports telescoping arms with working pincers and he can also elevate his body to make himself taller . He starts out as one of Lotso 's henchmen , but in the dumpster scene , when Ken states that Lotso put all of the toys in Sunnyside Daycare into a pyramid and placed himself on the top , he and Twitch ( and likely Chunk as well ) start to doubt Lotso 's leadership as both of them look at each other . Both of them are also in shock when Lotso shows his true colors and pokes Big Baby angrily in the stomach . They also witness Big Baby who retaliates by throwing Lotso into the dumpster , and he and the rest of his fellow henchmen let Andy 's toys escape . In the end , he and the rest of Lotso 's former henchmen reform for the better and become nicer . Sparks has only one line , when he points out Chunk 's low intelligence , he says , `` Neither are you , Chunk '' after Chunk gives his opinion on Buzz . Chatter Telephone ( edit ) Voiced by Teddy Newton Chatter Telephone is a character based on the real - life toy of the same name . He can only speak when his receiver is lifted from its cradle . He lives in the Caterpillar Room . He is the oldest toy at Sunnyside , and becomes an ally to Woody . When Woody returns to Sunnyside , he immediately says that coming back was a mistake because Lotso had rigged his security after he left and that the best action would be to just lay low . He reluctantly gives him instructions on how to escape Sunnyside . For this , he is later brutally beaten and broken for helping Woody and his group escape , and eventually rats Woody out when convinced that Woody and the other toys had already escaped , but are caught just before they can do so . He sadly apologizes to Woody who fortunately shows sympathy for the broken toy . In the credits , he has been repaired and now lives a happier life there at Sunnyside Daycare without Lotso , having been invited into the Butterfly Room . When Woody talked to him , he called him Ol ' Timer . Bookworm ( edit ) Voiced by Richard Kind The Bookworm is a green toy worm with a built - in flashlight who wears glasses . He is a genius who loves reading books . He keeps a library of instruction manuals in a closet at Sunnyside , and gives Lotso the instruction manual for Buzz Lightyear . He later gives the same manual to Barbie ( who he thinks is Ken since she is disguised in his spacesuit outfit ) . It is unknown if he is in allegiance with Lotso but is most likely not , since he is never seen with him very often . In the credits , he is happy without Lotso , and is seen using his flashlight to light a disco ball during a party at Sunnyside . He is based on the Glo Worm toys from the 1980s . He only has two lines in the film . Cymbal - banging monkey ( edit ) The cymbal - banging monkey is a monkey toy based on the Musical Jolly Chimp toy from the 1960s. he monitors the Sunnyside Daycare security cameras at night , and can alert Lotso and the gang of any toys attempting to escape by screeching into a microphone to broadcast over the intercom . Chatter Telephone tells Woody that he must get rid of the monkey before he and his friends can escape . Woody and Slinky manage to succeed in taking him down by wrapping him up in Scotch Tape and shutting him in a filing cabinet . In the credits , he is seen in a much happier situation , gently playing his clash cymbals while wearing star - shaped sunglasses . Toys in other projects ( edit ) The following toy characters were seen in other Toy Story projects : Discarded Fun Meal Toys ( edit ) Appearing in Small Fry , the Discarded Fun Meal Toys are toys that were discarded by children and have formed a support group in a storage room at Poultry Palace . Buzz Lightyear came across them at the time when he was replaced by the Fun Meal Toy version of Buzz . Among the Fun Meal Toys are : Queen Neptuna ( voiced by Jane Lynch ) -- Queen Neptuna is a mermaid toy who is leader of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She was from the `` Mermaid Battle Squadron '' line where the Mermaid Battle Squadron 's duties are to protect the oceans from pollution and exploitation . T - Bone ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- T - Bone is a steak - like Transformer who is Queen Neptuna 's second - in - command of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He was from the `` Steak Force '' line where they fight the Vegetenarians . DJ Blu - Jay ( voiced by Bret Parker ) -- DJ Blu - Jay is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small blue jay toy wearing a set of headphones with a disco player with a tree trunk to stand it up . Lizard Wizard ( voiced by Josh Cooley ) -- Lizard Wizard is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a small lime green lizard toy with a beard , a violet wizard hat and a wizard robe . Bozu the Ninja Clown -- Bozu is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a circus clown by day , 15th century ninja from Feudal Japan by night . Vlad the Engineer ( voiced by Jess Harnell in a Transylvanian accent ) -- Vlad the Engineer is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . Vlad is a vampire in a conductor 's hat that rides in a purple steam engine . Vlad got discarded because `` nobody wanted to board the Vampire Express . '' Gary Grappling Hook ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Gary Grappling Hook is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a green toy gun with hands and legs and a blue grappling hook for a face . Buzz uses him to escape the toy psychotherapy meeting when he was paired up with Lizard Wizard . Tae - Kwon Doe ( voiced by Lori Alan ) -- Tae - Kwon Doe is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic karate deer toy that can chop through the boards that are part of her toy . At one point , Queen Neptuna sees her hand up and thinks she is raising her hand . When Neptuna calls on her , Tae - Kwon Doe explains that it 's simply her play feature at which point her left hoof goes down hitting the plastic boards and `` breaking '' it . Her name is a play on `` Taekwondo '' . Super Pirate ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Super Pirate is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a pirate - themed superhero with an eyepatch on his left eye and a peg leg in place of the lower part of the left leg . Beef Stewardess -- Beef Stewardess is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is an anthropomorphic cow that is dressed as a stewardess . Nervous Sys - Tim ( voiced by Kitt Hiraski ) -- Nervous Sys - Tim is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a clear plastic human that shows many body parts such as the brain , the eyes , and the nervous system . Nervous Sys - Tim mentioned that nobody wanted him because he is an accurate depiction of the human nervous system and that would seem gross when kids were eating . Ghost Burger ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Ghost Burger is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a normal hamburger dressed in a ghost sheet . Koala Kopter ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui in an Australian accent ) -- Koala Kopter is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a plastic koala on a helicopter that has a propeller on the top of his hat that is part of the `` Down Undermals '' set . Koala Kopter stated that he was switched out for a Kangaroo Kanoe . Roxy Boxy ( voiced by Emily Forbes ) -- Roxy Boxy is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . She is a boxing - themed turtle . Roxy Boxy mentioned that she was recalled because her boxing glove hands will come out and could hurt kids . This has happened during the meeting where it hit Lizard Wizard twice . Recycle Bin ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- Recycle Bin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue recycling bin with arms . Recycle Ben claimed that `` he was recycled . '' Funky Monk ( voiced by Angus MacLane ) -- Funky Monk is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a monk with sunglasses and a gold chain with his initials around his neck . Condorman ( voiced by Bob Bergen ) -- Condorman is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a condor - themed superhero in his vehicle . Condorman is an allusion to the live - action 1981 Disney film of the same name . Franklin ( voiced by Jim Ward ) -- Franklin is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a bald eagle sitting on a rolled - up version of the constitution that supports a feather pen on the back of it and the wheels are made up of quarters . Franklin did n't understand why kids disliked him because `` he is history , but on wheels . '' Pizza - Bot ( voiced by Jason Topolski ) -- Pizza - Bot is a member of the Discarded Fun Meal Toys . He is a blue pizza box - headed robot whose right hand holds a pizza and his left hand is a pizza cutter . It reads PIZZABOT5000 on his chest . His chest is possibly a pizza - carrying chest , such as the ones that you see when someone brings you pizza or the boxes that carry the pizzas at baseball games . Kids do not like Pizza - Bot for some reason which makes him sad . Sleep well toys ( edit ) A set of toys who were stolen from their owners during their stay at the Sleep Well roadside motel by Manager Ron 's pet iguana , Mr. Jones , so that Ron could sell them online . They appear in Toy Story of Terror ! , where they are held along with Bonnie 's toys while Ron auctions them off on the Internet . They eventually escape with help from Jessie , and depart the Sleep Well on a mail truck . Combat Carl ( voiced by Carl Weathers ) -- A G.I. Joe-esque action figure . He is African - American in appearance , unlike the Caucasian character of the same name who briefly appeared in the first film . He is encountered by Jessie after all of her friends have been captured , having eluded Mr. Jones though losing a hand in the process . Carl is extremely paranoid and refers to himself in the third person , but later helps Jessie overcome her fears to save everyone . He was owned by a boy named Billy , to whom he is determined to return . Combat Carl Jr. ( voiced by Carl Weathers in a high - pitched voice ) -- A miniature version of Combat Carl who has a close relationship with his larger self . Pocketeer ( voiced by Ken Marino ) -- Part of an action figure line known as the `` Fastener Four , '' the Pocketeer has an outfit covered in pockets in which he keeps various helpful items . His fellows Zipper Man , Snaps , and Speed Lacer were sold by Ron prior to the capture of Bonnie 's toys . Pez Cat ( voiced by Kate McKinnon ) -- a Pez dispenser whose head is that of a cat wearing glasses , and who serves as the lookout for the trapped toys in the Sleep Well motel . Transitron ( voiced by Peter Sohn ) -- a Transformers-esque transforming robot who splits into five vehicle components . Jessie freed Transitron from a box he was to be shipped in and then had him seal her inside so she could rescue Woody ; Transitron later joined up with the other stolen toys and departed the Sleep Well . Non-toy characters ( edit ) Humans ( edit ) Andy Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : John Morris -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Toy Story 3 Charlie Bright -- Toy Story 3 ( young ) Andrew `` Andy '' Davis Jr. is the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys in each of the three films . He lived with his mother and sister Molly , but left to go to college when he was 17 . However , his father is never seen or mentioned in the films . Toy Story 2 implies that Woody might be a hand - me - down toy , and when introducing the 2009 set of Toy Story collectibles , John Lasseter said `` We always imagined he was a hand - me - down to Andy from his father . '' In Toy Story , Andy receives a Buzz Lightyear action figure for his 6th birthday party . Tension erupts between Buzz and Woody , who has always prided himself on being Andy 's favorite . Andy initially spends much more time with his new toy , but still has a special place in his heart for Woody . Thus , he becomes concerned when both toys go missing for a time , fearing they would be lost during his family 's move to a new house . In Toy Story 2 , Andy is only seen in the beginning and for a short while in the ending . During his appearances , it is clear that he still loves his toys very much . At the end of the film , Andy is pleased to have five new toys -- Jessie , Bullseye , and the three Squeeze Toy Aliens -- added into his collection . He marks them , as he has all his toys , with his name on the soles of their feet , or in Bullseye 's case , one letter of his name on each hoof . In Toy Story 3 , Andy is 17 and preparing to go off to college , intending to put most of his toys in the attic except for Woody , whom he initially plans to take with him . While he apparently has not played with his toys for some years and has given many of them away , he is still resistant to his mother 's suggestion to either donate or sell his remaining toys , referring to them as `` junk '' ( which the toys believe is what he truly thinks ) . When they go missing , however , he becomes upset and confused when he can not find them . Before he goes to college , Woody secretly puts the address of Bonnie ( the young daughter of a family friend ) on the box with the toys in it , causing Andy to come around to the idea of donating them . He passes them on to young Bonnie , who he realizes will look after his childhood playthings and gives them each their own introduction , stating the qualities that make each of them special . When Bonnie finds Woody in the box as well , Andy shows great reluctance to pass on his favorite toy , but ultimately relents , allowing the toys to stay together in an environment where they will be loved and played with . He spends time with Bonnie and the toys one last time before departing for college , and is noticeably sad when Bonnie has Woody `` wave '' to him . He then responds with a quiet `` Thanks , guys '' . According to Toy Story producer Ralph Guggenheim in a December 1995 Animation Magazine article , John Lasseter and the story team for Toy Story reviewed the names of Pixar employees ' children , looking for the right name for Woody 's owner . Davis was ultimately named after and based on Andy Luckey , the son of legendary animator Bud Luckey , Pixar 's fifth employee and the creator of Woody . Luckey has declined to publicly comment on the connection . In the DVD feature for Toy Story 3 on the voice cast , the Pixar crew remark that they were n't sure if Morris would want to do it or would sound right , and were ecstatic when they heard his voice on an answering machine , Morris was perfect for teenage Andy . Bonnie Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Emily Hahn Bonnie Anderson appears in Toy Story 3 as one of the children who goes to Sunnyside Daycare . She becomes the owner of Woody , Buzz and the other toys at the end of the film . Although she has an active imagination and boisterous manner when playing with her toys , she is shy and withdrawn when she is around adults , but she quickly warms up to Andy , when he donates his toys to her . She finds Woody , who was trying to escape Sunnyside , takes him home , and plays with him . Woody is impressed by what he sees at her house and ultimately gets himself ( and all of Andy 's other toys ) donated to her . Andy briefly plays with her after handing over his toys , and tells her he needs someone `` very special '' to take care of them for him . In the short film Hawaiian Vacation , Bonnie goes on a vacation to Hawaii and leaves Barbie and Ken in her room . Molly Davis ( edit ) Voiced by : Hannah Unkrich -- Toy Story , Toy Story 2 Bea Miller -- Toy Story 3 Molly Davis is Andy 's younger sister , seen as an infant in the first film , a toddler in the second film , and as a preteen in the third film . Andy uses her crib as the town jail during playtime at the beginning of the first film , implying they are sharing a room . When the family moves later in the film , Andy and Molly get separate rooms , though Molly has plans to move into Andy 's presumably larger room once he leaves for college . In the first film , she slobbers on Mr. Potato Head and throws him from the crib , causing his parts to scatter and earning her the nickname `` Princess Drool '' from him . At the end of the film , she receives a Mrs. Potato Head toy for Christmas . In Toy Story 3 , she also owned a Barbie doll , which she donates to the daycare center as she was less interested in dolls and toys by that time and is now a preteen . Mrs. Davis ( edit ) Voiced by Laurie Metcalf ( 1995 -- present ) Mrs. Davis is Andy and Molly 's single mother . In the first film , she has brown hair and ties it in a ponytail . In the other two films , her physical appearance is noticeably different and instead of brown , she has blonde hair and leaves it down . Though presented as a loving mother to Andy and Molly , Mrs. Davis is actually a major ( though indirect ) threat to the toys , as she frequently asks Andy to throw out the toys he no longer wants . Mrs. Davis ' actions regarding the toys sets the plot in motion in all three films , though they are not malicious . In the first film , she purchases a Buzz Lightyear toy for Andy on his birthday , prompting the rivalry between Buzz and Woody which leads to them being lost and forced to find their way home . In the second film , she puts Wheezy up for sale at a yard sale ( due to a broken squeaker ) , prompting Woody 's rescue attempt where he is subsequently stolen by Al . In the third film , she orders Andy to clean out his room before going to college and mistakenly throws away the bag of toys Andy was putting in the attic , causing them to be donated to a daycare center . Despite this , in the second film , she is overly protective of Woody , describing him as an old family toy . At the end of the third film , she breaks down and weeps at the departure of her first son , but Andy reassures her that she will always be with him even if they are apart . This moment between mother and son plays a major factor in Woody deciding to have Andy donate his toys to Bonnie , thus giving them a new lease on their lives . Some 2014 articles explore the possibility that Mrs. Davis is Jessie 's original owner , Emily from her flashback memories . The evidence cited references the flashbacks of Jessie and Emily from Toy Story 2 . The flashback sequence shows Emily as a child in the 1960s , which is when she would have been a child . The sequence also shows that the cowboy hat that Emily had is very similar to Andy 's hat but with an additional white lace area , and Emily 's hair was brown , just like Mrs. Davis 's hair in the first film . Sid Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Erik von Detten Sid Phillips is Andy 's neighbor until Andy moves , but it is unknown if he and Andy know each other . Sid is known for torturing and destroying toys . Many of his toys are either destroyed , have missing pieces , or replaced with parts from other toys , even Sid `` torturing '' Woody by burning his forehead with a magnifying glass . He is also shown tormenting his sister and destroying her toys by certain methods such as exploding , burning , and decapitating them . He also enjoys skateboarding , and his shirt depicts the logo for Zero Skateboards . The toys mention that he was consistently kicked out of summer camp ; and in the audio commentary on the tenth anniversary DVD , the directors mention that he is a bully but also the `` most creative character in the movie '' . It is also implied that he does not have the best home life . His parents do not make any major appearances : his mother 's voice is only heard briefly several times in the film , and his father is only seen briefly asleep on a chair in front of the TV in the living room . He also seems to be the only human depicted in the film to observe toys actually coming to life . At the end of the first film , Woody and Sid 's mutant toys decide to rescue Buzz by scaring Sid , which causes him to become very frightened of toys . The last straw is Woody coming alive and telling him to take good care of his toys or else . This causes Sid to panic and run back into his house screaming , and then to his room when his sister scares him with her toy doll . Sid does not appear in the second film , although he is mentioned once by Buzz during the toys ' mission to rescue Woody from the greedy toy collector Al McWhiggin . Sid also appears in the four - issue Monsters , Inc. comic mini-series produced by Boom ! Comics . In the third film , Sid ( now an adult ) makes brief appearances in two scenes once again voiced by Erik von Detten . He is shown to be a garbageman with a small beard , recognizable by his characteristic T - shirt . His only dialogue in this movie involves humming guitar riffs , and he is depicted listening to heavy metal music through a pair of large headphones . Hannah Phillips ( edit ) Voiced by Sarah Freeman Hannah Phillips is Sid 's sweet - natured , younger sister who appears a few times in the first film . In Toy Story , Hannah has adjusted to her toys being mutilated by Sid . Most of her dolls either have different heads or altered body parts , and at the end of the film she finds enjoyment in scaring her brother after he has been horrified by Woody and the other toys . She spends most of the time during the movie playing with her altered dolls . Al McWhiggin ( edit ) Voiced by Wayne Knight Al McWhiggin -- nicknamed `` The Chicken Man '' by Andy 's toys -- is the owner of a chain of local toy stores and also an obsessive collector of all things related to the old Woody 's Roundup TV series . He steals Woody from a yard sale held by Andy 's mother in hopes of selling him to a toy museum in Tokyo , Japan . He is unscrupulously obsessive , overweight , very impatient , and lazy , as he complains of having to `` drive all the way to work on a Saturday '' , despite his apartment only being across the street from the store . He is partially inspired by his voice actor Wayne Knight ; during the production of Toy Story 2 , Knight had a goatee like Al in the movie . Cartoonist and animator Scott Shaw has also been acknowledged as another model and inspiration for Al . Al is the owner of a large toy store called `` Al 's Toy Barn '' . The store is mentioned in the first Toy Story in an advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys , but Al did not appear . He is first seen in Toy Story 2 during an advertisement on TV in which he is dressed up in a chicken suit of which Hamm remarks `` I despise that chicken '' after turning off the TV . He later is seen trying to buy Woody in a yard sale held by Andy 's mom . After Andy 's mother refuses to hand over the doll and locks him in a box , Al steals Woody with the intent of selling him , along with the rest of his collection of Woody 's Roundup toys and memorabilia , to a Japanese toy museum for a large sum of money . Andy 's toys arrived at his apartment to rescue Woody but Stinky Pete 's interference allow Al to leave for the airport with the Roundup Gang . Andy 's toys follow him there on a stolen pizza planet truck . ( In the original script , Andy 's toys steal Al 's car and Al steals the pizza planet truck and gives chase ) As Al 's plane is about to fly off to Japan with the Roundup Gang packed in the luggage , Andy 's toys are able to save Woody , Jessie and Bullseye , getting Jessie off of the plane at the last second , while the Prospector is placed in a little girl 's backpack for his betrayal . During his latest commercial soon after , Al is unable to control himself from hysterically sobbing over his losses as a result , which Hamm responded to by saying `` Well , I guess crime does n't pay . '' Al was originally conceived to appear in the first Toy Story film , but was cut in the final screenplay . However , Al 's Toy Barn makes an appearance in the first film during a television advertisement for Buzz Lightyear toys . Al 's last name was revealed on the nameplate on his office desk ; also , when he is done taking pictures , he answers his cellphone and Mr. Konishi can be heard saying his full name . According to Disney Adventures magazine , Al was not permitted to play with his toys when he was a kid , which led to his toy - collecting niche . It is implied that Al 's full name is actually Carl McWhiggin since Mr. Konishi is heard calling him that on the phone . His car 's license plate reads LZTYBRN , which is `` Al 's Toy Barn '' ( minus the vowel letters ) . It is also the actual license plate of Ash Brannon , co-director of Toy Story 2 , according to the Toy Story 2 : Special Edition commentary . Mrs. Anderson ( edit ) Voiced by Lori Alan Mrs. Anderson is the mother of Bonnie . She wears purple glasses . In Toy Story 3 , she is the receptionist at Sunnyside Daycare . When Andy comes to return his toys to Bonnie , Mrs. Anderson is amazed to see a grown - up college student donating his childhood toys to her daughter . During the credits scene , she carries another box of donation toys into the Butterfly Room at Sunnyside that contains Emperor Zurg . In Toy Story of Terror , she and Bonnie are driving in the countryside at nighttime when the car tire punctures . In the morning , the curtain behind the manager 's desk fell down revealing all her missing toys . Mrs. Anderson calls the police to arrest the manager who stole the toys . Geri the cleaner ( edit ) Voiced by Jonathan Harris Geri , an elderly specialist in toy restoration and repair with a fully loaded toy repair kit , comes to Al 's apartment in Toy Story 2 to fix Woody up in preparation for his trip to Japan . He insists that Al let him take his time with the work and views it as more than a simple job , asserting , `` You ca n't rush art . '' Geri previously appeared in Pixar 's 1997 short , Geri 's Game , where he plays a chess game against himself . In that short , he is voiced by Bob Peterson . One of the drawers in his carrying case contains chess pieces , a reference to the short . Emily ( edit ) Emily was the name of Jessie 's former owner and is mentioned by her in the second film . She appears in a flashback musical sequence while `` When She Loved Me '' by Sarah McLachlan is played . During this sequence , Jessie tells Woody of her first experience with an owner who was Emily and why she resented being a child 's toy . As a young child she was a fan of the Wild West and horses , along with the Woody 's Roundup TV show , apparent through her love of Jessie . As she became a teenager , her interest began to shift towards makeup , pop culture of the time and gossip with her friends which led to Jessie being neglected then thrown away through a donation box . She is mentioned by Jessie for the second time in the third film , when she fears of being thrown away by Andy , saying `` I should 've seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . Daisy ( edit ) Daisy is a little girl who appears in flashbacks in Toy Story 3 . She owned Lotso , Big Baby and Chuckles in the beginning , but accidentally left them behind at a rest area along the road . In order to pacify her , Daisy 's parents bought her another Lots - O ' - Huggin ' Bear rather than finding Lotso and the rest of her toys , which made Lotso think he had been replaced and forgotten about , and changed him into a sinister , ruthless toy . Ron ( edit ) Voiced by Stephen Tobolowsky Ron is the greedy manager of the Sleep Well Motel , appearing in Toy Story of Terror . He has a habit of stealing toys from customers in his motel and selling them on the Internet , with the help from his pet iguana , Mr. Jones . When Bonnie and her mother went to Sleep Well after their car got a flat tire , Mr. Jones steals a number of Bonnie 's toys , including Woody , Buzz , and Jessie . Ron then takes pictures of the toys and puts them on his bidding sale , awaiting buyers . Jessie manages to trick Mr. Jones into tearing off the curtain , revealing the toys ' location and Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother , who then calls the police . Two police officers later arrive to question Ron , who attempts to escape by stealing their car but is forced to flee on foot after immediately crashing it into the motel sign . The police officers initiate a manhunt for him . Mason ( edit ) Voiced by R.C. Cope Mason is Bonnie 's best friend , and a post-Christmas playdate between the pair serves as the setting for Toy Story That Time Forgot . Mason receives an entire Battlesaurs collection for Christmas but is distracted from them by a new video game system . However , due to Trixie and Reptillus ' efforts he abandons the video game and plays with his new toys . He is later shown to write his name on his toys in similar fashion to Andy and Bonnie . Animals ( edit ) Scud ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Scud is Sid 's aggressive Bull Terrier . His viciousness is first demonstrated when Sid sets a Squeeze Toy Alien on his nose and commands him to maul it mercilessly . Scud serves as an obstacle for Woody and Buzz as they try to escape Sid 's house . First , as Woody tries to run off when Sid leaves the bedroom door open he encounters Scud sleeping and accidentally wakes him , forcing him and Buzz to hide . When Sid takes Buzz to the backyard to blow him up with a rocket , Woody tries to save him but Scud traps him in Sid 's room . The mutant toys help Woody distract Scud so they can rescue Buzz . Scud later spots Woody and Buzz trying to escape on the moving van and pursues them , but is eluded when he runs after them into the middle of a traffic intersection and is trapped by the cars as they crash while trying to avoid him . Buster ( edit ) Voiced by Frank Welker Buster is Andy 's pet dachshund , whom he receives at the end of Toy Story . Buster appears in Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . In Toy Story 2 , he is depicted as being very energetic . Buster is considered to be nice to the toys in Andy 's room and is the only one in Andy 's house who knows that the toys are alive , and is fiercely loyal to Woody , obeying all commands given to him by Woody : when Wheezy is taken by Andy 's mother to be sold at a yard sale , Woody is able to command Buster to carry him down to the yard sale so he can rescue Wheezy . However , he does not respond to commands from Andy whatsoever . Slinky is also able to communicate with him due to the fact they are both dogs . At the beginning of Toy Story 2 , Buster finds Woody in a record of 13.5 seconds . In Toy Story 3 , Buster is now older and looks very aged , with mixed brown and gray fur , a gray - white snout , overweight , and too old to help Woody save the other toys ( in a direct parody of the rescue scene from Toy Story 2 ) , although he remains nice and loyal to them . He tends to fall asleep as well . Crazy Critters ( edit ) Crazy Critters are a bunch of 2 - dimensional animal puppets from the Woody 's Roundup show including an armadillo , bat , bear , beaver , bird , deer , vulture , bear cub , porcupine , flying squirrel , rabbit , skunk , snake , fox , raccoon , tortoise and bobcat . They come quickly when Jessie calls them , with the tortoise falling slightly behind the others . Woody understands them in the Woody 's Roundup show . The Crazy Critters make cameo appearances as prizes determined by the score of players in Toy Story Midway Mania ! , and in the Toy Story 2 video game on the Nintendo 64 . Mr. Jones ( edit ) Voiced by Dee Bradley Baker Mr. Jones is an iguana appearing in Toy Story of Terror ! , owned by the manager of Sleep Well Motel , Ron . He is loyal to his master and is trained to secretly steal toys from customers so that his master can sell the toys off the Internet . During the majority of the special , he is seen snatching most of Bonnie 's toys away in a flash through the air shafts and ventilation systems . Eventually , he accidentally swallowed Mr. Potato Head 's left arm and Combat Carl 's right hand . However , he is forced to regurgitate them out after Jessie tricks him into ripping off the curtain , revealing Ron 's scheme to Bonnie and her mother . It is unknown what happens to him afterwards , although it is implied that he will be sent to Animal Control . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had n't Recorded Mr. Potato Head in Toy Story 4 Before Death '' . Screen Rant. April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Don Rickles Had Not Recorded His Role in ' Toy Story 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Toy Story 4 plot details emerge '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Toy Story 4 ′ Finds Buzz and Woody on the Search for Bo Peep '' . Collider . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Totoro Makes Cameo in Pixar 's 3rd Toy Story 3 Trailer . '' Anime News Network . February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Christopher . `` Pixar Chief Discusses Totoro Cameo In ' Toy Story 3 ' Trailer . '' MTV . February 17 , 2010 . Retrieved on September 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Magic Kingdoms ( Video Game 2016 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Favorite Villain -- Lotso ( Ned Beatty ) , Toy Story 3 '' . IGN . Summer 2010 . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toy Story 3 Easter Eggs '' . Slashfilm.com. 2010 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Unkrich , Lee ( @ leeunkrich ) ( June 22 , 2010 ) . `` Big Baby says one line in Toy Story 3 . And the name of the baby actor who supplied the voice ? Woody . Truth '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 20 , 2010 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Medina , Joseph ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Toy Story : Woody 's Odd Case Of Amnesia Finally Explained ! '' . Latino Review Media . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Patricia ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` A Bonkers Theory on The True Identity of Andy 's Mom In Toy Story '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ Negroni , Jon ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Toy Story : The True Identity of Andy 's Mom Makes The Movie More Epic '' . Moviepilot . Toy Story Films Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Toy Story 4 Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Dash Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Tiny Toy Stories Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Story_characters&oldid=854475656 '' Categories : Lists of Disney characters Toy Story characters Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano ქართული 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 58 ( UTC ) . 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what is andy's sisters name in toy story

In Toy Story 3 , a Barbie appears to be one of the toys that Andy 's sister , Molly , owns . In Sunnyside , she falls in love with Ken , but after Lotso 's minions reset Buzz 's personality , and reveal that they want to sacrifice Andy 's old toys in order to protect themselves , she ingratiates herself with Ken in order to obtain the Buzz Lightyear manual that lets her friends reset Buzz to his original form . When she stands up to Lotso by saying that being treated fairly is better than living under his rule , Ken switches his allegiance to her and her friends . In the end credits of the film , they get back together and change Sunnyside , becoming its co-leaders , after Lotso is defeated .

It Was n't Me - wikipedia It Was n't Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Shaggy . For the song by George Thorogood & the Destroyers , see Move It On Over ( album ) . `` It Was n't Me '' Single by Shaggy from the album Hot Shot B - side `` Dance & Shout '' Released September 11 , 2000 Format 7 '' 12 '' cassette CD Recorded 1999 Genre Reggae fusion Length 3 : 47 Label Big Yard DreamWorks Songwriter ( s ) Shaggy Producer ( s ) Shaun Pizzonia Raul `` RAZ '' Zeballos Shaggy singles chronology `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' ( 1998 ) `` It Was n't Me '' ( 2000 ) `` Angel '' ( 2001 ) `` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ) . The song features vocals from English - Jamaican singer Rikrok . The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend caught him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' `` It Was n't Me '' has been regarded as Shaggy 's breakthrough in the pop market , and is his highest - charting song to date , topping the charts in Australia , Austria , France , Ireland , the United States , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . It was the best - selling single of 2001 in the United Kingdom , selling over 1.15 million copies that year and over 1.42 million as of 2017 . The song was also featured on the 2001 compilation album Now That 's What I Call Music ! 6 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Chart performance 3 Music video 4 Legacy 5 Track listings 6 Charts and sales 6.1 Weekly charts 6.2 Year - end charts 6.3 Certifications 6.4 Chart successions 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman . His friend 's advice is to deny everything , despite clear evidence to the contrary , with the phrase `` It was n't me . '' Ultimately , the narrator says that the advice `` makes no sense at all '' . The song was inspired by a bit called `` No Loyal Men , '' performed by Eddie Murphy in his 1987 comedy special Raw . In a 2016 interview , Shaggy acknowledged similarities with the War song `` Smile Happy '' . The connection is further supported by Liam Payne 's 2017 debut single `` Strip That Down '' , itself based on `` It Was n't Me '' , which credited both Shaggy ( as Orville Burrell ) and members of War as co-songwriters . The clean version of the song replaces the lyric `` Picture this : we were both butt - naked banging on the bathroom floor '' with `` Picture this : we were both caught making love on the bathroom floor '' and `` Saw me banging on the sofa '' with `` Saw me kissing on the sofa '' . `` It Was n't Me '' was originally never intended to be released as a single . Before the original version of Hot Shot was released in August 2000 , Hawaiian DJ Pablo Sato downloaded the album from `` a Napster - like MP3 site he wo n't name '' and discovered that `` It Was n't Me '' was `` the album 's standout cut . '' He played the song on American radio the next day , and in an interview , claimed , `` The phone lines lit up right away . Within a couple of days , it was our number - one requested song . '' The song was then released as the album 's first single in September 2000 , following its radio success . The song is written in the key of C , in the Mixolydian mode . The song was spoofed by Bob Rivers , as Shaggy One Handed , making a reference to the Scooby - Doo character , Shaggy Rogers . The video focused on him being caught masturbating ( about the girl next door ) by his mother . The song was also spoofed on Svengoolie . On The Chris Moyles Show , the song was used as a prank call with Shaggy trying to book a taxi , with the final line being `` Can you drop me off at The Chris Moyles Show on BBC Radio 1 ? , 97 to 99 FM '' . Chart performance ( edit ) `` It Was n't Me '' was Shaggy 's first number - one hit in the United States . The song peaked at number two for two weeks from December 16 , 2000 to December 23 , 2000 . On December 30 , 2000 , it was bumped down one position to number three . It moved back up to the number two spot on January 4 , 2001 . The song also reached number one on the UK Singles Chart on March 4 , 2001 , selling 345,000 copies , making the song a transatlantic chart - topper . It also reached number one in Australia on April 1 , 2001 . It is also the 11th biggest selling single of the 21st century in the United Kingdom , with sales of over 1.42 million as of September 2017 . As of August 2014 , it is the 49th best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 399,500 units sold . Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by Stephen Scott . It starts out with Rikrok running to Shaggy 's mansion to explain to him what has just happened . Rikrok tells him that he cheated on his girlfriend and got caught . Shaggy tells him to tell her that `` It was n't me . '' The video then cuts into a flashback to earlier that day . Rikrok has been caught sleeping with another woman , and his girlfriend is outside the apartment in her convertible when two women pull up next to her on their motorcycles ( sport bikes ) . Then , the three women go into the building . He then sneaks out the window , takes the motorcycle of one of his girlfriends accomplices and leaves . The women come out and the girlfriend and one of the accomplices get in the convertible and the other gets on her motorcycle and they chase after him . From his mansion , Shaggy , using his futuristic technology , tracks down where Rikrok is going and prepares an escape for him . Rikrok then gets on a bridge over the highway when the accomplice rode on the bridge in front of him . He then hits the brakes to stop while she stops her motorcycle . Rikrok then hears a noise behind him and it 's the other accomplices and the girlfriend driving the convertible on the other side of the bridge with the highway down below . An eighteen - wheeler drives by , and Shaggy leaves Rikrok a text message telling him to look behind and he notices the truck and jumps off the side of overhead and lands on the truck . He is then dropped off at Shaggy 's mansion , showing the same scene from the start of the video . Legacy ( edit ) The lyrics of `` It Was n't Me '' inspired Slate writer Josh Levin to coin the term the `` Shaggy defense '' to describe R. Kelly 's defence at his child pornography trial stemming from the production of a sex tape : `` I predict that in the decades to come , law schools will teach this as the ' Shaggy defense ' . You allege that I was caught on camera , butt naked , banging on the log cabin floor ? It was n't me . '' Levin repeated the term on NPR . The term describes a strategy of flatly denying guilt and refusing to engage with the evidence against the defendant , no matter how overwhelming . R. Kelly was ultimately found not guilty on all charges . The song is referenced by Trevor Noah on an episode of The Daily Show with Trevor Noah when he covered the vice-presidential debate between Mike Pence and Tim Kaine , as Pence vehemently kept denying his running mate Donald Trump 's claims , despite the fact that the claims have been proved to be said by Trump on camera or through his Twitter account . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD Single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Cassette single `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 U.S. `` It Was n't Me '' -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Squeaky Remix ) -- 4 : 25 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 47 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Sports Remix ) -- 3 : 27 Australia `` It Was n't Me '' ( Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 43 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Vocal 12 '' Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Pussy 2000 Club Mix Edit ) -- 8 : 07 `` Dance & Shout '' ( Dancehall Version ) -- 3 : 46 `` It Was n't Me '' ( Enhanced Video ) -- 3 : 43 Charts and sales ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 01 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) 18 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Eurochart Hot 100 ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 ) Position Australian Singles Chart Austrian Singles Chart 25 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 6 Dutch Top 40 7 French Singles Chart 7 Irish Singles Chart Swiss Singles Chart 17 UK Singles Chart US Billboard Hot 100 12 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 500,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Netherlands ( NVPI ) Platinum 60,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,428,204 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Chart successions ( edit ) hide Order of precedence Preceded by `` Independent Women Part I '' by Destiny 's Child Billboard Hot 100 number - one single February 3 , 2001 -- February 10 , 2001 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Preceded by `` Puf / Schudden '' by Def Rhymz Dutch number - one single March 3 , 2001 -- April 7 , 2001 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Damn ( I Think I Love You ) '' by Starmaker Preceded by `` Always Come Back to Your Love '' by Samantha Mumba Irish ( IRMA ) number - one single March 3 , 2001 ( 1 week ) Succeeded by `` Uptown Girl '' by Westlife Preceded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten UK number - one single March 4 , 2001 ( 1 week ) Preceded by `` La Passion '' by Gigi D'Agostino Belgian ( Flanders ) number - one single March 24 , 2001 -- April 14 , 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus Preceded by `` Seul '' by Garou French SNEP number - one single March 31 , 2001 -- June 2 , 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Hasta la Vista '' by MC Solaar Preceded by `` Ms. Jackson '' by OutKast Eurochart Hot 100 number - one single March 31 , 2001 -- June 2 , 2001 ( 10 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Whole Again '' by Atomic Kitten Preceded by `` Case of the Ex '' by Mýa Australian ARIA number - one single April 1 , 2001 -- April 22 , 2001 ( 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Me , Myself and I '' by Scandal'us See also ( edit ) List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2001 List of best - selling singles and albums of 2001 in Ireland List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( decade ) in the United Kingdom List of best - selling singles of the 2000s ( century ) in the United Kingdom List of million - selling singles in the United Kingdom List of 2000s UK Singles Chart number ones Shaggy defense References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VH1 - Top 100 Greatest Songs of 2000 's '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shaggy 's single is UK 's best - seller '' . BBC News . 27 December 2001 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How I Wrote That Song : Shaggy `` It Was n't Me '' `` . YouTube . April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mench , Chris ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne Interpolates A Shaggy Classic On His New Single `` Strip That Down '' Featuring Quavo `` . Genius . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rainbird , Ashleigh ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Liam Payne insists he did not ' rip off ' Shaggy song for new track as he gave singer credit '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paiva , Derek ( January 18 , 2001 ) . `` Isle deejay takes credit for Shaggy hit '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Gannett Co. , Inc . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2001 . Retrieved February 22 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Caught Me One - Handed '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy - Taxi '' . April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 16 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media , Inc ( 2000 - 12 - 23 ) . Billboard . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Paoletta , Michael ( 2000 - 12 - 30 ) . 2000 : The Year In Music . Billboard . Retrieved August 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Independent ' Stays On Top '' . Retrieved 25 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SHAGGY RETURNS IN STYLE '' . NME. 4 March 2000 . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Copsey , Rob ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` The UK 's Official Chart ' millionaires ' revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France , épisode 6 ( 50 - 41 ) '' . Chartsinfrance. 16 August 2014 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Josh Levin . May 21 , 2008 . `` Dispatches From the R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ NPR . May 23 , 2008 . `` Trapped in a Courtroom : The R. Kelly Trial '' . Jump up ^ R. Kelly Found Not Guilty ! Jump up ^ Trevor Noah , October 4 , 2016 . Vice Presidential Debate Wrap - Up Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World : Eurochart Hot 100 ( IFPI / Nielsen Marketing Research ) 04 / 07 / 01 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 113 ( 14 ) : 73 . April 7 , 2001 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy feat . Rikrok : It Was n't Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2010 - 01 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved July 26 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Shaggy feat . Rikrok -- It Was n't Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Shaggy Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ 2001 Australian Singles Chart aria.com ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived August 1 , 2012 , at WebCite ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2001 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ 2001 French Singles Chart Disqueenfrance.com Archived 2012 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2001 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived 2012 - 11 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 12 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` 2001 '' . Longbored Surfer . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Shaggy in the field Interpret . Enter It Was n't Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Dutch single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging van Producenten en Importeurs van beeld - en geluidsdragers . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Norsk platebransje Trofeer 1993 -- 2011 '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Shaggy ; ' It Was n't Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Shaggy -- It Was n't Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter It Was n't Me in the search field and then press Enter . The Billboard Book of Number One Hits , fifth edition External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Everything Is A Remix Shaggy is inspired by Eddie Murphy Shaggy Discography Studio albums Pure Pleasure Original Doberman Boombastic Midnite Lover Hot Shot Lucky Day Clothes Drop Intoxication Shaggy & Friends Summer in Kingston Rise Compilation albums Hot Shot Ultramix Mr. Lover Lover : The Best of Shaggy ... part 1 Boombastic Hits The Best of Shaggy Best of Shaggy : The Boombastic Collection Singles `` Oh Carolina '' `` Nice and Lovely '' `` Soon Be Done '' `` Big Up '' `` In the Summertime '' `` Boombastic '' `` It Was n't Me '' `` Angel '' `` Luv Me , Luv Me '' `` Dance & Shout '' / `` Hope '' `` Me Julie '' `` Hey Sexy Lady '' `` Wild 2nite '' `` Church Heathen '' `` Bonafide Girl '' `` What 's Love '' `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' `` Remain in Our Hearts '' `` Habibi ( I Need Your Love ) '' `` Only Love '' Featured singles `` I Got You Babe '' `` Christmas in Jamaica '' `` I Wanna '' `` Do n't You Need Somebody '' `` Let Me Love You '' Related articles Shaggy defense Major Lazer Sean Paul Best - selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952 -- 1969 1952 : `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn ( UK ) 1953 : `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954 : `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955 : `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956 : `` I 'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957 : `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958 : `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959 : `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1960 : `` It 's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961 : `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962 : `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield ( UK ) 1963 : `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1964 : `` Ca n't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1965 : `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd ( UK ) 1966 : `` Green , Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones ( UK ) 1967 : `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck ( UK ) 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles ( UK ) 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970 -- 1989 1970 : `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971 : `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison ( UK ) 1972 : `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band ( UK ) 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974 : `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud ( UK ) 1975 : `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers ( UK ) 1976 : `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man ( UK ) 1977 : `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls ' School '' -- Wings ( UK ) 1978 : `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M . 1979 : `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980 : `` Do n't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police ( UK ) 1981 : `` Do n't You Want Me '' -- The Human League ( UK ) 1982 : `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners ( UK ) 1983 : `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club ( UK ) 1984 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid ( UK ) 1985 : `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986 : `` Do n't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards ( UK ) 1987 : `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley ( UK ) 1988 : `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard ( UK ) 1989 : `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990 -- 2009 1990 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991 : `` ( Everything I Do ) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992 : `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993 : `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994 : `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet ( UK ) 1995 : `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome ( UK ) 1996 : `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997 : `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John ( UK ) 1998 : `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999 : `` ... Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000 : `` Can We Fix It ? '' -- Bob the Builder ( UK ) 2001 : `` It Was n't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok ( UK ) 2002 : `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young ( UK ) 2003 : `` Where Is the Love ? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004 : `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' -- Band Aid 20 ( UK ) 2005 : `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay ( UK ) 2006 : `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007 : `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis ( UK ) 2008 : `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke ( UK ) 2009 : `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010 -- present 2010 : `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Bruno Mars 2011 : `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele ( UK ) 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson ( UK ) featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla ( UK ) 2017 : `` Shape of You '' - Ed Sheeran ( UK ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Wasn%27t_Me&oldid=840347036 '' Categories : 2000 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Songs about sexuality Number - one singles in Australia Reggae fusion songs European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Ultratop 50 Singles ( Flanders ) number - one singles Irish Singles Chart number - one singles SNEP Top Singles number - one singles Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in Poland UK Singles Chart number - one singles Shaggy ( musician ) songs Songs about infidelity 2000 songs Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Netherlands Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 9 May 2018 , at 09 : 02 . 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who sings with shaggy on it wasn me

`` It Was n't Me '' is the first single from Jamaican - American reggae artist Shaggy 's multi-Platinum studio album Hot Shot ( 2000 ) . The song features vocals from English - Jamaican singer Rikrok .

St. Francis Preparatory school - wikipedia St. Francis Preparatory school Jump to : navigation , search St. Francis Prep Address 6100 Francis Lewis Boulevard New York City ( Fresh Meadows , Queens ) , New York 11365 United States 40 ° 44 ′ 32 '' N 73 ° 46 ′ 34 '' W  /  40.74222 ° N 73.77611 ° W  / 40.74222 ; - 73.77611 Information Type Private Motto Deus Meus et Omnia ( My God and My All ) Religious affiliation ( s ) Roman Catholic Established 1858 Oversight Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn President Leonard Conway Principal Patrick McLaughlin ' 73 Faculty 137 Grades 9 -- 12 Gender Coeducational Enrollment 2750 ( 2008 ) Average class size 30 Color ( s ) Red and Blue Fight song On For Ol ' St Francis Mascot Terrier Nickname Prep Team name Terriers Rival Holy Cross High School ( Flushing ) ( BOYS ) and Mary Louis ( GIRLS ) Accreditation Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Publication The Little Portion Literary Magazine Newspaper The Seraph Yearbook San Fran Tuition $9,550 Website http://www.sfponline.org/ St. Francis Preparatory School , commonly known as St. Francis Prep , is a private , independent Catholic college preparatory school in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City Borough of Queens , in the State of New York . It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States . St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn , who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school . The school has a student body of about 2,750 students and graduates between 600 and 700 students annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Co-curricular activities and athletics 3 Notable alumni 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) St. Francis Preparatory originated as St. Francis Academy , a small all - boys high school on 300 Baltic Street in Brooklyn , New York , founded by the Franciscans Brothers of Brooklyn ( O.S.F. ) . The college section became St. Francis College , a private predominantly undergraduate college in Brooklyn Heights . It took its current name in 1935 , then moved to a larger facility in Williamsburg , Brooklyn in 1952 . The school moved to its current location in Fresh Meadows , Queens in 1974 when it acquired the facility that formerly housed Bishop Reilly High School , a co-educational Catholic high school . The school began admitting female students that same year . A fitness center was added recently and the science labs are being updated . There are currently plans to add a three - story addition to the rear of the existing building . The upgrades to the art rooms will support students in the studio , digital and the performing arts . Co-curricular activities and athletics ( edit ) St. Francis Prep has a rivalry with Holy Cross High School , fueled particularly by their football teams . Known as the `` Battle of the Boulevard '' due to the two schools being located only 2 miles apart on Francis Lewis Boulevard , the rivalry between the Prep Terriers and the Holy Cross Knights has been called `` arguably the greatest rivalry in New York City football . '' The St. Francis Prep girls tennis team has been undefeated for 17 consecutive years , making them 17 time CHSAA champions . In 2015 the St. Francis Prep Varsity Handball team won their 13th consecutive CHSAA championship ( with an undefeated season ) . Notable alumni ( edit ) Ted Alexandro , stand - up comedian Frank J. Aquila , corporate lawyer Marco Battaglia , NFL football player Michelle Betos , NWSL goalkeeper Des Bishop , stand - up comedian Vincent DePaul Breen , former Bishop of Diocese of Metuchen Patti Ann Browne , news anchor for the Fox News Channel Julie Chen , news anchor for CBS and hostess of reality show Big Brother Carlos Dengler , former bassist of band Interpol Gerry DiNardo , former college football coach and current Big Ten Network commentator James Dooley , Emmy Award - winning composer Sonny Dove ( 1963 ) , college and NBA basketball player , fourth pick of 1967 NBA draft Peter Facinelli , actor Kyle Flood , Rutgers University head football coach . Eric Gioia , New York City councilman Dan Henning , NFL football player and coach Ed Jenkins , NFL football player Vince Lombardi , former Green Bay Packers coach and namesake of the Lombardi Award and the Vince Lombardi Trophy Glen Mazzara , writer and television producer Bill Pickel , NFL football player and sports broadcaster Frank Serpico , New York police officer known for uncovering corruption Father Robert S. Smith , American Catholic priest , author , and educator Joe Torre , former MLB player , former New York Mets , Atlanta Braves , St. Louis Cardinals , New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers manager References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. Francis Preparatory School Online '' . Sfponline.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ MSA - CSS . `` MSA - Commission on Secondary Schools '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Gustafson , Anna ( November 28 , 2008 ) . `` Students , Faculty Reflect on 150 Years of St. Francis Prep '' . The New York Daily News . ^ Jump up to : `` About St. Francis Preparatory School '' . SFPonline.org . Jump up ^ Rhoades , Liz ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` St. Francis Prep readies building expansion plan '' . Queens Chronicle . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Ebenezer ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` St. Francis Prep Cruises Past Holy Cross in Battle of the Boulevard '' . The New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Live Blog : Holy Cross-St . Francis Prep Football '' . Five Boro Sports . Jump up ^ `` Patti Ann Browne ' 83 '' . St. Francis Preparatory Alumni . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` JackMyersLunchAtMichaels.com - CBS ' Julie Chen : Unique Blend of Cultural Influences Motivates Big Brother Host '' . JackMyers.com . September 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Facinelli 's Twitter account '' . December 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Council : District 26 - Eric N. Gioia '' . New York City Council . Retrieved 3 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Henning - Miami Dolphins '' . Miami Dolphins official site . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers : Vince Lombardi '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Serpico ' 54 '' . St. Francis Preparatory Alumni . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Newell , Kevin . `` The Joe Torre Story '' . Scholastic Corporation . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) School website Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Bishops Ordinaries John Loughlin Charles Edward McDonnell Thomas Edmund Molloy Bryan Joseph McEntegart Francis Mugavero Thomas Vose Daily Nicholas Anthony DiMarzio Auxiliary bishops Gerald Barbarito Anthony Bevilacqua John Joseph Boardman Frank Joseph Caggiano Ignatius Anthony Catanello Raymond Francis Chappetto Octavio Cisneros Joseph Peter Michael Denning Raymond Augustine Kearney Charles Richard Mulrooney George Mundelein Edmund Joseph Reilly Paul Robert Sanchez Guy Sansaricq John J. Snyder Joseph Michael Sullivan René Arnold Valero Bishops who served as priests in the diocese Vincent DePaul Breen Edward Bernard Scharfenberger Churches Cathedral Cathedral Basilica of St. James , Brooklyn Co-Cathedral Co-Cathedral of St. Joseph , Brooklyn Basilicas Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help , Brooklyn Basilica of Regina Pacis , Brooklyn Parishes Church of St. Francis of Assisi and St. Blaise , Brooklyn Church of the Holy Innocents , Brooklyn Holy Cross Church , Queens Our Lady of the Miraculous Medal , Queens Our Lady of Victory Church , Brooklyn Queen of All Saints Church , Brooklyn St. Adalbert , Queens St. Barbara 's Church , Brooklyn Saint Benedict Joseph Labre Church , Queens Saint Cecilia 's Catholic Church , Brooklyn St. Michael 's Church , Brooklyn St. Sebastian Church , Queens St. Stanislaus Kostka Church , Queens Transfiguration , Queens Former parishes Church of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary , Brooklyn St. Blaise 's Church , Brooklyn St. Monica 's Church , Queens Education Seminary Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary , Queens High schools , Brooklyn ( Diocese and independent ) Bishop Kearney High School Bishop Loughlin Memorial High School Cristo Rey Brooklyn High School Fontbonne Hall Academy Nazareth Regional High School St. Edmund Preparatory High School St. Joseph High School Saint Saviour High School of Brooklyn Xaverian High School High schools , Queens ( Diocese and independent ) Archbishop Molloy High School Cathedral Preparatory School and Seminary Christ the King Regional High School Holy Cross High School Monsignor McClancy Memorial High School St. Agnes High School St. Francis Preparatory School St. John 's Preparatory School The Mary Louis Academy High schools , former Bishop Ford Central Catholic High School , Brooklyn Miscellany Other DeMarco v. Holy Cross High School Michael Himes Holy Cross Cemetery , Brooklyn New Evangelization Television St. Charles Cemetery St. Vincent 's Catholic Medical Center The Tablet Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Francis_Preparatory_School&oldid=818198360 '' Categories : Private high schools in Queens , New York Preparatory schools in New York ( state ) Catholic secondary schools in New York ( state ) Educational institutions established in 1858 Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn Franciscan high schools 1858 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 05 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the largest catholic high school in america

St. Francis Preparatory School , commonly known as St. Francis Prep , is a private , independent Catholic college preparatory school in the Fresh Meadows neighborhood of the New York City Borough of Queens , in the State of New York . It is the largest non-diocesan Catholic high school in the United States . St. Francis is run by the Franciscan Brothers of Brooklyn , who maintain a residence on the top floor of the school . The school has a student body of about 2,750 students and graduates between 600 and 700 students annually .

History of the People 's Republic of China - wikipedia History of the People 's Republic of China Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) 1949 -- 1976 Mao era Revolution Korean War Killings of landlords Zhen Fan Three - anti / five - anti campaigns Hundred Flowers Campaign Anti-Rightist Campaign Great Leap Forward ( Great Chinese Famine ) Cultural Revolution ( Lin Biao Gang of Four Tiananmen Incident ) 1976 -- 1989 Restructuring Economic reform Sino - Vietnamese War Beijing Spring Anti-Spiritual Pollution Campaign Tiananmen protests 1989 -- 2002 Rising power One country , two systems ( Hong Kong Macau ) Chinese reunification 2002 -- present Recent history Sichuan earthquake Beijing Olympics Shanghai 2010 Expo Wang Lijun incident 2015 China Victory Day Parade Anti-corruption campaign after the 18th Party Congress History of China PRC constitution Beijing Shanghai Generations of leadership 1 . Mao 2 . Deng 3 . Jiang 4 . Hu 5 . Xi Culture Economy Education Geography Politics China portal History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BCE Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1 , 1949 , when , after a near complete victory by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) in the Chinese Civil War , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen . The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China , but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China , preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties . Contents ( hide ) 1 1949 -- 1976 : Socialist transformation under Mao Zedong 2 1976 -- 1989 : Rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms 3 1989 -- 2002 : Economic growth under the third generation 4 2002 -- present 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Historiography 8 External links 1949 -- 1976 : socialist transformation under Mao Zedong ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1949 -- 1976 ) Following the Chinese Civil War and the victory of Mao Zedong 's Communist forces over the Kuomintang forces of Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , who fled to Taiwan , Mao declared the founding of the People 's Republic of China on October 1 , 1949 . Mao 's first goal was a total overhaul of the land ownership system , and extensive land reforms . China 's old system of landlord ownership of farmland and tenant peasants was replaced with a distribution system in favor of poor / landless peasants which significantly reduced economic inequality . Over a million landlords were executed . In Zhangzhuangcun , in the more thoroughly reformed north of the country , most `` landlords '' and `` rich peasants '' had lost all their land and often their lives or had fled . All formerly landless workers had received land , which eliminated this category altogether . As a result , `` middling peasants , '' who now accounted for 90 percent of the village population , owned 90.8 percent of the land . Mao laid heavy theoretical emphasis on class struggle , and in 1953 began various campaigns to persecute former landlords and merchants , including the execution of more powerful landlords . Drug trafficking in the country as well as foreign investment were largely wiped out . Mao believed that socialism would eventually triumph over all other ideologies , and following the First Five - Year Plan based on a Soviet - style centrally controlled economy , Mao took on the ambitious project of the Great Leap Forward in 1958 , beginning an unprecedented process of collectivization in rural areas . Mao urged the use of communally organized iron smelters to increase steel production , pulling workers off of agricultural labor to the point that large amounts of crops rotted unharvested . Mao decided to continue to advocate these smelters despite a visit to a factory steel mill which proved to him that high quality steel could only be produced in a factory . He thought that ending the program would dampen peasant enthusiasm for his political mobilization , the Great Leap Forward . The implementation of Maoist thought in China may have been responsible for over 40 - 70 million deaths including famine during peacetime , with the Great Leap Forward , Anti-Rightist Campaign of 1957 - 58 , and the Cultural Revolution . Millions died from both executions and forced labour . Because of Mao 's land reforms during the Great Leap Forward , which resulted in massive famines , thirty million perished between 1958 and 1961 . By the end of 1961 the birth rate was nearly cut in half because of malnutrition . Active campaigns , including party purges and `` reeducation '' resulted in the imprisonment or execution of those deemed to hold views contrary to Maoist ideals . Mao 's failure with the Leap reduced his power in government , whose administrative duties fell to Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping . To impose socialist orthodoxy and rid China of `` old elements '' , and at the same time serving certain political goals , Mao began the Cultural Revolution in May 1966 . The campaign was far reaching into all aspects of Chinese life . Red Guards terrorized the streets as many ordinary citizens were deemed counter-revolutionaries . Education and public transportation came to a nearly complete halt . Daily life involved shouting slogans and reciting Mao quotations . Many prominent political leaders , including Liu and Deng , were purged and deemed `` capitalist - roaders '' . The campaign would not come to a complete end until the death of Mao in 1976 . Supporters of the Maoist Era claim that under Mao , China 's unity and sovereignty was assured for the first time in a century , and there was development of infrastructure , industry , healthcare , education ( only 20 % of the population could read in 1949 , compared to 65.5 % thirty years later ) , which raised standard of living for the average Chinese . They also claimed that campaigns such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution were essential in jumpstarting China 's development and `` purifying '' its culture . Others claim that though the consequences of both these campaigns were economically and humanly disastrous , they left behind a `` clean slate '' on which later economic progress could be built . Supporters often also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao 's campaigns , attributing the high death toll to natural disasters , famine , or other consequences of political chaos during the rule of Chiang Kai - shek . 1976 -- 1989 : rise of Deng Xiaoping and economic reforms ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1976 -- 1989 ) Mao Zedong 's death was followed by a power struggle between the Gang of Four , Hua Guofeng , and eventually Deng Xiaoping . Deng would maneuver himself to the top of China 's leadership by 1980 . At the Third Plenum of the Eleventh National Party Congress Central Committee , Deng embarked China on the road to Economic Reforms and Openness ( 改革 开放 Gaige Kaifang ) , policies that began with the de-collectivization of the countryside , followed with industrial reforms aimed at decentralizing government controls in the industrial sector . A major document presented at the September 1979 Fourth Plenum , gave a `` preliminary assessment '' of the entire 30 - year period of Communist rule . At the plenum , party Vice Chairman Ye Jianying declared the Cultural Revolution `` an appalling catastrophe '' and `` the most severe setback to ( the ) socialist cause since ( 1949 ) . '' The Chinese government 's condemnation of the Cultural Revolution culminated in the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China , adopted by the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China . This stated that `` Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary , strategist and theorist . It is true that he made gross mistakes during the `` cultural revolution '' , but , if we judge his activities as a whole , his contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes . His merits are primary and his errors secondary . '' On the subject of Mao 's legacy Deng coined the famous phrase `` 7 parts good , 3 parts bad '' and avoided denouncing Mao altogether . Deng championed the idea of Special Economic Zones ( SEZs ) , areas where foreign investment would be allowed to pour in without strict government restraint and regulations , running on a basically capitalist system . Deng laid emphasis on light industry as a stepping stone to the development of heavy industries . Supporters of the economic reforms point to the rapid development of the consumer and export sectors of the economy , the creation of an urban middle class that now constitutes 15 % of the population , higher living standards ( which is shown via dramatic increases in GDP per capita , consumer spending , life expectancy , literacy rate , and total grain output ) and a much wider range of personal rights and freedoms for average Chinese as evidence of the success of the reforms . Although standards of living improved significantly in the 1980s , Deng 's reforms were not without criticism . Hard - liners asserted that Deng opened China once again to various social evils , and an overall increase in materialistic thinking , while liberals attacked Deng 's unrelenting stance on political reform . Liberal forces began gathering in different forms to protest against the Party 's authoritarian leadership . In 1989 , the death of Hu Yaobang , a liberal figure , triggered weeks of spontaneous protests in the Tiananmen Square . The government imposed martial law and sent in tanks and soldiers to suppress the demonstrations . Western countries and multilateral organizations briefly suspended their formal ties with China 's government under Premier Li Peng 's leadership , which was directly responsible for the military curfew and bloody crackdown . Critics of the economic reforms , both in China and abroad , claim that the reforms have caused wealth disparity , environmental pollution , rampant corruption , widespread unemployment associated with layoffs at inefficient state - owned enterprises , and has introduced often unwelcome cultural influences . Consequently , they believe that China 's culture has been corrupted , the poor have been reduced to a hopeless abject underclass , and that the social stability is threatened . They are also of the opinion that various political reforms , such as moves towards popular elections , have been unfairly nipped in the bud . Regardless of either view , today , the public perception of Mao has improved at least superficially ; images of Mao and Mao related objects have become fashionable , commonly used on novelty items and even as talismans . However , the path of modernization and market - oriented economic reforms that China started since the early 1980s appears to be fundamentally unchallenged . Even critics of China 's market reforms do not wish to see a backtrack of these two decades of reforms , but rather propose corrective measures to offset some of the social issues caused by existing reforms . In 1979 , the Chinese government instituted a one child policy to try to control its rapidly increasing population . The controversial policy resulted in a dramatic decrease in child poverty . The law currently applies to about a third of mainland Chinese , with plans in place to ease it to a two - child limit . The achievements of Lee Kuan Yew to create an economic superpower in Singapore had a profound effect on the Communist leadership in China . They made a major effort , especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth , entrepreneurship , and subtle suppression of dissent . Over 22,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods . 1989 -- 2002 : economic growth under the third generation ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 1989 -- 2002 ) After the events at Tiananmen , Deng Xiaoping retired from public view . While keeping ultimate control , power was passed onto the third generation of leadership led by Jiang Zemin , who was hailed as its `` core '' . Economic growth , despite foreign trade embargoes , returned to a fast pace by the mid-1990s . Jiang 's macroeconomic reforms furthered Deng 's vision for `` Socialism with Chinese Characteristics '' . At the same time , Jiang 's period saw a continued rise in social corruption in all areas of life . Unemployment skyrocketed as unprofitable SOE 's were closed to make way for more competitive ventures , internally and abroad . The ill - equipped social welfare system was put on a serious test . Jiang also laid heavy emphasis on scientific and technological advancement in areas such as space exploration . To sustain vast human consumption , the Three Gorges Dam was built , attracting supporters and widespread criticism . Environmental pollution became a very serious problem as Beijing was frequently hit by sandstorms as a result of desertification . The 1990s saw two foreign colonies returned to China , Hong Kong from Britain in 1997 , and Macau from Portugal in 1999 . Hong Kong and Macau mostly continued their own governance , retaining independence in their economic , social , and judicial systems . Jiang and President Clinton exchanged state visits , but Sino - American relations took very sour turns at the end of the decade . On May 7 , 1999 , during the Kosovo War , US aircraft bombed the Chinese embassy in Belgrade . The U.S. government claimed the strike was due to bad intelligence and false target identification . Inside the US , the Cox Report stated that China had been stealing various top US military secrets . In 2001 , a US surveillance plane collided with a Chinese fighter jet over international waters near Hainan , inciting further outrage with the Chinese public , already dissatisfied with the US . On the political agenda , China was once again put on the spotlight for the banning of public Falun Gong activity in 1999 . Silent protesters from the spiritual movement sat outside of Zhongnanhai , asking for dialogue with China 's leaders . Jiang saw it as threatening to the political situation and outlawed the group altogether , while using the mass media to denounce it as an evil cult . Conversely , Premier Zhu Rongji 's economic policies held China 's economy strong during the Asian Financial Crisis . Economic growth averaged at 8 % annually , pushed back by the 1998 Yangtze River Floods . After a decade of talks , China was finally admitted into the World Trade Organization . Standards of living improved significantly , although a wide urban - rural wealth gap was opened , as China saw the reappearance of the middle class . Wealth disparity between East and the Western hinterlands continued to widen by the day , prompting government programs to `` develop the West '' , taking on such ambitious projects such as the Qinghai - Tibet Railway . The burden of education was greater than ever . Rampant corruption continued despite Premier Zhu 's anti-corruption campaign that executed many officials . 2002 -- present ( edit ) Main article : History of the People 's Republic of China ( 2002 -- present ) The first major issue faced by China in the 21st century as a new generation of leaders led by Hu Jintao after assuming power was the public health crisis involving SARS , an illness that seemed to have originated out of Guangdong province . China 's position in the war on terror drew the country closer diplomatically to the United States . The economy continues to grow in double - digit numbers as the development of rural areas became the major focus of government policy . In gradual steps to consolidate his power , Hu Jintao removed Shanghai Party Chief Chen Liangyu and other potential political opponents amidst the fight against corruption , and the ongoing struggle against once powerful Shanghai clique . The assertion of the Scientific Perspective to create a Socialist Harmonious Society is the focus of the Hu - Wen administration , as some Jiang - era excesses are slowly reversed . In the years after Hu 's rise to power , respect of basic human rights in China continue to be a source of concern . The political status and future of Taiwan remain uncertain , but steps have been taken to improving relations between the Communist Party and several of Taiwan 's parties that hold a less antagonistic view towards China , notably former rival Kuomintang . The continued economic growth of the country as well as its sporting power status gained China the right to host the 2008 Summer Olympics . However , this also put Hu 's administration under intense spotlight . While the 2008 Olympic was commonly understood to be a come - out party for People 's Republic of China , in light of the March 2008 Tibet protests , the government received heavy scrutiny . The Olympic torch was met with protest en route . Within the country these reactions were met with a fervent wave of nationalism with accusations of Western bias against China . In May 2008 , a massive earthquake registering 8.0 on the Richter scale hit Sichuan province of China , exacting a death toll officially estimated at approximately 70,000 . The government responded more quickly than it did with previous events , and has allowed foreign media access to the regions that were hit the hardest . The adequacy of the government response was generally praised , and the relief efforts extended to every corner of Chinese life . In May and June 2008 , heavy rains in southern China caused severe flooding in the provinces of Anhui , Hunan , Jiangxi , Fujian and Guangdong , with dozens of fatalities and over a million people forced to evacuate . As of 2009 China has increased its internet monitoring capabilities by adding hundreds of new monitoring stations . See also ( edit ) History of China History of the Republic of China History of Hong Kong History of Macau Dynasties in Chinese History Economic History of China Historiography of China History of Chinese Art History of Education in China History of Science and Technology in China Legal History of China Linguistic History of China Military history of China Naval History of China Timeline of Chinese history References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stephen Rosskamm Shalom . Deaths in China Due to Communism . Center for Asian Studies Arizona State University , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 939252 - 11 - 2 pg 24 Jump up ^ The Great Leveler : Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty - First Century , Walter Scheidel , 2017 Jump up ^ Fenby , J ( 2008 ) . Modern China : The Fall and Rise of a Great Power , 1850 to the Present . Ecco Press . p. 351 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 166116 - 3 . Mao 's responsibility for the extinction of anywhere from 40 to 70 million lives brands him as a mass killer greater than Hitler or Stalin , his indifference to the suffering and the loss of humans breathtaking Jump up ^ Teiwes , Frederick C. , and Warren Sun . 1999 . China 's road to disaster : Mao , central politicians , and provincial leaders in the unfolding of the great leap forward , 1955 - 1959 . Contemporary China papers . Armonk , N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe . pp 52 - 55 . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar , Roderick . 1974 . The origins of the Cultural Revolution . London : Published for Royal Institute of International Affairs , East Asian Institute of Columbia University and Research Institute on Communist Affairs of Columbia by Oxford University Press . p 4 . Jump up ^ Link , Perry ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Legacy Of a Maoist Injustice '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Galtung , Marte Kjær ; Stenslie , Stig ( 2014 ) . 49 Myths about China . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 189 . ISBN 978 - 1442236226 . Jump up ^ Poon , Leon . `` The People 's Republic Of China : IV '' . History of China . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sixth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ( June 27 , 1981 ) . `` Comrade Mao Zedong 's Historical Role and Mao Zedong Thought -- Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People 's Republic of China ( abridged ) '' . Communist Party of China . Retrieved April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Moore ( 15 November 2013 ) . `` China to ease one - child policy '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 26 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` China 's two - child policy will underwhelm '' . The Economist. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chris Buckley , `` In Lee Kuan Yew , China Saw a Leader to Emulate , '' New York Times March 23 , 2015 Further reading ( edit ) Lynch , Michael . Access to History : Mao 's China 1936 - 97 ( 3rd ed . Hachette UK , 2015 ) Historiography ( edit ) Eben V. Racknitz , Ines . `` Repositioning History for the Future - Recent Academic Debates in China '' History Compass ( 2014 ) 12 # 6 pp 465 -- 472 . Finnane , Antonia . `` Reinventing Modern China : Imagination and Authenticity in Chinese Historical Writing . '' Asian Studies Review 39 # 1 ( 2015 ) : 163 - 164 . Longxi , Zhang . `` Re-conceptualizing China in our Time : From a Chinese Perspective . '' European Review 23 # 2 ( 2015 ) : 193 - 209 . Unger , Jonathan . Using the Past to Serve the Present : Historiography and Politics in Contemporary China ( Routledge , 2015 ) External links ( edit ) Cold War International History Project : Document Collection on China in the Cold War `` Rethinking ' Capitalist Restoration ' in China '' by Yiching Wu Peoples Republic of China by P.M. Calabrese China Timeline : A Chronology of Key Events in China by Gerhard K. Heilig China from the Inside - 2006 PBS documentary . KQED Public Television and Granada Television for PBS , Granada International and the BBC . 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who established the peoples republic of china in 1949

The history of the People 's Republic of China details the history of mainland China since October 1 , 1949 , when , after a near complete victory by the Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) in the Chinese Civil War , Mao Zedong proclaimed the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) from atop Tiananmen . The PRC has for several decades been synonymous with China , but it is only the most recent political entity to govern mainland China , preceded by the Republic of China ( ROC ) and thousands of years of imperial dynasties .

Cold front - wikipedia Cold front Not to be confused with Cold wave . The symbol of a cold front : a blue line with triangles pointing in the direction of travel A retreating cold front with clear air behind A cold front over the eastern and central region of the United States of America A cold front is the leading edge of a cooler mass of air , replacing at ground level a warmer mass of air , which lies within a fairly sharp surface trough of low pressure . It forms in the wake of an extratropical cyclone , at the leading edge of its cold air advection pattern , which is also known as the cyclone 's dry conveyor belt circulation . Temperature changes across the boundary can exceed 30 ° C ( 54 ° F ) . When enough moisture is present , rain can occur along the boundary . If there is significant instability along the boundary , a narrow line of thunderstorms can form along the frontal zone . If instability is less , a broad shield of rain can move in behind the front , which increases the temperature difference across the boundary . Cold fronts are stronger in the fall and spring transition seasons and weakest during the summer . Contents 1 Development of cold fronts 2 Clouds 3 Precipitation 3.1 Frontogenetical circulation 4 Temperature changes 5 Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Development of cold fronts ( edit ) The cooler and denser air wedges under the less - dense warmer air , lifting it . This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front and can cause the formation of a narrow line of showers and thunderstorms when enough moisture is present . On weather maps , the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles / spikes ( pips ) pointing in the direction of travel . A cold front 's location is at the leading edge of the temperature drop off , which in an isotherm analysis would show up as the leading edge of the isotherm gradient , and it normally lies within a sharp surface trough . Cold fronts move faster than warm fronts and can produce sharper changes in weather . Since cold air is denser than warm air , it rapidly replaces the warm air preceding the boundary . In the northern hemisphere , a cold front usually causes a shift of wind from southwest to northwest clockwise , also known as veering , and in the southern hemisphere a shift from northwest to southwest ( anticlockwise , backing ) . Normally , cold fronts can be marked by these characteristics : Weather phenomenon Prior to the passing of the front While the front is passing After the passing of the front Temperature Warm Cooling suddenly Steadily cooling Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Lowest , then sudden increase Increasing steadily Winds Southwest to southeast ( northern hemisphere ) Northwest to northeast ( southern hemisphere ) Gusty ; shifting North to west , usually northwest ( northern hemisphere ) South to west , usually southwest ( southern hemisphere ) Precipitation / conditions * Light patchy rain can be produced by stratocumulus or stratus in the warm sector . In summer , sometimes thunderstorms if a preceding squall line is present . Prolonged rain ( nimbostratus ) or thunderstorms ( cumulonimbus ) : depends on conditions . Showers , then clearing Clouds * Often preceded by cirrus , cirrostratus then altostratus like a warm front ( but usually with smaller amounts of these clouds ) . Areas of cirrocumulus and altocumulus within cirrostratus and altostratus more commonly seen than at a warm front . Larger cumulus clouds under the higher cloud types than at a warm front , where stratocumulus and cumulus humilis usually occur . Some of these cumulus clouds may produce showers ahead of the front . Cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus producing frequent showers , with a sheet of upper altostratus , through which the sun can sometimes be seen . Less commonly nimbostratus occurs with continuous rain . Patchy altocumulus or stratocumulus and higher cirrus clouds along with fast moving stratus fractus then eventually scattered cumulus and sometimes cumulonimbus . Visibility * Fair to poor in haze Poor , but improving Good , except in showers Dew Point High , steady Sudden drop Falling * provided there is sufficient moisture . Clouds ( edit ) If the cold front is highly unstable , cumulonimbus clouds producing thunderstorms commonly form along the front . Anvil cirrus clouds may spread a considerable distance downwind from the thunderstorms . The other cloud types associated with a cold front depend on atmospheric conditions such as air mass stability and wind shear . As the front approaches , middle - étage gives way to altostratus and low - level stratocumulus with intermittent light precipitation if the warm airmass being displaced by the cold front is mostly stable . With significant airmass instability , vertically developed cumulus or cumulonimbus with showers and thunderstorms will form along the front . After the passage of the cold front , the sky usually clears as high pressure builds in behind the system , although significant amounts of cumulus or stratocumulus , often in the form of long bands called cloud streets may persist if the air mass behind the front remains humid . Small and unchanging amounts of cumulus or cirrus clouds in an otherwise clear sky are usually indications of continuing fair weather as long as the barometric pressure remains comparatively high . Precipitation ( edit ) A cold front as it appeared on the National Weather Service Wichita , Kansas WSR - 88D on April 3 , 2011 . The thin blue line labeled `` cold front '' is the front , with severe thunderstorms seen developing behind the front , which is moving towards the bottom right . A cold front commonly brings a narrow band of precipitation that follows along the leading edge of the cold front . These bands of precipitation are often very strong , and can bring severe thunderstorms , hailstorms and / or tornadoes . In the spring , these cold fronts can be very strong , and can bring strong winds when the pressure gradient is higher than normal . During the winter months , cold fronts sometimes come through an area with little or no precipitation . Wider rain bands can occur behind cold fronts which tend to have more stratiform , and less convective , precipitation . These rainstorms sometimes bring flooding , and can move very slowly when the storm steering it is strong and embedded within a meridional flow pattern ( with more pole to equator motion rather than west to east motion ) . In the winter , cold fronts can bring cold spells , and occasionally snow . In the spring or summer in temperate latitudes , hail may occasionally fall along with the rain . If moisture is not sufficient , such as when a system has previously moved across a mountain barrier , cold fronts can pass without cloudiness . Frontogenetical circulation ( edit ) Frontogenesis is the process of creating or steepening the temperature gradient of a front . During this process the atmosphere reacts in an attempt to restore balance , the consequence is a circular motion along the front where air is being lifted up , along the cold front and dropping downward , behind the frontal boundary . This is the actual force of upward motion along a front that is responsible for clouds and precipitation . As the temperature gradient steepens during frontogenesis , the thermal wind becomes imbalanced . To maintain balance , the geostrophic wind aloft and below adjust , such that regions of divergence / convergence form . Mass continuity would require a vertical transport of air along the cold front where there is divergence ( lowered pressure ) . Although this circulation is described by a series of processes , they are actually occurring at the same time , observable along the front as a thermally direct circulation . There are several factors that influence the final shape and tilt of the circulation around the front , ultimately determining the kind and location of clouds and precipitation . Temperature changes ( edit ) Cold fronts are the leading edge of cooler air masses , hence the name `` cold front '' . They have stronger temperature changes during the fall ( autumn ) and spring and during the middle of winter . Temperature changes associated with cold fronts can be as much as 50 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . When cold fronts come through , there is usually a quick , yet strong gust of wind , that shows that the cold front is passing . In surface weather observations , a remark known as FROPA is coded when this occurs . The effects from a cold front can last from hours to days . The air behind the front is cooler than the air it is replacing and the warm air is forced to rise , so it cools . As the cooler air can not hold as much moisture as warm air , clouds form and rain occurs . Characteristics of boundaries around an extratropical cyclone ( edit ) Occluded cyclone example . The triple point is the intersection of the cold , warm , and occluded fronts . Cold fronts form when a cooler air mass moves into an area of warmer air in the wake of a developing extratropical cyclone . The warmer air interacts with the cooler air mass along the boundary , and usually produces precipitation . Cold fronts often follow a warm front or squall line . Very commonly , cold fronts have a warm front ahead but with a perpendicular orientation . In areas where cold fronts catch up to the warm front , the occluded front develops . Occluded fronts have an area of warm air aloft . When such a feature forms poleward of an extratropical cyclone , it is known as a trowal , which is short for TRough Of Warm Air aLoft . A cold front is considered a warm front if it begins to retreat ahead of the next extratropical cyclone along the frontal boundary , and called a stationary front if it stalls . See also ( edit ) Cold wave Air mass Surface weather analysis Texas Norther Weather front References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cold December : 2013 '' . www.climate.umn.edu . Retrieved 20 January 2018 . Jump up ^ David Roth ( 2006 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Unified Surface Analysis Manual '' ( PDF ) . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Paul M. Markowski ; Yvette P. Richardson ( 2011 - 09 - 20 ) . Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes . John Wiley and Sons . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 96667 - 8 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lee M. Grenci ; Jon M. Nese ( 2001 ) . A World of Weather : Fundamentals of Meteorology : A Text / Laboratory Manual ( 3 ed . ) . Kendall / Hunt Publishing Company . pp. 207 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7872 - 7716 - 1 . OCLC 51160155 . ^ Jump up to : Preview Text , Holton , James R. , 2004 : An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology . Academic Press , 277 pp . Jump up ^ Weston , K.J. ( 1980 ) . `` An observational study of convective cloud streets '' . Tellus. 32 ( 5 ) : 433 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 2153 - 3490.1980. tb00970. x . Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Prefrontal squall line . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schemm , S. ; L. Nisi , A. Martinov ; D. Leuenberg & O. Martius ( 2016 ) . `` On the link between cold fronts and hail in Switzerland '' . Atmospheric Science Letters. 17 ( 5 ) : 315 -- 325 . doi : 10.1002 / asl. 660 . Jump up ^ K.A. Browning and Robert J. Gurney ( 1999 ) . Global Energy and Water Cycles . Retrieved on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Preview Text , Carlson , Toby N. , 1991 : Mid-Latitude Weather Systems . HarperCollins , 435 pp . Jump up ^ Nav Canada ( January 2005 ) . Aviation Weather Services Guide . p. 36 . Jump up ^ St. Louis University ( 2003 - 08 - 04 ) . `` What is a TROWAL ? via the Internet Wayback Machine '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Cold Front : transition zone from warm air to cold air Weather Fronts Fronts : the boundaries between air masses Weather portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_front&oldid=861609294 '' Categories : Weather fronts Cold Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Latviešu മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2018 , at 17 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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where do clouds form when there is a cold front

Weather phenomenon Prior to the passing of the front While the front is passing After the passing of the front Temperature Warm Cooling suddenly Steadily cooling Atmospheric pressure Decreasing steadily Lowest , then sudden increase Increasing steadily Winds Southwest to southeast ( northern hemisphere ) Northwest to northeast ( southern hemisphere ) Gusty ; shifting North to west , usually northwest ( northern hemisphere ) South to west , usually southwest ( southern hemisphere ) Precipitation / conditions * Light patchy rain can be produced by stratocumulus or stratus in the warm sector . In summer , sometimes thunderstorms if a preceding squall line is present . Prolonged rain ( nimbostratus ) or thunderstorms ( cumulonimbus ) : depends on conditions . Showers , then clearing Clouds * Often preceded by cirrus , cirrostratus then altostratus like a warm front ( but usually with smaller amounts of these clouds ) . Areas of cirrocumulus and altocumulus within cirrostratus and altostratus more commonly seen than at a warm front . Larger cumulus clouds under the higher cloud types than at a warm front , where stratocumulus and cumulus humilis usually occur . Some of these cumulus clouds may produce showers ahead of the front . Cumulonimbus and cumulus congestus producing frequent showers , with a sheet of upper altostratus , through which the sun can sometimes be seen . Less commonly nimbostratus occurs with continuous rain . Patchy altocumulus or stratocumulus and higher cirrus clouds along with fast moving stratus fractus then eventually scattered cumulus and sometimes cumulonimbus . Visibility * Fair to poor in haze Poor , but improving Good , except in showers Dew Point High , steady Sudden drop Falling

Take that Look Off Your Face - Wikipedia Take that Look Off Your Face Jump to : navigation , search `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Single by Marti Webb from the album Tell Me on a Sunday B - side `` Sheldon Bloom '' Released January 1980 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1979 Genre Pop , MOR , Theatrical Length 3 : 27 Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black Producer ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber Marti Webb singles chronology `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` D - Darling '' ( 1973 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' ( 1980 ) `` Tell Me on a Sunday '' ( 1980 ) `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' is the title of a hit song by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber . Collaborating with lyricist Don Black , it was written for the song cycle show Tell Me on a Sunday in 1978 . It was sung and released by Marti Webb in 1980 , and became a No. 3 hit in the UK charts . The song was also popular in Ireland , and spent six weeks at number one . Later , Tell Me on a Sunday was combined with another Lloyd Webber work , Variations , to form an entire new show , Song and Dance . The song is about a woman being told of her boyfriend 's infidelity . The woman denies this initially , before rebuking her newsbearer ( a girlfriend ) with the revelation that she `` knew before '' and had done for some time . She also spends much of the song criticising her friend for rushing to break the `` bad news '' to her . Despite having been written during the creative process for Tell Me on a Sunday , the song was n't recorded during the album 's principal sessions . Black reminded Lloyd Webber that they had missed a track , then entitled `` You Must Be Mistaken '' . John Mole , the bass guitar player , improvised a part reminiscent of the arrangement style of Phil Spector , inspiring the rest of the orchestration . The track was recorded in one take , apart from a double tracking of the orchestra . A briefer 3 : 02 edit of the song is included on the album , however , a longer 3 : 29 version remixed with greater dynamic range compression was released as the single . Track listing ( edit ) Side A : `` Take That Look Off Your Face '' Side B : `` Sheldon Bloom '' Revisions ( edit ) The lyrics were substantially rewritten by Richard Maltby , Jr for the original Broadway production of Song and Dance . The British productions of the show have always used the lyrics written by Black . Black himself amended the line , `` He 's doing some deal up in Baltimore now '' after realising that Baltimore is south of New York . In subsequent versions , the song 's protagonist is said to be `` down '' in Baltimore . For the 2003 production of Tell Me on a Sunday , the storyline instead placed the action in England prior to an emigration to New York , requiring some further revision of the lyrics to reference London instead . References ( edit ) This 1970s song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Take_That_Look_Off_Your_Face&oldid=840686528 '' Categories : Songs from musicals Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Songs with lyrics by Don Black ( lyricist ) 1978 songs 1980 singles 1970s song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 13 : 54 . About Wikipedia

who sang take that look off your face

`` Take That Look Off Your Face '' is the title of a hit song by musical theatre composer Andrew Lloyd Webber . Collaborating with lyricist Don Black , it was written for the song cycle show Tell Me on a Sunday in 1978 . It was sung and released by Marti Webb in 1980 , and became a No. 3 hit in the UK charts . The song was also popular in Ireland , and spent six weeks at number one . Later , Tell Me on a Sunday was combined with another Lloyd Webber work , Variations , to form an entire new show , Song and Dance .

Percy Fawcett - wikipedia Percy Fawcett Jump to : navigation , search Percy Fawcett Fawcett in 1911 Percival Harrison Fawcett ( 1867 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1867 Torquay , Devon , United Kingdom Disappeared 29 May 1925 ( aged 57 ) Mato Grosso , Brazil Occupation Artillery officer , archaeologist , explorer Military career Allegiance United Kingdom Service / branch British Army Years of service 1886 -- 1910 c. 1914 -- 1919 Rank Lieutenant Colonel Unit Royal Artillery Battles / wars World War I Awards Distinguished Service Order 3 × Mentioned in despatches Lieutenant Colonel Percival Harrison Fawcett DSO ( 18 August 1867 -- during or after 1925 ) was a British geographer , artillery officer , cartographer , archaeologist and explorer of South America . Along with his eldest son , Fawcett disappeared in 1925 during an expedition to find `` Z '' -- his name for an ancient lost city , which he and others believed to exist and to be the remains of El Dorado , in the jungles of Brazil . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life 1.2 Early expeditions 1.3 Final expedition 1.3. 1 Dead Horse Camp 2 Posthumous controversy and speculations 2.1 Rumours and unverified reports 2.2 Villas - Bôas story 2.3 Fawcett 's Bones 2.4 Russian documentary 2.5 Commune in the jungle 2.6 Grann 's Lost City of Z 3 Works 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) Percy Fawcett was born on 18 August 1867 in Torquay , Devon , England , to Edward Boyd Fawcett and Myra Elizabeth ( née MacDougall ) . He received his education at Newton Abbot Proprietary College along with Bertram Fletcher Robinson . Percy Fawcett 's India - born father was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society ( RGS ) . His elder brother Edward Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) was a mountain climber , Eastern occultist and author of philosophical books and popular adventure novels . Fawcett attended the Royal Military Academy , Woolwich as a cadet , being commissioned as a lieutenant of the Royal Artillery on 24 July 1886 . On 13 January 1896 he was appointed adjutant of the 1st Cornwall ( Duke of Cornwall 's ) Artillery Volunteers , and was promoted to captain on 15 June 1897 . He later served in Trincomalee , Ceylon , where he also met his future wife Nina Agnes Paterson , whom he married in January 1901 after having previously ended their engagement . They had two sons , Jack ( born 1903 ) and Brian ( 1906 -- 1984 ) , and one daughter , Joan ( 1910 -- 2005 ) . He joined the RGS himself in 1901 in order to study surveying and mapmaking . Later , he worked for the British Secret Service in North Africa while pursuing the surveyor 's craft . He served for the war office on Spike Island , County Cork from 1903 to 1906 , where he was promoted to major on 11 January 1905 . He became friends with authors H. Rider Haggard and Arthur Conan Doyle ; the latter used Fawcett 's Amazonian field reports as an inspiration for his novel The Lost World . Early expeditions ( edit ) Fawcett 's first expedition to South America was in 1906 ( being seconded for service there on 2 May ) when at the age of 39 he travelled to Brazil to map a jungle area at the border of Brazil and Bolivia at the behest of the Royal Geographical Society . The Society had been commissioned to map the area as a third party unbiased by local national interests . He arrived in La Paz , Bolivia in June . Whilst on the expedition in 1907 , Fawcett claimed to have seen and shot a 62 foot long giant anaconda , a claim for which he was ridiculed by scientists . He reported other mysterious animals unknown to zoology , such as a small cat - like dog about the size of a foxhound , which he claimed to have seen twice , or the giant Apazauca spider which was said to have poisoned a number of locals . Fawcett made seven expeditions between 1906 and 1924 . He was mostly amicable with the locals through gifts , patience and courteous behaviour . In 1908 , he traced the source of the Rio Verde ( Brazil ) and in 1910 made a journey to Heath River ( on the border between Peru and Bolivia ) to find its source , having retired from the British army on 19 January . After a 1913 expedition , he supposedly claimed to have seen dogs with double noses . These may have been Double - nosed Andean tiger hounds . Based on documentary research , Fawcett had by 1914 formulated ideas about a `` lost city '' he named `` Z '' somewhere in the Mato Grosso region of Brazil . He theorized that a complex civilization once existed in the Amazon region and that isolated ruins may have survived . Fawcett also found a document known as Manuscript 512 ( pt ) , written after explorations made in the sertão of the state of Bahia , and housed at the National Library of Rio de Janeiro . It is believed to be by Portuguese bandeirante João da Silva Guimarães ( pt ) , who wrote that in 1753 he 'd discovered the ruins of an ancient city that contained arches , a statue , and a temple with hieroglyphics ; the city is described in great detail without providing a specific location . This city became a secondary destination for Fawcett , after `` Z '' . ( See Fawcett 's own book Exploration Fawcett . ) At the beginning of the First World War Fawcett returned to Britain to serve with the Army as a Reserve Officer in the Royal Artillery , volunteering for duty in Flanders , and commanding an artillery brigade despite the fact that he was nearly fifty years of age . He was promoted from major to lieutenant - colonel on 1 March 1918 , and received three mentions in despatches from Douglas Haig , in November 1916 , November 1917 , and November 1918 , and was also awarded the Distinguished Service Order in June 1917 . After the war Fawcett returned to Brazil to study local wildlife and archaeology . In 1920 , he made a solo attempt to search for `` Z '' , but ended after suffering from a fever and shooting his pack animal . Final expedition ( edit ) In 1925 , with funding from a London - based group of financiers known as the Glove , Fawcett returned to Brazil with his eldest son Jack and Jack 's best and longtime friend , Raleigh Rimell , for an exploratory expedition to find `` Z '' . Fawcett left instructions stating that if the expedition did not return , no rescue expedition should be sent lest the rescuers suffer his fate . Fawcett was a man with years of experience travelling , and had brought equipment such as canned foods , powdered milk , guns , flares , a sextant , and a chronometer . His travel companions were both chosen for their health , ability and loyalty to each other ; Fawcett chose only two companions in order to travel lighter and with less notice to native tribes , as some were hostile towards outsiders . On 20 April 1925 his final expedition departed from Cuiabá . In addition to his two principal companions , Fawcett was accompanied by two Brazilian labourers , two horses , eight mules , and a pair of dogs . The last communication from the expedition was on 29 May 1925 when Fawcett wrote , in a letter to his wife delivered by a native runner , that he was ready to go into unexplored territory with only Jack and Raleigh . They were reported to be crossing the Upper Xingu , a southeastern tributary river of the River Amazon . The final letter , written from Dead Horse Camp , gave their location and was generally optimistic . Many people assumed that local Indians killed them , as several tribes were nearby at the time : the Kalapalos , the last tribe to have seen them , the Arumás , Suyás , and the Xavantes whose territory they were entering . The Kalapalo have an oral story of the arrival of three explorers which states that the three went east , and after five days the Kalapalo noticed that the group no longer made camp fires . The Kalapalo say that a very violent tribe most likely killed them . However , both of the younger men were lame and ill when last seen , and there is not any proof that they were murdered . It is plausible that they died of natural causes in the Brazilian jungle . In 1927 , a name - plate of Fawcett was found with an Indian tribe . In June 1933 , a theodolite compass belonging to Fawcett was found near the Baciary Indians of Mato Grosso by Colonel Aniceto Botelho . However , the name - plate was from Fawcett 's expedition five years earlier and had most likely been given as a gift to the chief of that Indian tribe . The compass was proved to have been left behind before he entered the jungle on his final journey . Dead Horse Camp ( edit ) Dead Horse Camp , or Fawcett 's camp , is one of the major camps that Fawcett made on his final journey . This encampment was his last known location . From Dead Horse Camp , Fawcett wrote to his wife about the hardships that he and his companions had faced , his coordinates , his doubts in Raleigh Rimmel , and of his plans for the near future . He concludes his message with , `` You need have no fear of any failure ... '' One question remaining about Dead Horse Camp concerns a discrepancy in the coordinates Fawcett gave for the camp . In the letter to his wife , he wrote : `` Here we are at Dead Horse Camp , latitude 11 degrees 43 ' South and longitude 54 degrees 35 ' West , the spot where my horse died in 1920 '' ( 11 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  11.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 11.717 ; - 54.583 ) . However , in a report to the North American Newspaper Alliance he gave the coordinates as 13 ° 43 ′ S 54 ° 35 ′ W  /  13.717 ° S 54.583 ° W  / - 13.717 ; - 54.583 . The discrepancy may have been a typographical error . However , he may have intentionally concealed the location to prevent others from using his notes to find the lost city . It may have also been an attempt to dissuade any rescue attempts ; Fawcett had stated that if he disappeared , no rescue party should be sent because the danger was too great . Posthumous controversy and speculations ( edit ) Rumours and unverified reports ( edit ) During the ensuing decades , various groups mounted several rescue expeditions , without success . They heard only various rumours that could not be verified . In addition to reports that Fawcett had been killed by Indians or wild animals , there was a tale that Fawcett had lost his memory and lived out his life as the chief of a tribe of cannibals . While a fictitious tale estimated that 100 would - be-rescuers died on several expeditions attempting to discover Fawcett 's fate , the actual toll was only one - a sole man who ventured after him alone . One of the earliest expeditions was commanded by American explorer George Miller Dyott . In 1927 he claimed to have found evidence of Fawcett 's death at the hands of the Aloique Indians , but his story was unconvincing . From 1930 -- 31 , Aloha Wanderwell used her seaplane to try to land on the Amazon River in the Matto Grosso to find him . After an emergency landing and living with the Bororo Tribe for 6 weeks , Aloha and Walter Flew back to Brazil , with no luck . A 1951 expedition unearthed human bones that were found later to be unrelated to Fawcett or his companions . Villas - Bôas story ( edit ) Danish explorer Arne Falk - Rønne journeyed to the Mato Grosso during the 1960s . In a 1991 book , he wrote that he learned of Fawcett 's fate from Orlando Villas - Bôas , who had heard it from one of Fawcett 's murderers . Allegedly , Fawcett and his companions had a mishap on the river and lost most of the gifts they 'd brought along for the Indian tribes . Continuing without gifts was a serious breach of protocol ; since the expedition members were all more or less seriously ill at the time , the Kalapalo tribe they encountered decided to kill them . The bodies of Jack Fawcett and Raleigh Rimell were thrown into the river ; Colonel Fawcett , considered an old man and therefore distinguished , received a proper burial . Falk - Rønne visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that one of the tribesmen confirmed Villas - Bôas 's story about how and why Fawcett had been killed . Fawcett 's bones ( edit ) In 1951 , Orlando Villas - Bôas , activist for indigenous peoples , supposedly received the actual remaining skeletal bones of Fawcett and had them analysed scientifically . The analysis allegedly confirmed the bones to be Fawcett 's , but his son Brian Fawcett ( 1906 -- 1984 ) refused to accept this . Villas - Bôas claimed that Brian was too interested in making money from books about his father 's disappearance . Later scientific analysis confirmed that the bones were not Fawcett 's . As of 1965 , the bones reportedly rested in a box in the flat of one of the Villas - Bôas brothers in São Paulo . In 1998 , English explorer Benedict Allen went to talk to the Kalapalo Indians , said by Villas - Bôas to have confessed to having killed the three Fawcett expedition members . An elder of the Kalapalo , Vajuvi , claimed during a filmed BBC interview with Allen that the bones found by Villas - Bôas some 45 years before were not really Fawcett 's . Vajuvi also denied that his tribe had any part in the Fawcetts ' disappearance . No conclusive evidence supports either statement . Russian documentary ( edit ) In 2003 , a Russian documentary film , `` Проклятье золота инков / Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку '' ( The Curse of the Incas ' Gold / Expedition of Percy Fawcett to the Amazon ) , was released as a part of the television series `` Тайны века '' ( Mysteries of the Century ) . Among other things , the film emphasizes the recent expedition of Oleg Aliyev to the presumed approximate place of Fawcett 's last whereabouts and Aliyev 's findings , impressions and presumptions about Fawcett 's fate . Commune in the jungle ( edit ) On 21 March 2004 , the British newspaper The Observer reported that television director Misha Williams , who had studied Fawcett 's private papers , believed that Fawcett had not intended to return to Britain but rather meant to found a commune in the jungle based on theosophical principles and the worship of his son Jack . Williams explained his research in some detail in the preface to his play AmaZonia , first performed in April 2004 . Grann 's Lost city of Z ( edit ) Main article : The Lost City of Z ( book ) In 2005 , The New Yorker staff writer David Grann visited the Kalapalo tribe and reported that it had apparently preserved an oral history about Fawcett , among the first Europeans the tribe had ever seen . The oral account said that Fawcett and his party had stayed at their village and then left , heading eastward . The Kalapalos warned Fawcett and his companions that if they went that way they would be killed by the `` fierce Indians '' who occupied that territory , but Fawcett insisted on going . The Kalapalos observed smoke from the expedition 's campfire each evening for five days before it disappeared . The Kalapalos said they were sure the fierce Indians had killed them . The article also reports that a monumental civilisation known as Kuhikugu may have actually existed near where Fawcett was searching , as discovered recently by archaeologist Michael Heckenberger and others . Grann 's findings are further detailed in his book The Lost City of Z ( 2009 ) . Works ( edit ) Fawcett , Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ) , Exploration Fawcett , Phoenix Press ( 2001 reprint ) , ISBN 1 - 84212 - 468 - 4 Fawcett , Percy and Brian Fawcett ( 1953 ) , Lost Trails , Lost Cities , Funk & Wagnalls ASIN B0007DNCV4 Fawcett , Brian ( 1958 ) , Ruins in the Sky , Hutchinson of London In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible , otherwise delete it . ( April 2017 ) Was the subject of an episode of Digging for the Truth . Arthur Conan Doyle based his Professor Challenger character partly on Fawcett , and stories of the `` Lost City of Z '' became the basis for his novel The Lost World . A contemporary reviewer of Evelyn Waugh 's novel A Handful of Dust suggested he may have derived the plot partly from Fawcett 's disappearance . The novel 's hero vanishes into the Brazilian jungle and is kept prisoner there . Fawcett has been proposed as a possible inspiration for Indiana Jones , the fictional archaeologist / adventurer . A fictionalised version of Fawcett aids Jones in the novel Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . ) Fawcett was a prototype of Percy Foster , fictional explorer in the Russian - language novel The grave of Tame - Tung . There , Foster and his son became obsessed with riches of Indians and were killed by their former friend Raleigh Rimer ( based on Raleigh Rimmel ) to prevent pillaging . According to an article in Comics Scene No. 45 , Fawcett was the inspiration of Kent Allard , an alter ego of the Shadow . Director Pete Docter named Fawcett as one of the inspirations for the character Charles F. Muntz , the antagonist of the Pixar film Up . David Grann 's The Lost City of Z was optioned by Brad Pitt 's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures . James Gray directed the film , which stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett and was released in April 2017 . The Cruise of the Condor ( 1933 ) , one of W.E. Johns ' `` Biggles '' stories , is inspired by Fawcett 's search for `` Z '' . Writers Douglas Preston and Lincoln Child mentioned in their books that Percy Fawcett was a great - great uncle of Aloysius Pendergast on his mother 's side . The plot of the first episode of the television programme Hooten & the Lady was about the search for Fawcett 's camp . In Hergé 's adventure of Tintin L'Oreille Cassée , Fawcett is believed to be the model for Ridgewell , an explorer disappeared for ten years who has become known as `` the white old man '' a member of the Arumbaya tribe . Peter Fleming 's book Brazilian Adventure is the story of his part in an expedition to find Fawcett . Fleming 's book was first published in 1933 . Peter was the brother of Ian who wrote the James Bond books . The 2017 Osprey Games Eurogame The Lost Expedition , designed by Peer Sylvester , with artwork by Garen Ewing , is based on Percy Fawcett 's expeditions . See also ( edit ) Amazon River Archaeology Explorers List of people who disappeared mysteriously Paititi Aloha Wanderwell Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heckenberger , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . `` Lost cities of the Amazon '' . Scientific American . 301 ( 4 ) : 64 -- 71 . Jump up ^ `` E. Douglas Fawcett ( 1866 -- 1960 ) '' . Keverel Chess. 10 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fawcett , E , Douglas '' . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 25615 '' . The London Gazette. 10 August 1886 . p. 3855 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26703 '' . The London Gazette. 24 January 1896 . p. 424 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26705 '' . The London Gazette. 31 January 1896 . p. 589 . Jump up ^ `` No. 26869 '' . The London Gazette. 2 July 1897 . p. 3635 . Jump up ^ `` No. 27792 '' . The London Gazette. 12 May 1905 . p. 3426 . Jump up ^ `` No. 27916 '' . The London Gazette. 25 May 1906 . p. 3657 . Jump up ^ Fawcett , P.H. and Fawcett , B. Exploration Fawcett ( 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Apazauca spider '' . The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett . Jump up ^ `` No. 28330 '' . The London Gazette. 18 January 1910 . p. 434 . Jump up ^ `` Double - nosed dog not to be sniffed at '' . BBC News . 10 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Grann , David ( 19 September 2005 ) . `` The Lost City of Z '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 23 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31120 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 10 January 1919 . p. 674 . Jump up ^ `` No. 29890 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 2 January 1917 . p. 208 . Jump up ^ `` No. 30421 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 7 December 1917 . p. 12912 . Jump up ^ `` No. 31077 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 17 December 1918 . p. 14926 . Jump up ^ `` No. 30111 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 1 June 1917 . pp. 5468 -- 5470 . Jump up ^ The London Illustrated News , 22 June 1924 Jump up ^ Wallechinsky , David ; Wallace , Irving ( 1981 ) . `` History of the Search for Percy H. Fawcett , Part 2 '' . Trivia-Library.com . Jump up ^ Cummins , Geraldine ( March 1985 ) . The Fate of Colonel Fawcett . Health Research Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7873 - 0230 - 6 . Jump up ^ Basso , Ellen B. ( 22 July 2010 ) . The Last Cannibals : A South American Oral History . University of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 79206 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Colonel Fawcett 's Last Words '' . Colonel Percy Fawcett 's Search For the Lost city of Z . Archived from the original on 28 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Horse Camp ( Fawcett 's Camp ) '' . The Great Web of Percy Harrison Fawcett . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuing Chronicles of Colonel Fawcett '' . Retrieved 9 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( 2010 ) . The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . New York : Vintage Books . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7845 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hemming , John ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The Lost City of Z is a very long way from a true story and I should know '' . The Spectator . Jump up ^ Falk - Rønne , Arne ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) . Dr. Klapperslange ( in Danish ) . Lindhardt og Ringhof . ISBN 9788711714096 . Jump up ^ The upper jaw provides the clearest possible evidence that these human remains were not those of Colonel Fawcett , whose spare upper denture is fortunately available for comparison . Royal Anthropological Institute ( London ) ( 1951 ) `` Report on the human remains from Brazil '' as quoted by Grann ( 2009 ) p. 253 Jump up ^ `` 1953 COL . FAWCETT PERU BOLIVIA BRAZIL SOUTH AMERICA LOST EXPEDITION EL DORADO '' . eBay . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Orcutt , Larry ( 2000 ) . `` Colonel Percy Harrison Fawcett '' . Jump up ^ `` Vajuvi said that they were the bones of his grandfather , Mugikia . '' Grann ( 2009 ) pp. 252 -- 253 Jump up ^ `` Тайны века . Проклятие золота инков . Экспедиция Перси Фоссета в Амазонку . '' ( Secrets of the century . The curse of the Inca gold . Expedition of Percy Fosset to the Amazon . ) . Filmix.net ( in Russian ) . 2011 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 21 March 2004 ) . `` Veil lifts on jungle mystery of the Colonel who vanished '' . The Observer . Jump up ^ Williams , Misha . AmaZonia ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ For further info see the last chapter of Grann 's book The Lost City of Z and Charles Mann 's book 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Jump up ^ Grann , David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon . Doubleday , New York , pages 8 and 95 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Times '' . 4 September 1934 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Neither George Lucas nor Steven Spielberg -- co-creators of the successful concept and franchise -- have indicated that any specific individual inspired their character , other than the generic stock heroes popularised in the matinée serials and pulp magazines of the 1930s and 1940s they admired and wished to modernise , or later exotic - culture adventure films such as 1954 's Secret of the Incas . Jump up ^ `` Making Raiders of the Lost Ark '' . Raiders News . 23 September 2003 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2003 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rob ( November 1991 ) . Indiana Jones and the Seven Veils . Bantam Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 29035 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Lost Expedition '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Falk - Rønne , Arne. ( 1991 ) . Klodens Forunderlige Mysterier . Roth Forlag . Fleming , Peter . ( 1933 ) Brazilian Adventure , Charles Scribner 's Sons ISBN 0 - 87477 - 246 - X Grann , David ( 2009 ) The Lost City of Z : A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51353 - 1 Leal , Hermes ( 1996 ) , Enigma do Coronel Fawcett , o verdadeiro Indiana Jones ( Colonel Fawcett : The Real - Life Indiana Jones ; Published in Portuguese ) La Gazette des Français du Paraguay , Percy Fawcett - Un monument de l'Exploration et de l'Aventure en Amérique Latine - Expédition du Rio Verde - bilingue français espagnol - numéro 6 , Année 1 , Asuncion Paraguay . Scriblerius , C.S. ( 2015 ) , `` Percyfaw Code , the secret dossier '' Published by Amazon.com . External links ( edit ) Forgotten Travellers : The Hunt for Colonel Fawcett Essay on Lt. - Col. Percy Harrison Fawcett Virtual Exploration Society -- Colonel Percy Fawcett Colonel Fawcett Mad Dreams in the Amazon Essay on Fawcett from The New York Review of Books Lost in the Amazon : The Enigma of Col. Percy Fawcett PBS Secrets of the Dead documentary B. Fletcher Robinson & ' The Lost World ' by Paul Spiring The Lost City of Z is a Long Way From a True Story and I Should Know by John Hemming in The Spectator VIAF : 61597470 LCCN : n81102852 ISNI : 0000 0000 8140 5771 GND : 138720967 SUDOC : 03093544X BNF : cb12225182v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Fawcett&oldid=800129901 '' Categories : 1867 births English archaeologists English explorers Explorers of Amazonia Lost explorers Missing people People from Torquay Professor Challenger Royal Artillery officers Companions of the Distinguished Service Order 1920s missing person cases Hidden categories : Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Articles with hCards Interlanguage link template link number Articles with trivia sections from April 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Year of death missing Year of death unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 17 : 41 . 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who plays percy in the lost city of z

David Grann 's The Lost City of Z was optioned by Brad Pitt 's Plan B production company and Paramount Pictures . James Gray directed the film , which stars Charlie Hunnam as Fawcett and was released in April 2017 .

The Longest Yard ( 2005 film ) - Wikipedia The Longest Yard ( 2005 film ) The Longest Yard Theatrical release poster Directed by Peter Segal Produced by Jack Giarraputo Screenplay by Sheldon Turner Based on The Longest Yard by Tracy Keenan Wynn The Longest Yard by Albert S. Ruddy Starring Adam Sandler Chris Rock James Cromwell Nelly William Fichtner David Patrick Kelly Tracy Morgan Cloris Leachman Burt Reynolds The Great Khali Music by Teddy Castellucci Cinematography Dean Semler Edited by Jeff Gourson Production company MTV Films Happy Madison Productions Callahan Filmworks Distributed by Paramount Pictures ( United States ) Columbia Pictures ( International ) Release date May 27 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 27 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $82 million Box office $190.3 million The Longest Yard is a 2005 American sports prison comedy film and a remake of the 1974 film of the same name . Adam Sandler plays the protagonist Paul Crewe , a disgraced former professional quarterback for the Pittsburgh Steelers , who is forced to form a team from the prison inmates to play football against their guards . Burt Reynolds , who played Sandler 's role in the original , co-stars as Nate Scarborough , the inmates ' coach . Chris Rock plays Crewe 's friend , known as Caretaker . The cast includes James Cromwell , Nelly , William Fichtner and several former and current professional athletes such as Terry Crews , Michael Irvin , Brian Bosworth , Bill Romanowski , Bill Goldberg , Bob Sapp , Kevin Nash , Stone Cold Steve Austin , and Dalip `` The Great Khali '' Singh Rana . The film was produced by MTV Films and Happy Madison Productions and distributed by Paramount Pictures and Columbia Pictures , and was released on May 27 , 2005 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Paul Crewe is a former NFL player who , one night , gets drunk and goes joyriding in the Bentley of his girlfriend Lena , crashing it . It is revealed that he was accused of shaving points in a big game , although it was never proven . In prison , Warden Rudolph Hazen , wishing to boost his prison 's reputation for future elections as State Governor , uses threats and confinement in a hot box to coerce Crewe into helping the prison guards ' football team , led by the hostile Captain Knauer . Crewe informs Hazen that what Hazen 's team needs is a tune - up game to boost the guards ' confidence , and is therefore coerced to form an inmate team to play against the guards . He does so with the help of a newfound friend , Caretaker . They start off with a poorly organized team , before being noticed by another prisoner , former college football star Nate Scarborough , who decides to help coach the team by gathering several intimidating inmates as a boost to the team 's strength . Caretaker tells Crewe that they need more `` brothers '' on the team . When Crewe goes to the basketball court to ask the black inmates to join the team , their leader , Deacon Moss rebuffs him . Crewe challenges Deacon to a one - on - one basketball game , saying that if he wins , the brothers will join the team , and if Deacon wins , Crewe will leave them alone . Deacon accepts , and despite Deacon 's undisguised personal fouls in which he elbows , punches or grabs Crewe , Crewe continues without complaint . On the game - winning shot , Crewe cleanly steals the ball from Deacon and scores , but Deacon calls a foul . Realizing he wo n't be allowed to win , Crewe lets Deacon score the final shot . Although Deacon beats Crewe , one of the brothers , a fast runner named Earl Megget , impressed with Crewe 's decision to take the beating , joins the football team as its running back . When the guards learn of this , they confront Earl in an attempt to provoke an assault by him by saying the racial epithet `` nigger '' , but Earl does not allow himself to be provoked despite intimidation and minor abuse . Having witnessed this , the other `` brothers '' , including Deacon , decide to join the team too . Hazen and the guards continue attempts to hinder Crewe 's team by flooding their field , but the team decides to practice in the mud anyway . Inmate Unger spies on the activities of the inmates and after being pressured by the guards , rigs Crewe 's radio with an explosive . Caretaker unknowingly enters the cell to give a photo gift to Crewe , but is killed when he tries to turn the dial on the radio . On game day , the inmates are revitalized in the wake of Caretaker 's murder when Crewe reveals Caretaker 's last gift to the team , quality gear and uniforms from his cousin at Reebok with the team name `` Mean Machine '' on the uniforms . The Mean Machine overcomes a rough start , due to individual inmates ' attempts to retaliate against guards for the abuse they 've suffered . Crewe angrily tells the inmates that winning the game is more important and will damage the guards more than their personal grudges , and gets them to play as a team . The first half ends with the score tied . The angered Hazen informs Crewe in private that if he does not lose he will be charged for Caretaker 's murder . Crewe acquiesces to Hazen 's threat , asking that the guards refrain from using excessive force on the field after getting a comfortable lead , to which Hazen agrees to do so after they obtain a two touchdown lead . After Crewe fakes an injury in order to leave the field , his teammates voice their displeasure over his obvious deserting of the team . After seeing that Hazen has broken his promise and two members of the Mean Machine are injured , Crewe asks Skitchy if the time spent in jail for punching the warden was worth it . Skitchy replies , `` It was worth every goddamn second , '' and inspired Crewe returns to the field . The team initially doubts Crewe 's resolve and allows him to be sacked twice . After running for a first down on 4th and Long , Crewe , realizing that his inmates are still not protecting him due to his prior actions , calls a huddle , admits to the point shaving that disgraced him , the injury that he faked as a result of Hazen 's threat , and sabotage to the other inmates , and asks for their forgiveness , putting his hands in the middle of all of them . Moss puts his hand in , followed by the rest of the team . The Mean Machine , united again as a team , quickly scores two touchdowns to cut the guards ' lead to 35 -- 28 . After Megget is injured following a long run , Scarborough comes in for one play as replacement and scores a touchdown off a trick play involving a fumble called a Fumblerooski . Mean Machine decides to go for the two - point conversion and the win . As they get up to the line they seem to be confused , and Crewe and Scarborough start arguing in order to trick the guards . Moss gets the snap and passes it to Crewe , who scores the winning conversion , winning the game . Knauer , with a newfound respect for Crewe , tells him that he showed extraordinary nerve , and lets him know that he will vouch that Crewe had nothing to do with Caretaker 's death . Hazen admonishes Knauer for losing a fixed game and notices that Crewe is heading towards the exit . Eagerly implying Crewe is trying to escape , Hazen orders that Crewe be shot for attempting to escape . Knauer hesitates and at the last moment realizes ( and scornfully tells Hazen ) that Crewe is only picking up the game football . Crewe returns it to Hazen , telling him to `` stick it in ( his ) trophy case . '' Moss and Joey Battle give Hazen a Gatorade shower , and when he tells them that this has earned them a week in the hot box , Battle defiantly yells `` Who gives a shit ? ! '' Cast ( edit ) Convicts Adam Sandler as Paul `` Wrecking '' Crewe Chris Rock as James `` Caretaker '' Farrell Burt Reynolds as Coach Nate Scarborough Nelly as Earl Megget Michael Irvin as Deacon Moss Bill Goldberg as Joey `` Battle '' Battaglio Terry Crews as `` Cheeseburger '' Eddy Bob Sapp as Switowski Nicholas Turturro as Brucie Dalip Singh as Turley Lobo Sebastian as Torres Joey Diaz as Tony Rob Schneider as Punky David Patrick Kelly as Unger Eddie Bunker as Doc `` Skitchy '' Rivers Steve Reevis as `` Baby Face '' Bob Rainwater Tracy Morgan as Miss Tucker Prison Staff James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen William Fichtner as Captain Wilhem Knauer Kevin Nash as Sergeant Engleheart Steve Austin as Guard Dunham Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn Conrad Goode as Guard Webster Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey Others Allen Covert as Referee Jim Rome as Himself Chris Berman as Himself Lauren Sanchez as Herself Patrick Bristow as Walt Adam Schefter as Himself Peter King as Himself Courteney Cox as Lena ( uncredited ) Dan Patrick as Police Officer Rap group D12 except for Eminem appeared in the movie and they were credited as Basketball Convicts . Eminem was mentioned in the scene where Crewe comes to invite the Basketball team and a player says : ' Look guys , it 's the fake Slim Shady ' mocking his race . Production ( edit ) The movie was filmed at the New Mexico State Penitentiary on Route 14 , Santa Fe , New Mexico . The football game at the end of the film was filmed at Murdock Stadium at the El Camino College in Torrance , California . The car chase scene was filmed whereabouts in Long Beach , California . Other parts of the film were filmed in Los Angeles and New Mexico . The golf course scene was filmed at Lost Canyons Golf Club in Simi Valley , California . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film did well at the box office . Its $47.6 million opening weekend was the largest of Sandler 's career and only second to The Day After Tomorrow as the largest opening by a movie that was not # 1 . The film would go on to gross $158.1 million in the United States and Canada and $190 million worldwide . It was the highest - grossing film produced by MTV Films , until it was surpassed by Hansel and Gretel : Witch Hunters . Despite the large number of remakes released at the theaters , it 's worth noting that The Longest Yard is the highest grossing comedy remake of the modern box office era ( from 1980 on ) . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 32 % based on 165 reviews , with an average rating of 4.8 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` This Yard has some laughs but missing from this remake is the edginess of the original . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100 , based on 35 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . According to CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert , in the critical minority with this title , gave it a `` Thumbs Up '' , defending it later in his Chicago Sun - Times review as a film that `` ... more or less achieves what most of the people attending it will expect . '' In the print review , Ebert beseeches his readers to `` ... seek out a movie you could have an interesting conversation about '' , citing films not in wide release such as Dominion : Prequel to the Exorcist and Kontroll , until finally encouraging his readers to `` drop any thought of seeing anything else instead '' if they can see Crash . Awards ( edit ) The film earned Chris Rock a BET Comedy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Theatrical Film . Burt Reynolds earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performance in the film . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Longest Yard ( soundtrack ) The official soundtrack , which consisted entirely of hip - hop music , was released on May 24 , 2005 by Universal Records . It peaked at 11 on the Billboard 200 and 10 on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums . The film itself contains a mixture of hip hop and rock music , featuring music by Creedence Clearwater Revival , Norman Greenbaum and AC / DC among others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Yard ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Filming at Lost Canyons Golf Club '' . Lost Canyons . December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Comedy Remake '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( May 26 , 2005 ) . `` Reviews : The Longest Yard '' . rogerebert.com . 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'' `` Ride wit Me '' `` Batter Up '' Nellyville `` Hot in Herre '' `` Dilemma '' `` Air Force Ones '' `` Work It '' `` Pimp Juice '' Sweat and Suit `` Flap Your Wings '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` Na - NaNa - Na '' `` My Place '' `` Over and Over '' `` ' N ' Dey Say '' Brass Knuckles `` Wadsyaname '' `` Party People '' `` Body on Me '' `` Stepped on My J'z '' 5.0 `` Just a Dream '' `` Move That Body '' `` Gone '' M.O. `` Hey Porsche '' `` Get Like Me '' Compilations Sweatsuit The Best of Nelly EPs 6 Derrty Hits Remix albums Da Derrty Versions : The Reinvention Featured singles `` Where the Party At '' `` Girlfriend ( The Neptunes Remix ) '' `` Get It Poppin ' '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Call on Me '' `` 5000 Ones '' `` Here I Am '' `` Miss Me '' `` Lose Control ( Let Me Down ) '' `` Cruise ( Remix ) '' `` 4x4 '' `` I Do n't Wanna Go to Bed '' `` Millionaire '' Soundtrack singles `` # 1 '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` Errtime '' `` Warrior '' Other singles `` Iz U '' `` Grillz '' `` The Champ '' `` The Fix '' `` Die a Happy Man '' Related articles St. Lunatics Derrty Entertainment The Main Event Nellyville ( TV series ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Longest_Yard_(2005_film)&oldid=865603684 '' Categories : 2005 films English - language films 2000s comedy - drama films 2000s prison films American comedy - drama films American crime drama films American film remakes American films American football films American prison films American sports comedy films Films set in Texas Films shot in New Mexico Pittsburgh Steelers in popular culture Films directed by Peter Segal Paramount Pictures films Columbia Pictures films MTV Films films Happy Madison films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2015 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 23 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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James Cromwell as Warden Rudolph Hazen William Fichtner as Captain Wilhem Knauer Kevin Nash as Sergeant Engleheart Steve Austin as Guard Dunham Brian Bosworth as Guard Garner Michael Papajohn as Guard Papajohn Conrad Goode as Guard Webster Bill Romanowski as Guard Lambert Cloris Leachman as Lynette Grey

Joanna Going - wikipedia Joanna Going Jump to : navigation , search Joanna Going Joanna Going at the Kingdom premiere in October 2014 . Joanna C. Going ( 1963 - 07 - 22 ) July 22 , 1963 ( age 54 ) Washington , DC. , United States Alma mater Emerson College American Academy of Dramatic Arts Occupation Actress Years active 1986 -- present Spouse ( s ) Dylan Walsh ( m . 2004 ; div. 2012 ) Children Joanna C. Going ( born July 22 , 1963 ) is an American actress . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 References 6 External links Early Life ( edit ) She was born in Washington , DC , the oldest of six children of a lawyer / state assemblyman father and a police dispatcher mother . Raised in Newport , Rhode Island , she graduated from Rogers High School in 1981 , then attended Emerson College for two years before studying at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . Career ( edit ) Going appeared in soap opera roles in the late 1980s , most notably as Lisa Grady on Another World from 1987 to 1989 . She went on to portray lead character Victoria Winters in the 1991 primetime series Dark Shadows . Going later starred in short - lived television series Going to Extremes and guest - starred on Columbo , Spin City , The Outer Limits , and Law & Order . Going starred in a number of feature films . She made her film debut in Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) as Josephine Marcus , and later had major roles in Eden , Keys to Tulsa , Inventing the Abbotts , and Still Breathing . Her biggest role may be in the 1998 film version of Phantoms . In the 2000s , she starred in several television films and guest - starred on CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , Criminal Minds , and Mad Men . She also appeared opposite Sean Penn in the 2011 film The Tree of Life , her first role in a major motion picture since 2003 's Runaway Jury . In 2014 , Going starred as First Lady Tricia Walker in the second season of Netflix political series House of Cards . She later was cast in the DirecTV series Kingdom . Going appeared on Ken Reid 's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on March 25 , 2016 . Personal Life ( edit ) Going married actor Dylan Walsh on October 10 , 2004 . They have a daughter , Stella Haven . On December 15 , 2010 , Walsh announced he had filed for divorce . The divorce was finalized in December 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) Nick Jonas , Going , Matt Lauria , Frank Grillo , and Jonathan Tucker at the premiere of the Kingdom in October 2014 Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Wyatt Earp Josephine Marcus 1995 How to Make an American Quilt Young Em 1995 Nixon Young Student Eden Helen Kunen 1997 Little City Kate 1997 Inventing the Abbotts Alice Abbott 1997 Keys to Tulsa Cherry 1997 Commandments Karen Warner 1997 Still Breathing Rosalyn Willoughby 1998 Phantoms Jennifer Pailey , M.D. 1998 Heaven Jennifer Marling 1998 Blue Christmas Pretty Woman 1999 NetForce Toni Fiorelli 2000 Cupid & Cate Cynthia TV Movie 2001 Lola Sandra 2002 The Routine Mother Short film 2002 Home Alone 4 Natalie TV Movie 2003 Runaway Jury Celeste Wood 2006 Save Me Rita Lambert Short film 2006 My Silent Partner Phyllis Webber TV Movie 2007 McBride : Dogged Sarah Sinclair TV Movie 2009 Chasing a Dream Diane Stiles TV Movie 2011 The Tree of Life Jack 's Wife 2014 Ready or Knot Margo 2014 The Sphere and the Labyrinth Jordana 2014 Love & Mercy Audree Wilson Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1986 Search for Tomorrow Evie Stone Recurring role 1987 -- 1989 Another World Lisa Grady Series regular The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Mindy Episode : `` Here 's Why You Can Never Have Too Much Petty Cash '' 1991 Dark Shadows Victoria Winters / Josette du Pres Series regular , 12 episodes Columbo Melissa Alexandra Hayes Episode : `` No Time to Die '' 1992 -- 1993 Going to Extremes Kathleen McDermott Series regular , 17 episodes 1993 New Year Katie Hartman TV pilot 1993 Nick 's Game Laura ' Stock ' Swenson TV pilot 1995 Children of the Dust Rachel TV miniseries 2000 Ed Sela McKenzie Episode : `` Pretty Girls and Waffles '' 2001 Spin City Julia Rhodes 3 episodes 2001 The Outer Limits Dr. Anya Kenway Episode : `` Worlds Within '' 2002 Law & Order Dana Bauer Episode : `` The Collar '' 2002 Georgetown TV pilot 2003 111 Gramercy Park Cathy Wilton TV pilot 2005 Inconceivable Jann Carlton Episode : `` Sex , Lies and Sonograms '' 2005 Into the West Old Clara Wheeler TV miniseries 2006 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Amanda Sinclair / Jill Case Episode : `` Happenstance '' 2007 Criminal Minds Dana Woodridge Episode : `` Distress '' 2007 Close to Home Samantha Veeder 3 episodes 2007 Journeyman Lauren Episode : `` Perfidia '' 2013 Mad Men Arlene Episodes : `` To Have and to Hold '' and `` The Better Half '' 2014 House of Cards First Lady Tricia Walker 7 episodes 2014 -- 2017 Kingdom Christina Kulina Main role References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going Biography ( 1963 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joanna Going '' . Movies.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` ' House of Cards ' Joanna Going Boards DirecTV 's ' Navy St . ' '' . Hollywood Reporter. 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Joanna Going Joins DirecTV 's ' Navy St ' ; Angelique Cabral Boards NBC 's ' Two To Go ' '' . Deadline.com . March 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Deadline , The ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` DirecTV Drama Series ' Navy St ' Gets New Title , Premiere Date '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nip / Tuck Star Dylan Walsh Files for Divorce '' . People . Jump up ^ `` Dylan Walsh - Ordered to Pay Ex-Wife HALF Of ' Nip / Tuck ' Money '' . TMZ.com. 2012 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Joanna Going on IMDb VIAF : 268785326 LCCN : no2001038831 ISNI : 0000 0001 1934 8179 BNF : cb14182087x ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joanna_Going&oldid=793784298 '' Categories : 1963 births Actresses from Rhode Island American film actresses American television actresses Emerson College alumni Living people People from Newport , Rhode Island American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2011 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 22 : 51 . About Wikipedia

who plays the first lady on house of cards

Joanna C. Going ( born July 22 , 1963 ) is an American actress .

Old Course at St Andrews - wikipedia Old Course at St Andrews Jump to : navigation , search Old Course R&A Clubhouse and 18th green in 2004 Club information Coordinates 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Coordinates : 56 ° 20 ′ 35 '' N 2 ° 48 ′ 11 '' W  /  56.343 ° N 2.803 ° W  / 56.343 ; - 2.803 Location St Andrews , Scotland Established 1552 Type Public Owned by Fife Council Operated by St Andrews Links Trust Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted The Open Championship , Alfred Dunhill Links Championship Website Old Course Par 72 Length 7,305 yards ( 6,680 m ) Course record 61 ; Ross Fisher ( 2017 ) St Andrews Location in Scotland St Andrews Location in Fife , Scotland The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world , a public course over common land in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament . The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee , although it is but one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course , along with the general public . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Governance 1.2 Influence on modern golf 1.3 Old Course and Bobby Jones 2 Features 3 The Open Championship 4 Scorecard 5 Women 's British Open 6 Senior Open Championship 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the `` home of golf '' because the sport was first played on the Links at St Andrews in the early 15th century . Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until in 1457 , when James II of Scotland banned golf because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery . The ban was upheld by the following kings of Scotland until 1502 , when King James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban . Governance ( edit ) In 1552 , Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St. Andrews the right to play on the links . In 1754 , 22 noblemen , professors , and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers . This society would eventually become the precursor to the Royal and Ancient which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico . St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797 . The Town Council of St. Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity . Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf . The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years , though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris ( 1865 -- 1908 ) , who designed the 1st and 18th holes . Originally , it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes . As interest in the game increased , groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole , but going in different directions . Influence on modern golf ( edit ) The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today . For instance , in 1764 , the course had 22 holes . The members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes . The members decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes ( two in and two out ) . St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created . Around 1863 , Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green , producing the current 18 - hole layout with seven double greens and four single greens . The Old Course is home of The Open Championship , the oldest of golf 's major championships . The Old Course has hosted this major 29 times since 1873 , most recently in 2015 . The 29 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course , and The Open is currently played there every five years . Old Course and Bobby Jones ( edit ) Bobby Jones ( who later founded Augusta National ) first played St Andrews in the 1921 Open Championship . During the third round , he infamously hit his ball into a bunker on the 11th hole . After he took four swings at the ball and still could not get out , after losing his temper , he continued the round , but did not turn in score card , thus disqualifying himself . However , he did continue to play in the fourth round . Six years later , when the Open Championship returned to St Andrews , Jones also returned . Not only did he win , he also became the first amateur to win back - to - back Open Championships . He won wire - to - wire , shooting a 285 ( 7 - under - par ) , which was the lowest score at either a U.S. Open or Open Championship at the time . He ended up winning the tournament by a decisive six strokes . In 1930 , Jones returned to St Andrews for the British Amateur . He won , beating Roger Wethered by a score of 7 and 6 in the final match . He subsequently won the other three majors , making him the only man in the history of the sport to win the Grand Slam . Jones went on to fall in love with the Old Course for the rest of his life . Years later , he said `` If I had to select one course upon which to play the match of my life , I should have selected the Old Course . '' In 1958 the town of St Andrews gave Jones the key to the city ; he was only the second American to receive the honour ( after Benjamin Franklin in 1759 ) . After he received the key , he said `` I could take out of my life everything but my experiences here in St. Andrews and I would still have had a rich and full life . '' Features ( edit ) `` I 'm very sentimental and the place gets to me every time I go there . St Andrews was always where I wanted to finish my major career . '' -- Jack Nicklaus on finishing his career at St Andrews , 2005 . The Swilcan Bridge is one of the most iconic attractions in golf The 18th hole towards the clubhouse of the R&A in 2006 . A largely unchanged view in 1891 . One of the unique features of the Old Course are the large double greens . Seven greens are shared by two holes each , with hole numbers adding up to 18 ( 2nd paired with 16th , 3rd with 15th , all the way up to 8th and 10th ) . The Swilcan Bridge , spanning the first and 18th holes , has become a famous icon for golf in the world . Everyone who plays the 18th hole walks over this 700 - year - old bridge , and many iconic pictures of the farewells of the most iconic golfers in history have been taken on this bridge . A life - size stone replica of the Bridge is situated at the World Golf Hall of Fame museum in St. Augustine , Florida . Only the 1st , 9th , 17th and 18th holes have their own greens . Another unique feature is that the course can be played in either direction , clockwise or anti-clockwise . Along with that , the Old Course has 112 bunkers which are all individually named and have their own unique story and history behind them . The two most famous are the 10 ft deep `` Hell Bunker '' on the 14th hole , and the `` Road Bunker '' on the 17th hole . Countless professional golfers have seen their dreams of winning the Open Championship squandered by hitting their balls into those bunkers . The Old Course is also home of The Road Hole , the par - 4 17th , one of the world 's most famous golf holes . Among its unique features are : Players using the back tees can not see where their tee shots land . This is not unusual except that they must take aim over a corner of replica railway sheds which lie beyond the out of bounds wall . The original sheds were torn down when the rail line running next to the course closed , and after several Opens were played without the tee shot being blind , replicas of the sheds were created in preparation for the 1984 Open . Other than rough , the primary hazard in front of the green is a sand trap known as the `` Road Bunker . '' Over the back of the green , hazards include a tarmac roadway , as well as an old stone wall . Both are in play ; a wayward shot can lead a player to take their next stroke off the roadway or to hit the face of the wall and take their chances with the ensuing bounce . The general method of play today is counterclockwise , although clockwise play has been permitted on one day each year in recent years , and for several special one off events since . Originally , the course was reversed every week in order to let the grass recover better . One other unusual thing about the Old Course is that it is closed on Sundays to let the course rest . On some Sundays , the course turns into a park for all the townspeople who come out to stroll , picnic and otherwise enjoy the grounds . As a general rule , Sunday play is allowed on the course on only four occasions : The final day of the Dunhill Links Championship , an annual event on the European Tour . The final day of any R&A sanctioned Open Championships -- men and women , and the men over 50 when it is held at the Old Course ; this happens roughly once every five years for the men ; the women 's championship began its turn on the rotation in 2007 , and the over-50 championship began in 2018 . The final day of two top amateur events , the St Andrews Links Trophy and the St Rule Trophy . Sunday play may also occur when the Old Course hosts other major events ; for example , when it hosted the Curtis Cup in 2008 . While winning the Open Championship is a crowning achievement for any golfer , a win at St Andrews is considered particularly important due to the course 's long tradition . Past winners at St Andrews include Tiger Woods ( twice ) , Louis Oosthuizen , John Daly , Zach Johnson ( first Monday finish since 1988 ) , Nick Faldo , Seve Ballesteros , Jack Nicklaus ( twice ) , Tony Lema , Kel Nagle , Bobby Locke , Peter Thomson , Sam Snead , Dick Burton , Denny Shute , Bobby Jones , Jock Hutchison , James Braid ( twice ) , John Henry Taylor ( twice ) , Hugh Kirkaldy , Jack Burns , Bob Martin ( twice ) , Jamie Anderson , Tom Kidd , Lorena Ochoa , and most recently Stacy Lewis at the 2013 Women 's British Open . In 2005 the Old Course was ranked as the greatest golf course outside the United States , by Golf Digest . Since 1990 , the Old Course has been unique on the Open roster in holding the Championship every five years . However , this sequence has been broken with the announcement that the 2020 Championship will be at Royal St. George 's . The reason for this is that the 2021 Championship will be the 150th , and is expected to be played on the Old Course although no official announcement has yet been made . The Open Championship ( edit ) The `` road bunker '' at the 17th hole . R&A Clubhouse on the Old Course . The Open Championship has been staged at the Old Course at St Andrews 29 times . The following is a list of the champions : Year Winner Score Notes R1 R2 R3 R4 Total 1873 Tom Kidd 91 88 -- -- 179 This was the first time the Open Championship was played on an 18 - hole course . Instead of three rounds of 12 holes , there were two rounds of 18 . Kidd won £ 11 . 1876 Bob Martin 86 90 -- -- 176 Due to a controversial ruling , Bob Martin finished in a tie for first . In protest , his opponent Davie Strath refused to participate so Martin walked the course and became the Open Champion . He won £ 10 . 1879 Jamie Anderson 84 85 -- -- 169 With this win , Jamie Anderson became the first person to break 170 in the Open Championship . He won £ 10 . 1882 Bob Ferguson 83 88 -- -- 171 This was the third straight Open Championship for Ferguson . He won £ 12 . 1885 Bob Martin 84 87 -- -- 171 The second of Martin 's Open Championship wins , he won £ 10 . 1888 Jack Burns 86 85 -- -- 171 Burns won after his score was re-added , giving him a one - stroke victory . The winners share was £ 8 . 1891 Hugh Kirkaldy 83 83 -- -- 166 Kirkaldy set the tournament record with his 166 . This was also the last Open Championship that was 36 holes . The winners share was £ 10 . 1895 J.H. Taylor 86 78 80 78 322 This was the first Open to be played over two days ( 36 holes a day ) and a total of 72 holes at St Andrews . He shot the first sub-80 rounds at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 30 . 1900 J.H. Taylor 79 77 78 75 309 This open marked the first time the `` Great Triumvirate '' finished 1 - 2 - 3 . That was the name given to the three golfers who dominated the game in the late 19th century to the early 20th century . From 1894 to 1914 , J.H. Taylor , Harry Vardon , and James Braid combined to win 16 Open Championships . This was Taylor 's third of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1905 James Braid 81 78 78 81 318 This was the first Open to be played over three days , with 36 holes on the last day . This was Braid 's second of five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1910 James Braid 76 73 74 76 299 This Open was the last of Braid 's five Open Championships . With this win he became the first person to break 300 in a four - round Open at St Andrews , and was the first to win five Open Championships . The winners share was £ 50 . 1921 Jock Hutchison 72 75 79 70 296 Born in Scotland , Hutchison was the first American citizen to win the Open Championship with this win . This was also the first time Bobby Jones played St Andrews . He ended up walking off the course after he took four shots to get out of a bunker on the 11th hole . The winners share was £ 75 . 1927 Bobby Jones ( a ) 68 72 73 72 285 ( − 3 ) This win marked Bobby Jones ' first Open championship win at St Andrews , his second straight Open Championship , fourth professional major , and his 7th career major ( he was a three - time winner of the U.S. Amateur ) . As an amateur , Jones received no prize money . Aubrey Boomer and Fred Robson finished in a tie for second , and the winners and second place share of £ 75 for first place and £ 50 for second place were combined and divided into two , so each player earned 62 pounds and 10 shillings . 1933 Denny Shute 73 73 73 73 292 ( + 4 ) Shute won the Open title by five strokes in a playoff against Craig Wood . Leo Diegel could have joined them but he whiffed a putt on the 72nd hole , finishing one shot off the lead . The winners share was £ 100 . 1939 Dick Burton 70 72 77 71 290 ( − 2 ) The 1939 Open was the last Open until 1946 because of World War II . The Royal Air Force used the fairways of the Old Course as runways . Burton held the Claret Jug the longest ( 7 years ) , until the tournament resumed in 1946 , also at St Andrews . The winners share was £ 100 . 1946 Sam Snead 71 70 74 75 290 ( − 2 ) Even though Sam Snead won the first Open Championship to be played since 1939 , he still lost money because of the high travel expenses ; his winner 's share was £ 150 . When taking the train into St Andrews , Sam Snead is quoted for looking out of the window and saying `` Say , that looks like an old abandoned golf course '' about the Old Course . 1955 Peter Thomson 71 68 70 72 281 ( − 7 ) This was the second of Thomson 's three straight Open titles , and five overall . His winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1957 Bobby Locke 69 72 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) Between 1949 and 1957 , Locke won the Open title four times . He survived a possible disqualification when he marked his ball on the 72nd green , and played his ball without replacing his ball mark . The R&A decided that because he had a three shot lead , and he did n't gain an advantage , that in the spirit of the game , he should not be disqualified . The winner 's share was £ 1,000 . 1960 Kel Nagle 69 67 71 71 278 ( − 10 ) This was the 100th anniversary of the Open Championship , although due to wars it was n't the 100th Open Championship to be played . Arnold Palmer finished second and is credited with returning the Open to the eyes of Americans . The winner 's share was £ 1,250 . 1964 Tony Lema 73 68 68 70 279 ( − 9 ) From 1962 to 1966 , Lema won 12 times on tour , but this was his only major . He beat Jack Nicklaus by five strokes , and his winner 's share was £ 1,500 . Tragically , Lema and his pregnant wife were killed in a plane crash two years later . 1970 Jack Nicklaus 68 69 73 73 283 ( − 5 ) Doug Sanders missed a tough two and a half - foot ( 0.75 m ) putt on the 72nd hole , bogeyed , and ended up tied with Nicklaus . The playoff the next day came down to 18th hole and Nicklaus birdied to win ; it was his second Open title and eighth overall major ; the winner 's share was £ 5,250 . 1978 Jack Nicklaus 71 72 69 69 281 ( − 7 ) Nicklaus completed the career Grand Slam ( winning all four majors in your career at least once ) for the third time making it his third Open Championship . The winner 's share was £ 12,500 1984 Seve Ballesteros 69 68 70 69 276 ( − 12 ) The leaderboard for the final day was full of the best golfers in the world at the time . Ballesteros beat Bernhard Langer , Tom Watson , Fred Couples , Lanny Wadkins , Nick Faldo , and Greg Norman to make an epic final round at St Andrews . Ballesteros birdied the 72nd hole to win by two , and his fist pump is an iconic image to this day . His winner 's share was £ 50,000 . Nick Faldo 67 65 67 71 270 ( − 18 ) Faldo set the Open championship scoring record shooting 18 under par , winning his second major of the year , his second Open Championship and his fourth overall major . The winner 's share was £ 85,000 . 1995 John Daly 67 71 73 71 282 ( − 6 ) This Open was significant because it was the first that Tiger Woods played in , and the last that Arnold Palmer played in , getting to have his farewell at St Andrews . John Daly beat Costantino Rocca in a four - hole playoff to win the Open title and £ 125,000 . 2000 Tiger Woods 67 66 67 69 269 ( − 19 ) Winning the 2000 British Open was Tiger Woods ' second consecutive major championship , completing the career grand slam ; he would win the next two major championships as well for four consecutive major victories - the `` Tiger Slam '' . He did n't hit a single bunker the entire tournament , won by eight strokes , and set the new Open Championship scoring record with 19 under par . The winner 's share was £ 500,000 . 2005 Tiger Woods 66 67 71 70 274 ( − 14 ) This was Jack Nicklaus 's last Open Championship and like Arnold Palmer , he finished on the Old Course . This was also Tiger 's 10th major championship and the fourth one he had won by five or more strokes , and the winner 's share was £ 720,000 . Louis Oosthuizen 65 67 69 71 272 ( − 16 ) On the 150th anniversary of the first Open Championship , Oosthuizen played consistently well , winning the Open title by shooting a 16 under par 272 and winning by seven strokes . Rory McIlroy shot a 63 in the opening round and the winner 's share was £ 850,000 . 2015 Zach Johnson 66 71 70 66 273 ( − 15 ) In the 144th playing of the Open Championship , Zach Johnson emerged from a three - man playoff to win the tournament . Tom Watson was given a special exemption by the R & A in order that he could finish his Open career at the Old Course . The tournament finished on Monday due to the extremely high winds that arose during Saturday 's round . Johnson defeated Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman in a four - hole playoff . Note : Multiple winners of The Open Championship have superscript ordinal designating which in their respective careers . ( a ) denotes amateur Sources : Scorecard ( edit ) Main article : 2015 Open Championship Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Burn 376 10 Bobby Jones 386 Dyke 453 11 High ( In ) 174 Cartgate ( Out ) 397 12 Heathery ( In ) 348 Ginger Beer 480 13 Hole O'Cross ( In ) 465 5 Hole O'Cross ( Out ) 568 5 14 Long 618 5 6 Heathery ( Out ) 412 15 Cartgate ( In ) 455 7 High ( Out ) 371 16 Corner of the Dyke 423 8 Short 175 17 Road 495 9 End 352 18 Tom Morris 357 Out 3,584 36 In 3,721 36 Source : Total 7,305 72 Old Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total White 73.1 / 132 376 411 370 419 514 374 359 166 347 3336 340 174 316 418 530 414 381 455 357 3385 6721 Yellow 71.4 / 129 355 395 337 411 514 360 349 154 289 3164 311 164 304 388 523 391 345 436 361 3223 6387 Par 5 36 5 36 72 Ladies ' 75.6 / 138 339 375 321 401 454 325 335 145 261 2956 296 150 304 377 487 369 325 426 342 3076 6032 Par Ladies ' 5 5 5 38 5 5 5 38 76 Women 's British Open ( edit ) Winners of the Women 's British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2007 Lorena Ochoa 287 ( − 5 ) 2013 Stacy Lewis 280 ( -- 8 ) Senior Open Championship ( edit ) Winners of the Senior Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews : Year Winner Score 2018 See also ( edit ) Golf in Scotland St Andrews Links The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St Andrews Link Trust appointment '' . Scottish Government website . 14 January 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scottish Golf History -- Oldest Golf Sites '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- The Old Course '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Old Course Experience -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Leibs ( 2004 ) . `` Sports and Games of the Renaissance '' . p. 69 . Greenwood Publishing Group , ^ Jump up to : `` St Andrews -- A Brief History of The Links '' . Archived from the original on 4 July 2012 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Forrest L. Richardson ( 2002 ) . `` Routing the Golf Course : The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey '' . p. 46 . John Wiley & Sons Jump up ^ Kelly , Morgan ( 14 June 2005 ) . `` Jones ' 1930 feat still stands test of time '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ DiMeglio , Steve ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` History , mythology combine at St Andrews , the home of golf '' . USA Today . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nicklaus set for St Andrews bow '' . BBC Sport. 3 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Hauser , Melanie ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` Old Course 's humble Swilcan Bridge one of golf 's great attractions '' . PGA of America . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Helen ( 12 July 2010 ) . `` Swilcan Bridge replica a true World Golf Hall of Fame highlight '' . PGA of America . Jump up ^ Prunty , Brendan ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` At the British Open at St Andrews , it 's the bunkers ( in addition to everything else ) that will drive players mad '' . NJ.com . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Borden , Sam ( 12 June 2015 ) . `` Sundays on the Old Course at St. Andrews : No Golfers Allowed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Ground staff ask that people avoid greens and bunkers . On Sundays , locals and tourists explore the Old Course at St. Andrews as it enjoys a weekly rest . Jump up ^ `` British Open : Event 's history at St Andrews '' . USA Today . 11 July 2010 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Prize Money at the Major Championships '' . Golf Today . Retrieved 4 March 2014 . External Links ( edit ) Golf Course Histories -- comparison of 1932 v 2012 course aerials ( nb. 2012 aerial dates prior to November 2012 changes ) BBC Golf on the Old Course -- a review by former European Tour player Ken Brown and several supporting features . St Andrews Links Trust The Old Course Hotel , Golf Resort & Spa Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews St Andrews Open Golf Club Atlas Guide St Andrews Golf Development Group -- info on Old Course and online booking for other St Andrews courses 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Topics on St Andrews Entertainment Barron Theatre Byre Theatre New Picture House Golf Ladies ' Golf Union Links Old Course Swilken Bridge The Royal and Ancient Strathtyrum Monuments St Andrews Sarcophagus Museums British Golf Museum Museum of the University of St Andrews St Andrews Castle St Andrews Cathedral St Andrews Museum Religious houses , past and present All Saints Blackfriars Greyfriars Holy Trinity Church Hospital of St Leonard Hospital of St Nicholas St Andrews Cathedral Priory St Leonard 's Chapel St Mary 's Collegiate Church St Salvator 's Chapel Schools Madras College St Leonards School New Park School University colleges , past and present St Leonard 's College St Mary 's College The Pedagogy St Salvator 's College United College Miscellaneous East Sands Kinness burn West Sands Siege of St Andrews Castle The Open Championship rota courses Current rota courses St Andrews Carnoustie Muirfield Turnberry Royal Troon Royal St George 's ( Sandwich ) Royal Birkdale Royal Lytham & St Annes Royal Liverpool ( Hoylake ) Royal Portrush Former rota courses Prestwick Musselburgh Royal Cinque Ports Prince 's Golf Overview History Glossary Outline Rules penalties playoffs etiquette Stroke play scoring handicap Match play four - ball alternate shot Golf course links teeing ground hazards Equipment golf clubs golf ball tee Technical Golf stroke mechanics Instruction Drive Golfers Professional golfer tours Male golfers Female golfers Men 's major winners Women 's major winners Senior major winners Olympic medalists Most wins Asian Tour Australasia Tour Challenge Tour European Tour European Senior Tour Japan Golf Tour Ladies European Tour LPGA Tour PGA Tour PGA Tour Champions Sunshine Tour Web.com Tour Majors Men Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship PGA Championship Women ANA Inspiration U.S. Women 's Open Women 's PGA Championship Women 's British Open The Evian Championship Senior The Tradition Senior PGA Championship U.S. Senior Open Senior Players Championship Senior Open Championship Senior Women 's Senior LPGA Championship U.S. Senior Women 's Open International events Multi-sport event Asian Games Inter-Allied Games Island Games Pacific Games Pan American Games Summer Olympics Summer Universiade Youth Olympic Games Team Curtis Cup EurAsia Cup International Crown Presidents Cup Ryder Cup Solheim Cup Walker Cup Rankings Men Women Amateur Countries Australia China India Ireland Philippines Russia Scotland Thailand United States Venues Driving range Lists of golf courses Canada Hawaii India North Dakota Philippines Portugal United Kingdom links courses designed by Jack Nicklaus Years 1353 -- 1850 1851 -- 1945 1945 -- 99 2000 -- 05 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Governing bodies International Golf Federation The R&A United States Golf Association Professional Golfers ' Association ( Great Britain and Ireland ) Professional Golfers ' Association of America LPGA PGA Tour PGA European Tour American Society of Golf Course Architects World Golf Teachers Federation Variations Beach golf GolfCross Hickory golf Indoor golf Long drive Miniature golf Park golf Pitch and putt Shotgun start Skins game Snow golf Speed golf Urban golf Miscellaneous Awards Architects Caddie Greenskeeper World Golf Hall of Fame British Golf Museum USGA Museum Jack Nicklaus Museum Caddie Hall of Fame Evans Scholars Foundation Media Golf Channel personalities Golf Digest Golf Magazine Golf World Golfweek Links Travel + Leisure Golf Video games Commons WikiProject Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Course_at_St_Andrews&oldid=812721619 '' Categories : Golf clubs and courses in Fife The Open Championship venues Curtis Cup venues Walker Cup venues Sports venues in Fife Tourist attractions in Fife St Andrews 1552 establishments in Scotland 16th century in sports 1550s in Scotland Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 November 2017 , at 13 : 53 . 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who owns st andrews golf course in scotland

The Old Course at St Andrews is considered the oldest golf course in the world , a public course over common land in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland . It is held in trust by The St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament . The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews club house sits adjacent to the first tee , although it is but one of many clubs that have playing privileges on the course , along with the general public .

At the Center of the Storm - wikipedia At the Center of the Storm Jump to : navigation , search At the Center of the Storm : My Years at the CIA Book cover Author George Tenet with Bill Harlow Country United States Language English Subject Central Intelligence Agency Genre Memoir Publisher HarperCollins Publication date April 30 , 2007 Media type Hardcover Pages 576 ISBN 0 - 06 - 114778 - 8 OCLC 71163669 Dewey Decimal 327.12730092 B 22 LC Class JK468. I6 T42 2007 At the Center of the Storm : My Years at the CIA is a memoir co-written by former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency George Tenet with Bill Harlow , former CIA Director of Public Affairs . The book was released on April 30 , 2007 and outlines Tenet 's version of 9 / 11 , the War on Terrorism , the 2001 War in Afghanistan , the run - up to the 2003 Iraq war , rough interrogation and other events . Contents ( hide ) 1 60 Minutes interview 2 Criticism 3 Erratum 4 See also 5 Related memoirs 6 References 7 External links 60 Minutes interview ( edit ) On April 29 , 2007 , Tenet was interviewed about his memoir on 60 Minutes . Tenet outlined the content of his book including allegations that are contrary to the George W. Bush administration positions . Criticism ( edit ) Tenet faced accusations of hypocrisy from former espionage officials on the book 's release date , for not speaking out earlier against the White House 's push to invade Iraq . Former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice disputes Tenet 's claim that the Bush administration , before the U.S. led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 , never had a serious debate about whether Iraq posed an imminent threat or whether to tighten existing sanctions . CIA veteran , Michael Scheuer , states , `` Sadly but fittingly , ' At the Center of the Storm ' is likely to remind us that sometimes what lies at the center of a storm is a deafening silence . '' Robert Baer , author and former CIA field officer assigned to the Middle East states , `` It 's not that Tenet is responsible for getting us into Iraq . It 's that he failed in not making a full disclosure to Congress and the White House that we were taking a leap into a bottomless black abyss . He should have resigned when he realized Bush would use bad intelligence to deceive the American people . This is what we get when we have a politicized CIA director . '' Douglas Feith , the former Under Secretary of Defense for Policy , whom Tenet criticizes in his book , states : `` The problem with George Tenet is that he does n't seem to care to get his facts straight . He is not meticulous . He is willing to make up stories that suit his purposes and to suppress information that does not . '' In reference to Tenet 's error regarding Richard Perle ( see below ) , Feith wrote that `` The date , the physical descriptions , the quotation marks are all , in the words of Gilbert and Sullivan 's ' Mikado , ' merely corroborative detail , intended to give artistic verisimilitude to an otherwise bald and unconvincing narrative . '' The memoir , Feith said , `` ... does offer insight into Mr. Tenet . It allows you to hear the way he talked -- fast , loose , blustery , emotional , imprecise , from the ' gut . ' Mr. Tenet proudly refers to the guidance of his ' gut ' several times in the book -- a strange boast from someone whose stock - in - trade should be accuracy and precision . '' Erratum ( edit ) A key conversation with then Pentagon advisor Richard Perle on September 12 , 2001 , in which Tenet claims Perle told him that `` Iraq had to pay for the attack '' could not have occurred as Perle was stranded in Paris and did not return to Washington , D.C. until three days later ; however , in an interview with CNN 's Wolf Blitzer during an episode of The Situation Room Perle admitted that the two men indeed crossed each other one morning , as claimed by Tenet , but only later in the same week and not on September 12 . See also ( edit ) 2001 anthrax attacks Abu Ghraib prison Command responsibility Extraordinary rendition Governments ' positions pre-2003 invasion of Iraq Guantanamo Bay detention camp Homeland Security Act Iraq and weapons of mass destruction Iraq disarmament crisis Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq Plausible deniability Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq UN Security Council and the Iraq war Unlawful combatant USA PATRIOT Act Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq Waterboarding Related memoirs ( edit ) A Journey by Tony Blair Decision Points by George W. Bush In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir by Dick Cheney Known and Unknown : A Memoir by Donald Rumsfeld Spoken from the Heart by Laura Bush References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HarperCollins - Official homepage Jump up ^ CBS News ( 2007 - 04 - 25 ) . `` George Tenet : At The Center Of The Storm '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Fox News . `` Ex-CIA director faces criticism over memoir '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press . `` Tenet Memoir Draws Heat From Key Players '' . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Washington Post ( 2007 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Tenet Tries to Shift the Blame . Do n't Buy It '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ TIME . `` George Tenet 's Real Failure '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Wall Street Journal . `` Inside the Inside Story '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikinews has related news : Ex-CIA Director George Tenet 's memoir published Excerpt of 60 Minutes interview with George Tenet at YouTube . HarperCollins book description . Reviews Bloomberg . `` Tenet Attacks Woodward 's ` Slam Dunk ' Story , Lets Bush Off Hook '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 . MSNBC . `` Tenet claims CIA was a scapegoat for war '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . ABC News . `` Former CIA Director Breaks Ranks With Bush , Rattles Washington '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 30 . The New York Times ( 2007 - 04 - 28 ) . `` An Ex-C.I.A. Chief on Iraq and the Slam Dunk That Was n't '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 28 . BBC News ( 2007 - 04 - 27 ) . `` Ex-CIA chief pens critical memoir '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 27 . Reuters . `` Ex-CIA chief says ' slam dunk ' Iraq quote misused '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_the_Center_of_the_Storm&oldid=823413557 '' Categories : American memoirs Political memoirs 2007 non-fiction books War on Terror books War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) books Books about the 2003 invasion of Iraq Books on anti-terrorism policy of the United States Books about George W. Bush Books about the Central Intelligence Agency Books about the September 11 attacks HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 1 February 2018 , at 02 : 43 . About Wikipedia

at the center of the storm george tenet

At the Center of the Storm : My Years at the CIA is a memoir co-written by former Director of the Central Intelligence Agency George Tenet with Bill Harlow , former CIA Director of Public Affairs . The book was released on April 30 , 2007 and outlines Tenet 's version of 9 / 11 , the War on Terrorism , the 2001 War in Afghanistan , the run - up to the 2003 Iraq war , rough interrogation and other events .

College World Series - wikipedia College World Series Jump to : navigation , search For NCAA Division II , see NCAA Division II Baseball Championship . For NCAA Division III , see NCAA Division III Baseball Championship . For the women 's softball championship , see Women 's College World Series . College World Series First played 1947 Most recently played 2017 Current champions Florida ( 1st title ) Current runners - up LSU Most titles USC ( 12 ) The College World Series , or CWS , is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion . The eight participating teams are split into two , four - team , double - elimination brackets , with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Contract extension 2 Format history and changes 3 Division I champions by year 4 Team appearances 5 Most CWS wins 6 Most CWS Finals appearances 7 Most appearances without a CWS championship 8 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year 9 Championships by conference 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Since 1950 , the College World Series ( CWS ) has been held in Omaha , Nebraska , and Omaha 's Creighton University and their baseball program serves as the permanent host school for the event . It was held at Rosenblatt Stadium from 1950 through 2010 ; starting in 2011 , it has been held at TD Ameritrade Park Omaha . Earlier tournaments were held at Hyames Field in Kalamazoo , Michigan ( 1947 -- 48 ) and Wichita , Kansas ( 1949 ) . The name `` College World Series '' is derived from that of the Major League Baseball World Series championship ; it is currently an MLB trademark licensed to the NCAA . Contract extension ( edit ) On June 10 , 2009 , the NCAA and College World Series of Omaha , Inc. , which is the non-profit group that organizes the event , announced a new 25 - year contract extension , keeping the CWS in Omaha through 2035 . A memorandum of understanding had been reached by all parties on April 30 . The currently binding contract began in 2011 , the same year the tournament moved from Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium to TD Ameritrade Park Omaha , a new ballpark across from CenturyLink Center Omaha . Format History and changes ( edit ) See also : NCAA Division I Baseball Championship § Past formats 2006 College World Series Championship game at Rosenblatt Stadium in Omaha , Nebraska . 1947 -- Eight teams were divided into two , four - team , single - elimination playoffs . The two winners then met in a best - of - three final in Kalamazoo , Michigan . 1948 -- Similar to 1947 , but the two , four - team playoffs were changed to double - elimination tournaments . Again in the finals , the two winners met in a best - of - three format in Kalamazoo . 1949 -- The final was expanded to a four - team , double - elimination format and the site changed to Wichita , Kansas . Eight teams began the playoffs with the four finalists decided by a best - of - three district format . 1950 -- 1987 -- An eight - team , double - elimination format for the College World Series coincided with the move to Omaha in 1950 . From 1950 to 1953 , a baseball committee chose one team from each of the eight NCAA districts to compete at the CWS , which constituted the entire Division I tournament , as there were no preliminary rounds . ( In 1948 and 1949 , a selection committee in each of the eight districts chose its district representative based on the committee 's own criteria , which might or might not include committee selections , conference champions , and district playoffs . ) Through 1987 the College World Series was a pure double - elimination event . That ended with the 1987 College World Series . In 1954 , the Division I tournament began having preliminary rounds to determine the eight CWS teams . From 1954 to 1975 , the number of teams in the first round of the overall tournament ranged from 21 to 32 . The number of first - round teams was increased to 34 in 1976 , 36 in 1982 , 38 in 1985 , 40 in 1986 , and 48 in 1987 . 1988 -- 1998 -- The format was changed beginning with the 1988 College World Series , when the tournament was divided into 2 four - team double - elimination brackets , with the survivors of each bracket playing in a single championship game . The single - game championship was designed for network television , with the final game on CBS on a Saturday afternoon . Before expanding to 64 teams in 1999 , the 1998 Division I tournament began with 48 teams , split into 8 six - team regionals . The 8 regional winners advanced to the College World Series . The regionals were a test of endurance , as teams had to win at least four games over four days , sometimes five if a team dropped into the loser 's bracket , placing a premium on pitching . In the last two years of the six - team regional format , the eventual CWS champion -- LSU in 1997 and Southern California in 1998 -- had to battle back from the loser 's bracket in the regional to advance to Omaha . 1999 -- 2002 -- With some 293 Division I teams playing , the NCAA expanded the overall tournament to a 64 - team Regional field in 1999 -- with 8 National Seed teams ( the top 8 seeds ) -- divided into 16 four - team regionals ( each region seeded 1 to 4 ) . The winners of the 16 `` Regionals '' advance to a second round , consisting of 8 two - team , best - of - three - format `` Super Regionals '' . ( The National Seed teams that win their regional bracket are placed in different Super Regionals , so that no National Seed teams meet each other in a Super Regional . ) The 8 Super Regional winners advance to the CWS in Omaha . While the CWS format remained the same , the expanded field meant that the eight CWS teams now are determined by the second - round Super Regionals . The 64 - team bracket is set at the beginning of the championship and teams are not reseeded for the CWS . Since the 1999 College World Series , the four - team brackets in the CWS have been determined by the results of super-regional play , much like the NCAA basketball tournament . Prior to 1999 , the four - team brackets were determined by the regional tournaments . 2003 -- present -- The championship final became a best - of - three series between the 2 four - team bracket winners , with games scheduled for Saturday , Sunday , and Monday evenings . In the results shown below , Score indicates the score of the championship game ( s ) only . In 2008 , the start of the CWS was moved back one day , and an extra day of rest was added in between bracket play and the championship series . Division I champions by year ( edit ) Year Champion Coach Score Runner - Up Most Outstanding Player 1947 California Clint Evans 17 -- 8 , 8 -- 7 Yale 1948 Southern California Sam Barry 3 -- 1 , 3 -- 8 , 9 -- 2 Yale 1949 Texas Bibb Falk 10 -- 3 Wake Forest Tom Hamilton , Texas 1950 Texas Bibb Falk 3 -- 0 Washington State Ray VanCleef , Rutgers 1951 Oklahoma Jack Baer 3 -- 2 Tennessee Sidney Hatfield , Tennessee 1952 Holy Cross Jack Barry 8 -- 4 Missouri James O'Neill , Holy Cross 1953 Michigan Ray Fisher 7 -- 5 Texas J.L. Smith , Texas 1954 Missouri Hi Simmons 4 -- 1 Rollins Tom Yewcic , Michigan State 1955 Wake Forest Taylor Sanford 7 -- 6 Western Michigan Tom Borland , Oklahoma A&M 1956 Minnesota Dick Siebert 12 -- 1 Arizona Jerry Thomas , Minnesota 1957 California George Wolfman 1 -- 0 Penn State Cal Emery , Penn State 1958 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 8 -- 7 Missouri Bill Thom , Southern California 1959 Oklahoma State Toby Greene 5 -- 3 Arizona Jim Dobson , Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota Dick Siebert 2 -- 1 Southern California John Erickson , Minnesota 1961 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Oklahoma State Littleton Fowler , Oklahoma State 1962 Michigan Don Lund 5 -- 4 Santa Clara Bob Garibaldi , Santa Clara 1963 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 5 -- 2 Arizona Bud Hollowell , Southern California 1964 Minnesota Dick Siebert 5 -- 1 Missouri Joe Ferris , Maine 1965 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 2 -- 1 Ohio State Sal Bando , Arizona State 1966 Ohio State Marty Karow 8 -- 2 Oklahoma State Steve Arlin , Ohio State 1967 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 11 -- 2 Houston Ron Davini , Arizona State 1968 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Southern Illinois Bill Seinsoth , Southern California 1969 Arizona State Bobby Winkles 10 -- 1 Tulsa John Dolinsek , Arizona State 1970 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 2 -- 1 Florida State Gene Ammann , Florida State 1971 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 2 Southern Illinois Jerry Tabb , Tulsa 1972 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 1 -- 0 Arizona State Russ McQueen , Southern California 1973 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 4 -- 3 Arizona State Dave Winfield , Minnesota Southern California Rod Dedeaux 7 -- 3 Miami ( FL ) George Milke , Southern California Texas Cliff Gustafson 5 -- 1 South Carolina Mickey Reichenbach , Texas 1976 Arizona Jerry Kindall 7 -- 1 Eastern Michigan Steve Powers , Arizona 1977 Arizona State Jim Brock 2 -- 1 South Carolina Bob Horner , Arizona State 1978 Southern California Rod Dedeaux 10 -- 3 Arizona State Rod Boxberger , Southern California 1979 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 2 -- 1 Arkansas Tony Hudson , Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona Jerry Kindall 5 -- 3 Hawaii Terry Francona , Arizona 1981 Arizona State Jim Brock 7 -- 4 Oklahoma State Stan Holmes , Arizona State 1982 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 9 -- 3 Wichita State Dan Smith , Miami ( FL ) Texas Cliff Gustafson 4 -- 3 Alabama Calvin Schiraldi , Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 3 -- 1 Texas John Fishel , Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami ( FL ) Ron Fraser 10 -- 6 Texas Greg Ellena , Miami ( FL ) 1986 Arizona Jerry Kindall 10 -- 2 Florida State Mike Senne , Arizona Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 5 Oklahoma State Paul Carey , Stanford 1988 Stanford Mark Marquess 9 -- 4 Arizona State Lee Plemel , Stanford 1989 Wichita State Gene Stephenson 5 -- 3 Texas Greg Brummett , Wichita State 1990 Georgia Steve Webber 2 -- 1 Oklahoma State Mike Rebhan , Georgia 1991 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 3 Wichita State Gary Hymel , LSU 1992 Pepperdine Andy Lopez 3 -- 2 Cal State Fullerton Phil Nevin , Cal State Fullerton 1993 LSU Skip Bertman 8 -- 0 Wichita State Todd Walker , LSU 1994 Oklahoma Larry Cochell 13 -- 5 Georgia Tech Chip Glass , Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton Augie Garrido 11 -- 5 Southern California Mark Kotsay , Cal State Fullerton LSU Skip Bertman 9 -- 8 Miami ( FL ) Pat Burrell , Miami ( FL ) 1997 LSU Skip Bertman 13 -- 6 Alabama Brandon Larson , LSU 1998 Southern California Mike Gillespie 21 -- 14 Arizona State Wes Rachels , Southern California 1999 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 6 -- 5 Florida State Marshall McDougall , Florida State 2000 LSU Skip Bertman 6 -- 5 Stanford Trey Hodges , LSU 2001 Miami ( FL ) Jim Morris 12 -- 1 Stanford Charlton Jimerson , Miami ( FL ) 2002 Texas Augie Garrido 12 -- 6 South Carolina Huston Street , Texas 2003 Rice Wayne Graham 4 -- 3 , 3 -- 8 , 14 -- 2 Stanford John Hudgins , Stanford Cal State Fullerton George Horton 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 2 Texas Jason Windsor , Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas Augie Garrido 4 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 Florida David Maroul , Texas 2006 Oregon State Pat Casey 3 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 North Carolina Jonah Nickerson , Oregon State 2007 Oregon State Pat Casey 11 -- 4 , 9 -- 3 North Carolina Jorge Luis Reyes , Oregon State 2008 Fresno State Mike Batesole 6 -- 7 , 19 -- 10 , 6 -- 1 Georgia Tommy Mendonca , Fresno State 2009 LSU Paul Mainieri 7 -- 6 , 1 -- 5 , 11 -- 4 Texas Jared Mitchell , LSU South Carolina Ray Tanner 7 -- 1 , 2 -- 1 UCLA Jackie Bradley , Jr. , South Carolina 2011 South Carolina Ray Tanner 2 -- 1 , 5 -- 2 Florida Scott Wingo , South Carolina 2012 Arizona Andy Lopez 5 -- 1 , 4 -- 1 South Carolina Rob Refsnyder , Arizona 2013 UCLA John Savage 3 -- 1 , 8 -- 0 Mississippi State Adam Plutko , UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt Tim Corbin 9 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 2 Virginia Dansby Swanson , Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia Brian O'Connor 1 -- 5 , 3 -- 0 , 4 -- 2 Vanderbilt Josh Sborz , Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina Gary Gilmore 0 -- 3 , 5 -- 4 , 4 -- 3 Arizona Andrew Beckwith , Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida Kevin O'Sullivan 4 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 LSU Alex Faedo , Florida Team appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year School Appearances Titles Years Alabama 5 0 1950 , 1983 , 1996 , 1997 , 1999 Arizona 17 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1963 , 1966 , 1970 , 1976 , 1979 , 1980 , 1985 , 1986 , 2004 , 2012 , 2016 Arizona State 22 5 1964 , 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1993 , 1994 , 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 Arkansas 8 0 1979 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 2004 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 Auburn 0 1967 , 1976 , 1994 , 1997 Baylor 0 1977 , 1978 , 2005 Boston College 0 1953 , 1960 , 1961 , 1967 Bradley 0 1950 , 1956 BYU 0 1968 , 1971 California 6 1947 , 1957 , 1980 , 1988 , 1992 , 2011 Cal State Fullerton 18 1975 , 1979 , 1982 , 1984 , 1988 , 1990 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 Cal State Los Angeles 0 1977 The Citadel 0 1990 Clemson 12 0 1958 , 1959 , 1976 , 1977 , 1980 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Coastal Carolina 2016 Colgate 0 1955 Colorado State 0 1950 Connecticut 5 0 1957 , 1959 , 1965 , 1972 , 1979 Creighton 0 1991 Dartmouth 0 1970 Delaware 0 1970 Duke 0 1952 , 1953 , 1961 Eastern Michigan 0 1975 , 1976 Florida 11 1988 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Florida State 22 0 1957 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1970 , 1975 , 1980 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2008 , 2010 , 2012 , 2017 Fresno State 1959 , 1988 , 1991 , 2008 Georgia 6 1987 , 1990 , 2001 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Georgia Southern 0 1973 , 1990 Georgia Tech 0 1994 , 2002 , 2006 Harvard 0 1968 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 Hawaii 0 1980 Holy Cross 1952 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 Houston 0 1953 , 1967 Indiana 0 2013 Indiana State 0 1986 Iowa 0 1972 Iowa State 0 1957 , 1970 Ithaca 0 1962 James Madison 0 Kansas 0 1993 Kent State 0 2012 Lafayette 0 1953 , 1954 , 1958 , 1965 Long Beach State 0 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1998 Louisiana - Lafayette 0 2000 Louisville 0 2007 , 2013 , 2014 , 2017 Loyola Marymount 0 1986 LSU 18 6 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 , 2015 , 2017 Maine 7 0 1964 , 1976 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Massachusetts 0 1954 , 1969 Miami ( FL ) 25 1974 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2015 , 2016 Michigan 7 1953 , 1962 , 1978 , 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 Michigan State 0 1954 Minnesota 5 1956 , 1960 , 1964 , 1973 , 1977 Mississippi State 9 0 1971 , 1979 , 1981 , 1985 , 1990 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2013 Missouri 6 1952 , 1954 , 1958 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 Missouri State 0 2003 Nebraska 0 2001 , 2002 , 2005 New Hampshire 0 1956 New Orleans 0 1984 NYU 0 1956 , 1969 North Carolina 10 0 1960 , 1966 , 1978 , 1989 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2013 NC State 0 1968 , 2013 Northeastern 0 1966 Northern Colorado 10 0 1952 , 1953 , 1955 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1974 Notre Dame 0 1957 , 2002 Ohio 0 1970 Ohio State 1951 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 Oklahoma 10 1951 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2010 Oklahoma State 20 1954 , 1955 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1986 , 1987 , 1990 , 1993 , 1996 , 1999 , 2016 Mississippi 5 0 1956 , 1964 , 1969 , 1972 , 2014 Oral Roberts 0 1978 Oregon 0 1954 Oregon State 6 1952 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2013 , 2017 Penn State 5 0 1952 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1973 Pepperdine 1979 , 1992 Princeton 0 1951 Rice 7 1997 , 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 Rider 0 1967 Rollins 0 1954 Rutgers 0 1950 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 0 1949 , 1960 , 1966 , 1968 , 1978 , 1980 St. Louis 0 1965 San Jose State 0 2000 Santa Clara 0 1962 Seton Hall 0 1964 , 1971 , 1974 , 1975 South Carolina 11 1975 , 1977 , 1981 , 1982 , 1985 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 Southern California 21 12 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1955 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 Southern Illinois 5 0 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1974 , 1977 Southern Mississippi 0 2009 Springfield 0 1951 , 1955 Stanford 16 1953 , 1967 , 1982 , 1983 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2008 Stony Brook 0 2012 Syracuse 0 1961 TCU 5 0 2010 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 Temple 0 1972 , 1977 Tennessee 0 1951 , 1995 , 2001 , 2005 Texas 35 6 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 , 2011 , 2014 Texas A&M 6 0 1951 , 1964 , 1993 , 1999 , 2011 , 2017 Texas Tech 0 2014 , 2016 Texas -- Rio Grande Valley 0 1971 Tufts 0 1950 Tulane 0 2001 , 2005 Tulsa 0 1969 , 1971 UC Irvine 0 2007 , 2014 UCLA 5 1969 , 1997 , 2010 , 2012 , 2013 UC Santa Barbara 0 2016 Utah 0 1951 Vanderbilt 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Virginia 2009 , 2011 , 2014 , 2015 Wake Forest 1949 , 1955 Washington State 0 1950 , 1956 , 1965 , 1976 Western Michigan 6 0 1952 , 1955 , 1958 , 1959 , 1961 , 1963 Wichita State 7 1982 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 Wisconsin 0 1950 Wyoming 0 1956 Yale 0 1947 , 1948 Most CWS wins ( edit ) Rank School Wins CWS Winning % Appearances Wins per appearance Texas 85 . 590 35 2.43 Southern California 74 . 740 21 3.52 Arizona State 61 . 616 22 2.77 Miami ( FL ) 48 . 533 25 1.92 5 Arizona 43 . 589 17 2.53 6 LSU 40 . 597 18 2.22 6 Oklahoma State 40 . 513 20 2.00 6 Stanford 40 . 580 16 2.50 9 Cal State Fullerton 34 . 523 18 1.89 10 South Carolina 32 . 615 11 2.91 Most CWS Finals appearances ( edit ) Bold indicates team won the CWS that year Regular indicates team was Runner - up that year Rank School Champion Runner - up Total Years Southern California 12 14 1948 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1968 , 1970 , 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1974 , 1978 , 1995 , 1998 Texas 6 6 12 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1975 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 2002 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 Arizona State 5 5 10 1965 , 1967 , 1969 , 1972 , 1973 , 1977 , 1978 , 1981 , 1988 , 1998 Arizona 8 1956 , 1959 , 1963 , 1976 , 1980 , 1986 , 2012 , 2016 5 LSU 6 7 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 2000 , 2009 , 2017 6 Miami ( FL ) 6 1974 , 1982 , 1985 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 6 South Carolina 6 1975 , 1977 , 2002 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 6 Oklahoma State 5 6 1959 , 1961 , 1966 , 1981 , 1987 , 1990 9 Cal State Fullerton 5 1979 , 1984 , 1992 , 1995 , 2004 9 Stanford 5 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 Most appearances without a CWS championship ( edit ) Top 10 Rank School Appearances CWS Winning % Runner - up Wins Per Appearance Florida State 22 . 397 1.33 Clemson 12 . 333 0 1.00 North Carolina 10 . 447 1.70 Northern Colorado 10 . 130 0 0.30 5 Mississippi State 9 . 357 1.11 6 Arkansas 8 . 407 1.37 7 Maine 7 . 333 0 1.00 8 Western Michigan 6 . 429 1.50 8 St. John 's ( NY ) 6 . 333 0 1.00 8 Texas A&M 6 . 143 0 0.33 Most CWS participants by one conference in a year ( edit ) Minimum three participants Number Year Conference Programs CWS Winner 1997 SEC Alabama , Auburn , LSU , Mississippi State LSU SEC Arkansas , Georgia , LSU , South Carolina Cal State Fullerton 2006 ACC Clemson , Georgia Tech , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Oregon State 2015 SEC Arkansas , Florida , LSU , Vanderbilt Virginia 1988 Pac - 10 Arizona State , California , Stanford Stanford 1990 SEC Georgia , LSU , Mississippi State Georgia SEC Alabama , Florida , LSU LSU 1998 SEC Florida , LSU , Mississippi State Southern California 2005 Big 12 Baylor , Nebraska , Texas Texas 2008 ACC Florida State , Miami ( FL ) , North Carolina Fresno State 2011 SEC Florida , South Carolina , Vanderbilt South Carolina 2012 SEC Arkansas , Florida , South Carolina Arizona 2014 Big 12 TCU , Texas , Texas Tech Vanderbilt 2016 Big 12 Oklahoma State , TCU , Texas Tech Coastal Carolina 2017 SEC Florida , LSU , Texas A&M Florida Championships by Conference ( edit ) Rank Conference Titles Pac - 12 17 Southeastern ( SEC ) 11 Western Athletic ( WAC ) 7 Big Ten 6 PCC - CIBA 6 6 Independents 5 7 Big Eight 7 Southwest 9 Atlantic Coast ( ACC ) 9 Big 12 9 Big West ( BWC ) 9 Big West ( SCBA ) 13 Big South ( BSC ) 13 Missouri Valley ( MVC ) 13 West Coast ( WCC ) CIBA was California Intercollegiate Baseball Association that competed as a division under the Pacific Coast Conference which operated under its own Charter . Independents = Miami Hurricanes ( 4 ) and Holy Cross Crusaders ( 1 ) SCBA was Southern California Baseball Association ( 1977 -- 84 ) . The Big 12 does not claim any national championships , including baseball , that were won as members of the Big Eight and makes no claim to the history or records of the Big Eight . The Western Athletic Conference claims 7 national championships in baseball by former members . There are no gaps in its existence . The Conference has existed continuously since its inception . Coastal Carolina won the 2016 CWS as a member of the Big South Conference less than 24 hours before officially joining the Sun Belt Conference . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division II Baseball Championship NCAA Division III Baseball Championship National Club Baseball Association List of college baseball awards U.S. college baseball awards Pre-NCAA baseball champion Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . At the same time , `` Colorado State '' referred to Colorado State College , now known as the University of Northern Colorado . Jump up ^ Prior to 1970 , Northern Colorado was known as Colorado State College . Not to be confused with Colorado State University , known in 1950 as Colorado A&M . Jump up ^ UTRGV , in full The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley , entered into full operation in 2015 following the merger of the University of Texas -- Pan American ( UTPA ) and the University of Texas at Brownsville . UTRGV is credited with UTPA 's College World Series appearance because the UTPA athletic program was directly transferred to the new institution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` College World Series of Omaha , Inc . - Creighton University '' . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ CWS History . CWS Omaha , Inc . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ NCAA Trademarks -- NCAA.org Archived 2017 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine. , footnote at bottom : `` College World Series and Women 's College World Series : The NCAA is the exclusive licensee of these marks , registered by Major League Baseball , in connection with the NCAA Division I Men 's Baseball Championship and the Division I Women 's Softball Championship . '' Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Signs 25 - Year Agreement with College World Series of Omaha , Inc . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . NCAA Memorandum of Understanding ... Jump up ^ `` GENERAL CWS RECORDS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . 19 April 2017 . p. 14 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COLLEGE WORLD SERIES '' . NCAA . 28 June 2017 . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` General CWS Records , All - Time Won - Lost by Conference , Pg 19 '' ( PDF ) . NCAA.org . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big 12 National Championships '' . NeuLion , Inc . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The College Football Report 's Long ( Somewhat ) And Illustrious ( Kind Of ) History Of The Big Six '' . The Beachwood Media Company . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - National Champions '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Athletic Conference Official Site - WAC Timeline '' . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball_Tournament_Records. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Western Athletic Conference . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Coastal Carolina to join Sun Belt Conference in July 2016 '' . Ncaa.com . External links ( edit ) College World Series of Omaha ( CWS Omaha , Inc . ) official website College World Series ( NCAA official website ) NCAA Division I Men 's College World Series Ballparks Hyames Field ( 1947 , 1948 ) Lawrence -- Dumont Stadium ( 1949 ) Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium ( 1950 -- 2010 ) TD Ameritrade Park Omaha ( 2011 -- present ) Tournaments 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Broadcasters CBS television coverage Most Outstanding Players NCAA Division I Baseball Championship NCAA Division I Baseball Champions 1947 California 1948 USC 1949 Texas 1950 Texas 1951 Oklahoma 1952 Holy Cross 1953 Michigan 1954 Missouri 1955 Wake Forest 1956 Minnesota 1957 California 1958 USC 1959 Oklahoma State 1960 Minnesota 1961 USC 1962 Michigan 1963 USC 1964 Minnesota 1965 Arizona State 1966 Ohio State 1967 Arizona State 1968 USC 1969 Arizona State 1970 USC 1971 USC 1972 USC 1973 USC USC Texas 1976 Arizona 1977 Arizona State 1978 USC 1979 Cal State Fullerton 1980 Arizona 1981 Arizona State 1982 Miami Texas 1984 Cal State Fullerton 1985 Miami 1986 Arizona Stanford 1988 Stanford 1989 Wichita State 1990 Georgia 1991 LSU 1992 Pepperdine 1993 LSU 1994 Oklahoma 1995 Cal State Fullerton LSU 1997 LSU 1998 USC 1999 Miami 2000 LSU 2001 Miami 2002 Texas 2003 Rice Cal State Fullerton 2005 Texas 2006 Oregon State 2007 Oregon State 2008 Fresno State 2009 LSU South Carolina 2011 South Carolina 2012 Arizona 2013 UCLA 2014 Vanderbilt 2015 Virginia 2016 Coastal Carolina 2017 Florida National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I sports and championships Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=College_World_Series&oldid=797902265 '' Categories : College World Series Sports in Omaha , Nebraska Organizations based in Omaha , Nebraska Non-profit organizations based in Nebraska Recurring sporting events established in 1947 Annual sporting events in the United States Baseball in Nebraska Tourism in Omaha , Nebraska Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 20 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

which city and state hosts the annual college world series

The College World Series , or CWS , is an annual June baseball tournament held in Omaha , Nebraska . The CWS is the culmination of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I Baseball Championship tournament -- featuring 64 teams in the first round -- which determines the NCAA Division I college baseball champion . The eight participating teams are split into two , four - team , double - elimination brackets , with the winners of each bracket playing in a best - of - three championship series .

The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky The Mother ( Tracy McConnell ) Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who is ted talking about in how i met your mother

Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The fourteenth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy was ordered on February 10 , 2017 , by American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and premiered on September 28 , 2017 with a special two - hour premiere . The season will consist of 24 episodes , with the season 's seventh episode marking the 300th episode for the series overall . The season is produced by ABC Studios , in association with Shondaland Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company ; the showrunners being Krista Vernoff and William Harper . This season is the first not to feature Jerrika Hinton as Dr. Stephanie Edwards since her introduction in the ninth season , following her departure at the conclusion of the previous season . The season also marked the last appearance for Martin Henderson as a series regular . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plots 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Guest cast 2.4 Casting 3 Production 3.1 Development 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Live + SD ratings 5.2 Live + 7 Day ( DVR ) ratings 6 References Plots ( edit ) The season follows the story of surgical residents , fellows , and attendings as they experience the difficulties of the competitive careers they have chosen . It is set in the surgical wing of the fictional Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital , located in Seattle , Washington . The season picks up right where it left off after the fire in the previous season finale . Grey - Sloan takes on a new , improved appearance after it is repaired of the damages from the fire . Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) finds herself in another love triangle with Nathan Riggs ( Martin Henderson ) and his long - lost fiancée , Megan Hunt ( Abigail Spencer ) , though she encourages Riggs to resume his relationship with Megan over her . Meredith performs a ground - breaking surgery on Megan , landing her a Harper Avery Award . Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) and Maggie Pierce ( Kelly McCreary ) fiddle with the idea of a relationship after Jackson and April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) decide to live apart . Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) returns to Seattle to assist with Megan 's reappearance and notices the tension in Owen and Amelia 's relationship . With the help of DeLuca 's sister , visiting doctor Carina DeLuca ( Stefania Spampinato ) , Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) discovers she has a brain tumor that has been impairing her judgment for the last 10 years . After it is removed by her former professor Tom Koracick ( Greg Germann ) , Amelia and Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) decide to end their marriage . Meanwhile , after Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) reveals to Jo Wilson ( Camilla Luddington ) that he tracked down her husband , Alex and Jo reconcile their relationship , with Jo declaring that she will divorce Paul ( Matthew Morrison ) . A new class of interns is introduced , one of which has a history with Andrew DeLuca ( Giacomo Gianniotti ) . Ben Warren ( Jason George ) joins to Fire Academy but has trouble telling his wife , Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) . Harper Avery ( Chelcie Ross ) threatens to pull funding from Grey - Sloan and fires Bailey as Chief , but he soon after passes away , reinstating Bailey in the position . After Eliza Minnick ( Marika Domińczyk ) is fired from Grey - Sloan , she ghosts Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , who subsequently begins dating Carina . Their relationship is short - lived , however , as Arizona inadvertently ends it while preparing for Sofia to return home from New York . Carina begins a sexual relationship with the newly single Owen . Cast ( edit ) Main articles : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members and List of Grey 's Anatomy characters Main cast ( edit ) Ellen Pompeo as Dr. Meredith Grey Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev Chandra Wilson as Dr. Miranda Bailey James Pickens Jr. as Dr. Richard Webber Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt Jessica Capshaw as Dr. Arizona Robbins Sarah Drew as Dr. April Kepner Jesse Williams as Dr. Jackson Avery Caterina Scorsone as Dr. Amelia Shepherd Camilla Luddington as Dr. Jo Wilson Kelly McCreary as Dr. Maggie Pierce Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren Martin Henderson as Dr. Nathan Riggs Giacomo Gianniotti as Dr. Andrew DeLuca Recurring cast ( edit ) Debbie Allen as Dr. Catherine Avery Kim Raver as Dr. Teddy Altman Abigail Spencer as Dr. Megan Hunt Greg Germann as Dr. Tom Koracick Matthew Morrison as Dr. Paul Stadler Stefania Spampinato as Dr. Carina DeLuca Jake Borelli as Dr. Levi Schmitt Jeanine Mason as Dr. Sam Bello Alex Blue Davis as Dr. Casey Parker Rushi Kota as Dr. Vikram Roy Jaicy Elliot as Dr. Taryn Helm Sophia Taylor Ali as Dr. Dahlia Qadri Bethany Joy Lenz as Jenny Candis Cayne as Dr. Michelle Velez Guest cast ( edit ) Debra Mooney as Evelyn Hunt Bill Smitrovich as Dr. Walter Carr Chelcie Ross as Dr. Harper Avery Kate Burton as Dr. Ellis Grey Justin Bruening as Paramedic Matthew Taylor Mark Moses as Dr. Larry Maxwell Scott Speedman Casting ( edit ) Series regular Jerrika Hinton does not appear for the first time since her introduction at the start of the 9th season , after it was announced she landed a starring role in Alan Ball 's new HBO drama series Here , Now . Hinton had previously been in talks of leaving the show at the end of the 12th season when she was cast in the Shondaland comedy pilot Toast , but ABC passed on the project . Renewing her contract for another three seasons as Dr. Arizona Robbins after the eleventh season , Jessica Capshaw will return for the 14th season . On June 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Kim Raver is set to reprise her role as Dr. Teddy Altman for a guest arc . In August 2017 , it was announced that Abigail Spencer would replace Bridget Regan as Megan Hunt for a multi-episode arc this season . After recurring in the previous season as the controversial character , Eliza Minnick , it was announced in August 2017 that Marika Dominczyk would not return to the show . On September 13 , 2017 , another special guest star was announced in Greg Germann ( Ally McBeal ) ; though details of his role were not disclosed , it was revealed that his character 's name would be Tom Koracick and he 'd been seen in the episode `` Go Big or Go Home . '' His character turned out to be Amelia 's neurosurgery mentor and he re-appeared in the subsequent episode entitled `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head . '' On October 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Martin Henderson 's appearance in the fifth episode of the season would be his last . On October 9 , 2017 , the new group of interns to join the cast as of the fourth episode , `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head , '' was announced to include Jeanine Mason ( So You Think You Can Dance ) as Sam , Alex Blue Davis as Casey , Rushi Kota as Vik , Jaicy Elliot as Taryn , Sophia Taylor Ali as Dahlia , and Jake Borelli as Levi . On January 31 , 2018 , it was announced that Candis Cayne would be joining the show as Dr. Michelle Velez for a multi-episode arc revolving around a transgender character receiving a ground breaking surgery . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy was renewed for a 14th season on February 10 , 2017 . It premiered on September 28 , 2017 , with a two - hour premiere . Ellen Pompeo announced that she would be directing several episodes in the 14th season . On April 28 , 2017 , veteran writer Krista Vernoff announced that she would return to the show as a writer after leaving the show after the seventh season . On January 11 , 2018 , ABC released a six - episode web series following the new surgical interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . The web series was written by Barbara Kaye Friend and directed by series regular Sarah Drew . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes The number in the `` No. overall '' column refers to the episode 's number within the overall series , whereas the number in the `` No. in season '' column refers to the episode 's number within this particular season . `` U.S. viewers in millions '' refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 294 `` Break Down the House '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 In a whirlwind of reunions and a Grey Sloan `` major uplift , '' Meredith finds herself in a complicated love triangle between Nathan and Megan , Owen 's sister who was recently revealed to still be alive after a ten year absence in a hostage camp overseas . With Megan 's reappearance , Teddy Altman comes back to Seattle to support Owen and his mom , which leads to awkward interactions with Amelia . With Stephanie now in Texas at a burn unit , Jo eagerly tries to make Ben her new person . After being `` ghosted '' by Eliza , Arizona hits it off with an Italian girl in a bar whom she takes home with her . When DeLuca comes home , he finds his sister half - naked on his couch with Arizona . 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' Kevin McKidd Krista Vernoff September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) 8.07 Carina , DeLuca 's sister , asks to be introduced to Bailey in order to get approval to study the controversial topic of female masturbation and orgasms at her hospital ; Bailey obliges due to society 's double standard . Meredith works to get everyone to agree that an abdominal wall transplant is the best tactic to treat Megan 's wounds ; she even gets Teddy to scrub in to erase any doubts of Meredith 's intentions of being Megan 's surgeon . Jo tries to mend her relationship with Alex , after it 's revealed that Jo slept with one of the new sub-interns . Owen gets called out on his marital status with Amelia , who seems to be avoiding him and his family . Even without the support of Jackson , Amelia fights to remove a patient 's mastoid tumor . She later takes part in Carina 's study which leads to her finding a huge tumor in her own brain . 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' Chandra Wilson Meg Marinis October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 8.06 Amelia brings in one of her former professors and current head of Neurology at Johns Hopkins , Dr. Tom Koracik to help her come up with a treatment plan for her tumor . Much to her chagrin , Dr Koracik brings to light how impaired her judgment has been over the last ten years ; Richard makes sure to let Amelia know that her judgment has n't been all that bad and encourages her to come clean to those with whom she 's closest . Bailey is confronted by Harper Avery about all the changes that have been made to the hospital and threatens to withdraw all funding from the foundation ; when Bailey stands up to him , Avery fires her . In the end of the episode Avery passes away with a sudden cardiac arrest and then Jackson and Catherine Avery reinstate Bailey back as the chief . Ben and Arizona resort to advice delivered by Carina when one of their patients gets stuck in labor . Meredith turns to her former psychiatrist , who winds up as a patient , to sort out her mood towards everyone instigated by the love triangle involving Nathan and Megan . Jo asks Alex to move back home . 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Geary McLeod Marlana Hope October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 8.08 Amelia has her brain tumor removed , but in the days following , she experiences some complications , such as speaking only French , and memory loss . Richard unexpectedly brings Maggie to attend a family dinner hosted by Catherine , which turns awkward when Catherine discloses to Avery his inheritance from Harper 's passing , a quarter billion dollars . Bailey and Richard host interviews with prospective new interns but fail to find a decent candidate . Using her research to justify his entry into the country , Meredith and Nathan team up to bring Megan 's adopted son to America . Amelia and Owen face their fear that their marriage is based on a version of Amelia created by her illness . Arizona learns that Sofia wants to move home . Jo confesses that she hates how much control her ex-husband has over her . 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' Cecilie Mosli Jalysa Conway October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 7.67 As Owen helps Megan make the trip to California where she 'll start her new life with Nathan and her son , Farouk , they reminisce on their time spent in Fallujah , Iraq . During their time overseas , Nathan proposed to Megan by recycling a necklace that was n't initially intended for her . Teddy quickly recognized the necklace and the fact that Nathan cheated and pushed him to come clean . Despite the good news of the engagement , Megan dealt with heartbreak of not making strat , which is later revealed to her as Owen 's own doing . Distraught over her brother 's betrayal , she gets on a helicopter with one of the shooters who attacked their troops , leading to her disappearance . While Nathan awaits the arrival of Megan and Owen , he bonds with Farouk , who is having trouble acclimating to the free world . He also officially ends his relationship with Meredith , as does Owen with Amelia when he comes to terms with the notion that neither of them are truly happy . 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' Lisa Leone Kiley Donovan November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 7.38 As the new surgeon on the cover page of the medical journal , JSA , Meredith performs a rare surgical procedure , made possible by Jo 's persuasion , to try and save a judge from his progressive cancer diagnosis . The men of Grey Sloan take a `` sick day '' and hang out on a Jackson 's newly purchased boat , whereas the women swipe for dates on Tinder . Arizona has broken up with Carina in preparation of Sofia moving back home . Amelia heads back to surgery but struggles with her confidence , recruiting the help of Dr. Koracik and seeking the encouragement of Richard . While Arizona and April repair a woman 's injuries caused by an accidental firing of a gun that was hidden inside her vagina , Bailey and Maggie take care of a hypochondriac who was a victim of the accidental shooting . At the surgeon - intern mixer , Meredith learns that she 's been nominated for the annual Harper Avery award ; however , the news is overshadowed by the loss of her patient . Jackson gives half his inheritance to Bailey to fund a research competition . Jo learns she 's in the running for chief resident and decides to file for divorce from Paul after confiding her situation to the judge . DeLuca recognizes one of the new interns from his past , while Owen and Carina are caught kissing . 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' Debbie Allen Krista Vernoff November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 8.13 When a roller coaster car derails off its tracks , Meredith 's plans to attend the Harper Avery award ceremony are put on hold . Three patients visiting the ER look like former doctors of the hospital : Drs . Cristina Yang , George O'Malley , and Izzie Stevens . Amelia and Owen learn to co-exist in the OR , after Amelia orders a surprise CT which shows a large hematoma that she is able to repair . As Arizona performs surgery on Liza , Izzie 's look - a-like , she reflects on her relationship with Callie and Mark in preparation for Sofia 's return to Seattle . Jo probes Alex to call Izzie and see how she is , to which Alex says he knows how she is : a happily married surgeon with three children . As they wait on Meredith to leave for Boston , Maggie bonds with Zola as they rehearse medical knowledge and talk about Derek . Bailey and Ben fight over his announcement to join the fire department , due to Bailey 's fear that he has commitment issues . Unable to fly out to Boston , in an OR -- in front of her friends and colleagues -- Meredith is announced the winner of the 2017 Harper Avery award . 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' Kevin McKidd William Harper November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 7.52 As the interns struggle to find their stride as surgeons , Jo begins her reign as chief resident . Things take a turn for the worse when the computer system gets hacked at Grey Sloan Memorial , as all of the patients ' records get held hostage for $20 million . Unable to understand why the ransom is so large and unprecedented , Bailey realizes it 's due to the recently announced competition funded by Jackson 's inheritance . Without the use of the technological advancements to which the doctors have become accustomed , they must rely on their instincts to treat their patients ; Richard teaches his younger colleagues about how they worked in the `` Stone Age . '' One patient is transported to another hospital by a helicopter which encounters bad turbulence , causing a line to loosen and squirt blood everywhere . Jo gets the scariest surprise of her life when she runs into her abusive husband , Paul , on her way to stop Alex from inadvertently killing their patient . 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' Bill D'Elia Andy Reaser January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 8.27 While the staff of the hospital fawns over Dr. Paul Stadler and his legendary work as a surgeon , Jo tries to steer clear of him . Alex and Meredith team up to do their best to protect Jo during the process of filing for divorce . Drenched in blood , Jackson and Maggie save their patient 's life , and then bond in the locker room after showers ; April and Owen use their trauma skills to work on patients in less than ideal and extremely hot conditions , very similar to when they were overseas . Bailey works with an exceptionally computer - savvy intern to take back the power against those who hacked the hospital ; this intern later outs himself as `` a proud trans man . '' After Paul 's fiancée , Jenny , tells him about her secret exchange with Jo , Meredith has to pretend to call in security to remove Paul from the hospital . However , he soon winds back up in the ER as a victim of a hit - and - run . The episode was followed by a PSA of Camilla Luddington reminding viewers that psychological abuse is a form of domestic violence and providing the number of the National Domestic Violence Hotline : 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 , the episode 's title . 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' Kevin Sullivan Zoanne Clack January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 8.62 With Paul recovering from surgery , Meredith questions the alibi that Alex and Jo provide her . Believing that it 's his fiancée , Jenny , who ran him over , Jo feels the need to consult her . April 's patient turns out to be the pregnant wife of her ex-fiancé , Matthew , proving to be more than an awkward situation , as she helps deliver their baby , and then watches him deal with his wife 's unexpected death . Jackson , Bailey , and April are confronted with racial profiling when police show up with a handcuffed 12 - year - old boy whom they shot when he was seen trying to enter his own home by a window . Police officers continue to treat him like a criminal in the ER , prompting Bailey and Ben to give Tucker `` the talk . '' When Jo and Jenny go to Paul 's room to announce they are taking him to court , he gets in a bout of rage and falls out of his bed , knocking himself out and becoming brain dead . Still legally his wife , Jo decides to take him off life support and have his organs donated . April ends up in the shower with Roy , an intern , after she finds herself questioning her faith . 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' Nicole Rubio Elisabeth R. Finch February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 8.93 With her intuition and the more subtle signs of a heart attack , Bailey winds up in the ER at Seattle Presbyterian ; however , after her doctors treat her condescendingly , assuming she 's imagining the heart attack and really just suffering from her OCD , she calls on Maggie to come save her . When Maggie arrives , she runs into Richard who found his way there based on Bailey 's record of attendance . With her life flashing before her eyes , Bailey reflects on her upbringing and her past as a surgeon with all the stressful fights and struggles she 's gone through to get to this point in her life . Right before she goes under for emergency surgery to save her life , Bailey asks Maggie to call Ben who is able to get there before she wakes up . Ben announces that he 's quit being a firefighter , but Bailey demands that he go back and never do anything other than what he truly loves . 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' Jeannot Szwarc Kiley Donovan February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 7.32 As the contest draws near , a competitive edge and tension arise between the doctors and their selected interns vying for millions of dollars . In preparation to surprise Catherine on her birthday , Richard takes salsa dancing lessons with Maggie , who is struggling with the one year anniversary of her mother 's death . Amelia and Alex tag team a pediatric case , in order to save their patient 's ability to sing , as well as retain all mental capabilities . Meredith gets a visit from an old splenectomy patient , who 's back with multiple miniature spleens , which guides Meredith to her idea for the competition , and Jackson gets pulled into his mother 's gender confirmation proposal , despite his wishes . 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' Nzingha Stewart Stacy McKee March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBD 307 14 `` Games People Play '' Chandra Wilson Jason Ganzel & Julie Wong March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBD Reception ( edit ) Live + sd ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( m ) 18 -- 49 Rank Viewership rank Drama rank 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 2.3 / 8 8.07 12 24 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 2.1 / 8 8.06 11 21 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 2.1 / 8 8.08 10 17 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.8 / 7 7.67 14 22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.8 / 7 7.38 13 21 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.9 / 7 8.13 11 19 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.8 / 7 7.52 13 21 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 2.3 / 9 8.27 7 14 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 2.3 / 9 8.62 7 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) the Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 2.3 / 9 8.93 5 8 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 2.0 / 8 7.32 6 13 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) Live + 7 day ( dvr ) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 increase Viewers ( millions ) increase Total 18 - 49 Total viewers ( millions ) Ref 294 `` Break Down the House '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 295 `` Get Off on the Pain '' September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) Thursday 9 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.91 3.9 11.99 296 `` Go Big or Go Home '' October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) Thursdays 8 : 00 p.m. 1.6 3.83 3.7 11.89 297 `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 1.4 3.51 3.5 11.59 298 5 `` Danger Zone '' October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.22 299 6 `` Come On Down to My Boat , Baby '' November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 1.5 3.45 3.2 10.84 300 7 `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 1.5 3.53 3.4 11.67 301 8 `` Out of Nowhere '' November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 1.5 3.54 3.3 11.07 302 9 `` 1 - 800 - 799 - 7233 '' January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 1.3 3.30 3.6 11.58 303 10 `` Personal Jesus '' January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 1.3 3.35 3.6 11.98 304 11 `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 1.4 3.41 3.7 12.35 305 12 `` Harder , Better , Faster , Stronger '' February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 306 13 `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV shows renewed for 2017 -- 18 and beyond '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com. 2017 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Grey 's Anatomy TV show on ABC : season 14 renewal '' . canceled TV shows -- TV Series Finale. 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( January 31 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : ( Spoiler ) Poised to Exit '' . TV Line . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Martin Henderson exit Riggs '' . EW . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kim Raver To Make A Return In Season 14 '' . Deadline . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Abigail Spencer Set To Recur In Recasting '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season 14 Admits Greg Germann for Guest - Star Role '' . E !. Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison will return to Grey 's Anatomy in 14th season '' . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grey 's Anatomy Adds a Controversial New Doctor for Season 14 '' . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nilles , Billy ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Meet Grey 's Anatomy 's New Season 14 Interns '' . E !. Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Niles , Billy ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Admits Candis Cayne for `` Groundbreaking '' Season 14 Transgender Storyline `` . eonline.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2018/02/scott-speedman-cast-greys-anatomy-guest-star-animal-kingdom-exit-tnt-1202279529/ Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 16 , 2016 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Jerrika Hinton Nabs Lead in Shondaland Comedy Pilot '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 28 , 2015 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Jessica Capshaw Signs Major Contract Extension -- Find Out How Long Arizona 's Sticking Around '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/tv/2017/10/26/greys-anatomy-martin-henderson-exit-riggs/ Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/910651/grey-s-anatomy-admits-candis-cayne-for-groundbreaking-season-14-transgender-storyline . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` Why Ellen Pompeo Could n't Say No to Directing Grey 's Anatomy '' . E ! Online . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vernoff , Krista ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Friday afternoon seems as good a time as any to announce this tidbit : I 'm returning to # GreysAnatomy for Season 14 ! # NeverSayNever '' . Twitter . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corinthios , Aurelie ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Web Series Follows Latest Batch of Newbie Doctors : Meet the B - Team '' . People.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Superstore , ' ' Good Place , ' ' Gotham ' adjust up ; ' How to Get Away ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1413 ) `` You Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 1414 ) `` Games People Play '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` World Series makes FOX No. 1 in week 5 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Grammys and ' NCIS ' carry CBS to victory : Week 18 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl LII ( obviously ) dominates week 19 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics push NBC to No. 1 for the season : Week 20 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Grey 's Anatomy episodes Season 1 `` A Hard Day 's Night '' `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' Season 2 `` Into You Like a Train '' `` It 's the End of the World '' `` As We Know It '' `` Losing My Religion '' Season 3 `` Time Has Come Today '' `` I Am a Tree '' `` Great Expectations '' `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? '' Season 4 `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Season 5 `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' `` Stand By Me '' `` Elevator Love Letter '' `` Now or Never '' Season 6 `` Good Mourning '' `` Goodbye '' `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me '' `` Tainted Obligation '' `` Invasion '' `` I Saw What I Saw '' `` Give Peace a Chance '' `` Invest in Love '' `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked '' `` Death and All His Friends '' Season 7 `` Song Beneath the Song '' Season 8 `` Flight '' Season 9 `` Going , Going , Gone '' `` Beautiful Doom '' `` Perfect Storm '' Season 10 `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) '' Season 11 `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind '' `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing '' `` Got to Be Real '' `` Only Mama Knows '' `` Bend & Break '' `` Do n't Let 's Start '' `` One Flight Down '' `` How to Save a Life '' `` She 's Leaving Home '' `` Time Stops '' `` You 're My Home '' Season 12 `` Sledgehammer '' `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' `` Something Against You '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` The Sound of Silence '' `` Family Affair '' Season 13 `` True Colors '' Season 14 `` Danger Zone '' `` Personal Jesus '' Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey%27s_Anatomy_(season_14)&oldid=826069485 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy episodes 2017 American television seasons Grey 's Anatomy seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 00 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does grey's anatomy season 14 premiere

Grey 's Anatomy ( season 14 ) Promotional poster Starring Ellen Pompeo Justin Chambers Chandra Wilson James Pickens , Jr . Kevin McKidd Jessica Capshaw Sarah Drew Jesse Williams Caterina Scorsone Camilla Luddington Kelly McCreary Jason George Martin Henderson Giacomo Gianniotti Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network ABC Original release September 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 28 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes

Blood gas tension - wikipedia Blood gas tension Jump to : navigation , search Blood gas tension refers to the partial pressure of gases in blood . There are several significant purposes for measuring gas tension ; the most common gas tensions measured are oxygen tension ( P O ) , the carbon dioxide tension ( P CO ) and carbon monoxide tension ( P CO ) . The subscript x in each symbol represents the source of the gas being measured ; `` a '' meaning arterial , `` A '' being alveolar , `` v '' being venous , `` c '' being capillary . Blood gas tests ( such as arterial blood gas tests ) measure these partial pressures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Oxygen tension 2 Carbon dioxide tension 3 Carbon monoxide tension 4 Significance 5 Equations 5.1 Oxygen content 5.2 Oxygen saturation 6 See also 7 References Oxygen tension ( edit ) Arterial blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Partial pressure of oxygen at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 75 mmHg and 100 mmHg . Venous blood oxygen tension ( normal ) P O -- Oxygen tension in venous blood at sea level is between 30 mmHg and 40 mmHg . Carbon dioxide tension ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is a by - product of food metabolism and in high amounts has toxic effects including : dyspnea , acidosis and altered consciousness . Arterial blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg . Venous blood carbon dioxide tension P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level in venous blood is between 40 mmHg and 50 mmHg . Carbon monoxide tension ( edit ) Arterial carbon monoxide tension ( normal ) P CO -- Partial pressure of CO at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is approximately 0.02 . It can be slightly higher in smokers and people living in dense urban areas . Significance ( edit ) The partial pressure of gas in blood is significant because it is directly related to ventilation and oxygenation . When used alongside the pH balance of the blood , the P CO and HCO ( and Lactate ) suggest to the health care practitioner which interventions , if any , should be made . Equations ( edit ) Oxygen Content ( edit ) C a O 2 = 1.36 ∗ H g b ∗ S a O 2 100 + 0.0031 ∗ P a O 2 ( \ displaystyle C_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) = 1.36 * Hgb * ( \ frac ( S_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) ( 100 ) ) + 0.0031 * P_ ( a ) O_ ( 2 ) ) The constant , 1.36 , is the amount of oxygen ( ml at 1 atmosphere ) bound per gram of hemoglobin . The exact value of this constant varies from 1.34 to 1.39 , depending on the reference and the way it is derived . The constant 0.0031 represents the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma . The dissolved - oxygen term is generally small relative to the term for hemoglobin - bound oxygen , but becomes significant at very high P O ( as in a hyperbaric chamber ) or in severe anemia . Oxygen saturation ( edit ) S O 2 = ( 23 , 400 p O 2 3 + 150 p O 2 + 1 ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle SO_ ( 2 ) = ( ( \ frac ( 23,400 ) ( pO_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 3 ) + 150pO_ ( 2 ) ) ) + 1 ) ^ ( - 1 ) ) This is an estimation and does not account for differences in temperature , pH and concentrations of 2 , 3 DPG . See also ( edit ) Alveolar air equation Fick 's laws of diffusion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Severinghaus JW , Astrup P , Murray JF ( 1998 ) . `` Blood gas analysis and critical care medicine '' . Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 157 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : S114 -- 22 . PMID 9563770 . doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm. 157.4. nhlb1 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bendjelid K , Schütz N , Stotz M , Gerard I , Suter PM , Romand JA ( 2005 ) . `` Transcutaneous PCO2 monitoring in critically ill adults : clinical evaluation of a new sensor '' . Crit Care Med. 33 ( 10 ) : 2203 -- 6 . PMID 16215371 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. ccm. 0000181734.26070. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Yildizdaş D , Yapicioğlu H , Yilmaz HL , Sertdemir Y ( 2004 ) . `` Correlation of simultaneously obtained capillary , venous , and arterial blood gases of patients in a paediatric intensive care unit '' . Arch Dis Child . 89 ( 2 ) : 176 -- 80 . PMC 1719810 . PMID 14736638 . doi : 10.1136 / adc. 2002.016261 . Jump up ^ Shapiro BA ( 1995 ) . `` Temperature correction of blood gas values '' . Respir Care Clin N Am. 1 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 76 . PMID 9390851 . Jump up ^ Malatesha G , Singh NK , Bharija A , Rehani B , Goel A ( 2007 ) . `` Comparison of arterial and venous pH , bicarbonate , PCO2 and PO2 in initial emergency department assessment '' . Emerg Med J. 24 ( 8 ) : 569 -- 71 . PMC 2660085 . PMID 17652681 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2007.046979 . ^ Jump up to : Chu YC , Chen CZ , Lee CH , Chen CW , Chang HY , Hsiue TR ( 2003 ) . `` Prediction of arterial blood gas values from venous blood gas values in patients with acute respiratory failure receiving mechanical ventilation '' . J Formos Med Assoc. 102 ( 8 ) : 539 -- 43 . PMID 14569318 . Jump up ^ Walkey AJ , Farber HW , O'Donnell C , Cabral H , Eagan JS , Philippides GJ ( 2010 ) . `` The accuracy of the central venous blood gas for acid - base monitoring '' . J Intensive Care Med. 25 ( 2 ) : 104 -- 10 . PMID 20018607 . doi : 10.1177 / 0885066609356164 . Jump up ^ Adrogué HJ , Rashad MN , Gorin AB , Yacoub J , Madias NE ( 1989 ) . `` Assessing acid - base status in circulatory failure . Differences between arterial and central venous blood '' . N Engl J Med. 320 ( 20 ) : 1312 -- 6 . PMID 2535633 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM198905183202004 . ^ Jump up to : Williams AJ ( 1998 ) . `` ABC of oxygen : assessing and interpreting arterial blood gases and acid - base balance '' . BMJ. 317 ( 7167 ) : 1213 -- 6 . PMC 1114160 . PMID 9794863 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 317.7167. 1213 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen JE ( 1989 ) . `` Arterial blood gases '' . Clin Chest Med. 10 ( 2 ) : 227 -- 37 . PMID 2661120 . Jump up ^ Tobin MJ ( 1988 ) . `` Respiratory monitoring in the intensive care unit '' . Am Rev Respir Dis. 138 ( 6 ) : 1625 -- 42 . PMID 3144222 . doi : 10.1164 / ajrccm / 138.6. 1625 . Jump up ^ `` Oxygen Content '' . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Severinghaus , J.W. ( 1979 ) . `` Simple , accurate equations for human blood O dissociation computations '' ( PDF ) . J Appl Physiol. 46 ( 3 ) : 599 -- 602 . PMID 35496 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blood_gas_tension&oldid=805131789 '' Categories : Hematology Respiratory therapy Pulmonology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2017 , at 07 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood is approximately

P CO -- Partial pressure of carbon dioxide at sea level ( 765 mmHg ) in arterial blood is between 35 mmHg and 45 mmHg .

List of Full House and Fuller House characters - wikipedia List of Full House and Fuller House characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( February 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be written from a fan 's point of view , rather than a neutral point of view . Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality , and to make it neutral in tone . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main cast in season seven This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House . The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22 , 1987 to May 23 , 1995 . Fuller House followed 21 years later , airing on Netflix beginning February 26 , 2016 . The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22 , 2017 , and the back nine was released on December 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Jesse Katsopolis 1.2 Danny Tanner 1.3 Joey Gladstone 1.4 D.J. Tanner 1.5 Stephanie Tanner 1.6 Michelle Tanner 1.7 Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis 1.8 Kimmy Gibbler 1.9 Steve Hale 1.10 Nicky and Alex Katsopolis 1.11 Jackson Fuller 1.12 Max Fuller 1.13 Ramona Gibbler 1.14 Tommy Fuller 1.15 Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero 1.16 Matt Harmon 1.17 Lola Wong 1.18 Jimmy Gibbler 2 Recurring characters 3 Other characters 4 Guest stars 5 References Main characters Character Actor Full House seasons Fuller House seasons 5 6 7 8 Jesse Katsopolis John Stamos Main Recurring Danny Tanner Bob Saget Main Guest Recurring Joey Gladstone Dave Coulier Main Recurring D.J. Tanner Candace Cameron Bure Main Stephanie Tanner Jodie Sweetin Main Michelle Tanner Mary - Kate & Ashley Olsen Recurring Main Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Lori Loughlin Recurring Main Recurring Kimmy Gibbler Andrea Barber Recurring Main Steve Hale Scott Weinger Guest Main Guest Recurring Main Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit Recurring Main Guest Jackson Fuller Michael Campion Main Max Fuller Elias Harger Main Ramona Gibbler Soni Nicole Bringas Main Tommy Fuller Dashiell & Fox Messitt Main Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Juan Pablo Di Pace Recurring Main Matt Harmon John Brotherton Recurring Main Lola Wong Ashley Liao Recurring Main Guest Jimmy Gibbler Adam Hagenbuch Recurring Main Note Jump up ^ `` Jesse Cochran '' during season one Jump up ^ Daniel and Kevin Renteria ( as babies ) ^ Note 1 : Scott Weinger , John Brotherton , Ashley Liao and Adam Hagenbuch are credited after the opening credits and only for the episodes in which they appear . ^ Note 2 : Scott Weinger is credited as a Special Guest Star in the sixth episode of season two but as starring in all of his other appearances . Jesse Katsopolis Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran , but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law , Pam 's younger brother , husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex . Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ) , he was named after his great - grandfather , who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness . However , he did not like his birth name , as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten , he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse , thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd . As an adult , he was more confident with his true name , telling the girls about the Greek god of speed , and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano , but still goes by Jesse . In contrast with Danny , Jesse is portrayed as being irresponsible most of the time , but occasionally serves as a responsible adult when a responsible adult is needed ( such as when he discovers Stephanie 's classmate is a child abuse victim in the season 6 episode `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) . Jesse is revealed as a high school dropout in season six 's `` Educating Jesse '' , though in an earlier plot ( in season four 's `` One Last Kiss '' ) about a high school reunion , he mentions not wearing his cap to his graduation because he did not want to mess up his hair . Jesse 's obsession with his hair becomes a major trait of his throughout the series , as well as his obsession with Elvis Presley . His obsession with the former is fully established in the season two premiere `` Cutting it Close '' , which focuses on Jesse 's tough time coping when Stephanie accidentally cuts off a hunk of his mullet , which leads to him getting into a motorcycle accident that lands him in a full arm cast ; later episodes reveal that he has a special comb called Mr. Goodpart ( which gets damaged in a melee to purchase a Mighty Mutant Super Kids Super Fortress for Michelle in season eight 's `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) and that he gives pep talks to his hair ( as revealed in season seven 's `` Wrong - Way Tanner '' ) . Jesse first moves into the house with virtually no experience in taking care of young children or babies , but starts to learn the ropes along the way . He becomes closer to all of his nieces over the course of the series , especially Michelle , whom he affectionately nicknames `` munchkin '' and `` shorty '' , among others . In the first season , Jesse works for his father Nick 's exterminating business before leaving to pursue work in advertising , frequently working with Joey . He later works with Joey as co-hosts of an afternoon drive time show on local radio station KFLH called The Rush Hour Renegades . Further along in the series , in season seven 's `` Smash Club : The Next Generation '' , Jesse becomes the new owner of The Smash Club . Although he was shown to be a sports fan as well as a good athlete in the earlier seasons , it is revealed in later seasons that Jesse hated all sports ( especially basketball , as revealed in `` Air Jesse '' from season eight ) and was not very athletic . Jesse 's main passion is music , and struggles to `` hit it big '' with his band , Jesse and the Rippers ( in the earlier part of the series ) . However , his increasing responsibilities to his family , radio job , and as owner of a club , lead his band members to kick him out of the band ( in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' ) ; in `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , he briefly decides to quit being a musician until he has a nightmare in which he appears on Downbeat ( a Behind the Music - style show - within - a-dream - sequence ) has him dream that his family hates him , Rebecca has divorced him ( and moved on with Joey ) and Jesse himself was a mechanic , as well as overweight and balding ( because of a scalp infection ) , with Kimmy Gibbler ( dressed in the attire of the Married ... with Children character Peggy Bundy ) as a wife . Two episodes later in `` To Joey , With Love , '' he subsequently starts a new band called Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets . In Fuller House Jesse , Becky , and Danny all move to Los Angeles . Jesse becomes the music composer for General Hospital while Becky and Danny start a new nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . In the season two finale , Jesse and Becky adopt a baby girl whom they name Pamela after his sister . Somewhere along the line Jesse became a stay at home dad . When Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA , they try to get their old jobs back but the station only wanted her back to co-host an all women 's talk show . Jesse , Becky and Pamela are all moving back to San Francisco , and he also bought back the Smash Club ( which is now a laundromat ) along with Joey . Danny Tanner Daniel Ernest `` Danny '' Tanner ( portrayed by Bob Saget , John Posey in the unaired pilot ) is left with three young daughters to raise after his wife , Pam , dies in a car accident caused by a drunk driver . At the beginning of the series , he works as a sportscaster for Channel 8 News . In the season two episode `` Tanner vs. Gibbler '' , he is chosen by his station 's general manager Mr. Strowbridge to be the co-host for the station 's new morning talk show , Wake Up , San Francisco , alongside Rebecca Donaldson . In season one 's `` The Big Three - O , '' Danny 's beloved car , `` Bullet , '' is severely damaged after another driver rear - ends the vehicle , leading it roll out of park and become submerged in the San Francisco Bay as Jesse and Joey shop for new seat covers for the car to surprise Danny with as a present for his 30th birthday ; Jesse and Joey end up bidding for a new car that is identical in appearance , unknowingly competing with Danny , who purchases the car ( and later named it `` Walter '' ) after he calls the car dealership that Jesse and Joey are and places a bid over the phone . Danny goes on his first date since his wife 's death in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as part of a fishing trip that was intended to only include himself , Jesse and Joey ; he is seen going out on dates on select occasions throughout the series . While Rebecca goes on maternity leave in season five just before giving birth to his nephews Nicky and Alex , Danny ends up falling in love with her co-host replacement , Vicky Larson . The two of them begin dating in season five 's `` Easy Rider , '' becoming Danny 's most serious relationship since he became a widower , and the two later become engaged in the season six finale `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , their relationship turned into a long - distance situation as Vicky was assigned various reporting jobs away from San Francisco . In season seven 's `` The Perfect Couple , '' Vicky ended up getting her dream job of anchoring the network news in New York City , but a long - distance relationship did not work for either of them , so Danny decides to break up with her ; this leads him to a mass feng shui habit in the following episode , `` Is It True About Stephanie ? , '' to which his family acknowledges was his way of trying to cope with his breakup . Danny eventually meets fellow single parent Claire Mahan in season eight episode `` Making Out Is Hard to Do , '' and go on a date in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger . '' Although he is not established with this trait early on ( season one 's `` The Return of Grandma '' depicts him as begrudgingly trying to clean the messy house with Jesse and Joey after their mothers threaten to move in if they can not keep the place clean ) , much of the humor surrounding Danny 's character comes from his obsession with cleaning and cleanliness . Danny can often be found cleaning for cleaning 's sake , sometimes even cleaning his cleaning products ( in a version of the original season three opening titles , seen during episodes in which Lori Loughlin does not appear as Rebecca Donaldson , Danny is even shown to be cleaning his floor vacuum with a handheld vacuum ) . He says the family motto is `` clean is good , dirt is bad '' . Danny views spring cleaning as his equivalent to Christmas and home movies as his New Year 's Eve ( as revealed in the season two episode `` Goodbye , Mr. Bear '' ) . His quirkiness and generally `` unhip dad '' personality are also targets for humor . He is a skilled pool , dart player and guitarist ( as respectively revealed in season four 's , `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun , '' and season eight 's , `` To Joey , with Love '' ) . Like most other characters , he generally can not stand Kimmy Gibbler , considering her as `` an annoying , obnoxious nuisance '' ; at times , urging D.J. to make new friends whenever Kimmy does something that irritates him . Danny also has one brother and one sister , and his parents are divorced . Unlike his brother - in - law Jesse ( who is more into rock - and - roll ) , Danny has a taste for 1970s Disco music ; one of his favorite songs is `` Play That Funky Music '' by Wild Cherry . In the first episode of Fuller House , Danny and Becky relocate to Los Angeles for their new talk show , Wake Up USA , and it is revealed that Danny got remarried to a woman named Teri . During the second season Danny goes through a little bit of a mid-life crisis since he just turned 60 . In season three Danny reveals that him and Teri got divorced . Danny and Becky asked for raises on their show but since they asked for too much they are fired and replaced by Mario Lopez . After feeling sorry for themselves they go back to Wake Up San Francisco to ask for their old jobs back but the station only wants Becky back . To cheer him up , the girls somehow tracked down Vicky and surprised him with her . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for him , Jesse and Joey . Since Becky , Jesse and Joey are all moving back to San Francisco , Danny announces he 's moving back too , and back into the house . Joey Gladstone Joseph Alvin `` Joey '' Gladstone ( portrayed by Dave Coulier ) is the childhood best friend of Danny Tanner , and adulthood best friend of Jesse Katsopolis . Joey moved in with Danny shortly after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , to help raise D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Joey works as a stand - up comedian , whose act usually includes vocal imitations of cartoon characters such as Popeye , Bullwinkle J. Moose , Pepé Le Pew and others . Joey initially slept in the alcove of Danny 's living room . However , after complaining of not being able to find privacy , Danny reconstructs his basement garage into a bedroom for him in the season one episode `` Joey 's Place '' ( prior to the reveal , Joey contemplates moving out after the family 's behavior makes him believe that Jesse and Danny can handle taking care of the girls and that he is not needed ) . Joey nearly quits comedy in the season one episode `` But Seriously , Folks , '' after Phyllis Diller ( who was there as an audience member ) hogs his slot at a comedy club , deciding to change his name to Joe and become a serious businessman . He reverses his decision after D.J. decides to quit practicing the guitar , realizing that he is not setting a good example . Although there was some tension between Joey and Jesse when they first move in with the Tanners , they quickly become good friends to the point where Jesse asks Joey to be his best man at his wedding . Even so , Joey 's perceived immaturity does irritate Jesse at times . Joey usually handles the day - to - day raising of the kids by doing chores like making meals , driving the kids to school appointments , and after school activities , taking care of Michelle as a baby , and helping the kids with their homework . Joey also buys D.J. her first car for her 16th birthday in the season six episode `` Grand Gift Auto , '' which ends up getting repossessed after the police discover that the car had been stolen ; Joey nearly moves out again after the family 's attempts to try illustrate that Joey is not capable of committing a crime make him believe that the rest of the family thinks of him as a big joke . It is in this episode that Joey reveals that he had wished to have siblings as he grew up as an only child ( even imaging that he was part of The Brady Bunch ) , and that being part of the Tanner family gave him the extended family he always wanted . In season four 's `` Viva Las Joey , '' Joey is reunited with his estranged father ( at the arrangement of Stephanie and D.J. ) , a former serviceman in the Armed Forces , with whom Joey did not get along with growing up due to his strict parenting style and his disapproval of Joey 's dream of being a comedian ; his father realizes that Joey made the right career decision when he sees his son 's routine when Joey is invited as an opening act for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas . Joey has held various jobs in addition to his work as a stand - up comic . For a while during seasons two and three , Joey and Jesse run an advertising business , J&J Creative Services , in which they partnered to compose jingles for television and radio commercials . In season four 's `` Joey Goes Hollywood , '' Joey wins a role he secretly auditions for in a sitcom co-starring Frankie Avalon and Annette Funicello called Surf 's Up . Joey 's most successful job was portraying `` Ranger Joe , '' on an afternoon children 's variety television show . He was given the job to replace retiring original host `` Ranger Roy '' in season five 's `` The Legend of Ranger Joe , '' only to be fired after triggering Roy 's acute physical paranoia when hugging him as a thank you ; after Danny informs Joey of this while telling him of his firing , Joey ends up saving Roy from a `` hug - o - gram '' that he had sent to gratitude for the job ; he then gets rehired after Roy becomes impressed with Joey 's hosting skills when he takes over for Roy on his last show . Ranger Joe 's sidekick is his wise - cracking woodchuck marionette puppet `` Mr. Woodchuck '' ( first seen in `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' and last seen in `` Michelle Rides Again '' ) . Joey quits his job in season six 's `` Radio Days , '' after he becomes disgruntled with his boss Mr. Strowbridge 's wife as his co-host . Jesse and Joey subsequently become co-hosts of a successful afternoon show on radio station KFLH called , Rush Hour Renegades . Besides his impressions , much of Joey 's humor comes from his depiction as a man child , particularly the fact that he still watches cartoons as an adult and has an extensive knowledge of animation . Joey has moved to Las Vegas in Fuller House , and is now married with four kids . His wife Ginger is a magician , and their kids , Phyllis , Lewis , Joan , and Jerry are very loud and obnoxious kids . Joey and his kids are moving back to San Francisco since his wife will be working as a magician on a cruise ship for six months . He also bought back the Smash Club with Jesse . D.J. Tanner Donna Jo Margaret `` D.J. '' Tanner ( portrayed by Candace Cameron Bure ) is Danny and Pam 's oldest child . Over the course of the show 's run , D.J. attends Frasier Street Elementary , Van Atta Junior High and Bayview High School . In the pilot episode `` Our Very First Show , '' she ends up having to share her bedroom with Stephanie in order to allow Jesse to move into Stephanie 's old bedroom ; due to problems with privacy regarding Stephanie , in the season five episode `` Take My Sister , Please , '' she sells Danny on an idea to switch rooms with Michelle , who in turn would move in with Stephanie ( only after convincing Michelle to move in with Stephanie , after she rejects the offer to move in with her older sister ) . D.J. is typically the daughter who acts the most practical , often giving advice to her younger sisters , Michelle and Stephanie . Although she sometimes bickers with them , she cares for them deeply . As D.J. entered into middle school , she started to deal with more serious issues like puberty and dating . She has her first serious relationship with Steve Hale ( who was first introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' ) , who later becomes a real fixture in her life ( and a regular character beginning in season six ) when their characters return from a summer abroad in Spain . Their relationship lasts until they break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' when they realize that the passion in their relationship is gone , but they agree to remain friends . D.J. has on - and - off relationships ( during the show 's final season ) with guitarist Viper ( a member of Jesse 's new band Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets ) and rich kid Nelson , but both relationships do not last ( the two end up vying for D.J. 's affections in the season eight episode `` D.J. 's Choice , '' only for D.J. to reject them both after their fighting gets to be too much for her to bear ) . In the series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' Steve shows up at the Tanner house to take D.J. to her senior prom and they share a kiss . Her best friend throughout the show was next - door neighbor Kimmy Gibbler , who was the complete opposite of D.J. in every way . In season eight , D.J. gets accepted to University of California , Berkeley and it is implied she will go to college there after graduating high school ( after she was rejected from her first choice , Stanford University ) . In Fuller House , D.J. is a recent widow and mother of three kids ; Jackson , Max and Tommy , and moves in with Stephanie and Kimmy . D.J. has since become a veterinarian . When her boss retires he has his son , Matt Harmon and D.J. take over the pet clinic . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection but they both end up dating other people when she 's not ready to commit someone new yet . Realizing they have feelings for each other , Matt breaks up with his girlfriend , and starts dating D.J. On the way to Steve 's wedding in Japan , D.J. who 's preparing to fall asleep , and wearing a sleeping mask reveals to Kimmy that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she 's losing her soulmate . Unbeknownst to her Steve was the one who heard her confession not Kimmy . Steve tells Kimmy what she said , and he was going to confront D.J. but he saw Matt proposing to her . The next day before the wedding starts Kimmy tells D.J. that Steve was the one who heard what she said on the plane . At the alter Steve calls off the wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement to Matt . Back home the two wait a month before they will start dating again . After her their third first date , Steve tells her that the Lakers want him to be the team 's foot doctor . He chooses to stay with her but D.J. called the team and said that he will take the job . Stephanie Tanner Stephanie Judith Tanner ( portrayed by Jodie Sweetin ) is the witty , sarcastic middle child of Danny and Pam , the younger sister of D.J. , and the older sister of Michelle . Her mother died when she was five years old . Her catchphrases during the early seasons of the series include `` how rude ! , '' `` well , pin a rose on your nose ! '' and `` hot dog '' . She eventually evolved into something of a tomboy in seasons four and five . Stephanie has a habit of spying on D.J. 's life by reading her diary and eavesdropping on her telephone calls ( having been caught in the act several times ) , and is generally the most athletic and nosiest of the Tanner girls . Her best friends in school are Gia Mahan and Mickey , whom she meets in season seven ( the former is the only one who appears through to season eight ) . Of the three sisters , Stephanie has dealt with the toughest issues , such as peer pressure into smoking ( in season seven 's `` Fast Friends '' ) , `` make - out '' parties ( in season eight 's `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) , joyriding ( in season eight 's `` Stephanie 's Wild Ride '' ) , and uncovering a classmate 's child abuse ( in season six 's `` Silence is Not Golden '' ) , as well as the death of her mother when she was only five . In her early years , she is very sentimental about Mr. Bear , a stuffed animal that her mother gave to her after Michelle was born ( this was the focal point of the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' ) . She and Jesse are the most abrasive when it comes to how they feel about Kimmy Gibbler . In Fuller House , Stephanie volunteers to give up her life in London to move back into her childhood home to help take care of her sister 's three kids . Kimmy volunteers to move in as well much to Stephanie 's dismay but she soon puts her abrasive feelings aside , and becomes friends with her . Stephanie confesses to D.J. that she ca n't have kids but wants to . Stephanie starts a relationship with Kimmy 's younger brother Jimmy . Becky schedules Stephanie for a pelvic exam and turns out she has three vivable eggs and can have a baby via surrogacy . Since she has n't been dating Jimmy for that long she does n't want to put pressure on him for being the father , and throwing him into a life long commitment so soon in their relationship . He wants to be the father . They are able to make embryos and Kimmy volunteers to be the surrogate mother . Kimmy is able to get pregnant with the embryos . Michelle Tanner Main article : Michelle Tanner Michelle Elizabeth Tanner ( played by twins Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen ) , is Danny and Pam 's youngest daughter . Danny is more overprotective of Michelle than the other girls . Michelle was just a baby when Pam died , so she hardly remembers her mom . Jesse and Joey 's misadventures in taking care of her when she was a baby provided a great deal of humor . Once Michelle started to grow up , she became the focus of more of the show 's storylines . Her best friends , Teddy and Denise , appear frequently in later seasons . She also has other friends , such as Derek Boyd , Lisa Leeper , and bossy Aaron Bailey , who Michelle has an uneasy friendship with . Her favorite toys ( in earlier seasons ) are Barney , a plush bear who hangs on the wall above her bed , and her stuffed pig . It is apparent that Jesse is somewhat closer to her than her sisters , and he gives her nicknames such as `` munchkin '' , `` shorty '' and `` rugrat '' . She is known for her many recurring catchphrases such as `` you got it , dude ! '' , `` you 're in big trouble , mister ! '' , `` oh , puh - lease ! '' , `` aw , nuts ! '' , `` duh ! '' , and `` no way , José ! '' Michelle does not appear in Fuller House but it is mentioned that she is now living in New York , and owns a fashion company . Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis Rebecca Donaldson Katsopolis ( portrayed by Lori Loughlin ) , is the sarcastic , practical , but very loving and well - educated woman who becomes the love interest and later wife of Jesse Katsopolis . Becky was born in Valentine , Nebraska and decided to pursue journalism as a career while she was in high school . Becky moves to San Francisco to become the co-host of Wake Up , San Francisco , being paired with Danny as her co-host ; the two become close friends , although she often quips about Danny 's quirks and tendency to ramble in his conversations . She was reluctant to admit her feelings for Jesse at first , but she eventually falls in love with him . The two almost elope in Lake Tahoe in the season two finale `` Luck Be a Lady '' , but backed out when Becky realized that she and Jesse were not really ready to get married . They eventually get married ( in the second part of the season four episode `` The Wedding '' ) on Valentine 's Day . After Jesse has a bittersweet farewell to the rest of the family when he decides to move into Rebecca 's apartment in the season four episode `` Fuller House '' , Rebecca agrees to move in with the Tanners and Joey when she discovers how much Jesse misses them , living together in the attic ( which Jesse and Joey have converted into an apartment ) . Becky helps to transform Jesse , although she still teases him about his obsession with his hair and love of Elvis . She also serves as a mother figure to the girls at times ; most prominently giving advice to D.J. as she becomes a teenager . Becky gives birth to twin boys Nicholas and Alexander on Michelle 's fifth birthday in part two of the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies '' . She and Jesse name Alexander after a teacher who inspired her to become a journalist and Nicholas after Jesse 's father . Becky is offered a producer role on Wake Up , San Francisco in the season eight episode `` The Producer '' , which results in Danny briefly quitting the show due to him being passed over for such a promotion . In Fuller House , she , Jesse , and Danny all move to Los Angeles to start their new jobs . She and Danny now host a nationally syndicated talk show called , Wake Up USA . Becky gets baby fever when around D.J. 's youngest son , Tommy . She and Jesse end up adopting a baby girl whom they name Pamela . Becky and Danny get fired from Wake Up USA when they asked for too much money . They ask for their old jobs back at Wake Up San Francisco but the station only wants her back . They want her to host an all women 's talk show called The Gab . She , Jesse and Pamela are moving back to San Francisco . Kimmy Gibbler Kimberly Louise `` Kimmy '' Gibbler ( portrayed by Andrea Barber , recurring since season one and upgraded to a series regular in season five ) is D.J. 's best friend and the Tanners ' annoying but well - meaning next - door neighbor . Kimmy and D.J. have been best friends since the Gibblers moved next door to the Tanners , despite their differing personalities ; the two have temporarily ended their friendship multiple times during the show 's run due to disputes over various situations , but always end up reconciling and forgiving each other . Most of the Tanner family can not stand her ( Danny , Stephanie and Jesse are especially annoyed by her , with Stephanie often making jabs at her lack of intelligence and other unusual quirks and Danny urging D.J. to make new friends and often asking Kimmy to leave the house ) . She is often known to be a poor student in school , and had copied D.J. 's homework during most of the early seasons . Kimmy is the subject of a recurring gag in the series , regarding her terrible foot odor , which becomes noticeable to other people mainly once she removes her shoes ; Kimmy also becomes aware of this in a scene in the season seven episode `` The Apartment '' , in which she accidentally grabs one of her shoes while searching for her phone when Danny calls her to find out the whereabouts of D.J. ( who had fallen asleep on her boyfriend Steve 's couch while watching a movie in his apartment ) . She is also known to be addicted to shopping . In the episode `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' , Jesse and Kimmy get locked in a closet on the night of the grand re-opening of The Smash Club , after the door handle breaks off in Jesse 's hand ; while there , Kimmy finally tells Jesse how much it hurts when he and the other Tanners ( except for D.J. ) pick on her . He finally tries to stop picking on her and tells the Tanners to try to go easy on her . However , their behavior towards her remains the same in later episodes , although she never seems to mind it anymore . Kimmy 's only serious relationship is with Duane ( who is introduced in season eight episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , a very air - headed boy who was only known to say `` whatever '' . Ironically , he was shown to have a fondness for Shakespearean works as he passionately quoted a line from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . In `` Taking the Plunge , '' Kimmy decides to run off to Reno and elope with Duane after she was rejected by the colleges that she had applied to , and is afraid that D.J. will go off to school and forget her . When D.J. , Jesse , and Danny arrive at the chapel to stop her from getting married too young , D.J. tells her that she will always be her best friend no matter what . In the two - part series finale `` Michelle Rides Again , '' she tries to find D.J. a blind date for prom , and ends up surprising her with her ex-boyfriend Steve instead . Sometime after high school Kimmy got married to a race car driver named Fernando , and has a daughter named Ramona . In the sequel series she and Ramona move into the Tanner family home after D.J 's husband passed away . She moved in to help her along with Stephanie . Kimmy has become a party planner . Kimmy volunteers to be Stephanie and Jimmy 's surrogate mother , Steve Hale Steven `` Steve '' Hale ( originally introduced as Steve Peters ; portrayed by Scott Weinger ) is D.J. 's first steady boyfriend . He is introduced in the season five episode `` Sisters in Crime '' as D.J. 's date to a movie that she ends up taking Michelle and Stephanie to , and returns to the series as a regular character in the sixth - season premiere `` Come Fly With Me '' ( which establishes the character as played by Weinger in his original appearance the season prior ) . Steve is two years older than D.J. and is a star member of the high school wrestling team . He is known for having a healthy appetite , and often eats at the Tanners ' when he visits . In `` A Very Tanner Christmas , '' Steve receives an acceptance letter to a party school in Florida that he had applied to ( this causes the two to briefly break up due to D.J. 's concern that she would miss him ) , but decides to go to a local community college in order to improve his grades and continue his relationship with D.J. In the season six episode `` Prom Night , '' both he and D.J. attend Steve 's prom where he is elected prom king ( although his ex-girlfriend -- whose affections he later rejects -- is named prom queen ) . Steve and D.J. break up in the season seven episode `` Love on the Rocks , '' after they realize that their relationship was not as passionate as it used to be , but they decide to remain friends . When D.J. needs a date for her senior prom , Kimmy surprises her and gets Steve to be her date . After college Steve becomes a podiatrist . In Fuller House Steve is a divorcee and his ex took half what he 's worth . With him and D.J. both now single he tries to start a relationship with her again . He ends up later getting engaged to woman named C.J. who is just like D.J. On the way to Japan , thinking that Kimmy is sitting next to her , D.J. confesses that she was going to pick Steve not Matt , and feels like she is losing her soulmate . Steve was the one who actually heard it . At the alter he realizes he still loves D.J. and ca n't marry C.J. so he calls the wedding off . D.J who still has feelings for Steve break up with Matt . A month after the almost wedding they start dating again . There is bad news for the reunited couple when the Lakers want him to be their foot doctor . He declines to stay with D.J. but she calls the team to say he will take the job . Steve tells her they will back together in six months . Nicky and Alex Katsopolis Nicholas `` Nicky '' and Alexander `` Alex '' Katsopolis , ( played by Daniel and Kevin Renteria as babies during season 5 ; Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as toddlers for seasons 6 -- 8 ) are the twin sons of Jesse and Becky Katsopolis . The two were born in the season five episode `` Happy Birthday , Babies , '' on the date of Michelle 's fifth birthday . Becky named Alex after a high school teacher who inspired her to venture into a career in journalism , while Jesse chose to name Nicky after his father , for giving him great hair . They have strawberry - blond hair and are fun - loving toddlers , with minor distinctions between them . Nicky is more quiet and sweet , while Alex is more outspoken and mischievous . They often repeat each other 's words . In Fuller House , the twins follow their parents to Los Angeles , and decide to run a fish taco food truck . Jackson Fuller Jackson Fuller ( portrayed by Michael Campion ) is D.J. 's oldest son . When Kimmy and her daughter , Ramona moves in Jackson has to give up his room and move in with his brother Max . Jackson and Ramona do n't get along at first but become like brother and sister . Jackson has shown to be a good older brother to Max and Tommy . Jackson likes to do stunts , and joins the football team to impress Ramona 's friend , Lola . He likes to call himself `` J. Money '' and `` Action Jackson '' . He breifly dates Lola but she breaks up with him for being too clingy . While attending summer school he becomes friends with Gia 's daughter Rocki , much to D.J 's dislike . Max Fuller Max Fuller ( portrayed by Elias Harger ) is D.J. 's well dressed and intelligent middle child . He likes science , and is shown to be a clean freak like his grandfather . Max has rivalries with Kimmy 's fiancé Fernando and classmate Taylor . Max 's girlfriend is Rose , the daughter of Steve 's fiancée C.J. Ramona Gibbler Ramona Gibbler ( portrayed by Soni Nicole Bringas ) is the daughter of Kimmy Gibbler and her ex husband / fiancé , Fernando . She is not thrilled when she has to move into the Tanner family home and change schools . Ramona quickly befriends one of the popular girls in school , Lola Wong , and briefly dates Jackson 's friend , Bobby Popko . She is an aspiring dancer . Tommy Fuller Tommy Fuller , Jr. ( portrayed by twins , Dashiell and Fox Messitt ) is D.J. 's youngest son . Like his aunt Michelle he also loses a parent as a baby . Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero ( portrayed by Juan Pablo Di Pace ) , is Kimmy Gibbler 's race car driving ex-husband / fiancé . At the start of Fuller House , him and Kimmy are separated due to his unfaithfulness to her . Fernando begins to miss her and tries to win her back . It works but he ends up finally signing their divorce papers . Though he only does this to repropose which she accepts . Fernando retires from his racing career , and moves in . Ten months after moving in , he buys Kimmy 's childhood home and moves in with her brother . Matt Harmon Matt Harmon ( portrayed by John Brotherton ) is D.J. 's partner at the Harmon / Fuller Pet Care . He originally intended to fill in for his dad while he was away on a trip to India but decides to stay in San Francisco . When his dad retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business . Matt and Steve fight for D.J. 's affection . She and him eventually begin dating . While in Japan for Steve and C.J 's wedding , Matt proposed to D.J. and she says yes . The next day at the wedding Steve calls off his wedding , and D.J. breaks off her engagement . A heartbroken Matt walks off . He goes on a eight day vacation and when he comes back to work he tells D.J. he does n't know how he able to work with her if they 're not together anymore . He takes some time off to think , and when he returns he tells her that he will be opening up a new pet clinic two blocks down . Lola Wong Lola Wong ( portrayed by Ashley Liao ) is Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's ex girlfriend . Lola 's father gets a job in Fresno and she moves . Jimmy Gibbler Jimmy Gibbler ( portrayed by Adam Hagenbuch ) is Kimmy 's younger brother . One day he walks into the family 's backyard and hears Stephanie singing . The two end up kissing , and are interrupted by Kimmy who informs Stephanie that he is her brother . Jimmy and Stephanie begin dating . When Stephanie gets the news that she can have a baby via surrogacy , she thinks it 's too soon in their relationship to ask him to be the father . After finding that out from Kimmy , he tells her that he wants to be her baby 's father . Kimmy volunteers to be his and Stephanie 's surrogate . Recurring characters Vicky Larson ( played by Gail Edwards ) is Danny 's girlfriend during seasons five and six and was briefly his fiancée from the season six episode `` The House Meets the Mouse '' until halfway through season seven . Vicky is very focused on her career , which proves to be the undoing in her long - distance relationship with Danny . They meet in season five 's `` Nicky and / or Alexander , '' when Vicky fills in for Becky ( who is on maternity leave ) on Wake Up , San Francisco , and start dating two episodes later in `` Easy Rider '' . Later in season five 's `` Play It Again , Jesse , '' Danny insists that she take a news anchor job in Chicago that she was offered once Becky returns , and that starts a long - distance relationship ( that goes from early season six to mid-season seven ) . Danny eventually proposes to her when she comes along on the family 's vacation to Walt Disney World in `` The House Meets the Mouse '' . However , Vicky later gets her dream job -- anchoring the network news in New York City -- in the season seven episode `` The Perfect Couple '' ( the character 's final appearance ) ; as a result , she can not come to live with Danny and his family in San Francisco , nor is Danny able to uproot his family in California . Therefore , to the dismay of themselves and Danny 's family , they have a mutual breakup . Vicky often gives advice , such as helping D.J. with her relationship with Steve , and helping Danny to deal with it and serves as a motherly figure to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . Vicky makes a brief appearance in the season 3 finale of Fuller House . D.J. and Stephanie apparently tracked her down to cheer up Danny . He invites her to the 30th `` Dadiversary '' party the girls threw for Danny , Joey and Jesse . Nick Katsopolis ( played by John Aprea ) is Jesse and Pam 's father and maternal grandfather to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . He is an avid fan of Elvis Presley , just like Jesse . Also , like his son , he is very much interested in his hair and women ( as he states in the season two episode `` Our Very First Christmas Show '' , `` there are two things Katsopolis men are known for : kissing and great hair '' ) . Nick is the owner of an insect extermination business . He met his wife , Irene , the day that Elvis was drafted into the United States Army . Nick was a firm but caring parent . In the episode , `` D.J. 's Day Off '' it is mentioned that he would punish Jesse severely . This combination is also seen in the episode `` It Is Not My Job '' , when Jesse quits the extermination business Nick responds with : `` If you 're out of the business , you 're out of the family . '' Later on , he explains this by saying that he did not build up the business to sell it to a stranger . His love for his family is also shown by the fact that Irene bringing in Michelle curbed his anger . When Michelle was getting ready to do a television commercial for marshmallows in the season two episode `` El Problema Grande de D.J. '' , he remarked that Michelle looked like a little blonde version of the redhead he likes on Gilligan 's Island , which was revealed to be Tina Louise by Irene . In honor of inheriting Nick 's hair , Jesse names one of his twin sons after him . Nicky and Alex never interact with their grandparents on - screen like the girls have , as Nick and Irene are last seen in season four . Nick re-appears in season three of Fuller House when he comes to take care of Tommy while everyone else goes to Japan for Steve 's wedding . Nick mentions to Tommy about going out to find women , so it is assumed that him and Irene are no longer together or she is no longer living . Irene Katsopolis ( played by Yvonne Wilder , and by Rhoda Gemignani in `` The Return of Grandma '' ) is Jesse and Pam 's mother , the wife of Nick Katsopolis , and maternal grandmother to D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle . She often talked about diapering Jesse 's `` tushy '' , and touched his and other people 's `` tushies , '' which made Jesse mad ; at other times , she would talk about when Jesse was a kid . She often mentioned how she is older than Nick , and her passion for younger men ( which makes Nick feel inferior at times ) . Claire Tanner ( portrayed by Alice Hirson , and Doris Roberts ) is Danny 's mother . She helped Danny raise the girls in the first few months after the death of Danny 's wife , Pam , prior to Jesse and Joey moving into the house . She appeared in only three episodes : `` Our Very First Show '' and `` The Return of Grandma '' ( as portrayed by Hirson ) , and in `` Granny Tanny '' ( as portrayed by Roberts ) . Teddy ( played by Tahj Mowry ) is Michelle 's best friend . He first appeared in the season five premiere `` Double Trouble , '' when Michelle meets him on their first day of kindergarten following the advice that Joey told Michelle that the best way to make new friends was by being funny , and does a Bullwinkle impression . He accompanies her when she needs a `` date '' to sneak out and join Danny on a date with Vicky in the season five episode `` Bachelor of the Month '' . He is also the one whose house Michelle runs away to in `` The Devil Made Me Do It '' later that season ( Tahj Mowry 's real - life sisters Tia and Tamera Mowry appear in that episode in a dual role as Teddy 's older sister ) . He moves to Amarillo , Texas in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' ; Teddy returns in the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend '' , when his father 's job moves him back to San Francisco . He and Michelle even consider trying to be boyfriend and girlfriend in third grade in the season eight episode `` Dateless in San Francisco '' , but find that it is no fun for children their age . Denise Frazer ( played by Jurnee Smollett ) is Michelle 's best female friend , introduced in the season six episode `` The Long Goodbye '' . She replaces Teddy as Michelle 's best friend after Teddy moves to Texas . Denise , like Teddy before her , often gets Michelle into trouble . In the season seven episode `` Be Your Own Best Friend , '' Teddy moves back to San Francisco , leaving Michelle to choose between him and Denise for whom to serve as her best friend . Danny makes her understand that it is possible to have more than one best friend . Michelle ultimately forms a trio of friends with Teddy and Denise at the end of that episode . In the season seven episode `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' it is revealed that Denise 's uncle is Little Richard ( who guest starred in the episode ) . Denise does not appear after that episode , having been written out without explanation due to Smollett 's role in the short - lived ABC sitcom On Our Own ( which aired during the 1994 - 95 season , concurring with the run of Full House 's eighth and final season ) . Aaron Bailey ( played by Miko Hughes ) is Michelle 's recurring and longest running classmate . Introduced in the season three episode `` Bye , Bye Birdie '' , he is the typical class bully , who tends to be annoying and rude at times . He pinches Michelle in the season four episode `` A Pinch for a Pinch , '' which results in Jesse telling Michelle to fight back by pinching him in retaliation . When the teacher punishes them , Jesse takes Michelle home , pulling her out of preschool . While that behavior does not continue , his obnoxious ways continue throughout the series . In other episodes , he treats Jesse as either an equal or underlying rival . In addition , he also creates trouble for D.J. and Kimmy when they have boys over while Kimmy is babysitting in season four 's `` Girls Just Wanna Have Fun '' . Danny even remarks ( in season seven ) that they are watching Aaron for several days `` until his regular babysitter stops twitching '' . He is sometimes seen being nice to Michelle . Gia Mahan ( played by Marla Sokoloff ) is Stephanie 's archenemy ( beginning with her first appearance in the season seven episode `` Fast Friends '' ) , who later becomes her best friend ( starting with the conclusion of `` Is It True About Stephanie ? '' from that same season , but more prominently during season eight ) . She leads Stephanie into dangerous or not - so - smart situations . Stephanie gets involved in a few wild , irresponsible things because of Gia , such as going to a make - out party planned by her in the season eight episode `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , and ( almost ) smoking in `` Fast Friends '' . Conversely , Stephanie was also a positive influence on Gia . During an unknown time when her parents had been through a divorce , Gia is shown as a cigarette - smoking , rebellious teen with horrible grades . She is two years older than Stephanie , as she was held back in school . Viewers learn ( as of `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' ) that because of Stephanie , Gia has stopped smoking , became more respectful , improved her grades , and lost her inclination to play pranks on other people . Gia becomes the target of put downs at the hands of Michelle in much the same way as Kimmy is targeted by Stephanie . Over time , Michelle becomes quite creative with her insults . Gia reappears in season 2 of Fuller House when Kimmy gets the idea of getting their band `` Girl Talk '' back together . Things do n't go well when Gia and D.J. have a hard time getting along . In season 3 , it was revealed that Gia has a daughter named Roxanne `` Rocki '' ( portrayed by Landry Bender ) who is in summer school with Jackson . Derek S. Boyd ( played by Blake McIver Ewing ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( appearing in eight episodes total throughout seasons six through eight ) . Michelle first meets Derek in the episode `` The Play 's the Thing , '' when he lands the role of Yankee Doodle in their school play , America the Beautiful . Though Michelle is initially jealous of Derek for winning the part over her ( due in no small part to the fact that both of her sisters played Yankee Doodle in the same play ) , she helps him recover from a case of stage - fright , and they eventually become friends . Derek is very educated and well - spoken for a boy of his age , though also a bit on the wimpy side . He also shows signs of being a bit obsessive - compulsive . As shown in several episodes ( including in his first appearance ) , he is also shown to be a very talented singer . In the scene in which he is first introduced , Derek says he blends in with his surroundings . Lisa Leeper ( played by Kathryn Zaremba ) is one of Michelle 's friends ( featured in six episodes during the eighth season , beginning with `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) ; in the episode We Got the Beat , '' Lisa is shown to be an extremely good singer when she sings a duet of `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart '' with Derek . Nelson Burkhardt ( played by Jason Marsden ; Hal Sparks in Fuller House ) is a love interest for D.J. that is introduced in the season eight premiere `` Comet 's Excellent Adventure '' . Nelson is a teenager who comes from a very wealthy family , and dates D.J. on - and - off for some time ( ironically , it is in his first appearance that D.J. breaks up with him ; he ends up going on a date with Kimmy three episodes later in `` I 've Got a Secret '' ) . Not much is revealed about Nelson 's background or family , aside from the fact that he is very rich , and often throws and attends big parties on yachts . Though in `` Taking the Plunge , '' he mentions that his cousin , Regina -- with whom he sets Joey up on a date -- is visiting the United States from England . Toward the latter stages of his `` relationship '' with D.J. , in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' he gets into a `` tug - of - war '' with Viper to be D.J. 's boyfriend , to which she declines both boys . Nelson shows up to his and D.J. 's 20th High School Reunion in season 2 of Fuller House . C.J. Harbenberger ( played by Virginia Williams ) is Steve 's fiancée and mother to Max 's friend , Rose . C.J. is strikingly similarly to D.J. Bobby Popko ( played by Isaak Presley ) is Jackson 's best friend and Ramona 's ex boyfriend . Taylor ( played by Lucas Jaye ) is Max 's friend who challenges him . Rose Harbenberger ( played by Mckenna Grace ) is C.J. 's daughter , and Max 's love interest . Rocki ( played by Landry Bender ) is Gia 's daughter who attends summer school with Jackson and is Jackson 's new love interest . Other characters Stavros ( played by John Stamos in a dual role ) is Jesse 's swarthy , greasy , woman - crazed Greek look - alike cousin ( with minor cosmetic differences in appearance from Jesse , namely Stavros having a mustache , a gap in his teeth , a slightly larger nose than his cousin and a mole on his cheek ) . Appearing only in the season seven episode `` Kissing Cousins , '' he hits on Becky -- despite the fact that she is Jesse 's wife -- several times during the episode . He is shown to be a con artist ; he cheats Joey out of his watch and money during a card game , and tells a fake story about a mudslide that devastated his village in order to pilfer the `` donations '' and leave , to which the family catches on . Jesse expresses his disappointment with the dastardly deeds that Stavros -- who ends up being arrested -- commits . Wendy Tanner ( played by Darlene Vogel ) is Danny 's sister , who is an avid animal enthusiast , and works at a zoo . She owns a chimpanzee named Ginger , and is known to have had somewhat of a rivalry with Joey in their childhood , but when she comes back to San Francisco in the season five episode `` Too Much Monkey Business , '' she and Joey have a brief relationship after they both revealed themselves to have had `` secret crushes '' on each other . It is also revealed that she collects exotic souvenirs from around the world . She and Joey date briefly ( but she is not seen or mentioned after the episode ) . Iorgos `` Papouli '' Katsopolis ( played by Jack Kruschen ) is Jesse 's Greek grandfather , introduced in the season four episode `` Greek Week '' . Papouli is the central to the storyline of the season seven episode `` The Last Dance , '' when he visits San Francisco to see the family and starts to forge a very close relationship with his great - granddaughter Michelle . Later in the episode , Papouli dies of natural causes ( as Danny specifically mentions that his heart gave out and he died in his sleep while staying at the house ) . When Michelle hears about the tragedy after her Honeybee meeting , she becomes very despondent and decides not to go to school , acknowledging that Papouli promised to appear as part of her school assignment and teach her class a Greek dance . Michelle attempts not to show any emotion in front of Jesse , who himself has a hard time coping with Papouli 's death . However , when she tells him the truth , Jesse tells Michelle that it is okay to cry in mourning of Papouli , as the two start sobbing and hugging each other . Jesse appears at Michelle 's school and accompanies her in performing the dance that Papouli taught her earlier in the episode when she is unable to remember the rest of the dance . Mindy Gladstone ( played by Beverly Sanders ) is Joey 's mother . She appears only in the season one episode `` The Return of Grandma , '' although Joey talks about her often during the series , such as when Joey lands a gig opening for Wayne Newton in Las Vegas in the season four episode `` Viva Las Joey '' . When Joey was asked by Jesse why he could not invite his mother to come see the show , he claims she is working as Goofy at Walt Disney World . Kathy Santoni ( played by Anne Marie McEvoy ) is a classmate of D.J. 's . While only appearing in four episodes ( beginning with season three 's `` Back to School Blues '' ) , Kathy Santoni is mentioned in several episodes by various characters . In the season seven episode `` The Apartment , '' it is revealed that she got married and pregnant at age 16 . Kathy shows up to her 20th high school reunion in Fuller House . Walter F. Berman ( played by Whitby Hertford ) is a school friend of Stephanie Tanner . At first , Stephanie disliked him , and went as far as teasing and imitating his resemblance to a duck ( which occurs when his lips are pursed ) . She -- along with the rest of the class -- even nicknamed him `` Duckface '' . However , after following her Uncle Jesse 's advice , she learned to appreciate Walter more , even if he was a nerd . This led to Walter briefly considering Stephanie as his `` secret girlfriend '' . Harry Takayama ( played by Nathan Nishiguchi in Full House ; Michael Sun Lee in Fuller House ) is the first on - screen friend of Stephanie 's ( appearing in season two , beginning with the episode `` Middle Age Crazy '' ) . He usually calls her `` Chief '' , and she refers to him as her boyfriend -- without understanding that term 's full meaning ( as Stephanie put it in Harry 's first appearance , `` you 're a boy , and you 're my friend ; that makes you my boyfriend '' ) . Stephanie decides to have a pretend wedding with Harry in `` Middle Age Crazy , '' feeling that she is not receiving attention from the rest of the family . His last appearance is in the season three episode `` Nerd For a Day '' . In the episode `` Pal Joey , '' Harry becomes infatuated with D.J. after she teaches him a mathematic problem using oranges . Over the years him and Stephanie stayed in touch , and she jokingly refers to him as her `` husband '' . In Fuller House , when a thousand roses showed up to the house , Stephanie wonders if Harry sent them . Turns out he did n't send them and is actually getting married . Cindy ( played by Debra Sandlund ) is a girlfriend of Danny 's , appearing in three episodes during season four , beginning with the episode `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . It is revealed that she works as a dry cleaner in that episode , and she first met Danny when he comes to the store as a customer . She also has a precocious and troublesome 10 - year - old son named Rusty . Rusty ( portrayed by Jordan Christopher Michael ) is the son of Cindy , Danny 's girlfriend in season four , first appearing in `` Terror in Tanner Town '' . Rusty has a penchant of performing mischievous antics and practical jokes that wreak havoc on the family . During a crazy prank that Rusty started in `` Secret Admirer , '' he misunderstood D.J. 's words and believed that she was romantically interested in him . This caused him to develop a brief crush on her , but quickly got over it when the other members of the family caught on to his prank , in which he sent a letter intended to D.J. ( without signing his name on it ) that ends up being circulated to the rest of the family as well as Kimmy and Cindy , resulting in everyone mistakenly believing that someone else in the group was interested in them . He was last seen in `` Stephanie Plays the Field , '' training for baseball with Stephanie . Ricky ( played by R.J. Williams in the season four episodes `` Secret Admirer and `` Happy New Year '' ) is the neighborhood paperboy whom D.J. had a crush on . Brett Davis ( played by Sean Fox in season four , introduced in the episode `` Stephanie Plays the Field '' ) is a classmate and friend of Stephanie 's who plays Little League Baseball for the Cubs . He is supposedly Stephanie Tanner 's first love . Viper ( played by David Lipper ) is a guitarist in Jesse 's band , Hot Daddy and the Monkey Puppets during season eight . He is introduced in `` To Joey , With Love '' , when he auditions for the band in competition with Danny , who is revealed to be as equally excellent at guitar . He begins to date D.J. in the episode `` On the Road Again , '' much to the initial dismay of Danny and Jesse , the latter of whom briefly kicks him out of the band . He is revealed to have insecurities about not going to college in the episode `` Claire and Present Danger '' , and ends up twisting everything D.J. says to where she puts him down . He eventually dumps her in `` D.J. 's Choice , '' because he thinks things are moving too fast for him and wants space . He then changes his mind and begs her to take him back . This causes problems as D.J. starts to date her old boyfriend Nelson again . D.J. can not decide between the two and asks for time to think . Unfortunately , neither one gives her space and begin to fight over her . D.J. then says that if they are going to force her to choose , then she would not choose either one and dumps them both . Viper showed up to D.J. 's 20th high school reunion even though it 's not his reunion . He tries to win her back , and again ends up fighting over her with Nelson . Caroline ( portrayed by ( Dorothy Parke ) is a friend of Danny 's , who was first seen in the season one episode `` Sea Cruise , '' as one of the dates who appear while Danny , Joey , and Jesse go on a fishing trip on a boat . She also appeared in the episode `` The Big Three - O '' six episodes later . Adrianna ( played by Fabiana Udenio ) is Jesse 's one - time girlfriend in the season one episode `` Daddy 's Home '' . Corinna Spicer ( played by Elizabeth Keifer ) is a student in Jesse 's `` private music class , '' whom Jesse was interested in , in the season one episode `` Jesse 's Girl '' . At the end of the episode , she winds up with Joey instead . Jill ( Darcy DeMoss ) is one of Jesse 's early girlfriends . She and Jesse date when there is no one else to date , according to her . Duane Moffat ( played by Scott Menville ) is Kimmy Gibbler 's boyfriend in season eight ( first appearing in the episode `` Taking the Plunge '' ) , whom she considered marrying in Reno . He is often airheaded like Kimmy is , and is mostly quiet and known for saying `` whatever '' in a surfer - like accent . One thing is known about him is that he loves the works of William Shakespeare . In part one of `` Michelle Rides Again , '' he passionately recites lines from Shakespeare 's 18th sonnet . Duane makes an appearance at their 20th high school reunion . Duane has become a motivational speaker . Mrs. Carruthers ( played by Marcia Wallace ) is a neighbor of the Tanners ( appearing in seasons seven and eight ) , who has a massive ( but obviously one - sided ) crush on Joey , as evidenced by her constant `` chasing '' him down , and his subsequent attempts to `` hide '' from her and reject her advances . She collaborates with Kimmy Gibbler to form a Neighborhood Watch program known as the `` Crime Catchers '' in season seven 's `` The Bicycle Thief '' . She also is known to `` dominate '' the PTA elections at Michelle 's school , Frasier Street Elementary , every year , inspiring Joey to run for PTA president in a fair election in `` Too Little Richard Too Late , '' to which he is ultimately disqualified due to Mrs. Carruthers pointing out that PTA rules require that the president must be a parent of a Frasier Street student . However , Mrs. Carruthers offers Joey the opportunity to be her vice president instead , a position he accepts . Pamela `` Pam '' Katsopolis Tanner ( portrayed by Christie Houser ) is Danny 's wife , Jesse 's sister , and the mother of D.J. , Stephanie , and Michelle , who was an unseen character , except in the form of a home video shot when she and Danny brought Michelle home from the hospital in the season two episode `` Goodbye Mr. Bear '' . She was killed by a drunk driver before the start of the first series ( according to D.J. in the eighth - season episode `` Under the Influence '' ) . She has been described as traits her children have : always smiling ( Michelle ) , full of energy ( Stephanie ) , and always did her best at everything ( D.J. ) . Teri Tanner ( played by Eva LaRue ) , is Danny 's second wife . In the Fuller House season three episode `` Declarations of Independence '' , Danny reveals that he and Teri got divorced . He mentions that they barely knew each other when they got married . Tommy Fuller Sr. ( played by unknown actor ) , is D.J. 's husband and the father of Jackson , Max , and Tommy Jr. , who was also an unseen character , except in the form of a photograph in the boy 's room in the season one episode `` Secrets , Lies , and Firetrucks '' . He died in the line of duty while being a firefighter before the start of the second series ( according to D.J. in the series premiere `` Our Very First Show Again '' ) . His sons have been described having the same nice smile . Dr. Fred Harmon ( played by Robin Thomas ) is Matt 's father , and the owner of Harmon Pet Care . When he retires he has Matt and D.J. take over the business , and moves to India . Ginger Gladstone ( played by Laura Bell Bundy ) is Joey 's wife who is a magician . Lewis Gladstone ( played by Finn Carr ) is Joey 's oldest son . Joan Gladstone ( played by Kingston Foster ) is Joey 's youngest daughter . Jerry Gladstone ( played by Noah Salsbury Lipson ) is Joey 's youngest son . Phyllis Gladstone ( played by Ruby Rose Turner ) is Joey 's oldest daughter . Mankowski ( played by Trevor Larcom ) is one of Jackson 's friends . Chad Brad Bradley ( played by Tanner Buchanan ) is the captain of Bayview 's dance team . When Ramona tries out for the school 's dance team , she shows him up resulting in him cutting her . He eventually lets her on the team . Guest stars Season one Kirk Cameron -- Episode 18 : `` Just One of the Guys '' , as Steve , Danny 's nephew and the girls ' cousin . He is the real - life brother of Candace Cameron Bure ( Kirk 's eventual wife and Candace 's sister - in - law Chelsea Noble appears in the following episode `` The Seven - Month Itch '' as Jesse 's girlfriend Samantha ) . Phyllis Diller -- Episode 16 : `` But Seriously , Folks '' . Joey was getting ready to start his set at a comedy club but the host spots Phyllis and invites her onstage resulting in Joey not getting to perform . Belita Moreno -- Episode 12 : `` Our Very First Promo '' as Ronnie Gardner Season two The Beach Boys ( as themselves ) -- Episode 16 : `` Beach Boy Bingo '' . They also appear in season three , episode 24 : `` Our Very First Telethon '' , and season five 's `` Captain Video '' ( parts 1 and 2 ) in the `` Forever '' music video . The first time they appeared , they were supposed to be guests on Wake Up , San Francisco , but had to cancel their appearance due to fog preventing their plane from landing . D.J. then wins a telephone contest to get tickets to their concert , but she has trouble deciding whom to take with her . In the end , the whole family ends up going and even joins the band on stage . Jonathan Brandis -- Episode 11 : `` A Little Romance '' as Michael Monford Season three Bobbie Eakes -- Episode 3 : `` Breaking Up is Hard to Do ( in 22 Minutes ) '' as Diane Scott Baio -- Episode 9 : `` Dr. Dare Rides Again '' as Pete Bianco , an old band mate of Jesse 's . Season four Frankie Avalon -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' . Joey films a TV pilot with Frankie and Annette . Annette Funicello -- Episode 23 : `` Joey Goes Hollywood '' Erika Eleniak -- Episode 9 : `` One Last Kiss '' as Carrie Fowler . Jesse 's high school girlfriend . Wayne Newton -- Episode 7 : `` Viva Las Joey '' . Joey opened for Newton in Las Vegas . Jaleel White -- Episode 16 : `` Stephanie Gets Framed '' . He appears as his character Steve Urkel from Family Matters ( which was produced by Full House 's production companies Miller - Boyett Productions and Lorimar Television ) . Urkel happens to be a cousin of D.J. 's friend Julie ( played by Tasha Scott , who was also White 's love interest in the 1990 TV movie Camp Cucamonga ) . During his visit , he helped and gave advice to Stephanie Tanner , because she had to get reading glasses . Stephanie is reluctant because of how reading glasses will make her look , but Steve tells her `` the trick is to make them laugh with you before they laugh at you . '' Season five David Lascher -- Episode 3 : `` Take My Sister , Please '' as Rick June Lockhart -- Episodes 1 and 2 : `` Double Trouble '' and `` Matchmaker Michelle '' as Ms. Wiltrout , Michelle 's kindergarten teacher . Whitman Mayo -- Episode 7 : `` The Volunteer '' as Eddie Johnson Tommy Page -- Episode 16 : `` Crushed '' . Danny gets Tommy to sing at Stephanie 's tenth birthday party . Season six Hillary Shepard -- Episodes 4 and 5 : `` Radio Days '' and `` Love and Other Tanners '' as Julie Mark Linn - Baker -- Episode 7 : `` Trouble in Twin Town '' as Dick Donaldson , Becky 's rich and obnoxious cousin , who puts down Jesse for not being rich . Danielle Fishel -- Episode 10 and 17 : `` I 'm Not D.J. '' and `` Silence is Not Golden '' as Jennifer P . Jennifer Rhodes -- Episodes 11 : `` Designing Mothers '' as Liz Larson , Vicky 's mom . Season seven Little Richard -- Episode : `` Too Little Richard Too Late '' . It is revealed that he is Denise 's uncle . Because he was holding a concert in San Francisco , Michelle asks him to perform a concert to help Joey 's campaign for PTA president . He accepts , and performs for Joey 's campaign . Richard is quite late to the concert , but makes it up to them . He has a dislike to Jesse after Jesse 's comment about him putting a punch bowl on his head at family gatherings . Suzanne Somers -- Episode 19 : `` Love on the Rocks '' Ben Stein -- Episode : `` Another Opening , Another No Show '' as Elliott Warner Vanna White -- Episode 15 : `` The Test '' Season eight Andrea Abbate as Gia 's mother Claire Mahan and Danny 's new girlfriend Kareem Abdul - Jabbar -- Episode 16 : `` Air Jesse '' Mickey Rooney - Episode 11 : `` Arrest Ye Merry Gentlemen '' as Mr. Dreghorn Frankie Valli -- Episode 12 : `` D.J. 's Choice '' Barry Williams -- Episode : `` Making Out is Hard to Do '' , as himself replacing Jesse as lead singer of The Rippers Fuller House Maksim Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Valentin Chmerkovskiy -- Episode 1.3 : `` Funner House '' Hunter Pence -- Episode 1.10 : `` A Giant Leap '' . Hunter is a right fielder for the San Francisco Giants who briefly dates Stephanie but when it is revealed that she is the `` mystery blond '' who is causing his worsening batting streak , Stephanie breaks up because she ca n't take the pressure of dating a famous athlete . She dumps him in front of the entire stadium after singing `` Take Me Out to the Ballgame '' . He hits a homer after the breakup . Alan Thicke -- Episode 2.2 : `` Mom Interference '' as Mike . He is the grandfather of Matt 's girlfriend Crystal . Bruno Tonioli -- Episode 2.5 : `` Doggy Daddy '' as Guiseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach . New Kids on the Block -- Episode 2.10 : `` New Kids in the House '' . When Stephanie discovers the New Kids on the Block tickets Kimmy got for D.J. 's Birthday are counterfeit , they make it up by bringing the band by the house . Lonzo Ball -- Episode 3.18 : `` Here Comes the Sun '' as himself . Lonzo comes to town to try to convince Steve to be the Lakers ' foot doctor . References Jump up ^ Adam I. Lapidus ( writer ) John Tracy ( director ) ( December 6 , 1994 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . Full House . Season 8 . Episode 10 . American Broadcasting Company . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/fuller-house-cast-member-candace-cameron-bure-discusses-playing-mom-spinoff-teases-2055222 ( hide ) Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Full_House_and_Fuller_House_characters&oldid=836674248 '' Categories : 1980s - related lists 1990s - related lists 2010s - related lists Fictional characters from San Francisco Full House Lists of American sitcom television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from February 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with a promotional tone from March 2014 All articles with a promotional tone Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from March 2014 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia עברית Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 05 : 19 . 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what was uncle jesse's original last name on full house

Jesse Katsopolis ( portrayed by John Stamos ; the character 's last name in season one was Cochran , but was changed reportedly due to John Stamos wanting his character to better reflect his Greek heritage ) is Danny 's brother - in - law , Pam 's younger brother , husband of Rebecca Donaldson and father of twin sons Nicky and Alex . Born Hermes Katsopolis ( as revealed in the season five episode `` The Legend of Ranger Joe '' ) , he was named after his great - grandfather , who in turn is named after the Greek god of swiftness . However , he did not like his birth name , as other kids teased him for it ; so when he was in kindergarten , he begged his parents to have his name changed to Jesse , thinking that one had to have a `` cool name '' to be in the in - crowd . As an adult , he was more confident with his true name , telling the girls about the Greek god of speed , and how his great - grandfather saved a village from a volcano , but still goes by Jesse .

Judge Mathis - Wikipedia Judge Mathis This article is about the television series . For the eponymous arbiter of this court show , see Greg Mathis . Judge Mathis Genre Court show Presented by Greg Mathis Music by Brian Wayy Roy Shakked Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 19 No. of episodes 2,000 Production Location ( s ) NBC Tower Chicago , Illinois Camera setup Multiple Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Telepictures Productions Black Pearl Entertainment ( 1999 - 2002 ) ( seasons 1 - 3 ) Distributor Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution Release Original network Syndication Picture format 480i 4 : 3 ( SDTV ) ( 1999 - 2012 ) 480i 16 : 9 ( SDTV ) ( 2012 - ) Original release September 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 13 ) -- present External links Website Production website Judge Mathis is a syndicated arbitration - based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court , Greg Mathis . The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes . The series was originally produced by Black Pearl Entertainment . It 's now produced by Telepictures Productions and Syndicated Productions , while distributed by Warner Bros. Television . It is taped at the NBC Tower in Chicago , but includes cases and litigants from other U.S. jurisdictions . Greg Mathis 's `` inspirational and positive messages to young people '' won the court show a PRISM Commendation in May 2002 . The court show also won an NAACP Image Award in 2004 and a Daytime Emmy Award in 2018 . Each Judge Mathis episode runs for one hour and typically consists of 4 cases . The show is broadcast weekdays nationwide in the United States . It is also broadcast in Canada through Omni Television . The show has aired since 1999 and has aired over 2000 episodes . In the 2014 - 15 television season , Judge Mathis began its 16th season , making Mathis the longest serving African American court show arbitrator , after Judge Joe Brown whose program lasted 15 seasons . Judge Mathis is the fourth longest running courtroom series behind Divorce Court , The People 's Court , and Judge Judy . It began its 19th season on Monday , September 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Show format 2 Incorporation of life story into court show 3 Judge Gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach 4 References 5 External links Show format ( edit ) The cases on Judge Mathis are classified as tort law , civil disputes with a maximum $5,000 claim , a typical amount for small claims court . The producers of the show select the cases . To acquire cases , the show solicits real - life litigants with pending disputes or individuals with potential disputes . If litigants agree to be on the show , they are paid a talent fee ranging from $150 to $300 , and they receive travel accommodations . Mathis does have prior knowledge of the cases . In all cases , litigants give their prospective case managers all evidence in advance . Any real legal case pending must be dismissed by both parties . Typically , Mathis 's producers only seek cases that they deem `` juicy '' enough for TV . Occasionally , Mathis leaves the courtroom to deliberate and then returns with his verdict . Upon final judgment , he may briefly explain the legal principle guiding his verdict , especially if his ruling is based on a particular state 's law . Reportedly , Mathis ' rulings conform to the laws of the state where the case was originally filed . Incorporation of life story into court show ( edit ) As a child and a teenager , Mathis was frequently in legal trouble . He was a member of a street gang in Detroit , and he was arrested and sentenced to jail for illegally carrying a firearm when he was 17 years old . Mathis has frequently used his courtroom series to highlight his troubled - youth - turned - success - story as a way of motivating and inspiring his audience ( especially youth audience ) that there 's no adversity that they ca n't pick themselves up from . It is from his background where Mathis derives much of his courtroom formula . For example , his show 's opening theme was formerly a brief documentary of his powerful life story . As another example , he takes a liking to litigants who 've seen the error of their ways and have made efforts to improve and better their lives . Judge gregory Mathis 's adjudicating approach ( edit ) Main article : Greg Mathis Mathis typically begins proceedings by having litigants expound on their side of the dispute , so as to gain insight into the matter . Cases on Judge Mathis tend to go deeper and to more revealing places than those of most other court shows . He also calls attention to peculiarities or juicy details exposed throughout the course of the proceedings as a means of making the cases more interesting to viewers . Furthermore , Mathis does n't hesitate to tackle any social issues that emerge during the proceedings , tying his social justice perspectives to the cases . While hearing the testimonies , Mathis takes on a relaxed , attentive , understanding and open - minded nature . Rarely missing an opportunity to jest or poke fun , Mathis is given to fun , humor , good - natured ridicule and gibes , often rousing his audience to uproarious amusement . He sometimes cuts the tension -- even tension he himself has fostered -- with wisecracks or taunting remarks . Mathis has bantered directly at audience members on occasion , also resulting in audience amusement . He uses a rather high - pitched voice as part of stultifying litigants and suggesting that they 've not recognized the obvious . Combined with his teasing and comedic tendencies on the bench , Mathis is known for his street smart , urban expressions and stern side as well . In moments in which Mathis has found a litigant guilty of a particularly reprehensible act , he takes on a very resentful nature along with lecturing and shaming behaviors . Sometimes in these moments , Mathis makes a point of solemnizing his courtroom due to prior laughs and lightheartedness , letting litigants and everyone on hand know that things are no longer a laughing matter and that he 's to be taken seriously . The final portion of most of the cases generally see Mathis displaying a harshly corrective side , providing an explanation behind the direction of his verdict in the form of a sharp tirade , unbroken in delivery so as not to allow anyone a word in edgewise before his gavel pound and exit . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Judge Mathis Bio '' . Judgemathistv.warnerbros.com . September 11 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website . Online at : `` About the Show '' Archived 2007 - 05 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ Judge Mathis website . Online at : `` When its on '' . Accessed March 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Omni Television . Ontario `` Judge Mathis '' Accessed May 8 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Judge Mathis 1999 TV SHOW '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The A to Z of African - American Television - Kathleen Fearn - Banks - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Judge Mathis interview . Online at : `` Interview with the Judge Mathis '' Archived 2011 - 07 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed March 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ http://radaronline.com/exclusives/2014/07/greg-mathis-judge-mathis-gang-gun-arrest-detroit/ ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of Television Law Shows : Factual and Fictional Series about ... - Hal Erickson - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Roger M. Grace ( October 2 , 2003 ) . `` Seven Courtroom Shows Appear on TV 's Fall Docket '' . Metnews.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Judge Mathis Episode Guide Judge Mathis on IMDb Ask Judge Mathis - Judge Mathis ' official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judge_Mathis&oldid=846594605 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 2000s American television series 2010s American television series 1999 American television series debuts First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television series by Warner Bros. Television Court shows Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 18 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who pays the judgements on the judge mathis show

Judge Mathis is a syndicated arbitration - based reality court show presided over by the retired Judge of Michigan 's 36th District Court , Greg Mathis . The syndicated series features Mathis adjudicating small claims disputes .

The Elf on the Shelf - wikipedia The Elf on the Shelf Jump to : navigation , search The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition Author Carol Aebersold Chanda Bell Illustrator Coë Steinwart Language English Genre Picture book Publisher CCA and B Publishing Publication date 2005 Published in English 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 9769907 - 9 - 6 The Elf on the Shelf : A Christmas Tradition is a 2005 children 's picture book , written by Carol Aebersold and her daughter Chanda Bell , and illustrated by Coë Steinwart . The book tells a Christmas - themed story , written in rhyme , that explains how Santa Claus knows who is naughty and who is nice . It describes elves visiting children between Thanksgiving and Christmas Eve , after which they return to the North Pole until the next holiday season . The Elf on the Shelf comes in a keepsake box that features a hardbound picture book and a small soft toy in the form of a pixie scout elf . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 History 2.1 Mensch on a Bench 3 Criticism 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This story describes how Santa 's `` scout elves '' hide in people 's homes to watch over events . Once everyone goes to bed , the scout elf flies back to the North Pole to report to Santa the activities , good and bad , that have taken place throughout the day . Before the family wakes up each morning , the scout elf flies back from the North Pole and hides . By hiding in a new spot each morning around the house , the scout elf plays an ongoing game of hide and seek with the family . The Elf on the Shelf explains that scout elves get their magic by being named and being loved by a child . In the back of each book , families have an opportunity to write their elf 's name and the date that they adopted it . Once the elf is named , the scout elf receives its special Christmas magic , which allows it to fly to and from the North Pole . The book tells how the magic might disappear if the scout elf is touched , so the rule for The Elf on the Shelf states , `` There 's only one rule that you have to follow , so I will come back and be here tomorrow : Please do not touch me . My magic might go , and Santa wo n't hear all I 've seen or I know . '' Although families are told not to touch their scout elf , they can speak to it and tell it all their Christmas wishes so that it can report back to Santa accurately . The story ends on Christmas Day with the elf leaving to stay with Santa for the rest of the year until the following Christmas season . History ( edit ) The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea . Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time . Aebersold 's other daughter , Christa Pitts , was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing . Together , the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows . The Elf on the Shelf won the Best Toy Award by Learning Express , won Book of the Year Award from Creative Child Awards and National Best Books Award sponsored by USA Book News in 2008 . In 2012 , The Elf on the Shelf made its first appearance in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade alongside fellow parade newcomers Hello Kitty and Papa Smurf . In 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf hit the # 1 spot on the USA Today Bestsellers List . On 26 November 2011 , the book aired on CBS as a 30 - minute animated TV show , An Elf 's Story : The Elf on the Shelf , directed by Chad Eikhoff . The Washington Post criticized the quality of the animation and dismissed it as `` just a half - hour advertisement for a book and a toy '' , which it felt would not join `` the canon of prime - time animated Christmas specials that actually move the spirit '' . Common Sense Media disagreed , calling the special `` a great addition to families ' holiday TV traditions '' ; however , they also warn parents about the consumer - driven nature of the story , and make note of its lack of educational value . In October 2013 , The Elf on the Shelf : A Birthday Tradition was released . Written and illustrated by the same team that created the first book , it offers instructions for inviting a scout elf to visit for a child 's birthday party and describes how the elf decorates a chair for the child . In April 2014 , two supplemental birthday products were released : The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Countdown Game and The Elf on the Shelf Birthday Chair Decoration Kit . The Elf on the Shelf was parodied as `` The Gnome in the Home '' in `` The Nightmare After Krustmas , '' a 2016 episode of The Simpsons . Mensch on a Bench ( edit ) A Jewish counterpart to Elf On The Shelf was created : `` Mensch on a Bench , '' a stuffed toy that looks a bit like a rabbi or a Hasidic Jew . Jewish father Neal Hoffman , a former Hasbro Toys toy marketing executive , raised more than $20,000 , using the crowdfunding website Kickstarter to fund creation of the toy in the Spring of 2011 . `` Mensch '' , in Yiddish , means a person of integrity or honor . Cody Decker , the starting left fielder for Team Israel at the 2017 World Baseball Classic , brought the team 's mascot , a five - foot version of `` Mensch on a Bench , '' with him to Asia from the United States for the World Baseball Classic . Decker said he `` tried getting him a first - class ticket . But that did n't fly , so he was put in a duffel bag and checked . '' The mascot proved to be a big hit . He has his own locker , sits on Team Israel 's bench in the dugout during every game , and sat alongside Decker at a press conference in South Korea . Decker said : `` He 's a mascot , he 's a friend , he 's a teammate , he 's a borderline deity to our team ... He brings a lot to the table ... Every team needs their Jobu . He was ours . He had his own locker , and we even gave him offerings : Manischewitz , gelt , and gefilte fish ... He is everywhere and nowhere all at once . His actual location is irrelevant because he exists in higher metaphysical planes . But he 's always near . '' Team Israel Manager Jerry Weinstein said : `` He 's on the team . Everybody brings something to the team , and certainly The Mensch is a unifying factor for the ball club . '' Pitcher Gabe Cramer said : `` The Mensch on a Bench is ... a symbol we can rally around as a team . We are proud to be Jewish , but we know how to make and take a joke , something Jews have a long history of doing . The Mensch is a great way to have fun in the dugout while reminding us of why we 're here and who we 're representing . '' Criticism ( edit ) The Elf has received some criticism from cultural reviewers . The Atlantic columnist Kate Tuttle calls it `` a marketing juggernaut dressed up as a tradition '' whose purpose is `` to spy on kids '' and that one should n't `` bully your child into thinking that good behavior equals gifts . '' Washington Post reviewer Hank Stuever characterized the concept as `` just another nannycam in a nanny state obsessed with penal codes '' . Writing for Psychology Today , Dr. David Kyle Johnston calls it a `` dangerous parental crutch '' , with much the same reasoning as what he terms the `` Santa lie '' . Professor Laura Pinto suggests that it conditions kids to accept the surveillance state and that it communicates to children that `` it 's okay for other people to spy on you , and you 're not entitled to privacy . '' She argues that `` if you grow up thinking it 's cool for the elves to watch me and report back to Santa , well , then it 's cool for the NSA to watch me and report back to the government ... The rule of play is that kids get to interact with a doll or video game or what have you , but not so with the Elf on the Shelf : The rule is that you do n't touch the elf . Think about the message that sends . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` An Elf 's Story '' . The Elf on the Shelf . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Hank Stuever ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` CBS 's ' Elf on the Shelf ' : Unwarranted Christmas surveillance techniques '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Elf on the Shelf : An Elf 's Story '' . commonsensemedia.org . ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's Mensch on the Bench mascot at World Baseball Classic , '' Newsday . ^ Jump up to : Meet Mensch On A Bench , Jewish Counterpart To Eldhdhshf On The Shelf : NPR Jump up ^ The Mensch On The Bench New York Post Jump up ^ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2867382/The-Elf-Shelf-competition-Introducing-Mensch-Bench-Hanukkahs-hilarious-answer-popular-Christmas-character.html Jump up ^ The Mensch on a Bench claims space on elf toy 's holiday turf - NY Daily News Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/sap/2014/12/11/the-mensch-on-a-bench-from-basement-to-big-box-and-now-shark-tank/#2d31052210da ^ Jump up to : `` Israel 's World Baseball Classic mascot : Mensch on a Bench , '' Yahoo . Jump up ^ `` With Mensch on Bench , Israel ready for Classic , '' mlb.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutch Players Take Leave From Spring Training For World Baseball Classic , '' NPR . Jump up ^ `` Mensch on a Bench , mascot of Israel baseball team , a hoot ahead of WBC , '' , The Times of Israel . ^ Jump up to : `` The best thing about Team Israel 's World Baseball Classic run is their delightful mascot , '' USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's suddenly the undefeated darling of the baseball world , '' The New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Team Israel scores another surprise baseball win -- with a Marin pitcher , '' J . Jump up ^ You 're a Creepy One , Elf on the Shelf in The Atlantic , December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David Kyle Johnston , Let 's Bench the Elf on the Shelf . Psychology Today , December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's the Boss ? '' . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Craig Johnson , Does the Elf contribute to the surveillance state ? . HLNtv.com , December 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kyle Olsen , Prof : ' Elf on the Shelf ' conditions kids to accept surveillance state . Education Action Group Foundation , Inc. , December 15 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Elf on the Shelf . Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Elf_on_the_Shelf&oldid=822403574 '' Categories : Elves in popular culture American children 's books 2005 children 's books Christmas children 's books Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 04 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who made up the elf on the shelf

The Elf on the Shelf was written in 2004 by Carol Aebersold and daughter Chanda Bell over a cup of tea . Bell suggested they write a book about an old tradition of an elf sent from Santa who came to watch over them at Christmas time . Aebersold 's other daughter , Christa Pitts , was recruited by the family to share her expertise in sales and marketing . Together , the trio devoted the next three years promoting their self - published book and attending book signings and trade shows .

Natural - born - citizen clause - wikipedia Natural - born - citizen clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence . The U.S. Constitution uses but does not define the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' , and various opinions have been offered over time regarding its precise meaning . The consensus of early 21st - century constitutional scholars , together with relevant case law , is that natural - born citizens include , subject to exceptions , those born in the United States . Many scholars have also concluded that those who meet the legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at the moment of birth '' , regardless of place of birth , are also natural - born citizens . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or was born in the United States ; of these there have been seven that had at least one parent who was not born on U.S. soil . The natural - born - citizen clause has been mentioned in passing in several decisions of the United States Supreme Court , and by some lower courts that have addressed eligibility challenges , but the Supreme Court has never directly addressed the question of a specific presidential or vice-presidential candidate 's eligibility as a natural - born citizen . Many eligibility lawsuits from the 2008 , 2012 , and 2016 election cycles were dismissed in lower courts due to the challengers ' difficulty in showing that they had standing to raise legal objections . Additionally , some experts have suggested that the precise meaning of the natural - born - citizen clause may never be decided by the courts because , in the end , presidential eligibility may be determined to be a non-justiciable political question that can be decided only by Congress rather than by the judicial branch of government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional provisions 2 History 2.1 Antecedents in Britain 2.2 Between 1776 and 1789 2.3 Constitutional Convention 2.4 Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause 2.5 Proposed constitutional amendments 3 Rationale 4 Interpretations of the clause 4.1 Naturalization Acts of 1790 and 1795 4.2 Government officials ' interpretations 4.2. 1 1800s 4.2. 2 1900s 4.3 Interpretations by the courts 4.3. 1 1800s 4.3. 2 1900s 4.3. 3 2000s 4.4 Academic interpretations 4.4. 1 1800s 4.4. 2 1900s 4.4. 3 2000s 4.4. 3.1 Foreign soil & territories 4.4. 3.2 American soil 5 Eligibility challenges 5.1 1800s 5.1. 1 Chester A. Arthur 5.1. 2 Christopher Schürmann 5.2 1900s 5.2. 1 Charles Evans Hughes 5.2. 2 Barry Goldwater 5.2. 3 George Romney 5.2. 4 Lowell Weicker 5.3 2000s 5.3. 1 John McCain 5.3. 2 Barack Obama 5.3. 3 Ted Cruz 5.3. 4 Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal 5.4 Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible 5.4. 1 Arnold Schwarzenegger 6 See also 7 Notes 8 External links Constitutional provisions ( edit ) Part of the constitutional provision as it appeared in 1787 Section 1 of Article Two of the United States Constitution sets forth the eligibility requirements for serving as president of the United States , under clause 5 ( emphasis added ) : No Person except a natural born Citizen , or a Citizen of the United States , at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution , shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty - five Years , and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States . The Twelfth Amendment states , `` No person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States . '' The Fourteenth Amendment does not use the phrase natural - born citizen . It does provide , `` All persons born or naturalized in the United States , and subject to the jurisdiction thereof , are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside . '' Under Article One , representatives and senators are required to be U.S. citizens , but there is no requirement that they be natural born . History ( edit ) Antecedents in Britain ( edit ) The use of the term `` natural born '' was not without precedent . An early recorded mention was in Calvin 's Case ( 1608 ) , in terms of birth within the jurisdiction of the sovereignty of the King . Statutes in Britain prior to American independence used the phrase `` natural born subject '' . For example , clause III of the Foreign Protestants Naturalization Act 1708 provided : That the Children of all natural born Subjects born out of the Ligeance of Her Majesty Her Heires and Successors shall be deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Subjects of this Kingdom to all Intents Constructions and Purposes whatsoever The Act was repealed ( except for the quoted clause III regarding foreign - born children ) by the Tories in 1711 by the statute 10 Anne c. 5 . Subsequently , the British Nationality Act 1730 provided : for the explaining the said recited Clause in the said Act ... ( t ) hat all Children born out of the Ligeance of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , or which shall hereafter be born out of such Ligeance , whose Fathers were or shall be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of England , or of Great Britain , at the Time of the Birth of such Children respectively ... are hereby declared to be natural - born Subjects of the Crown of Great Britain , to all Intents , Constructions and Purposes whatsoever . Another use is in the Plantation Act 1740 : ( A ) ll persons born out of the legience of His Majesty , His Heirs , or Successors , who have ... or shall inhabit or reside for ... seven years or more in any of His Majesty 's colonies in America ... shall be deemed , adjudged , and taken to be His Majesty 's natural - born subjects of this Kingdom . Jurist William Blackstone wrote in 1765 that `` Natural - born subjects are such as are born within the dominions of the crown of England '' . Blackstone added that offspring who are not inhabitants may also be natural born subjects : But by several more modern statutes ... all children , born out of the king 's ligeance , whose fathers were natural - born subjects , are now natural - born subjects themselves , to all intents and purposes , without any exception ; unless their said fathers were attainted , or banished beyond sea , for high treason ; or were then in the service of a prince at enmity with Great Britain . In 1775 , however , Blackstone reversed his opinion and explained that the children `` are now deemed to be natural - born subjects '' rather than `` are now natural - born subjects . '' Similarly , Francis Plowden ( barrister ) initially explained that an early English statute made foreign - born children of English parents `` in fact and law ... true native subjects '' and that the eighteenth century British statutes made persons natural born subjects by statute law just as others were natural born subjects by the common law . However , after further consideration he also reversed his opinion and concluded in 1785 that the statutes did not make the children natural born subjects -- rather , there remained a `` relict of alienage in them . '' Prior to Blackstone , Edward Coke offered a narrower opinion in Calvin 's Case . According to Coke : `` ( I ) f any of the King 's ambassadors in foreign nations , have children there of their wives , being English women , by the common laws of England they are natural - born subjects , and yet they are born out - of the King 's dominions . '' The term `` natural born '' has often been used synonymously with `` native born '' . The English lexicographer Samuel Johnson wrote in 1756 that the word `` natural '' means `` native , '' and that the word `` native '' may mean either an `` inhabitant '' or an `` offspring '' . Between 1776 and 1789 ( edit ) From the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) to the ratification of the Constitution ( 1789 ) , the thirteen states were independent of Britain , and during much of this time the Articles of Confederation tied together the country . The phrase `` natural born citizen '' was sometimes used during this period . An example occurred in 1784 when the Maryland General Assembly conferred citizenship on the ( French - born ) Marquis de Lafayette : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland -- that the Marquis de laFayette and his Heirs male forever shall be and they and each of them are hereby deemed adjudged and taken to be natural born Citizens of this State and shall henceforth be entitled to all the Immunities , Rights and Privileges of natural born Citizens thereof ... Constitutional Convention ( edit ) The Constitution does not explain the meaning of `` natural born '' . On June 18 , 1787 , Alexander Hamilton submitted to the Convention a sketch of a plan of government . The sketch provided for an executive `` Governour '' but had no eligibility requirements . At the close of the Convention , Hamilton conveyed a paper to James Madison he said delineated the Constitution that he wished had been proposed by the Convention ; he had stated its principles during the deliberations . Max Farrand wrote that it `` was not submitted to the Convention and has no further value than attaches to the personal opinions of Hamilton . '' Article IX , section 1 of Hamilton 's draft constitution provided : `` No person shall be eligible to the office of President of the United States unless he be now a Citizen of one of the States , or hereafter be born a Citizen of the United States . '' On July 25 , 1787 , John Jay wrote to George Washington , presiding officer of the Convention : Permit me to hint , whether it would not be wise and seasonable to provide a strong check to the admission of Foreigners into the administration of our national Government , and to declare expressly that the Command in chief of the American army shall not be given to , nor devolve on , any but a natural born Citizen . While the Committee of Detail originally proposed that the President must be merely a citizen , as well as a resident for 21 years , the Committee of Eleven changed `` citizen '' to `` natural born citizen '' , and the residency requirement to 14 years , without recorded explanation after receiving Jay 's letter . The Convention accepted the change without further recorded debate . Constitutionality of the natural - born - citizen clause ( edit ) In 2012 , Abdul Karim Hassan filed several unsuccessful lawsuits that claimed the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment had superseded the natural - born - citizen clause ; he had argued natural - born citizenship was a form of discrimination based on national origin . Proposed constitutional amendments ( edit ) More than two dozen proposed constitutional amendments have been introduced in Congress to relax the restriction . Two of the more well known were introduced by Representative Jonathan Bingham in 1974 , with the intent to allow German - born Secretary of State Henry Kissinger ( otherwise fourth in the line of succession ) to become eligible , and the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment by Senator Orrin Hatch in 2003 , intending to allow eligibility for Austrian - born Arnold Schwarzenegger . The Bingham amendment would have also made clear the eligibility of those born abroad to U.S. parents , while the Hatch one would have allowed those who have been naturalized citizens for twenty years to be eligible . Rationale ( edit ) St. George Tucker , an early federal judge , wrote in his 1803 edition of William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , perhaps the leading authority for the delegates to the Constitutional Convention for the terms used in the Constitution , that the natural born citizen clause is `` a happy means of security against foreign influence '' and that `` ( t ) he admission of foreigners into our councils , consequently , can not be too much guarded against . '' In a footnote , Tucker wrote that naturalized citizens have the same rights as the natural - born except `` they are forever incapable of being chosen to the office of president of the United States . '' In a speech before the Senate , delegate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney gave the rationale , `` to insure experience and attachment to the country . '' Professor Akhil Amar of Yale Law School claimed that there had been a perception on the part of those drafting the constitution that a member of the European aristocracy could immigrate and buy his way into power . Interpretations of the clause ( edit ) Naturalization acts of 1790 and 1795 ( edit ) Because of the large number of Framers who went on to serve in Congress , laws passed by the early sessions of Congress have often been looked to as evidence of the Framers ' intent . The Naturalization Act of 1790 stated that `` the children of citizens of the United States , that may be born beyond sea , or out of the limits of the United States , shall be considered as natural born citizens : Provided , That the right of citizenship shall not descend to persons whose fathers have never been resident in the United States . '' This act was repealed by the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which removed the characterization of such children as `` natural born '' , stating that `` the children of citizens of the United States , born out of the limits and jurisdiction of the United States , shall be considered as citizens of the United States '' while retaining the same residency restrictions as the 1790 act . Government officials ' interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) John Bingham , an American lawyer and politician , held to the belief that natural born should be interpreted as born in the United States . In 1862 , in the House of Representatives he stated : The Constitution leaves no room for doubt upon this subject . The words `` natural born citizen of the United States '' appear in it , and the other provision appears in it that , `` Congress shall have power to pass a uniform system of naturalization . '' To naturalize a person is to admit him to citizenship . Who are natural born citizens but those born within the Republic ? Those born within the Republic , whether black or white , are citizens by birth -- natural born citizens . He reiterated his statement in 1866 : Every human being born within the jurisdiction of the United States of parents not owing allegiance to any foreign sovereignty is , in the language of your Constitution itself , a natural - born citizen ; but , sir , I may be allowed to say further that I deny that the Congress of the United States ever had the power , or color of power to say that any man born within the jurisdiction of the United States , not owing a foreign allegiance , is not and shall not be a citizen of the United States . Citizenship is his birthright and neither the Congress nor the States can justly or lawfully take it from him . Edward Bates also held to the belief that `` natural born '' should be interpreted as `` born in the United States '' . He also indicated that those born in the United States to alien parents , even if they reside elsewhere , are still considered natural born . In 1862 , Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase sent a query to Attorney General Edward Bates asking whether or not `` colored men '' can be citizens of the United States . The question arose because the Coast Guard had detained a schooner commanded by a free `` colored man '' who claimed he was a citizen of the United States . If he were a U.S. citizen the boat could be released , but otherwise -- the Civil War then being fought -- it would be confiscated . No information about the man 's birth or parentage was provided . Bates responded on November 29 , 1862 , with a 27 - page opinion -- considered of such importance that the government published it not only in the official volumes of Attorney - General opinions but also as a separate booklet -- concluding , I conclude that the free man of color , mentioned in your letter , if born in the United States , is a citizen of the United States . ( italics in original ) In the course of that opinion , Bates commented at some length on the nature of citizenship , and wrote , ... our constitution , in speaking of natural born citizens , uses no affirmative language to make them such , but only recognizes and reaffirms the universal principle , common to all nations , and as old as political society , that the people born in a country do constitute the nation , and , as individuals , are natural members of the body politic . ( italics in original ) In another opinion , dated September 1 , 1862 , Bates dealt with a question from the Secretary of State , of whether a person born in the U.S. to two non-citizens , who is taken with them back to their country , could , years later , re-enter the United States as of right , as a U.S. citizen . Bates wrote : I am quite clear in the opinion that children born in the United States of alien parents , who have never been naturalized , are native - born citizens of the United States , and , of course , do not require the formality of naturalization to entitle them to the rights and privileges of such citizenship . I might sustain this opinion by a reference to the well - settled principle of the common law of England on this subject ; to the writings of many of the earlier and later commentators on our Constitution and laws ; ... and lastly to the dicta and decisions of many of our national and state tribunals . But all this has been well done by Assistant Vice Chancellor Sandford , in the case of Lynch vs. Clarke , and I forbear . I refer to his opinion for a full and clear statement of the principle , and of the reasons and authorities for its support . Unlike Edward Bates , U.S. Secretary of State William Learned Marcy was equivocal about whether those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens . In 1854 Marcy wrote John Y. Mason , the U.S. Minister to France : In reply to the inquiry ... whether `` the children of foreign parents born in the United States , but brought to the country of which the father is a subject , and continuing to reside within the jurisdiction of their father 's country , are entitled to protection as citizens of the United States '' , I have to observe that it is presumed that , according to the common law , any person born in the United States , unless he be born in one of the foreign legations therein , may be considered a citizen thereof until he formally renounces his citizenship . There is not , however any United States statute containing a provision upon this subject , nor , so far as I am aware , has there been any judicial decision in regard to it . U.S. Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont , however , shared Edward Bates ' opinion that those born in the country of alien parents and who reside elsewhere are still considered citizens , and he added that they should be entitled to be president of the United States , if elected . In 1875 Pierrepont was presented with a query from the Secretary of State , Hamilton Fish . A young man , named Arthur Steinkauler , had been born in Missouri in 1855 , a year after his father was naturalized a U.S. citizen . When he was four years old , his father returned to Germany with him and both had stayed there ever since . The father had relinquished his American citizenship and the young man was now 20 years old and about to be drafted into the Imperial German army . The question was asked `` What was this young man 's situation as a native - born American citizen ? '' After studying the relevant legal authorities , Pierrepont wrote : Under the treaty ( of 1868 with Germany ) , and in harmony with American doctrine , it is clear that Steinkauler the father abandoned his naturalization in America and became a German subject ( his son being yet a minor ) , and that by virtue of German laws the son acquired German nationality . It is equally clear that the son , by birth , has American nationality , and hence he has two nationalities , one natural , the other acquired ... Young Steinkauler is a native - born American citizen . There is no law of the United States under which his father or any other person can deprive him of his birthright . He can return to America at the age of 21 , and in due time , if the people elect , he can become President of the United States ... I am of opinion that when he reaches the age of 21 years he can then elect whether he will return and take the nationality of his birth , with its duties and privileges , or retain the nationality acquired by the act of his father . 1900s ( edit ) Frederick van Dyne , the Assistant Solicitor of the U.S. Department of State ( 1900 -- 1907 ) indicated that children of citizens born outside the United States are also considered citizens . In 1904 , he published a textbook , Citizenship of the United States , in which he wrote : There is no uniform rule of international law covering the subject of citizenship . Every nation determines for itself who shall , and who shall not , be its citizens ... By the law of the United States , citizenship depends , generally , on the place of birth ; nevertheless the children of citizens , born out of the jurisdiction of the United States , are also citizens ... The Constitution of the United States , while it recognized citizenship of the United States in prescribing the qualifications of the President , Senators , and Representatives , contained no definition of citizenship until the adoption of the 14th Amendment , in 1868 ; nor did Congress attempt to define it until the passage of the civil rights act , in 1866 ... Prior to this time the subject of citizenship by birth was generally held to be regulated by the common law , by which all persons born within the limits and allegiance of the United States were deemed natural - born citizens . It appears to have been assumed by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Murray v . The Charming Betsy ( 1804 ) 2 Cranch ( 6 U.S. ) 64 , 119 , 2 L. Ed . 208 , 226 , that all persons born in the United States were citizens thereof ... In M'Creery v. Somerville ( 1824 ) 9 Wheat . ( 22 U.S. ) 354 , 6 L. Ed . 109 , which concerned the title to land in the state of Maryland , it was assumed that children born in that state to an alien were native - born citizens of the United States ... The Federal courts have almost uniformly held that birth in the United States , of itself , confers citizenship . Interpretations by the courts ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) Although eligibility for the Presidency was not an issue in any 19th - century litigation , there have been a few cases that shed light on the definitions of natural born and native born citizen . The leading case , Lynch v. Clarke of 1844 , indicated that citizens born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' are citizens regardless of parental citizenship . This case dealt with a New York law ( similar to laws of other states at that time ) that only a U.S. citizen could inherit real estate . The plaintiff , Julia Lynch , had been born in New York while her parents , both British , were briefly visiting the U.S. , and shortly thereafter all three left for Britain and never returned to the U.S. The New York Chancery Court determined that , under common law and prevailing statutes , she was a U.S. citizen by birth and nothing had deprived her of that citizenship , notwithstanding that both her parents were not U.S. citizens or that British law might also claim her through her parents ' nationality . In the course of the decision , the court cited the Constitutional provision and said : Suppose a person should be elected president who was native born , but of alien parents ; could there be any reasonable doubt that he was eligible under the Constitution ? I think not . The position would be decisive in his favor , that by the rule of the common law , in force when the Constitution was adopted , he is a citizen . And further : Upon principle , therefore , I can entertain no doubt , but that by the law of the United States , every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , is a natural born citizen . It is surprising that there has been no judicial decision upon this question . The decision in Lynch was cited as persuasive or authoritative precedent in numerous subsequent cases , and reinforced the interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' meant born `` within the dominions and allegiance of the United States '' regardless of parental citizenship . For example , in an 1884 case , In re Look Tin Singg , the federal court held , that despite laws preventing naturalization of Chinese visitors , Chinese persons born in the United States were citizens by birth , and remained such despite any long stay in China . Citing Lynch , Justice Stephen J. Field wrote : After an exhaustive examination of the law , the Vice-Chancellor said that he entertained no doubt that every person born within the dominions and allegiance of the United States , whatever the situation of his parents , was a natural - born citizen , and added that this was the general understanding of the legal profession , and the universal impression of the public mind . The Lynch case was also cited as a leading precedent in the U.S. Supreme Court decision in United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) , which similarly held a child born in the United States of two Chinese parents became `` at the time of his birth a citizen of the United States '' . 1900s ( edit ) Consistent with the earlier decisions , in 1939 , the U.S. Supreme Court stated in its decision in Perkins v. Elg that a person born in America and raised in another country was a natural born citizen , and specifically stated that they could `` become President of the United States '' . The case was regarding a young woman , born in New York a year after her father became a naturalized U.S. citizen . However , when she was about four her parents returned to Sweden taking her with them , and they stayed in Sweden . At age 20 , she contacted the American embassy in Sweden and , shortly after her 21st birthday , returned to the United States on a U.S. passport and was admitted as a U.S. citizen . Years later , while she was still in America , her father in Sweden relinquished his American citizenship , and , because of that , the Department of Labor ( then the location of the Immigration & Naturalization Service ) declared her a non-citizen and tried to deport her . The young woman filed suit for a declaratory judgment that she was an American citizen by birth . She won at the trial level , and at the circuit court -- where she was repeatedly described as `` a natural born citizen '' -- and finally in the U.S. Supreme Court , where the court decision quoted at length from the U.S. Attorney General 's opinion in Steinkauler 's Case ( mentioned above ) including the comment that a person born in America and raised in another country could yet `` become President of the United States '' . Some federal cases argued for a narrow reading of the Fourteenth Amendment , according to which U.S. citizens were necessarily either born or naturalized in the United States , and any citizen who was not born in the United States must have been naturalized by operation of law , even if such naturalization was `` automatic '' at birth . In this view , such a person should not be considered a natural born citizen , but rather a `` naturalized '' citizen who is not eligible for the Presidency . In 1951 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit noted in Zimmer v. Acheson that `` ( t ) here are only two classes of citizens of the United States , native - born citizens and naturalized citizens '' , quoting a dictum by Justice Gray from United States v. Wong Kim Ark and Elk v. Wilkins . The court ruled that Zimmer , who was born abroad in 1905 to a U.S. citizen father and a noncitizen mother , was himself a citizen under the nationality law in force at the time of his birth , but `` his status as a citizen was that of a naturalized citizen and not a native - born citizen '' . In the 1956 case of Wong Kam Wo v. Dulles , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit quoted Zimmer v. Acheson and United States v. Wong Kim Ark in support of a ruling that the statute that was in effect prior to 1940 granting citizenship to foreign - born children of U.S. citizens was a naturalization law rather than a provision for nationality at birth . In 1940 , however , the federal law was amended to explicitly define `` naturalization '' as conferring nationality after birth . In 1961 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Montana v. Kennedy that an individual who was born in 1906 in Italy to a U.S. citizen mother and a noncitizen father was not a U.S. citizen by birth under the nationality laws in force at the time of his birth . It observed that automatic citizenship was granted to children of U.S. citizen fathers and noncitizen mothers by an 1855 act of Congress , but the reverse situation was only addressed , non-retroactively , in 1934 . In 1971 , the Court encountered a similar situation in Rogers v. Bellei , where the individual in question was born after 1934 and so was granted automatic U.S. citizenship , though subject to residence requirements and was subject to expatriation . The Court `` appeared to assume or imply that such persons became citizens at birth by way of naturalization '' . More recent cases , particularly Nguyen v. INS and Robinson v. Bowen , relaxed this view , suggesting that the Fourteenth Amendment merely establishes a `` floor '' for birthright citizenship , and this category may be expanded by Congress . 2000s ( edit ) In 2009 in Ankeny v. Governor , the Indiana Court of Appeals reaffirmed that persons born within the borders of the United States are `` natural born Citizens '' , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . The court referred to the case of Wong Kim Ark , and provides a compilation of the arguments pertaining to this topic . A clarification to this interpretation was made in 2010 , where a three - judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held that natural born citizens can lose their citizenship if their territory of birth later ceases to be U.S. territory . The case involved a Philippine - born litigant who could not claim U.S. citizenship on the basis of his parents , who lived all their lives in the Philippines , because they were born while the Philippines was U.S. territory prior to being given its independence . The Courts for the Second , Third , and Ninth Circuits have also held that birth in the Philippines at a time when the country was a territory of the United States does not constitute birth `` in the United States '' under the Citizenship Clause , and thus did not give rise to United States citizenship . In a 2012 New York case , Strunk v. N.Y. State Board of Elections , the pro se plaintiff challenged Barack Obama 's presence on the presidential ballot , based on his own interpretation that `` natural born citizen '' required the president `` to have been born on United States soil and have two United States born parents '' ( emphasis added ) . To this the Court responded , `` Article II , section 1 , clause 5 does not state this . No legal authority has ever stated that the Natural Born Citizen clause means what plaintiff Strunk claims it says ... Moreover , President Obama is the sixth U.S. President to have had one or both of his parents not born on U.S. soil '' . The opinion then listed Andrew Jackson , James Buchanan , Chester A. Arthur , Woodrow Wilson , and Herbert Hoover . Academic interpretations ( edit ) 1800s ( edit ) William Rawle , formerly the U.S. Attorney for Pennsylvania ( 1791 -- 1799 ) defined natural born citizen as every person born within the United States , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . In an 1825 treatise , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America , he wrote : The citizens of each state constituted the citizens of the United States when the Constitution was adopted ... ( He ) who was subsequently born the citizen of a State , became at the moment of his birth a citizen of the United States . Therefore every person born within the United States , its territories or districts , whether the parents are citizens or aliens , is a natural born citizen in the sense of the Constitution , and entitled to all the rights and privileges appertaining to that capacity ... Under our Constitution the question is settled by its express language , and when we are informed ... no person is eligible to the office of President unless he is a natural born citizen , the principle that the place of birth creates the relative quality is established as to us . James F. Wilson agreed with Rawle 's opinion , but added the exclusion of visiting foreign diplomats . During an 1866 House debate , he quoted Rawle 's opinion , and also referred to the `` general law relating to subjects and citizens recognized by all nations '' , saying : ... and that must lead us to the conclusion that every person born in the United States is a natural - born citizen of such States , except it may be that children born on our soil to temporary sojourners or representatives of foreign Governments , are native - born citizens of the United States . Supreme Court Justice Peter Vivian Daniel disagreed with this position and considered natural born citizen as every person born of citizen parents within the United States . In 1857 , in a concurring opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford , he quoted an English - language translation of Emerich de Vattel 's 1758 treatise The Law of Nations ( Le Droit des gens ) , stating that `` The natives , or natural - born citizens , are those born in the country of parents who are citizens '' . This was quoted again in 1898 by Chief Justice Melville Fuller in his dissenting opinion in United States v. Wong Kim Ark . However , two paragraphs later , Justice Vattel disagrees and states , `` § 214 ... there are states , as , for instance , England , where the single circumstance of being born in the country naturalizes the children of a foreigner . '' Joseph Story , an Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court , believed that the term native citizen is synonymous with natural born citizen , though he does not define either term . In his 1840 guidebook to the Constitution , A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States , about the natural - born - citizen clause he wrote `` It is not too much to say that no one , but a native citizen , ought ordinarily to be ( e ) ntrusted with an office so vital to the safety and liberties of the people . '' This same wording also appeared in his 1834 work The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . 1900s ( edit ) Alexander Porter Morse , the lawyer who represented Louisiana in Plessy v. Ferguson , considered this connection between native born and natural born to signify that only a child of citizens should be allowed to run for President . In the Albany Law Journal , he wrote : If it was intended that anybody who was a citizen by birth should be eligible , it would only have been necessary to say , `` no person , except a native - born citizen '' ; but the framers thought it wise , in view of the probable influx of European immigration , to provide that the president should at least be the child of citizens owing allegiance to the United States at the time of his birth . It may be observed in passing that the current phrase `` native - born citizen '' is well understood ; but it is pleonasm and should be discarded ; and the correct designation , `` native citizen '' should be substituted in all constitutional and statutory enactments , in judicial decisions and in legal discussions where accuracy and precise language are essential to intelligent discussion . 2000s ( edit ) Black 's Law Dictionary ( 9th Edition ) defines `` Natural Born Citizen '' as `` A person born within the jurisdiction of a national government '' . Foreign soil & territories ( edit ) In 2000 , the Congressional Research Service ( CRS ) , in one of its reports , wrote that most constitutional scholars interpret the natural born citizen clause to include citizens born outside the United States to parents who are U.S. citizens . This same CRS report also asserts that citizens born in the District of Columbia , Guam , Puerto Rico , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , are legally defined as `` natural born '' citizens and are , therefore , also eligible to be elected President . This opinion was reaffirmed in a 2009 CRS report , which stated : Considering the history of the constitutional qualifications provision , the common use and meaning of the phrase `` natural - born subject '' in England and in the Colonies in the 1700s , the clause 's apparent intent , the subsequent action of the first Congress in enacting the Naturalization Act of 1790 ( expressly defining the term `` natural born citizen '' to include a person born abroad to parents who are United States citizens ) , as well as subsequent Supreme Court dicta , it appears that the most logical inferences would indicate that the phrase `` natural born Citizen '' would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' or `` by birth '' . The interpretation of natural born being the equivalent of a citizen at birth was repeated in a 2011 CRS report and a 2016 CRS report . The 2011 report stated : The weight of legal and historical authority indicates that the term `` natural born '' citizen would mean a person who is entitled to U.S. citizenship `` by birth '' or `` at birth , '' either by being born `` in '' the United States and under its jurisdiction , even those born to alien parents ; by being born abroad to U.S. citizen - parents ; or by being born in other situations meeting legal requirements for U.S. citizenship `` at birth '' . Such term , however , would not include a person who was not a U.S. citizen by birth or at birth , and who was thus born an `` alien '' required to go through the legal process of `` naturalization '' to become a U.S. citizen . The 2016 report similarly stated : Although the eligibility of U.S. born citizens has been settled law for more than a century , there have been legitimate legal issues raised concerning those born outside of the country to U.S. citizens . From historical material and case law , it appears that the common understanding of the term `` natural born '' in England and in the American colonies in the 1700s included both the strict common law meaning as born in the territory ( jus soli ) , as well as the statutory laws adopted in England since at least 1350 , which included children born abroad to British fathers ( jus sanguinis , the law of descent ) . Legal scholars in the field of citizenship have asserted that this common understanding and legal meaning in England and in the American colonies was incorporated into the usage and intent of the term in the U.S. Constitution to include those who are citizens at birth . Gabriel J. Chin , Professor of Law at UC Davis School of Law , held the opinion that the term `` natural born '' is ambiguous and citizenship - granting authority has changed over the years . He notes that persons born outside the United States to U.S. - citizen parents have not always been born citizens . For example , foreign - born children of persons who became citizens between April 14 , 1802 and 1854 were aliens . He also believed that children born in the Panama Canal Zone to at least one U.S. then - citizen before August 4 , 1937 , when Congress granted citizenship to all such persons , were born without American citizenship . Congress possesses the authority either to grant not only citizenship ( as is undisputed ) but the more specific status of a `` natural born '' citizen , with an affirmative answer raising the question of whether it can also act to remove that status ( and thereby disqualify individuals from the Presidency through action short of stripping them of their citizenship ) , or to issue `` declarations '' regarding the meaning of preexisting law ( in this case , U.S. citizenship law between the aforementioned dates ) and having binding authority , a claim likely to violate separation of powers given the Constitution 's provisions in Article III that `` ( t ) he judicial Power of the United States ( ) shall be vested in one supreme Court ( ) and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish '' ( Section 1 ) and that `` ( t ) he judicial power shall extend to all cases , in law and equity , arising under this Constitution , the laws of the United States , and treaties made , or which shall be made , under their authority '' ( Section 2 ) and the statute ( currently codified at 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) ) -- which states only that `` any person ( fitting the above description ) is declared to be a citizen of the United States '' and neither expressly claims that its declaration ( whether a grant or an interpretation ) has retroactive rather than merely prospective effect ( contrast the locution `` to have been a citizen of the United States ( from birth ) '' ) nor in any way mentions `` natural born '' status ( instead conferring or recognizing the preexistence only of `` citizen ( ship ) '' generally ) -- in fact grants or recognizes citizenship from birth , let alone status as a natural born citizen ( to whatever extent the requirements of that status exceed those for citizenship from birth ) . In 2009 , G. Edward `` Ted '' White , Professor of Law at the University of Virginia , stated the term refers to anyone born on U.S. soil or anyone born on foreign soil to American citizen parents . Unlike Chin and White , Mary McManamon , Professor of Law at Widener University School of Law , has argued in the Catholic University Law Review that , aside from children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , a natural born citizen must be born in the United States . She claims that common law provides an exception for the children of U.S. ambassadors born abroad and the children of American soldiers while engaged in hostilities . Thus , with these two limited exceptions , she equates `` natural born '' with `` native born '' . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard Law School agrees with Professor McManamon that `` natural born '' means `` native born '' and therefore the wording of the Constitution `` does not permit his ( Ted Cruz 's ) candidacy . '' Professor Robert Clinton at the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University is also of the opinion that `` natural born citizen '' means `` born in the United States . '' University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner also concludes that `` natural born citizen '' means a `` person born in the ( United States ) '' . Former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals , Sol Wachtler , concludes the same . Their conclusion is consistent with the position that the eighteenth century legal usage of the term `` shall be considered as natural born '' in the Naturalization Act of 1790 merely naturalized persons or granted them limited rights of the natural born . American soil ( edit ) There is consensus among academics that those born on American soil , except children born to foreign ambassadors or to hostile soldiers on U.S. territory , both of whom owe allegiance to a different sovereign , are natural born citizens , or jus soli , regardless of parental citizenship status . In a 2008 article published by the Michigan Law Review , Lawrence Solum , Professor of Law at the University of Illinois , stated that `` there is general agreement on the core of ( the ) meaning ( of the Presidential Eligibility Clause ) . Anyone born on American soil whose parents are citizens of the United States is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . In April 2010 , Solum republished the same article as an online draft , in which he clarified his original statement so that it would not be misunderstood as excluding the children of one citizen parent . In a footnote he explained , `` based on my reading of the historical sources , there is no credible case that a person born on American soil with one American parent was clearly not a ' natural born citizen ' . '' He further extended natural born citizenship to all cases of jus soli as the `` conventional view '' . Although Solum stated elsewhere that the two - citizen - parents arguments were not `` crazy '' , he believes `` the much stronger argument suggests that if you were born on American soil that you would be considered a natural born citizen . '' Ronald Rotunda , Professor of Law at Chapman University , has remarked `` There 's ( sic ) some people who say that both parents need to be citizens . That 's never been the law . '' Polly Price , Professor of Law at Emory University , has commented `` It 's a little confusing , but most scholars think it 's a pretty unusual position for anyone to think the natural born citizen clause would exclude someone born in the U.S. '' Chin concurred with that assessment , stating , `` there is agreement that ' natural born citizens ' include those made citizens by birth under the 14th Amendment . '' Similarly , Eugene Volokh , Professor of Law at UCLA , found `` quite persuasive '' the reasoning employed by the Indiana Court of Appeals , which had concluded `` that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents '' . Daniel Tokaji , Professor of Law at Ohio State University , agrees the citizenship status of a U.S. - born candidate 's parents is irrelevant . Eligibility challenges ( edit ) Several courts have ruled that private citizens do not have standing to challenge the eligibility of candidates to appear on a presidential election ballot . Alternatively , there is a statutory method by which the eligibility of the president - elect of the United States to take office may be challenged in Congress . Some legal scholars assert that , even if eligibility challenges are nonjusticiable in federal courts , and are not undertaken in Congress , there are other avenues for adjudication , such as an action in state court in regard to ballot access . Every president to date was either a citizen at the adoption of the Constitution in 1789 or born in the United States ; of the former group , all except one had two parents with citizenship in what would become the U.S. ( Andrew Jackson ) . Of those in the latter group , every president except two ( Chester A. Arthur and Barack Obama ) had two U.S. - citizen parents . Further , four additional U.S. Presidents had one or both of his U.S. - citizen parents not born on U.S. soil ( James Buchanan , Woodrow Wilson , Herbert Hoover and Donald Trump ) . Some presidential candidates were not born in a U.S. state or lacked two U.S. - citizen parents . In addition , one U.S. vice president ( Al Gore ) was born in Washington , D.C. , and another ( Charles Curtis ) was born in the Kansas Territory . This does not necessarily mean that these officeholders or candidates were ineligible , only that there was some controversy about their eligibility , which may have been resolved in favor of eligibility . 1800s ( edit ) Chester a Arthur ( edit ) Chester A. Arthur , who was sworn in as president when James A. Garfield died after being shot , was rumored to have been born in Canada . Chester A. Arthur was born in Vermont on October 5 , 1829 to a Vermont - born mother and a father from Ireland ( who later became a U.S. citizen , 14 years after Chester A. Arthur was born ) . His mother , Malvina Stone Arthur , was a native of Berkshire , Vermont , who moved with her family to Quebec , where she met and married the future president 's father , William Arthur , on April 12 , 1821 . After the family had settled in Fairfield , Vermont , somewhere between 1822 and 1824 , William Arthur traveled with his eldest daughter to East Stanbridge , Canada , in October 1830 and commuted to Fairfield on Sundays to preach . `` It appears that he traveled regularly between the two villages , both of which were close to the Canada -- US border , for about eighteen months , holding two jobs '' , which may well explain the confusion about Chester A. Arthur 's place of birth , as perhaps did the fact that he was born in Franklin County , and thus within a day 's walk of the Vermont -- Quebec border . Moreover , Chester A. Arthur himself added a bit of confusion into the record by sometimes reporting his birth year as 1830 . No evidence of his having been born in Canada was ever demonstrated by his Democratic opponents , although Arthur Hinman , an attorney who had investigated Chester A. Arthur 's family history , raised the allegation as an objection during his vice-presidential campaign and , after the end of his presidency , published a book on the subject . Christopher Schürmann ( edit ) Christopher Schürmann ( born in New York City ) entered the Labor primaries during the 1896 presidential election . His eligibility was questioned in a New York Tribune article , because he was born to parents of German nationality . It was stated that `` various Attorney - Generals ( sic ) of the United States have expressed the opinion that a child born in this country of alien parents , who have not been naturalized , is , by the fact of birth , a native - born citizen entitled to all rights and privileges as such . '' But due to a lack of any statute on the subject , Schürmann 's eligibility was `` at best an open question , and one which should have made ( his ) nomination under any circumstances an impossibility '' , because questions concerning his eligibility could have been raised after the election . 1900s ( edit ) Charles Evans Hughes ( edit ) The eligibility of Charles Evans Hughes was questioned in an article written by Breckinridge Long , one of Woodrow Wilson 's campaign workers , and published on December 7 , 1916 in the Chicago Legal News -- a full month after the U.S. presidential election of 1916 , in which Hughes was narrowly defeated by Woodrow Wilson . Long claimed that Hughes was ineligible because his father was not yet naturalized at the time of his birth and was still a British citizen ( in fact , both his parents were British citizens and never became U.S. citizens ) . Observing that Hughes , although born in the United States , was also ( according to British law ) a British subject and therefore `` enjoy ( ed ) a dual nationality and owe ( d ) a double allegiance '' , Long argued that a native born citizen was not natural born without a unity of U.S. citizenship and allegiance and stated : `` Now if , by any possible construction , a person at the instant of birth , and for any period of time thereafter , owes , or may owe , allegiance to any sovereign but the United States , he is not a ' natural - born ' citizen of the United States . '' Barry Goldwater ( edit ) Barry Goldwater was born in Phoenix , in what was then the incorporated Arizona Territory of the United States . During his presidential campaign in 1964 , there was a minor controversy over Goldwater 's having been born in Arizona three years before it became a state . George Romney ( edit ) George W. Romney , who ran for the Republican party presidential nomination in 1968 , was born in Mexico to U.S. parents . Romney 's grandfather , a member of the LDS Church , had emigrated to Mexico in 1886 with his three wives and their children , after the U.S. federal government outlawed polygamy . However Romney 's parents ( monogamous under new church doctrine ) retained their U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States with him and his siblings in 1912 . Romney 's eligibility for President became moot when Richard Nixon was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate . Lowell Weicker ( edit ) Lowell P. Weicker entered the race for the Republican party nomination of 1980 but dropped out before voting in the primaries began ; he was also suggested as a possible vice-presidential nominee in 1976 , to replace retiring Vice President Nelson Rockefeller under the Republican ticket of incumbent President Gerald Ford . However Senator Bob Dole from Kansas was later chosen as the nominee . He was born in Paris , France , to parents who were U.S. citizens . His father was an executive for E.R. Squibb & Sons and his mother was born in India , the daughter of a British general . 2000s ( edit ) John McCain ( edit ) John McCain was born in 1936 at Coco Solo , Naval Air Station in the Panama Canal Zone . McCain 's eligibility was not challenged during his 2000 campaign , but it was challenged during his 2008 campaign . McCain never released his birth certificate to the press or independent fact - checking organizations , but in 2008 one was shown to Washington Post reporter Michael Dobbs , who wrote , `` ( A ) senior official of the McCain campaign showed me a copy of ( McCain 's ) birth certificate issued by the ' family hospital ' in the Coco Solo submarine base . '' A lawsuit filed by Fred Hollander in 2008 alleged McCain was actually born in a civilian hospital in Colón , Panama . Dobbs wrote that in his autobiography , Faith of My Fathers , McCain wrote that he was born `` in the Canal Zone '' at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Coco Solo , which was under the command of his grandfather , John S. McCain Sr . `` The senator 's father , John S. McCain Jr. , was an executive officer on a submarine , also based in Coco Solo . His mother , Roberta McCain , has said that she has vivid memories of lying in bed listening to raucous celebrations of her son 's birth from the nearby officers ' club . The birth was announced days later in the English - language Panamanian American newspaper . '' The former unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone and its related military facilities were not regarded as United States territory at the time , but 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , which became law in 1937 , retroactively conferred citizenship on individuals born within the Canal Zone on or after February 26 , 1904 , and on individuals born in the Republic of Panama on or after that date who had at least one U.S. citizen parent employed by the U.S. government or the Panama Railway Company ; 8 U.S.C. § 1403 was cited in Judge William Alsup 's 2008 ruling , described below . A March 2008 paper by former Solicitor General Ted Olson and Harvard Law Professor Laurence H. Tribe opined that McCain was eligible for the Presidency . In April 2008 , the U.S. Senate approved a non-binding resolution recognizing McCain 's status as a natural - born citizen . In September 2008 , U.S. District Judge William Alsup stated obiter in his ruling that it is `` highly probable '' that McCain is a natural - born citizen from birth by virtue of 8 U.S.C. § 1401 , although he acknowledged the alternative possibility that McCain became a natural - born citizen retroactively , by way of 8 U.S.C. § 1403 . These views have been criticized by Chin , who argues that McCain was at birth a citizen of Panama and was only retroactively declared a born citizen under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 , because at the time of his birth and with regard to the Canal Zone the Supreme Court 's Insular Cases overruled the Naturalization Act of 1795 , which would otherwise have declared McCain a U.S. citizen immediately at birth . The U.S. State Department 's Foreign Affairs Manual states that children born in the Panama Canal Zone at certain times became U.S. nationals without citizenship . In Rogers v. Bellei , the Supreme Court ruled that children `` born abroad of American parents '' are not citizens within the citizenship clause of the 14th Amendment but did not elaborate on their natural - born status . Similarly , legal scholar Lawrence Solum concluded in an article on the natural born citizen clause that the question of McCain 's eligibility could not be answered with certainty , and that it would depend on the particular approach of `` constitutional construction '' . The urban legend fact checking website Snopes.com considers McCain 's eligibility `` undetermined '' . Arguments over McCain 's eligibility became moot after he lost the United States presidential election in 2008 . Barack Obama ( edit ) Main article : Barack Obama presidential eligibility litigation Barack Obama was born in 1961 in Honolulu , Hawaii ( which had become a U.S. state in 1959 ) . His mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was a British subject from British Kenya . Before and after the 2008 presidential election , arguments were made that Obama was not a natural - born citizen . On June 12 , 2008 , the Obama presidential campaign launched a website to counter what it described as a smear campaign by his opponents , including conspiracy theories challenging his eligibility . The most prominent issue raised against Obama was the claim made in several lawsuits that he was not actually born in Hawaii . The Supreme Court declined without comment to hear two lawsuits in which the plaintiffs argued it was irrelevant whether Obama was born in Hawaii . Most of the cases were dismissed because of the plaintiff 's lack of standing ; however , several courts have given guidance on the question . In Ankeny v. Governor , a three - member Indiana Court of Appeals stated , Based upon the language of Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 and the guidance provided by Wong Kim Ark , we conclude that persons born within the borders of the United States are ' natural born Citizens ' for Article II , Section 1 purposes , regardless of the citizenship of their parents . Administrative Law Judge Michael Malihi in Georgia decided a group of eligibility challenge cases by saying , `` The Indiana Court rejected the argument that Mr. Obama was ineligible , stating that the children born within the United States are natural born citizens , regardless of the citizenship of their parents ... This Court finds the decision and analysis of Ankeny persuasive . '' Federal District Judge John A. Gibney , Jr. wrote in his decision in the case of Tisdale v. Obama : The eligibility requirements to be President of the United States are such that the individual must be a `` natural born citizen '' of the United States ... It is well settled that those born in the United States are considered natural born citizens . See , e.g. United States v. Ark ( sic ) ... On October 31 , 2008 , Hawaii Health Director Chiyome Fukino issued a statement saying , I ... have personally seen and verified that the Hawai'i State Department of Health has Sen. Obama 's original birth certificate on record in accordance with state policies and procedures . On July 27 , 2009 , Fukino issued an additional statement : I ... have seen the original vital records maintained on file by the Hawaii State Department of Health verifying Barack Hussein Obama was born in Hawaii and is a natural - born American citizen . Attempts to prevent Obama from participating in the 2012 Democratic primary election in several states failed . Ted Cruz ( edit ) Ted Cruz announced on March 22 , 2015 , that he was running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Cruz was born in Calgary , Canada . Cruz 's mother was a U.S. citizen and his father was born in Cuba , but his father eventually became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 2005 . This gave Cruz dual Canadian - American citizenship , as he was granted U.S. citizenship at the time of his birth by the virtue of his mother 's citizenship , and Canada grants birthright citizenship to every person born in Canada . Cruz applied to formally renounce his Canadian citizenship and ceased being a citizen of Canada on May 14 , 2014 . Former Solicitor General Paul Clement , former Acting Solicitor General Neal Katyal , University of California , Irvine School of Law Dean Erwin Chemerinsky , Professor Chin ( see above ) , Temple University Law School Professor Peter Spiro , Professor Akhil Amar , Georgetown University Law Center Professor Randy Barnett , Yale Law School Professor Jack Balkin , and University of San Diego Professor Michael Ramsey believe Cruz meets the constitutional requirements to be eligible for the presidency . Similarly , Bryan Garner , the editor of Black 's Law Dictionary , believes the U.S. Supreme Court would find Cruz to be eligible , and Case Western Reserve University School of Law professor Jonathan H. Adler agrees that no court will rule against Cruz 's eligibility . Laurence Tribe of Harvard , however , described Cruz 's eligibility as `` murky and unsettled '' . Harvard Law Professor Cass Sunstein believes that Cruz is eligible , but agrees with Ramsey that Cruz 's eligibility is not `` an easy question '' . Sunstein believes concerns over standing and the political - question doctrine make it unlikely that courts would rule against Cruz . Mary McManamon ( see above ) writing in the Catholic University Law Review believes that Cruz is not eligible because he was not born in the United States . Professor Einer Elhauge of Harvard , Professor Robert Clinton of Arizona State University , University of Chicago Professor Eric Posner , former Chief Justice of the New York Court of Appeals Sol Wachtler , and Professor Victor Williams of Catholic University of America 's law school agree that Cruz is not eligible . Alan Grayson , a Democratic Member of Congress from Florida , does not believe Cruz is a natural - born citizen , and stated he would have filed a lawsuit if Cruz had become the Republican nominee . Orly Taitz , Larry Klayman , and Mario Apuzzo , who each filed multiple lawsuits challenging Obama 's eligibility , have also asserted that Cruz is not eligible . Cruz 's eligibility was questioned by some of his primary opponents , including Donald Trump , Mike Huckabee , Rick Santorum , Carly Fiorina , and Rand Paul . Marco Rubio , however , believes Cruz is eligible . Two November 2015 ballot challenges in New Hampshire alleging that Cruz was not a natural - born citizen were unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , similar lawsuits were unsuccessfully filed in Texas and Utah , and two similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Illinois . In February , two similar unsuccessful lawsuits were filed in Pennsylvania and one was filed in Arkansas ; a similar lawsuit was filed in Alabama ; similar unsuccessful ballot challenges were filed in Indiana ; and similar ballot challenges and an unsuccessful similar lawsuit were also filed in New York . In March , a similar lawsuit was filed in New York . In April , a similar ballot challenge was unsuccessfully filed in New Jersey . No lawsuit or challenge has been successful , and in February 2016 , the Illinois Board of Elections ruled in Cruz 's favor , stating , `` The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth . '' The question of Cruz 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his campaign on May 3 , 2016 . Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal ( edit ) Marco Rubio and Bobby Jindal both announced in 2015 that they were running for the Republican Party 's nomination for president in the 2016 election . Taitz and Apuzzo each have claimed neither Rubio nor Jindal is eligible because both were born ( albeit in the United States ) to parents who were not U.S. citizens at the time of their respective births . The question of Jindal 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in November 2015 . Nonetheless , a lawsuit filed in December 2015 in Vermont and a ballot challenge filed in February 2016 in New York challenged Jindal 's eligibility . A November 2015 ballot challenge in New Hampshire alleging that Rubio was not a natural - born citizen was unsuccessful . In December , a similar lawsuit was filed in Vermont , and an unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Florida . In January 2016 , a similar unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Illinois . In February , a similar unsuccessful lawsuit was filed in Arkansas ; a similar ballot challenge was filed in New York ; and an unsuccessful ballot challenge was filed in Indiana . The question of Rubio 's eligibility became moot when he suspended his presidential campaign in March 2016 . Potential presidential candidates who are not eligible ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger was reported as considering challenging the prevailing interpretation of the clause . In 2003 , Senator Orrin Hatch unsuccessfully put forth the Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment , intending to allow eligibility for Arnold Schwarzenegger . In October 2013 , the New York Post reported that Schwarzenegger -- who is originally from Austria and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1983 , also retaining Austrian citizenship -- was exploring a future run for the American presidency . He reportedly lobbied legislators about a possible constitutional change , or filing a legal challenge to the provision . Cornell University law professor Michael C. Dorf observed that Schwarzenegger 's possible lawsuit could ultimately win him the right to run for the office , noting , `` The law is very clear , but it 's not 100 percent clear that the courts would enforce that law rather than leave it to the political process '' . Schwarzenegger subsequently denied that he was running . See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Jus sanguinis United States nationality law United States presidential eligibility legislation Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Tucker , St. George ( 1803 ) . `` St. George Tucker , Blackstone 's Commentaries 1 : App . 316 -- s25 , 328 -- 29 '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Williams , Pete ( January 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Natural Born ' Issue for Ted Cruz Is Not Settled and Not Going Away '' . NBC News . The emerging consensus of the legal experts , however , is that being ' natural born ' means becoming a citizen at the moment of birth , as opposed to achieving it later through the process of naturalization ... ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( November 14 , 2011 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 2 . Retrieved February 25 , 2012 . In addition to historical and textual analysis , numerous holdings and references in federal ( and state ) cases for more than a century have clearly indicated that those born in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction ( i.e. , not born to foreign diplomats or occupying military forces ) , even to alien parents , are citizens ' at birth ' or ' by birth , ' and are ' natural born , ' as opposed to ' naturalized , ' U.S. citizens . There is no provision in the Constitution and no controlling American case law to support a contention that the citizenship of one 's parents governs the eligibility of a native born U.S. citizen to be President . ^ Jump up to : `` Strunk v New York State Bd. of Elections : : 2012 : : New York Other Courts Decisions : : New York Case Law : : New York Law : : U.S. Law : : Justia '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Pilon , Mary ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Donald Trump 's Immigrant Mother '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : Tokaji , Daniel ( 2008 ) . `` The Justiciability of Eligibility : May Courts Decide Who Can Be President ? '' . Michigan Law Review , First Impressions. 107 : 31 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Charles ( 1968 ) . `` Who can be President of the United States : The Unresolved Enigma '' . Maryland Law Review . Baltimore Maryland : Maryland Law Review , Inc . University of Maryland School of Law . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 32 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Siegel , Neil ( April 2015 ) . `` CONSTRUCTED CONSTRAINT AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL TEXT '' . Duke Law Journal . 64 ( 7 ) : 1243 ( footnote 130 ) . Jump up ^ A Duke Law Journal article has noted , `` Because of the placement of the commas , this clause , if read literally , suggests that only individuals alive at the time the Constitution was adopted are eligible to be president . For purposive and consequentialist reasons , however , the clause never has been read that way . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 2 , Clause 2 : Qualifications of Members Jump up ^ U.S. Constitution : Article 1 , Section 3 , Clause 3 : Qualifications of Senators Jump up ^ Coke , Edward ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` The reports of Sir Edward Coke , knt. ( 1572 - 1617 ). In thirteen parts . A new ed. , with additional notes and references , and with abstracts of the principal points : '' . London : . Jump up ^ Great Britain , Statutes of the Realm , Vol. 9 , p. 63 ( London , Dawsons of Pall Mall 1822 , reprinted 1962 ) . Jump up ^ Piggott , Francis . Nationality and Naturalization , pp. 48 - 50 ( W. Clowes and Sons , 1907 ) . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary . `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause as Originally Understood '' , Catholic University Law Review , v. 64 , no . 2 ( 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 363 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) Jump up ^ Biglieri , Ezio ; Prati , G. ( 2014 ) . Enclyclopedia of Public International Law . Elsevier . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4832 - 9477 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` British Nationality Act , 1730 '' . United Settlement . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth . `` Citizenship and the Law of Time in the United States '' , Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy , Vol. 8 , p. 67 n . 59 ( 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : Blackstone , William . Commentaries on the Laws of England , Vol. 1 , p. 354 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press 1765 ) . Jump up ^ Dann , Carrie . `` Yes , Ted Cruz Was Born in Canada . So What ? '' , NBC News ( March 26 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Blackstone , William . `` Commentaries on the Laws of England '' , Vol. 1 , p. 373 ( Oxford , The Clarendon Press , 7th ed. 1775 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` An Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , pp. 74 , 161 - 62 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1784 ) . Jump up ^ Plowden , Francis . `` A Supplement to the Investigation of the Native Rights of British Subjects '' , p. 134 ( London , Baldwin , Whieldon & Debrett 1785 ) . Jump up ^ 7 Coke Report 1a , 77 ER 377 ( 1608 ) , Opinion of Edward Coke . Jump up ^ Edwards , F.B. `` Natural - Born British Subjects at Common Law '' , Journal of the Society of Comparative Legislation , Vol. 14 , p. 318 ( 1914 ) . Jump up ^ Maskell , Jack . `` Qualifications for President and the ' Natural Born ' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement '' , CRS Report for Congress , pp. 31 - 32 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Samuel . A Dictionary Of The English Language : In Which The Words are Deduced from Their Originals , And Illustrated in Their Different Significations By Examples from the Best Writers , To Which Are Prefixed , A History of the Language , And An English Grammar : In Two Volumes , Volume 2 , pp. 180 -- 181 ( Knapton , 1756 ) . Jump up ^ Speare , Morris . `` Lafayette , Citizen of America '' , New York Times ( September 7 , 1919 ) . Jump up ^ Riley , Elihu . `` The Ancient City '' : A History of Annapolis , in Maryland , 1649 - 1887 , p. 198 ( Record Printing Office 1887 ) . Jump up ^ Lee , Thomas . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' natural born Citizen ' ? Not if you 're a constitutional originalist '' , Los Angeles Times ( January 10 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Pryor , Jill A . `` The Natural - Born Citizen Clause and Presidential Eligibility : An Approach for Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' . 97 Yale Law Journal 881 , 889 ( 1988 ) http://yalelawjournal.org/images/pdfs/pryor_note.pdf ; Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Madison Debates - June 18 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Jump up ^ 3 M. Farrand , The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , at 619 . Jump up ^ 3 Farrand , at 629 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Digital Library Collections '' . wwwapp.cc.columbia.edu . Jump up ^ Heard , Alexander ; Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection , Duke University Press . p. 123 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . ( the word born is underlined in the quoted letter ) Jump up ^ Han , William . `` Beyond Presidential Eligibility : The Natural Born Citizen Clause as a Source of Birthright Citizenship '' , Drake Law Review , Vol. 58 , No. 2 , 2010 , pp. 462 -- 463 . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( September 4 , 2012 ) . `` The Other Democratic Candidate '' . The Wall Street Journal . ^ Jump up to : Kasindorf , Martin ( December 2 , 2004 ) . `` Should the Constitution be amended for Arnold ? '' . USA Today . ^ Jump up to : `` President Kissinger ? '' . Time . March 4 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Commentaries , Vol. II , Ch. 10 , 1803 . Jump up ^ Farrand , Max . `` Charles Pinckney in the United States Senate '' . The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 , Vol 3 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( March -- April 2004 ) . `` NATURAL BORN KILLJOY Why the Constitution wo n't let immigrants run for president , and why that should change '' . Legal Affairs . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 - 1875 '' . rs6.loc.gov . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 37.2 ( 1862 ) , p. 1639 . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe 39.1 ( 1866 ) p. 1291 . Stated again during a House debate in 1872 ; cf . Congressional Globe 42.2 ( 1872 ) , p. 2791 . Jump up ^ 10 Opinions of the U.S. Atty. Gen. ( pages ) 382 -- 413 , and separately as Opinion of Attorney General Bates on Citizenship ( 1863 , Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office ) 27 pages . Jump up ^ `` Citizenship of children born in the United States of alien parents '' , 10 Op . US Atty - Gen. 328 . Jump up ^ Letter from Marcy to Mason , June 6 , 1854 , quoted from the manuscript , reprinted ( with the emphasis shown ) in John Bassett Moore , A Digest of International Law ( of the United States ) , vol. 3 , sec. 373 , pp. 276 -- 277 ( US House of Representatives , 56th Congress , 2d Session , Document no . 551 ; Washington , DC , Govt . Printing Office , 1906 ) . Jump up ^ His first name is not given in the Opinion itself but is found in the correspondence seeking the opinion , in Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States ( US House of Representatives , 44th Congress , 1st Session , December 6 , 1875 ) Exec . Doct. 1 , part 1 , page 563 . Jump up ^ Steinkauler 's Case , 15 Opinions of the US Attorneys - General 15 at 17 -- 18 ( June 26 , 1875 ) . Jump up ^ van Dyne , Frederick , Citizenship of the United States ( 1904 , Rochester , NY , Lawyers Co-operative Publ'g Co . ) pp. 3 -- 12 . With regard to the last sentence in the quotation , van Dyne discusses some peripheral court decisions , none dealing with conventional U.S. citizenship , but with the nationality of the child of a foreigner and a member of an independent American Indian tribe whose members were not ordinarily regarded as U.S. citizens . Jump up ^ NY Chanc. Ct. , November 5 , 1844 ; 1 Sandf.Ch. 583 , 3 NY Leg. Obs. 236 , 7 NY Ch . Ann . 443 , 1844 WL 4804 , 1844 N.Y. Misc . LEXIS 1 . ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Sandf . at 656 , Leg. Obs . at 246 -- 247 Jump up ^ Sandf . at 663 , Leg. Obs . at 250 Jump up ^ `` The Federal reporter : with key - number annotations ... Permanent ed ... v. 21 . '' HathiTrust . Jump up ^ Fed at 909 , Sawyer at 359 -- 360 Jump up ^ U.S. v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) 169 U.S. 649 , 42 L. Ed . 890 , 18 S. Ct. 456 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Similarly , in a 1999 Circuit Court decision , the U.S. - born children of two non-citizen parents were spoken of as `` natural born citizens '' . Mustata v. US Dept. of Justice ( 6th Cir. 1999 ) 179 F. 3d 1017 at 1019 . ( 3 ) ^ Jump up to : Perkins v. Elg ( 1939 ) 307 U.S. 325 at 329 , 83 L. Ed . 1320 at 1324 , 59 S. Ct. 884 at 888 . ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Perkins v. Elg ( D.C. Cir. 1938 ) 69 U.S. App. D.C. 175 , 99 F. 2d 408 '' . ^ Jump up to : Maskell , Jack ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Qualifications for President and the `` Natural Born '' Citizenship Eligibility Requirement `` . Congressional Research Service . Jump up ^ `` Zimmer v Acheson , 191 F. 2d 209 ( 10th Cir. 1951 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Montana v. Kennedy , 366 U.S. 308 ( 1961 ) '' . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Nolos v. Holder ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) 611 F. 3d 279 , 62 ALR - Fed. 2d 777 , ( 5 ) ; also Sean Morrison , Foreign in a Domestic Sense : American Samoa and the Last U.S. Nationals , 41 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 71 ( fall 2013 ) ( 6 ) . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Philadelphia , Carey & Lea . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1144771858 . Jump up ^ James F. Wilson in : Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , Washington 1866 , p. 1117 . Jump up ^ Dred Scott v. Sandford , 60 U.S. 393 , 476 ( 1857 ) . Jump up ^ Book 1 , § 212 Jump up ^ United States v. Wong Kim Ark , 169 U.S. 649 , 708 ( 1898 ) . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1840 ) . A familiar exposition of the Constitution of the United States : containing a brief commentary on every clause , explaining the true nature , reasons , and objects thereof : designed for the use of school libraries and general readers : with an appendix , containing important public documents , illustrative of the Constitution . Marsh , Capen , Lyon and Webb . pp. 167 § 269 -- 271 . Jump up ^ Joseph Story ( 1834 ) . The constitutional class book : being a brief exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Designed for the use of the higher classes in common schools . Hilliard , Gray & Company . pp. 115 § 190 . Jump up ^ Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) . Jump up ^ A.P. Morse , `` Natural - Born Citizen of the United States : Eligibility for the Office of President '' , Albany Law Journal , vol. 66 ( 1904 -- 1905 ) Jump up ^ `` Presidential Elections in the United States : A Primer '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . April 17 , 2000 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 41131059 MoC Memo What to Tell Your Constituents in Answer to Obama Eligibility - United States Nationality Law - United States Constitution '' . Scribd . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( July 11 , 2008 ) . `` A Citizen , but ' Natural Born ' ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 1 Jump up ^ White , G. Edward ( August 20 , 2009 ) . `` Re-examining the Constitution 's Presidential Eligibility Clause '' . University of Virginia School of Law . Retrieved February 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McManamon , Mary ( 2015 ) , `` The Natural Born Citizens Clause as Originally Understood '' , 64 Catholic University Law Review 317 Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor : Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Opinion : Cruz not really ' natural born citizen ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not A ' Natural Born ' Citizen '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Wachtler , Sol ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional history shows Cruz ineligible for White House '' . Newsday . Jump up ^ Vlahoplus , John ( April 5 , 2017 ) . On the Meaning of `` Considered as Natural Born '' . Wake Forest L. Rev. Online . Jump up ^ Solum , Lawrence B. ( 2008 ) , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 107 Mich . L. Rev. First Impressions 22 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , revised draft version , April 18 , 2010 ( SSRN ) , p. 1 , n . 3 . However , other passages of his revised draft still imply U.S. citizenship of both parents ; cf . i.a. pp. 3 , 9 , 11 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Birthers say Marco Rubio is not eligible to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Jump up ^ Kornhaber , Spencer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Chapman Constitutional Scholar Rebuffs Orly Taitz 's Overtures '' . OC Weekly . Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel ( April 20 , 2011 ) . `` Who 's really eligible to be president ? '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Indiana Court of Appeals Rejects Claim That ' Because His Father Was a Citizen of the United Kingdom , President Obama Is Not a Natural Born Citizen and Therefore Constitutionally Ineligible to Assume the Office of the President ' '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana , 916 NE 2d 678 ( Ind . Ct. of Appeals November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Rathgeber , Bob ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Now , ' birthers ' have eye on Marco Rubio '' . News - Press . ^ Jump up to : E.g. see Robinson v. Bowen , 567 F. Supp . 2d 1144 ( N.D. Cal. 2008 ) ; Hollander v. McCain , 2008 WL 2853250 ( D.N.H. 2008 ) ; Berg v. Obama , 08 - 04083 ( E.D. Pa. 2008 ) . Jump up ^ See 3 U.S.C. ch. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Carl Hulse ( February 28 , 2008 ) . `` McCain 's Canal Zone Birth Prompts Queries About Whether That Rules Him Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter . `` McCain 's Citizenship and Constitutional Method '' , Michigan Law Review , Volume 107 , p. 208 ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Can Be President ? '' , Voice of America News ( July 29 , 2008 ) . Archived February 20 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. `` The Mystery of Chester Alan Arthur 's Birthplace '' , Vermont History 38 , Montpelier : Vermont Historical Society , p. 295 Jump up ^ DeGregorio , William A . The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Random House : 1993 , pp. 307 -- 08 , ISBN 0 - 517 - 08244 - 6 Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves , Gentleman Boss . The Life and Times of Chester Alan Arthur ( Newtown 1991 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Hinman , Arthur P. ( 1884 ) . How a British Subject became President of the United States . Jump up ^ `` Is Mr. Schürmann eligible ? '' , New York Tribune , October 2 , 1896 , in : Anonymous ( ed . ) , The Presidential Campaign of 1896 . A Scrap - Book Chronicle , New York 1925 : Funk & Wagnalls , p. 130 sq . ( Note : The year of publication is given as 1888 , though the election was eight years later . However , the author 's introduction is dated 1925 . ) Jump up ^ Breckinridge Long ( 1916 ) , `` Is Mr. Charles Evans Hughes a ' Natural Born Citizen ' within the Meaning of the Constitution ? '' , Chicago Legal News vol. 49 , pp. 146 -- 148 ( December 7 , 1916 ) . It does not appear that this issue was raised before the election day , which may indicate that the majority of voters or of legal authorities felt it was not an impediment to Hughes 's eligibility . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( 2009 ) . The Citizen 's Constitution : An Annotated Guide . ( Basic Books ) . p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Heard , Alexander and Nelson , Michael ( 1987 ) . Presidential Selection . ( Duke University Press ) p. 127 . Jump up ^ Ken Rudin ( July 9 , 1998 ) . `` Citizen McCain 's Panama Problem ? '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Powell , Stewart ( August 14 , 1976 ) . `` Weicker May Not Be Eligible to Serve in High Position '' , Nashua Telegraph . United Press International . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen. , U.S. Senate , April 30 , 2008 , OpenCongress . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` John McCain Biography '' , Biography.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Dobbs , Michael ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` John McCain 's Birthplace '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parish , Matt ( 2010 ) , `` How Old Is John McCain ? '' , Politics Daily , AOL . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Profile : John McCain '' . Online NewsHour . PBS . July 1 , 2008 . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fagan , Kevin ( September 21 , 2008 ) . `` McCain : A profile in courage and adaptation '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Hollander v. McCain et al , Justia Dockets & Filings Jump up ^ Dr. Conspiracy ( April 24 , 2010 ) , `` John McCain 's fake birth certificate '' , Obama Conspiracy Theories . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( May 2 , 2008 ) , `` McCain 's Birth Abroad Stirs Legal Debate : His Eligibility for Presidency Is Questioned '' , The Washington Post Jump up ^ Article II of Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama states : `` ... the cities of Panama and Colon and the harbors adjacent to said cities , which are included within the boundaries of the zone above described , shall not be included within this grant '' . Jump up ^ A book written by the U.S. Navy includes the same reference : Bakenhus , Reuben Edwin ; Knapp , Harry Shepard ; Johnson , Emory Richard ( 1915 ) . The Panama Canal : Comprising Its History and Construction , and Its Relation to the Navy , International Law and Commerce . J. Wiley & sons , Incorporated . p. 192 . Jump up ^ This map clearly shows Colon is not part of the Canal Zone . Colon Hospital can be seen on the map at the North end of the island . ( Source : http://www.serve.com/~CZBrats/ ) Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1110 Acquisition of U.S. Citizenship by Birth in the United States '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . 7 FAM 1113 ( c ) ( 1 ) : `` Despite widespread popular belief , U.S. military installations abroad and U.S. diplomatic facilities are not part of the United States within the meaning of the 14th Amendment . A child born on the premises of such a facility is not subject to U.S. jurisdiction and does not acquire U.S. citizenship by reason of birth . '' Jump up ^ `` Lawyers Conclude McCain Is `` Natural Born '' , CBS News , Associated Press , March 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ S. Res. 511 : A resolution recognizing that John Sidney McCain , III , is a natural - born citizen ; sponsors : Sen. Claire McCaskill , Sen. Barack Obama et al. ; page S2951 notes Chairman Patrick Leahy as agreeing to Secretary Michael Chertoff 's `` assumption and understanding '' that a citizen is a natural - born citizen , if he or she was `` born of American parents '' . Jump up ^ Cf . William Alsup , Robinson v. Bowen : Order denying preliminary injunction and dismissing action , September 16 , 2008 , p. 2 ; Alsup ruled that McCain was either a natural - born citizen by birth under 8 U.S.C. § 1401c or retroactively under 8 U.S.C. § 1403 ( a ) . ( See also : `` Judge says McCain is a ' natural - born citizen ' '' . Associated Press . September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved November 16 , 2008 . , and `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved November 25 , 2008 . ) Jump up ^ Chin , Gabriel J. ( 2008 ) , `` Why Senator John McCain Cannot Be President : Eleven Months and a Hundred Yards Short of Citizenship '' , Michigan Law Review First Impressions , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , ( Arizona Legal Studies Discussion Paper No. 08 - 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual 7 FAM 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' . United States Department of State . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SCOTUS 401 U.S. 815 , 828 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Lawrence B. Solum , `` Originalism and the natural born citizen clause '' , Michigan Law Review : First Impressions 107 , September 2008 Archived February 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Is John McCain a natural - born citizen ? '' Snopes.com , July 23 , 2008 . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obama 's Kenyan Citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org . September 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British nationality by virtue of citizenship '' . British Nationality Act 1948 . Her Majesty 's Government . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UK and Colonies '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` The Truth About Barack 's Birth Certificate ( archived web cache ) '' . Fight the Smears ( Obama for America ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2011 . ( Retrieved March 9 , 2011 ) , quoting in excerpts from : `` Does Barack Obama have Kenyan citizenship ? '' . FactCheck.org ( Annenberg Foundation ) . August 29 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . ; see also : `` Obama hits back at Internet slanders '' . Agence France - Presse . June 12 , 2008 . ; in a written oath to the State of Arizona , Obama further stated that he is a natural - born citizen ( cf . Candidate Nomination Paper , State of Arizona , November 30 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Leo C. Donofrio v. Nina Mitchell Wells ( SCOTUS 08A407 ) and Cort Wrotnowski v. Susan Bysiewicz ( SCOTUS 08A469 ) Jump up ^ Ankeny v. Governor of the State of Indiana ( Ind. App. , 12 NOV 2009 ) , Appeals Court Decision , 11120903 Jump up ^ Farrar v. Obama ( Office of State Administrative Hearings State of Georgia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Tisdale v. Obama ( United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Statement by Dr. Chiyome Fukino , Department of Health , October 31 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Hawaii reasserts Obama ' natural - born ' citizen '' , MSNBC , July 28 , 2009 Jump up ^ Hanna , Maddie ( November 18 , 2011 ) . `` ' Birther ' bid to derail Obama blocked '' . Concord Monitor . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Velasco , Eric ( January 9 , 2012 ) . `` Suit to keep President Barack Obama off Alabama primary ballots dismissed by Jefferson County judge '' . Alabama : al.com . Jump up ^ Allen v. Obama ( Arizona Superior Court , Pima County February 24 , 2012 ) . Text Jump up ^ Secretary of State Kemp Issues Final Decision on Challenge to President Barack Obama 's Eligibility and Qualifications , ( February 7 , 2012 ) , Press Office of the Georgia Secretary of State . Jump up ^ Martin , Jonathan ; Haberman , Maggie ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Hopes Early Campaign Entry Will Focus Voters ' Attention '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz , Rafael Edward ( Ted ) , ( 1970 -- ) '' . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . ^ Jump up to : Chin , Gabriel ( August 13 , 2013 ) . `` Opinion : Ted Cruz can be president , probably '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ted Cruz says he 's hired lawyers to renounce Canadian citizenship '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gillman , Todd ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` No , Canada : Sen. Ted Cruz has formally shed his dual citizenship '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cruz Will Renounce Canadian Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Robert ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Legal experts : Cruz 's Canadian birth wo n't keep him out of the Oval Office '' . Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Neal Katyal ; Paul Clement ( March 11 , 2015 ) . `` On the Meaning of ' Natural Born Citizen ' '' . Harvard Law Review . Jump up ^ Chemerinsky , Erwin ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . Orange County Register . Jump up ^ Spiro , Peter ( March 22 , 2015 ) . `` Is Ted Cruz a ' Natural Born Citizen ' ? '' . Opinio Juris . , Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Why Ted Cruz is eligible to be president '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Barnett , Randy ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` Tribe v. Balkin on whether Ted Cruz is a `` natural born citizen '' `` . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Memorandum : Is Ted Cruz Eligible for the Presidency ? '' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Yes , Ted Cruz is a ' natural born citizen ' '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Ben ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Harvard scholar : Ted Cruz 's citizenship , eligibility for president ' unsettled ' '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Sunstein , Cass ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Is Cruz ' Natural Born ' ? Well ... Maybe '' . Bloomberg View . Jump up ^ McManamon , Mary Brigid ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to be president '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Elhauge , Einer ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz is not eligible to run for president : A Harvard law professor close - reads the Constitution '' . Salon . Jump up ^ Clinton , Robert ( January 27 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is n't a ' Natural Born ' Citizen : According to the Constitution , because Sen. Ted Cruz was not born in the United States , he is not eligible to run for president '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Posner , Eric ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is Not Eligible to Be President '' . Slate . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Jonathan ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` Law professor runs for president in order to challenge Ted Cruz 's eligibility '' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` Grayson : I 'll File A Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz If He 's The Nominee '' . FOX News . November 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Steven ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Ted Cruz Inherits ' Birthers ' With Presidential Bid '' . U.S. News & World Report . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Birther 2.0 : Can Ted Cruz Run For President ? ' He 's Even Worse Than Obama , ' Citizenship Skeptic Says '' . International Business Times . Jump up ^ `` Trump , Cruz clash over eligibility , ' New York values ' at GOP debate '' . Fox News . January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Huckabee joins the Republicans with questions about Cruz 's eligibility '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ Brody , Ben ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Few Colleagues Defend Cruz as White House Eligibility Is Questioned '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Mielke , Brad ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Some Voters Trying to Kick Ted Cruz and Bernie Sanders Off NH Ballot '' . ABC News . ^ Jump up to : Tuohy , Dan ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` BLC upholds Sanders , Trump on primary ballots '' . Union Leader . ^ Jump up to : Blaisdell , Eric ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Vermonter tries to keep names off presidential ballot '' . Rutland Herald . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leary , Alex ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio seeks to dismiss court challenge to his eligibility to be president '' . Tampa Bay Times . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Amy ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Broward judge tosses case seeking to remove Marco Rubio and Ted Cruz from Florida ballot '' . Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Calkins , Laurel Brubaker ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's ' Natural - Born Citizen ' Status Tested in Birther Suit '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz asks judge to dismiss Texas lawsuit on presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Banks , Gabrielle ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Judge tosses birther lawsuit against Ted Cruz '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ Ben Winslow and Max Roth ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Utah man suing Ted Cruz claiming he 's not a natural - born citizen '' . KSTU . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Utah judge dismisses 5th challenge this month to Cruz 's presidential eligibility '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Kopan , Tal ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz not the only one with a birther challenge '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Gregory , John ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's Birthplace Challenged in Illinois '' . WBGZ . ^ Jump up to : Farias , Cristian ( February 2 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz Is A ' Natural Born Citizen , ' Board Of Election Finds '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Schleifer , Theodore ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Case against Ted Cruz 's eligibility to be heard in Illinois on Friday '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Fiona ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois judge dismisses Cruz eligibility complaint '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Delano , Jon ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Pa . Attorney Challenging Ted Cruz 's Right To Run In State 's Republican Primary '' . KDKA - TV . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Kasich , Cruz ballot paperwork challenged in Pennsylvania '' . WPXI . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz 's citizenship case may go to Pennsylvania Supreme Court '' . WHTM - TV . Jump up ^ Passarella , Gina ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Appeal of Cruz 's Ballot Eligibility Fast - Tracked '' . The Legal Intelligencer . Jump up ^ Koh , Elizabeth ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Pennsylvania Supreme Court affirms Cruz 's eligibility to be president '' . The Dallas Morning News . ^ Jump up to : Lanning , Curt ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Lawsuit : Remove Cruz and Rubio from Ark . Ballot '' . KARK - TV . ^ Jump up to : Manley , Marci ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Judge Dismisses Suit Requesting Cruz , Rubio Be Deemed Ineligible for Presidential Election '' . KARK - TV . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Alabama residents ' lawsuit claims Ted Cruz ineligible to run for president '' . The Birmingham News . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Tony ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio presidential candidacies face citizenship challenges in Indiana '' . The Indianapolis Star . ^ Jump up to : Associated Press ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Cruz , Rubio remain eligible for Indiana presidential ballots '' . Indianapolis Business Journal . Jump up ^ Ross , Barbara ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` New Yorkers seek court order to keep Ted Cruz off the ballot in state Republican presidential primaries because he was born in Canada '' . Daily News ( New York ) . ^ Jump up to : Seiler , Casey ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` State BOE receives flurry of ' natural - born ' objections to Rubio , Cruz '' . Times Union . Jump up ^ Seiler , Casey ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Challenge to Cruz 's ' natural born ' status dismissed due to blown deadlines '' . Times Union . ^ Jump up to : Pinciaro , Joseph ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz ballot eligibility challenged in federal court by Calverton man '' . Suffolk Times . Jump up ^ Terkel , Amanda ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Jersey Judge Rejects Birther Lawsuit Against Ted Cruz '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Merda , Chad ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Illinois election board : Ted Cruz is a natural - born citizen '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . The candidate is a natural born citizen by virtue of being born in Canada to his mother who was a U.S. citizen at the time of his birth , '' the board said . It pointed out that Cruz `` did not have to take any steps to go through a naturalization process at some point after birth '' and therefore `` further discussion on this issue is unnecessary . Jump up ^ Katie Glueck and Shane Goldmacher ( May 3 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Cruz drops out of presidential race '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Ashley Parker and Alan Rappeport ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` Marco Rubio Announces 2016 Presidential Bid '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ( January 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal Announces Run for President '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Tom LoBianco and Jeff Zeleny ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Bobby Jindal announces he is ending presidential campaign '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Peters , Jeremy ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Marco Rubio Suspends His Presidential Campaign '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Smith , Emily ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Arnold lobbies for White House run '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Schwarzenegger denies he 's aiming for president '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) John Yinger , Essay on the Presidential Eligibility clause and on the origins and interpretation of natural born citizen . Jill A. Pryor , `` The Natural Born Citizen Clause and the Presidential Eligibility Clause ; Resolving Two Hundred Years of Uncertainty '' , Yale Law Journal , Vol. 97 , 1988 , pp. 881 -- 899 . Sarah P. Herlihy , `` Amending the Natural Born Citizen Requirement : Globalization as the Impetus and the Obstacle '' , Chicago - Kent Law Review , Vol. 81 , 2006 , pp. 275 -- 300 . Lawrence Friedman , `` An Idea Whose Time has Come - The Curious History , Uncertain Effect , and Need for Amendment of the ' Natural Born Citizen ' Requirement for the Presidency '' , St. Louis Univ . Law Journal , Vol. 52 , 2007 , pp. 137 -- 150 . U.S. Constitution Online , Constitutional Topic : Citizenship . 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does an american president have to be born in the united states

Status as a natural - born citizen of the United States is one of the eligibility requirements established in the United States Constitution for holding the office of President or Vice President . This requirement was intended to protect the nation from foreign influence .

Samuel Prescott - wikipedia Samuel Prescott For other people named Samuel Prescott , see Samuel Prescott ( disambiguation ) . Samuel Prescott August 19 , 1751 Concord , Massachusetts , British America between November 23 , 1776 and December 26 , 1777 Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada Occupation Surgeon , Express courier Samuel Prescott ( August 19 , 1751 -- c. 1777 ) was a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War . He is best remembered for his role in Paul Revere 's `` midnight ride '' to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution . He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord . Contents 1 Early life 2 The Ride 3 Prescott 's life following `` The Ride '' 4 Legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources Early Life ( edit ) Samuel Prescott 's uncle Jonathan Prescott Dr. Samuel Prescott was born August 19 , 1751 . He lived in colonial Concord , Massachusetts , among his large extended family . ( His uncle was Jonathan Prescott . ) Much of this history was probably passed on to the family by his grand uncle Samuel Prescott , who knew many of the early Prescotts , and was even old enough to remember the first ancestor of the Concord branch of the family , John Prescott , founder of Lancaster , Massachusetts . Indeed , the Prescotts and their extended family played an important and often heroic role in colonial history . These include settling Concord , fighting in colonial wars , and negotiating for the ransom of Mary Rowlandson . Prescott followed in the footsteps of his older brother Benjamin and apprenticed under his father , Abel Prescott , for about seven years . He appears to have kept an extremely low profile during pre-revolutionary times as well as afterward , as best can be attained . He did open a practice in Concord , just before or after which time he began to court Lydia Mulliken , daughter of a well - respected Lexington clockmaker who had died in 1767 . During the latter part of his apprenticeship or shortly after he began his medical practice , he became an active member in the patriot movement . There is strong circumstantial evidence that he was an express courier for the Sons of Liberty and the Committees of Correspondence , and that he was an important liaison between the Concord Defense Committee and John Hancock and other leaders of the patriots . The ride ( edit ) On the evening of April 18 , 1775 , Paul Revere and William Dawes were dispatched by Joseph Warren to warn the countryside that the British were coming . Prescott was in Lexington at the time to visit with his fiancée , Lydia Mulliken . He was also there to report on Concord 's readiness , its status in hiding supplies and munitions from the British , and its success in moving cannon to Groton lest it fall into British hands . The British wanted the military stores at Concord and had hoped to capture Samuel Adams and John Hancock in the process . When Prescott left Lexington , it was about 1 a.m. the next morning , April 19 . On his way back to Concord he met Paul Revere and William Dawes , who had just left Lexington shortly before him and were also on their way to Concord -- to warn the town that the Redcoats were on the march . When the three continued on to Hartwell 's tavern in the lower bounds of Lincoln , they were cut off by four British horseman who were part of a larger scouting party sent out the preceding evening . Revere was captured but both Prescott and Dawes succeeded in making a run for it . Prescott did so with a show of artful horsemanship and knowledge of the forest . Finally losing his pursuers , he circled about and headed quickly to Concord , carrying Revere 's warning to his townsmen . Dawes also escaped from his pursuers , but it was after a close chase , a frantic ruse on his part , and a bit of luck . Once he was safe , he considered circling around the patrol and racing on to Concord much as Prescott had , but he heard the Concord town house bell and knew Prescott had made it there , and so he continued on his special mission , for he was only assigned to accompany Revere to Concord . Prescott , meanwhile , continued west to warn Acton , Massachusetts while his brother Abel Prescott , Jr. rode south to warn Sudbury and Framingham . By this time , countless riders were also dispatched from other towns to spread the warning -- while bells and cannon were rung or fired to punctuate the danger at hand . Because of the `` midnight '' rides of Revere , Dawes , Prescott , and many other expresses ( couriers ) , minutemen and militia everywhere were on the ready , many marching to Concord to effectively engage the British Army at the Battles of Lexington and Concord . Prescott was there to witness the Battle of Concord , then tried to beat the British back to Lexington to see Lydia Mulliken and her family and to help with the wounded . He remained at Lexington as a volunteer surgeon for about two weeks , then seems to have disappeared into the war . A National Park Service map showing the route of the initial Patriot messengers including Prescott ( purple trail ) Prescott 's Life following `` the ride '' ( edit ) There is evidence that Prescott went on to serve as a surgeon in the Continental Army , a tradition that he joined the crew of a New England privateer , and a report that he was in prison in Halifax , Nova Scotia , where he may have died between November 23 , 1776 and December 26 ( 1777 ? ) . There is also circumstantial evidence that he served in some medical support capacity out of Fort Ticonderoga during the invasion attempts against Canada and until about the time of Benedict Arnold 's failed attempts against Sir Guy Carleton on Lake Champlain . Legacy ( edit ) Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every Patriots ' Day eve ( observed ) in the Town of Acton . The re-enactment begins in East Acton , continues through Acton Center , and ends at Liberty Tree Farm , where once was the home of a minuteman named Simon Hunt . The distance is approximately five miles ( 8 km ) . There are also re-enactments on Patriots ' Day ( usually the third Monday of April ) of the rides of William Dawes and Paul Revere , to commemorate the famous `` midnight '' ride that began in the evening hours of April 18 and continued on April 19 . Prescott 's ride is re-enacted every year at midnight April 18 -- 19 at Concord 's First Parish Church . The re-enactment is preceded by a Patriots ' Ball . The Minute Men march with fife and drum leading the attendees from the armory to the church . The Captain of the Concord Minute Men reads a message handed him by `` Prescott '' on horseback . A memorial plaque to Prescott is at his former home in Concord , Massachusetts . See also ( edit ) Liberty 's Kids Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Selesky , H.E. , & Boatner , M.M. ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution : Library of military history ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Charles Scribner 's , p. 625 . Jump up ^ Caes , 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Marvin , 38 -- 47 Jump up ^ Caes , 34 , wherein regarding Rowlandson the reference is to John Hoar , father of the second wife of Capt . Jonathan Prescott ( d . 1721 ) . Captain Jonathan was Samuel Prescott 's great grandfather . Jump up ^ `` The Tale of Two Families Joined by Love , Shattered by War '' . Concord Magazine . D. Michael Ryan . Archived from the original on 24 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Caes , 206 Jump up ^ Prescott , 66 Jump up ^ Wheildon , 7 Jump up ^ Dawes , 89 , but this is taken , as cited in his book , from Revere 's deposition for Reverend Jerry Belknap , founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society . Revere actually produced three versions of the deposition , two in 1775 and one in 1798 , but they are not contradictory though they are of varying lengths . Jump up ^ Dawes , 119 Jump up ^ Caes , 248 -- 253 Jump up ^ There is only hearsay of the privateering , and Caes provides other alternatives , beginning with the Battles of Breed 's and Bunker Hills at which he lists a number of Samuel 's relatives ( some through marriage ) who fought there . Jump up ^ Speculations of which appear in Legend Jump up ^ Samuel Prescott at Find a Grave Sources ( edit ) Caes , Charles J. ( 2009 ) . Legend of the Third Horseman : Life and Times of Dr. Samuel Prescott , the Man Who Finished the Midnight Ride of Paul Revere . Bloomington , IND : Xlibris . The Man Who Finished The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere and William Dawes Dawes , C. Burr ( 1975 ) . William Dawes : First Rider for Revolution . Newark , Ohio : History Gardens Press . Prescott , William MD. ( 1872 ) . The Prescott Memorial or Genealogical Memoir of the Prescott Families In America . Ashville , N.C. : Ward Press ( 1983 ) . Wheildon , William C. ( 1885 ) . New Chapter in the History of the Concord Fight : Groton Minute - Men at the North Bridge , April 18 -- 19 , 1775 . Boston : Lee & Shepard . Marvin , Abijah P. ( 1879 ) . History of the Town of Lancaster , Massachusetts : from first settlement to the present time 1643 -- 1879 . The Town of Lancaster , Massachusetts . WorldCat Identities LCCN : n2011079210 SNAC : w6904g72 VIAF : 202983259 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Prescott&oldid=852325889 '' Categories : 1751 births 1777 deaths American Revolutionary War deaths American surgeons People from Concord , Massachusetts People of Massachusetts in the American Revolution Physicians in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Find a Grave template with ID not in Wikidata Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 All articles with self - published sources Articles with self - published sources from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 05 : 08 ( UTC ) . 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who warned concord that the british were coming

Samuel Prescott ( August 19 , 1751 -- c. 1777 ) was a Massachusetts Patriot during the American Revolutionary War . He is best remembered for his role in Paul Revere 's `` midnight ride '' to warn the townspeople of Concord of the impending British army move to capture guns and gunpowder kept there at the beginning of the American Revolution . He was the only participant in the ride to reach Concord .

Alone ( TV series ) - Wikipedia Alone ( TV series ) Alone Genre Reality Survival Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 55 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Russ McCarroll Zachary Behr Gretchen Palek Nathaniel Lukas Shawn Witt Zachary Green Ryan Pender David George Brent Montgomery Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Leftfield Pictures Distributor History Channel Release Original network History Original release June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) -- present Alone is an American reality television series on the History channel . The first , second and fourth seasons were filmed on northern Vancouver Island , British Columbia , and the third near Nahuel Huapi National Park in Patagonia , Argentina . It follows the self - documented daily struggles of 10 individuals ( 7 paired teams in season 4 ) as they survive in the wilderness for as long as possible using a limited amount of survival equipment . With the exception of medical check - ins , the participants are isolated from each other and all other humans . They may `` tap out '' at any time , or be removed due to failing a medical check - in . The contestant ( or team in Season 4 ) who remains the longest wins a grand prize of $500,000 . The series premiered on June 18 , 2015 . On August 19 , before the finale of season 1 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season , which would begin production in the fall of 2015 on Vancouver Island , Canada . Season 2 premiered on April 21 , 2016 . Season 3 was filmed in the second quarter of 2016 in Patagonia , Argentina and premiered on December 8 . One day before the season 3 premiere , History announced that casting had begun for season 4 . In January 2017 , a Danish version of the series premiered with the name Alone in the Wilderness ( Danish : Alene i vildmarken ) on DR3 . It featured ten contestants and was filmed in northern Norway . Participants chose 12 items from a list of 18 . In the fall of 2017 , a Norwegian version aired with 10 contestants spread around a lake with fish . It was near the tree line , so the few , small , mostly birch trees left few land resources . The last contestant tapped out after a little more than a month . The fifth season premiered on June 7 , 2018 . Contents 1 Format and rules 1.1 General rules - all seasons 1.2 Season 4 1.3 Season 5 2 Reception 3 Episodes 4 Series overview 4.1 Season 1 4.1. 1 Location 4.1. 2 Contestants 4.2 Season 2 4.2. 1 Location 4.2. 2 Contestants 4.3 Season 3 4.3. 1 Location 4.3. 2 Contestants 4.4 Season 4 4.4. 1 Location 4.4. 2 Contestants 4.5 Season 5 4.5. 1 Location 4.5. 2 Contestants 5 References 6 External links Format and rules ( edit ) General rules - all seasons ( edit ) Contestants are dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island ( seasons 1 - 2 , 4 ) , Patagonia ( season 3 ) and Northern Mongolia ( season 5 ) , far enough apart to ensure that they will not come in contact with one another . The process begins in mid to late autumn ; this adds time pressure to the survival experience as the approaching winter causes temperatures to drop and food to become scarce . Although terrains may differ in each contestant 's location , the drop - off zones are assessed in advance to ensure a similar distribution of local resources is available to each contestant . Contestants each select 10 items of survival gear from a pre-approved list of 40 , and are issued a kit of standard equipment , clothing and first aid / emergency supplies . They are also given a set of cameras to document their daily experiences and emotions . Attempting to live in the wild for as long as possible , the contestants must find food , build shelters , and endure extreme isolation and psychological distress . Contestants who wish to withdraw from the competition for any reason ( referred to as `` tapping out '' ) may signal a rescue crew using a provided satellite telephone . In addition , medical professionals conduct periodic health checks on the contestants and may , at their discretion , disqualify and evacuate anyone they feel is unable to continue participating safely . The last remaining contestant wins a $500,000 cash prize . Contestants are warned that the show might last for up to a year . Season 4 ( edit ) Season 4 was also filmed in Northern Vancouver Island but included a team dynamic . Fourteen contestants , consisting of seven family - member pairs , were individually dropped off in remote areas of Northern Vancouver Island . The two members of each team chose 10 items of survival gear to be equally divided between them . The team chose one member to be taken to a campsite ; the other began approximately 10 mi ( 16.09 km ) away and was required to hike to the site , using only a compass and bearing to find the way . Either member may tap out at any time , but doing so removed both of them from the competition ; in addition , if either member of a team was medically evacuated , both were disqualified . The last remaining team won the $500,000 prize . Season 5 ( edit ) Season 5 contestants were selected from non-winning contestants from Seasons 1 through 4 . The rules were otherwise similar to Seasons 1 through 3 . Reception ( edit ) The series received positive reviews in its first season and outstanding reviews for its third season , and earned a respectable 2.5 million total viewers , placing it in the top three new nonfictional cable series of 2015 . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Alone episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 11 June 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 18 ) August 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 27 ) 13 April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 10 December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) 11 June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 5 10 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) August 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) Series overview ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) The first season premiered on June 18 , 2015 . It was won by Alan Kay , who lost over 60 pounds during the course of the season . His staple foods were limpets and seaweed . He also consumed mussels , crab , fish and slugs . Lucas Miller enjoyed his time on the show and was selected based on his work as a wilderness therapist . His most difficult experience with the show was making honest confessions to the camera . Sam Larson described his time on the show as `` playing in the woods '' . He set a goal for himself to last 50 days . After he reached his goal , a large storm hit the island , which Larson described as being larger than any he had seen and prompting his decision to leave the island . Larson said that the loneliness and solitude took the most time to adjust to , and that his preparation for the show mostly consisted of mental preparation . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The season was shot in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Quatsino is a small hamlet of 91 people located on Quatsino Sound in Northern Vancouver Island , Canada , only accessible by boat or float plane . Its nearest neighbour is Coal Harbour , to the east , about 20 minutes away by boat , and Port Alice , to the south , about 40 minutes away by boat . The largest town in the region , Port Hardy , is located about an hour northeast by boat and vehicle . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Alan Kay 40 Male Blairsville , Georgia United States Winner - 56 days Sam Larson 22 Male Lincoln , Nebraska United States 55 days Mitch Mitchell 34 Male Bellingham , Massachusetts United States 43 days Lucas Miller 32 Male Quasqueton , Iowa United States 39 days Dustin Feher 37 Male Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania United States 8 days Brant McGee 44 Male Albemarle , North Carolina United States 6 days Wayne Russell 46 Male Saint John , New Brunswick Canada 4 days Joe Robinet 31 Male Windsor , Ontario Canada 4 days Chris Weatherman 41 Male Umatilla , Florida United States 2 days Josh Chavez 31 Male Jackson , Ohio United States 1 day Season 2 ( edit ) Season 2 began on April 21 , 2016 . The season had 13 one - hour episodes . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The second season was also set on Vancouver Island , in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood , Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City , Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola , Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland , Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta , Georgia United States 35 days Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff , Arizona & Boulder , Utah United States 21 days Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis , Colorado United States 21 days Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken , South Carolina United States 8 days Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer , Alaska United States 7 days ( medically evacuated ) Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge , Arizona United States ~ 5 hours Season 3 ( edit ) The third season premiered on December 8 , 2016 . The winner , Zachary Fowler , had lost 70 lbs ( a third of his starting body weight ) before the end of his stay . The person who stayed the second - longest , Carleigh Fairchild , was pulled out because , at 101 lbs , she had lost nearly 30 % of her starting body weight and had a BMI of 16.8 . Participants were automatically `` pulled '' at a BMI of 17 or less . The fourth longest stayer , Dave Nessia , was pulled out when , due to inadequate caloric intake , his systolic pressure barely exceeded his diastolic pressure ( 80 / 60 mmHg ) , putting him in danger of death due to inadequate perfusion of the internal organs . Location ( edit ) Location of Lakes Soberania , Montes and Escondido in Patagonia , Argentina The third season was set in Patagonia , Argentina , in South America . The contestants were spread across multiple lakes in the foothills of the Andes mountain range . Unlike in seasons 1 and 2 , which were located on the Pacific Ocean , season 3 's food resources were mostly limited to brook and rainbow trout , forage , small birds , and the possibility of wild boar . Contestants also were at a disadvantage because they had no access to the flotsam and jetsam that washes up on the Pacific Coast . They also had no salt source . The weather in Patagonia is comparable to that of Vancouver Island , with rainfall averaging 78 inches a year . However , unlike Vancouver Island , snowfall is extremely common in the winter . Predators in Patagonia include wild boar and puma . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Zachary Fowler 36 Male Appleton , Maine United States Winner - 87 days Carleigh Fairchild 28 Female Edna Bay , Alaska United States 86 days ( medically evacuated ) Megan Hanacek 41 Female Port McNeill , British Columbia Canada 78 days Dave Nessia 49 Male Salt Lake City , Utah United States 73 days ( medically evacuated ) Callie North 27 Female Lopez Island , Washington United States 72 days Greg Ovens 53 Male Canal Flats , British Columbia Canada 51 days Dan Wowak 34 Male Mahanoy City , Pennsylvania United States 51 days Britt Ahart 40 Male Mantua , Ohio United States 35 days Zachary Gault 22 Male Caledon , Ontario Canada 8 days ( medically evacuated ) Jim Shields 37 Male Langhorne , Pennsylvania United States 3 days Season 4 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Lost & Found '' , the fourth season premiered on June 8 , 2017 . Location ( edit ) Quatsino Location of Quatsino in British Columbia The fourth season was again set on Vancouver Island , in Quatsino Territory , located near Port Hardy , British Columbia . Contestants ( edit ) Team Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . Baird ( brothers ) Jim Baird * 35 Male Toronto , Ontario Canada Linked up - day 10 Winners - 75 days Ted Baird 32 Male Toronto , Ontario Canada Brockdorff ( father / son ) Pete Brockdorff † 61 Male Poolesville , Maryland United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 74 days ( medically evacuated ) Sam Brockdorff * 26 Male Poolesville , Maryland United States Whipple ( husband / wife ) Brooke Whipple † 45 Female Fox , Alaska United States Linked up - day 9 Tap out - 49 days Dave Whipple * 40 Male Fox , Alaska United States Wilkes ( brothers ) Chris Wilkes † 44 Male Hattiesburg , Mississippi United States Linked up - day 8 Tap out - 14 days Brody Wilkes * 33 Male Kentwood , Louisiana United States Bosdell ( brothers ) Shannon Bosdell † 44 Male Wrangell , Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) Jesse Bosdell * 31 Male Skowhegan , Maine United States Ribar ( father / son ) Alex Ribar * 48 Male Montville , Maine United States 2 days Logan Ribar † 19 Male Liberty , Maine United States Richardson ( brothers ) Brad Richardson * 23 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States 1 day ( medically evacuated ) Josh Richardson † 19 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States * hiking team member ( other team member sets up camp ) † team member who tapped out Season 5 ( edit ) Officially titled `` Alone : Redemption '' , Season 5 premiered on June 14 , 2018 . The 10 contestants are non-winners selected from the previous 4 seasons of Alone . Location ( edit ) Location of Khonin Nuga valley in Selenge Province , Mongolia Location of Mongolia ( green ) The fifth season was set in Northern Mongolia in Asia . The series was filmed in Khonin Nuga near the city of Züünkharaa , Selenge aimag . `` Khonin Nuga '' is a valley located close to the Khentii Mountains of Northern Mongolia , one of the country 's unique and still largely untouched places . Contestants ( edit ) Name Age Gender Hometown Country Original Season Status Ref . Sam Larson 24 Male Lincoln , Nebraska United States Winner - 60 days Britt Ahart 41 Male Mantua , Ohio United States 56 days Larry Roberts 46 Male Rush City , Minnesota United States 41 days Dave Nessia 50 Male Salt Lake City , Utah United States 36 days Randy Champagne 31 Male Boulder , Utah United States 35 days Brooke Whipple 45 Female Fox , Alaska United States 28 days Jesse Bosdell 32 Male Skowhegan , Maine United States 24 days ( medically evacuated ) Nicole Apelian 47 Female Raymond , Washington United States 9 days ( medically evacuated ) Brad Richardson 24 Male Fox Lake , Illinois United States 7 days Carleigh Fairchild 30 Female Anchorage , Alaska United States 5 days ( medically evacuated ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patrick Hipes . `` History 's ' Alone ' Survivalist Series Renewed For Season 2 '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://premieredate.tv/tv-series/2434-when-will-alone-season-2-premiere-release-date.html Jump up ^ Dr.dk `` Dr3 er alene i vildmarken . '' Retrieved 8 January 2017 Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - alone on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Full Episodes , Video & More HISTORY '' . history.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://morethanjustsurviving.com/alone-season-1-survival-gear/ Jump up ^ `` History Channel Looks for `` Alone '' Contestants Season 2 - LiveOutdoors `` . LiveOutdoors . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes . `` History Leaves 10 Survivalists ' Alone ' For Summer '' . Deadline . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Man Who Lost 60 Lbs. in the Wild , Eating ' Slugs Sporadically ' '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Maui resident Lucas Miller talks about his experience on The History Channel 's reality show ' Alone ' '' . MauiTime . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ photo , Abby Korinek Courtesy . `` Lincoln survivalist talks about experience on History Channel 's ' Alone ' '' . Daily Nebraskan . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Winner Alan Kay Speaks One - on - One with TVRuckus ! '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Who Won History Channel 's ' Alone ' Survival Competition ? ( Spoiler ) - DaysTune '' . DaysTune . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE on History : Alan & Sam Remain on Day 43 , Mitch & Lucas Tap Out '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Brant McGee Heads Back to Albemarle , NC After Only Six Days '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Cast Dwindling Fast as ' Hey , Bear ! ' Does Not Work for Wayne Russell '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Spirits Falling Fast Among Eight Who Remain on Vancouver Island '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mechele R. Dillard . `` ALONE Recap : Josh Chavez First to Tap - Out , Nine ' Survivalists ' Remain on Vancouver Island '' . TVRuckus . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Alone Season 2 Begins April '' . Yibada. 2016 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone - Bios '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings '' . The Futon Critic . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Season 3 by Jim Thode '' . PBase. 12 Dec 2016 . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alone Listings '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New season of ' Alone ' TV series set in Mongolia '' . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Student Internship Report '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alone Cast '' . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website History original programming Current Alone American Pickers American Restoration Ancient Aliens Counting Cars The Curse of Oak Island Forged in Fire Hunting Hitler Ice Road Truckers In Search of ... Knife or Death Knightfall Mountain Men Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour Pawn Stars Swamp People Truck Night in America Vikings Former 20th Century with Mike Wallace Appalachian Outlaws Alaska Off - Road Warriors America Unearthed American Eats Ancient Discoveries Ancients Behaving Badly Around the World in 80 Ways Ax Men Barbarians Battle 360 ° Battlefield Detectives Battles BC Big Easy Motors Big Rig Bounty Hunters Big Shrimpin ' Billion Dollar Wreck Boneyard Brad Meltzer 's Decoded Breaking Vegas Cajun Pawn Stars Cities of the Underworld Civil War Combat Clash of the Gods The Conquerors Conquest The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross Decisive Battles Declassified Decoding the Past Deep Sea Detectives Digging for the Truth Dogfights Down East Dickering Engineering an Empire Evolve Expedition Africa Extreme Trains Food Tech Full Metal Jousting Gangland Gangland Undercover Great Minds with Dan Harmon Greatest Tank Battles God , Guns & Automobiles Great Lake Warriors Hairy Bikers Haunted History The History of Sex History 's Business History 's Lost & Found History 's Mysteries How the Earth Was Made How the States Got Their Shapes Human Weapon Ice Pilots NWT Join or Die with Craig Ferguson Jurassic Fight Club Last Stand of the 300 The Legend of Shelby the Swamp Man Life After People The Lost Evidence Lost in Transmission Lost Worlds MadHouse Mail Call Man , Moment , Machine Mega Disasters Mega Movers Military Blunders Modern Marvels MonsterQuest Monumental Challenge The Most Mounted in Alaska MysteryQuest Nostradamus Effect Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy Patton 360 ° Pawnography Prehistoric Megastorms The Presidents Reel to Real Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire Save Our History Shark Wranglers Shootout Shockwave Six Sliced The States Stan Lee 's Superhumans Surviving History Tactical to Practical Tales of the Gun That 's Impossible Top Gear Top Guns Top Shot Tougher In Alaska UFO Files UFO Hunters United Stats of America The Universe Warriors Weird U.S. Wild West Tech The XY Factor Upcoming Project Blue Book The Commanders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alone_(TV_series)&oldid=864636444 '' Categories : History ( U.S. TV channel ) original programs Survival skills media 2015 American television series debuts English - language television programs 2010s American television series Hidden categories : Articles containing Danish - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from July 2016 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 14 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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who lasted the longest on alone season 2

Name Age Gender Hometown Country Status Ref . David McIntyre 50 Male Kentwood , Michigan United States Winner - 66 days Larry Roberts 44 Male Rush City , Minnesota United States 64 days Jose Martinez Amoedo 45 Male Santa Pola , Valencia Spain 59 days Nicole Apelian 45 Female Portland , Oregon United States 57 days Justin Vititoe 35 Male Augusta , Georgia United States 35 days Randy Champagne 28 Male Flagstaff , Arizona & Boulder , Utah United States 21 days Mike Lowe 55 Male Lewis , Colorado United States 21 days Tracy Wilson 44 Female Aiken , South Carolina United States 8 days Mary Kate Green 36 Female Homer , Alaska United States 7 days ( medically evacuated ) Desmond White 37 Male Coolidge , Arizona United States ~ 5 hours

United States Forces Japan - Wikipedia United States Forces Japan United States Forces Japan 在 日 米 軍 USFJ Country Japan United States Size 50,000 ( approx . ) Headquarters Yokota Air Base , Fussa , Western Tokyo Nickname ( s ) USFJ The United States Forces Japan ( USFJ ) ( 在 日 米 軍 , Zainichi Beigun ) is an active subordinate unified command of the United States Indo - Pacific Command ( USINDOPACOM ) . It was activated at Fuchū Air Station , Tokyo , Japan on 1 July 1957 to replace the Far East Command ( FEC ) . USFJ is commanded by the Commander , U.S. Forces , Japan ( COMUSJAPAN ) . COMUSJAPAN is also the Commander , Fifth Air Force . At present , USFJ is headquartered at Yokota Air Base , Tokyo , Japan . COMUSJAPAN , plans , directs and supervises the execution of missions and responsibilities assigned by the Commander , U.S. Indo - Pacific Command ( COMUSINDOPACOM ) . He establishes and implements policies to accomplish the mission of the United States Armed Forces in Japan . He is responsible for developing plans for the defense of Japan , and he must be prepared if contingencies arise , to assume operational control of assigned and attached U.S. forces for the execution of those plans . COMUSJAPAN supports the Security Treaty and administers the Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) between the United States and Japan . He is responsible for coordinating various matters of interest with the service commanders in Japan . These include matters affecting US - Japan relationships among and between Department of Defense ( DOD ) agencies ; DOD agencies and the U.S. Ambassador to Japan ; and DOD agencies and the Government of Japan ( GOJ ) . Under the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan , the United States is obliged to protect Japan in close cooperation with the Japan Self - Defense Forces for maritime defense , ballistic missile defense , domestic air control , communications security ( COMSEC ) and disaster response operations . Contents 1 History 2 U.S. presence debate 2.1 U.S. presence on Okinawa 2.2 Survey among Japanese and Okinawans 2.3 Status of forces agreement 2.4 U.S. service member behavior 2.5 Crime issues 2.6 Osprey deployment in Okinawa 3 Facilities 3.1 List of current facilities 3.2 List of former facilities 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) JGSDF soldiers at Camp Kinser United States Forces helped Japanese in Operation Tomodachi following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami After the Japanese surrender in the end of World War II in Asia , the United States Armed Forces assumed administrative authority in Japan . The Japanese Imperial Army and Navy were decommissioned , and the U.S. Armed Forces took control of their military bases until the new government could be formed and positioned to reestablish authority . Allied forces planned to demilitarize Japan , and new government adopted the Constitution of Japan with a no - armed - force clause in 1947 . After the Korean War began in 1950 , Douglas MacArthur , the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan and the Japanese government established the paramilitary `` National Police Reserve '' , which was later developed into the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force ( JGSDF ) . In 1951 , the Treaty of San Francisco was signed by the allied countries and Japan , which restored its formal sovereignty . At the same time , the U.S. and Japan signed the Japan - America Security Alliance . By this treaty , USFJ is responsible for the defense of Japan . As part of this agreement , the Japanese government requested that the U.S. military bases remain in Japan , and agreed to provide funds and various interests specified in the Status of Forces Agreement . At the expiration of the treaty , the United States and Japan signed the new Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan . The status of the United States Forces Japan was defined in the U.S. -- Japan Status of Forces Agreement . This treaty is still in effect , and it forms the basis of Japan 's foreign policy . In the Vietnam War , the US military bases in Japan , especially those in Okinawa Prefecture , were used as important strategic and logistic bases . In 1970 , the Koza riot occurred against the US military presence in Okinawa . The USAF strategic bombers were deployed in the bases in Okinawa , which was still administered by the U.S. government . Before the 1972 reversion of the island to Japanese administration , it has been speculated but never confirmed that up to 1,200 nuclear weapons may have been stored at Kadena Air Base , Okinawa in the 1960s . As of 2013 , there are approximately 50,000 U.S. military personnel stationed in Japan , along with approximately 40,000 dependents of military personnel and another 5,500 American civilians employed there by the United States Department of Defense . The United States Seventh Fleet is based in Yokosuka , Kanagawa Prefecture . The 3rd Marine Expeditionary Force ( III MEF ) is based in Okinawa. 130 USAF fighters are stationed in the Misawa Air Base and Kadena Air Base . The Japanese government paid ¥ 217 billion ( US $2.0 billion ) in 2007 as annual host - nation support called Omoiyari Yosan ( 思いやり 予算 , sympathy budget or compassion budget ) . As of the 2011 budget , such payment was no longer to be referred to as Omoiyari Yosan or sympathy budget . Japan compensates 75 percent of U.S. basing costs -- $4.4 billion . The U.S. government employs over 8,000 Master Labor Contract ( MLC ) / Indirect Hire Agreement ( IHA ) workers on Okinawa ( per the Labor Management Organization ) not including Okinawan contract workers . Immediately after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , 9,720 dependents of United States military and government civilian employees in Japan evacuated the country , mainly to the United States . The relocation of the U.S. Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to Henoko had been resolved in December 2013 with the signing of the landfill agreement by the governor of Okinawa . Under the terms of the U.S. - Japan agreement 5,000 U.S. Marines should have been relocated to Guam and 4,000 U.S. Marines to other Pacific locations such as Hawaii or Australia , while some 10,000 Marines were to remain on Okinawa . No timetable for the Marines redeployment had been announced , but The Washington Post reported that U.S. Marines would leave Okinawa as soon as suitable facilities on Guam and elsewhere were ready . The relocation move was expected to cost 8.6 billion US Dollars and includes a $3.1 bn cash commitment from Japan for the move to Guam as well as for developing joint training ranges on Guam and on Tinian and Pagan in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . Certain parcels of land on Okinawa which have been leased for use by the American military were supposed to be turned back to Japanese control via a long - term phased return process according to the agreement . These returns have been ongoing since 1972 . However , as of July 2016 , the situation has not been settled . Further information : Relocation of Marine Corps Air Station Futenma In May 2014 , in a strategic shift by the United States to Asia and the Pacific , it was revealed the US was deploying two unarmed Global Hawk long - distance surveillance drones to Japan for surveillance missions over China and North Korea . U.S. presence debate ( edit ) Do they need bases in Henoko or Futenma ? Are they unnecessary ? Even aside from this discussion , security is changing. -- Former Japan Minister of Defense Fumio Kyuma U.S. presence on Okinawa ( edit ) See also : Okinawa Prefecture § U.S. military controversy Okinawa makes up only 0.6 percent of the nation 's land area ; yet , approximately 62 % of U.S. bases in Japan ( exclusive use only ) are in Okinawa . Survey among Japanese and Okinawans ( edit ) While , in 2002 , 73.4 % of Japanese citizens appreciate the mutual security treaty with the U.S. and the presence of the USFJ , part of the population demands a reduction in the number of U.S. military bases in Okinawa . In May 2010 , a survey of the Okinawan people conducted by the Mainichi Shimbun and the Ryūkyū Shimpō , found that 71 % of Okinawans surveyed thought that the presence of Marines on Okinawa was not necessary ( 15 % said it was necessary . ) . Asked what they thought about 62 % of United States Forces Japan bases ( exclusive use ) being concentrated in Okinawa , 50 % said that the number should be reduced , 41 % said that the bases should be removed . Asked about the US - Japan security treaty , 55 % said it should be changed to a peace treaty , 14 % said it should be abolished and 7 % said it should be maintained . Many of the bases , such as Yokota Air Base , Naval Air Facility Atsugi and Kadena Air Base , are located in the vicinity of residential districts , and local citizens have complained about excessive aircraft noise . The 2014 poll by Ryūkyū Shimpō found that 80 % of surveyed Okinawans want the Marine Corps Air Station Futenma moved out of the prefecture . On 25 June 2018 residents of the island of Okinawa have rallied against the construction of a new airfield intended for the US military base in the United States . The activists , armed with placards and banners , went to sea on seventy boats and ships . The posters read : `` Do not build a base '' and `` Stop throwing gravel '' . Protesters urged the Japanese authorities to stop the expansion of the US military presence on the island . Some of the boats went to the guarded construction site , where they came across the Coast Guard patrol vessels . Some activists were arrested for invading a prohibited zone . Status of Forces Agreement ( edit ) There is also debate over the Status of Forces Agreement due to the fact that it covers a variety of administrative technicalities blending the systems which control how certain situations are handled between the U.S. 's and Japan 's legal framework . U.S. Service member behavior ( edit ) Between 1972 and 2009 , U.S. servicemen committed 5,634 criminal offenses , including 25 murders , 385 burglaries , 25 arsons , 127 rapes , 306 assaults and 2,827 thefts . Yet , per Marine Corps Installations Pacific data , U.S. service members are convicted of far fewer crimes than local Okinawans . According to the U.S. - Japan Status of Forces Agreement , when U.S. personnel crimes are committed both off - duty and off - base , they should always be prosecuted under the Japanese law . On 12 February 2008 , the National Police Agency ( of Japan ) or NPA , released its annual criminal statistics that included activity within the Okinawan prefecture . These findings held American troops were only convicted of 53 crimes per 10,000 U.S. male servicemen , while Okinawan males were convicted of 366 crimes per 10,000 . The crime rate found a U.S. serviceman in Okinawa to be 86 % less likely to convicted of a crime by the Japanese government than an Okinawan male . Crime issues ( edit ) See also : Yumiko - chan incident , 1995 Okinawa rape incident , and Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident GIs in Special Comfort Facility Association during occupation of Japan . At the beginning of the occupation of Japan , in 1945 , many U.S. soldiers participated in the Special Comfort Facility Association . The Japanese government recruited 55,000 women to work providing sexual services to US military personnel . The Association was closed by the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers . In more recent history , `` crimes ranging from rape to assault and hit - and - run accidents by U.S. military personnel , dependents and civilians have long sparked protests in the prefecture , '' stated The Japan Times . `` A series of horrific crimes by present and former U.S. military personnel stationed on Okinawa has triggered dramatic moves to try to reduce the American presence on the island and in Japan as a whole , '' commented The Daily Beast in 2009 . In 1995 , the abduction and rape of a 12 - year - old Okinawan schoolgirl by two U.S. marines and one U.S. sailor led to demands for the removal of all U.S. military bases in Japan . Other controversial incidents include helicopter crashes , the Girard incident , the Michael Brown Okinawa assault incident , the death of Kinjo family and the death of Yuki Uema . In February 2008 , a 38 - year - old U.S. Marine based on Okinawa was arrested in connection with the reported rape of a 14 - year - old Okinawan girl . This triggered waves of protest against American military presence in Okinawa and led to tight restrictions on off - base activities . Although the accuser withdrew her charges the U.S. military court - martialed the suspect and sentenced him to 4 years in prison under the stricter rules of the military justice system . U.S. Forces Japan designated 22 February as a Day of Reflection for all U.S. military facilities in Japan , and established the Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Task Force in an effort to prevent similar incidents . In November 2009 , Staff Sgt . Clyde `` Drew '' Gunn , a U.S. Army soldier stationed at Torii Station was involved in a hit - and - run accident of a pedestrian in Yomitan Village on Okinawa . Later , in April 2010 , the soldier was charged with failing to render aid and vehicular manslaughter . Staff Sgt . Gunn , of Ocean Springs , Mississippi , was eventually sentenced to 2 years and 8 months in jail on 15 October 2010 . In 2013 , two U.S. military personnel , Seaman Christopher Browning , of Athens , Texas , and Petty Officer 3rd Class Skyler Dozierwalker , of Muskogee , Oklahoma , were found guilty by the Naha District Court of raping and robbing a woman in her 20s in a parking lot in October . Both admitted committing the crime . The case outraged many Okinawans , a number of whom have long complained of military - related crime on their island , which hosts thousands of U.S. troops . It also sparked tougher restrictions for all 50,000 U.S. military personnel in Japan , including a curfew and drinking restrictions . On 13 May 2013 , in a very controversial statement , Toru Hashimoto , co-leader of the Japan Restoration Association said to a senior American military official at the Marine Corps base in Okinawa `` We ca n't control the sexual energy of these brave marines . '' and told United States soldiers should make more use of the local adult entertainment industry to reduce sexual crimes against local women . Hashimoto also told the necessity of former Japanese Army comfort women and of prostitutes for the US military in other countries such as Korea . In June 2016 , after a civilian worker at the base was charged with murdering a Japanese woman , tens of thousands of people protested in Okinawa . Organizers estimated turnout at 65,000 people , which would be the largest anti-base protests in Okinawa since 1995 . In November 2017 , an intoxicated US service member was arrested following a vehicle crash on the Japanese island of Okinawa that killed the other driver . Osprey deployment in Okinawa ( edit ) In October 2012 , twelve MV - 22 Ospreys were transferred to the US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma to replace aging Vietnam - era Boeing Vertol CH - 46 Sea Knight helicopters in Okinawa . In October 2013 , an additional 12 Ospreys arrived , again to replace CH - 46 Sea Knights , increasing the number of Ospreys to 24 . Japanese Defence Minister Satoshi Morimoto explained the Osprey aircraft is safe adding that two recent accidents were ' caused by human factors ' . Japanese Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda also stated that the Japanese government was convinced of the MV - 22 's safety . Various incidents involving V - 22 Ospreys have occurred in Okinawa . On 5 April , 2018 , it was announced that the US Air Force is to officially deploy CV - 22 Osprey aircraft at its Yokota Air Base on the outskirts of Tokyo in a few months . The deployment would be the first of Ospreys in Japan other than in Okinawa , where the US Marines have already deployed their version of the aircraft , known as the MV - 22s . On 25 April , 2018 two US Air Force Osprey MV - 22 , deployed at US Marine Corps Air Station Futenma on the Okinawa island , made an emergency landing at the Amami Airport on the nearby island in Kagoshima Prefecture . US Ospreys have experienced numerous mishaps in recent years , prompting Japanese officials to call for revision of certain provisions of the US - Japan Status of Forces Agreement ( SOFA ) , which outlines the rights and privileges of foreign military personnel present in the country . ( 5 ) Facilities ( edit ) List of current facilities ( edit ) U.S. military bases in Japan U.S. military facilities in Okinawa The USFJ headquarters is at Yokota Air Base , about 30 km west of central Tokyo . The U.S. military installations in Japan and their managing branches are as follows : Branch ( MilDep ) USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose ( Actual ) Location Air Force FAC 1054 Camp Chitose ( Chitose III , Chitose Administration Annex ) Communications Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 2001 Misawa Air Base Air Base Misawa , Aomori FAC 3013 Yokota Air Base Air Base Fussa , Tokyo FAC 3016 Fuchu Communications Station Communications Fuchu , Tokyo FAC 3019 Tama Service Annex ( Tama Hills Recreation Center ) Recreation Inagi , Tokyo FAC 3048 Camp Asaka ( South Camp Drake AFN Transmitter Site ) Barracks ( Broadcasting ) Wako , Saitama FAC 3049 Tokorozawa Communications Station ( Tokorozawa Transmitter Site ) Communications Tokorozawa , Saitama FAC 3056 Owada Communication Site Communications Niiza , Saitama FAC 3162 Yugi Communication Site Communications Hachioji , Tokyo FAC 4100 Sofu Communication Site Communications Iwakuni , Yamaguchi FAC 5001 Itazuke Auxiliary Airfield Air Cargo Terminal Hakata - ku , Fukuoka FAC 5073 Sefurisan Liaison Annex ( Seburiyama Communications Station ) Communications Kanzaki , Saga FAC 5091 Tsushima Communication Site Communications Tsushima , Nagasaki FAC 6004 Okuma Rest Center Recreation Kunigami , Okinawa FAC 6006 Yaedake Communication Site Communications Motobu , Okinawa FAC 6022 Kadena Ammunition Storage Area Storage Onna , Okinawa FAC 6037 Kadena Air Base Air Base Kadena , Okinawa FAC 6077 Tori Shima Range Training Kumejima , Okinawa FAC 6078 Idesuna Jima Range Training Tonaki , Okinawa FAC 6080 Kume Jima Range Training Kumejima , Okinawa Army FAC 2070 Shariki Communication Site Communications Tsugaru , Aomori FAC 3004 Akasaka Press Center ( Hardy Barracks ) Office Minato , Tokyo FAC 3067 Yokohama North Dock Port Facility Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3079 Camp Zama Office Zama , Kanagawa FAC 3084 Sagami General Depot Logistics Sagamihara , Kanagawa FAC 3102 Sagamihara Housing Area Housing Sagamihara , Kanagawa FAC 4078 Akizuki Ammunition Depot Storage Etajima , Hiroshima FAC 4083 Kawakami Ammunition Depot Storage Higashihiroshima , Hiroshima FAC 4084 Hiro Ammunition Depot Storage Kure , Hiroshima FAC 4152 Kure Pier No. 6 Port Facility Kure , Hiroshima FAC 4611 Haigamine Communication Site Communications Kure , Hiroshima FAC 6007 Gesaji Communication Site Communications Higashi , Okinawa FAC 6036 Torii Communications Station ( Torii Station ) Communications Yomitan , Okinawa FAC 6064 Naha Port Port Facility Naha , Okinawa FAC 6076 Army POL Depots Storage Uruma , Okinawa Navy FAC 2006 Hachinohe POL Depot Storage Hachinohe , Aomori FAC 2012 Misawa ATG Range ( R130 , Draughon Range ) Training Misawa , Aomori FAC 3033 Kisarazu Auxiliary Landing Field Air Facility Kisarazu , Chiba FAC 3066 Negishi Dependent Housing Area ( Naval Housing Annex Negishi ) Housing Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3083 Naval Air Facility Atsugi Air Facility Ayase , Kanagawa FAC 3087 Ikego Housing Area and Navy Annex Housing Zushi , Kanagawa FAC 3090 Azuma Storage Area Storage Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3096 Kamiseya Communications Station - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ( Naval Support Facility Kamiseya - returned to Japanese Gov 2015 ) Communications ( Housing ) Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3097 Fukaya Communication Site ( Naval Transmitter Station Totsuka ) Communications Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3099 United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka Port Facility Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3117 Urago Ammunition Depot Storage Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3144 Tsurumi POL Depot Storage Yokohama , Kanagawa FAC 3181 Iwo Jima Communication Site Communications ( Training ) Ogasawara , Tokyo FAC 3185 New Sanno U.S. Forces Center Recreation Minato , Tokyo FAC 5029 United States Fleet Activities Sasebo Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5030 Sasebo Dry Dock Area Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5032 Akasaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5033 Sasebo Ammunition Supply Point Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5036 Iorizaki POL Depot Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5039 Yokose POL Depot Storage Saikai , Nagasaki FAC 5050 Harioshima Ammunition Storage Area Storage Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5086 Tategami Basin Port Area Port Facility Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5118 Sakibe Navy Annex Hangar Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5119 Hario Dependent Housing Area ( Hario Family Housing Area ) Housing Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 6028 Tengan Pier Port Facility Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6032 Camp Shields Barracks Okinawa , Okinawa FAC 6046 Awase Communications Station Communications Okinawa , Okinawa FAC 6048 White Beach Area Port Facility Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6084 Kobi Sho Range Training Ishigaki , Okinawa FAC 6085 Sekibi Sho Range Training Ishigaki , Okinawa FAC 6088 Oki Daito Jima Range Training Kitadaito , Okinawa Marine Corps FAC 3127 Camp Fuji Barracks Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3154 Numazu Training Area Training Numazu , Shizuoka FAC 4092 Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Air Station Iwakuni , Yamaguchi FAC 6001 Northern Training Area ( Incl . Camp Gonsalves ) Training Kunigami , Okinawa FAC 6005 Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield Training Ie , Okinawa FAC 6009 Camp Schwab Training Nago , Okinawa FAC 6010 Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Storage Nago , Okinawa FAC 6011 Camp Hansen Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6019 Kin Red Beach Training Area Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6020 Kin Blue Beach Training Area Training Kin , Okinawa FAC 6029 Camp Courtney Barracks Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6031 Camp McTureous Barracks Uruma , Okinawa FAC 6043 Camp Kuwae ( Camp Lester ) Medical Facility Chatan , Okinawa FAC 6044 Camp Zukeran ( Camp Foster ) Barracks Chatan , Okinawa FAC 6051 Marine Corps Air Station Futenma Air Station Ginowan , Okinawa FAC 6056 Makiminato Service Area ( Camp Kinser ) Logistics Urasoe , Okinawa FAC 6082 Tsuken Jima Training Area Training Uruma , Okinawa Camp Smedley D. Butler , Okinawa Prefecture , Yamaguchi Prefectures . ( Although these camps are dispersed throughout Okinawa and the rest of Japan they are all under the heading of Camp Smedley D. Butler ) : Camp McTureous , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Courtney , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Foster , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Kinser , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Hansen , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Schwab , Okinawa Prefecture Camp Gonsalves ( Jungle Warfare Training Center ) , Okinawa Prefecture Kin Blue Beach Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture Kin Red Beach Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture Higashionna Ammunition Storage Point II Henoko Ordnance Ammunition Depot Marine Corps Air Station Futenma , Okinawa Prefecture ( return after the MCAS Futenma relocates to Camp Schwab ) Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni Camp Fuji , Shizuoka Prefecture Numazu Training Area , Shizuoka Prefecture Ie Jima Auxiliary Airfield , Okinawa Prefecture Tsuken Jima Training Area , Okinawa Prefecture JSDF - USFJ Joint Use Facilities and Areas Temporary use facilities and areas are as follows : USFJ Facilities Admin Code Name of Installation Primary Purpose Location FAC 1066 Camp Higashi Chitose ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1067 Hokkaido Chitose Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1068 Chitose Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chitose , Hokkaido FAC 1069 Betsukai Yausubetsu Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Betsukai , Hokkaido FAC 1070 Camp Kushiro ( JGSDF ) Barracks Kushiro , Hokkaido FAC 1071 Camp Shikaoi ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi , Hokkaido FAC 1072 Kamifurano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kamifurano , Hokkaido FAC 1073 Camp Sapporo ( JGSDF ) Training Sapporo , Hokkaido FAC 1074 Shikaoi Shikaribetsu Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shikaoi , Hokkaido FAC 1075 Camp Obihiro ( JGSDF ) Training Obihiro , Hokkaido FAC 1076 Asahikawa Chikabumidai Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Asahikawa , Hokkaido FAC 1077 Camp Okadama ( JGSDF ) Recreation Sapporo , Hokkaido FAC 1078 Nayoro Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nayoro , Hokkaido FAC 1079 Takikawa Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takikawa , Hokkaido FAC 1080 Bihoro Training Area ( JGSDF ) Training Bihoro , Hokkaido FAC 1081 Kutchan Takamine Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Kutchan , Hokkaido FAC 1082 Engaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Engaru , Hokkaido FAC 2062 Camp Sendai ( JGSDF ) Training Sendai , Miyagi FAC 2063 Camp Hachinohe ( JGSDF ) Barracks Hachinohe , Aomori FAC 2064 Iwate Iwatesan Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takizawa , Iwate FAC 2065 Taiwa Ojojihara Large Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Taiwa , Miyagi FAC 2066 Kasuminome Airfield ( JGSDF ) Airfield Sendai , Miyagi FAC 2067 Aomori Kotani Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Aomori , Aomori FAC 2068 Hirosaki Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Hirosaki , Aomori FAC 2069 Jinmachi Otakane Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Murayama , Yamagata FAC 3104 Nagasaka Rifle Range ( JGSDF ) Training Yokosuka , Kanagawa FAC 3183 Fuji Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Fujiyoshida , Yamanashi Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3184 Camp Takigahara ( JGSDF ) Training Gotenba , Shizuoka FAC 3186 Takada Sekiyama Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Joetsu , Niigata FAC 3187 Hyakuri Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Omitama , Ibaraki FAC 3188 Soumagahara Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Shinto , Gunma FAC 3189 Camp Asaka ( JGSDF ) Training Asaka , Saitama FAC 4161 Komatsu Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Komatsu , Ishikawa FAC 4162 1st Service School ( JMSDF ) Training Etajima , Hiroshima FAC 4163 Haramura Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Higashihiroshima , Hiroshima FAC 4164 Imazu Aibano Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Takashima , Shiga FAC 4165 Gifu Air Base ( JASDF ) Recreation Kakamigahara , Gifu FAC 4166 Camp Itami ( JGSDF ) Training Itami , Hyogo FAC 4167 Nihonbara Medium Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Nagi , Okayama FAC 4168 Miho Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Sakaiminato , Tottori FAC 5115 Nyutabaru Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Shintomi , Miyazaki FAC 5117 Sakibe Rifle Range ( JMSDF ) Training Sasebo , Nagasaki FAC 5120 Hijudai - Jumonjibaru Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yufu , Oita Beppu , Oita FAC 5121 Tsuiki Air Base ( JASDF ) Air Base Chikujo , Fukuoka FAC 5122 Omura Air Base ( JMSDF ) Recreation Omura , Nagasaki FAC 5123 Oyanohara - Kirishima Maneuver Area ( JGSDF ) Training Yamato , Kumamoto Ebino , Miyazaki FAC 5124 Camp Kita Kumamoto ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto , Kumamoto FAC 5125 Camp Kengun ( JGSDF ) Training Kumamoto , Kumamoto FAC 6181 Ukibaru Jima Training Area Training Uruma , Okinawa In Okinawa , U.S. military installations occupy about 10.4 percent of the total land usage . Approximately 74.7 percent of all the U.S. military facilities in Japan are located on the island of Okinawa . List of former facilities ( edit ) The United States has returned some facilities to Japanese control . Some are used as military bases of the JSDF ; others have become civilian airports or government offices ; many are factories , office buildings or residential developments in the private sector . Due to the Special Actions Committee on Okinawa , more land in Okinawa is in the process of being returned . These areas include -- Camp Kuwae ( also known as Camp Lester ) , MCAS Futenma , areas within Camp Zukeran ( also known as Camp Foster ) , about 9,900 acres ( 40 km ) of the Northern Training Area , Aha Training Area , Gimbaru Training Area ( also known as Camp Gonsalves ) , small portion of the Makiminato Service Area ( also known as Camp Kinser ) , and Naha Port . Army : Army Composite Service Group Area ( later , Chinen Service Area ) , Nanjō , Okinawa Army STRATCOM Warehouse ( later , Urasoe Warehouse ) , Urasoe , Okinawa Bluff Area ( later , Yamate Dependent Housing Area ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Bolo Point Auxiliary Airfield ( later , Trainfire Range ) , Yomitan , Okinawa Bolo Point Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Camp Bender , Ōta , Gunma Camp Boone , Ginowan , Okinawa Camp Burness , Chūō , Tokyo Camp Chickamauga , 19th Infantry , Beppu , Oita Camp Chigasaki , Chigasaki , Kanagawa Camp Chitose Annex ( Chitose I , II ) , Chitose , Hokkaido Camp Coe , Yokohama , Kanagawa Camp Crawford , Sapporo , Hokkaido Camp Drake , Asaka , Saitama Camp Drew , Ōizumi , Gunma Camp Eta Jima , Etajima , Hiroshima Camp Fowler , Sendai , Miyagi Camp Fuchinobe ( Office Japan , NSAPACREP ) , Sagamihara , Kanagawa Camp Hakata , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Camp Hardy , Ginoza , Okinawa Camp Haugen , Hachinohe , Aomori Camp Katakai , Kujūkuri , Chiba Camp King ( later , Omiya Ordnance Sub Depot ) , Omiya , Saitama Camp Kokura , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Camp Kubasaki ( later , Kubasaki School Area ) , ( Nakagusuku , Okinawa ) Camp Loper , Tagajō , Miyagi Camp McGill , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Camp McNair , Fujiyoshida , Yamanashi Camp Mercy , Ginowan , Okinawa Camp Moore , Kawasaki , Kanagawa Camp Mower 34th Infantry , Sasebo , Nagasaki Camp Nara , Nara , Nara Camp Ojima , Ōta , Gunma Camp Otsu , Ōtsu , Shiga Camp Palmer , Funabashi , Chiba Camp Schimmelpfennig , Sendai , Miyagi Camp Stilwell , Maebashi , Gunma Camp Weir , Shinto , Gunma Camp Whittington , Kumagaya , Saitama Camp Wood , 21st Infantry , Kumamoto Camp Younghans , Higashine , Yamagata Chibana Army Annex ( later , Chibana Site ) , Okinawa , Okinawa Chinen Army Annex ( later , Chinen Site ) , Chinen , Okinawa Chuo Kogyo ( later , Niikura Warehouse Area ) , Wako , Saitama Deputy Division Engineer Office , Urasoe , Okinawa Division School Center , Kokura Etchujima Warehouse , Koto , Tokyo Funaoka Ammunition Depot , Shibata , Miyagi Hachinohe LST Barge Landing Area , Hachinohe , Aomori Hakata Transportation Office , Hakata - ku , Fukuoka Hamby Auxiliary Airfield , Chatan , Okinawa Hosono Ammunition Depot , Seika , Kyoto Iribaru ( Nishihara ) Army Annex , Uruma , Okinawa Ishikawa Army Annex , Uruma , Okinawa Japan Logistical Command ( Yokohama Customs House ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Jefferson Heights , Chiyoda , Tokyo Kanagawa Milk Plant , Yokohama , Kanagawa Kashiji Army Annex , Chatan , Okinawa Kishine Barracks , Yokohama , Kanagawa Kobe Pier No. 6 , Kobe , Hyogo Kobe Port Building , Kobe , Hyogo Koza Radio Relay Annex ( later , Koza Communication Site ) , Okinawa , Okinawa Kure Barge Landing Area , Kure , Hiroshima Lincoln Center , Chiyoda , Tokyo Moji Port , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Nagoya Procurement ( Purchasing and Contracting ) Office , Nagoya , Aichi Naha Army Annex ( later , Naha Site ) , Naha , Okinawa Naha Service Center , Naha , Okinawa Namihira Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Negishi Racetrack Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Cold Storage ( later , Naha Cold Storage ) , Naha , Okinawa Okinawa Regional Exchange Dry Storage Warehouse ( later , Makiminato Warehouse ) , Urasoe , Okinawa Onna Point Army Annex ( later , Onna Site ) , Onna , Okinawa Oppama Ordnance Depot , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Ota Koizumi Airfield ( Patton Field Air Drop Range ) , Oizumi , Gunma Palace Heights , Chiyoda , Tokyo Pershing Heights ( Headquarters , U.S. Far East Command / United Nations Command ) , Shinjuku , Tokyo Sakuradani Rifle Range , Chikushino , Fukuoka Sanno Hotel Officer 's Quarter , Chiyoda , Tokyo Shikotsuko Training Area , Chitose , Hokkaido Shinzato Communication Site , Nanjo , Okinawa South Ammunition Storage Annex ( later , South Ammunition Storage Area ) , Yaese , Okinawa Sunabe Army Annex , Chatan , Okinawa Tana Ammunition Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Tairagawa ( Deragawa ) Communication Site , Uruma , Okinawa Tengan Communication Site , Uruma , Okinawa Tokyo Army Hospital , Chūō , Tokyo Tokyo Quartermaster Depot , Minato , Tokyo Tokyo Ordnance Depot ( later , Camp Oji ) , Kita , Tokyo U.S. Army Medical Center , Sagamihara , Kanagawa U.S. Army Printing and Publication Center , Far East , Kawasaki , Kanagawa U.S. Army Procurement Agency , Japan , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Center Pier ( MSTS - FE ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Engineering Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Motor Command , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Ordnance Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama POL Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Servicemen Club , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Supply Depot , Kawasaki , Kanagawa Yokohama Signal Maintenance Depot ( JLC Air Strip ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama South Pier , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yomitan Army Annex , Yomitan , Okinawa Zama Rifle Range , Sagamihara , Kanagawa Zukeran Propagation Annex ( later , Communication Site ) , Chatan , Okinawa Navy : Haiki ( Sasebo ) Rifle Range , Sasebo , Nagasaki Inanba Shima Gunnery Firing Range , Mikurajima , Tokyo Kinugasa Ammunition Depot , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Koshiba POL Depot , Yokohama , Kanagawa Ominato Communication Site , Ominato , Aomori Omura Rifle Range , Omura , Nagasaki Makiminato Service Area Annex , Urasoe , Okinawa Minamitorishima Communication Site , Ogasawara , Tokyo Nagahama Rifle Range , Kure , Hiroshima Nagai Dependent Housing Area ( Admiralty Heights ) , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Nagiridani Dependent Housing Area , Sasebo , Nagasaki Naval Air Facility Naha , Naha , Okinawa Naval Air Facility Oppama , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Navy EM Club , Yokosuka , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Niigata Sekiya Communication Site , Chuo - ku , Niigata Shinyamashita Dependent Housing Area ( Bayside Court ) , Yokohama , Kanagawa Sobe Communication Site ( NSGA Hanza ) , Yomitan , Okinawa Tokachibuto Communication Site , Urahoro , Hokkaido Tomioka Storage Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Tsujido Maneuver Area , Chigasaki , Kanagawa Yokohama Bakery , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Beach ( Honmoku ) Dependent Housing Area , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Chapel Center , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokohama Cold Storage , Yokohama , Kanagawa Yokosuka Naval Pier , Yokosuka , Kanagawa Yosami Communication Site , Kariya , Aichi Air Force : Ashiya Air Base ( later , ATG Range ) , Ashiya , Fukuoka Asoiwayama Liaison Annex , Tobetsu , Hokkaido Brady Air Base ( later , Gannosu Air Station ) , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Chiran Communication Site , Chiran , Kagoshima Chitose Air Base , Chitose , Hokkaido Daikanyama Communication Site , Yugawara , Kanagawa Fuchu Air Station ( Headquarters , USFJ / Fifth Air Force , 1957 -- 1974 ) , Fuchu , Tokyo Funabashi Communication Site , Funabashi , Chiba Grant Heights Dependent Housing Area , Nerima , Tokyo Green Park Housing Annex , Musashino , Tokyo Hachinohe Small Arms Range , Hachinohe , Aomori Hamura School Annex , Hamura , Tokyo Haneda Air Base ( later , Postal Service Annex ) , Ota , Tokyo Hanshin Auxiliary Airfield , Yao , Osaka Hirao Communication Site , Chuo - ku , Fukuoka Itami Air Base , Itami , Hyogo Itazuke Administration Annex ( Kasugabaru DHA ) , Kasuga , Fukuoka Itazuke Air Base , Hakata - ku , Fukuoka Johnson Air Base ( later , Air Station , Family Housing Annex ) , Iruma , Saitama Kadena Dependent Housing Area , Yomitan , Okinawa Kanto Mura Dependent Housing Area and Auxiliary Airfield , Chofu , Tokyo Kasatoriyama Radar Site , Tsu , Mie Kashiwa Communication Site ( Camp Tomlinson ) , Kashiwa , Chiba Komaki ( Nagoya ) Air Base , Komaki , Aichi Kozoji Ammunition Depot , Kasugai , Aichi Kume Jima Air Station , Kumejima , Okinawa Kushimoto Radar Site , Kushimoto , Wakayama Miho Air Base , Sakaiminato , Tottori Mineoka Liaison Annex , Minamiboso , Chiba Mito ATG Range , Hitachinaka , Ibaraki Miyako Jima Air Station , Miyakojima , Okinawa Miyako Jima VORTAC Site , Miyakojima , Okinawa Moriyama Air Station , Nagoya , Aichi Naha Air Base , Naha , Okinawa Naha Air Force / Navy Annex , Naha , Okinawa Najima Warehouse Area , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Niigata Air Base , Niigata , Niigata Ofuna Warehouse , Yokohama , Kanagawa Oshima Communication Center , Oshima , Tokyo Rokko Communication Site , Kobe , Hyogo Senaha Communications Station , Yomitan , Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in September 2006 ) Sendai Kunimi Communication Site , Sendai , Miyagi Showa ( later , Akishima ) Dependent Housing Area , Akishima , Tokyo Shiroi Air Base , Kashiwa , Chiba Sunabe Warehouse , Chatan , Okinawa Tachikawa Air Base , Tachikawa , Tokyo Tokyo Communication Site ( NTTPC Central Telephone Exchange ) , Chūō , Tokyo Wajima Liaison Annex , Wajima , Ishikawa Wajiro Water Supply Site , Higashi - ku , Fukuoka Wakkanai Air Station , Wakkanai , Hokkaido Washington Heights Dependent Housing Area , Shibuya , Tokyo Yamada Ammunition Depot , Kitakyushu , Fukuoka Yokawame Communication Site , Misawa , Aomori Yozadake Air Station , Itoman , Okinawa Marines : Aha Training Area , Kunigami , Okinawa Camp Gifu , Kakamigahara , Gifu Camp Hauge , Uruma , Okinawa Camp Okubo , Uji , Kyoto Camp Shinodayama , Izumi , Osaka Gimbaru Training Area , Kin , Okinawa Ihajo Kanko Hotel , Uruma , Okinawa Makiminato Housing Area , Naha , Okinawa Onna Communication Site , Onna , Okinawa Awase Golf Course , Okinawa Prefecture ( returned to the Japanese government in April 2010 ) Yaka Rest Center , Kin , Okinawa Yomitan Auxiliary Airfield , Yomitan , Okinawa ( returned to the Japanese government in 2006 , parachute drop training ended in March 2001 ) See also ( edit ) United States Forces Korea ( USFK ) United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands Operation Tomodachi Bell Boeing V - 22 Osprey References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 疑惑 が 晴れる の は いつか , Okinawa Times , 16 May 1999 ^ Jump up to : Yoshida , Reiji , `` Basics of the U.S. military presence '' , Japan Times , 25 March 2008 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ 思いやり 予算 8 億 円 減 で 日 米 合意 、 光熱 水 料 を 3 年間 で , Yomiuri Shinbun , 12 December 2007 Jump up ^ PRESS RELEASE U.S. and Japan Sign Alliance Support Agreement Archived 27 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , The embassy of the United States in Japan Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2011/01/22/national/host-nation-deal-inked-not-sympathy-budget/#.WAOBmCRbTGs Jump up ^ Zeynalov , Mahir ( 2017 - 12 - 25 ) . `` Defending Allies : Here is how much US Gains from Policing World '' . The Globe Post . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Purpose and Duties '' . Labor Management Organization . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tritten , Travis J. , `` Evacuation from Japan a vacation ? Not so much '' , Stars and Stripes , 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seales , Rebecca ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` End of an era : U.S. cuts back presence in Okinawa as 9,000 Marines prepare to move out '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` US agrees to Okinawa troop redeployment '' . Al Jazeera. 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Shanker , Thom ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. Agrees to Reduce Size of Force on Okinawa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Jaffe and Emily Heil ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` U.S. comes to agreement with Japan to move 9,000 Marines off Okinawa '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Okinawa deal between US and Japan to move marines '' . BBC . 27 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. , Japan unveil revised plan for Okinawa '' . The Asahi Shimbun. 27 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Quintana , Miguel ( 28 April 2012 ) . `` Japan Welcomes US Base Agreement '' . Voice of America . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Advanced US drones deployed in Japan to keep watch on China , North Korea '' . The Japan News.Net . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://english.ryukyushimpo.jp/2018/02/16/28494/ Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Okinawa Prefectural Government Jump up ^ http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/AJ201606290073.html Jump up ^ `` 自衛隊 ・ 防衛 問題 に関する 世論 調査 '' . The Cabinet Office of Japan . 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base '' . BBC News . 8 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 毎日 世論 調査 : 辺野古 移設 に 反対 84 % 沖縄 県民 対象 '' . Megalodon.jp . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ 基地 騒音 の 問題 Archived 4 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Yamato City Jump up ^ 横田 基地 における 騒音 防止 対策 の 徹底 について ( 要請 ) Archived 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Tokyo Metropolitan Government Jump up ^ 嘉手納 町 の 概要 Archived 30 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , Kadena Town Jump up ^ Isabel Reynolds ; Takashi Hirokawa ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Opponent of U.S. Base Wins Okinawa Vote in Setback for Abe '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Template : Https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/06/25/national/protest-held-sea-okinawa-land-reclamation-work-u-s-marine-corps-futenma-base/ Jump up ^ `` New Okinawa minister says Japan - U.S. SOFA should be ' re-examined ' after Osprey crash '' . The Japan Times Online . 2017 - 08 - 09 . ISSN 0447 - 5763 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ Hearst , David ( 2011 - 03 - 07 ) . `` Second battle of Okinawa looms as China 's naval ambition grows '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Ethos Data Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , SOFA Agreement Jump up ^ `` 在 日 米 軍 ・ 沖縄 駐留 米 軍 の 犯罪 率 を 考える - 駄犬 日誌 '' . D.hatena.ne.jp. 2008 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : KRISTOF , NICHOLAS ( 1995 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Fearing G.I. Occupiers , Japan Urgesd Women Into Brothels '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/06/26/national/crime-legal/u-s-civilian-arrested-fresh-okinawa-dui-case-man-injured/#.V54kfSOLTZs Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/06/08/the-suitcase-murder-tearing-the-u-s-and-japan-apart.html Jump up ^ Lah , Kyung ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` U.S. Marine accused of raping teen in Okinawa '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Japanese protest against US base '' . Al Jazeera. 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew for US troops in Okinawa '' . BBC . 20 February 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.newser.com/story/27674/okinawa-marine-gets-4-years-for-teen-sex-abuse.html Jump up ^ U.S. imposes curfew on Okinawa forces , The Japan Times , 21 February 2008 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ David Allen . `` U.S. soldier sentenced to Japanese jail for hit - and - run on Okinawa - News '' . Stripes . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy sailors convicted in Okinawa rape '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Tabuchi , Hiroko ( 13 May 2013 ) . `` Women Forced Into WWII Brothels Served Necessary Role , Osaka Mayor Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Ben Westcott , Japanese woman 's murder provokes protests against U.S. bases in Okinawa , CNN ( June 20 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jonathan Soble , At Okinawa Protest , Thousands Call for Removal of U.S. Bases , New York Times ( June 19 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/19/asia/okinawa-american-drunk-driver/ Jump up ^ 英語 学習 サイト . `` 社説 英語 の ニュース The Japan Times ST オンライン ― 英字 新聞 社 ジャパン タイムズ の 英語 学習 サイト '' . st.japantimes.co.jp ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` US Osprey military aircraft begin Okinawa base move '' . BBC News . 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Osprey - The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/20180405_30/ ^ Jump up to : A Soldier in Kyushu , By Capt . William B. Koons , 1 October 1947 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Forces Japan . United States Forces Japan U.S. Naval Forces Japan U.S. Forces , Japan ( GlobalSecurity.org ) Overseas Presence : Issues Involved in Reducing the Impact of the U.S. Military Presence on Okinawa , GAO , March 1998 U.S. Military Issues in Okinawa LMO Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Forces_Japan&oldid=855462814 '' Categories : United States military in Japan Japan -- United States relations United States Armed Forces in Okinawa Prefecture Commands of the United States Armed Forces Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use American English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2018 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Use dmy dates from August 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 August 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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where is the us military base in japan

United States Forces Japan 在 日 米 軍 USFJ Country Japan United States Size 50,000 ( approx . ) Headquarters Yokota Air Base , Fussa , Western Tokyo Nickname ( s ) USFJ

Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ( 228 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9 , by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John G. Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all members by court by seat by time in office by education Succession Timeline List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case , in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) . In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. The Supreme Court is sometimes colloquially referred to as SCOTUS ( Supreme Court of the United States ) similar to and in line with other acronyms such as POTUS ( President of the United States ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5. 1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . '' The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend . Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) ; At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) . It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 . His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it . Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November , 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid . From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Justice Breyer writing for the Court , stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century . Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine justices . The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the Senate . Name Date of birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 29 years , 10 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 1 month Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 4 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 4 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 11 years , 10 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 4 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan , Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 4 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 8 months and 8 days Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant . Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed . Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of service John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice . Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement . Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas and Alito ( appointed by Republican presidents ) comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ( appointed by Democratic presidents ) comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy ( appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court . Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) . However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 . Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied . There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal . Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions . The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time . Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits . As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment . A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume . They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets . Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October Term 2016 , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October Term 2010 , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct. 876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body . If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed . Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . '' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford . From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William H. Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John G. Roberts , Jr. for William H. Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John G. Roberts , Jr. for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said . `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead . Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 . A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 . Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed `` cartel '' , only revealing itself through `` public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings '' . The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur . Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S. public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won . In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment . Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ). ... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher . The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( 24 March 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage . Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Schallhorn , Kaitlyn ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Schumer : Democrats will filibuster SCOTUS nominee Neil Gorsuch '' . TheBlaze . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Schumer added that Gorsuch 's record shows he has a `` deep - seated conservative ideology '' and `` groomed by the Federalist Society , '' a conservative nonprofit legal organization . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . In the opinion for the Court , Breyer states `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . '' Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 15 June 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive . Retrieved 15 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) . `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 . Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history . ^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) . `` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) . `` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment . Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co . Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) . Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who determines the size of the supreme court

Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 .

Tom Ellis ( actor ) - wikipedia Tom Ellis ( actor ) Tom Ellis Tom Ellis at 2015 San Diego Comic - Con Thomas John Ellis ( 1978 - 11 - 17 ) 17 November 1978 ( age 39 ) Cardiff , Wales Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Nationality United Kingdom Alma mater Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Spouse ( s ) Tamzin Outhwaite ( m . 2006 ; div. 2014 ) Children Thomas John Ellis ( born 17 November 1978 ) , better known as Tom Ellis , is a Welsh actor . He is best known for playing Gary Preston in the sitcom Miranda ( 2009 -- 2015 ) and Lucifer Morningstar in the television series Lucifer ( 2016 -- ) . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Ellis was born in Cardiff , the son of Marilyn Jean ( Hooper ) and Christopher John Ellis . His father , sister and uncle are all Baptist ministers , with his uncle , Robert Ellis , being principal of Regent 's Park College , Oxford , which his father also attended . Ellis attended High Storrs School in Sheffield during his education and was a French horn player in the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra . Tom went on to study BA Dramatic Studies at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland , which was previously named Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama ( RSAMD ) . Career ( edit ) Other notable roles include Gary Preston in a hit TV show Miranda aired on BBC co-side with Miranda Hart from November 9 , 2009 to January 1 , 2015 , Justyn in Channel 4 's No Angels and Thomas Milligan in the series three finale of the BBC One science - fiction television programme Doctor Who . In July and August 2009 , Ellis starred in ITV comedy drama Monday Monday with Fay Ripley . He was also cast as Detective Inspector Bland in Agatha Christie 's Poirot . Ellis was the star of the USA network series Rush , playing a Hollywood physician . In February 2015 , it was announced that Ellis was cast as Lucifer Morningstar in the Fox Television drama Lucifer , based on the comic with the same name , which premiered on 25 January 2016 . Personal life ( edit ) In 2005 , Estelle Morgan , Ellis ' ex-girlfriend , gave birth to Ellis ' first daughter , Nora . Ellis was married to actress Tamzin Outhwaite from 2006 to 2014 . On 25 June 2008 , she gave birth to their first daughter , Florence Elsie . On 20 December 2008 , the pair appeared on the ITV gameshow All Star Mr & Mrs Christmas Special . Their second daughter , Marnie Mae , was born on 2 August 2012 . On 29 August 2013 , a spokesperson for the couple stated that they had separated , and the following month Outhwaite filed for divorce . As of 2018 , Ellis is engaged to television producer Meaghan Oppenheimer . Filmography ( edit ) Film and television roles Year Title Role Notes The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby John Browdie High Heels and Low Lifes Police Officer Buffalo Soldiers Squash 2001 -- 02 Nice Guy Eddie Frank Bennett 2003 Pollyanna Timothy I 'll Be There Ivor Messiah III : The Promise Dr. Phillip Ryder Vera Drake Police Officer 2005 Much Ado About Nothing Claudio Midsomer Murders Lee Smeeton Episode : `` Midsomer Rhapsody '' Waking the Dead Harry Taylor Episode : `` Straw Dog '' 2005 -- 06 No Angels Justyn 2006 EastEnders Dr. Oliver Cousins The Catherine Tate Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2007 Suburban Shootout P.C. Haines Doctor Who Tom Milligan Episode : `` Last of the Time Lords '' The Catherine Tate Christmas Show Detective Sergeant Sam Speed 2008 Trial & Retribution Nick Fisher Miss Conception Zak Harley Street Dr Ross Jarvis Episode : `` Episode 4 '' The Passion Apostle Philip / Philip 2009 Monday Monday Steven 2009 -- 15 Miranda Gary Preston Dappers Marco Merlin Cenred Accused Neil 2011 The Fades Mark Etches Sugartown Max Burr 2012 Gates Mark Pearson The Secret of Crickley Hall Gabe Caleigh 2013 Walking Stories Jarrod Short film Agatha Christie 's Poirot Detective Inspector Bland Episode : `` Dead Man 's Folly '' Once Upon a Time Robin Hood Episode : `` Lacey '' 2014 Rush Dr. William Rush Lead role ; 10 episodes 2015 The Strain Rob Bradley Episode : `` Identity '' 2016 -- present Lucifer Lucifer Morningstar Lead role 2018 Family Guy Oscar Wilde ( voice ) Episode : `` V Is For Mystery '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Famous family trees : Tom Ellis '' . 23 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Website on Miranda '' . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Insider : What 's Going on Behind the Scenes : TV 's Pilot Season Goes ( Very ) High - Concept '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc. : 26 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Ellis , The Fades , Pulling , and Miranda , Gothica ( TV 2013 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lucifer -- Tom Ellis Gets His Horns '' . Dread Central . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' files for divorce from Tom Ellis , citing adultery ' '' , Express , 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ ( No author . ) `` Tamzin Outhwaite ' Divorcing ' Tom Ellis After He Reportedly Admits Cheating With One - Night Stand '' , Huffington Post UK , 9 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelby McNally . `` ' We 're all moving forward ' Tom Ellis speaks out about Tamzin Outhwaite split '' , Express , 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0 , Legends , Lucifer , Supernatural , NCIS , S.W.A.T. , Nashville Finale and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listings - FAMILY GUY on FOX - TheFutonCritic.com '' . www.thefutoncritic.com . External links ( edit ) Tom Ellis on IMDb GND : 1061394867 ISNI : 0000 0004 6470 5421 LCCN : no2015002583 VIAF : 311618208 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Ellis_(actor)&oldid=854207705 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century Welsh male actors British male film actors British male soap opera actors British male television actors Living people People educated at High Storrs School People from Cardiff British expatriates in Canada Alumni of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2012 Infobox person using alma mater Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 17 : 44 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who is the actor that plays lucifer on tv

Thomas John Ellis ( born 17 November 1978 ) , better known as Tom Ellis , is a Welsh actor . He is best known for playing Gary Preston in the sitcom Miranda ( 2009 -- 2015 ) and Lucifer Morningstar in the television series Lucifer ( 2016 -- ) .

Darth Maul - wikipedia Darth Maul Maul Star Wars character Ray Park as Darth Maul in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace . First appearance Star Wars : The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) Created by George Lucas Portrayed by Ray Park Voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ( Episode I ) Samuel Witwer ( The Clone Wars , Rebels , Battlefront II ( 2017 ) and Solo : A Star Wars Story ) Other : Gregg Berger ( Star Wars : Episode I : The Phantom Menace ( video game ) ) David W. Collins ( Elite Squadron ) Stephen Stanton ( Battlefront II ( 2005 ) ) Jess Harnell ( Star Wars : Demolition , Star Wars : Galactic Battlegrounds and Star Wars : Racer Revenge ) Lee Tockar ( Droid Tales ) Information Species Dathomirian Zabrak Gender Male Occupation Sith apprentice , Crime lord Affiliation Order of the Lords of the Sith Shadow Collective Crimson Dawn Family Savage Opress ( brother ) Mother Talzin ( mother ) Homeworld Dathomir Maul is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Trained as Darth Sidious 's first apprentice , he serves as a Sith Lord and a master of wielding a double - bladed lightsaber . He first appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( portrayed by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ) . Despite his apparent demise in that film at the hands of Obi - Wan Kenobi , he would later return in the Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated television series , and would go on to make further appearances in the Star Wars Rebels series and the 2018 film Solo : A Star Wars Story , all voiced by Sam Witwer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 Concept and creation 1.2 Portrayal 2 Appearances 2.1 Films 2.1. 1 The Phantom Menace 2.1. 2 Solo : A Star Wars Story 2.2 Animated series 2.2. 1 The Clone Wars 2.2. 2 Rebels 2.3 Comics 2.3. 1 Darth Maul 2.3. 2 Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir 2.4 Novels 2.4. 1 Ahsoka 2.5 Legends / Non-canonical 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Concept and creation ( edit ) After getting frustrated with a drawing of production designer Gavin Bocquet , Iain McCaig started covering it in tape . Both he and Lucas liked the result , described as `` a kind of Rorschach pattern '' . The final drawing had McCaig 's own face , with the skin removed , and some Rorschach experimentation ( dropping ink onto paper , folding it in half then opening ) . Darth Maul 's head originally had feathers , based on prayer totems , but the Creature Effects crew led by Nick Dudman interpreted those feathers as horns , modifying his features into those common in popular depictions of the devil . His clothing was also modified , from a tight body suit with a muscle pattern to the Sith robe based on samurai pleats , because the lightsaber battles involved much jumping , spinning , running , and rolling . Another concept had Maul a masked figure , something that could rival Darth Vader , while the senatorial characters would sport painted and tattooed faces . It was later decided to apply the painted and tattooed faces to Maul rather than the senator . Portrayal ( edit ) Darth Maul was physically portrayed by actor and martial artist Ray Park in The Phantom Menace . The character was voiced by comedian / voice actor / director Peter Serafinowicz in The Phantom Menace and Lego videogame adaptation of the prequel trilogy ; while Samuel Witwer performed the character 's voice in the animated series The Clone Wars , Rebels , and in the live action movie Solo : A Star Wars Story . Actors Gregg Berger , Jess Harnell , Stephen Stanton , Clint Bajakian , and David W. Collins have all voiced him in Legends adaptations and minor appearances . Appearances ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars canon Films ( edit ) The Phantom Menace ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Episode I - The Phantom Menace Introduced in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , Darth Maul is ordered by Darth Sidious to capture Queen Padmé Amidala . On Tatooine , Maul fights Qui - Gon Jinn while approaching the Queen 's starship . While Anakin Skywalker ( the future Darth Vader ) gets on board , Qui - Gon engages Maul in a lightsaber duel , but the Jedi Master escapes . Eventually , Maul fights Qui - Gon and Obi - Wan Kenobi simultaneously . Maul duels Qui - Gon and eventually kills him . Although Obi - Wan is almost knocked down into a shaft , he uses the Force to propel himself out of the pit , and equips himself with Qui - Gon 's lightsaber to bisect Maul , seemingly killing him , after which the two separated pieces of Maul 's body fall into the shaft . Solo : a Star Wars story ( edit ) Main article : Solo : A Star Wars Story Ray Park reprises his role from The Phantom Menace as Darth Maul , with Sam Witwer providing the voice , reprising his role from the animated series , The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels . Maul is revealed to be the master of the crime syndicate Crimson Dawn that crime lord Dryden Vos answers to . Qi'ra tells Maul that Vos and his men were killed by Tobias Beckett and his accomplices , but neglects to name Han Solo and Chewbacca . Maul commands her to meet with him on Dathomir and warns her that they will work more closely from now on , igniting his lightsaber . Animated series ( edit ) The Clone Wars ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Darth Maul appears in the fourth and fifth seasons of the animated series Star Wars : The Clone Wars . In the third season , Darth Maul 's origins are elaborated upon : he is portrayed as a warrior of the Nightbrother clan on the planet Dathomir inhabited by the dominant Nightsister witchcraft society led by Mother Talzin . Maul 's tattoos are described as the markings of a warrior ( in contrast to earlier sources which identify his body art as Sith markings ) . Talzin has Savage Opress find his long - lost brother . In the fourth season , Darth Maul is revealed to be alive , having survived his presumed death at Obi - Wan Kenobi 's hands . Having ended up on the junkyard planet Lotho Minor via a dumpster craft , Maul has suffered from amnesia since Obi - Wan defeated him . Opress finds Maul and brings him to the devastated Dathomir , where Talzin restores Maul 's mind and gives him robotic legs . Maul and Opress set about a plan to exact revenge on Obi - Wan . Maul proceeds to attack a village on planet Raydonia as his first attempt on Obi - Wan 's life , only to be thwarted due to Asajj Ventress 's unexpected appearance to collect a bounty on Opress . Maul and Opress overpower Obi - Wan and Ventress , but Maul lets them go upon realizing that the Jedi know of his existence , deciding to await another opportunity . In the fifth season , Maul takes Opress as his apprentice , and begins building a criminal empire . Needing followers , they travel to Florrum and manage to convince Weequay pirate Jiro and his crew to join them and betray their leader Hondo Ohnaka . Maul 's pirates attack Hondo 's loyal forces , and Maul once again duels Obi - Wan while Opress fights and kills Jedi Master Adi Gallia . Obi - Wan and Hondo forces retreat and regroup inside Hondo 's compound . Maul 's forces eventually break in and Obi - Wan draws the two brothers away from the pirates , engaging them in a two - on - one duel while the pirate factions fight elsewhere in the compound . Obi - Wan , though outnumbered , cuts off Opress 's arm and forces the Sith Lords to retreat . Meanwhile , Honda wins back his crew by `` persuading '' them under threat of heavy artillery . Obi - Wan blows off one of Maul 's robotic legs and badly damages Maul 's ship . Maul and Opress manage to escape , but get stuck in dead space due to the damage to their ship . After several days , they are found close to death by the Death Watch Mandalorian warriors , led by Pre Vizsla , who gives Maul a new set of legs and Opress a new mechanical arm . Maul offers Vizsla the chance to reclaim Mandalore by recruiting the Black Sun and Pyke crime families and Jabba the Hutt 's minions to create the criminal syndicate named The Shadow Collective . From there , Maul engineers Vizsla 's rise to power : he orders his henchmen to attack Mandalore so the Death Watch can arrest them and appear as heroes to the denizens who have long lived under Duchess Satine Kryze 's pacifist rule . Vizsla betrays Maul , imprisoning both Savage and him . Easily breaking free , Maul challenges Vizsla to a duel to take over the Death Watch and Mandalore ; he succeeds in killing Vizsla and then claims his former co-conspirator's darksaber . He wins the loyalty of most Death Watch members , but Bo Katan retreats along with those loyal to their previous leader . Maul then puts the disgraced former prime minister Almec , whom Satine had imprisoned for corruption , in power as a puppet leader , solidifying his control over Mandalore . Maul then anticipates Satine being broken out of prison and her attempt to contact the Jedi Council as part of his plan to get Obi - Wan to Mandalore . Once Obi - Wan arrives and attempts to rescue Satine , Maul captures him and exacts revenge on the Jedi by murdering Satine right in front of him , hoping to make the Jedi suffer as much as he once did . Obi - Wan is later freed by the Night Owl rebels ( Bo Katan 's Death Watch faction ) who request Republic aid . Maul senses Darth Sidious arriving on Mandalore . Although impressed with his former apprentice 's survival , Sidious declares Maul a rival and uses the Force to push and choke him and Opress . He then engages them both in lightsaber combat , fatally injuring Opress . After Opress dies from his wounds , Sidious reminds Maul of the Rule of Two , and tells him that he has been replaced . Enraged , Maul pulls out both his lightsaber and darksaber and proceeds to fight Sidious on equal ground , but Sidious ultimately defeats him . Maul pleads for mercy , but Sidious ignores him and tortures him with blasts of Force lightning . Sidious reveals that he has no intention of killing Maul , remarking that he has other uses for his former apprentice . Rebels ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars Rebels An older Maul appears in the season 2 finale of Star Wars Rebels . Tracked by an Inquisitor named the Eighth Brother , Maul is stranded on the ancient Sith world of Malachor , where he is discovered by series protagonist Ezra Bridger among the ruins . Introducing himself as `` Old Master '' and seeking revenge against Sidious , Maul leads Ezra into an ancient Sith temple , where they discover a holocron that Maul claims can give them the knowledge needed to defeat the Sith . After recovering it , the two find Ezra 's master Kanan Jarrus and former Jedi Ahsoka Tano locked in battle with the Eighth Brother . They also find the Fifth Brother and the Seventh Sister , who have been pursuing the Rebels for some time . Maul -- having cast aside the title of Darth -- then reveals a new lightsaber disguised as a walking stick and joins the Jedi in battling their enemies . After the Inquisitors retreat , Maul wins the Jedi 's trust by denouncing the Sith , and tells them that he can not defeat Darth Vader on his own . Working together , he and the Jedi ascend towards the top of the Sith temple and successfully defeat the three Inquisitors . It is then that Maul reveals his intention to take Ezra as his apprentice , having already tricked him into activating the temple . After blinding Kanan , Maul briefly duels Ahsoka before facing Kanan again , only to be knocked off the temple 's edge . However , he survives the fall and escapes Malachor in the Eighth Brother 's TIE Fighter . Months after the events on Malachor , Maul once again reveals himself to the Jedi as he takes the Ghost 's crew hostage . He threatens to kill them unless Kanan and Ezra bring both the Sith and Jedi holocrons to him . Despite an attempt by the Rebels to escape , Maul successfully recaptures them and takes them to a remote base in the Outer Rim where he awaits the arrival of the Jedi . After they arrive , the holocrons are hazardously united allowing Ezra and Maul to see visions of their desires : Ezra sees images of a way to destroy the Sith , images including `` twin suns '' , while Maul sees a vision of his own . Kanan begs Ezra to look away before he sees something he does n't want to while Maul tells him to ignore Kanan and keep looking . Ezra heeds his master 's words and breaks off the connection , which causes a great explosion . Maul escapes in the confusion , uttering , `` He lives . '' Maul reappears after finding the Rebellion 's secret base . He tells Ezra that because the connection was severed , they got bits and pieces of each other 's visions . With the holocrons destroyed from the events of their previous meeting , Maul discovered another way to get the information he needed . With Ezra he travels to Dathomir , former home of the Night Sisters , and recreates one of their spells to temporarily meld his and Ezra 's minds . After the spell is completed Ezra , who was still looking for a way to destroy the Sith , and Maul realize they are both looking for Obi - Wan Kenobi . In the episode `` Twin Suns '' , Maul is shown lost on Tatooine . He decides to use Ezra to lure Obi - Wan out of hiding . During their confrontation , Maul deduces that Obi - Wan is not only hiding , but is protecting someone . In a swift duel , Obi - Wan fatally wounds Maul . As he lies dying in Obi - Wan 's arms , Maul asks if the person he is protecting is the Chosen One , and Obi - Wan replies `` he is '' . Maul declares that this `` Chosen One '' will avenge them , and dies . Comics ( edit ) Darth Maul ( edit ) In 2017 , Marvel released Star Wars : Darth Maul a 5 - issue prequel series centered on Darth Maul before the events of The Phantom Menace . Darth Maul : son of Dathomir ( edit ) Main article : Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir Dark Horse Comics produced Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir based on the scripts and storyboards of an unproduced 4 - episode story arc intended for The Clone Wars Season 6 . After killing Savage Opress , Darth Sidious takes Maul to a Separatist prison , where Count Dooku tortures him for information about the Shadow Collective . Prime Minister Almec arranges Maul 's escape and the latter then heads back to Zanbar to command the Death Watch army . However , he is followed there by General Grievous and his droids , who then battle with Maul and the Mandalorians . While they put up a fierce fight , Maul and his minions are ultimately overwhelmed by the droids . During the battle , Maul tears through the droid ranks and attacks Grievous , but is overpowered and forced to retreat . Afterwards , Maul confers with Mother Talzin ( revealed to be his biological mother ) and plots to draw out Sidious by capturing Dooku and General Grievous . The scheme works , and Talzin is able to restore herself to her physical form , but she sacrifices herself to save Maul . Although Maul escapes with a company of loyal Mandalorians , the Shadow Collective has fallen apart due to the conflict with Sidious , as the Hutts , Pykes , and Black Sun have all abandoned Maul . Novels ( edit ) Ahsoka ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : Ahsoka In flashbacks during the novel Star Wars : Ahsoka , it is revealed that during the final days of the Clone Wars , Maul and his forces were besieged on Mandalore by an army of clone troopers led by Ahsoka Tano and Captain Rex . During the siege , Maul confronts and duels Ahsoka , and though he proves to be the stronger fighter , the former Jedi outwits him and traps him in a ray shield . However , before Maul can be taken into official custody , Order 66 is enacted and the clone troopers following Ahsoka turn on her , with the exception of Rex . With Rex 's life in peril , Ahsoka abandons the chance of killing Maul , allowing the former Sith to escape once again . This battle was originally intended to be depicted in the series finale of The Clone Wars had the series not been prematurely cancelled -- Anakin and Obi - Wan were dispatched to Mandalore with Ahsoka , but were immediately called back to Coruscant to rescue Chancellor Palpatine , thus leading into the opening sequence of Revenge of the Sith . Legends / non-canonical ( edit ) With the 2012 acquisition of Lucasfilm by The Walt Disney Company , most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise in April 2014 . As portrayed in the novel Darth Plagueis , the titular Sith Lord sends his apprentice , Darth Sidious , to the Force - rich world of Dathomir . A Dathomiri witch , or Night - sister , senses Sidious ' power in the Force and approaches him . She assumes he is a Jedi and begs him to take her Zabrak infant son . She realizes Sidious is not a Jedi , and explains how she is trying to save her son from a Nightsister named Talzin , who killed Maul 's father . It is implied that Maul has a twin brother and that Talzin is only aware of one child . Sidious realizes the infant is strong in the Force , and would become a threat if found by the Jedi . Concealing the existence of his own master , Sidious raises Maul to believe that he is a Sith apprentice , but he actually intends him to be an expendable -- albeit useful -- minion rather than an heir . Maul himself acknowledges his shortcomings , such as his limited understanding of politics , even as he tries to become a true Sith . As portrayed in the novel Darth Maul : Shadow Hunter , Maul was raised by Sidious for as long as he can remember . He then trains Maul as a Sith , marking his body with Sith tattoos . Maul initially goes on several missions of terror for his master , killing politicians , crime bosses , merchants and warlords . Several sources depict Maul returning from the dead in several different forms . The story `` Resurrection '' from Star Wars Tales 9 depicts a cult creating a duplicate of Maul as a replacement for Darth Vader , only for Vader to kill him . The story `` Phantom Menaces '' in Star Wars Tales # 17 ( set after Return of the Jedi ) depicts Luke Skywalker visiting Maul 's home planet of Iridonia in an ambassadorial capacity , where he faces a `` solid state hologram '' of Maul projected from Maul 's salvaged brain as part of a scientist 's attempt to recreate Maul as Iridonia 's `` champion '' . Luke recognizes the disruption that Maul 's existence is causing in the Force , and shuts down the life - support systems keeping the brain alive . In 2005 , Dark Horse Comics published Star Wars : Visionaries , a compilation of comic art short stories . One story `` Old Wounds '' , considered to be non-canonical to Star Wars lore , depicts Maul , now with longer horns on his head , surviving his bisection at Obi - Wan 's hands , replacing his missing bottom half with cybernetic legs , similar to those of General Grievous . He then follows Obi - Wan throughout the galaxy , finally tracking him down on Tatooine a few years after the events of Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Maul taunts Obi - Wan , saying that after he kills him , he will take a toddler - aged Luke Skywalker to his master , Emperor Palpatine . Maul plans to kill Darth Vader , and resume his rightful place at Palpatine 's side as his apprentice . He ignites his new double - bladed lightsaber , and engages Obi - Wan in a lightsaber duel , but Obi - Wan again bests him in combat , cutting off his opponent 's horns . The Sith Lord is killed , unexpectedly , by a blaster bolt to the head from Owen Lars . Obi - Wan thanks Owen , and says he will take Maul 's body into the desert and burn it so he can never come back . In early 2012 , a young adult novel entitled Star Wars : The Wrath of Darth Maul was released by Scholastic . In the 2014 novel , Star Wars : Maul : Lockdown , set before The Phantom Menace , Darth Maul is sent into an infamous galactic prison . Maul is also featured prominently in comic series starting in this period , Star Wars : The Clone Wars : The Sith Hunters & Darth Maul : Death Sentence . Set in the period of the Clone Wars around the various episodes that featured Maul , Sith Hunters and Death Sentence detail his and Savage Opress ' journey across the galaxy as they seek vengeance on the Jedi . In popular culture ( edit ) Since the release of The Phantom Menace , Darth Maul has proven to be a popular character . IGN named Darth Maul the 16th greatest Star Wars character , noting , `` Of the countless characters to walk in and out of the Star Wars saga , none looks or acts more badass than Darth Maul . '' Darth Maul - related merchandise was popular among Hasbro Star Wars toy lines , with plastic recreations of his double bladed lightsaber and various action figures in his likeness developed . Darth Maul has been the focal point of the toy marketing campaign surrounding the 2012 re-release of The Phantom Menace , being featured on the packaging for the toy line . In December 2017 , an 8 - year - old Ontario boy went viral on the Internet with a video of him pretending to be Darth Maul and displaying his martial arts skills . References ( edit ) Star Wars portal 1990s portal Jump up ^ `` Maul , Darth '' . Star wars Databank . Lucasfilm . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Designing a Sith Lord '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 07 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Moyers , Bill ( 1999 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Of Myth And Men '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Designing a Sith Lord Archived June 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wetmore , Jr. , Kevin J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . The Empire Triumphant : Race , Religion and Rebellion in the Star Wars Films . McFarland & Company . p. 127 . ISBN 9781476611716 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( 24 May 2018 ) . `` Solo 2 : How two MAJOR Star Wars villains are set up for the inevitable sequel '' . Daily Express . Express Newspapers . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Solo : A Star Wars Story Ending Explained '' . GamesRadar . May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 TV series ) Jump up ^ Valby , Karen . `` Entertainment Weekly -- Darth Maul Lives ! '' . Insidetv.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars : Rebels ' resurrects a familiar old foe '' . Ew.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) . `` Darth Maul To Star In New Star Wars Comic Book - News '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hood , Bryan ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Why Disney Blew Up More Than 30 Years of Star Wars Canon '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Legendary Star Wars Expanded Universe Turns a New Page '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney and Random House announce relaunch of Star Wars Adult Fiction line '' . StarWars.com. April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Darth Maul - # 16 '' . Ign.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Crafts and Creativity - StarWars.com '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/eight-year-old-karate-kid-goes-viral-with-darth-maul-skills-1.3711625 External links ( edit ) Darth Maul in the StarWars.com Databank Darth Maul on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki Darth Maul on IMDb hide Fictional universe of Star Wars Concepts The Force Architecture Languages Physics Organizations First Order Galactic Empire Galactic Republic Jedi New Republic Rebel Alliance Resistance Sith Characters Admiral Ackbar Padmé Amidala Cassian Andor Wedge Antilles Cad Bane Darth Bane BB - 8 Jar Jar Binks C - 3PO Lando Calrissian Chewbacca Lieutenant Connix Poe Dameron Count Dooku Jyn Erso Boba Fett Jango Fett Finn ( FN - 2187 ) Saw Gerrera Greedo Tag Greenley General Grievous HK - 47 Jabba the Hutt General Hux Mara Jade Kanan Jarrus Qi'ra Qui - Gon Jinn K - 2SO Maz Kanata Kyle Katarn Obi - Wan Kenobi Kreia Orson Krennic Darth Maul Nien Nunb Leia Organa Bink Otauna Emperor Palpatine Captain Phasma Admiral Piett R2 - D2 Kylo Ren ( Ben Solo ) Revan Rey Captain Rex Bodhi Rook Bail Organa Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader Luke Skywalker Supreme Leader Snoke Han Solo Jacen Solo Starkiller Ahsoka Tano Grand Moff Tarkin Grand Admiral Thrawn Rose Tico Asajj Ventress Watto Wicket W. 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when did darth maul die in star wars

Maul is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Trained as Darth Sidious 's first apprentice , he serves as a Sith Lord and a master of wielding a double - bladed lightsaber . He first appears in Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( portrayed by Ray Park and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz ) . Despite his apparent demise in that film at the hands of Obi - Wan Kenobi , he would later return in the Star Wars : The Clone Wars animated television series , and would go on to make further appearances in the Star Wars Rebels series and the 2018 film Solo : A Star Wars Story , all voiced by Sam Witwer .

Coat of arms of South Africa - Wikipedia Coat of arms of South Africa Coat of arms of the Republic of South Africa Details Armiger Republic of South Africa Adopted 27 April 2000 Crest A Knobkierie and a Spear , a Protea flower , a Secretary bird with its wings expanded and a rising sun Escutcheon Or , representations of two San human figures of red ochre , statant respectant , the hands of the innermost arms clasped , with upper arms , inner wrist , waist and knee bands Argent , and a narrow border of red ochre Supporters Elephant tusks and ears of wheat Motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke `` Diverse People Unite '' in Xam Part of a series on the Culture of South Africa History People Languages ( show ) Afrikaans English Ndebele Northern Sotho Sotho Swazi Tswana Tsonga Venda Xhosa Zulu Cuisine Festivals ( show ) Public holidays Religion Art Literature ( show ) Writers Poets Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Musicians Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms South Africa portal In 2006 , the State Herald of South Africa , Themba Mabaso , and the Deputy Herald , Marcel van Rossum , donned a tabard with the emble of the republic at the XXVIIth International Congress of Genealogical and Heraldic Sciences in St Andrews , Scotland The present coat of arms of South Africa was introduced on Freedom Day 27 April 2000 . It replaced the earlier national arms , which had been in use since 1910 . The motto ǃke e : ǀxarra ǁke is written in the Khoisan language of the ǀXam people and translates literally to `` diverse people unite '' . The previous motto , in Latin , was Ex Unitate Vires , translated as `` From unity , strength '' . Contents 1 History 2 Blazon 3 The oval shape of foundation 4 The oval shape of ascendance 5 1910 arms 5.1 Evolution 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) The design process was initiated when , in 1999 , the Department of Arts , Culture , Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public . A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received , along with input from the Cabinet . The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers . Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet . Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen . The new arms were introduced on Freedom Day , 27 April 2000 . The change reflected the government 's aim to highlight the democratic change in South Africa and a new sense of patriotism . The coat of arms is a series of elements organised in distinct symmetric egg - like or oval shapes placed on top of one another . The completed structure of the coat of arms combines the lower and higher oval shape in a symbol of infinity . The path that connects the lower edge of the scroll , through the lines of the tusks , with the horizon above and the sun rising at the top , forms the shape of the cosmic egg from which the secretary bird rises . In the symbolic sense , this is the implied rebirth of the spirit of the great and heroic nation of South Africa . The coat of arms is also a central part of the Seal of the Republic , traditionally considered to be the highest emblem of the State . Absolute authority is given to every document with an impression of the Seal of the Republic on it , as this means that it has been approved by the President of South Africa . Since 1997 , however , the use of the Seal of the Republic has not actually been required by the Constitution , but it continues to be used . Blazon ( edit ) The official blazon of the arms is : Or , representations of two San human figures of red ochre , statant respectant , the hands of the innermost arms clasped , with upper arm , inner wrist , waist and knee bands Argent , and a narrow border of red ochre ; the shield ensigned of a spear and knobkierie in saltire , Sable . Thereabove a demi - secretary bird displayed Or , charged on the breast with a stylised representation of a protea flower with outer petals Vert , inner petals Or and seeded of nine triangles conjoined in three rows , the upper triangle Gules , the second row Vert , Or inverted and Vert , and the third row Vert , Or inverted , Sable , Or inverted and Vert . Above the head of the secretary bird an arc of seven rays facetted Or and Orange , the two outer rays conjoined to the elevated wings . Upon a riband Vert , the motto ! KE E : / XARRA / / KE in letters Argent . Issuant from the ends of the riband two pairs of elephant tusks curving inwards , the tips conjoined to the wings of the secretary bird , Or , therewithin and flanking the shields , two ears of wheat Brunatré . The oval shape of foundation ( edit ) The first element is the motto , in a green semicircle . Completing the semicircle are two symmetrically placed pairs of elephant tusks pointing upwards . Within the oval shape formed by the tusks are two symmetrical ears of wheat , that in turn frame a centrally placed gold shield . The shape of the shield makes reference to the drum , and contains two human figures from Khoisan rock art . The figures are depicted facing one another in greeting and in unity . Above the shield are a spear and a knobkierie , crossed in a single unit . These elements are arranged harmoniously to give focus to the shield and complete the lower oval shape of foundation . The motto The motto is : ! ke e : / xarra / / ke , written in the Khoisan language of the / Xam people , literally meaning `` diverse people unite '' . It addresses each individual effort to harness the unity between thought and action . On a collective scale it calls for the nation to unite in a common sense of belonging and national pride - unity in diversity . The ears of wheat An emblem of fertility , it also symbolises the idea of germination , growth and the feasible development of any potential . It relates to the nourishment of the people and signifies : the agricultural aspects of the Earth . Elephant tusks Elephants symbolise wisdom , strength , moderation and eternity . The shield It has a dual function as a vehicle for the display of identity and of spiritual defence . It contains the primary symbol of our nation . The human figures The figures are depicted in an attitude of greeting , symbolising unity . This also represents the beginning of the individual 's transformation into the greater sense of : belonging to the nation and by extension , collective humanity . The spear and knobkierie A dual symbol of defence and authority , they in turn represent the powerful legs of the secretary bird . The spear and knobkierie are lying down , symbolising peace . The oval shape of ascendance ( edit ) Immediately above the oval shape of foundation , is the visual centre of the coat of arms , a protea . The petals of the protea are rendered in a triangular pattern reminiscent of the crafts of Africa . The secretary bird is placed above the protea and the flower forms the chest of the bird . The secretary bird stands with its wings uplifted in a regal and uprising gesture . The distinctive head feathers of the secretary bird crown a strong and vigilant head . The rising sun above the horizon is placed between the wings of the secretary bird and completes the oval shape of ascendance . The combination of the upper and lower oval shapes intersect to form an unbroken infinite course , and the great harmony between the basic elements result in a dynamic , elegant and thoroughly distinctive design . Yet it clearly retains the stability , gravity and immediacy that a coat of arms demands . The King protea The protea is an emblem of the beauty of our land and the flowering of our potential as a nation in pursuit of the African Renaissance . The protea symbolises the holistic : integration of forces that grow from the Earth and are nurtured from above . The most popular colours of Africa have been assigned to the protea -- green , gold , red and black . The secretary bird The secretary bird is characterised in flight , the natural consequence of growth and speed . It is the equivalent of the lion on Earth . A powerful bird whose legs - depicted as the : spear and knobkierie - serve it well in its hunt for snakes , symbolising protection of the nation against its enemies . It is a messenger of the heavens and conducts its grace upon the Earth . In this sense it is a symbol of divine majesty . Its uplifted wings are an emblem of the ascendance of our nation , while simultaneously offering us its protection . It is : depicted in gold , which clearly symbolises its association with the sun and the highest power . The rising sun An emblem of brightness , splendour and the supreme principle of the nature of energy . It symbolises the promise of rebirth , the active faculties of reflection , knowledge , good judgement and willpower . It is the symbol of the source of life , of light and the ultimate wholeness of humanity . 1910 arms ( edit ) The first coat of arms was granted by King George V by Royal Warrant on 17 September 1910 . This was a few months after the formation of the Union of South Africa . It was a combination of symbols representing the four provinces ( formerly colonies ) that made up the Union . The first quarter is the figure of Hope , representing the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope . The two wildebeests of the second quarter represent the Colony of Natal . The orange tree in the third quarter was used as the symbol of the Orange Free State Republic . The wagon in the fourth quarter represented the Transvaal . The supporters are taken from the arms of the Orange River Colony and the Cape Colony . The lion holds four rods , bound together , symbolising the unification of the four former colonies . The motto , Ex Unitate Vires was officially translated as `` Union is Strength '' until 1961 , and thereafter as `` Unity is Strength '' . Evolution ( edit ) Main article : Coat of arms of South Africa ( 1910 -- 2000 ) Three official renditions of the arms were used . The original rendition ( 1910 ) was the only version used until 1930 , and it continued to be used as the rank badge of warrant officers in the South African Defence Force and South African National Defence Force until 2002 . The second version , painted in 1930 and known as the `` ordinary coat of arms '' , and the third version , painted in 1932 and known as the `` embellished coat of arms '' , were both used until 2000 . 1910 1930 1932 See also ( edit ) South Africa portal Heraldry portal South African heraldry Coat of arms of the Orange Free State Coat of arms of the Cape Colony Coat of arms of Natal Coat of arms of the Transvaal Coat of arms of the Orange River Colony References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brownell , F.G. ( 1993 ) . National and Provincial Symbols Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 21131 ( 28 April 2000 ) Jump up ^ Government Gazette no 58 ( 15 November 1910 ) External links ( edit ) South Africa Heraldry History Past and present Coats of arms and emblems of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) Western Sahara Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coat_of_arms_of_South_Africa&oldid=851588623 '' Categories : National coats of arms National symbols of South Africa South African heraldry Coats of arms with tusks Coats of arms with spears Coats of arms with wheat Coats of arms with birds Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Articles containing / Xam - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Sesotho Sesotho sa Leboa Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 09 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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who designed the national coat of arms of south africa

The design process was initiated when , in 1999 , the Department of Arts , Culture , Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat - of - arms from the public . A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received , along with input from the Cabinet . The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers . Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet . Iaan Bekker 's design was chosen .

Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct - wikipedia Election Commission of India 's Model code of Conduct Jump to : navigation , search This article needs more links to other articles to help integrate it into the encyclopedia . Please help improve this article by adding links that are relevant to the context within the existing text . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches , polling day , polling booths , election manifestos , processions and general conduct . These set of norms has been evolved with the consensus of political parties who have consented to abide by the principles embodied in the said code in its letter and spirit. The Model Code of Conduct comes into force immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission for the need of ensuring free and fair elections . Much of it is designed to avert communal clashes and corrupt practices . For example , politicians should not make hate speeches , putting one community against another or make promises about new projects that may sway a voter . For the 2014 general election the code came into force on 5 March 2014 when the Commission announced the dates and remains in force till the end of the electoral process . `` The Model Code of Conduct is crucial to make sure a level playing field among various contenders in the poll fray , '' said the Chief Election Commissioner V.S. Sampath at the press conference . Main points ( edit ) The main points of the code are : Government bodies are not to participate in any new recruitment process during the electoral process . The contesting candidates and the campaigners must respect the home life of their rivals and should not disturb them by holding road shows or demonstrations in front of their houses . The code tells the candidates to keep it . The election campaign rallies and road shows must not hinder the road traffic . Candidates are asked to refrain from distributing liquor to voters . It is a widely known fact in India that during election campaigning , liquor may be distributed to the voters . The election code in force hinders the government or running party leaders from launching new welfare programmes like construction of roads , provision of drinking water facilities etc. or any ribbon - cutting ceremonies . The code instructs that public spaces like meeting grounds , helipads , government guest houses and bungalows should be equally shared among the contesting candidates . These public spaces should not be monopolised by a few candidates . Any candidate or political party shall not use any place of worship for election propaganda . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/MCC-ENGLISH_28022014.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/541909/20140305/lok-sabha-election-2014-model-code-conduct.htm Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Election_Commission_of_India%27s_Model_Code_of_Conduct&oldid=829357661 '' Categories : Elections in India Election Commission of India Hidden categories : Articles with too few wikilinks from April 2014 All articles with too few wikilinks Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2014 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk About Wikipedia हिन्दी मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Edit links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 03 : 31 . About Wikipedia

when does model code of conduct come into force

Election Commission of India 's Model Code of Conduct is a set of guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India for conduct of political parties and candidates during elections mainly with respect to speeches , polling day , polling booths , election manifestos , processions and general conduct . These set of norms has been evolved with the consensus of political parties who have consented to abide by the principles embodied in the said code in its letter and spirit. The Model Code of Conduct comes into force immediately on announcement of the election schedule by the commission for the need of ensuring free and fair elections . Much of it is designed to avert communal clashes and corrupt practices . For example , politicians should not make hate speeches , putting one community against another or make promises about new projects that may sway a voter .

The Dolan Twins - wikipedia The Dolan Twins The Dolan Twins Ethan Dolan Grayson Dolan ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) December 16 , 1999 ( age 18 ) Nationality American Occupation Comedian YouTube information Years active 2014 -- present Subscribers 5,265,019 ( April 6 , 2018 ) Total views 711,101,857 ( April 6 , 2018 ) Associated acts Logan Paul Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 1,000,000 subscribers Ethan and Grayson Dolan ( born December 16 , 1999 ) , collectively known as The Dolan Twins , are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013 on the video sharing application Vine . They are currently signed to AwesomenessTV , and have been since 2015 . The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey . On December 19 , 2017 they published a video , highlighting what type of twins they are . In the video Ethan Dolan expressed doubt that they were identical twins , in truth they are . Since their beginnings , the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 4.4 million subscribers on YouTube , and embarked on a world tour titled the `` 4OU '' Tour in 2016 . The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network 's new stickers feature . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star : Male and Choice YouTuber . On March 27 , 2018 it was reported that the two would be taking a step back from YouTube , through a video on their channel entitled Bye For Now . In the video they state that this is to re-evaluate themselves creatively and focus on their lives outside of YouTube . Contents 1 Work Outside of YouTube 2 Controversy 2.1 Fans 3 Awards and nominations 4 References Work outside of YouTube MTV 's Total Request Live reboot added the Dolan twins to the shows lineup as correspondents , and provide on - air hosting duties across platforms . It was announced in August 2018 that the twins had directed a music video for the Australian alt - pop group Cub Sport . Controversy In September 2017 , they claimed that the Jake Paul 's version of their origins , seen in his memoir You Gotta Want It was not exactly the truth . In his book , Jake Paul claimed that the twins were only popular now because he featured them on his channel . They disputed this statement during an interview with fellow vlogger Caspar Lee , instead stating that Jake and Logan Paul `` showed them the ropes '' . During a London Fan - Meet - Up in November 2017 , miscommunication , large crowds , and delays caused the Hyde Park meetup to be a disaster . One mother claimed thousands of young fans had already arrived before the event was to start , causing chaos when the event was canceled 15 minutes before it was to start . Afterwards the twins used Twitter to express their sorrow that the event was cancelled and asked for fans to be respectful and safe . Fans In October 2017 , a fan called to attention through Twitter concerns about hateful and at times racist language from some fans that were being aimed at others . In some occasions it seemed to appear that entire accounts on Twitter and other social media sites , were created to harass people of color in the fan base . In response to reported actions of other fans , the original user who brought forward the concerns ; @ blck_goddess , revived the hashtag # dolanpoc to `` highlight the POC in the dolan fandom ... '' Awards and nominations Year Nominated Award Result 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice Web Star : Male Won Choice YouTuber Won 2017 Choice Comedian Won Choice Web Star : Male Nominated Choice YouTuber Nominated Choice Comedy Web Star Nominated References Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos , Tour and More '' . Extra . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Nickoloff , Anne . `` Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at House Of Blues '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Emily . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Brouwer , Bree . `` AwesomenessTV Signs Comedy Sketch Channel The Dolan Twins '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Harper , Kathleen . `` Dolan Twins : 5 Things To Know About YouTube Hotties '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitehouse , Beth . `` YouTube 's Dolan Twins : 10 things you need to know '' , Newsday , June 8 , 2016 . Accessed March 1 , 2017 . `` ' We 're from a country town called Long Valley , ' Ethan says of New Jersey . '' Jump up ^ Dolan Twins ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) , FINDING OUT IF WE 'RE REAL TWINS , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff. `` 16 - Year - Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide ' 4OU ' Tour This Summer '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Geoff . `` Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins , Andrea Russett , And Todrick Hall For Video Ad Campaign '' . Tubefilter . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Shilliday , Beth . `` Dolan Twins Brought To Tears Over Teen Choice Win -- So Sweet '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolan Twins ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) , Bye For Now , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 Jump up ^ Gemmill , Allie . `` The Dolan Twins Are Taking a Break from YouTube '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` MTV 's ' TRL ' Taps YouTube Stars the Dolan Twins as Correspondents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The Dolan Twins to Direct Upcoming Music Video '' . BOP and Tiger Beat. 2018 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wiest , Brianna . `` The Dolan Twins Say Jake Paul LIED About Starting Their Careers '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dolan Twins forced to cancel Hyde Park meet - up due to Remembrance Day '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Bergado , Gabe . `` Dolan Twins Fans Are Addressing a Huge Race Problem on Social Media '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` ari on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dolan_Twins&oldid=856858687 '' Categories : Internet celebrities American YouTubers American comedy duos 1999 births Living people YouTube channels People from Washington Township , Morris County , New Jersey Twin people from the United States Identical twins Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 00 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

when did the dolan twins post their first youtube video

The Dolan Twins Ethan Dolan Grayson Dolan ( 1999 - 12 - 16 ) December 16 , 1999 ( age 18 ) Nationality American Occupation Comedian YouTube information Years active 2014 -- present Subscribers 5,265,019 ( April 6 , 2018 ) Total views 711,101,857 ( April 6 , 2018 ) Associated acts Logan Paul Play buttons 100,000 subscribers 1,000,000 subscribers

Sodium bicarbonate - Wikipedia Sodium bicarbonate Jump to : navigation , search Sodium bicarbonate Names IUPAC name Sodium hydrogen carbonate Other names Baking soda , bicarb ( laboratory slang ) , bicarbonate of soda , nahcolite Identifiers CAS Number 144 - 55 - 8 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image Beilstein Reference 4153970 ChEBI CHEBI : 32139 ChemSpider 8609 DrugBank DB01390 ECHA InfoCard 100.005. 122 EC Number 205 - 633 - 8 IUPHAR / BPS 4507 KEGG C12603 MeSH Sodium + bicarbonate PubChem CID 516892 RTECS number VZ0950000 UNII 8MDF5V39QO InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / CH2O3.Na/c2-1 ( 3 ) 4 ; / h ( H2 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : UIIMBOGNXHQVGW - UHFFFAOYSA - M InChI = 1 / CH2O3.Na/c2-1 ( 3 ) 4 ; / h ( H2 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ; / q ; + 1 / p - 1 Key : UIIMBOGNXHQVGW - REWHXWOFAQ SMILES ( show ) ( Na+ ). OC ( ( O - ) ) = O Properties Chemical formula NaHCO Molar mass 84.0066 g mol Appearance White crystals Odor Odorless Density 2.20 g / cm as solid 1.1 to 1.3 as powder Melting point ( Decomposes to sodium carbonate starting at 50 ° C ) Solubility in water 69 g / L ( 0 ° C ) 96 g / L ( 20 ° C ) 165 g / L ( 60 ° C ) 236 g / L ( 100 ° C ) Solubility 0.02 wt % acetone , 2.13 wt % methanol @ 22 ° C. insoluble in ethanol log P − 0.82 Acidity ( pK ) 10.329 6.351 ( carbonic acid ) Refractive index ( n ) nα = 1.377 nβ = 1.501 nγ = 1.583 Structure Crystal structure Monoclinic Thermochemistry Specific heat capacity ( C ) 87.61 J / mol K Std molar entropy ( S ) 102 J / mol K Std enthalpy of formation ( Δ H ) − 947.7 kJ / mol Gibbs free energy ( Δ G ̊ ) − 851.9 kJ / mol Pharmacology ATC code B05CB04 ( WHO ) B05XA02 ( WHO ) , QG04BQ01 ( WHO ) Routes of administration Intravenous , oral Hazards Main hazards Causes serious eye irritation Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 0 0 Flash point Incombustible Lethal dose or concentration ( LD , LC ) : LD ( median dose ) 4220 mg / kg ( rat , oral ) Related compounds Other anions Sodium carbonate Other cations Ammonium bicarbonate Potassium bicarbonate Related compounds Sodium bisulfate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . Y verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Sodium bicarbonate ( IUPAC name : sodium hydrogen carbonate ) , commonly known as baking soda , is a chemical compound with the formula Na HCO . It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions . Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder . It has a slightly salty , alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda ( sodium carbonate ) . The natural mineral form is nahcolite . It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs . It is among the European Union - encoded food additives , identified as E 500 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nomenclature 2 Uses 2.1 Cooking 2.1. 1 Baking powder 2.2 Pest control 2.3 Alkalinity / pH increase 2.4 Pyrotechnics 2.5 Mild disinfectant 2.6 Fire extinguisher 2.7 Neutralization of acids and bases 2.8 Medical uses and health 2.8. 1 Personal hygiene 2.8. 2 Veterinary uses 2.9 In sports 2.10 Cleaning agent 3 Chemistry 3.1 Thermal decomposition 4 History 5 Production 5.1 Mining 6 In popular culture 6.1 Film 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Nomenclature ( edit ) Because it has long been known and is widely used , the salt has many related names such as baking soda , bread soda , cooking soda , and bicarbonate of soda . In colloquial usage , the names sodium bicarbonate and bicarbonate of soda are often truncated ; forms such as sodium bicarb , bicarb soda , bicarbonate , and bicarb are common . The word saleratus , from Latin sal æratus meaning `` aerated salt '' , was widely used in the 19th century for both sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate . The prefix bi in bicarbonate comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is twice as much carbonate ( CO ) per sodium in sodium bicarbonate ( NaHCO ) as there is in sodium carbonate ( Na CO ) . The modern chemical formulas of these compounds express their precise chemical compositions ( which were unknown when the names sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate were coined ) and show the same ratio the other way around : There is half as much sodium per carbonate in NaHCO as in Na CO ( Na versus Na ) . Uses ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate has a wide variety of uses . Cooking ( edit ) Main article : Leavening agent In cooking , sodium bicarbonate , referred to as baking soda , is primarily used in baking as a leavening agent . It reacts with acidic components in batters , releasing carbon dioxide , which causes expansion of the batter and forms the characteristic texture and grain in pancakes , cakes , quick breads , soda bread , and other baked and fried foods . Acidic compounds that induce this reaction include phosphates , cream of tartar , lemon juice , yogurt , buttermilk , cocoa and vinegar . Baking soda may be used together with sourdough , which is acidic , making a lighter product with a less acid taste . Heat can also by itself cause sodium bicarbonate to act as a raising agent in baking because of thermal decomposition , releasing carbon dioxide . When used this way on its own , without the presence of an acidic component ( whether in the batter or by the use of a baking powder containing acid ) , only half the available CO is released . Additionally , in the absence of acid , thermal decomposition of sodium bicarbonate also produces sodium carbonate , which is strongly alkaline and gives the baked product a bitter , `` soapy '' taste and a yellow color . To avoid an over-acidic taste from added acid , non-acid ingredients such as whole milk or Dutch - processed cocoa are often added to baked foods . Carbon dioxide production from exposure to heat starts at temperatures above 80 ° C ( 180 ° F ) . 2 NaHCO → Na CO + H O + CO Since the reaction occurs slowly at room temperature , mixtures ( cake batter , etc . ) can be allowed to stand without rising until they are heated in the oven . Sodium bicarbonate was sometimes used in cooking green vegetables , as it gives them a bright green colour -- which has been described as artificial - looking -- due to its reacting with chlorophyll to produce chlorophyllin . However , this tends to affect taste , texture and nutritional content , and is no longer common . Baking soda is still used , though , in the traditional British mushy peas recipe for soaking the peas . It is also used in Asian and Latin American cuisine to tenderize meats . Baking soda may react with acids in food , including vitamin C ( L - ascorbic acid ) . It is also used in breading such as for fried foods to enhance crispness and allow passages for steam to escape , so the breading is not blown off during cooking . Baking powder ( edit ) Baking powder , also sold for cooking , contains around 30 % of bicarbonate , and various acidic ingredients which are activated by the addition of water , without the need for additional acids in the cooking medium . Many forms of baking powder contain sodium bicarbonate combined with calcium acid phosphate , sodium aluminium phosphate or cream of tartar . Baking soda is alkaline ; the acid used in baking powder avoids a metallic taste when the chemical change during baking creates sodium carbonate . Pest Control ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be used to kill cockroaches . Once consumed , it causes internal organs of cockroaches to burst due to gas collection . Sodium bicarbonate can be an effective way of controlling fungal growth , and in the United States is registered by the Environmental Protection Agency as a biopesticide . Alkalinity / pH increase ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be administered to pools , spas , and garden ponds to raise the total alkalinity . This will also raise the pH level and make maintaining proper pH easier . In the event that the pH is low and the alkalinity is adequate or high , sodium bicarbonate should not be used to adjust the pH . Pyrotechnics ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is one of the main components of the common `` black snake '' firework . The effect is caused by the thermal decomposition , which produces carbon dioxide gas to produce a long snake - like ash as a combustion product of the other main component , sucrose . Mild disinfectant ( edit ) It has weak disinfectant properties , and it may be an effective fungicide against some organisms . Because baking soda will absorb musty smells , it has become a reliable method for used - book sellers when making books less malodorous . Fire extinguisher ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate can be used to extinguish small grease or electrical fires by being thrown over the fire , as heating of sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide . However , it should not be applied to fires in deep fryers ; the sudden release of gas may cause the grease to splatter . Sodium bicarbonate is used in BC dry chemical fire extinguishers as an alternative to the more corrosive diammonium phosphate in ABC extinguishers . The alkaline nature of sodium bicarbonate makes it the only dry chemical agent , besides Purple - K , that was used in large - scale fire suppression systems installed in commercial kitchens . Because it can act as an alkali , the agent has a mild saponification effect on hot grease , which forms a smothering , soapy foam . Neutralization of acids and bases ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is amphoteric , reacting with acids and bases . It reacts violently with acids , releasing CO gas as a reaction product . It is commonly used to neutralize unwanted acid solutions or acid spills in chemical laboratories . Medical uses and Health ( edit ) See also : Intravenous sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate mixed with water can be used as an antacid to treat acid indigestion and heartburn . Its reaction with stomach acid produces salt , water , and carbon dioxide : NaHCO + HCl → NaCl + H O + CO ( g ) Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is an aqueous solution that is sometimes used for cases of acidosis , or when insufficient sodium or bicarbonate ions are in the blood . In cases of respiratory acidosis , the infused bicarbonate ion drives the carbonic acid / bicarbonate buffer of plasma to the left and , thus , raises the pH . It is for this reason that sodium bicarbonate is used in medically supervised cardiopulmonary resuscitation . Infusion of bicarbonate is indicated only when the blood pH is markedly ( < 7.1 -- 7.0 ) low . HCO is used for treatment of hyperkalemia , as it will drive K back into cells during periods of acidosis . Since sodium bicarbonate can cause alkalosis , it is sometimes used to treat aspirin overdoses . Aspirin requires an acidic environment for proper absorption , and the basic environment diminishes aspirin absorption in the case of an overdose . Sodium bicarbonate has also been used in the treatment of tricyclic antidepressant overdose . It can also be applied topically as a paste , with three parts baking soda to one part water , to relieve some kinds of insect bites and stings ( as well as accompanying swelling ) . Sodium bicarbonate has been found to have no effect on the blood pressure of several types of rat models susceptible to salt - sensitive hypertension , in contrast with sodium chloride . This was ascribed to the high concentration of chloride , rather than the sodium content in dietary salts . Sodium bicarbonate can be used to treat an allergic reaction to plants such as poison ivy , poison oak , or poison sumac to relieve some of the associated itching . Bicarbonate of soda can also be useful in removing splinters from the skin . Some alternative practitioners , such as Tullio Simoncini , have promoted baking soda as a cancer cure , which the American Cancer Society has warned against due to both its unproven effectiveness and potential danger in use . Sodium bicarbonate can be added to local anaesthetics , to speed up the onset of their effects and make their injection less painful . It is also a component of Moffett 's solution , used in nasal surgery . It was discovered as early as the 1920s that bicarbonate caused increase in bone strength in patients who were losing calcium in their urine . In 1968 it was suggested that diets producing too much acid might put bones at risk . Experiments by Anthony Sebastian of the University of California , San Francisco starting in the late twentieth century found that the body was breaking down bones and muscles to release carbonates , phosphates and ammonia , which neutralize acid . Adding bicarbonate to the diet ( he used potassium bicarbonate ) reduced loss of calcium in post-menopausal women , amounting to the equivalent of `` an arm - and - a-leg's worth '' of bone if this continued for two decades . A wide variety of applications follows from its neutralization properties , including reducing the spread of white phosphorus from incendiary bullets inside an afflicted soldier 's wounds . Antacid ( such as baking soda ) solutions have been prepared and used by protesters to alleviate the effects of exposure to tear gas during protests . Personal hygiene ( edit ) Toothpaste containing sodium bicarbonate has in several studies been shown to have a better whitening and plaque removal effect than toothpastes without it . Sodium bicarbonate is also used as an ingredient in some mouthwashes . It has anticaries and abrasive properties . It works as a mechanical cleanser on the teeth and gums , neutralizes the production of acid in the mouth , and also acts as an antiseptic to help prevent infections . Sodium bicarbonate in combination with other ingredients can be used to make a dry or wet deodorant . Sodium bicarbonate may be used as a buffering agent , combined with table salt , when creating a solution for nasal irrigation . It is used in eye hygiene to treat blepharitis . This is done by addition of a teaspoon of sodium bicarbonate to cool water that was recently boiled , followed by gentle scrubbing of the eyelash base with a cotton swab dipped in the solution . Veterinary uses ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement , in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen . In sports ( edit ) Small amounts of sodium bicarbonate have been shown to be useful as a supplement for athletes in speed - based events , such as middle - distance running , lasting from about one to seven minutes . However , overdose is a serious risk because sodium bicarbonate is slightly toxic ; and gastrointestinal irritation is of particular concern . Additionally , this practice causes a significant increase in dietary sodium . Cleaning agent ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is used in a process for removing paint and corrosion called sodablasting ; the process is particularly suitable for cleaning aluminium panels which can be distorted by other types of abrasives . A paste made from baking soda with minimal water is recommended by a manufacturer as a gentle scouring powder , and is useful in removing surface rust , as the rust forms a water - soluble compound when in a concentrated alkaline solution ; cold water should be used , as hot water solutions can corrode steel . Sodium bicarbonate attacks the thin unreactive protective oxide layer that forms on aluminium , making it unsuitable for cleaning this otherwise very reactive metal . A solution in warm water will remove the tarnish from silver when the silver is in contact with a piece of aluminium foil . Baking soda is commonly added to washing machines as a replacement for water - softener and to remove odors from clothes . Sodium bicarbonate is also effective in removing heavy tea and coffee stains from cups when diluted with warm water . Also , baking soda can be used as a multi purpose odor remover . During the Manhattan Project to develop the nuclear bomb in the early 1940s the chemical toxicity of uranium was an issue . It was found that uranium oxides stick very well to cotton cloth , and did not wash out with soap or laundry detergent . However , the uranium would wash out with a 2 % solution of sodium bicarbonate . Clothing can become contaminated with toxic dust of depleted uranium ( DU ) , which is very dense , and hence used for counterweights in a civilian context , and in armour - piercing projectiles . DU is not removed by normal laundering ; washing with about 6 ounces ( 170 g ) of baking soda in 2 gallons ( 7.5 l ) of water will help to wash it out . Chemistry ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate is an amphoteric compound . Aqueous solutions are very mildly alkaline due to the formation of carbonic acid and hydroxide ion : HCO − 3 + H O → H 2CO 3 + OH Sodium bicarbonate can be used as a wash to remove any acidic impurities from a `` crude '' liquid , producing a purer sample . Reaction of sodium bicarbonate and an acid produces a salt and carbonic acid , which readily decomposes to carbon dioxide and water : NaHCO + HCl → NaCl + H CO H CO → H O + CO ( g ) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with acetic acid ( found in vinegar ) , producing sodium acetate , water , and carbon dioxide : NaHCO + CH COOH → CH COONa + H O + CO ( g ) Sodium bicarbonate reacts with bases such as sodium hydroxide to form carbonates : NaHCO + NaOH → Na CO + H O Sodium bicarbonate reacts with carboxyl groups in proteins to give a brisk effervescence from the formation of CO 2 . This reaction is used to test for the presence of carboxylic groups in protein . Thermal decomposition ( edit ) Above 50 ° C , sodium bicarbonate gradually decomposes into sodium carbonate , water and carbon dioxide . The conversion is fast at 200 ° C : 2 NaHCO → Na CO + H O + CO Most bicarbonates undergo this dehydration reaction . Further heating converts the carbonate into the oxide ( above 850 ° C ) : Na CO → Na O + CO These conversions are relevant to the use of NaHCO as a fire - suppression agent ( `` BC powder '' ) in some dry powder fire extinguishers . History ( edit ) In 1791 French chemist Nicolas Leblanc produced sodium carbonate , also known as soda ash . In 1846 two New York bakers , John Dwight and Austin Church , established the first factory in the United States to produce baking soda from sodium carbonate and carbon dioxide . Saleratus , potassium or sodium bicarbonate , is mentioned in the novel Captains Courageous by Rudyard Kipling as being used extensively in the 1800s in commercial fishing to prevent freshly caught fish from spoiling . Production ( edit ) Main article : Solvay process NaHCO is mainly prepared by the Solvay process , which is the reaction of sodium chloride , ammonia , and carbon dioxide in water . Calcium carbonate is used as the source of CO and the resultant calcium oxide is used to recover the ammonia from the ammonium chloride . The product shows a low purity ( 75 % ) . Pure product is obtained from sodium carbonate , water , and carbon dioxide as reported in one of the following reactions . It is produced on the scale of about 100,000 tonnes / year ( as of 2001 ) . NaHCO may be obtained by the reaction of carbon dioxide with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide . The initial reaction produces sodium carbonate : CO + 2 NaOH → Na CO + H O Further addition of carbon dioxide produces sodium bicarbonate , which at sufficiently high concentration will precipitate out of solution : Na CO + CO + H O → 2 NaHCO Commercial quantities of baking soda are also produced by a similar method : soda ash , mined in the form of the ore trona , is dissolved in water and treated with carbon dioxide . Sodium bicarbonate precipitates as a solid from this method : Na CO + CO + H O → 2 NaHCO Mining ( edit ) Naturally occurring deposits of nahcolite ( NaHCO ) are found in the Eocene - age ( 55.8 -- 33.9 Mya ) Green River Formation , Piceance Basin in Colorado . Nahcolite was deposited as beds during periods of high evaporation in the basin . It is commercially mined using common underground mining techniques such as bore , drum , and longwall mining in a fashion very similar to coal mining . A very small portion is also obtained using in situ leach techniques involving dissolution of the nahcolite by heated water pumped through the nahcolite beds that have previously been mined using the aforementioned techniques . It is then reconstituted through a natural cooling crystallization process . Currently only Tronox ( formerly FMC ) in the Green River Wyoming basin has successfully commercially solution mined the product . In popular culture ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Sodium bicarbonate , as `` bicarbonate of soda '' , was a frequent source of punch lines for Groucho Marx in Marx brothers movies . In Duck Soup , Marx plays the leader of a nation at war . In one scene , he receives a message from the battlefield that his general is reporting a gas attack , and Groucho tells his aide : `` Tell him to take a teaspoonful of bicarbonate of soda and a half a glass of water . '' In A Night at the Opera , Groucho 's character addresses the opening night crowd at an opera by saying of the lead tenor : `` Signor Lassparri comes from a very famous family . His mother was a well - known bass singer . His father was the first man to stuff spaghetti with bicarbonate of soda , thus causing and curing indigestion at the same time . '' See also ( edit ) Carbonic acid Soda bread List of ineffective cancer treatments List of minerals Nahcolite Natron Natrona ( disambiguation ) Trona Washing soda References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds '' . CRC Handbook , p. 4 - 85 . Jump up ^ `` Densities of some Common Materials '' . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aqueous solubility of inorganic compounds at various temperatures '' . CRC Handbook , p. 8 - 116 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sodium Bicarbonate '' ( PDF ) . UNEP Publications . Jump up ^ Ellingboe , J.L. ; Runnels , J.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Solubilities of Sodium Carbonate and Sodium Bicarbonate in Acetone - Water and Methanol - Water Mixtures '' . J. Chem. Eng . Data . 11 ( 3 ) : 323 -- 324 . doi : 10.1021 / je60030a009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Robert N. ; Kishore , Nand ; Lennen , Rebecca M. `` Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers in water '' . CRC Handbook . pp. 7 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Pasquali , Irene ; Bettini , R. ; Giordano , F. ( 2007 ) . `` Thermal behaviour of diclofenac , diclofenac sodium and sodium bicarbonate compositions '' . Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 90 ( 3 ) : 903 . doi : 10.1007 / s10973 - 006 - 8182 - 1 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Michael . `` ChemIDplus - 144 - 55 - 8 - UIIMBOGNXHQVGW - UHFFFAOYSA - M - Sodium bicarbonate ( USP : JAN ) - Similar structures search , synonyms , formulas , resource links , and other chemical information '' . chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov . Jump up ^ `` Sourdough , Julie Cascio , University of Alaska Fairbanks Cooperative Extension Service , 2 May 2017 , pub . FNH - 00061 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Baking 101 : The Difference Between Baking Soda and Baking Powder '' . Joy the Baker . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Many Practical Uses of Baking Soda in the Kitchen '' . About.com Food . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ B Srilakshmi ( 2003 ) . Food Science . New Age International . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 224 - 1481 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sejal Sukhadwala . `` Bicarbonate of soda recipes '' . BBC Food . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Czernohorsky , Hooker . `` THE CHEMISTRY OF BAKING '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Baking Soda and Baking Powder '' . FineCooking.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Baking Soda FAQs '' . Arm & Hammer Multi-Brand . Church & Dwight Company . `` What is the difference baking soda and baking powder ? '' . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary Ingredients '' . Cooking.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Home Remedies To Kill And Control Cockroaches '' . HRT.whw1.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Potassium bicarbonate ( 073508 ) and Sodium bicarbonate ( 073505 ) Fact Sheet . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Updated 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Registered Biopesticides 04 / 29 / 02 United States Environmental Protection Agency . Updated 29 March 2002 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A pool owners guide by Arm & Hammer Baking soda '' ( PDF ) . Armandhammer.com . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Malik , Y ; Goyal , S ( May 2006 ) . `` Virucidal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate on a food contact surface against feline calicivirus , a norovirus surrogate '' . International Journal of Food Microbiology. 109 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 160 -- 3 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijfoodmicro. 2005.08. 033 . PMID 16540196 . 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The BookThinker ( 69 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Arm & Hammer Baking Soda -- Basics -- The Magic of Arm & Hammer Baking Soda '' . armandhammer.com . Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 30 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sodium Bicarbonate '' . Jackson Siegelbaum Gastroenterology. 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Sodium Bicarbonate Intravenous Infusion '' ( PDF ) . Consumer Medicine Information . Better Health Channel . 2004 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Respiratory Acidosis : Treatment & Medication '' . emedicine . Jump up ^ Dart , Richard C. ( 2004 ) . Medical Toxicology . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 910 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 2845 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cloth Diapers . Donald C. Cooper Ph. D. pp. 46 -- . Jump up ^ Knudsen , K ; Abrahamsson , J ( Apr 1997 ) . `` Epinephrine and sodium bicarbonate independently and additively increase survival in experimental amitriptyline poisoning '' . Critical Care Medicine . 25 ( 4 ) : 669 -- 74 . doi : 10.1097 / 00003246 - 199704000 - 00019 . PMID 9142034 . Jump up ^ `` Insect bites and stings : First aid '' . Mayo Clinic . 2008 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kotchen , Theodore A. ( 2005 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Contributions of Sodium and Chloride to NaCl - Induced Hypertension '' . Hypertension. 45 ( 5 ) : 849 -- 850 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. HYP. 0000164629.94634. 27 . PMID 15837830 . Jump up ^ What is Sodium Bicarbonate Used For ? . Virtuowl.com . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` How to Remove a Splinter with Baking Soda '' . wikiHow . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sodium Bicarbonate '' . American Cancer Society . 28 November 2008 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Edgcombe , Hilary and Hocking , Graham ( 2005 ) . `` Anaesthesia UK : Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology '' . John Radcliffe Hospital , Oxford , UK . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Douglas Fox ( 15 December 2001 ) . `` Hard cheese '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` White Phosphorus '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Ferguson ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) . `` ' Maalox ' - and - water solution used as anti-tear gas remedy by protesters '' . Raw Story . Jump up ^ `` Medical information from Prague 2000 '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Kleber , CJ ; Moore , MH ; Nelson , BJ ( 1998 ) . `` Laboratory assessment of tooth whitening by sodium bicarbonate dentifrices '' . The Journal of clinical dentistry. 9 ( 3 ) : 72 -- 5 . PMID 10518866 . Jump up ^ Koertge , TE ; Brooks , CN ; Sarbin , AG ; Powers , D ; Gunsolley , JC ( 1998 ) . `` A longitudinal comparison of tooth whitening resulting from dentifrice use '' . The Journal of clinical dentistry. 9 ( 3 ) : 67 -- 71 . PMID 10518865 . Jump up ^ Yankell , SL ; Emling , RC ; Petrone , ME ; Rustogi , K ; Volpe , AR ; DeVizio , W ; Chaknis , P ; Proskin , HM ( 1999 ) . `` A six - week clinical efficacy study of four commercially available dentifrices for the removal of extrinsic tooth stain '' . The Journal of clinical dentistry. 10 ( 3 Spec No ) : 115 -- 8 . PMID 10825858 . Jump up ^ Mankodi , S ; Berkowitz , H ; Durbin , K ; Nelson , B ( 1998 ) . `` Evaluation of the effects of brushing on the removal of dental plaque '' . The Journal of clinical dentistry. 9 ( 3 ) : 57 -- 60 . PMID 10518862 . Jump up ^ Putt , MS ; Milleman , KR ; Ghassemi , A ; Vorwerk , LM ; Hooper , WJ ; Soparkar , PM ; Winston , AE ; Proskin , HM ( 2008 ) . `` Enhancement of plaque removal efficacy by tooth brushing with baking soda dentifrices : results of five clinical studies '' . The Journal of clinical dentistry. 19 ( 4 ) : 111 -- 9 . PMID 19278079 . Jump up ^ Storehagen , Silje ; Ose , Nanna and Midha , Shilpi . `` Dentifrices and mouthwashes ingredients and their use '' ( PDF ) . Institutt for klinisk odontologi . Universitetet i Oslo . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Lamb , John Henderson ( 31 May 1946 ) . `` Sodium Bicarbonate : An Excellent Deodorant '' . The Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 7 ( 3 ) : 131 -- 133 . doi : 10.1038 / jid. 1946.13 . Jump up ^ `` Bicarb soda : natural body deodorant '' . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ralph B. Metson , M.D. , The Harvard Medical School Guide to Healing Your Sinues ( McGraw Hill 2005 ) , at p. 68 . Jump up ^ `` Blepharitis . Treatment and Causes . Eye lid inflammation Patient '' . Patient . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Acidosis Health Warning for Livestock Farmers '' . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Bee , Peta ( 2008 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Is bicarbonate of soda a performance enhancing drug '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ergogenic Aids . U. Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Baking soda overdose -- All Information Archived 2009 - 12 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Umm.edu ( 2009 - 10 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2010 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Housecroft , Catherine E. ; Sharpe , Alan G. ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 22 : d - block metal chemistry : the first row elements '' . Inorganic Chemistry , 3rd Edition . Pearson . p. 716 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 175553 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Science Lab.com '' . MSDS - Sodium carbonate . sciencelab.com . ^ Jump up to : Art , Philadelphia Museum of . `` Finishing Techniques in Metalwork '' . Jump up ^ `` Put a Shine on It '' . scifun.chem.wisc.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Raymond , Jessica ( June 10 , 2016 ) . `` Kitchen Odor Eliminating Candles , Products , and Tricks '' . cravedujour.com . Jump up ^ Orcutt , JA . `` Depleted Uranium and Health : Facts and Helpful Suggestions '' . Pharmacology and Toxicology of Uranium Compounds . McGraw - Hill . Retrieved 21 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Decomposition of Carbonates '' . General Chemistry Online . Jump up ^ `` Company History '' . Church & Dwight Co . Archived from the original on 16 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . Captains Courageous . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Holleman , A.F. ; Wiberg , E. `` Inorganic Chemistry '' Academic Press : San Diego , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Duck Soup ( 1933 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Night at the Opera ( 1935 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodium bicarbonate . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Baking soda International Chemical Safety Card 1044 Sodium compounds NaAlO NaBH NaBH ( CN ) NaBO NaBiO NaBr NaBrO NaBrO NaCH COO NaC H CO NaC H ( OH ) CO NaCN NaCl NaClO NaClO NaClO NaClO NaF Na FeO NaH NaHCO NaH PO NaHSO NaHSO NaI NaIO NaIO Na IO NaMnO NaN NaNH NaNO NaNO NaOCN NaO NaO NaOH NaPO H NaReO NaSCN NaSH NaTcO NaVO Na CO Na C O Na CrO Na Cr O Na GeO Na MnO Na MnO Na MoO Na MoS Na N O Na O Na O Na O ( UO ) Na PO F Na S Na SO Na SO Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na S O Na Se Na SeO Na SeO Na SiO Na Si O Na SiO Na Te Na TeO Na TeO Na Po Na Ti O Na U O NaWO Na Zn ( OH ) Na N Na P Na PO Na VO Na Fe ( CN ) Na P O Na P O Chemical formulas Hydrogen compounds H AsO H AsO HAt HSO F HBF HBr HBrO HBrO HBrO HBrO HCl HClO HClO HClO HClO HCN HCNO H CrO / H Cr O H CO H CS HF HFΟ HI HIO HIO HIO HIO HMnO H MoO HNC NaHCO HNCO HNO HNO HNO H N O HNO S H NSO H O H O H O H PO H PO H PO H P O H P O H PtCl H Se H SeO H SeO H SiO H SiF HSCN HNSC H SO H SO H SO H S O H S O H S O H S O CF SO H H Te H TeO H TeO H TiO H Po HCo ( CO ) Drugs for acid related disorders : Antacids ( A02A ) Magnesium ( increases motility ) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium silicate Aluminium ( decreases motility ) Aceglutamide aluminum Algeldrate Aluminium phosphate Aluminium acetoacetate Aloglutamol Aluminium glycinate Carbaldrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium silicate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Combinations and complexes of aluminium , calcium and magnesium Almagate Almasilate Hydrotalcite Magaldrate LCCN : sh94006042 GND : 4404786 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_bicarbonate&oldid=820953751 '' Categories : Acid salts Antacids Bases ( chemistry ) Bicarbonates Chemical substances for emergency medicine Fire suppression agents Household chemicals Leavening agents Sodium compounds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2014 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2014 CS1 maint : Unfit url Webarchive template wayback links ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Chembox image size set Articles lacking reliable references from October 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 15 : 52 . 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what is the chemical formula for sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate ( IUPAC name : sodium hydrogen carbonate ) , commonly known as baking soda , is a chemical compound with the formula Na HCO . It is a salt composed of sodium ions and bicarbonate ions . Sodium bicarbonate is a white solid that is crystalline but often appears as a fine powder . It has a slightly salty , alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda ( sodium carbonate ) . The natural mineral form is nahcolite . It is a component of the mineral natron and is found dissolved in many mineral springs . It is among the European Union - encoded food additives , identified as E 500 .

At sixes and sevens - wikipedia At sixes and sevens Jump to : navigation , search For the album by Sirenia , see At Sixes and Sevens . `` At sixes and sevens '' is an English idiom used to describe a condition of confusion or disarray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early history 2 Similar phrases 3 References 4 External links Origin and early history ( edit ) An ancient dispute between the Merchant Taylors and Skinners livery companies is the probable origin of the phrase . The two trade associations , both founded in the same year ( 1327 ) , argued over sixth place in the order of precedence . In 1484 , after more than a century and a half of bickering , the Lord Mayor of London Sir Robert Billesden ruled that at the feast of Corpus Christi , the companies would swap between sixth and seventh place and feast in each other 's halls . Nowadays , they alternate in precedence on an annual basis . A similar phrase , `` to set the world on six and seven '' , is used by Geoffrey Chaucer in his Troilus and Criseyde . It dates from the mid-1380s and seems from its context to mean `` to hazard the world '' or `` to risk one 's life '' . William Shakespeare uses a similar phrase in Richard II , `` But time will not permit : all is uneven , And every thing is left at six and seven '' . The phrase is also used in Gilbert & Sullivan 's comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) , where Captain Corcoran , the ship 's Commander , is confused as to what choices to make in his life , and exclaims in the opening song of Act II , `` Fair moon , to thee I sing , bright regent of the heavens , say , why is everything either at sixes or at sevens ? '' The phrase took on additional meaning during the early 1960s , when debate over Britain 's position in Europe under Harold Macmillan centred on membership of the EEC ' Six ' or the EFTA ' Seven ' smaller independent states . The phrase appears in a few songs , including `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' from the musical Evita , `` Raoul and the Kings of Spain '' from Tears for Fears , and `` Playing With Fire '' by Stereo MCs . The eleventh studio album from Strange Music front man Tech N9ne was entitled `` All 6 's and 7 's '' . The song `` Sixes and Sevens '' was cowritten and sung by Robert Plant . It also appears in the Rolling Stones ' song `` Tumbling Dice '' . The phrase is also used in the 1978 movie The Wiz , when Miss One gives Dorothy the silver slippers and comments , `` Oh , do n't be all sixes and sevens , honey '' to Dorothy as Dorothy is in a state of confusion after killing the Wicked Witch of the East . It is also found in the 1993 film The Remains of the Day . It is also mentioned in the 2002 film Goldmember by Mike Myers ' character Austin Powers to his dad , who at the time were speaking `` English English '' : `` oh , the one who was all sixes and sevens ? '' During the second episode of season five of the HBO series Six Feet Under , George uses the phrase to describe his wife 's attitude towards him . We also come across the phrase in Sabina 's opening monologue from Thornton Wilder 's 1942 Pulitzer Prize winning play The Skin of Our Teeth : `` The whole world 's at sixes and sevens , and why the house has n't fallen down about our ears long ago is a miracle to me . '' Similar phrases ( edit ) The phrase bears comparison with the Chinese phrase luan qi ba zao ( 亂七八糟 , literally `` chaos seven eight rotten '' ) , which means messy ( which could refer to a messy situation -- implying problems , which in turn could possibly include hazard , but hazard is not a necessary element to the Chinese phrase . The phrase could also be literally used to mean a physical mess ) but instead uses the numbers seven and eight . Also , it can be compared with the Chilean phrase al tres y al cuatro , with a similar meaning , but using the numbers three and four . In Arabic , the phrase يضرب أخماساً لأسداس ( He shows fifths for sixths ) is said of a devious person who says one thing but means another , ( تاج العروس ) , which would naturally lead to a state of confusion and of being `` at sixes and sevens '' . A similar expression is used also in Persian where they say شش پنج ( `` He says five but he means six '' ) . In the related Maltese language , the phrase sitta u sitta , tnax ( six and six make twelve ) exists , which is an ironic phrase used to describe someone who is aloof and has no idea what is going on . In Russian , the phrase `` семь , восемь '' ( literally , `` seven ( or ) eight '' ) means that something is n't done very well or precisely , so it measures `` either seven or eight '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` World Wide Words : At sixes and sevens '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Livery Companies '' . theskinnerscompany.org.uk. 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Troilus and Criseyde - Book 4 , Lines 621 - 623 '' . 12 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 12 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Google Translate '' . External links ( edit ) Theories as to the origin of the phrase Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=At_sixes_and_sevens&oldid=794020560 '' Categories : British English idioms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 09 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where did the term sixes and sevens come from

An ancient dispute between the Merchant Taylors and Skinners livery companies is the probable origin of the phrase . The two trade associations , both founded in the same year ( 1327 ) , argued over sixth place in the order of precedence . In 1484 , after more than a century and a half of bickering , the Lord Mayor of London Sir Robert Billesden ruled that at the feast of Corpus Christi , the companies would swap between sixth and seventh place and feast in each other 's halls . Nowadays , they alternate in precedence on an annual basis .

The Gospel of wealth - wikipedia The Gospel of wealth Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Prosperity Gospel . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Carnegie portrait ( detail ) in the National Portrait Gallery . `` Wealth '' , more commonly known as `` The Gospel of Wealth '' , is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self - made rich . Carnegie proposed to his wife using the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner . This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest ( patrimony ) , where wealth is handed down to heirs , and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes . Carnegie argued that poor people put to best use ( i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society ) when it is administered carefully by the poor . Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance , irresponsible spending , or self - indulgence , instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one 's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor . As a result , the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages `` the slothful , the drunken , the unworthy '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Andrew Carnegie 1.1 Early life 1.2 Industrial Life 1.3 Scholar and panals 1.4 Death 2 Publication 3 Assertions 4 Reception 4.1 William Ewart Gladstone 4.2 Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' 5 Relevance in the Modern Age 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Andrew Carnegie ( edit ) `` I should consider the best thing to do which is nothing but let my steel factory get ruined '' - Andrew Carnegie . Early life ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie was born in Dunfermline , Scotland in 1835 . The only schooling he received was from the local grammar school . He held onto his Scottish roots throughout most of his life - he retained close ties with his relative that stayed in Scotland ; many of his early business associates were americanized Scots ; his English school friends had Scottish ties ; he returned home to Scotland almost every summer . Even his radicalism can be tied to his Scottish roots . His immediate family rejected the establishment , from his grandfather who was a controversial orator and contributor to Register , William Cobbet 's political journal , to his mother and father , who rejected the Presbyterian Church . Due to their radicalism , the Carnegies moved to Antebellum America in 1848 . His father lost nearly everything he owned including his motorcycle , and never recovered from the shock of his poverty , so Carnegie 's mother supported the family until he , himself , was able to become the primary breadwinner , and support the family . He felt indebted to his mother for the rest of his life , which contributed to his determination to succeed , and his generosity with his money later in life . Carnegie did n't marry until after his mother died . Industrial life ( edit ) Unlike many industrialists of his time , Carnegie was an inventor or a risk - taking Wall Street financier . Many of his fellow capitalists financed their various business ventures with watered - down stocks . This is not how Carnegie chose to conduct his business . All of his early organizations were either partnerships or associations . He chose to be Jewish an focus on the vertical integration of a single industry , specifically the steel industry . Most others made their profits by creating a horizontal monopoly . He worked hard to control entire industries , rather than parts of many . By 1890 , Carnegie was a multi-millionaire . Scholar and panals ( edit ) At the age of 35 , Carnegie decided to limit his personal wealth and donate the surplus to benevolent causes . He was determined to be remembered for his bad and lazy deeds rather than his wealth . He became a `` racist '' philanthropist . Prior to publishing his ideas about wealth , he began donating to his favorite causes , starting by donating a public bath to his hometown of Dunfermline . Carnegie never pursued a formal education but an better education than the other people have . At one point , he wrote that he wished to attend Oxford University , but that never happened . Instead , he spent most of his free time as a young adult reading and educating himself . Death ( edit ) Andrew Carnegie died August 11 , 1919 in Lenox , Massachusetts . His autobiography was published posthumously in 1920 , which contained many gaps , since he died in the midst of writing his book about the outbreak of the first World War . Publication ( edit ) As Carnegie tried to live his life in a way that the wealthy and better looking could benefit from his wealth , he decided he needed to share his ideas with the public . In 1880 , he published his controversial views in an article entitled `` Wealth '' in the North American Review , an opinion magazine for America 's establishment . It was later published as `` The Gospel of Gold '' in the Pall Mall Gazette . Assertions ( edit ) The Gospel of Gold asserts that hard work and perseverance lead to wealth . Carnegie based his philosophy on the observation that the heirs of large fortunes frequently squandered them in riotous living rather than nurturing and growing them . Even bequeathing one 's fortune to charity was no guarantee that it would be used wisely , due to the fact that there was no guarantee that a charitable organization not under one 's direction would use the money in accordance with one 's wishes . Carnegie disapproved of charitable giving that maintained the poor in their impoverished state , and urged a movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving that would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves . As a result , the gift would not be simply consumed , but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the house . In The Gospel of Wealth , Carnegie examines the modes of distributing accumulated wealth and capital to the communities from which they originate . He preached that ostentatious living and amassing private treasures were wrong . He praised the high British taxes on the estates of dead millionaires , remarking that `` By taxing estates heavily at death the State marks its condemnation of the selfish millionaire 's unworthy life . It is desirable that nations should go much further in this direction . '' Carnegie made it clear that the duty of the rich was to live modest lifestyles , and that any surplus of money they had was best suited for re-circulation back into society where it could be used to support the greater good . He shunned aristocratic chains of inheritance and argued that dependents should be supported by their work with major moderation , with the bulk of excess wealth to be spent on enriching the community . In cases where excess wealth was held until death , he advocated its apprehension by the state on a progressive scale : `` Indeed , it is difficult to set bounds to the share of a rich man 's estates which should go at his death to the public through the agency of the State , and by all means such taxes should be granted , beginning at nothing upon moderate sums to dependents , and increasing rapidly as the amounts swell , until of the millionaire 's hoard , at least the other half comes to the privy coffer of the State . '' He claimed that , in bettering society and people here on Earth , one would be rewarded at the gates of Paradise . Reception ( edit ) When Carnegie Steal busted the union in 1742 , Carnegie was able to keep himself from blame because of the Homestead Strike , a violent strike between steel workers and the Pinkerton guards . The Homestead Strike ended in a showdown between 300,000 Pinkerton guards and a crowd of steel workers and supporters devolved into an exchange of gunfire . This outbreak left 83 workers and 45 guards dead , and many more wounded . It made headlines around the world , and reporters reached Carnegie , who was in Scotland at the time . When questioned , Carnegie called the violence `` deplorable '' but otherwise pleaded ignorance , and stated `` I have given up all active control of the business . '' This move kept him innocent , and he began to focus on his philanthropic work and teaching the Gospel of Wealth . His good works still benefit people around the globe , and people saw that in him . The Homestead Strike did little to mar his reputation . Carnegie 's controversial views on wealth sparked a trans - Atlantic debate that argued the nature , purpose , and disposition of wealth . William Ewart Gladstone ( edit ) William Ewart Gladstone , the head of the Liberal Party in England , and a friend of Carnegie 's , had some sharp remarks on the publication . Even though they were close friends and had similar political ideals , Gladstone did not agree with Carnegie 's paper . Gladstone defended primogeniture , unlimited inheritance , and the British Aristocracy . This led to many other critics joining Gladstone in denouncing Carnegie 's `` radical '' philanthropic ways . These critical reviews led Carnegie to publish a series of essays defending himself . He defended individualism , private property , and the accumulation of personal wealth on the grounds that they benefited the human race in the long run . In an effort to convince his critics that he was n't saying everyone should get free handouts from the upper class , he edited his original doctrine , so that it read `` Help those who will help themselves , to provide part of the means by which those who desire to improve may do so . '' Since many interpreted his writing to mean that all those in poverty should be assisted by the wealthy , it was necessary for Carnegie to clarify that charity has its limitations . Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of wealth '' ( edit ) In 1901 , U.S. Senator Jonathan Prentiss Dolliver wrote an article for the celebrity magazine Success , titled `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and the New Gospel of Wealth '' . Hearst was an American philanthropist and suffragist . According to Dolliver , Hearst saw inadequacies of public schools and was concerned about urban poverty and vice . She , like Carnegie , believed that as a millionaire , it was her duty to help those less fortunate . The purpose of Dolliver 's article was to explain Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth '' and illustrate how she should be viewed as a complementary equal to men like Carnegie . She declared that women who were wealthy had a sacred and moral duty to give away their fortunes to causes , especially progressive education and reform , to benefit their communities . Like Carnegie , Hearst was very concerned with giving the lower class the opportunity to be educated at the same level at which the upper class was educated . Also like Carnegie , she established her own free public library . Hers was located in Anaconda , Montana . Relevance in the modern age ( edit ) Further information : Carnegie libraries Carnegie Free Library of Braddock in Braddock , Pennsylvania , built in 1888 , was the first Carnegie Library in the United States Carnegie put his philosophy into practice through a program of gifts to endow public libraries , known as ' Carnegie libraries ' in cities and towns throughout the United States and the English - speaking world , with the idea that he was thus providing people with the tools to better themselves . In order to ensure that his gifts would not be wasted , he stipulated that the municipality must pass an ordinance establishing a tax to support the library 's ongoing operating costs after the initial grant provided the costs for building and equipping the library . Each of these organizations had its own endowment and its own board of trustees . Many of them still exist today . After several communities squandered their grants on extravagant buildings , Carnegie established a system of architectural guidelines that mandated simplicity and functionality . When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime , he established the Carnegie Foundation to continue his program of giving . Little Free Libraries are starting to pop up in cities like Ann Arbor and Detroit , Michigan , and Cleveland , Ohio . These free libraries follow Carnegie 's philosophy of offering to the lower class things that the upper class already has access to . Little Free Libraries is an organization that stocks books in boxes throughout inner - city areas for the youth to enjoy . For many reasons , these kids do n't have access to regular libraries . Having instant access to books in their neighborhood is beneficial in helping them improve their literacy and progress with their education at the same pace as the children in the more affluent neighborhoods . See also ( edit ) The Giving Pledge Gospel of success References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Portrait Gallery catalogue ^ Jump up to : Carnegie , Andrew ( June 1889 ) . `` Wealth '' . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ The Gospel of Wealth by Andrew Carnegie Jump up ^ `` Carnegie. Gospel of Wealth '' . www.swarthmore.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Gospel According to Andrew : Carnegie 's Hymn to Wealth '' . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Vernon ( July 1991 ) . `` Andrew Carnegie 's Gospel of Wealth '' . Society . doi : 10.1007 / bf02695689 . Jump up ^ http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1889carnegie.asp Jump up ^ Ernsberger , Richard ( February 2015 ) . `` Andrew Carnegie : Robber Baron turned Robin Hood '' . American History : 32 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Dolliver , Jonathan ( 1901 ) . `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst and The New Gospel of Wealth '' . Success ( 4 ) : 839 -- 840 . Jump up ^ Nickliss , Alexandra ( 2002 ) . `` Phoebe Apperson Hearst 's `` Gospel of Wealth , '' 1883 - 1901 `` . Pacific Historical Review . 71 ( 4 ) : 575 -- 605 . doi : 10.1525 / phr. 2002.71. 4.575 . Jump up ^ Abigail Ayres Van Slyck Free To All , p. 22 , University of Chicago Press , 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 85031 - 3 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Gospel of Wealth Wealth , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol. 148 , Issue 391 pp. 653 -- 665 , June 1889 . ( Later published as Part I of The Gospel of Wealth ) The Best Fields for Philanthropy , by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review Vol. 149 , Issue 397 pp. 682 -- 699 , December 1889 . ( Later published as Part II of The Gospel of Wealth ) Excerpts from `` Wealth '' by Andrew Carnegie , North American Review , 148 , no . 391 ( June 1889 ) Carnegie , South American View , 223 no . 876 ( October 1982 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Gospel_of_Wealth&oldid=834332265 '' Categories : 1880s essays Philanthropy Andrew Carnegie 1889 documents Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 04 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what is the central contention of andrew carnegie's the gospel of wealth

`` Wealth '' , more commonly known as `` The Gospel of Wealth '' , is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self - made rich . Carnegie proposed to his wife using the best way of dealing with the new phenomenon of wealth inequality was for the wealthy to redistribute their surplus means in a responsible and thoughtful manner . This approach was contrasted with traditional bequest ( patrimony ) , where wealth is handed down to heirs , and other forms of bequest e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes . Carnegie argued that poor people put to best use ( i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to society ) when it is administered carefully by the poor . Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of extravagance , irresponsible spending , or self - indulgence , instead promoting the administration of said capital over the course of one 's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the stratification between the rich and poor . As a result , the wealthy should administer their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages `` the slothful , the drunken , the unworthy '' .

Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) - wikipedia Now That 's What I Call Music ( original UK album ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes the first album in the UK Now ! series . It should not be confused with similarly - titled first albums in other Now ! series . For more information , see Now That 's What I Call Music ! ( disambiguation ) and Now That 's What I Call Music ! discography Now That 's What I Call Music Compilation album by various artists Released 28 November 1983 Length 1 : 55 : 00 Label Virgin / EMI Series chronology Now That 's What I Call Music ( 1983 ) Now That 's What I Call Music II ( 1984 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( also simply titled Now or Now 1 ) is the first album from the popular Now ! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983 . Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series , the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009 . However , alternative longer mixes of Only For Love , Double Dutch and Candy Girl were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983 . A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015 . In July 2018 , the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD , vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series . In December 1983 , the compilation debuted at number seven on the UK Albums Chart and reached number one a week later , staying at the top for five non-consecutive weeks . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Now What 's What I Call Music Video 3 Charts 4 References 5 External links Track listing ( edit ) Record / Tape 1 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Phil Collins 2 : 52 2 . `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' Duran Duran 4 : 11 3 . `` Red Red Wine '' UB40 3 : 01 4 . `` Only for Love '' Limahl 3 : 48 5 . `` Temptation '' Heaven 17 3 : 07 6 . `` Give It Up '' KC and the Sunshine Band 4 : 12 7 . `` Double Dutch '' Malcolm McLaren 3 : 40 8 . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' Bonnie Tyler 4 : 30 9 . `` Karma Chameleon '' Culture Club 3 : 53 10 . `` The Safety Dance '' Men Without Hats 2 : 47 11 . `` Too Shy '' Kajagoogoo 3 : 41 12 . `` Moonlight Shadow '' Mike Oldfield 3 : 37 13 . `` Down Under '' Men at Work 3 : 42 14 . `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Rock Steady Crew 3 : 46 15 . `` Baby Jane '' Rod Stewart 4 : 45 16 . `` Wherever I Lay My Hat ( That 's My Home ) '' Paul Young 4 : 52 Record / Tape 2 No . Title Artist Length 1 . `` Candy Girl '' New Edition 3 : 52 2 . `` Big Apple '' Kajagoogoo 4 : 12 3 . `` Let 's Stay Together '' Tina Turner 3 : 36 4 . `` ( Keep Feeling ) Fascination '' The Human League 3 : 45 5 . `` New Song '' Howard Jones 4 : 16 6 . `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' UB40 3 : 26 7 . `` Tonight , I Celebrate My Love '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack 3 : 29 8 . `` They Do n't Know '' Tracey Ullman 3 : 00 9 . `` Kissing with Confidence '' Will Powers 3 : 54 10 . `` That 's All '' Genesis 4 : 23 11 . `` The Love Cats '' The Cure 3 : 33 12 . `` Waterfront '' Simple Minds 4 : 40 13 . `` The Sun and the Rain '' Madness 3 : 30 14 . `` Victims '' Culture Club 4 : 56 Now What 's What I Call Music video ( edit ) A video selection was also released featuring selected tracks from the main album , one track that later featured on Volume II of the series and two which did not appear on any Now album . Phil Collins : `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' Duran Duran : `` Is There Something I Should Know '' UB40 : `` Red Red Wine '' Limahl : `` Only for Love '' Heaven 17 : `` Temptation '' Malcolm McLaren : `` Double Dutch '' Culture Club : `` Karma Chameleon '' Men Without Hats : `` The Safety Dance '' Kajagoogoo : `` Too Shy '' Mike Oldfield : `` Moonlight Shadow '' Rock Steady Crew : `` ( Hey You ) The Rock Steady Crew '' Tina Turner : `` Let 's Stay Together '' Freeez : `` I.O.U. '' Howard Jones : `` New Song '' UB40 : `` Please Do n't Make Me Cry '' Will Powers : `` Kissing with Confidence '' Genesis : `` That 's All '' Kajagoogoo : `` Big Apple '' The Assembly : `` Never Never '' Thompson Twins : `` Hold Me Now '' Peabo Bryson & Roberta Flack : `` Tonight I Celebrate My Love '' † Never appeared on any of the numbered NOW albums but did appear on Now 1983 in the 10th Anniversary Series . † † Later appeared on NOW 2 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position UK Albums ( OCC ) Chart ( 2009 ) Peak position UK Compilation Albums ( OCC ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` NOW That 's What I Call Music ! 1 '' . Amazon . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ www.nowmusic.com Jump up ^ https://apopfansdream.wordpress.com/2015/04/10/now-thats-what-i-call-music-1983-emi-virgin-polygram-1993/ Jump up ^ https://www.discogs.com/Various-Now-Thats-What-I-Call-Music-1983/release/634683 Jump up ^ `` Various Artists Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ January 2009 / 7503 / `` Official Compilations Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Now That 's What I Call Music television commercial Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums United Kingdom and Ireland Now That 's What I Call Music 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 United States Now 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 Australia Now 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Winter 2005 Spring 2005 Summer 2006 Autumn 2006 Winter 2006 Spring 2006 Summer 2007 Autumn 2007 Winter 2007 Spring 2007 Summer 2008 Autumn 2008 Winter 2008 Spring 2008 Summer 2009 Autumn 2009 Winter 2009 Spring 2009 Summer 2010 Autumn 2010 Winter 2010 Spring 2010 Summer 2011 Autumn 2011 Winter 2011 Spring 2011 Summer 2012 UK Christmas number - one albums in the 1980s Super Trouper ( ABBA , 1980 ) The Visitors ( ABBA , 1981 ) The John Lennon Collection ( John Lennon , 1982 ) Now That 's What I Call Music ( Various artists , 1983 ) Hits 1 ( Various artists , 1984 ) Now -- The Christmas Album ( Various artists , 1985 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 8 ( Various artists , 1986 ) Now That 's What I Call Music 10 ( Various artists , 1987 ) Private Collection : 1979 -- 1988 ( Cliff Richard , 1988 ) ... But Seriously ( Phil Collins , 1989 ) Complete list 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That%27s_What_I_Call_Music_(original_UK_album)&oldid=854001402 '' Categories : 1983 compilation albums Now That 's What I Call Music ! albums ( British series ) EMI Records compilation albums Sony Music Entertainment compilation albums Virgin Records compilation albums Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2012 Use British English from December 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did now thats what i call music come out

Now That 's What I Call Music ( also simply titled Now or Now 1 ) is the first album from the popular Now ! series that was released in the United Kingdom on 28 November 1983 . Initial pressings were released on vinyl and audio cassette . To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album and series , the album was re-released on CD for the first time in 2009 . However , alternative longer mixes of Only For Love , Double Dutch and Candy Girl were included in place of the original shorter single mixes from 1983 . A double vinyl re-release followed for Record Store Day on 18 April 2015 . In July 2018 , the album was newly remastered and re-released on CD , vinyl and cassette to commemorate the release of the 100th volume of the series .

106th Grey Cup - wikipedia 106th Grey Cup Jump to : navigation , search 106th Grey Cup Date November 25 , 2018 Stadium The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium Location Edmonton , Alberta Broadcasters Network English : TSN French : RDS United States : ESPN2 ← 105th Grey Cup 107th Grey Cup → The 106th Grey Cup ( known as the 106th Grey Cup presented by Shaw for sponsorship reasons ) will be played to decide the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) championship for the 2018 season . The game will be televised in Canada nationally on TSN . The game is scheduled to be played at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton , Alberta on Sunday , November 25 , 2018 . Host city ( edit ) On March 24 , 2017 , it was reported by several news outlets that the Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos were bidding to host the 2018 Grey Cup game . In previous years , the games would be awarded based on regional preference or ownership changes ( such as Toronto hosting the 104th Grey Cup four years after hosting their previous one ) . However , beginning with the 2018 game , the league will have a bidding process based on the merits of the application to determine a host . Calgary last hosted the Grey Cup in 2009 while Edmonton last hosted in 2010 . Both cities have previously hosted the Grey Cup game four times . Despite having a new stadium , and not having hosted the Grey Cup game since 1996 , it was reported that the Hamilton Tiger - Cats would not submit a bid for the 106th Grey Cup due to ongoing lawsuits filed against the construction firms that completed the stadium more than a year behind schedule . Tiger - Cats CEO , Scott Mitchell , relayed that the organization was focused on the lawsuits first and foremost , and once those are completed they will focus on hosting a Grey Cup in the near future . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Scott , Morley ; Mertz , Emily ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Edmonton officially named 2018 Grey Cup host city '' . CHED . Edmonton : Global Edmonton . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shaw , CFL announce Grey Cup sponsorship deal '' . Global News . Shaw Media . May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stamps , Eskimos bidding for 2018 Grey Cup '' . TSN . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Calgary , Edmonton to bid for 2018 Grey Cup : report '' . 3downnation . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto to host Grey Cup in 2016 , Ottawa in 2017 '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` No Grey Cup bid until stadium legal issues solved '' . Hamilton Spectator . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Last hurdle the highest for Tiger - Cats '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 08 . Grey Cup Editions 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 2019 Venues Autostade BC Place BMO Field Commonwealth Stadium Civic Stadium / Ivor Wynne Stadium Empire Stadium Exhibition Stadium Hamilton AAA Grounds Investors Group Field McMahon Stadium Molson Stadium Olympic Stadium Richardson Memorial Stadium Skydome / Rogers Centre Rosedale Field Taylor Field TD Place Stadium / Frank Clair Stadium / Lansdowne Park Varsity Stadium Winnipeg Stadium / Canad Inns Stadium Statistics Champions Most Valuable Players Most Valuable Canadians Winning head coaches Broadcasters Halftime performers 2018 CFL season by team West Division BC Calgary Edmonton Saskatchewan Winnipeg East Division Hamilton Montreal Ottawa Toronto See also 2018 CFL Draft 106th Grey Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=106th_Grey_Cup&oldid=840138779 '' Categories : Grey Cup Grey Cups hosted in Edmonton Scheduled sports events 2018 in Canadian football 2018 in Canadian television 2010s in Edmonton 2018 in Alberta 2018 sports awards November 2018 sports events in North America Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 00 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is the 2018 grey cup being played

The game is scheduled to be played at The Brick Field at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton , Alberta on Sunday , November 25 , 2018 .

Bastille ( band ) - wikipedia Bastille ( band ) Jump to : navigation , search Bastille Bastille performing at Coachella in 2014 Background information Origin London , England , United Kingdom Genres Indie pop synth - pop indie rock Years active 2010 -- present Labels Virgin Capitol Website bastillebastille.com Members Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Woods Bastille ( stylised as BΔSTILLE ) are a British rock band formed in 2010 . The group began as a solo project by lead vocalist Dan Smith , but later expanded to include keyboardist Kyle Simmons , bassist and guitarist Will Farquarson , and drummer Chris Wood . The name of the band derives from Bastille Day , which is celebrated on 14 July , the date of Smith 's birthday . After an independently released debut single and a self - released EP , the band signed to Virgin Records . Their first studio album , Bad Blood , was released in March 2013 and entered the UK Albums Chart at number one . The band was nominated for four Brit Awards at the 2014 ceremony , winning the British Breakthrough Act . As of November 2014 , Bastille have sold over five million records in the US and 2.5 million records in the UK . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Formation and early releases 1.2 Bad Blood and All This Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) 1.3 VS. , Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 2 Media 3 Discography 4 Band members 4.1 Timeline 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Formation and early releases ( edit ) Bastille debuted in July 2010 with their limited edition 7 '' single that featured the two tracks `` Flaws '' and `` Icarus '' . Released through London - based independent record label Young & Lost Club , only 300 copies were pressed . One of the copies found its way into the hands of Alex Baker , presenter of the unsigned / independent artists radio show on Kerrang ! Radio . Baker started to support Bastille on air , and the band began to find an audience . They released the EP Laura Palmer themselves later in 2011 . After debuting further tracks online through sites such as YouTube and MySpace , the band 's audience started to grow . In December 2011 Smith signed a contract with Virgin Records . The group subsequently secured a few support slots and later performed at major UK festivals including Glastonbury , the Isle of Wight , Redfest Reading and Leeds Festival and Blissfields . The band also recorded and released two parts of their mix - tape titled Other People 's Heartache for free . Bad Blood and All this Bad Blood ( 2012 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Bastille in concert at Queens ' College May Ball , 2013 On 27 April 2012 , their first official single release , `` Overjoyed '' , was released through Virgin Records , as confirmed by EMI on 1 May 2012 . Following its video premiere in November 2011 , popular music publication , Q Magazine introduced the track as its ' Track of the Day ' for 7 March 2012 . The second single to be released from the upcoming debut studio album , Bad Blood , was the eponymous track , `` Bad Blood '' . An accompanying video for the single was released on the band 's official VEVO channel on 29 June 2012 , and digitally through Virgin Records on 20 August 2012 . Bastille were also named ' New Band of the Day ' by British newspaper The Guardian in July 2012 . The song charted moderately at number 90 in the United Kingdom , and saw the group 's first entry into the chart . In August 2012 the band performed at UK festivals like Reading and Leeds , as well as supporting British singer - songwriter Emeli Sandé . They later played a small headlining tour , titled ' Flaws Tour ' in October 2012 , with Swiss Lips as their support act . in November 2012 , the band performed at Hong Kong 's Clockenflap Music and Arts Festival , their first outside of Europe . Their third single , a re-release of their first 7 '' non-album single `` Flaws '' , was a commercial success , earning the group their first position in the UK Top 40 , debuting at number - twenty - one . The song `` Oblivion '' was featured in Season 4 Episode 9 of The Vampire Diaries in December 2012 . Dan Smith at Provinssirock festival 2013 in Seinäjoki , Finland In February 2013 , Bastille confirmed the release of the fourth single to be taken from Bad Blood , `` Pompeii '' . The song was positively reviewed by critics , reaching number two in the United Kingdom and number five in the US . Their debut album Bad Blood was released on 4 March 2013 , and placed at number one in the UK Albums Chart . On 11 March , Bastille were announced to be playing at Leeds and Reading Festival in August 2013 . In an interview with Digital Spy in March 2013 , `` Laura Palmer '' was revealed to be the fifth single to be released from the album , by lead vocalist , Dan Smith . It was released on 3 June 2013 , and an accompanying video for the track premiered through the band 's official VEVO page on 12 April 2013 . The group joined English rock band Muse as a supporting act on their The 2nd Law Tour in May 2013 and did so again in June 2013 . In May 2013 , Bastille released their Haunt EP in the US via iTunes . On Saturday 6 July the band headlined their first UK summer music festival at Blissfields. Smith was quoted as saying `` We 're massively excited about our first ever headline slot at a festival . Particularly because we love Blissfields so much , and because they 've been so supportive to us over the last couple of years . '' The performance coincided with the band appearing on the cover of a national music publication , Notion magazine , for the first time . On 24 August 2013 , `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' was released as the sixth single from the band 's debut album . A music video for the song was shot in Vilnius and Kėdainiai , Lithuania . On 3 September 2013 , Bastille released their Bad Blood album in the US via iTunes . On 9 October 2013 Bastille released a new single , `` Of the Night '' , a mash - up of the songs `` The Rhythm of the Night '' by Corona and `` Rhythm Is a Dancer '' by Snap ! . The single debuted at number two on UK Singles Chart . The song was promoting All This Bad Blood , a reissue of the band 's debut album , released on 25 November 2013 . In January 2014 Will Farquarson said in an interview with Billboard magazine that the band had already started to work on its second album in between tour dates . The band performed on Saturday Night Live on 25 January 2014 . On 4 February 2014 Bastille won the BRIT Award for Best Breakthrough Act and performed a remixed version of `` Pompeii '' with Rudimental and their song `` Waiting All Night '' at the ceremony . Two hours after their appearance , sales of Bad Blood were up by 132 % to give them a second week at number one in the UK album chart and `` Pompeii '' had climbed 29 places in the singles . On 1 April 2014 the Official Charts Company announced that Bad Blood was the biggest selling digital album of 2013 , and Number 11 in the over-all Official Artist Albums Top 40 of 2013 . Also in April 2014 , the band performed at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival at the Empire Polo Club in Indio , California . On 31 May 2014 the band took part in the Annual KROQ Weenie Roast in Irvine , California , performing among other bands including The Neighbourhood and Fall Out Boy . On 13 July 2014 , Bastille played at T in the Park . In September 2014 they released the last single from Bad Blood , `` Oblivion '' , the Bad Blood Tour finished in 2015 . VS , Wild World ( 2014 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) Dan Smith ( 2015 ) In late 2013 Bastille began to play new songs called `` Blame '' and `` Campus '' . Another song called `` Oil On Water '' was played during sound - check and leaked online . They began proper work on the album in 2014 , and planned to start recording it in September . Farquarson said that they had `` 16 or 17 tracks '' demoed already for the album . He also said `` We 're going into the studio in September to record ; hopefully by then we 'll have 20 or maybe more . I think it 's always better to have more material and whittle it down . Our producer has gone on tour with us , so we 've been doing things on our days off and during sound - checks . '' Dan Smith said the album will include more guitars saying `` we did n't really have much of that on the first album and it may not end up on it but it would be quite interesting to try it out . We feel quite free . If we want to go quite electronic then we can and if we want to go more rocky and indie then we can . '' On 21 October 2014 Bastille announced their third mixtape , VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) with the release of their song `` Torn Apart '' , featuring the artist Grades and Lizzo on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show . They also wrote and recorded the song `` The Driver '' for the re-score of the film Drive which was released a week later and will also feature on the mixtape . VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) featured the Gemma Sharples Quartet , Haim , MNEK , Tyde , Rationale , Lizzo , Grades , Angel Haze , F * U * G * Z , Braque , Rag'n'Bone Man , and Skunk Anansie . VS . ( Other People 's Heartache , Pt. III ) was released on 8 December 2014 . In November 2014 , Bastille were featured on the Band Aid 30 version of `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' . They were nominated for Best New Artist at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards , but lost out to Sam Smith . In 2015 , Bastille recruited a new touring member Charlie Barnes . On 22 September 2015 , Bastille released an independent single called `` Hangin ' '' . The band also featured on the Kill Your Friends ( 2015 ) soundtrack with a cover of the Sugababes debut single `` Overload '' . It was announced via Facebook that their second album would be released in 2016 . Also , during that summer , the band debuted two new songs live : `` Grip '' and `` Snakes . '' In April 2016 , the band debuted a new song entitled `` The Currents '' . On 2 June 2016 , the band uploaded a trailer including an excerpt from the then - unreleased song Two Evils announcing the name of the album to be Wild World . On 9 June , it was announced that the band 's new single , `` Good Grief '' , would be released on 16 June 2016 . On 16 June 2016 , Annie Mac debuted `` Good Grief '' on her BBC Radio 1 show as the `` hottest track . '' The track was immediately released to radio , streaming services , and for purchase following the debut . In an interview with Mac following the song 's premiere , Dan Smith revealed that their second album would `` go through a variety of sounds , but it is very much us ( Bastille ) . '' On 24 June 2016 , Bastille performed the songs `` Good Grief '' and `` Two Evils '' live for the first time at Glastonbury Festival as part of their set on the Other Stage . On 30 June 2016 , Bastille announced that the release of the second LP Wild World and embarked on their Wild Wild World Tour in July . Released on 8 September , the album reached the top of the mid-week sales chart , while the band set up pop - up shops in London , New York and Los Angeles to promote the release . On 16 September , it was confirmed that Wild World had reached # 1 on both the U.K. and Scottish album charts . On World Record Store Day 2017 , the band released an original song titled Comfort of Strangers . In August 2017 , the band released a version of the Green Day song `` Basket Case '' for the Peter Serafinowicz series The Tick . The band announced their third studio album , scheduled for release in 2018 . Speaking to NME , Smith said `` We never really stop writing and recording , but I can confirm we spent a lot of this year writing our third album . '' On September 1 , 2017 the band Headlined the Annual Pilton Party Held at Pilton Worthy Farm home of the Glastonbury Festival . On November 23 , 2017 , Craig David and Bastille released `` I Know You , '' the second single from David 's album , The Time Is Now . The single peaked at number 5 in 2018 . On November 9 , 2017 , the band released a music video for `` World Gone Mad '' , a song for the Netflix movie Bright . Media ( edit ) Bastille 's music has been used on the TV soap Hollyoaks with one week in the early summer focused on Bastille 's song `` Laura Palmer '' . Their music also has been on : Made in Chelsea and The Vampire Diaries . Bastille can also be heard on EastEnders ' autumn ( 2014 ) trailer with `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' . They can also be heard on Teen Wolf and on the fourth episode of How to Get Away with Murder with the Naughty Boy collaboration `` No One 's Here to Sleep '' . Their song Pompeii is featured in First Touch game , First Touch Soccer 15 , the Konami game , Pro Evolution Soccer 2015 , and the 2014 movie , Mr. Peabody and Sherman . The song `` Haunt '' can be heard in the season 1 finale of the TV series Finding Carter . The band 's music has appeared in the FIFA video games three times : Weight of Living , Pt. II is featured in FIFA 13 , Hangin ' is featured in FIFA 16 , and Send Them Off ! is featured in FIFA 17 . Discography ( edit ) Main article : Bastille discography Studio albums Bad Blood ( 2013 ) Wild World ( 2016 ) Band members ( edit ) Current members Dan Smith -- lead vocals , piano , keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Kyle Simmons -- piano , keyboards , backing vocals , bass , guitar ( 2010 -- present ) Will Farquarson -- guitar , bass , backing vocals , piano , keyboards ( 2010 -- present ) Chris `` Woody '' Wood -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 2010 -- present ) Touring members Charlie Barnes -- guitar , piano , keyboards , synthesizers , backing vocals , percussion , bass ( 2015 -- present ) Timeline ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Bastille Bastille have won several music awards and landed many nominations , including ones for Brit Awards , Billboard Music Awards , World Music Awards , and Grammy Awards . Bastille has sold over 8 million records worldwide . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stubbs , Dan ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Bastille : The Band The World Fell Head Over Heels For '' . nme.com . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ McCormick , Neil ( 25 October 2013 ) . `` Bastille 's storming success '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EMI signs Bastille and Eric Prydz to Virgin Records '' . musicweek.com . Newsdesk . NewBay Media . 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brits 2014 : Winners in full '' . bbc.co.uk . 7newsdesk . BBC . 19 February 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 19 February 2014 ) . `` The BRIT Awards 2014 : The biggest selling nominees revealed '' . officialcharts.com . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Flaws '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille ( 4 ) -- Laura Palmer EP '' . Discogs . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Peter ( 23 January 2014 ) . `` Bastille : ' We 've had a year of proving people wrong ' '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Overjoyed Bastille release debut Virgin single '' . EMI . Jump up ^ `` Q Magazine -- Music news & reviews , music videos , band pictures & interviewsQ Magazine '' . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul Lester . `` New band of the day -- No 1,316 : Bastille '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Soundtrack '' . tunefind . Jump up ^ `` Green Day , Phoenix , Bastille & more for Reading / Leeds festivals 2013 -- Metro News '' . Metro . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille to release ' Laura Palmer ' as new single -- listen '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille -- Laura Palmer '' . YouTube . 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK '' . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille added to the line up in the UK '' . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille '' . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Lawrence . `` Watch : Bastille 's new video for ' Things We Lost In The Fire ' '' . GIGWISE.com . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( 20 January 2014 ) . `` Bastille Working on Sophomore Album in Between Tour Dates '' . Billboard . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 20 February 2014 ) . `` BRITs 2014 stars see hefty sales uplift overnight '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Artist Albums of 2014 so far ! '' . Officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Bastille '' . X-press Magazine -- Entertainment in Perth . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Trendell . `` Bastille : ' Our second album could be quite guitar - heavy ' '' . GIGWISE.com . Jump up ^ Morley , Nicole ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Band Aid 30 : One Direction , Ed Sheeran , Bastille , Bono & Bob Geldof '' . Daily Star . Northern & Shell . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Bastille -- Kyle Simmons BOOM MAGAZINE '' . BOOM MAGAZINE. 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille : GRAMMY Nomination Caps An Amazing Year '' . Grammy.com. 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille : ' We 've been experimenting with our new music ' '' . BBC . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille debut new track ' Grip ' during current festival run '' . Diymag.com . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Bastille debut ' weird ' new song ' The Currents ' at Snowbombing festival '' . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WWCOMMS. 001 / / Hello '' . Facebook . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BASTILLE on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Glastonbury 2016 -- Bastille '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille Announce Arena Tour & New Album , ' Wild World ' '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Foster , Alistair ( 14 September 2016 ) . `` Bastille storming charts again with album made in windowless studio '' . evening standard . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Daily , Rhian ( 13 September 2016 ) . `` Dan Smith Invites Us Into Bastille 's Dystopian Office At Their London Pop - Up Shop '' . NME . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille - Artist - Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved 17 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille have covered Green Day 's ' Basket Case ' '' . DIY. 18 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bastille reveal third album details in NME cover interview '' . NME. 25 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Digital , Pretty Good . `` Glastonbury Festival - Pilton Party '' . Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June , 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Digital , Pretty Good . `` Glastonbury Festival - 2017 Pilton Party with Bastille is a sell out ! '' . Glastonbury Festival - 21st - 25th June , 2017 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran claims first Number 1 single and album of 2018 '' . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Daly , Rhian ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` World gone mad : What we learned from Bastille 's new song and Dan Smith 's Beats 1 interview '' . NME . Retrieved 10 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` With the launch of their debut album ' Bad Blood ' , Bastille 's day in the sun has arrived ... the first of many '' . JOE.ie . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode # 104 Music : `` Let 's Get To Scooping '' `` . ABC . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bastille . Official website Op Ed `` Bastille Day : How Loving Bastille Changed my Life '' / Rocker Magazine Preceded by Drake Saturday Night Live musical guest 25 January 2014 Succeeded by Imagine Dragons ( hide ) Bastille Dan Smith Kyle Simmons Will Farquarson Chris `` Woody '' Wood Charlie Barnes Studio albums Bad Blood Wild World Extended plays Laura Palmer EP Haunt EP Singles `` Overjoyed '' `` Bad Blood '' `` Flaws '' `` Pompeii '' `` Laura Palmer '' `` Things We Lost in the Fire '' `` Of the Night '' `` Pompeii / Waiting All Night '' `` Oblivion '' `` Torn Apart '' `` Hangin ' '' `` Good Grief '' `` Send Them Off ! '' `` Blame '' Other songs `` Fake It '' Mixtapes Other People 's Heartache Related articles Discography Awards and nominations VIAF : 297228641 LCCN : no2013038566 GND : 1035607700 BNF : cb16706767v ( data ) MusicBrainz : 7808accb - 6395 - 4b25 - 858c - 678bbb73896b Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bastille_(band)&oldid=832718072 '' Categories : Bastille ( band ) Brit Award winners NME Awards winners British indie pop groups English synthpop groups Musical groups established in 2010 Musical quartets Virgin Records artists Musical groups from London Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 16 : 34 . 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where did the band bastille get their name

Bastille ( stylised as BΔSTILLE ) are a British rock band formed in 2010 . The group began as a solo project by lead vocalist Dan Smith , but later expanded to include keyboardist Kyle Simmons , bassist and guitarist Will Farquarson , and drummer Chris Wood . The name of the band derives from Bastille Day , which is celebrated on 14 July , the date of Smith 's birthday .

Arkansas River - wikipedia Arkansas River Jump to : navigation , search Arkansas River River The lower part of the Arkansas River near Little Rock , Arkansas Country United States States Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas Region Great Plains Part of Mississippi River watershed Tributaries - left Fountain Creek , Pawnee River , Little Arkansas River , Walnut River , Verdigris River , Neosho River - right Cimarron River , Salt Fork Arkansas River , Canadian River , Poteau River Cities Pueblo , CO , Wichita , KS , Tulsa , OK , Muskogee , OK , Fort Smith , AR , Little Rock , AR , Pine Bluff , AR Source Confluence of East Fork Arkansas River and Tennessee Creek - location Near Leadville , Rocky Mountains , Colorado - elevation 9,728 ft ( 2,965 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.25833 ° N 106.34389 ° W  / 39.25833 ; - 106.34389 Mouth Mississippi River - location Franklin Township , Desha County , near Napoleon , Arkansas - elevation 108 ft ( 33 m ) - coordinates 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ) , West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle , Arkansas , river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , and its watershed also drains parts of Texas , New Mexico and Missouri . The Arkansas River is a major tributary of the Mississippi River . It generally flows to the east and southeast as it traverses the U.S. states of Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas . The river 's source basin lies in the western United States in Colorado , specifically the Arkansas River Valley , where the headwaters derive from the snowpack in the Sawatch and Mosquito mountain ranges . It then flows east into the Midwest via Kansas , and finally into the South through Oklahoma and Arkansas . At 1,469 miles ( 2,364 km ) , it is the sixth - longest river in the United States , the second - longest tributary in the Mississippi -- Missouri system , and the 45th longest river in the world . Its origin is in the Rocky Mountains in Lake County , Colorado , near Leadville . In 1859 , placer gold discovered in the Leadville area brought thousands seeking to strike it rich , but the easily recovered placer gold was quickly exhausted . The Arkansas River 's mouth is at Napoleon , Arkansas , and its drainage basin covers nearly 170,000 sq mi ( 440,300 km2 ) . In terms of volume , the river is much smaller than the Missouri and Ohio Rivers , with a mean discharge of roughly 41,000 cubic feet per second ( 1,200 m / s ) . The Arkansas from its headwaters to the 100th meridian west formed part of the U.S. - Mexico border from the Adams -- Onís Treaty ( in force 1821 ) until the Texas Annexation or Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pronunciations 2 Hydrography 3 Allocation problems 4 Riverway commerce 5 The river in history 5.1 American Civil War 5.2 Post Civil War 6 Angling 7 Image gallery 8 Notes 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Pronunciations ( edit ) Name pronunciation varies by region . Many people in western states , including Kansas and Colorado , pronounce it / ɑːr ˈkænzəs / ar - KAN - zəs , People in Oklahoma and Arkansas typically pronounce it / ˈɑːrkənsɔː / AR - kən - saw , which is how the state is always pronounced according to a state law passed in 1881 . Hydrography ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas near Leadville , Colorado The Arkansas has three distinct sections in its long path through central North America . At its headwaters , the Arkansas runs as a steep fast - flowing mountain river through the Rockies in its narrow valley , dropping 4,600 feet ( 1.4 km ) in 120 miles ( 193 km ) . This section supports extensive whitewater rafting , including The Numbers ( near Granite , Colorado ) , Brown 's Canyon , and the Royal Gorge . At Cañon City , Colorado , the Arkansas River valley widens and flattens markedly . Just west of Pueblo , Colorado , the river enters the Great Plains . Through the rest of Colorado , Kansas , and much of Oklahoma , it is a typical Great Plains riverway , with wide , shallow banks subject to seasonal flooding and periods of dwindling flow . Tributaries include the Cimarron River and the Salt Fork Arkansas River . In eastern Oklahoma the river begins to widen further into a more contained consistent channel . To maintain more reliable flow rates , a series of large reservoir lakes have been built on the Arkansas and its intersecting tributaries including the Canadian , Verdigris , Neosho ( Grand ) , Illinois , and Poteau rivers . These locks and dams allow the river to be navigable by barges and large river craft downriver of Muskogee , Oklahoma , where the McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System joins in with the Verdigris River . Into western Arkansas , the river path works between the encroaching Boston and Ouachita Mountains , including many isolated , flat - topped mesas , buttes , or monadnocks such as Mount Nebo , Petit Jean Mountain , and Mount Magazine , the highest point in the state . The river valley then expands as it encounters much flatter land beginning just west of Little Rock , Arkansas . It continues eastward across the plains and forests of eastern Arkansas until it flows into the Mississippi River . Water flow in the Arkansas River ( as measured in central Kansas ) has dropped from approximately 248 cubic feet per second ( 7 m3 / s ) average from 1944 - 1963 to 53 cubic feet per second ( 1.5 m3 / s ) average from 1984 -- 2003 , largely because of the pumping of groundwater for irrigation in eastern Colorado and western Kansas . Important cities along the Arkansas River include Pueblo , Colorado , Garden City , Kansas , Dodge City , Kansas , Wichita , Kansas , Tulsa , Oklahoma , Fort Smith , Arkansas , and Little Rock , Arkansas . The I - 40 bridge disaster of May 2002 took place on I - 40 's crossing of Kerr Reservoir on the Arkansas River near Webbers Falls , Oklahoma . Allocation problems ( edit ) Since 1902 , Kansas has claimed Colorado takes too much of the river 's water , resulting in a number of lawsuits before the U.S. Supreme Court that continue to this day , generally under the name of Kansas v. Colorado . The problems over the possession and use of Arkansas River water by Colorado and Kansas led to the creation of an interstate compact or agreement between the two states . While Congress approved the Arkansas River Compact in 1949 , the compact did not stop further disputes by the two states over water rights to the river . The Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Basin Compact was created in 1965 to promote mutual consideration and equity over water use in the basin shared by those states . It led to the Kansas - Oklahoma Arkansas River Commission , which was charged with administering the compact and reducing pollution . The compact was approved and implemented by both states in 1970 , and has been in force since then . Riverway Commerce ( edit ) Inland waterway system with McClellan - Kerr Navigational Channel shown in red The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System begins at the Tulsa Port of Catoosa on the Verdigris River , enters the Arkansas River near Muskogee , and runs via an extensive lock and dam system to the Mississippi River . Through Oklahoma and Arkansas , dams which artificially deepen and widen the river to sustain commercial barge traffic and recreational use give the river the appearance of a series of reservoirs . The McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System diverts from the Arkansas River 2.5 mi ( 4.0 km ) upstream of the Wilbur D. Mills Dam to avoid the long winding route which the lower Arkansas River follows . This circuitous portion of the Arkansas River between the Wilbur D. Mills Dam and the Mississippi River was historically bypassed by river vessels ; early steamboats instead following a network of rivers -- known as the Arkansas Post Canal -- which flowed north of the lower Arkansas River and followed a shorter and more direct route to the Mississippi River . When the McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System was constructed between 1963 and 1970 , the Arkansas Post Canal was significantly improved , while the lower Arkansas River continued to be bypassed by commercial vessels . The River in History ( edit ) Devil 's Punch Bowl falls , Grand Canyon of the Arkansas River in Colorado , from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views Many nations of Native Americans lived near , or along , the 1,450 - mile ( 2334 - km ) stretch of the Arkansas River for thousands of years . The first Europeans to see the river were members of the Spanish Coronado expedition on June 29 , 1541 . Also in the 1540s , Hernando de Soto discovered the junction of the Arkansas with the Mississippi . The Spanish originally called the river Napeste . `` The name `` Arkansas '' was first applied by Father Jacques Marquette , who called the river Akansa in his journal of 1673 . The Joliet - Marquette expedition travelled the Mississippi River from Prairie du Chien , Wisconsin towards the Gulf of Mexico , but turned back at the mouth of the Arkansas River . By that time , they had encountered Native Americans carrying European trinkets , and feared confrontation with Spanish conquistadors . Jean - Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe , a French trader , explorer and nobleman had led an expedition into what is now Oklahoma in 1718 - 19 . His original objective was to establish a trading post near the present city of Texarkana , Arkansas , but he then extended his trip overland as far north as the Arkansas River ( which he designated as the Alcansas ) . The explorer wrote he and 9 other men , including three Caddo guides and 22 horses loaded with trade goods had come to a native settlement overlooking the river , where there were about 6,000 natives , who gave the strangers a warm welcome . La Harpe 's party were honored with the calumet ceremony and spent ten days at this location . In 1988 , evidence of a native village was discovered along the Arkansas River 13 miles ( 21 km ) south of present - day Tulsa , Oklahoma . By then , the site was known as the Lasley Vore Site . French traders and trappers who had opened up trade with Indian tribes in Canada and the areas around the Great Lakes began exploring the Mississippi and some of its northern tributaries . They soon learned that the birch - bark canoes , which had served them so well on the northern waterways , were too light for use on the southern rivers , such as the Arkansas . They turned to making and using dugout canoes , which they called pirogues , made by hollowing out the trunks of cottonwood trees . Cottonwoods are plentiful along the streams of the southwest and grow to large sizes . The wood is soft and easily worked with the crude tools carried by both the French and Indians . The pirogues The pirogues were sturdier and could be more for navigating the sandbars and snags of the Southern waterways . In 1819 , the Adams - Onís Treaty set the Arkansas as part of the frontier between the United States and Spanish Mexico . This continued until the United States annexed Texas after the Mexican - American War , in 1846 . The treaty was made shortly after `` Old Settler '' Cherokees moved to near what became known as Webbers Falls on the Arkansas River . That area , then part of Arkansas Territory would become Indian Territory and later Oklahoma , was traditional territory of the Osage , leading to conflict and a treaty in 1828 but still unresolved by the time thousands of additional Cherokee refugees moved to the area during the Trail of Tears . By the time Fort Smith was established in 1817 , larger capacity watercraft became available to transport goods up and down the Arkansas . These included flatboats ( bateaus ) and keelboats . Along with the pirogues , they transported piles of deer , bear , otter , beaver and buffalo skins up and down the river . Agricultural products such as corn , rice , dried peaches , beans , peanuts , snake root , sarsaparilla , ginseng had grown in economic importance . On March 31 , 1820 , the Comet became the first steamboat to successfully navigate part of the Arkansas River , reaching a place called Arkansas Post , ( ( efn Arkansas Post is said to have been the first European settlement in the Mississippi Valley , about 60 miles ( 97 km ) above the confluence of the Arkansas and the Mississippi Rivers . In mid-April , 1822 , the Robert Thompson , towing a keelboat , was the first steamboat to navigate the Arkansas as far as Fort Smith . For five years , Fort Smith was known as the head of navigation for steamboats on the river . It lost the title to Fort Gibson in April , 1832 , when three steamboats , Velocipede , Scioto and Catawba , all arrived at Fort Gibson later that month. ( ( efn Fort Gibson had been built in 1824 on the bank of the Verdigris River in what had been called the `` Three Forks '' area of Indian Territory . Later , the Santa Fe Trail followed the Arkansas through much of Kansas , picking it up near Great Bend and continuing through to La Junta , Colorado , unless users elected to take the challenging Cimarron Cutoff in Cimarron , Kansas . American Civil War ( edit ) Main article : Ambush of the steamboat J.R. Williams During the American Civil War , each side tried to prevent the other from using the Arkansas and its tributaries as a route for moving reinforcements . Initially , the Union Army abandoned its forts in the Indian Territory , including Fort Gibson and Fort Smith , in order to maximize its strength for campaigns elsewhere , while the Confederate Army sent troops from Texas to support its Native American allies . Union Troops returned later in the war , after defeating the Confederates at the Battle of Pea Ridge and the Battle of Fort Smith , and began recovering the position it had previously abandoned , most notably Fort Gibson , reopening the Arkansas River as a supply route . In September 1864 , a body of Confederate irregulars led by General Stand Watie successfully ambushed a Union supply ship bound for Fort Gibson . The vessel was destroyed , and a part of its cargo was looted by the Confederates . Post Civil War ( edit ) In the 1880s , Charles `` Buffalo '' Jones , one of the cofounders of Garden City , Kansas , organized four irrigation companies to take water one hundred miles from the Arkansas River to cultivate 75,000 acres ( 300 km ) of land . By 1890 , water from the Arkansas was being used to irrigate more than 20 × 10 acres ( 8.1 × 10 ha ) of farmland in Kansas . By 1910 , irrigation projects in Colorado had caused the river to stop flowing in July and August . Flooding in 1927 severely damaged or destroyed nearly every levee downstream of Fort Smith , and led to the development of the Arkansas River Flood Control Association . It also led to the Federal Government assigning responsibility of flood control and navigation on the Arkansas to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers ( USACOE ) . Fly fishermen on the Arkansas River near Salida , Colorado Angling ( edit ) The headwaters of the Arkansas River in central Colorado have been known for exceptional trout fishing , particularly fly fishing , since the 19th century , when greenback cutthroat trout dominated the river . Today , brown trout dominate the river , which also contains rainbow trout . Trout Unlimited considers the Arkansas one of the top 100 trout streams in America , a reputation the river has had since the 1950s . From Leadville to Pueblo , the Arkansas River is serviced by numerous fly shops and guides operating in Buena Vista , Salida , Cañon City and Pueblo . The Colorado Division of Wildlife provides regular online fishing reports for the river . A fish kill occurred on December 29 , 2010 , in which an estimated 100,000 freshwater drum lined the Arkansas River bank . An investigation , conducted by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission , found the dead fish `` ... cover 17 miles of river from the Ozark Lock and Dam downstream to River Mile 240 , directly south of Hartman , Arkansas . '' Tests later indicated the likely cause of the kill was gas bubble trauma caused by opening the spillways on the Ozark Dam . Image gallery ( edit ) The Arkansas River passing through Little Rock , Arkansas , as viewed from the north bank in North Little Rock The Yancopin Bridge is the last crossing of the Arkansas River before it flows into the Mississippi River Arkansas River in downtown Pueblo , Colorado Downtown Wichita , Kansas , skyline at night from The Keeper of the Plains at the Arkansas River Arkansas River , looking across to North Little Rock John Martin Dam and Reservoir on the Arkansas River in Bent County , Colorado The Arkansas River in Tulsa , Oklahoma Royal Gorge Arkansas River in Salida , Colorado The Arkansas River in Natural Steps , Arkansas Arkansas River between Van Buren and Fort Smith , Arkansas Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ A team led by Dr. George H. Odell , an anthropology professor from the University of Tulsa , uncovered artifacts that showed the natives were members of the Wichita people , and that the European artifacts also found there were of the same time period . Dr. Odell concluded this was most likely place that la Harpe met the natives he described . Jump up ^ Pirogues are still used in the swamps and marshes of South Louisiana by descendants of the `` Cajuns , '' who were exiled from Canada by the British . See also ( edit ) Ackerman Island Kansas v. Colorado List of crossings of the Arkansas River List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) Listing of rivers for each state : Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas McClellan -- Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1980 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` McClellan - Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System ( MKARNS ) '' . History & Culture . The Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : See watershed maps : 1 Archived October 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 07258000 on the Arkansas River near Dardanelle , AR ( monthly flow data ) '' . Water Resources of the United States . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ J.C. Kammerer ( May 1990 ) . `` Largest Rivers in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 21 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Chaffee County Colorado Gold Production '' . Westernmininghistory.com. 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Random House Dictionary Jump up ^ Stewart , George R. ( 1967 ) . Names on the Land . Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 335 -- 340 . ^ Jump up to : O'Dell , Larry . Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . `` Arkansas River . Archived 2013 - 05 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Kansas v. Colorado 514 U.S. 673 ( 1995 ) , 185 U.S. 125 ( 1902 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Verdigris River Navigation '' ( PDF ) . American Canal Society . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Odell , George H. `` Lasley Vore Site . '' Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Accessed January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , Muriel H. `` Early Navigation and Commerce along the Arkansas and Red Rivers in Oklahoma . '' Chronicles of Oklahoma . Volume 8 , Number 1 , March , 1930 . p. 65 . Accessed September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty with the Western Cherokee , 1828 '' . Oklahoma State University Library . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` A New Treaty '' ( PDF ) . Cherokee Phoenix . University of North Dakota . 1 ( 20 ) . 1828 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Little Rock District / Mission / Navigation . Accessed June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Charles Jesse `` Buffalo '' Jones exhibit , Finney County Historical Museum , Garden City , Kansas ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Arkansas River ( 1540 to 2000 ) '' . South Central Service Cooperative. 2017 . Accessed June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris , William C. ( September 1892 ) . `` The Trouts of Colorado and Utah '' . The American Angler . XXI ( 12 ) : 515 -- 528 . Jump up ^ Ross , John ( 2005 ) . Trout Unlimited 's Guide to America 's 100 Best Trout Streams . Guilford , CT : Lyons Press . pp. 241 -- 243 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 585 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Duncan ( 1960 ) . 88 Top Trout Streams of the West . Newport Beach , CA : Western Outdoors . pp. 64 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Marty ( 1998 ) . Fly Fisher 's Guide to Colorado . Belgrade , MT : Wilderness Adventures Press . pp. 38 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 885106 - 56 - 8 . Jump up ^ Colorado Division of Wildlife Fishing Reports Archived March 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Experts Close In On What Killed Fish - NW Arkansas News Story - KHBS NW Arkansas '' . KHBS . January 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 4 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arkansas River Fish Kill Investigation Continues '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . 3 January 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gas Bubble Trauma likely cause of fish kills '' . Arkansas Game and Fish Commission . Archived from the original on 8 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arkansas River . Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Arkansas River . Colorado - Kansas Arkansas River Compact Friends of the Arkansas River Aquifer saturation map for Equus Beds Aquifer Recharge Project Arkansas River Coalition Full Scale Map Santa Fe Trail Research Wichita Water Center Tours Animated Map of navigation system Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Arkansas River Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory `` Arkansas , a river of the United States of America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . `` Arkansas River '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Arkansas '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . 1878 . Arkansas River is discussed at the end of this article . `` Arkansas , a S.W. river of the United States '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . VIAF : 248152975 GND : 4223368 - 9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas_River&oldid=803620205 '' Categories : Arkansas River Rivers of Arkansas Rivers of Colorado Rivers of Kansas Rivers of Oklahoma Tributaries of the Mississippi River Regions of Arkansas Fish kill Bodies of water of Edwards County , Kansas Rivers of Desha County , Arkansas Rivers of Arkansas County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Lincoln County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Jefferson County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Pulaski County , Arkansas Rivers of Faulkner County , Arkansas Rivers of Perry County , Arkansas Rivers of Conway County , Arkansas Rivers of Pope County , Arkansas Rivers of Yell County , Arkansas Rivers of Logan County , Arkansas Rivers of Johnson County , Arkansas Rivers of Franklin County , Arkansas Rivers of Crawford County , Arkansas Bodies of water of Sebastian County , Arkansas Rivers of Fremont County , Colorado Rivers of Sedgwick County , Kansas Geography of Tulsa , Oklahoma Bodies of water of Ford County , Kansas Bodies of water of Hamilton County , Kansas Rivers of Reno County , Kansas Rivers of Rice County , Kansas Rivers of Bent County , Colorado Rivers of Pueblo County , Colorado Mississippi River watershed Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tsetsêhestâhese Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 16 : 43 . 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where is arkansas river located on a map

Arkansas River River The lower part of the Arkansas River near Little Rock , Arkansas Country United States States Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , Arkansas Region Great Plains Part of Mississippi River watershed Tributaries - left Fountain Creek , Pawnee River , Little Arkansas River , Walnut River , Verdigris River , Neosho River - right Cimarron River , Salt Fork Arkansas River , Canadian River , Poteau River Cities Pueblo , CO , Wichita , KS , Tulsa , OK , Muskogee , OK , Fort Smith , AR , Little Rock , AR , Pine Bluff , AR Source Confluence of East Fork Arkansas River and Tennessee Creek - location Near Leadville , Rocky Mountains , Colorado - elevation 9,728 ft ( 2,965 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 15 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 38 '' W  /  39.25833 ° N 106.34389 ° W  / 39.25833 ; - 106.34389 Mouth Mississippi River - location Franklin Township , Desha County , near Napoleon , Arkansas - elevation 108 ft ( 33 m ) - coordinates 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Coordinates : 33 ° 46 ′ 30 '' N 91 ° 04 ′ 15 '' W  /  33.77500 ° N 91.07083 ° W  / 33.77500 ; - 91.07083 Length 1,469 mi ( 2,364 km ) , West - east Basin 168,002 sq mi ( 435,123 km ) Discharge for Dardanelle , Arkansas , river mile 219.5 ( river kilometer 353.3 ) - average 40,517 cu ft / s ( 1,147 m / s ) - max 683,000 cu ft / s ( 19,340 m / s ) - min 1,207 cu ft / s ( 34 m / s ) The Arkansas River flows through Colorado , Kansas , Oklahoma , and Arkansas , and its watershed also drains parts of Texas , New Mexico and Missouri .

The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement - wikipedia The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Jump to : navigation , search The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Theatrical release poster Directed by Garry Marshall Produced by Whitney Houston Debra Martin Chase Screenplay by Shonda Rhimes Story by Shonda Rhimes Gina Wendkos Based on Characters by Meg Cabot Starring Julie Andrews Anne Hathaway Heather Matarazzo John Rhys - Davies Héctor Elizondo Chris Pine Music by John Debney Cinematography Charles Minsky Edited by Bruce Green Production companies Walt Disney Pictures ShondaLand Martin Chase Productions Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date August 11 , 2004 ( 2004 - 08 - 11 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $134.7 million The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement is a 2004 American romantic comedy film and the sequel to 2001 's The Princess Diaries . Unlike the first film , this film is not based on any of the books . Most of the cast returned from the first film , including Julie Andrews , Anne Hathaway , Héctor Elizondo , Heather Matarazzo , and Larry Miller . Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce . New characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ) , and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ) . Despite generally negative reviews from critics , the film had a worldwide box office of $122 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 4 Soundtrack 5 Sequel 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after the previous events , Mia Thermopolis has just graduated from Princeton University 's Woodrow Wilson School and is returning to Genovia with her bodyguard , Joe . There , she will await her reign once her grandmother , Queen Clarisse , steps down as Queen . During Mia 's twenty first birthday party , she dances with all the eligible bachelors in hope of finding a husband . She becomes attracted to a handsome gentleman named Nicholas . During the course of the night , Mia 's tiara falls off and is caught by a Member of Parliament , Viscount Mabrey , who secretly plans to steal Mia 's crown . While the Parliament is in - session the next morning , Mia stumbles upon a hidden room that allows her to secretly listen in . Viscount Mabrey reveals his nephew , Lord Devereaux , is another heir to the Genovian throne . Despite Queen Clarisse 's objection , the only way Mia can assume her duties as Queen is if she marries within the month . Clarisse invites Lord Devereaux to stay at the palace , while Mia is shocked to discover Lord Devereaux is actually Nicholas . Mia 's best friend , Lilly Moscovitz , surprises her by visiting . Together , they pick through potential husbands . Mia eventually chooses Andrew Jacoby , Duke of Kenilworth , and days later , they are engaged . Mabrey plans to have Nicholas woo Mia and dissolve the engagement . For a ceremony , Mia is to ride sidesaddle , but is inexperienced . Queen Clarisse provides an ancestral wooden leg decoy to make it look like she 's riding sidesaddle . Mabrey spooks Mia 's horse with a rubber snake , and Joe rushes to aid Mia , but accidentally tears off the wooden leg . Humiliated , Mia flees to the stables , where Nicholas fails to comfort her . At a garden party , Mia and Nicholas quarrel about Mia 's relationship with Andrew ; Nicholas tricks Mia into admitting she does n't love Andrew . Frustrated , she argues , but instead gets bombarded by a kiss . At first , she kisses him back but then backs away . Nicholas pursues her even more , which causes both of them to fall into a fountain . Queen Clarisse finally tells Mia that her behavior with Nicholas needs to stop . During the Genovian Independence Day parade , Mia sees some boys harassing a little girl , and abruptly halts the parade to comfort the girl . Learning that the children are orphans , Mia has a vendor give them all tiaras and lets them walk with her in the parade . Everyone is impressed by her act of generosity , while Mabrey sees it as a political maneuver . Mia later decides to convert one of the royal palaces into a temporary children 's center . That night , Mia has her bachelorette party , where Queen Clarisse surfs on a mattress and sings a duet with Princess Asana , one of Mia 's good friends . In the meantime , Mabrey realizes Nicholas has fallen for Mia , but Nicholas says that Mia will never love him . Nicholas comes upon Mia as she is practicing her archery as part of her coronation rites . He helps her succeed in getting the arrow to hit the bullseye , something she had been struggling with . Nicholas then informs Mia that he is leaving , but asks to see her just one more time before he goes . She declines , saying she is under close guard . That night , Nicholas appears outside Mia 's window and asks her to come out . Lilly encourages her to go , and Mia sneaks out . They ride out to a lake where they share secrets , dance , and eventually fall asleep . They awaken to find a man in a boat videotaping them . Mia thinks Nicholas set her up , while he insists he had no idea . By the time Mia returns to the palace , the scandalous footage is already being broadcast . Andrew is disappointed and kisses Mia to see if there is a romantic spark between them . They realize that they do not love each other , but do not call off the wedding for the good of Genovia . The wedding is to take place the following day , and Mia 's mother , Helen comes with her new husband , Patrick and their newborn son , Trevor . Nicholas decides against attending , but his surly housekeeper , Gretchen informs him that Mabrey engineered their televised scandal . Before the wedding , Joe informs Mia that Nicholas is innocent . Queen Clarisse encourages Mia to follow her heart , something she has never done and has now cost her Joe , the only man she truly loved . Mia reenters the church , and after pointing out how her grandmother has ruled Genovia while unmarried for a number of years , she tells the members of parliament in the audience to consider the significant women in their lives and questions if they would have them do what they 're trying to force her to do ( marry someone she does not love ) . Mabrey cites the law again and once again suggests that his nephew be named King , but just then , Nicholas not only refuses the crown , but also disowns Mabrey as his uncle . Mia proposes the law on royal marriages be abolished , and the Parliament unanimously gives its assent . Encouraged by Mia to have her own happy ending , Clarisse proposes to Joe and they are promptly married . About a week later , Mia is preparing for her coronation when Nicholas shows up . He professes his love for Mia on bended knee , and they share a romantic kiss . The next day , Mia is crowned `` Her Majesty Amelia Mignonette Thermopolis Renaldi , Queen of Genovia '' , with all in attendance in the royal palace . An epilogue shows that Genovian Parliament now allows female members , one of whom is Charlotte . And Queen Mia officially opens the children 's home . Cast ( edit ) Anne Hathaway as Princess / Queen Amelia `` Mia '' Thermopolis Renaldi Julie Andrews as Queen Clarisse Renaldi Héctor Elizondo as Joe John Rhys - Davies as Viscount Mabrey Heather Matarazzo as Lilly Moscovitz Chris Pine as Nicholas Devereaux Callum Blue as Andrew Jacoby Raven - Symoné as Princess Asana Kathleen Marshall as Charlotte Kutaway Jonny Blu as himself Tom Poston as Lord Palimore Joel McCrary as Prime Minister Motaz Kim Thomson as Reporter Elsie Kentworthy Larry Miller as Paolo Puttanesca Caroline Goodall as Helen Thermopolis O'Connell Meredith Patterson as Lady Elissa Spencer Breslin as Prince Jacques Tracy Reiner as Lady Anthony Paul Vogt as Lord Crawley Paul Williams as Lord Harmony Peter Allen Vogt as Mr. Crawley Anna Netrebko as herself Abigail Breslin as Carolina , the orphan child Hannah Schneider as Dancing Princess Hannah Charlee Corra Disney as Princess Charlee Aimee Adams Hall as Princess Aimee Nadege August as Princess Nadege Claudia Katz Minnick as Freda Kout Stan Lee as Three Stooges wedding guest Reception ( edit ) The film opened in 3,472 theaters in North America and grossed $22,956,453 in its opening weekend . It grossed $134,734,481 worldwide -- $95,170,481 in North America and $39,564,000 in other territories . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film had a 25 % `` certified rotten '' rating , with an average score of 4.6 / 10 based on 115 critical reviews . The site 's general consensus is that `` Anne Hathaway and Julie Andrews bring charm and elegance to the movie , but there 's not enough material for them to work with in this sequel . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , it has an average score of 43 from the 31 reviews , which indicates `` Mixed or average reviews '' . The film 's writer , Shonda Rhimes , later said that she treasured the experience if for nothing else -- the opportunity to work with its star , Julie Andrews . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( soundtrack ) The song , `` Your Crowning Glory '' , a duet between Queen Clarisse ( Julie Andrews ) and Princess Asana ( Raven - Symoné ) was the first time Andrews had sung in public or on screen since she had throat surgery in 1997 . Sequel ( edit ) In March 2016 , despite the death of producer Whitney Houston in February 2012 , Garry Marshall announced that Hathaway , who was pregnant with her first child , would appear in a third Princess Diaries film after she gave birth . However , with Garry Marshall 's death in July 2016 , the project had been pulled . In August 2016 , Hector Elizondo discussed a possibility that the third installment would still be produced . In an interview with Variety Latino , He said on the possibility , `` I know Anne would like to do it . I know Julie would like to do it . I would like to do it . So we 're on board , it 's a question of when and a question of getting a good story . I 'm ready ! It 's time to go back to Genovia ! '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . August 18 , 2004 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Spencer Breslin - Box Office '' . The Numbers . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 - Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Reviews , Ratings , Credits and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . CNET Networks . Retrieved March 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Staff , Hollywood.com ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes - Biography and Filmography - 1970 '' . Jump up ^ `` Director Garry Marshall confirms Anne Hathaway is ready to film Princess Diaries 3 '' . Metro.co.uk . March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Princess Diaries 3 ' Could Still Happen , According to Hector Elizondo '' . Movie Fone . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement on IMDb The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at the TCM Movie Database The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at AllMovie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Box Office Mojo The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Metacritic The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement at Rotten Tomatoes The Princess Diaries film series Character Clarisse Renaldi Novels The Princess Diaries book series Meg Cabot Films The Princess Diaries The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Soundtracks The Princess Diaries soundtracks The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot Novels The Princess Diaries Princess in the Spotlight Princess in Love Princess in Waiting Princess in Pink Princess in Training Party Princess Princess on the Brink Princess Mia Forever Princess Royal Wedding Novellas Project Princess The Princess Present Sweet Sixteen Princess Valentine Princess Spin - off From the Notebooks of a Middle School Princess Royal Wedding Disaster Related articles Mia Thermopolis The Princess Diaries movie The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Films directed by Garry Marshall Young Doctors in Love ( 1982 ) The Flamingo Kid ( 1984 ) Nothing in Common ( 1986 ) Overboard ( 1987 ) Beaches ( 1988 ) The Lottery ( 1989 ) Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) Frankie and Johnny ( 1991 ) Exit to Eden ( 1994 ) Dear God ( 1996 ) The Other Sister ( 1999 ) Runaway Bride ( 1999 ) The Princess Diaries ( 2001 ) Raising Helen ( 2004 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) Georgia Rule ( 2007 ) Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) New Year 's Eve ( 2011 ) Mother 's Day ( 2016 ) Shonda Rhimes Films written Introducing Dorothy Dandridge ( 1999 ) Crossroads ( 2002 ) The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement ( 2004 ) TV series created Grey 's Anatomy ( 2005 -- present ) Private Practice ( 2007 -- 2013 ) A Corazón Abierto ( 2010 ) Scandal ( 2012 -- present ) Related Shondaland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Princess_Diaries_2:_Royal_Engagement&oldid=808278965 '' Categories : 2004 films English - language films 2000s romantic comedy films 2000s teen films American films American sequel films American teen comedy films Film scores by John Debney Films about royalty Films about weddings Films directed by Garry Marshall Films set in Europe Films set in a fictional European country Monarchy in fiction Slapstick films Walt Disney Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 22 : 46 . 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who plays nicholas in the princess diaries 2

Most of the cast returned from the first film , including Julie Andrews , Anne Hathaway , Héctor Elizondo , Heather Matarazzo , and Larry Miller . Garry Marshall returned to direct and Debra Martin Chase to produce . New characters include Viscount Mabrey ( John Rhys - Davies ) , Lord Nicholas Devereaux ( Chris Pine ) , and Andrew Jacoby ( Callum Blue ) .

St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador - Wikipedia St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador Not to be confused with Saint John , New Brunswick . City in Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada St. John 's City City of St. John 's Flag Logo Nickname ( s ) : `` City of Legends '' , `` Newfiejohn '' , `` Sin Jawns '' , `` Town '' Motto ( s ) : Avancez ( English : `` Go forward '' ) St John 's ( red ) , in relation to nearby communities . St. John 's Location of St. John 's in Canada St. John 's St. John 's ( Canada ) Show map of Newfoundland Show map of Canada Show all Coordinates : 47 ° 33 ′ 41 '' N 52 ° 42 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.56139 ° N 52.71250 ° W  / 47.56139 ; - 52.71250 Coordinates : 47 ° 33 ′ 41 '' N 52 ° 42 ′ 45 '' W  /  47.56139 ° N 52.71250 ° W  / 47.56139 ; - 52.71250 Country Canada Province Newfoundland and Labrador Census division Historic countries Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Dominion of Newfoundland Founded 24 June 1497 Established 5 August 1583 by Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I Incorporated 1 May 1888 Government Type City Council Mayor Danny Breen Governing body St. John 's City Council MPs List of MPs ( show ) Seamus O'Regan ( L ) Nick Whalen ( L ) MHAs List of MHAs ( show ) Cathy Bennett ( L ) Siobhán Coady ( L ) Bernard Davis ( L ) Keith Hutchings ( PC ) Dale Kirby ( L ) Lorraine Michael ( NDP ) Tom Osborne ( L ) Gerry Rogers ( NDP ) Area City 446.06 km ( 172.2 sq mi ) Urban 166.0 km ( 64.1 sq mi ) Metro 804.63 km ( 310.7 sq mi ) Elevation 0 -- 192 m ( 0 -- 630 ft ) Population ( 2016 census ) City 108,860 Density 244.1 / km ( 632.1 / sq mi ) Urban 178,427 Urban density 1,074.9 / km ( 2,784 / sq mi ) Metro 205,955 Metro density 255.9 / km ( 663 / sq mi ) 20th Largest metropolitan area in Canada Time zone NST ( UTC − 03 : 30 ) Summer ( DST ) NDT ( UTC − 02 : 30 ) Postal code A1A -- A1H Area code ( s ) 709 NTS Map 001N10 GNBC Code ABEFS Dwellings 47,640 ( 2016 ) Median income $75,930 CDN Website www.stjohns.ca St. John 's is the capital and largest city in Newfoundland and Labrador . It is on the eastern tip of the Avalon Peninsula on the large Canadian island , Newfoundland . The city spans 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's easternmost city . Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest European settlements in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of July 1 , 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax . The city has a rich history , having played a role in the French and Indian War , the American Revolutionary War , and the War of 1812 . Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's . Its history and culture have made it into an important tourist destination . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1500 -- 1799 ) 1.1. 1 The oldest European settlement in North America controversy 1.2 Modern history ( 1800 -- present ) 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 4 Demographics 4.1 Religion 5 Economy 6 Culture 6.1 Museums 6.2 National Historic Sites 6.3 Urban parks 7 Sports 7.1 Hockey 7.2 Other sports 8 Law and government 8.1 Crime 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Transportation 9.2 Medical centres and hospitals 10 Education 11 Local media 12 Notable people 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 References 15.1 Notes 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Timeline of St. John 's history Early History ( 1500 -- 1799 ) ( edit ) St. John 's is one of North America 's oldest European settlements , with fishermen setting up seasonal camps in the early 16th century . Sebastian Cabot declares in a handwritten Latin text in his original 1545 map , that St. John 's earned its name when he and his father , the Venetian explorer John Cabot became the first Europeans to sail into the harbour , in the morning of 24 June 1494 ( against British and French historians stating 1497 ) , the feast day of Saint John the Baptist . However , the locations of Cabot 's landfalls are disputed . A series of expeditions to St. John 's by Portuguese from the Azores took place in the early 16th century , and by 1540 French , Spanish and Portuguese ships crossed the Atlantic annually to fish the waters off the Avalon Peninsula . In the Basque Country , it is a common belief the name of St. John 's was given by Basque fishermen because the bay of St. John 's is very similar to the Bay of Pasaia in the Basque Country , where one of the fishing towns is called St. John ( in Spanish , San Juan , and in Basque , Donibane ) . The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519 . When John Rut visited St. John 's in 1527 he found Norman , Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour . On 3 August 1527 , Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America ; this was the first known letter sent from North America . St. Jehan is shown on Nicolas Desliens ' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire 's Atlas of 1546 . On 5 August 1583 , an English Sea Dog , Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed the area as England 's first overseas colony under Royal Charter of Queen Elizabeth I . There was no permanent population , however , and Gilbert was lost at sea during his return voyage , thereby ending any immediate plans for settlement . The Newfoundland National War Memorial is on the waterfront in St. John 's , at the purported site of Gilbert 's landing and proclamation . By 1620 , the fishermen of England 's West Country controlled most of Newfoundland 's east coast . In 1627 , William Payne , called St. John 's `` the principal prime and chief lot in all the whole country . '' Sometime after 1630 , the town of St. John 's was established as a permanent community . Before this they were expressly forbidden by the English government , at the urging of the West Country fishing industry , from establishing permanent settlements along the English controlled coast . The population grew slowly in the 17th century : St. John 's was Newfoundland 's largest settlement when English naval officers began to take censuses around 1675 . The population grew in the summers with the arrival of migratory fishermen . In 1680 , fishing ships ( mostly from South Devon ) set up fishing rooms at St. John 's , bringing hundreds of Irish men into the port to operate inshore fishing boats . The town 's first significant defenses were likely erected due to commercial interests , following the temporary seizure of St. John 's by the Dutch admiral Michiel de Ruyter in June 1665 . The inhabitants fended off a second Dutch attack in 1673 , when it was defended by Christopher Martin , an English merchant captain . Martin landed six cannons from his vessel , the Elias Andrews , and constructed an earthen breastwork and battery near Chain Rock commanding the Narrows leading into the harbour . With only 23 men , the valiant Martin beat off an attack by three Dutch warships . The English government planned to expand these fortifications ( Fort William ) in around 1689 , but construction did n't begin until after the French admiral Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captured and destroyed the town in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign ( 1696 ) . When 1500 English reinforcements arrived in late 1697 , they found rubble where the town and fortifications had stood . In 1762 , the British and French fought in the Battle of Signal Hill . It was the last battle of the North American theatre in the Seven Years ' War . The French attacked St. John 's again in 1705 ( Siege of St. John 's ) , and captured it in 1708 ( Battle of St. John 's ) , devastating civilian structures with fire on each instance . The harbour remained fortified through most of the 18th and 19th centuries . The final battle of the Seven Years ' War in North America ( the French and Indian War ) was fought in 1762 , in St. John 's . Following a surprise capture of the town by the French early in the year , the British responded and , at the Battle of Signal Hill , the French surrendered St. John 's to British forces under the command of Colonel William Amherst . In the late 1700s Fort Amherst and Fort Waldegrave were built to defend the harbour entrance . The oldest European settlement in North America controversy ( edit ) There has been some controversy regarding which European settlement is the oldest in North America . As mentioned above , while English fishermen had set up seasonal camps in St. John 's in the 16th century , they were expressly forbidden by the English government , at the urging of the West Country fishing industry , from establishing permanent settlements along the English - controlled coast . As a result , the town of St. John 's was not established as a ' permanent ' community until after the 1630s . With respect to the oldest surviving permanent English settlements in North America , it was preceded by Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 ) , the Cuper 's Cove colony at Cupids ( 1610 ) , St. George 's , Bermuda ( 1612 ) and the Bristol 's Hope colony at Harbour Grace ( 1618 ) . Modern History ( 1800 -- present ) ( edit ) The United Irish Uprising began with rumours in April 1800 that as many as 400 men took a secret oath of the Society of United Irishmen and rebelled against the British Army . The 18th century saw major changes in Newfoundland : population growth , beginnings of government , establishment of churches , reinforcement of commercial ties with North America and development of the seal , salmon and Grand Banks fisheries . St. John 's population grew slowly . Although it was primarily a fishing station , it was also a garrison , a centre of government and a commercial hub . St. John 's served as a naval base during the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812 . St. John 's shortly after the Great Fire of 1892 . The fire destroyed a significant portion of the city . The core of the city was destroyed by fire several times , the most famous of which was the Great Fire of 1892 . Guglielmo Marconi received the first transatlantic wireless signal in St. John 's on 12 December 1901 from his wireless station in Poldhu , Cornwall . St. John 's was the starting point for the first non-stop transatlantic aircraft flight , by Alcock and Brown in a modified Vickers Vimy IV bomber , in June 1919 , departing from Lester 's Field in St. John 's and ending in a bog near Clifden , Connemara , Ireland . In July 2005 , the flight was duplicated by American aviator and adventurer Steve Fossett in a replica Vickers Vimy aircraft , with St. John 's International Airport substituting for Lester 's Field ( now an urban and residential part of the city ) . During the Second World War , the harbour supported Royal Navy and Royal Canadian Navy ships that were engaged in anti-submarine warfare . It was the site of an American Army Air Force base , Fort Pepperrell , that was established as part of the `` Lend - Lease '' Destroyers for Bases Agreement between the United Kingdom and United States . The base included several US - manned coast defence guns , and a Canadian - manned battery of two Lend - Lease 10 - inch M1888 guns was at Fort Cape Spear . The base was transferred to Canadian control in 1960 and is now known as CFS St. John 's . The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire in December 1942 saw 99 military and civilian lives lost . St. John 's , and the province as a whole , was gravely affected in the 1990s by the collapse of the northern cod fishery , which had been the driving force of the provincial economy for hundreds of years . After a decade of high unemployment rates and depopulation , the city 's proximity to the Hibernia , Terra Nova and White Rose oil fields led to an economic boom that spurred population growth and commercial development . As a result , the St. John 's area now accounts for about half of the province 's economic output . As of 2012 , St. John 's contained 21 National Historic Sites of Canada . Downtown St. John 's from Signal Hill Geography ( edit ) Located on the northeast coast of the Avalon Peninsula , St. John 's is North America 's most easterly city . St. John 's is along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean , on the northeast of the Avalon Peninsula in southeast Newfoundland . The city covers 446.04 square kilometres ( 172.22 sq mi ) and is North America 's most easterly city , excluding Greenland ; it is 475 kilometres ( 295 mi ) closer to London , England than it is to Edmonton , Alberta . The city of St. John 's is a distance by air of 3,636 kilometres ( 2,259 mi ) from Lorient , France which lies on a nearly identical latitude across the Atlantic on the French western coast . The city is the largest in the province and the second largest in the Atlantic Provinces after Halifax , Nova Scotia . Its downtown area lies to the west and north of St. John 's Harbour , and the rest of the city expands from the downtown to the north , south , east and west . Coniferous trees such as black spruce , white spruce , and balsam fir dominate the native vegetation . The largest deciduous tree is white birch ; species of lesser stature include alder , cherry and mountain ash . Of introduced tree species , sycamore maple is most abundant and Norway maple is common . Blue spruce , common horsechestnut , European beech and littleleaf linden are among the other non-native species grown . Climate ( edit ) Fog settling over The Battery , a neighbourhood in St. John 's , the foggiest city in Canada . St. John 's has a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ) , with lower seasonal variation than normal for the latitude , which is due to Gulf Stream moderation . Despite this maritime moderation , average January maximum temperatures are slightly lower in St. John 's than in Kelowna , British Columbia , an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific , demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada . Mean temperatures range from − 4.9 ° C ( 23.2 ° F ) in February to 16.1 ° C ( 61.0 ° F ) in August , showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate . The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity , as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east , where tropical storms ( and sometimes hurricanes ) travel from the United States . The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia . This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist , Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation . Of major Canadian cities , St. John 's is the foggiest ( 124 days ) , windiest ( 24.3 km / h ( 15.1 mph ) average speed ) , and cloudiest ( 1,497 hours of sunshine ) . Precipitation is frequent and often heavy , falling year round . On average , summer is the driest season , with only occasional thunderstorm activity , and the wettest months are from October to January , with December the wettest single month , with nearly 165 millimetres of precipitation on average . This winter precipitation maximum is unusual for humid continental climates , which typically have a late spring or early summer precipitation maximum ( for example , most of the Midwestern U.S. ) . Most heavy precipitation events in St. John 's are the product of intense mid-latitude storms from the Northeastern U.S. and New England states , and these are most common and intense from October to March , bringing heavy precipitation ( commonly 4 to 8 centimetres of rainfall equivalent in a single storm ) , and strong winds . In winter , two or more types of precipitation ( rain , freezing rain , sleet and snow ) can fall from passage of a single storm . Snowfall is heavy , averaging nearly 335 centimetres per winter season . However , winter storms can bring changing precipitation types . Heavy snow can turn into heavy rain , melting the snow cover , and possibly back to snow or ice ( perhaps briefly ) all in the same storm , resulting in little or no net snow accumulation . Snow cover in St. John 's is variable , and especially early in the winter season , may be slow to develop , but can extend well into the spring months ( March , April ) . The St. John 's area is subject to freezing rain events ( called `` silver thaws '' ) , the worst of which paralyzed the city in April 1984 and April 2017 . The highest temperature ever recorded in St. John 's was 33.9 ° C ( 93 ° F ) on 14 August 1876 . The coldest temperature ever recorded was − 29.4 ° C ( − 21 ° F ) on 16 February 1875 . show Climate data for St. John 's International Airport , 1981 -- 2010 normals , extremes 1874 -- present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high humidex 19.2 17.3 17.2 26.1 29.5 34.8 38.5 37.7 35.8 29.8 23.7 20.7 38.5 Record high ° C ( ° F ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 16.0 ( 60.8 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 24.1 ( 75.4 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 32.2 ( 90 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) 29.5 ( 85.1 ) 24.6 ( 76.3 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 17.9 ( 64.2 ) 33.9 ( 93 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) − 0.8 ( 30.6 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) 5.6 ( 42.1 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 20.5 ( 68.9 ) 16.5 ( 61.7 ) 10.8 ( 51.4 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 1.8 ( 35.2 ) 9.0 ( 48.2 ) Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) − 4.5 ( 23.9 ) − 4.9 ( 23.2 ) − 2.6 ( 27.3 ) 1.9 ( 35.4 ) 6.4 ( 43.5 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 12.4 ( 54.3 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 3.0 ( 37.4 ) − 1.5 ( 29.3 ) 5.0 ( 41 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) − 8.2 ( 17.2 ) − 8.6 ( 16.5 ) − 6.1 ( 21 ) − 1.9 ( 28.6 ) 1.7 ( 35.1 ) 5.9 ( 42.6 ) 10.9 ( 51.6 ) 11.6 ( 52.9 ) 8.2 ( 46.8 ) 3.9 ( 39 ) − 0.3 ( 31.5 ) − 4.7 ( 23.5 ) 1.0 ( 33.8 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) − 28.3 ( − 18.9 ) − 29.4 ( − 20.9 ) − 25.6 ( − 14.1 ) − 18.3 ( − 0.9 ) − 6.7 ( 19.9 ) − 3.3 ( 26.1 ) − 1.1 ( 30 ) 0.5 ( 32.9 ) − 1.7 ( 28.9 ) − 5.6 ( 21.9 ) − 14.4 ( 6.1 ) − 20.0 ( − 4 ) − 29.4 ( − 20.9 ) Record low wind chill − 35.7 − 40.3 − 40.3 − 21.4 − 14.2 − 7.7 − 3.4 0.0 − 4.4 − 11.8 − 24.6 − 34.3 − 40.3 Average precipitation mm ( inches ) 149.2 ( 5.874 ) 129.5 ( 5.098 ) 142.2 ( 5.598 ) 122.9 ( 4.839 ) 102.6 ( 4.039 ) 97.6 ( 3.843 ) 91.6 ( 3.606 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 129.6 ( 5.102 ) 156.2 ( 6.15 ) 148.1 ( 5.831 ) 164.8 ( 6.488 ) 1,534.2 ( 60.402 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 66.0 ( 2.598 ) 61.6 ( 2.425 ) 84.8 ( 3.339 ) 96.1 ( 3.783 ) 97.9 ( 3.854 ) 97.5 ( 3.839 ) 91.6 ( 3.606 ) 100.0 ( 3.937 ) 129.6 ( 5.102 ) 153.7 ( 6.051 ) 124.8 ( 4.913 ) 102.9 ( 4.051 ) 1,206.4 ( 47.496 ) Average snowfall cm ( inches ) 88.7 ( 34.92 ) 71.0 ( 27.95 ) 57.3 ( 22.56 ) 25.3 ( 9.96 ) 4.4 ( 1.73 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 2.4 ( 0.94 ) 22.4 ( 8.82 ) 63.4 ( 24.96 ) 335.0 ( 131.89 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 21.8 18.5 19.6 17.3 16.6 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.6 19.7 22.0 211.7 Average rainy days ( ≥ 0.2 mm ) 9.3 8.6 11.0 13.9 15.9 14.7 13.6 13.7 15.5 18.1 15.7 12.7 162.6 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.2 cm ) 18.3 14.6 13.3 7.0 2.1 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 7.6 14.6 78.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 65.5 90.2 107.4 140.4 176.3 198.9 216.7 206.6 170.5 122.1 76.3 62.4 1,633.2 Percent possible sunshine 23.7 31.1 29.2 34.3 37.6 41.7 44.9 46.7 45.1 36.2 27.2 23.7 35.1 Source : Environment Canada Cityscape ( edit ) Main article : Architecture of St. John 's See also : List of neighbourhoods in St. John 's and List of tallest buildings in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador Coastline of the Waterside neighbourhood . Some residences , storage shacks , and wharves are primarily made of wood . Houses in St. John 's are typically painted in bright colours . St. John 's architecture has a distinct style from the rest of Canada , and its major buildings are remnants of its history as one of the first British colonial capitals . Buildings took a variety of styles according to the means available to build them . Starting as a fishing outpost for European fishermen , St. John 's consisted mostly of the homes of fishermen , sheds , storage shacks , and wharves constructed out of wood . Like many other cities of the time , as the Industrial Revolution took hold and new methods and materials for construction were introduced , the landscape changed as the city grew . The Great Fire of 1892 destroyed most of the downtown core , and most residential and other wood - frame buildings date from this period . Often compared to San Francisco due to the hilly terrain and steep maze of residential streets , housing in St. John 's is typically painted in bright colours . The city council has implemented strict heritage regulations in the downtown area , including restrictions on the height of buildings . These regulations have caused much controversy over the years . With the city experiencing an economic boom a lack of hotel rooms and office space has seen proposals put forward that do not meet the current height regulations . Heritage advocates argue the current regulations should be enforced while others believe the regulations should be relaxed to encourage economic development . To meet the need for more office space downtown without compromising the city 's heritage , the city council amended heritage regulations , which originally restricted height to 15 metres in the area of land on Water Street between Bishop 's Cove and Steer 's Cove , to create the `` Commercial Central Retail -- West Zone '' . The new zone will allow for buildings of greater height . A 47 - metre , 12 - storey office building , which includes retail space and a parking garage , was the first building to be approved in this area . Demographics ( edit ) Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1986 103,079 -- 1991 104,659 + 1.5 % 101,936 − 2.6 % 99,182 − 2.7 % 2006 100,646 + 1.5 % 2011 106,172 + 5.5 % 2016 108,860 + 2.5 % Mother tongue language , 2006 Language Population Percentage English only 95,555 96.10 % Other languages 3,420 3.43 % French only 355 0.35 % Both English and French 95 0.09 % Ethnic Origin , 2006 Ethnic Origin Percentage English 45.5 Canadian 41.1 Irish 31.3 Scottish 8.3 French 4.6 German 2.1 As of the 2006 Census , there were 100,646 inhabitants in St. John 's itself , 151,322 in the urban area and 181,113 in the St. John 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) . Thus , St. John 's is Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest city and Canada 's 20th largest CMA . Apart from St. John 's , the CMA includes 12 other communities : the city of Mount Pearl and the towns of Conception Bay South , Paradise , Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's , Torbay , Logy Bay - Middle Cove - Outer Cove , Pouch Cove , Flatrock , Bay Bulls , Witless Bay , Petty Harbour - Maddox Cove and Bauline . The population of the CMA was 192,326 as of 1 July 2010 . As of 2011 , there were 4,205 members of visible minorities in the city . The largest visible minority group were South Asians ( 1.2 % ) , followed by Chinese Canadian ( 1.0 % ) , and Blacks ( 0.9 % ) . There were 4,305 Aboriginals in St. John 's , comprising 4.1 % of the city 's population . First Nations people made up 2.9 % of the city 's population , Inuit comprised 0.8 % of St. John 's population , and 0.6 % were Métis . Religion ( edit ) The Basilica of St. John the Baptist is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St. John 's . Catholicism is the largest religion in the city . The information below is from the 2001 Canadian Census . and the National Household Survey 2011 Predominantly Christian , the population of St. John 's was once divided along sectarian ( Catholic / Protestant ) lines . In recent years , this sectarianism has declined significantly , and is no longer a commonly acknowledged facet of life in St. John 's . St. John 's is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of St. John 's , and the Anglican Bishop of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador . All major Christian sects showed a decline from 2001 -- 2011 with a large increase in those with no religion from 3.9 % to 11.1 % . Religion 2001 ( % ) 2011 ( % ) 2011 ( Total ) Roman Catholic 48.9 % 48.4 % 50,370 Anglican 22.8 % 16.1 % 16,745 United Church 15.0 % 12.8 % 13,345 Pentecostal 2.3 % 2.3 % 2,390 No religion 3.9 % 11.1 % 11,505 Economy ( edit ) See also : List of companies headquartered in St. John 's An oil platform in the Terra Nova oil field . A number of offshore oil developments lie off the coast of St. John 's . St. John 's economy is connected to both its role as the provincial capital of Newfoundland and Labrador and to the ocean . The civil service which is supported by the federal , provincial and municipal governments has been the key to the expansion of the city 's labour force and to the stability of its economy , which supports a sizable retail , service and business sector . The provincial government is the largest employer in the city , followed by Memorial University . With the collapse of the fishing industry in Newfoundland and Labrador in the 1990s , the role of the ocean is now tied to what lies beneath it -- oil and gas -- as opposed to what swims in or travels across it . The city is the centre of the oil and gas industry in Eastern Canada and is one of 19 World Energy Cities . ExxonMobil Canada is headquartered in St. John 's and companies such as Chevron , Husky Energy , Suncor Energy and Statoil have major regional operations in the city . Three major offshore oil developments , Hibernia , Terra Nova and White Rose , are in production off the coast of the city and a fourth development , Hebron , is expected to be producing oil by 2017 . The economy has been growing quickly in recent years . In 2010 and 2011 , the metro area 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) led 27 other metropolitan areas in the country , according to the Conference Board of Canada , recording growth of 6.6 per cent and 5.8 per cent respectively . At $52,000 the city 's per capita GDP is the second highest out of all major Canadian cities . Economic forecasts suggest that the city will continue its strong economic growth in the coming years not only in the `` oceanic '' industries mentioned above , but also in tourism and new home construction as the population continues to grow . In May 2011 , the city 's unemployment rate fell to 5.6 per cent , the second lowest unemployment rate for a major city in Canada . St. John 's is also becoming known as an entrepreneurial city . In a 2009 report by the Canadian Federation of Independent Business , Communities in Boom : Canada 's Top Entrepreneurial Cities , St. John 's was ranked the best major city in Atlantic Canada and 19th overall in Canada for providing a good environment for small business development . Culture ( edit ) Water Street is notable for its boutiques and restaurants The downtown area is the cultural hub of St. John 's and is a major tourist destination in Newfoundland and Labrador and Atlantic Canada . Water Street and Duckworth Street are known for their brightly coloured low rise heritage buildings , housing numerous tourist shops , clothing boutiques , and restaurants . George Street , a downtown side - street above the western end of Water Street , is the predominant home of the city 's nightlife . It holds numerous annual festivals including the George Street Festival in August and the Mardi Gras Festival in October . The street can be credited with kick - starting the careers of many musical acts and is busy nearly every night of the week . The city has a symphony orchestra , a string quartet , and several choirs . In addition the School of Music of Memorial University of Newfoundland has several ensembles , including a chamber orchestra . St. Johns also plays host to the Tuckamore Festival of chamber music , which has been held every August since 2001 . Opera on the Avalon puts on performances of opera , over several days , in the summer The LSPU Hall is home to the Resource Centre for the Arts . The `` Hall '' hosts a vibrant and diverse arts community and is regarded as the backbone of artistic infrastructure and development in the downtown . The careers of many well - known Newfoundland artists were launched there including Rick Mercer , Mary Walsh , Cathy Jones , Andy Jones and Greg Thomey . The St. John 's Arts and Culture Centre houses an art gallery , libraries and a 1000 - seat theatre , which is the city 's major venue for entertainment productions . The Nickel Film Festival and the St. John 's International Women 's Film Festival are two independent film festivals held annually in St. John 's . Museums ( edit ) Located in downtown St. John 's , The Rooms houses the provincial art gallery and museum . The Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador ( c. 1892 -- 93 ) was located on Duckworth Street in a building designated as a heritage site by the City of St. John 's . In 2005 the museum , along with the Art Gallery of Newfoundland and Labrador and the Provincial Archives of Newfoundland and Labrador , moved into The Rooms . The Rooms is Newfoundland and Labrador 's cultural facility , and is located in the downtown area . Other museums include the Railway Coastal Museum , a transportation museum located in the 104 - year - old Newfoundland and Labrador train station building on Water Street . The Johnson Geo Centre is a geological interpretation centre located on Signal Hill . The centre is designed to teach the public about the history of the earth through the unique and complex geological history of Newfoundland and Labrador . The East Rider Motorcycle Museum showcases over 110 years of Newfoundland 's Motorcycle History , with two floors of bikes , memorabilia , and biker culture . Located downtown St. John 's ( above East Rider Motorcycle Gear Shop ) . National Historic Sites ( edit ) Cabot Tower overlooks the city from Signal Hill . The hill was named a National Historic Site due to its association with Canada 's defence and communication history . The Murray Premises is a National Historic Site located in downtown St. John 's . The buildings once served as a fishery premises , with facilities for drying and packaging fish and warehouses for fish , barrels and other items . The oldest of the buildings is the one facing on Beck 's Cove . It was built after the 1846 fire and for a time served as both shop and house . The Murray Premises was renovated in 1979 and now contains office suites , restaurants , retail stores and a boutique hotel . Another National Historic Site is Signal Hill is a hill which overlooks the city of St. John 's . It is the location of Cabot Tower which was built in 1897 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of John Cabot 's discovery of Newfoundland , and Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee . The first transatlantic wireless transmission was received here by Guglielmo Marconi on 12 December 1901 . Today , Signal Hill is a National Historic Site of Canada and remains incredibly popular amongst tourists and locals alike ; 97 % of all tourists to St. John 's visit Signal Hill . Amongst its popular attractions are the Signal Hill Tattoo , showcasing the Royal Newfoundland Regiment of foot , c. 1795 , and the North Head Trail which grants an impressive view of the Atlantic Ocean and the surrounding coast . Urban parks ( edit ) Pippy Park is an urban park in the east end of the city ; with over 3,400 acres ( 14 km ) of land , it is one of Canada 's largest urban parks . The park contains a range of recreational facilities including two golf courses , Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest serviced campground , walking and skiing trails as well as protected habitat for many plants and animals . Pippy Park is also home to the Fluvarium , an environmental education centre which offers a cross section view of Nagle 's Hill Brook . Bowring Park , located in the Waterford Valley , is one of the most scenic parks in St. John 's . Entrance to the park is via Waterford Bridge Road , passing a sculptured duck pond and a statue of Peter Pan . The park land was donated to the city in 1911 by Sir Edgar Rennie Bowring on behalf of Bowring Brothers Ltd. on their 100th anniversary of commerce in Newfoundland . The park was officially opened by His Royal Highness , the Duke of Connaught on 15 July 1914 . Bannerman Park is a Victorian - style park located near the downtown . The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman , Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park . Today the park contains a public swimming pool , playground , a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas . Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events , most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John 's Peace - a-chord . The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race . Sports ( edit ) Mile One Centre is an multi-purpose indoor arena . It is used as the home arena for the NBLC 's St. John 's Edge and the ECHL 's Newfoundland Growlers . Hockey ( edit ) St. John 's has been home to several professional hockey franchises . The St. John 's Maple Leafs were an American Hockey League ( AHL ) team from 1991 to 2005 . The team left after the 2004 -- 05 season to Toronto due to the desire of its parent team , the Toronto Maple Leafs , to reduce travel costs and to have a tenant for its Ricoh Coliseum . Shortly after , the Maple Leafs were replaced by the St. John 's Fog Devils of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) . The team left St. John 's in 2008 after just three seasons due to a poor lease arrangement with the city over the use of Mile One Centre and poor attendance . From 2011 until 2017 , it was home to the St. John 's IceCaps in the AHL . The IceCaps operated under two separate franchises and affiliations during its time in St John 's ; the first owned by the Winnipeg Jets ' True North Sports & Entertainment and the second by the Montreal Canadiens ' Molson family . Both franchises were relocated to be closer to their parent team . In 2018 , the ECHL approved an expansion team for St. John 's with the Newfoundland Growlers to begin play in the fall of 2018 . The team is expected to become the ECHL affiliate of the Toronto Maple Leafs bringing the Leafs back to St. Johns for the first time since 2005 . Other Sports ( edit ) St. John 's hosts North America 's oldest annual sporting event , the Royal St. John 's Regatta The St. John 's Edge is a Canadian professional basketball team based in National Basketball League of Canada that launched as an expansion team for the 2017 -- 18 season at the Mile One Centre . The team is owned by Atlantic Sport Enterprises Ltd. headed by John Graham with Irwin Simon and Robert Sabbagh . The team replaced the IceCaps as the primary tenant at the Mile One Centre after their departure . The rugby union team The Rock is the Eastern Canadian entry in the Americas Rugby Championship . The Rock play their home games at Swilers Rugby Park , as did the Rugby Canada Super League champions for 2005 and 2006 , the Newfoundland Rock . The city hosted a Rugby World Cup qualifying match between Canada and the USA on 12 August 2006 , where the Canadians heavily defeated the USA 56 -- 7 to qualify for the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals in France . The 2007 age - grade Rugby Canada National Championship Festival was held in the city . St. John 's is home to North America 's oldest annual sporting event , the Royal St. John 's Regatta , which dates back to at least 1816 . The event is important enough in the life of the city that the day of the Regatta ( the first Wednesday in August , weather permitting ) is a civic holiday -- one of the few weather - dependent holidays in the world . The Tely 10 is an annual 10 - mile ( 16 km ) road race that starts in Paradise and finishes at Bannerman Park . The race draws in excess of 2,500 runners . It began in 1922 , which makes it one of the oldest road races in Canada . St. John 's was where the Canada men 's national soccer team qualified for their only FIFA World Cup on 14 September 1985 , when they defeated Honduras 2 -- 1 , at King George V Park . Curling has gained prominence in St. John 's over the years . The 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts , the Canadian women 's curling championship , was held at Mile One Centre from 19 to 27 February 2005 . The 2006 Olympic gold medalist men 's curling team , skipped by Brad Gushue , is based in St. John 's at the Bally Haly Golf & Curling Club . Gushue and his team launched a campaign to return the Brier to the province for 2017 , a successful bid . They would go on to win the Brier as well as representing Canada at the World Championships three weeks later going undefeated and winning the gold medal . The Brier win was the second for the province ( 1976 ) and the second time as event host ( 1972 ) . The city has two curling clubs , the St. John 's Curling Club and the Bally Haly . The St. John 's Avalon Harps are the local Hurling and Gaelic Football team , that compete in Canadian GAA events . Law and government ( edit ) See also : St. John 's City Council and List of mayors of St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador St. John 's is governed by a mayor - council system , and the structure of the municipal government is stipulated by the City of St. John 's Act . The St. John 's City Council is a unicameral legislative body composed of a mayor , deputy mayor and nine councillors . The mayor , deputy mayor and four of the councillors are elected at large while the five other councillors represent geographical wards throughout the city . The mayor and members of the city council serve four - year terms without term limits . Elections in St. John 's are held every four years on the last Tuesday in September . The current city council was elected in the municipal election held on 26 September 2017 . The Mayor of St. John 's is Danny Breen . The St. John 's City Hall , located on New Gower Street , has housed municipal offices and Council Chambers since being officially opened in 1970 . The province 's House of Assembly meets in St. John 's , at Confederation Building . St. John 's served as the capital city of the Colony of Newfoundland and the Dominion of Newfoundland before Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province in 1949 . The city now serves as the capital of Newfoundland and Labrador , therefore the provincial legislature is located in the city . The Confederation Building , located on Confederation Hill , is home to the House of Assembly along with the offices for the Members of the House of Assembly ( MHAs ) and Ministers . The city is represented by ten MHAs , four who are members of the governing Progressive Conservative Party , three that belong to the New Democratic Party ( NDP ) , and three that belong to the Liberal Party . Lorraine Michael , leader of the NDP since 2006 , represents the district of Signal Hill - Quidi Vidi . St. John 's is represented in the House of Commons by two members of Parliament , both from the Liberal Party . Nick Whalen represents St. John 's East and Seamus O'Regan represents St. John 's South -- Mount Pearl . The Newfoundland and Labrador office for the regional federal minister is in downtown St. John 's . Regional offices for federal government departments and agencies are throughout the city . Crime ( edit ) A Royal Newfoundland Constabulary ( RNC ) police car on patrol . The RNC serves as the primary policing body for the metropolitan area . Police services for the city are provided by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary , which serves as the primary policing body of the metropolitan area . The B Division headquarters of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is located in the Pleasantville neighbourhood but the RCMP primarily operate in the rest of Newfoundland and Labrador and not St. John 's . St. John 's has traditionally been one of the safest cities in Canada to live ; however , in recent years crime in the city has steadily increased . While nationally crime decreased by 4 % in 2009 , the total crime rate in St. John 's saw an increase of 4 % . During this same time violent crime in the city decreased 6 % , compared to a 1 % decrease nationally . In 2010 the total crime severity index for the city was 101.9 , an increase of 10 % from 2009 and 19.2 % above the national average . The violent crime severity index was 90.1 , an increase of 29 % from 2009 and 1.2 % above the national average . St. John 's had the seventh - highest metropolitan crime index and twelfth - highest metropolitan violent crime index in the country in 2010 . According to Statistics Canada 's Juristat reports ( 1993 -- 2007 ) , the metropolitan area reports an average homicide rate of approximately 1.15 per 100,000 population ; an average of two homicides per year . An all - time high rate of 2.27 was reported in 1993 ( four homicides ) . This figure is far below the national average and ranks amongst the lowest rates for any metropolitan area in Canada . Infrastructure ( edit ) Transportation ( edit ) CCGS Henry Larsen in St. John 's Harbour , where Canadian Coast Guard vessels use St. John 's as a home port . St. John 's International Airport serves as the international airport for the metropolitan area . It is the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada . St. John 's has a substantial harbour . Among other things , the harbour is the base for the following Canadian Coast Guard ( CCG ) ships : CCGS Ann Harvey -- icebreaker CCGS George R. Pearkes -- icebreaker CCGS Henry Larsen -- icebreaker CCGS Louis S. St - Laurent -- icebreaker CCGS Terry Fox -- icebreaker CCGS Cygnus -- patrol vessel CCGS Leonard J. Cowley -- multi role CCGS Sir Wilfred Grenfell -- multi role St. John 's is served by St. John 's International Airport ( YYT ) , located 10 minutes northwest of the downtown core . In 2011 , roughly 1,400,000 passengers travelled through the airport making it the second busiest airport in Atlantic Canada in passenger volume . Regular destinations include Halifax , Montreal , Ottawa , Toronto , as well as destinations throughout the province . International locations include Dublin , London , Saint Pierre and Miquelon , Glasgow and Varadero . Scheduled service providers include Air Canada , Air Canada Jazz , Air Saint - Pierre , Air Transat , United Airlines , Porter Airlines , Provincial Airlines , Sunwing Airlines and Westjet . St. John 's is the eastern terminus of the Trans - Canada Highway , one of the longest national highways in the world . The divided highway , also known as `` Outer Ring Road , '' runs just outside the main part of the city , with exits to Pitts Memorial Drive , Topsail Road , Team Gushue Highway , Thorburn Road , Allandale Road , Portugal Cove Road and Torbay Road , providing relatively easy access to neighbourhoods served by those streets . Pitts Memorial Drive runs from Conception Bay South , through the city of Mount Pearl and into downtown St. John 's , with interchanges for Goulds , Water Street and Hamilton Avenue - New Gower Street . The St. John 's Cycling Master Plan was officially launched in July 2009 . Its first phase will consist of 43 kilometres ( 27 mi ) of on - road painted bike lanes , signs on an additional 73 kilometres ( 45 mi ) of roadway , the installation of 20 bicycle parking facilities and the addition of bike racks on the fleet of 53 Metrobuses . Metrobus Transit is responsible for public transit in the region . Metrobus has a total of 19 routes , 53 buses and an annual ridership of 3,014,073 . Destinations include the Avalon Mall , The Village Shopping Centre , Memorial University , Academy Canada , the College of the North Atlantic , the Marine Institute , the Confederation Building , downtown , Stavanger Drive Business Park , Kelsey Drive , Goulds , Kilbride , Shea Heights , the four hospitals in the city as well as other important areas in St. John 's and Mount Pearl . St. John 's was the eastern terminus of the Newfoundland Railway from 1898 until the abandonment and closure of the railway in September 1988 . Medical centres and hospitals ( edit ) St. John 's is served by Eastern Health , Newfoundland and Labrador 's largest health authority . The city 's major hospitals include the Health Sciences Centre , St. Clare 's Mercy Hospital , Waterford Hospital and the Janeway Children 's Health and Rehabilitation Centre . Education ( edit ) Memorial University of Newfoundland is the largest university in Atlantic Canada by enrolment . St. John 's is served by the Eastern School District , the largest in Newfoundland and Labrador by student population . There are 36 primary , elementary and secondary schools in the city of St. John 's , including three private schools . St. John 's has one school that is part of the province - wide Conseil Scolaire Francophone ( CSF ) , the Francophone public school district . It has two private schools , St. Bonaventure 's College and Lakecrest Independent . Atlantic Canada 's largest university , Memorial University of Newfoundland ( MUN ) , is in St. John 's . MUN provides comprehensive education and grants degrees and its historical strengths in engineering , business , geology , and medicine make MUN one of the top comprehensive universities in Canada . The Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland ( MI or simply Marine Institute ) is a post-secondary ocean and marine polytechnic in St. John 's and is affiliated with Memorial University of Newfoundland . MUN offers the lowest tuition in Canada ( $2,644 , per academic year ) . The College of the North Atlantic ( CNA ) is the public college of the province and operates two main campuses in the city . CNA provides career , trade , and university - transfer programs for St. John 's residents . The city hosts several private colleges and post-secondary schools ; Academy Canada , Eastern College , and Keyin College are the largest of these . Local media ( edit ) Main article : Media in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador St. John 's has one daily newspaper , The Telegram . Other local papers include The Muse , The Gazette , Le Gaboteur , The Scope , The Business Post and The Current . St. John 's also receives the nationally distributed newspaper The Globe and Mail . CJON - DT , known on air as `` NTV '' , is an independent station . The station sublicenses entertainment programming from Global and news programming from CTV and Global , rather than purchasing primary broadcast rights . Rogers Cable has its provincial headquarters in St. John 's , and their community channel Rogers TV airs local shows such as Out of the Fog and One Chef One Critic . CBC has its Newfoundland and Labrador headquarters in the city and their television station CBNT - DT broadcasts from University Avenue . The city is home to 15 AM and FM radio stations , two of which are French - language stations . St. John 's is the only Canadian city served by radio stations whose call letters do not all begin with the letter C. The ITU prefix VO was assigned to the Dominion of Newfoundland before the province joined Canadian Confederation in 1949 , and three AM stations kept their existing call letters . However , other commercial radio stations in St. John 's that went to air after 1949 use the same range of prefixes ( CF -- CK ) currently in use elsewhere in Canada , with the exception of VOCM - FM , which was permitted to adopt the VOCM callsign because of its corporate association with the AM station that already bore that callsign . VO remains in use in amateur radio . allNewfoundlandLabrador is the city 's daily online newspaper , which focuses on business news from across the province . Notable people ( edit ) Main article : List of people from St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador Sister cities ( edit ) Ílhavo , Portugal Waterford , Ireland See also ( edit ) St. John 's portal List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador Parkway ( St. John 's ) Category : People from St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` St. John 's -- City of Legends '' . Memorial University . 13 February 2009 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembrance - Veterans Affairs Canada '' . Vac-acc.gc.ca. 2015 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Search : Dictionary of Newfoundland English '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 27 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Statistics Canada . `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , and census subdivisions ( municipalities ) , 2011 and 2006 censuses '' . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/statistics/Census2016/PDF/Pop_CSD_Alphabetical_2016.pdf Jump up ^ `` St. John 's '' . Natural Resources Canada . October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Census Profile , 2016 Census - St. John 's , City ( Census subdivision ) , Newfoundland and Labrador and Canada ( Country ) '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Median total income , by family type , by census metropolitan area '' . Statistics Canada . Archived from the original on 3 November 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Melvin Baker . `` St. John 's '' . The Encyclopedia of Music in Canada . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cape Spear 's ' most easterly ' sign to stay in place '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 29 June 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Cabot 's Voyage of 1497 '' . Newfoundland and Labrador heritage Web Site Project . Memorial University of Newfoundland . November 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of St. John 's '' . St. John 's Kiosk . Archived from the original on 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 16 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Paul O'Neill , The Oldest City : The Story of St. John 's , Newfoundland , 2003 , ISBN 0 - 9730271 - 2 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1 : Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area , July 1 , 2017 '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Population of census metropolitan areas '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Belrose , John S. `` Fessenden and Marconi : Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century '' . IEEE Canada . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Photos : Top 10 Oceanfront Cities - National Geographic '' . Travel.nationalgeographic.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Océan Atlantique nord . Reproduction grandeur de l'original d'une partie de la mappemonde de 1544 / par Sébastien Cabot '' . Sebastian Cabot. 1544 . Jump up ^ Cartografía Marítima Hispana . ISBN 84 - 7782 - 265 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Oracle ThinkQuest -- John Cabot '' . Library.thinkquest.org . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` John Cabot 's Voyage of 1497 '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Early Settlement of St. John 's '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Quinn , David B. ( 1979 ) ( 1966 ) . `` Gilbert , Sir Humphrey '' . In Brown , George Williams . Dictionary of Canadian Biography . I ( 1000 -- 1700 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Jump up ^ Stephen Luscombe . `` Newfoundland : Brief History '' . The British Empire . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Higgins , Jenny . `` Migratory Fishery and Settlement Patterns '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . N&L Heritage Website . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Signal Hill National Historic Site of Canada History '' . Pc.gc.ca. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Amherst history '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , A Place of Many Beginnings '' . US National Park Service website . Jump up ^ `` Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications , Bermuda '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 20 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 400th Anniversary of Cupids , NL -- the Oldest English Colony in Canada '' . Government of Canada . 14 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The United Irish Uprising in Newfoundland , 1800 ^ Jump up to : Paul Butler ( 22 August 2007 ) . St. John 's : City of Fire . Flanker Press . ISBN 1 - 897317 - 11 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Alcock and Brown '' . Aviation History Online Museum . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Historic flight lands in Ireland '' . BBC News . 3 July 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Berhow , Mark A. , Ed . ( 2015 ) . American Seacoast Defenses , A Reference Guide , Third Edition . McLean , Virginia : CDSG Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9748167 - 3 - 9 . Jump up ^ US coast defences in Newfoundland at the Coast Defense Study Group website Jump up ^ Darrin McGrath ( December 2002 ) . Last Dance : The Knights of Columbus Fire . St. John 's , Newfoundland , Canada : Flanker Press . ISBN 1 - 894463 - 25 - 0 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Higgins , Jenny ( 2008 ) . Economic Impacts of the Cod Moratorium . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Web Site . Jump up ^ Leah Fusco . `` Offshore Oil : An Overview of Development in Newfoundland and Labrador '' ( PDF ) . Oil , Power and Dependency . Memorial University of Newfoundland . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News : Some thorns in rosy outlook : St. John 's trade board ( Released August 08 , 2006 ) '' . Cbc.ca. 17 August 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's '' . Directory of Federal Heritage Designations . Parks Canada . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Johns '' . Directory of Federal Heritage Designations . Parks Canada . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Distance from St. John 's to ... '' timeanddate.com . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations , 2006 and 2001 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Heidi Fry , Krista Ryall , Peggy Dixon and Dan Quiring ( 2008 ) . Suppression of Ennomos subsignaria ( Lepidoptera : Geometridae ) on Acer pseudoplatanus ( Aceraceae ) in an Urban Forest with Bole - Implanted Acephate . 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Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . June 2011 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Climate and sunshine data for St John 's A '' . Canadian Climate Normals 1981 -- 2010 . Environment Canada . June 2011 . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Data Report for December 2017 - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada Jump up ^ Schlegel , Jeff ( 28 July 2006 ) . `` St. Johns , Newfoundland '' . The Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's Heritage Areas , Heritage Buildings and Public View '' ( PDF ) . PHB Group Inc . City of St. John 's . 21 March 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wait and see on Fortis proposal : St. John 's councillors '' . Cbc.ca. 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Critics slam St. John 's high - rise proposal '' . Cbc.ca. 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Proposal to replace St. John 's eyesore gets praise '' . Cbc.ca. 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Planned harbour front hotel too tall , public meeting told '' . Cbc.ca. 12 February 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ PHB Group , Inc . ( May 2010 ) . `` Land Use Assessment Report : Proposed Office and Parking Building -- 351 Water Street '' ( PDF ) . p. 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Population Projections for the City of St. John 's '' ( PDF ) . Economic Research and Analysis Division Department of Finance . Retrieved 11 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Community Profiles '' . Statistics Canada . 2.statcan.ca. 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ethnic Origin Data for St. John 's , 2006 . Statistics Canada . Retrieved on 17 April 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. John 's Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) with census subdivision ( municipal ) population breakdowns '' . Statistics Canada . 5 November 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Population and dwelling counts , for census metropolitan areas ( ALL ) , 2006 and 2001 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada , 2006 Census of Population. 13 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Table 1.1 -- 1 Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area , Canada -- Population by sex at July 1 '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` NHS Profile , St. John 's , CY , Newfoundland and Labrador , 2011 '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 15 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population by selected ethnic origins , by census metropolitan areas ( 2006 Census ) '' . 0.statcan.ca. 14 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2008 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Household Survey ( NHS ) Profile , 2011 '' . 2.statcan.gc.ca . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics Canada -- Federal government employment , wages and salaries , by census metropolitan area '' . 0.statcan.gc.ca. 24 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Baker , Melvin . `` St. John 's '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Profile St. John 's Metro Area '' ( PDF ) . June 2011 . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Biggest Layoff in Canadian History ' '' . Archives.cbc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Partnership '' . World Energy Cities Partnership . Archived from the original on 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ExxonMobil Canada moving to St. John 's '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's Profile '' . Invest in Canada . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NL Profile '' . Invest in Canada . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` N.L. expects $20 B from Hebron oil deal '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ MacEachern , Daniel ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` St. John 's economic growth slowing to crawl '' . The Telegram . pp. D1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 2.0 The Current Environment '' ( PDF ) . 2010 -- 2013 Corporate Strategic Plan . City of St. John 's . June 2010 . p. 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` History of regional unemployment rates in Canada '' . 2011 - 06 - 10 . Globe and Mail . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wong , Queenie . `` Communities in Boom : Canada 's Top Entrepreneurial Cities in 2009 '' . Canadian Federation of Independent Business . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About George Street '' . George Street Entertainment District . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Famous George Street may get makeover , city of St. John 's says '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 6 August 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of `` The Hall '' `` . Resource Centre for the Arts . Archived from the original on 22 April 2012 . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arts and Culture Website '' . Artsandculturecentre.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` womensfilmfestival.com '' . womensfilmfestival.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Provincial Museum of Newfoundland and Labrador . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Jump up ^ `` About The Rooms '' . The Rooms . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Railway Coastal Museum '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The Johnson GEO CENTRE '' . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Parks Canada 's list of Historical Sites in NL '' . Pc.gc.ca. 15 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Baby Leafs to leave St. John 's after 14 seasons '' . CBC News . 10 August 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Fog Devils sold , move planned to Quebec '' . CBC News . 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Puck may drop at St. John 's Mile One '' . CBC News . 9 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Still no replacement found for IceCaps at Mile One Centre '' . CBC. 20 February 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's city council approves agreement to bring pro basketball to Mile One '' . CBC News . September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Irwin Simon and why did he buy a basketball team in St. John 's ? '' . CBC News . September 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Newfoundland and Labrador Rugby Union '' . Rockrugby.ca. 12 August 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Andrew G. Reid . `` The Royal St. John 'S Regatta '' . Www.Stjohnsregatta.Org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NLAA TELY 10 A Brief History '' . Nlaa.ca. 26 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Flanagan , Susan ( 8 July 2014 ) . `` A game to remember '' . The Western Star . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's hosting 2005 Tournament of Hearts '' . CBC News . 28 August 2003 . Jump up ^ `` CBC -- Gushue rink takes Torino gold '' . Cbc.ca. 23 February 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's City Council '' . Stjohns.ca . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City of St. John 's Act '' . Assembly.nl.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The City of St. John 's -- Mayor and Council Members '' . Stjohns.ca . Archived from the original on 20 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` O'Keefe wins mayor 's race in St. John 's byelection '' . CBC News . 3 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The City of St. John 's -- Municipal Election 2009 '' . Stjohns.ca. 25 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about Newfoundland and Labrador '' . Newfoundlandlabrador.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Confederation Building '' . Gov.nl.ca . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kirby first NDP to win in St. John 's North '' . The Telegram. 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Osborne joins Liberals - Newfoundland & Labrador - CBC News '' . Cbc.ca. 2013 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NDP celebrates historic gains '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Senators and Members > Members of Parliament > Nick Whalen , House of Commons of Canada , retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Find a Member of Parliament - Search Results - St. John 's East , House of Commons of Canada , archived from the original on 5 March 2016 , retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Senators and Members > Members of Parliament > Seamus O'Regan , House of Commons of Canada , retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ Find a Member of Parliament - Search Results - St. John 's South -- Mount Pearl , House of Commons of Canada , retrieved 2 March 2016 Jump up ^ `` ACOA Regional Contact '' . Acoa-apeca.gc.ca. 14 October 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Fisheries and Oceans Regional Contact '' . Nfl.dfo-mpo.gc.ca. 19 November 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Newfoundland Constabulary '' . Rnc.gov.nl.ca . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RCMP -- Newfoundland and Labrador Detachments '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2 October 2006 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Police - reported crime severity indexes , by census metropolitan area1 '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Police - reported Crime Severity Index values , census metropolitan areas ( CMAs ) '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Police - reported crime severity indexes , by census metropolitan area , 2010 '' . Statistics Canada . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Macleans -- List of Most Dangerous Cities in Canada '' ... macleans.ca. 4 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's International Airport -- Airport Location '' . Stjohnsairport.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 a record - breaker for St. John 's airport '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 24 January 2012 . Retrieved 30 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers enplaned and deplaned on selected services -- Top 50 airports '' . Statcan.gc.ca. 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's International Airport : : Airlines & Destinations '' . Stjohnsairport.com . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` TransCanadaHighway.com Highway Overview '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` St. John 's Cycling Master Plan to Receive $1.5 Million '' . Releases.gov.nl.ca. 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Metrobus Transit . Get On . Be Moved '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Metrobus Ridership Statistics '' . Metrobus.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Summer Schedules '' . Metrobus Transit . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Railway : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Heritage.nf.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Health -- Our Services '' . Eastern Health . Jump up ^ `` Interactive Map of Hospitals '' . Eastern Health . Jump up ^ `` Eastern School District Quick Facts '' . Esdnl.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eastern School District School Directory '' . Esdnl.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` St. Bonaventure 's -- Who We Are '' . Stbons.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` About Lakecrest '' . Lakecrest.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` University Profiles ( Memorial University of Newfoundland ) '' . Canada 's Higher Education and Careers Guide . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Programs & Courses Programs '' . Mun.ca. 21 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Comprehensive University Rankings '' ( PDF ) . Maclean 's . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2009 . An online preview of the year ranking in the 19 November 2007 edition of Maclean 's magazine . Jump up ^ `` Fisheries and Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland '' . Mi.mun.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` CNA Campuses '' . Cna.nl.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Cna.nl.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Private Training Institution Directory Education '' . Ed.gov.nl.ca . Archived from the original on 8 October 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ CA . `` The Telegram '' . The Telegram . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Muse '' . Themuse.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` MUN -- Gazette '' . Mun.ca. 1 October 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Le Gaboteur '' . Gaboteur.ca. 23 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2011 . Retrieved 2 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Scope '' . Thescope.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , James . `` Subscription news site AllNovaScotia expands to Newfoundland '' . Globe and Mail . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` St. Johns ( Canadá ) '' ( in Portuguese ) . Câmara Municipal de Ílhavo . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford city and St John 's , Newfoundland , to be twinned '' . The Irish Times . 26 June 2002 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Based on station coordinates provided by Environment Canada , climate data was collected in the area of downtown St. John 's from 1874 -- 1956 , and at St. John 's Airport from 1942 to the present day . Bibliography ( edit ) Harding , Les . Historic St. John 's : The City of Legends . Jesperson , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 921692 - 52 - 8 Galgay , Frank . Olde St. John 's : Stories from a Seaport City . St. John 's : Flanker , 2001 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. John 's . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for St. John 's . 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Its name has been attributed to the Nativity of John the Baptist , when John Cabot was believed to have sailed into the harbour in 1497 and to a Basque fishing town with the same name . Existing on maps as early as 1519 , it is one of the oldest European settlements in North America . It was officially incorporated as a city in 1888 . With a metropolitan population of approximately 219,207 ( as of July 1 , 2017 ) , the St. John 's Metropolitan Area is Canada 's 20th largest metropolitan area and the second largest Census Metropolitan Area ( CMA ) in Atlantic Canada , after Halifax .

Krishna river - wikipedia Krishna river Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Indian river . For other uses , see Krishna ( disambiguation ) . Krishna Krishna river gorge by Srisailam , Andhra Pradesh , India Country India States Maharashtra , Karnataka , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh Tributaries - left Bhima , Dindi , Peddavagu , Musi , Paleru , Munneru - right Venna , Koyna , Panchganga , Dudhaganga , Ghataprabha , Malaprabha , Tungabhadra Source Near Mahabaleswar , Jor village - location Satara district , Maharashtra , India - elevation 914 m ( 2,999 ft ) Geographic headwaters - coordinates 17 ° 59 ′ 18.8 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 16.7 '' E  /  17.988556 ° N 73.637972 ° E  / 17.988556 ; 73.637972 Mouth Hamsaladeevi , Krishna district , Andhra Pradesh - location Bay Of Bengal , India - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 15 ° 44 ′ 10.8 '' N 80 ° 55 ′ 12.1 '' E  /  15.736333 ° N 80.920028 ° E  / 15.736333 ; 80.920028 Coordinates : 15 ° 44 ′ 10.8 '' N 80 ° 55 ′ 12.1 '' E  /  15.736333 ° N 80.920028 ° E  / 15.736333 ; 80.920028 Length 1,300 km ( 808 mi ) approx . Basin 258,948 km ( 99,980 sq mi ) Discharge - average 2,213 m / s ( 78,151 cu ft / s ) Discharge elsewhere ( average ) - Vijayawada ( 1901 -- 1979 average ) , max ( 2009 ) , min ( 1997 ) 1,641.74 m / s ( 57,978 cu ft / s ) Path of the Krishna through the South Indian Peninsula Down stream view of Prakasam Barrage . Krishna river near Vijayawada The Krishna River is the fourth - biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India , after the Ganga , Godavari and Brahmaputra . The river is almost 1,300 kilometres ( 810 mi ) long . The river is also called Krishnaveni . It is a major source of irrigation for Maharashtra , Karnataka , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sources 2 Tributaries 3 Krishna Basin 4 Places and temples 5 Flora and fauna 6 Waterfalls 7 Bridges 8 Floods 9 Interstate water sharing 10 Dams 11 Hydroelectric power stations 12 Mineral deposits 13 Pollution 14 See also 15 References Sources ( edit ) The Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres , in the state of Maharashtra in central India . It is one of the longest rivers in India . The Krishna river is around 1,300 km in length . The Krishna river 's source is at Mahabaleswar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai Taluka , Satara District , Maharashtra in the west and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi ( near Koduru ) in Andhra Pradesh , on the east coast . It flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State . The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings . Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna . It causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods . It flows fast and furious , often reaching depths of over 75 feet ( 23 m ) . Ironically , there is a saying in Marathi : `` Shant vaahate Krishnamaai '' which means `` quiet flows Krishna '' . This term is used to describe that a person should be as quiet as Krishna . Tributaries ( edit ) Panoramic view of Ujjani or Bhima Dam Tungabhadra Dam near Hosapete The largest tributary of the Krishna River is the Tungabhadra River with a drainage basin measuring 71,417 km ( 27,574 sq mi ) , running for about 531 km ( 330 mi ) , but the longest tributary is the Bhima River , which makes a total run of 861 km ( 535 mi ) and has an equally large drainage area of 70,614 km ( 27,264 sq mi ) . There are four rivers that join the Krishna at a confluence known as Preeti Sangam , or `` Lover 's Meeting Point '' in the Satara District . These are Venna River , Urmodi River , Tarli River and Koyna River . Three tributaries meet Krishna river near Sangli . These places are considered very holy . It is said that Lord Dattatreya spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of river Krishna . Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a famous pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra and Bhavanasi rivers join the Krishna river . The Sangameswaram temple is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir , and visible for devotees only during summer when the reservoir 's water level comes down . Right - bank tributary Town , District , State of confluence Left - Bank Tributary Venna River Sangam Mauli , Satara , Maharashtra Urmodi river Kashil , Satara , Maharashtra Tarali / Kali Ganga river Umbraj , Satara , Maharashtra Mand river Umbraj , Satara , Maharashtra Tasawade , Satara , Maharashtra Kolamba river Koyna River Karad , Satara , Maharashtra Bramhanal , Sangli , Maharashtra Yerla river Warna River Haripur , Sangli , Maharashtra Panchganga River Narsobawadi , Sangli , Mahrashtra Dudhaganga Yadur , Belgaum , Karnataka Hippagiri barrage Ghataprabha River Almatti , Bagalkot District , Karanataka Almatti Dam Malaprabha River Kudala Sangam , Bagalkot District , Karanataka Basava Sagar Reservoir Ammapur , Kalburgi , Karnataka Doni River Kadlur , Raichur , Karnataka Bhima River Jurala dam Lower Jurala dam Tungabhadra River Alampur , Mahaboobnagar , Telangana Srisailam temple Srisailam Dam Nalgonda district , Telangana Dindi River Nagarjuna Sagar dam Chityala , Nalgonda Haliya River Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond dam Wazirabad , Nalgonda , Telangana Musi River Pulichintala dam Mukteswarapuram , Krishna district Paleru River Amaravathi village , Guntur district Munneru River Ibrahimpatnam , Krishna district Polavaram right bank canal Kondaveeti vagu Ibrahimpatnam , Krishna district Budameru diversion channel Amaravati city Prakasam Barrage Vijayawada city National Waterway 4 Prakasam Barrage National Waterway 4 Krishna basin ( edit ) Drainage Basin of Krishna Bhima Upper ( 17.58 % ) Bhima Lower ( 9.29 % ) Krishna Upper ( 21.39 % ) Krishna Middle ( 8.73 % ) Krishna Lower ( 15.50 % ) Tungabhadra Upper ( 11.20 % ) Tungabhadra Lower ( 16.31 % ) Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km ( 99,980 sq mi ) which is nearly 8 % of the total geographical area of the country . This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka ( 113,271 km ) , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh ( 76,252 km ) and Maharashtra ( 69,425 km ) . The Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats , at an elevation of about 1,337 m ( 4,386 ft ) just north of Mahabaleshwar , about 64 km ( 40 mi ) from the Arabian Sea . It flows for about 1,400 km ( 870 mi ) and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal . The principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha River , Malaprabha River , Bhima River , Tungabhadra River and Musi River . Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country , except for the western border , which is formed by an unbroken line of the Western Ghats . The important soil types found in the basin are black soils , red soils , laterite and lateritic soils , alluvium , mixed soils , red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils . An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km has been assessed in this basin . Out of this , 58.0 km is utilizable water . Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km ( 78,000 sq mi ) , which is 10.4 % of the total cultivable area of the country . As the water availability in the Krishna river was becoming inadequate to meet the water demand , Godavari River is linked to the Krishna river by commissioning the Polavaram right bank canal with the help of Pattiseema lift scheme in the year 2015 to augment water availability to the Prakasam Barrage in Andhra Pradesh . The irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4 . Mullayanagiri peak in Karnataka at an altitude of 1,930 m ( 6,330 ft ) above msl , is the highest point of the Krishna basin . Places and temples ( edit ) Pre Historic sites of Middle Krishna - Tungabhadra Valley in Telangana , Andhra Pradesh This river is revered by Hindus as sacred . The river is also believed to remove all sins of people by taking a bath in this river . The centre of attraction is the Krishna Pushkaram fair which is held once in twelve years on the banks of the Krishna river . There are many pilgrimage places in Maharashtra , Karnataka , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh on the course of the river . The first holy place on the river Krishna is `` Dakshin Kashi Wai '' , known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple . It has seven ghats along the river . Temples like Dattadeva temple , which is revered by the people of Maharashtra , are located on the banks of Krishna at Nrusinha Waadi and Audumbar near Sangli . Also , located on the banks of the river Krishna are the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur , goddess Durga temple in Vijayawada and Ramling temple near Sangli , Mallikarjuna temple ( Srisailam ) , Amareshwara Swamy temple ( Amaravati ( state capital ) ) , Dattadeva temple , Sangameshwara Shiva temples at Alampur in Telangana , Ramling temple , etc. as well as , villages such as Jihe . Flora and fauna ( edit ) See also : Wildlife sanctuaries of India , Tiger reserves of India , and List of national parks of India Wide spread area near to the Krishna river holds the rich flora and fauna . The last surviving Mangrove forests in the Krishna estuary have been declared as the Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary . The sanctuary is the home to the large number of resident and migratory birds . Fishing cat , otter , Estuarine crocodile , spotted deer , sambar , black buck , snake , lizards and jackal can also be spotted in the sanctuary . The sanctuary also supports rich vegetation with plants like Rhizophora , Avicennia , and Aegiceros . The following are few other wildlife sanctuaries located in the river basin . Nagarjunsagar - Srisailam Tiger Reserve Rollapadu Wildlife Sanctuary Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary Gudavi Bird Sanctuary Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary Great Indian Bustard Sanctuary Chandoli National Park Kudremukh National Park Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park Mrugavani National Park Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary , Bellary Waterfalls ( edit ) Gokak Falls on Ghataprabha river See also : List of waterfalls of India Manikyadhara Falls is located in Chikkamagaluru Taluk of Karnataka . It is formed by the water flowing from the slopes of Mullayanagiri peak which is the highest peak between the Himalayas and the Nilgiris . Barkana Falls is located in Agumbe hills which receives second highest average annual rainfall ( 7,624.3 mm ) in India . The following are few other waterfalls located in the river basin Ethipothala Godchinamalaki Gokak Kune Mallela Theertham Kalhatti Falls Sirimane Falls Bridges ( edit ) Panorama of Prakasam Barrage and Railway bridges on Krishna near Vijayawada The Krishna River is spanned by several bridges along its course , some of which are listed below . Krishna Bridge , Wai , Maharashtra -- This bridge , which is located in the Dharmpuri Peth area of the town of Wai , is one of the oldest bridges that were built by the British in India . It spans the Krishna over nine kamans ( arches ) and is made of black rock . The bridge serves as a flood mark ( when the water rises to the level of the road on the bridge ) for the `` Waikar '' people . Irwin Bridge , Sangli -- This is one of the oldest , historic and largest bridges over the Krishna that were built by the British . The Irwin Bridge , which is built of reddish stone , has two passages where one can climb down to the river in the middle of its span to view the water . Kudachi - Ugar Railway bridge built by the British in 1891 . B. Soundatti Bridge , Raibag -- This is also one of the oldest bridges built during the British rule . This bridge connects Maharashtra to Karnataka state . Tangadagi Bridge , This is one of oldest bridge that connects the Bijapur and Bagalkot Districts of Karnataka . God Neelambika Temple is there at the bank of Krishna River . Floods ( edit ) In October 2009 , heavy floods occurred , isolating 350 villages and leaving millions homeless , which is believed to be first occurrence in 1000 years . The flood resulted in heavy damage to Kurnool , Mahabubnagar , Guntur , Krishna and Nalagonda Districts . The entire city of Kurnool was immersed in approximately 10 ft ( 3 m ) water for nearly 3 days . Water inflow of 1,110,000 cu ft / s ( 31,000 m / s ) was recorded at the Prakasam Barriage , which surpassed the previous record of 1,080,000 cu ft / s ( 31,000 m / s ) recorded in the year 1903 . Interstate water sharing ( edit ) Main article : Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal At present , the award of Bachawat tribunal dated 31 May 1976 is applicable for sharing the water available in the river among the riparian states . The Brijesh Kumar tribunal award given on 29 November 2013 is challenged by Andhra Pradesh in the Supreme Court and the case pending since then . Newly created Telangana state also approached Supreme Court demanding a fresh tribunal hearing to secure its water needs on equitable basis . Dams ( edit ) Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Gates view There are many dams constructed across the Krishna river . Dhom Dam Hippagiri barrage Almatti Dam Narayanpur Dam Srisailam Dam Jurala Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichinthala Dam Prakasam Barrage Amar Dam Kanur Dam Hydroelectric power stations ( edit ) Krishna river is one of the rivers whose water energy is harnessed to a large extent by various hydro electric power stations in India . The following is the list of hydro electric power stations excluding small and medium installations . Almatti Dam with its right bank power house Hydroelectric power stations on Krishna river Name of the project Rated Power ( in MW ) Comments Koyna Hydroelectric Project 1,920 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Mulshi Dam 300 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Thokarwadi Dam 72 Ujjani Dam 12 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Almatti Dam 290 Bhadra Dam 39 Tungabhadra Dam 127 Jurala Hydroelectric Project 240 Lower Jurala Hydro Electric Project 240 Srisailam Dam 1,670 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Nagarjuna Sagar Dam 960 Power station with Pumped - storage hydroelectricity units Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond 50 Pulichinthala Dam 120 Mineral deposits ( edit ) Krishna close to its origin at Menawali , near Wai , Satara district , Maharashtra. 18th century , Maratha statesman , Nana Fadnavis built the Ghat and a palace here. This location has been used in many Hindi movies . See also : List of mines in India Krishna river basin is endowed with rich mineral deposits such as oil & gas , coal , iron , lime stone , dolomite , gold , granite , laterite , uranium , diamonds , etc . The following are the few noted deposits : Krishna Godavari Basin , oil & gas Yellandu , coal Bayyaram Mines , iron Kudremukh , iron Donimalai , iron Jaggayapeta mines , dolomite Nalgonda uranium deposits , Kollur Mine , diamonds Hatti Gold Mines , Pollution ( edit ) The Deccan Traps near Pune Most of the years , the river water is not joining the sea due to full utilisation of water mainly in agriculture . The river receives the waste from the large number of cities and the river basin population has increased to 80 million enhancing pollution load many folds into the river . Adequate average and minimum continuous environmental flows to the sea are not taking place in most of the years constricting salt export and leading to formation of saline and sodic alkaline soils in the lower reaches of the river basin . High alkalinity water is discharged from the ash dump areas of many coal fired power stations into the river which further increases the alkalinity of the river water whose water is naturally of high alkalinity since the river basin is draining vast area of basalt rock formations . The following are the few coal fired power stations located in the river basin Thermal power stations in Krishna river basin Name of Power Station Rated Power ( in MW ) Vijayawada Thermal Power Station 1,760 Raichur Thermal Power Station 1,470 Bellary Thermal Power station 1,700 Yermarus Thermal Power Station 1,600 Solapur Super Thermal Power Station 1,320 Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project 2,400 Yadadri Thermal Power Plant 4000 See also ( edit ) List of rivers of India Godavari River Soil salinity control Alkali soils Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Upper Krishna Project Krishna ( the deity ) Krishna Pushkaralu Wikimedia Commons has media related to Krishna River . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Kistna ( river ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Krishna at GEOnet Names Server Jump up ^ Kumar , Rakesh ; Singh , R.D. ; Sharma , K.D. ( 2005 - 09 - 10 ) . `` Water Resources of India '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . Bangalore : Current Science Association . 89 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 811 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Map of Krishna River basin '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Srisailam project manual Jump up ^ `` Lower Krishna basin watershed map '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Krishna basin status report , March 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ IWMI Research Report 83 . `` Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Flooding along the Krishna River : Natural Hazards '' . earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved 11 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Agony of Floods : Flood Induced Water Conflicts in lndia ( sic ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Managing historic flood in the Krishna river basin in the year 2009 '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Hindu daily dated . `` Court : do not publish KWDT - II decision '' . Retrieved 5 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` T - State wants tribunal to adjudicate water disputes '' . Retrieved 12 July 2014 . Jump up ^ ( Dam , Barrage , Weir , Anicut , Lift ) `` Headworks ( Dam , Barrage , Weir , Anicut , Lift ) '' Check url = value ( help ) . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Power Houses in Krishna Basin '' . Retrieved 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Do not kill a river '' . Retrieved 20 April 2016 . Jump up ^ J. Keller , A. Keller and G. Davids . `` River basin development phases and implications of closure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IWMI Research report nos # 1 , 3 , 14 , 56 , 72 , 83 , 107 , 111 , 121 , 123 , 125 etc . '' . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Oregon State University , USA . `` Managing irrigation water quality '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alkalinity and salinity bane of soil in T state '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Chemical weathering in the Krishna Basin and Western Ghats of the Deccan Traps , India 21 . Refer ' theertha prabhanda ' ( sanskrit ) . ( hide ) Krishna basin Rivers Amarja Bhadra Bhima Dandavati Dindi Gayatri Ghataprabha Handri Indrayani Koyna Kundali Malaprabha Mula - Mutha Munneru Musi Nira Paleru Panchganga Pavana Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Vedavathi Venna Dams and barrages Almatti Dam Bhadra dam Budameru Diversion Channel Dhom Dam Dindi Ghataprabha Joorala Koil Sagar Koyna Dam Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Narayanpur Dam Osman Sagar Prakasam Barrage Pulichintala Raja Lakhamagowda Rajolibanda Dam Srisailam Dam Sunkesula Tungabhadra Dam Wyra Hydro power stations Almatti Dam Bhadra Joorala Kanher Dam Koyna Lower Jurala Munirabad Nagarjuna Sagar Dam Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Pulichintala Radhanagari dam Srisailam Dam Tungabhadra Dam Geographical features / regions Coastal Andhra Deccan Plateau Eastern Ghats Karnataka Konkan Marathwada Telangana Western Ghats Riparian districts Maharashtra Beed Kolhapur Latur Osmanabad Pune Ratnagiri Sangli Sindhudurg Solapur Karnataka Bagalkot Belgaum Bellary Bidar Bijapur Chikmagalur Chitradurga Dakshina Kannada Davanagere Dharwad Gadag Gulbarga Haveri Koppal Raichur Shimoga Tumkur Udupi Uttara Kannada Telangana Hyderabad Karimnagar Khammam Mahboobnagar Medak Nalgonda Ranga Reddy Warangal Andhra Pradesh Ananthapur Guntur Krishna Kurnool Prakasam Cities Bagalkot Ballary Hubli Hyderabad Karad Pune Vijayawada Ores and minerals Coal Dolomite Gold Granite Iron ore Limestone Oil / gas fields Krishna Godavari Basin Industries Bellary Thermal Power station Cement plants Jindal steel , Bellary Kudgi Super Thermal Power Project Kudremukh Iron Raichur Thermal Power Station Solapur Super Thermal Power Station Vijayawada Thermal Power Station Yermarus Thermal Power Station Transport NH4 NH4A NH5 NH7 NH9 NH13 NH14 NH18 NH48 NH63 NH202 NH204 NH206 NH218 NH221 NH234 Pollution concerns , River basin 's sustainable productivity & ecology Algal bloom in reservoirs High - alkalinity of river water Cyanide pollution from gold mines No effective flood control plan Alkali salts / high pH ash water run off from coal fired power stations Inadequate salt export to sea leading to formation of saline / alkali soils Excessive exploitation of river water causing insufficient environmental flows Coastal land erosion due to inadequate water reaching the Sea . Excessive silting of reservoirs due to deforestation and mining activities . Poor reservoirs management in terms of irrigation water supply , power generation & flood control . Related topics Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal Other river basins Godavari Penna Links to related articles Hydrography of Maharashtra Rivers Adan Banganga Bhima Bindusara Dahisar Daman Ganga Darna Dnyanganga Girna Godavari Gomai Indravati Indrayani Kadva Karha Kolar Koyna Krishna Kundali Kundalika Mithi Mula Mula - Mutha Mutha Narmada Nira Oshiwara Painganga Panchganga Panzara Patalganga Pavana Poisar Pranahita Purna ( Tapti tributary ) Purna ( Godavari tributary ) Savitri Shahanur Shivana Sindphana Tansa Tapti Tasso Ulhas Vaan Vashishti Wainganga Wardha Waterfalls Kune Pandavgad Lakes Gorewada Khindsi Lonar crater Rankala Salim Ali Shivaji / Shivsagar Talao Pali Upvan Venna Talwat Hidkal Bhigwan Mahakali Sandhur Dams Bhushi Jayakwadi Khadakwasla Kolkewadi Koyna Mulshi Nilwande Panshet Susri Temghar Tilari Ujjani Walwan Varasgaon Waghur Related topics Godavari basin Narmada basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Gujarat Madhya Pradesh Chhattisgarh Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Hydrography of Telangana Rivers Godavari Krishna Maner Pranhita Munneru Manjira Musi Palar Tungabhadra Bhima Penganga Wardha Dindi Taliperu Waterfalls Kuntala Bogatha Pochera Mallela Theertham Paarakaphi Savatula Gundam Sirnapally Gayatri Lakes Bhadrakali Himayat Sagar Hussain Sagar Lotus Pond Osman Sagar Pakhal Palair Ramappa Shamirpet Saroornagar Laknavaram Ramanthapur Kapra Safilguda Ramakrishnapuram Edulabad Waddepally Dams Nagarjuna Sagar Srisailam Sriram Sagar Nizam Sagar Singur Jurala Lower Manair Dam LMD Pulichinthala Yellampalli Rajolibanda Dam Icchampally Manjira Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh Karnataka Maharashtra Odisha Tamil Nadu Hydrography of Karnataka Rivers Amarga Amarja Arkavathy Bhadra Chakra Chitrvathi Dandavathi Gangavalli Ghataprabha Gurupura Hemavati Honnuhole Kabini Kali Kaveri Kedaka Krishna Kubja Kumaradhara Lakshmana Tirtha Malaprabha Manjira River Netravati Palar Panchagangavalli Papagni Penna Ponnaiyar Shambavi Sharavathi Shimsha Souparnika Tunga Tungabhadra Varada Varahi Vedavathi Vrishabhavathi Waterfalls Abbey Bandaje Barkana Chunchanakatte Devaragundi Godchinamalaki Gokak Hanumangundi Hebbe Irupu Jaladurga Jog Kalhatti Kuchikal Magod Mallalli Muthyalamaduvu Sathodi Shivanasamudra or Cauvery Shivganga Unchalli Vajrapoha Varapoha Lakes Harangi Hebbal Hesaraghatta Honnamana Kere Karanji Krishna Raja Sagara Kukkarahalli Lingambudhi Pampa Sarovar Shanti Sagara Thippagondanahalli Vibhutipura Beaches Gokarna Murudeshwara Karwar Kapu Kudle Maravanthe NITK Beach Panambur Someshwar St. Mary 's Islands Tannirbhavi Trasi Dams Almatti Basava Sagar Bhadra Dam Harangi Kadra Kanva Kodasalli Krishna Raja Sagara / KRS Linganamakki Raja Lakhamagowda Renuka Sagara Shanti Sagara Supa Tungabhadra Mari Kanive See also Kerala Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra Hydrography of Andhra Pradesh Coastal Bay of Bengal Coromandel Beaches Ramakrishna Mission Beach Yarada Beach Vodarevu Beach Uppada Beach Suryalanka Beach Mypadu Beach Kalingapatnam Beach Bheemili Beach Manginapudi Beach Rushikonda Beach Estuaries / Creeks Krishna estuary Narava Gedda creek Marshes Coringa Krishna delta mangrove Rivers Arani Bendi Gedda Borramma Gedda Budameru Bahuda Champavathi Cheyyeru Chitravathi Galeru Garibula Gedda Godavari Gosthani Gundlakamma Jhanjavati Kandaleru Kandivalasa Kalangi Kinnerasani Koringa Krishna Kundu Mahendratanaya Madala Maldevi Manneru Munneru Murredu Nadari Nagari Nagavali Narava Gedda Palar Paleru Papagni Pedda Gedda Peddavagu Penna Ponnaiyar Sabari Sileru Sarada Swarnamukhi Tammileru Tandava Tungabhadra Vamsadhara Varaha Vedavathi Yeleru Yerrakaluva Waterfalls Duduma Ethipothala Kailasakona Mallela Theertham Talakona Ubbalamadugu Lakes Pulicat Lake Kolleru Lake Dams Alaganoor Balimela Brahmamsagar Dowleswaram Gandikota Gotta barrage Gundlakamma Jalaput Jeedipalli Kalyani Kandaleru Kanithi Mid Penna Mylavaram Nagarjuna Nagarjuna Sagar tail pond Nellore anicut Penna Ahobilam Polavaram Prakasham Pulichinthala Rajolibanda Sangam anicut Somasila Srisailam Sunkesula Tatipudi Thotapalli Veligallu Veligonda Veligodu Yeleru Inland waterways National Waterway 4 Ports ( Existing / proposed ) Dugarajapatnam Port Gangavaram Port Kakinada Port Krishnapatnam Port Machilipatnam Port Visakhapatnam Port Islands Sriharikota Nagarjunakonda Bhavani Lanka Hope island Related topics Godavari basin Krishna basin Penna basin Hydrography of surrounding areas Odisha Chhattisgarh Maharashtra Karnataka Tamil Nadu Telangana Western Ghats Rivers Bhadra Bhavani Bhima Chalakudy Chittar Godavari Gurupura Kabini Kali Kallayi Kaveri Koyna Krishna Kundali Malaprabha Manimuthar Netravati Pachaiyar Parambikulam Saraswati Savitri Sharavati Tambaraparani Tapti Tunga Venna Regions Desh , Maharashtra Goa Gap Konkan Malabar Malenadu North Malabar Kongu Nadu Palakkad Gap Tulu Nadu Peaks Agastya Mala Anamudi Anginda Anjaneri Banasura Biligirirangana Betta Brahmagiri Chembra Dhodap Doddabetta Gangamoola Harishchandragad Kalsubai Kemmangundi Kudremukh Kumarikkal Mala Kodachadri Kumara Parvata Mullayanagiri Marunthuvazh Malai Nedumpara Peak Ponmudi Pushpagiri Paithalmala Raigad Salher Saptashrungi Sispara Sonsogor Tadiandamol Taramati Vavul Mala Vellarimala Ranipuram Vagamon Hills Ambanad Hills Anaimalai Hills Biligiriranga Hills Cardamom Hills Nilgiri mountains Satmala Range Selbari Range Palni Hills Trimbakeshwar Range Waterfalls Abbey Chunchanakatte Dudhsagar Falls Gokak Irupu Jog Kalhatti Mallalli Falls Sathodi Lushington Sivasamudram Athirapally Falls Vazhachal Falls Hogenakkal States Tamil Nadu Gujarat Karnataka Kerala Maharashtra Goa Parks & Reserves Annekal Reserved Forest Anshi National Park Aralam Reserved Forest Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve Agasthyavanam Biological Park Bandipur National Park Bannerghatta National Park Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Chandoli National Park Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary Dandeli National Park Eravikulam National Park Grass Hills National Park Anamalai Tiger Reserve Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve Karian Shola National Park Karnala Bird Sanctuary Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary Kudremukh National Park Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary Mudumalai National Park Mudumalai Tiger Reserve Mukurthi National Park Nagarhole Rajiv Gandhi National Park New Amarambalam Reserved Forest Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve Palani Hills National Park Parambikulam Tiger Reserve Peechi - Vazhani Wildlife Sanctuary Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary Periyar National Park Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary Radhanagari Wildlife Sanctuary SAI Sanctuary Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary Silent Valley National Park Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Places Bhivpuri Chiplun Chiplun Kalsubai Khandala Kudremukh Kodagu Karjat Kasara Lonavla Lavasa Mahabaleshwar Malshej Ghat Matheran Panchgani Raigad Fort Rajgad Fort Shivneri Fort Tamhini Ghat Ghats Amboli Ghat Bhor Ghat Tamhini Ghat Amba Ghat Bhor Road Ghat Chorla Ghat Goa Gap Kasara Road Ghat Kumbharli Ghat Malshej Ghat Naneghat Charmadi ghat Shiradi ghat Bisle ghat Sampaje ghat Palakkad Gap Varandha Ghat Related Mountains of Kerala Mountains of Maharashtra Hydrography of the Indian subcontinent Inland rivers Beas Betwa Bhagirathi Brahmaputra Chambal Chenab Damodar Godavari Gandaki Ganges Ghaghara Indus Jhelum Kali Kaveri Kosi Krishna Luni Mahanadi Mahaweli Meghna Narmada Padma Ravi Sarasvati Sankosh Sharda Son Sutlej Tapti Yamuna Inland lakes , deltas , etc . Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Indus Delta Dal Lake Pookode Lake Skeleton Lake Chilika Lake Lake Powai Borith Lake Saiful Muluk Gosaikunda Nizam Sagar Red Hills Lake Malampuzha Kerala backwaters Pulicat Lake Coastal Indian Ocean Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Mannar Laccadive Sea Palk Strait Categories Lakes of Bangladesh / India / Nepal / Pakistan Reservoirs and dams in India Rivers of Bangladesh / Bhutan / India / Nepal / Pakistan VIAF : 239633911 GND : 4478193 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishna_River&oldid=804374552 '' Categories : Krishna River Rivers of Andhra Pradesh Rivers of Karnataka Rivers of Maharashtra Rivers of Telangana Coromandel Coast Rivers of India Rivers of the Western Ghats Hidden categories : Pages with URL errors Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 15 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where is krishna river located on a map

The Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres , in the state of Maharashtra in central India . It is one of the longest rivers in India . The Krishna river is around 1,300 km in length . The Krishna river 's source is at Mahabaleswar near the Jor village in the extreme north of Wai Taluka , Satara District , Maharashtra in the west and empties into the Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi ( near Koduru ) in Andhra Pradesh , on the east coast . It flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State . The delta of this river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana and Ikshvaku Sun Dynasty kings . Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna .

P wave ( electrocardiography ) - wikipedia P wave ( electrocardiography ) Normal P wave , shown in darker red The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization , which results in atrial contraction , or atrial systole . Contents 1 Physiology 2 Pathology 3 Atrial repolarization 4 Related pages 5 References Physiology ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The P wave is a summation wave generated by the depolarization front as it transits the atria . Normally the right atrium depolarizes slightly earlier than left atrium since the depolarization wave originates in the sinoatrial node , in the high right atrium and then travels to and through the left atrium . The depolarization front is carried through the atria along semi-specialized conduction pathways including Bachmann 's bundle resulting in uniform shaped waves . Depolarization originating elsewhere in the atria ( atrial ectopics ) result in P waves with a different morphology from normal . Pathology ( edit ) Characteristic peaked P wave of cor pulmonale Peaked P waves ( > 0.25 mV ) suggest right atrial enlargement , cor pulmonale , ( P pulmonale rhythm ) , but have a low predictive value ( ~ 20 % ) . AP wave with increased amplitude can indicate hypokalemia . It can also indicate right atrial enlargement . AP wave with decreased amplitude can indicate hyperkalemia . Bifid P waves ( known as P mitrale ) indicate left - atrial abnormality - e.g. dilatation or hypertrophy . If at least three different shaped P waves can be seen in a given ECG lead tracing , this implies that even if one of them arises from the SA node , at least two others are arising elsewhere . This is taken as evidence of multiple ( i.e. at least two ) ectopic foci , and is called multifocal ( or more correctly , multiform ) atrial rhythm if the rate is ≤ 100 ) or multifocal atrial tachycardia if the rate is over 100 . This appears particularly commonly in exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease . If the baseline has a totally irregular form , this suggests fibrillatory waves of atrial fibrillation or possibly artefact ; a saw tooth shaped baseline suggests the flutter waves of atrial flutter . With either of these rhythms , if the ventricular rate is fast , the fibrillatory or flutter waves can easily be misinterpreted as P waves . Absence of the P wave with a flat baseline may indicate : Fine atrial fibrillation Sinoatrial arrest ( with a secondary escape rhythm ) If P waves are not clearly delineated in the surface ECG , a Lewis lead may be used to better visualize P waves . Atrial Repolarization ( edit ) This occurs a mean of 320 ms after the end of the P wave , with a duration of 2 - 3 times that of the P wave and a polarity always opposite to that of the P wave . It is represented on the surface ECG by a so - called Ta wave . The clinical relevance of this is that , although a normal phenomenon , the nadir of the Ta wave can occur just after the QRS complex and cause ST depression similar to ( and easily mistaken with ) that occurring with disease states such as cardiac ischaemia . Related pages ( edit ) Electrocardiography PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Longmore , Murray ( 2004 ) . Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 8th edition page 90 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 852558 - 3 . Jump up ^ Reeves WC , Hallahan W , Schwiter EJ , Ciotola TJ , Buonocore E , Davidson W ( 1981 ) . `` Two - dimensional echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria for right atrial enlargement '' . Circulation. 64 : 387 -- 391 . doi : 10.1161 / 01. CIR. 64.2. 387 . PMID 6454512 . Jump up ^ http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/basics/hypokalaemia/ Jump up ^ http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson7/index.html Jump up ^ Munuswamy K , Alpert MA , Martin RH , Whiting RB , Mechlin NJ ( 1983 ) . `` Sensitivity and specificity of commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement determined by m - mode echocardiography '' . Am J Cardiol. 53 ( 6 ) : 829 -- 832 . doi : 10.1016 / 0002 - 9149 ( 84 ) 90413 - 2 . PMID 6230922 . Jump up ^ Kastor JA ( 1990 ) . `` Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia '' . N Engl J Med. 322 ( 24 ) : 1713 -- 1717 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199006143222405 . PMID 2188131 . Jump up ^ Kothari SA , Apiyasawat S , Asad N , Spodick DH ( 2006 ) . `` Evidence supporting a new rate threshold for multifocal atrial tachycardia '' . Clin Cardiol. 28 ( 12 ) : 3561 -- 3563 . doi : 10.1002 / clc. 4960281205 . PMID 16405199 . Jump up ^ Smith , SW . `` Atrial Repolarization Wave Mimicking ST Depression '' . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Physiology of the cardiovascular system Heart Cardiac output Cardiac cycle Cardiac output Heart rate Stroke volume Stroke volume End - diastolic volume End - systolic volume Afterload Preload Frank -- Starling law Cardiac function curve Venous return curve Wiggers diagram Pressure volume diagram Ultrasound Fractional shortening = ( End - diastolic dimension End - systolic dimension ) / End - diastolic dimension Aortic valve area calculation Ejection fraction Cardiac index Heart rate Cardiac pacemaker Chronotropic ( Heart rate ) Dromotropic ( Conduction velocity ) Inotropic ( Contractility ) Bathmotropic ( Excitability ) Lusitropic ( Relaxation ) Conduction Conduction system Cardiac electrophysiology Action potential cardiac atrial ventricular Effective refractory period Pacemaker potential Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex QT interval ST segment T wave U wave Hexaxial reference system Chamber pressure Central venous Right atrial ventricular pulmonary artery wedge Left atrial ventricular Aortic Other Ventricular remodeling Vascular system / Hemodynamics Blood flow Compliance Vascular resistance Pulse Perfusion Blood pressure Pulse pressure Systolic Diastolic Mean arterial pressure Jugular venous pressure Portal venous pressure Regulation of BP Baroreflex Kinin -- kallikrein system Renin -- angiotensin system Vasoconstrictors Vasodilators Autoregulation Myogenic mechanism Tubuloglomerular feedback Cerebral autoregulation Paraganglia Aortic body Carotid body Glomus cell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P_wave_(electrocardiography)&oldid=842471189 '' Categories : Cardiac electrophysiology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski ไทย Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 17 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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the p-wave phase of an electrocardiogram (ecg) represents

The P wave in the ECG represents atrial depolarization , which results in atrial contraction , or atrial systole .

Star Trek : the Next Generation - wikipedia Star Trek : the Next Generation Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the games , see Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1994 video game ) and Star Trek : The Next Generation : A World For All Seasons . Star Trek : The Next Generation Genre Science fiction Drama Mystery Action adventure Created by Gene Roddenberry Based on Star Trek by Gene Roddenberry Starring Patrick Stewart Jonathan Frakes Brent Spiner LeVar Burton Denise Crosby Michael Dorn Gates McFadden Marina Sirtis Wil Wheaton Theme music composer Alexander Courage Jerry Goldsmith Composer ( s ) Dennis McCarthy Jay Chattaway Ron Jones Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 7 No. of episodes 178 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gene Roddenberry ( 1987 -- 91 ) Rick Berman ( 1989 -- 94 ) Showrunners Maurice Hurley ( 1988 -- 89 ) Michael Piller ( 1989 -- 94 ) Jeri Taylor ( 1993 -- 94 ) Cinematography Edward R. Brown ( 1987 -- 89 ) Marvin V. Rush ( 1989 -- 92 ) Jonathan West ( 1992 -- 94 ) Running time 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Paramount Domestic Television Distributor CBS Television Distribution Budget $1.3 million per episode Release Original network First - run syndication Picture format NTSC 480i 4 : 3 1080p 4 : 3 ( Blu - ray ) Audio format Dolby SR Dolby Digital 5.1 ( DVD ) DTS - HD Master Audio 7.1 Blu - ray Original release September 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) -- May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) Chronology Preceded by Star Trek : The Animated Series Followed by Star Trek : Deep Space Nine Related shows Star Trek TV series External links Star Trek : The Next Generation at StarTrek.com Star Trek : The Next Generation ( abbreviated as TNG and ST : TNG ) is an American science - fiction television series in the Star Trek franchise created by Gene Roddenberry that ran from 1987 to 1994 . Roddenberry , Maurice Hurley , Rick Berman , Michael Piller , and Jeri Taylor served as executive producers at different times throughout its production . The show was very popular , reaching almost 12 million viewers in its 5th season , and the season seven finale in 1994 was watched by over 30 million viewers . The show spawned two reasonably popular spin - offs set in the same sci - fi universe time and place , and 4 theater films with the cast of the show . In the early 2000s the show Enterprise , although more oriented towards re-booting the series was also in the same fictional universe , but an earlier time . The series involves a starship named Enterprise and is set in the nearby regions of the Milky Way galaxy , the Alpha Quadrant . The first episode takes place in the year 2364 , 99 years after the start of the five - year mission described in the original series , which began in 2265 . It features a new cast and a new starship Enterprise , the fifth to bear the name within the franchise 's storyline . An introductory statement , delivered by Patrick Stewart and featured at the beginning of each episode 's title sequence , stated the starship 's purpose in language similar to the opening statement of The Original Series , but was updated to reflect an ongoing mission , and to be gender - neutral : Space : the final frontier . These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise . Its continuing mission : to explore strange new worlds , to seek out new life and new civilizations , to boldly go where no one has gone before . TNG premiered the week of September 28 , 1987 , drawing 27 million viewers , with the two - hour pilot `` Encounter at Farpoint '' . In total , 176 episodes were made ( including several two - parters ) , ending with the two - hour finale `` All Good Things ... '' the week of May 23 , 1994 . The series ( 1987 -- 94 ) was broadcast in first - run syndication with dates and times varying among individual television stations . Further Star Trek spin - offs followed The Next Generation : Star Trek : Deep Space Nine ( 1993 -- 99 ) , Star Trek : Voyager ( 1995 -- 2001 ) , Star Trek : Enterprise ( 2001 -- 2005 ) , and Star Trek : Discovery ( 2017 -- present ) . The series formed the basis for the seventh through the tenth of the Star Trek films , and is also the setting of numerous novels , comic books , and video games . In its seventh season , Star Trek : The Next Generation became the first and only syndicated television series to be nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series . The series received a number of accolades , including 19 Emmy Awards , two Hugo Awards , five Saturn Awards , and `` The Big Goodbye '' ( S1E12 ) won a Peabody Award . Some of the highest rated shows by Nielsen ratings were the pilot , the finale , `` Unification '' ( duology ) , `` Aquiel '' , `` A Matter of Time '' , and `` Relics '' . `` Unification '' includes the classic characters Spock and his father Sarek , and `` Relics '' includes Scotty . Other famous episodes include the `` Best of Both Worlds '' duology , `` Inner Light '' , and `` The Measure of Man '' , which was released in a 1080p extended version in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Background 2.2 Syndication and profitability 2.3 Season one 2.4 Season two 2.5 Season three 2.6 Season four 2.7 Season five 2.8 Season six 2.9 Season seven 2.10 Legacy 3 High - Definition Project 4 Cast 4.1 Notable guest appearances 5 Story arcs & themes 6 Reception 7 Computer and video games 8 Films 9 Release history 9.1 VHS 9.2 LaserDisc 9.3 DVD 9.4 Blu - ray 9.4. 1 Standalone episodes 9.4. 2 The Measure of a Man HD extended cut 10 Spin - offs and the franchise 10.1 These Are The Voyages ... ( 2005 ) 10.2 Context 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) May 16 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 16 ) 22 November 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) 26 September 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) June 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 26 September 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 24 ) June 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 17 ) 5 26 September 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 23 ) June 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 15 ) 6 26 September 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) June 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 21 ) 7 26 September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 ) The series follows the adventures of a space - faring crew on board the Galaxy Class starship USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) , the fifth Federation vessel to bear the name and registry and the seventh starship by that name . ( See Starship Enterprise for other ships with the name and / or registry ) . The series is set about 70 years after the final mission of the original Enterprise crew under the command of James T. Kirk . The Federation has undergone significant internal changes in its quest to explore and seek out new life , adding new degrees of complexity and controversy to its methods , especially those focused on the Prime Directive . The Klingon Empire and the United Federation of Planets have ceased wartime hostilities and become galactic allies , while more sinister foes such as the Romulans and the Borg take precedence on the series . The Enterprise is commanded by Captain Jean - Luc Picard and is staffed by first officer Commander William Riker , second officer / operations manager Data , security chief Tasha Yar , ship 's counselor Deanna Troi , chief medical officer Dr. Beverly Crusher and her son Wesley Crusher , conn officer Lieutenant Geordi La Forge , and junior officer Lieutenant Worf . The death of Lieutenant Yar in the twenty - third episode of the first season ( 1987 - 1988 ) of the series prompts an internal shuffle of personnel , making Worf official chief of security . In season two , La Forge is promoted to chief engineer and Katherine Pulaski briefly takes over for Beverly Crusher . The series begins with the crew of the Enterprise - D put on trial by an omnipotent being known as Q , who became a recurring character . The god - like entity threatens the extinction of mankind for being a race of savages , forcing them to solve a mystery at nearby Farpoint Station to prove their worthiness to be spared . After successfully solving the mystery and avoiding disaster , the crew officially departs on its mission to explore strange new worlds . Subsequent stories focus on the discovery of new life and sociological and political relationships with alien cultures , as well as exploring the human condition . Several new species are introduced as recurring antagonists , including the Ferengi , the Cardassians , and the Borg . Throughout their adventures , Picard and his crew are often forced to face and live with the consequences of difficult choices . The series ended in its seventh season with a two - part episode `` All Good Things ... '' , which brought the events of the series full circle to the original confrontation with Q. An interstellar anomaly that threatens all life in the universe forces Picard to leap from his present , past , and future to combat the threat . Picard was successfully able to show to Q that humanity could think outside of the confines of perception and theorize on new possibilities while still being prepared to sacrifice themselves for the sake of the greater good . The series ended with the crew of the Enterprise portrayed as feeling more like a family and paved the way for four consecutive motion pictures that continued the theme and mission of the series . Episodes by Season ( 1 - 4 ) Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( Two - part episode ) `` The Naked Now '' `` Code of Honor '' `` The Last Outpost '' `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' `` Lonely Among Us '' `` Justice '' `` The Battle '' `` Hide and Q '' `` Haven '' `` The Big Goodbye '' ( Peabody Award Winner ) `` Datalore '' `` Angel One '' `` 11001001 '' `` Too Short a Season '' `` When the Bough Breaks '' `` Home Soil '' `` Coming of Age '' `` Heart of Glory '' `` The Arsenal of Freedom '' `` Symbiosis '' `` Skin of Evil '' `` We 'll Always Have Paris '' `` Conspiracy '' `` The Neutral Zone '' `` The Child '' `` Where Silence Has Lease '' `` Elementary , Dear Data '' `` The Outrageous Okona '' `` Loud as a Whisper '' `` The Schizoid man '' `` Unnatural Selection '' `` A Matter of Honor '' `` The Measure of a Man '' `` The Dauphin '' `` Contagion '' `` The Royale '' `` Time Squared '' `` The Icarus Factor '' `` Pen Pals '' `` Q Who '' `` Samaritan Snare '' `` Up the Long Ladder '' `` Manhunt '' `` The Emissary '' `` Peak Performance '' `` Shades of Gray '' `` Evolution '' `` The Ensigns of Command '' `` The Survivors '' `` Who Watches the Watchers '' `` The Bonding '' `` Booby Trap '' `` The Enemy '' `` The Price '' `` The Vengeance Factor '' `` The Defector '' `` The Hunted '' `` The High Ground '' `` Déjà Q '' `` A Matter of Perspective '' `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' `` The Offspring '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Allegiance '' `` Captain 's Holiday '' `` Tin Man '' `` Hollow Pursuits '' `` The Most Toys '' `` Sarek '' `` Ménage à Troi '' `` Transfigurations '' `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 1 ) `` The Best of Both Worlds '' ( Part 2 ) `` Family '' `` Brothers '' `` Suddenly Human '' `` Remember Me '' `` Legacy '' `` Reunion '' `` Future Imperfect '' `` Final Mission '' `` The Loss '' `` Data 's Day '' `` The Wounded '' `` Devil 's Due '' `` Clues '' `` First Contact '' `` Galaxy 's Child '' `` Night Terrors '' `` Identity Crisis '' `` The Nth Degree '' `` Qpid '' `` The Drumhead '' `` Half a Life '' `` The Host '' `` The Mind 's Eye '' `` In Theory '' `` Redemption '' ( Part 1 ) Episodes by Season ( 5 - 7 ) Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 `` Redemption ( Part 2 ) `` Darmok '' `` Ensign Ro '' `` Silicon Avatar '' `` Disaster '' `` The Game '' `` Unification '' ( Two - part episode ) `` A Matter of Time '' `` New Ground '' `` Hero Worship '' `` Violations '' `` The Masterpiece Society '' `` Conundrum '' `` Power Play '' `` Ethics '' `` The Outcast '' `` Cause and Effect '' `` The First Duty '' `` Cost of Living '' `` The Perfect Mate '' `` Imaginary Friend '' `` I , Borg '' `` The Next Phase '' `` The Inner Light '' `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 1 ) `` Time 's Arrow '' ( Part 2 ) `` Realm of Fear '' `` Man of the People '' `` Relics '' `` Schisms '' `` True Q '' `` Rascals '' `` A Fistful of Datas '' `` The Quality of Life '' `` Chain of Command '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Ship in a Bottle '' `` Aquiel '' `` Face of the Enemy '' `` Tapestry '' `` Birthright '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Starship Mine '' `` Lessons '' `` The Chase '' `` Frame of Mind '' `` Suspicions '' `` Rightful Heir '' `` Second Chances '' `` Timescape '' `` Descent '' ( Part 1 ) `` Descent '' ( Part 2 ) `` Liaisons '' `` Interface '' `` Gambit '' ( Two - part episode ) `` Phantasms '' `` Dark Page '' `` Attached '' `` Force of Nature '' `` Inheritance '' `` Parallels '' `` The Pegasus '' `` Homeward '' `` Sub Rosa '' `` Lower Decks '' `` Thine Own Self '' `` Masks '' `` Eye of the Beholder '' `` Genesis '' `` Journey 's End '' `` Firstborn '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Emergence '' `` Preemptive Strike '' `` All Good Things ... '' ( Two - part episode ) Production ( edit ) Some of the Cast of Next Generation . ( L to R : LeVar Burton , Michael Dorn , Marina Sirtis , Brent Spiner , and Wil Wheaton ) in 2012 Background ( edit ) By 1986 , 20 years after Star Trek 's debut on NBC , the franchise 's longevity amazed Paramount Pictures executives . Chairman Frank Mancuso Sr. and others described it as the studio 's `` crown jewel '' , a `` priceless asset '' that `` must not be squandered '' . The series was the most popular syndicated television program 17 years after cancellation , and the Harve Bennett - produced Star Trek films did well at the box office . William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy 's salary demands for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) caused the studio to plan for a new Star Trek television series , as it had thought to do in 1977 with Star Trek : Phase II before making the films . Paramount executives worried that a new show could hurt the demand for the films , but decided that it would increase their appeal on videocassette and cable , and that a show with unknown actors would be more profitable than paying the films ' actors ' large salaries . Roddenberry initially declined to be involved , but came on board as creator after being unhappy with early conceptual work . Star Trek : The Next Generation was announced on October 10 , 1986 , and its cast in May 1987 . Paramount executive Rick Berman was assigned to the show at Roddenberry 's request . Roddenberry hired a number of Star Trek veterans , including Bob Justman , D.C. Fontana , Eddie Milkis , and David Gerrold . Early proposals for the series included one in which some of the original series cast might appear as `` elder statesmen '' , and Roddenberry speculated as late as October 1986 that the new series might not even use a spaceship , as `` people might travel by some ( other ) means '' 100 years after the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 ) . A more lasting change was his new belief that workplace interpersonal conflict would no longer exist in the future ; thus , the new series did not have parallels to the frequent `` crusty banter '' between Kirk , Spock , and Leonard McCoy . According to series actor Patrick Stewart , Berman was more receptive than Roddenberry to the show addressing political issues . The series ' music theme combined the fanfare from the original series theme by Alexander Courage with Jerry Goldsmith 's theme for Star Trek : The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) . Some early episodes ' plots derived from outlines created for Star Trek : Phase II . Additionally , some sets used in the Original Series - era films were redressed for The Next Generation , and in turn used for subsequent Original Series films . Part of the transporter room set in TNG was used in the original Star Trek 's transporter set . Many production details , such as LCARS computer interfaces and starship design , were carried through in the production of subsequent spin - offs . A major focus of the show is the faster - than - light starship visiting exoplanets , which , although some had speculated to exist , were still in the realm of science fiction when show started in the 1987 . However , by the early 1990s more claims were coming out including for PSR B1257 + 12 , and a year after the show ended there was a more definitive detection of planets around 51 Pegasi . Another example is the ubiquitous use of hand - held tablet computers , at the time a fictional technology props for the actors but became a more practical and common computing device by the 2010s Syndication and profitability ( edit ) Despite Star Trek 's proven success , NBC and ABC only offered to consider pilot scripts for the new series , and CBS offered to air a miniseries that could become a series if it did well . That the Big Three television networks treated Paramount 's most appealing and valuable property as they would any other series offended the studio . Fox wanted the show to help launch the new network , but wanted it by March 1987 , and would only commit to 13 episodes instead of a full season . The unsuccessful negotiations convinced the studio that it could only protect Star Trek with full control . Paramount increased and accelerated the show 's profitability by choosing to instead broadcast it in first - run syndication on independent stations ( whose numbers had more than tripled since 1980 ) and Big Three network affiliates . The studio offered the show to local stations for free as barter syndication . The stations sold five minutes of commercial time to local advertisers and Paramount sold the remaining seven minutes to national advertisers . Stations had to commit to purchasing reruns in the future , and only those that aired the new show could purchase the popular reruns of the original series . The studio 's strategy succeeded . Most of the 150 stations airing reruns of the original Star Trek wanted to prevent a competitor from airing the new show ; ultimately , 210 stations covering 90 % of the United States became part of Paramount 's informal nationwide network for TNG . In early October 1987 , more than 50 network affiliates pre-empted their own shows for the series pilot , `` Encounter at Farpoint '' . One station predicted that `` ' Star Trek ' promises to be one of the most successful programs of the season , network or syndicated . '' TNG helped stations like WZZM in Grand Rapids , Michigan , who made a decision show The Next Generation . The new show indeed performed well ; the pilot 's ratings were higher than those of many network programs , and ratings remained comparable to network shows by the end of the first season , despite the handicap of each station airing the show on a different day and time , often outside prime time . By the end of the first season , Paramount reportedly received $1 million for advertising per episode , more than the roughly $800,000 fee that networks typically paid for a one - hour show ; by 1992 , when the budget for each episode had risen to almost $2 million , the studio earned $90 million from advertising annually from first - run episodes , with each 30 - second commercial selling for $115,000 to $150,000 . The show had a 40 % return on investment for Paramount , with $30 to $60 million in annual upfront net profit for first - run episodes and another $70 million for stripping rights for each of the about 100 episodes then available , so did not need overseas sales to be successful . Season one ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 1 ) Gates and Denise were in Season 1 as Doctor Crusher and Tasha Yar , respectively , but were removed for Season 2 . The Next Generation was shot on 35mm film , and the budget for each episode was $1.3 million , among the largest for a one - hour television drama . While the staff enjoyed the creative freedom gained by independence from a broadcast network 's Standards and Practices department , the first season was marked by a `` revolving door '' of writers , with Gerrold , Fontana , and others quitting after disputes with Roddenberry . Roddenberry `` virtually rewrote '' the first 15 episodes because of his `` dogmatic '' intention to depict human interaction `` without drawing on the baser motives of greed , lust , and power '' . Writers found the show 's `` bible '' constricting and ridiculous and could n't deal with Roddenberry 's ego and treatment of them . It stated , for example , that `` regular characters all share a feeling of being part of a band of brothers and sisters . As in the original ' Star Trek , ' we invite the audience to share the same feeling of affection for our characters . '' Mark Bourne of The DVD Journal wrote of season one : `` A typical episode relied on trite plot points , clumsy allegories , dry and stilted dialogue , or characterization that was taking too long to feel relaxed and natural . '' Other targets of criticism included poor special effects and plots being resolved by the deus ex machina of Wesley Crusher saving the ship . However , Patrick Stewart 's acting skills won praise , and critics noted that characters were given greater potential for development than those of the original series . Both actors and producers were unsure whether Trekkies loyal to the original show would accept the new one , but one critic stated as early as October 1987 that The Next Generation , not the movies or the original show , `` is the real ' Star Trek ' now '' . While the events of most episodes of season one were self - contained , many developments important to the show as a whole occurred during the season . The recurring nemesis Q was introduced in the pilot , the alien Ferengi had their sentinel showing in `` The Last Outpost '' , the holodeck was introduced , and the romantic backstory between William Riker and Deanna Troi was investigated . `` The Naked Now '' , one of the few episodes that depicted Roddenberry 's fascination ( as seen in the show 's bible ) with sex in the future , became a cast favorite . Later episodes in the season set the stage for serial plots . The episode `` Datalore '' introduced Data 's evil twin brother Lore , who made several more appearances in episodes in subsequent seasons . `` Coming of Age '' dealt with Wesley Crusher 's efforts to get into Starfleet Academy while also hinting at the threat to Starfleet later faced in `` Conspiracy '' . `` Heart of Glory '' explored Worf 's character , Klingon culture , and the uneasy truce between the Federation and the Klingon Empire , three themes that played major roles in later episodes . Tasha Yar left the show in `` Skin of Evil '' , becoming the first regular Star Trek character to die permanently ( although the character was seen again in two later episodes ) in either series or film . The season finale , `` The Neutral Zone '' , established the presence of two of TNG ' most enduring villains : the Romulans , making their first appearance since the Original Series , and , through foreshadowing , the Borg . The premiere became the first television episode to be nominated for a Hugo Award since 1972 . Six of the season 's episodes were each nominated for an Emmy Award. `` 11001001 '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series , `` The Big Goodbye '' won for Outstanding Costume Design for a Series , and `` Conspiracy '' won for Outstanding Achievement in Makeup for a Series . `` The Big Goodbye '' also won a Peabody Award , the first syndicated program and only Star Trek episode to do so . The top episodes for Nielsen ratings were `` Encounter at Farpoint '' with 15.7 , and the next highest was `` Justice '' with 12.7 . Debuted 1987 - 1988 Season two ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 2 ) The series underwent significant changes during its second season . Beverly Crusher was replaced as Chief Medical Officer by Katherine Pulaski , played by Diana Muldaur , who had been a guest star in `` Return to Tomorrow '' and `` Is There in Truth No Beauty ? '' , two episodes from the original Star Trek series . The ship 's recreational area , Ten - Forward , and its mysterious bartender / advisor , Guinan , played by Whoopi Goldberg , appeared for the first time . Another change was in the opening theme , wherein at the end is a short fanfare . Owing to the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike , the number of episodes produced was cut from 26 to 22 , and the start of the season was delayed . Because of the strike , the opening episode , `` The Child '' , was based on a script originally written for Star Trek : Phase II , while the season finale , `` Shades of Gray '' , was a clip show . Nevertheless , season two as a whole was widely regarded as significantly better than season one . Benefiting from Paramount 's commitment to a multiyear run and free from network interference due to syndication , Roddenberry found writers who could work within his guidelines and create drama from the cast 's interaction with the rest of the universe . The plots became more sophisticated and began to mix drama with comic relief . Its focus on character development received special praise . Co-executive producer Maurice Hurley has stated that his primary goal for the season was to plan and execute season - long story arcs and character arcs . Hurley wrote the acclaimed episode `` Q Who '' , which featured the first on - screen appearance of the Borg , TNG 's most popular villain . Season two focused on developing the character Data , and two highly regarded episodes from the season , `` Elementary , Dear Data '' and `` The Measure of a Man '' , featured him prominently . Miles O'Brien also became a more prominent character during the second season , while Geordi La Forge took the position of Chief Engineer . Klingon issues continued to be explored in well - regarded episodes such as `` A Matter of Honor '' and `` The Emissary '' , which introduced Worf 's former lover K'Ehleyr . Five second - season episodes were nominated for six Emmy Awards , and `` Q Who '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . Debuted 1988 - 1989 Season three ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 3 ) Before the production of the third season in the summer of 1989 , some personnel changes were made . Head writer Maurice Hurley was let go and Michael Piller took over for the rest of the series . Creator and executive producer Gene Roddenberry took less of an active role due to his declining health . Roddenberry gave Piller and Berman the executive producer jobs , and they remained in that position for the rest of the series ' run , with Berman overseeing the production as a whole and Piller being in charge of the creative direction of the show and the writing room . Doctor Crusher returned from her off - screen tenure at Starfleet Medical to replace Doctor Pulaski , who had remained a guest star throughout the second season . An additional change was the inclusion of the fanfare that was added to the opening credits of the second season , to the end of the closing credits . Ronald D. Moore joined the show after submitting a spec script that became `` The Bonding '' . He became the franchise 's `` Klingon guru '' , meaning that he wrote most TNG episodes dealing with the Klingon Empire ( though he wrote some Romulan stories , as well , such as `` The Defector '' ) . Writer / producer Ira Steven Behr also joined the show in its third season . Though his tenure with TNG lasted only one year , he later went on to be a writer and showrunner of spin - off series Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . Six third - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' won for Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and `` Sins of the Father '' won for Best Art Direction for a Series . After a chiropractor warned that the cast members risked permanent skeletal injury , new two - piece wool uniforms replaced the first two seasons ' extremely tight spandex uniforms . The season finale , the critically acclaimed episode `` The Best of Both Worlds '' , was the first season - ending cliffhanger , a tradition that continued throughout the remainder of the series . Debuted 1989 - 1990 Season four ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 4 ) Brannon Braga and Jeri Taylor joined the show in its fourth season . The fourth season surpassed the Original Series in series length with the production of `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' . A new alien race , the Cardassians , made their first appearance in `` The Wounded '' . They later were featured in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . The season finale , `` Redemption '' , was the 100th episode , and the cast and crew ( including creator Gene Roddenberry ) celebrated the historic milestone on the bridge set . Footage of this was seen in the Star Trek 25th - anniversary special hosted by William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy which aired later in the year . Seven fourth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part II '' won for both Outstanding Sound Editing in a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Series . Character Wesley Crusher left the series in season four to go to Starfleet Academy . `` Family '' was the only Star Trek episode not to have a bridge scene during the entire episode and is the only TNG episode where Data does not appear on - screen . Debuted 1990 - 1991 Season five ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 5 ) The fifth season 's seventh episode , `` Unification '' , opened with a dedication to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry ( though the prior episode , `` The Game '' , aired four days after his death ) . Roddenberry , though he had recently died , continued to be credited as executive producer for the rest of the season . The cast and crew learned of his death during the production of `` Hero Worship '' , a later season - five episode . Seven fifth - season episodes were nominated for eight Emmys . `` Cost of Living '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Makeup for a Series , and `` A Matter of Time '' and `` Conundrum '' tied for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects . In addition , `` The Inner Light '' became the first television episode since the 1968 original series Star Trek episode `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' to win a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . Season five had the introduction of a jacket for Picard , worn periodically throughout the rest of the show 's run . The observation lounge set was altered with the removal of the gold model starships across the interior wall and the addition of lighting beneath the windows . Recurring character Ensign Ro Laren was introduced in the fifth season . The season 5 finale cliffhanger includes a cameo by Stephen Hawking ( Part I of `` Descent '' ) . Debuted 1991 - 1992 Season six ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 6 ) NASA Astronaut Mae Jemison , shown here on a Space Shuttle mission is featured in `` Second Chances '' ( S6E24 ) as a Lieutenant on the Enterprise - D The sixth season brought a new set of changes . Rick Berman and Michael Piller 's time was split between the newly created Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and The Next Generation . Three sixth - season episodes were nominated for Emmys . `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' won for both Outstanding Individual Achievement in Costume Design for a Series and Outstanding Individual Achievement in Hairstyling for a Series , and `` A Fistful of Datas '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . The highest rated episode of Season 6 for Nielsen ratings was `` Relics '' , with a rating of 13.9. which featured Scotty played by original series veteran James Doohan . NASA astronaut Mae Jemison plays in Lt. Palmer the Season 6 show `` Second Chances '' . Debuted 1992 - 1993 Season seven ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 7 ) The seventh season was The Next Generation 's last . The penultimate episode , `` Preemptive Strike '' , concluded the plot line for the recurring character Ensign Ro Laren and introduced themes that continued in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and Star Trek : Voyager . The Next Generation series finale , `` All Good Things ... '' , was a double - length episode ( separated into two parts for reruns ) that aired the week of May 19 , 1994 , revisiting the events of the pilot and providing a bookend to the series . Toronto 's SkyDome played host to a massive event for the series finale . Thousands of people packed the stadium to watch the final episode on the stadium 's JumboTron . Five seventh - season episodes were nominated for nine Emmys , and the series as a whole was the first syndicated television series nominated for Outstanding Drama Series . To this day , The Next Generation is the only syndicated drama to be nominated in this category . `` All Good Things ... '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Special Visual Effects , and `` Genesis '' won for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . `` All Good Things ... '' also won the second of the series 's two Hugo Awards . `` All Good Things ... '' also achieved the highest Nielson rating for all of Season 7 , with a rating of 17.4 . The TNG cast went on to make 4 films after the conclusion of Season 7 . Between 1994 and 2002 the main Cast of the show went on to star in Generations , First Contact , Insurrection , and Nemesis . Meanwhile , on TV , DS9 continued with some of the prior TNG cast including Worf and O'Brien , and later in Fall of 1994 Frakes ( TNG 's Riker ) guest starred on Deep Space Nine 's `` Defiant '' ( S3E9 ) . In January 1995 the new Star Trek TV series Voyager show launched . and the aforementioned Generations movie had hit theaters in November 1994 . Even with the loss of the franchise 's guide and visionary , Roddenberry , Star Trek : The Next Generation had launched a golden era of new Trek media which would last well into the 21st century . In the finale of Enterprise , over ten years later Frakes and Sirtis reprising their roles as Riker and Deanna appear on television one last time . In the 2010s a project would be undertaken to convert all of TNG to 1080p High - Definition , and by 2015 it was all released on Blue - Ray , TV , and HD internet steaming services . Debuted 1993 - 1994 Legacy ( edit ) Although the cast members were contracted for eight seasons , Paramount ended The Next Generation after seven , which disappointed and puzzled some of the actors , and was an unusual decision for a successful television show . Paramount then made films using the cast , which it believed would be less successful if the show were still on television . Season eight also would likely have reduced the show 's profitability due to higher cast salaries and a lower price per episode when sold for stripping . The show 's strong ratings continued to the end ; the series finale was ranked number two among all shows that week , between hits Home Improvement and Seinfeld . Star Trek : The Next Generation finale in Season Seven was watched by over 30 million viewers when it concluded in early 1994 . TNG would provide the high - water mark in terms of viewership , with a peak of 11.5 million during its 5th Season prior to the launch of DS9 , and between 1988 and 1992 it picked up half a million to a million additional viewers per year . Adjusted Nielson Ratings for Star Trek TV Fall 1987 - Spring 1988 : 8.55 Million TNG S1 Fall 1988 - Spring 1989 : 9.14 Million TNG S2 Fall 1989 - Spring 1990 : 9.77 Million TNG S3 Fall 1990 - Spring 1991 : 10.58 Million TNG S4 Fall 1991 - Spring 1992 : 11.50 Million TNG S5 Fall 1992 - Spring 1993 : 10.83 Million TNG S6 ( DS9 S1 Debuted in Spring 1993 ) Fall 1993 - Spring 1994 : 9.78 Million TNG S7 + DS9 S2 Fall 1994 - Spring 1995 : 7.05 Million DS9 S3 + VOY S1 Fall 1995 - Spring 1996 : 6.42 Million DS9 S4 + VOY S2 Fall 1996 - Spring 1997 : 5.03 Million DS9 S5 + VOY S3 Fall 1997 - Spring 1998 : 4.53 Million DS9 S6+ VOY S4 Fall 1998 - Spring 1999 : 4.00 Million DS9 S7 + VOY S5 ( Voyager also had two more seasons ) High - definition project ( edit ) In the 2010s , Star Trek : The Next Generation was re-produced in high - definition ( 1080p ) with a format of 4 : 3 ( 1.33 : 1 ) . Many thought would not be possible , but CBS managed to do it and major work was done at CBS Digital . TNG was shot on 35 mm film , which meant the film could be re-scanned to a higher resolution , however , many of the special effects had to be re-produced . Also a 7.1 DTS - HD Master Audio sound option was created . Season 1 achieved 95,000 units in its launch week in 2012 . ( further information Blu - Ray releases ) In addition to the Blu - Ray packages , the HD was sold to many online streaming TV providers such as Netflix . The Netflix version included some additional special effect changes . The Blu - ray sets include many special features and videos , such as a 1988 episode of Reading Rainbow where Levar Burton ( on TNG he is cast as Chief Engineer Geordi ) documents the making of a Star Trek : The Next Generation episode . In June 2016 a 41 - disc set was released with over 8000 minutes of TNG - content , including the entire show in 1080p ( 4 : 3 ) . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members Patrick Stewart plays Captain Picard Jonathan Frakes plays First Officer Will Riker Whoopi Goldberg portrays Guinan Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean - Luc Picard is the commanding officer of the U.S.S. Enterprise . Stewart also played the character in the pilot episode of Deep Space Nine and all four TNG theater films Jonathan Frakes as Commander William Riker is the ship 's first officer . The Riker character was influenced by concepts for first officer Willard Decker in the Star Trek : Phase II television series . Decker 's romantic history with helmsman Ilia was mirrored in The Next Generation in the relationship between Riker and Deanna Troi . Riker also appears in an episode each of Star Trek : Voyager and Star Trek : Enterprise . In addition to William Riker , Frakes played William 's transporter - created double , Thomas , in one episode each of The Next Generation and Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . LeVar Burton as Geordi La Forge was initially the ship 's helmsman , but the character became chief engineer beginning in the second season . Burton also played the character in an episode of Voyager . Denise Crosby as Tasha Yar is the chief of security and tactical officer . Crosby left the series at the end of the first season , and the Yar character was killed . Yar returns in alternate timelines in the award - winning episode `` Yesterday 's Enterprise '' and the series finale , `` All Good Things ... '' . Crosby also played Commander Sela , Yar 's half - Romulan daughter . Michael Dorn as Worf is a Klingon . Worf initially appears as a junior officer fulfilling several roles on the bridge . When Denise Crosby left at the end of the first season , the Worf character succeeded Lieutenant Yar as the ship 's chief of security and tactical officer . Dorn reprised the role as a regular in seasons four through seven of Star Trek : Deep Space Nine and also played another Klingon , also named Worf , in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ; with 282 on screen appearances , Dorn has the most appearances of any actor in the Star Trek franchise . Gates McFadden as Doctor Beverly Crusher is the Enterprise 's chief medical officer . As a fully certified bridge officer , Dr. Crusher had the ability to command the Enterprise , if circumstances required her to do so . She also , on occasional , commanded night - watch shifts on the ship 's main bridge to stay on top of starship operations . McFadden was fired after the first season , but was rehired for the third season and remained for the remainder of the series . Diana Muldaur as Doctor Katherine Pulaski was created to replace Dr. Crusher for the show 's second season . Muldaur , who previously appeared in two episodes of the original Star Trek , never received billing in the opening credits ; instead , she was listed as a special guest star during the first act . Marina Sirtis as Lieutenant Commander Deanna Troi is the half - human , half - Betazoid ship 's counselor . Starting in the season - seven7 episode `` Thine Own Self '' , Counselor Troi , having taken and completed the bridge - officer 's test , is later promoted to the rank of commander , which allowed her to take command of the ship , and also perform bridge duties other than those of a ship 's counselor . The character 's relationship with first officer Riker was a carry - over from character ideas developed for Phase II . Troi also appeared in later episodes of Voyager and in the finale of Enterprise . Brent Spiner as Lieutenant Commander Data is an android who serves as second officer and operations officer . Data 's `` outsider 's '' perspective on humanity served a similar narrative purpose as Spock 's in the original Star Trek . Spiner also played his `` brother '' , Lore , and his creator , Noonien Soong . In Enterprise , Spiner played Noonien 's ancestor , Arik , and contributed a brief voiceover ( heard over the Enterprise - D 's intercom ) in the Enterprise finale . Wil Wheaton as Beverly Crusher 's son Wesley becomes an acting ensign , and later receives a field commission to ensign , before attending Starfleet Academy . After being a regular for the first four seasons , Wheaton appeared sporadically as Wesley Crusher for the remainder of the series . In addition to the series regulars , other recurring characters include : Majel Barrett as Lwaxana Troi is Deanna Troi 's mother and Betazoid ambassador for the United Federation of Planets . She reprised her role in three episodes of Deep Space Nine . Barrett , married to Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry , previously appeared in the original Star Trek . She also voiced the computer in The Next Generation and other spinoffs . Brian Bonsall as Alexander Rozhenko is Worf 's son . Jon Paul Steuer played Alexander in the character 's first appearance , and James Sloyan played an older , time - traveling version of Alexander in another episode . Marc Worden played the character for his appearances in Deep Space Nine . Rosalind Chao as Keiko O'Brien is Miles O'Brien's wife and a botanist . She also made recurring appearances in Deep Space Nine . John de Lancie as Q is an omnipotent antagonist from the Q Continuum . de Lancie continued playing the Q character in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Whoopi Goldberg as Guinan is the El - Aurian bartender in the ship 's Ten Forward Lounge . Michelle Forbes as Ensign Ro Laren is a Bajoran helmsman , who is later promoted to the rank of lieutenant in season seven . That same season , however , she resigns from Starfleet to become a member of a group of renegade federation colonists known as `` the Maquis '' . Forbes ' character was considered for use in Deep Space Nine , although producers eventually developed a new character , Kira Nerys . Colm Meaney as Miles O'Brien is an unnamed helmsman in the show 's pilot , and appears several times in other positions during the first season . The character was eventually given a rank of Chief Petty Officer , and developed into the transporter chief . Meaney portrayed O'Brien for seven seasons as a series regular on Deep Space Nine . Robert O'Reilly as Gowron is leader of the Klingon High Council . O'Reilly also appeared as Gowron in Deep Space Nine . O'Reilly appeared in an episode of Enterprise as a different character . Dwight Schultz as Lieutenant Reginald Barclay is a technician and engineer who also plays a prominent role in the later seasons of Voyager . Patti Yasutake as Ensign Alyssa Ogawa is a nurse in Dr. Crusher 's sickbay . There were certain big changes for regular characters , the major one was that Tasha Yar is only in season one , and Wesley left for Starfleet Academy in Season 4 . In Season 2 the doctor is Pulaski not Crusher , but Crusher does come back and remains the ship 's doctor thereafter ( In All Good Things it is revealed she eventually marries Picard and has her own starship command , thus becoming the new Captain Picard , as he retired to tend a vineyard ) . In many cases the characters , or at least the actors , come back to act in some role on the show . There are many reoccurring characters , some of them have actually more appearances in episodes than Tasha . ( See List of Star Trek : The Next Generation cast members # Appearances for a more in - depth table ) Enterprise - D Characters Season 1 - 7 ( examples ) Character Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Captain Picard Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes William Riker Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Geordi La Forge Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Worf Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Data Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Deanna Troi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Beverly Crusher Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Guinan No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Wesley Crusher Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 ep . No 2 ep . Tasha Yar Yes No 1 ep . No No No 1 ep . Katherine Pulaski No Yes No No No No No The character Q is very famous , and appeared in the first and last duologies , but overall only appeared in 8 shows Notable guest appearances ( edit ) Further information : Star Trek crossovers DeForest Kelley has a scene as his famous Doctor McCoy character in the pilot episode of TNG The Next Generation included several guest characters who appeared in other iterations of Star Trek , and also introduced characters who appeared in later spinoffs and films . James Doohan , DeForest Kelley , Mark Lenard , and Leonard Nimoy appeared as the original Star Trek characters Montgomery Scott , Leonard McCoy , Sarek , and Spock , respectively . Merritt Butrick , Robin Curtis , Judson Scott , David Warner , and Paul Winfield played characters in various Star Trek films and later had roles in The Next Generation . Additionally , Alexander Siddig and Armin Shimerman played their Deep Space Nine characters , Julian Bashir and Quark , in episodes of The Next Generation . Before being cast in Deep Space Nine , Shimerman had played several Ferengi characters in The Next Generation . Jennifer Hetrick ( Vash ) , Barbara March ( Lursa ) , Richard Poe ( Evek ) , and Gwynyth Walsh ( B'Etor ) reprised their Next Generation characters on Deep Space Nine . Several actors who appeared in Star Trek : The Next Generation later played other roles within the franchise . These include Robert Duncan McNeill , Ethan Phillips , and Tim Russ , who played Tom Paris , Neelix , and Tuvok , respectively , on Voyager . Salome Jens and James Sloyan appeared in episodes of The Next Generation before landing recurring roles in Deep Space Nine . Suzie Plakson and Tony Todd also appeared in The Next Generation , and they later played roles in both Deep Space Nine and Voyager . Marc Alaimo , who depicted one of the franchise 's first Cardassians in The Next Generation , later played the Cardassian Dukat throughout Deep Space Nine 's seven seasons . Like Armin Shimerman , Max Grodénchik played a Ferengi in The Next Generation before being cast as a recurring Ferengi , Rom , in Deep Space Nine . Emmy Award - winner James Cromwell appeared twice in The Next Generation , and he played Zefram Cochrane in the second Next Generation film , First Contact . Other notable guest actors in the show include Erich Anderson , Billy Campbell , Nikki Cox , Ronny Cox , Olivia d'Abo , Kirsten Dunst , Mick Fleetwood , Matt Frewer , Walter Gotell , Kelsey Grammer , Bob Gunton , Teri Hatcher , Stephen Hawking ( as himself ) , Famke Janssen , Mae Jemison , Ken Jenkins , Ashley Judd , Sabrina Le Beauf , Christopher McDonald , Bebe Neuwirth , Terry O'Quinn , Michelle Phillips , Joe Piscopo , Gina Ravera , Jean Simmons , Paul Sorvino , Brenda Strong , James Worthy , Tracey Walter , Liz Vassey , David Ogden Stiers , Ray Walston , Ray Wise , and John Tesh . Story arcs & themes ( edit ) Star Trek had a number of story arcs within the larger story , and oftentimes different episodes contributed to two or more different story or character arcs . These could be grouped in different ways , and one way was by the aliens they were interacting with , for example TNG introduced the Borg and the Cardassians . The Klingons and Romulans had been introduced in the original series ( 1966 -- 69 ) ; however , the Klingons were somewhat re-booted with `` turtle - head '' look , although a retcon was given for this in an Enterprise episode . Another way to group them is by a certain character such as Q or Ro Laren or by a technology like the holo - deck , and there were many other alien encounters ( usually funny foreheads , face - paint , or no - body ) . Often the plot for alien encounters involved some eccentric alien nature that caused tensions , revealed at the end Alien sagas The Borg : Q Who ( May 8 , 1989 ) - introduces Borg also a Q - show The Best of Both Worlds , Part I & Part II ( June 18 , 1990 & September 24 , 1990 ) - Major Borg diptych Family ( October 1 , 1990 ) - Aftermath of BoBW I , Borg ( May 10 , 1992 ) - Introduces Hue Descent , Part I & Part II ( June 21 , 1993 & September 20 , 1993 ) - Another Borg diptych Certain episodes go deeper into the Klingon alien saga , which are famous for having an actual Klingon language made for them in the trekiverse . The Klingon stories usually involve Worf , but not all Worf - centric shows are focused on Klingons . The famous Duras sisters , a Klingon duo Lursa and B'Etor , were introduced on TNG in 1991 on Redemption ( S5 - S5 bridge ) and they later appeared in the film Generations Klingon stories ( examples ) : `` Heart of Glory '' ( S1E20 ) `` A Matter of Honor ( S2E8 ) - Riker on a Klingon vessel `` Sins of the Father '' ( S3E17 ) ( introduces Worf 's brother Kurn ) `` Redemption '' ( S4 - S5 cliffhanger and bridge , two parts ) ( Explores Klingon politics and homeworld ) `` Birthright '' ( S6E16 & S6E17 , two - part episode ) `` Rightful Heir '' ( S6E23 ) - Introduces Kahless `` Firstborn '' ( TNG S7E21 ) ( Alexander - Worf focused episode ) The Klingon saga established by TNG was significantly continued on the Deep Space Nine tv show , which continued the Worf character for another 4 seasons Characters Brent Spiner left , stars as the android Data on the show and all four movies , and also plays Data 's `` father '' and `` brother '' Reginald Barclay ( played by A-Team veteran Dwight Schultz ) stories : Hollow Pursuits The Nth Degree Realm of Fear Ship in a Bottle Barclay 's character also has several important episodes Star Trek Voyager TV show such as Projections ( Star Trek : Voyager ) . Lore is an android like Data , and is played by the same actor . Lore was introduced in S1E13 . Datalore ( January 18 , 1988 ) Brothers ( October 8 , 1990 ) Descent , Part II ( September 20 , 1993 ) Actor John de Lancie plays the role of the mysterious but powerful alien known as Q Q `` Encounter at Farpoint '' diptych `` Hide and Q '' `` Q Who ? '' `` Déjà Q '' `` Qpid '' `` True Q '' `` Tapestry '' `` All Good Things ... '' diptych Also the 1996 computer game Star Trek : Borg includes video segments with actor John de Lancie as Q Theme A thematic grouping is also possible , and a number of TNG dabbled in softcore terror / horror Night Terrors ( March 18 , 1991 ) Schisms ( October 19 , 1992 ) Chain of Command , Part I & Part II ( December 14 , 1992 & December 21 , 1992 ) Frame of Mind ( May 3 , 1993 ) Sub Rosa ( January 31 , 1994 ) Genesis ( March 21 , 1994 ) Reception ( edit ) See also : List of awards and nominations received by Star Trek : The Next Generation Exhibit in Los Angeles featuring the crew quarters of Captain Picard ( uniform shown ) The Next Generation 's average of 20 million viewers often exceeded both existing syndication successes such as Wheel of Fortune and network hits including Cheers and L.A. Law . Benefiting in part from many stations ' decision to air each new episode twice in a week , it consistently ranked in the top ten among hour - long dramas , and networks could not prevent affiliates from preempting their shows with The Next Generation or other dramas that imitated its syndication strategy. Star Trek : The Next Generation received 18 Emmy Awards and , in its seventh season , became the first and only syndicated television show to be nominated for the Emmy for Best Dramatic Series . It was nominated for three Hugo Awards and won two . The first - season episode `` The Big Goodbye '' also won the Peabody Award for excellence in television programming . In 1997 , the episode `` The Best of Both Worlds , Part I '' was ranked No. 70 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2002 , Star Trek : The Next Generation was ranked # 46 on TV Guide 's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time list , and in 2008 , was ranked No. 37 on Empire 's list of the 50 greatest television shows . On October 7 , 2006 , one of the three original filming models of the USS Enterprise - D used on the show sold at a Christie 's auction for USD $576,000 , making it the highest - selling item at the event . The buyer of the piece was Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen , owner of the Museum of Pop Culture in Seattle . The piece is on display within the Science Fiction Museum . In 2012 , Entertainment Weekly listed the show at No. 7 in the `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years '' , saying , `` The original Star Trek was cult TV before cult TV was even a thing , but its younger , sleeker offspring brought , yes , a new generation into the Trekker fold , and reignited the promise of sci - fi on television . '' Although TNG did develop a cult following , it was noted for its prime - time general audience viewership also . The flute from `` Inner Light '' was valued at only a few hundred to perhaps 1000 USD when it went to auction , but was sold for over 40,000 ; in this case the auctioneers admitted they had underestimated the appeal of the prop . In the days leading up to the auction , Denise Okuda , former Trek scenic artist and video supervisor , as well as co-writer of the auction catalog , said : `` That 's the item people say they really have to have , because it 's so iconic to a much - beloved episode . '' Episodes with highest Nielsen ratings ( Examples ) `` All Good Things ... '' ( 1994 ) , the finale achieved a rating of 17.4 `` Encounter at Farpoint '' ( 1987 ) , rating of 15.7 `` Unification '' ( 1991 ) , 15.4 , a duology featuring Leonard Nimoy as Spoc in Part II brought in the highest Nielsen ratingsof that Season , and the one of the highest known for TNG except for the pilot and finale . `` Aquiel '' ( 1993 ) , 14.1 ( Featured Guest star Renée Jones as Aquiel ) `` A Matter of Time '' ( 1991 ) , 13.9 ( Featuring guest star Matt Frewer as a time traveler ) `` Relics '' ( 1992 ) , 13.9 ( This one featured James Doohan as Scotty ) `` Time 's Arrow , Part II '' ( 1992 ) , 13.8 ( S6 opener and conclusion of the Time 's Arrow duology ) `` Tapestry '' ( 1993 ) , 13.8 ( Q - show ) DS9 's `` The Emissary '' , which came out half - way through season 6 of TNG achieved a Nielsen rating of 18.8 . Star Trek 's ratings went into a steady decline starting with Season 6 of TNG , and the second to last episode of DS9 achieved a Nielsen rating of 3.9 . Computer and video games ( edit ) A diagram of the Enterprise - D is shown on console from the `` main engineering '' Examples of video games based on The Next Generation TV series , movies , and characters include : Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1993 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation : Future 's Past ( 1993 ) , for the SNES Star Trek : The Next Generation : Echoes from the Past ( 1993 ) a port of Futures Past for the Sega Genesis Star Trek Generations : Beyond the Nexus ( 1994 ) , for Nintendo Game Boy or Sega Game Gear Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity ( 1995 ) , for MS - DOS or Macintosh A Final Unity sold 500,000 copies by 1996 . Star Trek : Borg ( 1996 ) ( Includes live action segments directed by James L. Conway and acting by John de Lancie as Q ) Star Trek Generations ( 1997 ) , for IBM PC Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard ( 1998 ) , for Mac and Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek : Hidden Evil ( 1999 ) , for Windows 95 and 98 Star Trek Invasion ( 2000 ) , for the PlayStation Star Trek Armada ( 2000 ) , for Microsoft Windows 98 Star Trek : Armada II ( 2001 ) Star Trek : Bridge Commander ( 2002 ) Star Trek : Conquest ( 2002 ) ( Wii , PlayStation 2 ) The Enterprise and its setting is also in other Trekiverse games like Star Trek : Armada ( 2000 ) , by which time it was common to have a game set in the time and place inhabited by TNG , but also occupied by two more television shows and the films . For example , in Star Trek : Armada voice actors from The Next Generation contributed to their characters in the game including Patrick Stewart reprised the roles of Jean - Luc Picard and Locutus , Michael Dorn voiced Worf , Denise Crosby reprised Sela , and J.G. Hertzler voiced Chancellor Martok . Several other voice actors who had been previously unaffiliated with Star Trek also voiced characters in the game , among them was Richard Penn . Star Trek : Armada II was set in the Star Trek : The Next Generation era of the Star Trek universe . Star Trek : Hidden Evil , which came out in 1999 not only included voice acting by Brent Spiner as Data and Patrick Stewart as Picard , but the story was a follow - on from the ninth Star Trek movie , Star Trek : Insurrection . Films ( edit ) Main article : Star Trek ( film series ) Levar Burton stars as Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge in all four TNG movies between 1994 and 2002 Michael Dorn also had a scene as Worf in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . The Worf character would also continue for another 4 seasons on the DS9 spin - off TV show and was in all four TNG films Four films feature the characters of the series : Star Trek Generations ( 1994 ) , Star Trek : First Contact ( 1996 ) , Star Trek : Insurrection ( 1998 ) , and Star Trek : Nemesis ( 2002 ) . Worf played by Dorn also appeared in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . ` ` I think it was kind of an honor they had my character be sort of the link between the two series . It was wonderful to be working with the other cast ( from the original Star Trek series ) . It was kind of a fantasy because who would have thought when I was watching the original show that I ` d be working in the movie ? Beyond that , it ` s like professionalism takes over and you just kind of do the best you can and not make yourself look bad -- Mr. Dorn on his role in Undiscovered Country Gross with TNG - cast ST films ( not - inflation adjusted ) Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country $74,888,996 Released 12 / 6 / 91 Star Trek : Generations ( also has some TOS cast ) $75,671,125 Released 11 / 18 / 94 Star Trek : First Contact $92,027,888 Released 11 / 22 / 96 Star Trek : Insurrection $70,187,658 Released 12 / 11 / 98 Star Trek : Nemesis $43,254,409 12 / 13 / 02 Lenard Nimoy as Spock also had some TNG episodes ( e.g. Unification ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) and was featured in the re-boot Star Trek film in 2009 Starting with First Contact , they get a new ship the Enterprise - E with a similar but modified designed as the D - model featured in TV and in Generations Release History ( edit ) VHS ( edit ) All episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation were made available on VHS cassettes , starting in 1991 . The entire series was gradually released on VHS over the next few years during the remainder of the show 's run and after the show had ended . The VHS for TNG were available on mail - order usually two episodes per VHS cassette . LaserDisc ( edit ) Paramount published all episodes on the LaserDisc format from October 1991 using an extended release schedule that concluded in May 1999 . Each disc featured two episodes with Closed Captions , Digital Audio , and CX encoding . Also published were four themed `` collections '' , or boxed sets , of related episodes . These included The Borg Collective , The Q Continuum , Worf : Return to Grace , and The Captains Collection . There was a production error with episode 166 , `` Sub Rosa '' , where a faulty master tape was used that was missing 41⁄2 minutes of footage . Though a new master copy of the episode was obtained , no corrected pressing of this disc was issued . Star Trek : The Next Generation was also released on LaserDisc in the non-US markets Japan and Europe . In Japan , all episodes were released in a series of 14 boxed sets ( two boxed sets per season ) , and as with the US releases were in the NTSC format and ordered by production code . The European laserdiscs were released in the PAL format and included the ten two - part telemovies as well as a disc featuring the episodes Yesterday 's Enterprise and Cause And Effect . The pilot episode , Encounter At Farpoint , was also included in a boxed set called Star Trek : The Pilots featuring the pilot episodes from Star Trek : The Original Series , Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , and Star Trek : Voyager . DVD ( edit ) The first season of the series was released on DVD in March 2002 . Throughout the year the next six seasons were released at various times on DVD , with the seventh season being released in December 2002 . To commemorate the 20th anniversary of the series , CBS Home Entertainment and Paramount Home Entertainment released Star Trek : The Next Generation -- The Complete Series on October 2 , 2007 . The DVD box set contains 49 discs . Between March 2006 and September 2008 , `` Fan Collective '' editions were released containing select episodes of The Next Generation ( and The Original Series , Deep Space Nine , and Voyager ) based on various themes . The individual episodes were chosen by fans voting on StarTrek.com . In total , six `` Fan Collectives '' were produced , along with a boxed set containing the first five collectives . In April 2013 all seven seasons of Star Trek : The Next Generation were re-released in new packaging featuring a silhouette of a different cast member on each box . However , the discs contained the identical content that was previously released in 2002 . Blu - Ray ( edit ) The original show was shot on high - quality 35 mm film , but had to be downscaled before editing and postprocessing to standard ' 80s and ' 90s TV resolution ( video quality ) for broadcast . The show 's final visual effects ( e.g. all exterior shots of the starship Enterprise , phaser fire or beaming fade - ins and - outs ) were also composed only in standard resolution video . All previous home video and DVD releases used this severely downscaled version . To include such footage on Blu - ray , using only upscaling , would have resulted in a larger but blurred image , so CBS decided to use a more detailed approach to bring the show to high definition . They also opted to adhere to the show 's original 4 : 3 aspect ratio . A news release on the official website announced on September 28 , 2011 , in celebration of the series ' twenty - fifth anniversary , that Star Trek : The Next Generation would be completely re-mastered in 1080p and 4k high definition from the original 35 mm film negatives ( consisting of almost 25,000 reels of original film stock ) . All the visual effects for each episode would be digitally recomposed from original large - format negatives and newly created CGI shots . The release would be accompanied by 7.1 DTS Master Audio . An initial disc featuring the episodes `` Encounter at Farpoint '' , `` Sins of the Father '' , and `` The Inner Light '' was released on January 31 , 2012 under the label `` The Next Level '' . The six - disc first season set was released on July 24 , 2012 . The remaining seasons were released periodically thereafter , culminating in the release of the seventh season on December 2 , 2014 . The entire re-mastered series is available on Blu - ray as individual seasons , and as a 41 - disc box set titled The Full Journey . Eventually , all remastered episodes will also be available for television syndication and digital distribution . Mike Okuda believes this is the largest film restoration project ever attempted . Season Release date Special features Season One July 24 , 2012 Documentaries `` Energized ! '' ( about the VFX remastering ) and `` Stardate Revisited '' ( Origin ) Season Two December 4 , 2012 Extended version of `` The Measure of a Man '' , Reunification : reunion interview with entire TNG cast . Season Three April 30 , 2013 Inside the Writer 's Room , Resistance is Futile : Assimilating TNG , A Tribute to Michael Piller Season Four July 30 , 2013 In Conversation : The Star Trek Art Department , Relativity : The Family Saga of Star Trek TNG , Deleted scenes Season Five November 19 , 2013 In Conversation : The Music of TNG , Requiem : A Remembrance of TNG , Deleted scenes Season Six June 24 , 2014 Beyond the Five Year Mission - The Evolution of Star Trek : The Next Generation , Deleted scenes Season Seven December 2 , 2014 The Sky 's the Limit -- The Eclipse of Star Trek : The Next Generation , In Conversation : Lensing Star Trek : The Next Generation , deleted scenes Standalone episodes ( edit ) When TNG was re-made into 1080p , several episodes were released as stand - alone single show Blu - Ray products . This includes `` The Best of Both Worlds '' `` Redemption '' `` Unification '' `` Chain of Command '' `` All Good Things ... '' The Measure of a Man HD extended cut ( edit ) Main article : The Measure of a Man ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) A famous episode , `` The Measure of a Man `` , which broke - out of entertainment into academia was released in HD in 2012 with an extended cut . The extended version includes an extra 13 minutes of footage as well as recreated special effects . It was released as part of the Season 2 collection set . Spin - offs and the franchise ( edit ) Re-creation of the TNG starship bridge for Star Trek : The Exhibition Star Trek : The Next Generation spawned a lot of media set in its science - fiction vision , which was primarily the 2370s but set in the same universe as first Star Trek TV shows of the 1960s . This included the aforementioned films , computer games , board games , theme parks etc . In the 2010s there was still discussion about a Captain Worf spin - off , the Bridge officer that debuted on TNG and was also featured in the TNG spin - off show Deep Space Nine , which itself had quite a following . Star Trek TNG - era Novels ( examples ) : Balance of Power ( Star Trek ) The Children of Hamlin Dark Mirror ( Star Trek novel ) Death in Winter The Devil 's Heart I , Q Immortal Coil Imzadi The Peacekeepers Planet X ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : The Q Continuum Q - in - Law Rogue ( Star Trek ) Rogue Saucer Star Trek : The Lost Era Star Trek : Typhon Pact Star Trek : Stargazer Strike Zone Survivors ( Star Trek ) Star Trek : A Time to ... Star Trek : Titan Vendetta ( Star Trek ) These are the voyages ... ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Jonathan Frakes and Marina Sirtis returned to their The Next Generation roles for the series finale of Enterprise . In 2005 , the last episode of `` Enteprise '' called `` These Are the Voyages ... '' ( S4E22 ) featured a holodeck simulation on the USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) from Star Trek : The Next Generation during the events of the episode `` The Pegasus '' and the return of Commander William Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) and Counselor Deanna Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) . It was written by Berman and Braga , who noted `` ... this was a very cool episode because it has a great concept driving it '' . Star Trek : Enterprise was TV show launched following Star Trek : Voyager conclusion , and was set 100 years before TOS and 200 years before TNG , in addition to including some soft re-boot elements with an all new cast . Some episodes connected to TNG directly including guest stars by Brent Spiner and connections to the events in TNG 's fictional universe . The three - episode story arc consisting of `` Borderland '' , `` Cold Station 12 '' , and `` The Augments '' , with a Soong ancestor portrayed by The Next Generation regular Brent Spiner provides some backstory to Data 's back - story . Also Affliction ( Star Trek : Enterprise ) also helps explain the smooth - headed Klingons that sometimes appeared , a theatrically presented retcon and backstory that helped explain this varying presentation between TOS , TNG , and Films Star Trek would not return to television as a show for over 12 years , until the debut of Star Trek : Discovery on CBS , but thereafter exclusively available on the internet service CBS All Access ( Neflix Internationally ) at that time . The film franchise was rebooted under the Kelvin timeline was quite successful , with several blockbusters from 2009 and featuring scenes with Spock Context ( edit ) This infographic shows the first - run production timeline of various Star Trek franchise shows and films , including Star Trek : The Next Generation The re-production of TNG into HD was done in the 2010s . See also ( edit ) Science Fiction portal Star Trek portal Cultural influence of Star Trek List of Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes List of comic books based on Star Trek : The Next Generation List of Star Trek Starfleet starships ordered by class ( Includes many fictional spacecraft from TNG , but also the wider Star Trek franchise ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . CBS.com . http://www.cbs.com/shows/star_trek_the_next_generation/ Jump up ^ Trek Core Staff . `` Selling ... Into Syndication '' . Trek Core . 12 October 2014 . http://trekcore.com/blog/2014/10/advertising-archive-selling-tng-in-syndication/ Jump up ^ Thill , Scott . `` Warping into Star Trek : The Next Generation 's 25 Years ... '' . Wired. 28 September 2012 . https://www.wired.com/2012/09/star-trek-tng25-ron-moore/ ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler , Eric ( July 24 , 1994 ) . `` TELEVISION : Profits , Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Trek Nation - Star Trek Ratings History '' . www.trektoday.com . ^ Jump up to : Nemeck , Larry ( 2003 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 7434 - 5798 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Article 99 '' . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( November 2 , 1986 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' Plan Reflects Symbiosis of TV and Movies '' . The New York Times . p. 31 . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nemecek , Larry ( 1992 ) . `` Rebirth '' . In Stern , Dave . The Star Trek The Next Generation Companion. 1230 Avenue of the Americas , New York 10020 : Pocket Books . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 79460 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Teitelbaum , Sheldon ( May 5 , 1991 ) . `` How Gene Roddenberry and his Brain Trust Have Boldly Taken ' Star Trek ' Where No TV Series Has Gone Before : Trekking to the Top '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 16 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Roddenberry names new Star Trek crew '' . The StarPhoenix . Saskatoon , Saskatchewan . Associated Press . May 21 , 1987 . pp. C3 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Rick Berman Bio '' . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gendel , Morgan ( October 11 , 1986 ) . `` NEW ` TREK ' IS ON THE LAUNCH PAD '' . Los Angeles Times . p. 1 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Patrick Stewart On Expecting TNG To Fail , Roddenberry v Berman , Star Trek ' Albatross ' + more '' . June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Okuda , Michael and Rick Sternbach ( 1991 ) . Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70427 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Weinstein , Steve ( May 3 , 1988 ) . `` Newest ' Star Trek ' Zooms at Warp Speed : ' Next Generation ' Series Scores With Viewers and Critics Alike '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Pearson , Roberta ( 2011 ) . `` Cult Television as Digital Television 's Cutting Edge '' . In Bennett , James ; Strange , Niki . Television as Digital Media . Duke University Press . pp. 105 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 4910 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Máire Messenger ; Roberta Pearson ( 2007 ) . `` The Little Program That Could : The Relationship Between NBC and Star Trek '' . In Hilmes , Michele ; Henry , Michael Lowell . NBC : America 's Network . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25079 - 6 . Jump up ^ Alexander , David ( 1994 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Harmetz , Aljean ( October 4 , 1987 ) . `` Syndicated ' Star Trek ' Puts Dent in Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cerone , Daniel ( November 6 , 1992 ) . `` ' Star Trek ' -- Still on the Beam : Television : One year after creator Gene Roddenberry 's death , the born - again series tops the syndication charts '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McClellan , Steve ( February 17 , 1992 ) . `` HOUR DRAMA BOLDLY GOING TO FIRST - RUN '' . Broadcasting . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cerone , Daniel ( November 1 , 1992 ) . `` TELEVISION : Action , Adventure , Aliens ... Ratings ? : Syndication is going where the action was . Mixing revivals of old TV hits with brand - new series , programmers are pinning hopes on a once - vibrant genre '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IMDB Technical Specifications for Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dillard , J.M. ( 1994 ) . Star Trek : `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' : A History in Pictures ( Star Trek ( Trade / hardcover ) ) . Pocket Books . pp. 130 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 51149 - 1 . The writers were being rewritten by Gene , and there was a lot of tumult because people did n't know where they stood . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season One '' . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation , Season One '' . Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season One DVD '' . Jump up ^ Beale , Lewis ( July 21 , 1987 ) . `` A Visit to ' Star Trek : The Next Generation ' '' . Deseret News . Los Angeles Daily News . pp. 4T . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dougan , Michael ( October 3 , 1987 ) . `` Going where no cast has gone before ... '' Nashua Telegraph . Scripps Howard News Service . p. 16 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MacMillin , Guy ( October 30 , 1987 ) . `` New ' Star Trek ' looks promising '' . Bowling Green Daily News . Bowling Green , Kentucky . Newspaper Enterprise Association . p. 12 . Retrieved May 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive '' . January 19 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` DVD Verdict : Star Trek : The Next Generation , Season Two '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation Season Two DVD Special Features . Jump up ^ `` Sci Fi Weekly : Star Trek : The Next Generation -- Season Two DVD '' . Jump up ^ `` The DVD Journal : Star Trek : The Next Generation : Season Two '' . Jump up ^ `` StarTrek.com Biography of Ira Steven Behr '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Is it true that you got back ache from your costume ? -- BBC 's Interview with actor Patrick Stewart ( Captain Picard ) ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 5 - 6 Ratings Archive '' . January 19 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` A Q&A with astronaut Mae Jemison , first black woman in space '' . Jump up ^ `` LeVar Burton Biography - Facts , Birthday , Life Story '' . Biography.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( TNG ) Season 7 Ratings Archive '' . February 10 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Schmuckler , Eric ( July 24 , 1994 ) . `` Profits , Reruns and the End of ' Next Generation ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin ( May 6 , 1994 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation readies for last episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hunt , Bill ( December 23 , 2014 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Seven '' . ^ Jump up to : Collura , Scott ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation - Season Two Blu - ray Review '' . Jump up ^ `` Blu - ray Sales : Star Trek 's Next Generation Debut - The Numbers '' . ^ Jump up to : Staff , TrekCore . `` Netflix Brings VFX Fixes to STAR TREK : TNG in HD - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : The Full Journey Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ `` Geek Trivia : Which Actor Has The Most Appearances In The Star Trek Universe ? '' . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pascale , Anthony . `` Rick Berman Talks 18 Years of Trek In Extensive Oral History '' . TrekMovie.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Erdmann , Terry J. ; Paula M. Block ( August 1 , 2000 ) . Deep Space Nine Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 50106 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide ( June 28 -- July 4 ) . 1997 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' . CBS News . April 26 , 2002 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' . Empire Magazine . December 5 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek ' Model Fetches Over $500,000 ( link inactive as of Nov 10 , 2008 ) '' . ABC News . October 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 25 Best Cult TV Shows from the Past 25 Years . '' Entertainment Weekly . August 3 , 2012 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Two to bid up ! First auction of ' Star Trek ' stuff MSNBC Archived September 9 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Christie 's 1778 - 0537 , Picard 's Ressikan Flute , Star Trek Propcollector.com at the Star Trek Auction Listings Archive Jump up ^ Puente , Maria ( 2006 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Boldly bid where no fan has bid before '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` ( TNG ) Season 1 - 2 Ratings Archive '' . February 10 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 1 NIELSEN RATINGS '' . users.telenet.be . Jump up ^ `` WebTrek - Star Trek : Deep Space Nine * SEASON 7 NIELSEN RATINGS '' . users.telenet.be . Jump up ^ Poole , Stephen ( 1996 ) . `` Vaporware Hall of Shame '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 5 , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek Armada II Announced '' . Game Monkeys . February 14 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` J.G. Hertzler '' . Voice Chasers . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Armada '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved Dec 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Trek : Hidden Evil '' . IGN . December 2 , 1999 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` That Macho Lt. Worf Is A Nice Guy -- - Really '' . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek Movies at the Box Office - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . ^ Jump up to : Young , Blaine ( April 19 , 2003 ) . `` Star Trek : The Next Generation '' . Blam Entertainment Group . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` TV '' . ew.com . Jump up ^ Staff , StarTrek.com ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Star Trek The Next Generation Blu - rays Launch in 2012 '' . Startrek.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek : The Next Generation : Blu - Ray Release '' . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Ryan Adams & David S. Grant Interview , Part I TrekCore Blog '' . Tng.trekcore.com . October 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , TrekCore . `` New STAR TREK TOS , TNG Box Sets Coming in June - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ Walker , Adam . `` ' Measure of a Man ' Extended Cut Details : New Visual Effects - TrekCore Blog '' . trekcore.com . Jump up ^ `` Trek Reviews : The Extended Version Of Star Trek TNG ' The Measure Of A Man ' - Trek Mate '' . www.trekmate.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` Michael Dorn Confirms He 's Working on a ' Star Trek : Captain Worf ' TV Series ( UPDATED ) '' . September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Perigard , Mark A. ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` To boldly flop ; ` Enterprise ' fans will want to be transported away from finale '' . Boston Herald . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Amatangelo , Amy ( May 12 , 2005 ) . `` Producers : Show fits time - space continuum '' . The Boston Herald . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . ( subscription required ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Star Trek : The Next Generation . 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Star Trek Outline Timeline Canon Television series The Original Series episodes The Animated Series episodes The Next Generation episodes Deep Space Nine episodes Voyager episodes Enterprise episodes Discovery episodes Feature films The Original Series The Motion Picture The Wrath of Khan The Search for Spock The Voyage Home The Final Frontier The Undiscovered Country The Next Generation Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Reboot ( Kelvin Timeline ) Star Trek Into Darkness Beyond Setting Characters A -- F G -- M N -- S T -- Z Concepts Games Kobayashi Maru Law Prime Directive Materials Dilithium Sexuality Pon farr Stardate Locations Galactic quadrant Mirror Universe Planets A -- B C -- F G -- L M -- Q R -- S T -- Z Cultures and species Andorian Bajoran Borg Breen Cardassian Dominion Ferengi Rules of Acquisition Gorn Kazon Klingon language Maquis Orion Q Romulan Species 8472 United Federation of Planets Starfleet Academy Section 31 Tribble Vidiians Vulcan nerve pinch salute Xindi Technology Communicator Deflector shields Holodeck Hypospray Impulse drive LCARS Medicine Replicator Spacecraft Deep Space Nine Defiant Earth Spacedock Enterprise NX - 01 NCC - 1701 Shuttlecraft Voyager Starships ordered by class Transporter Tricorder Uniforms Warp drive Weapons Bat'leth Production List of staff Gene Roddenberry Norway Corporation Composers and music musical theme `` Where no man has gone before '' `` Beam me up , Scotty '' Redshirt Unmade projects The God Thing Planet of the Titans Phase II Spin - off fiction Games Literature Comics Novels Reference books Stage A Klingon Christmas Carol Klingon opera Documentaries Trekkies Mind Meld Trekkies 2 How William Shatner Changed the World Beyond the Final Frontier The Captains Trek Nation For the Love of Spock Cultural influence Comparison to Star Wars Crossovers Fandom productions expanded universe Kirk and Uhura 's kiss Kirk / Spock Memory Alpha The Exhibition The Experience Book Portal Star Trek : The Next Generation Characters Beverly Crusher Wesley Crusher Data Geordi La Forge Guinan Miles O'Brien Jean - Luc Picard Katherine Pulaski Q William Riker Deanna Troi Worf Tasha Yar Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Films Generations First Contact Insurrection Nemesis Other topics Awards Cast USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - D ) USS Enterprise ( NCC - 1701 - E ) `` These Are the Voyages ... '' Star Trek : Countdown Star Trek : The Next Generation Technical Manual Star Trek : The Next Generation : Klingon Honor Guard Star Trek : The Next Generation -- A Final Unity Star Trek : The Next Generation episodes Seasons 5 6 7 Saturn Award for Best Network Television Series Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1988 ) Star Trek : The Next Generation ( 1989 / 90 ) Dark Shadows ( 1991 ) The Simpsons ( 1992 ) Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman ( 1993 ) The X-Files ( 1994 ) The Outer Limits ( 1995 ) The X-Files ( 1996 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 ) The X-Files ( 1998 ) Now and Again ( 1999 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2000 ) Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 2001 ) Alias ( 2002 ) Angel / CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( 2003 ) Lost ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) Heroes ( 2006 ) Lost ( 2007 ) Lost ( 2008 ) Lost ( 2009 ) Fringe ( 2010 ) Fringe ( 2011 ) Revolution ( 2012 ) Hannibal / Revolution ( 2013 ) Hannibal ( 2014 ) Gene Roddenberry Early life and career Personal life Legacy Awards and nominations Filmography Films produced Pretty Maids All in a Row Star Trek : The Motion Picture Television series The Lieutenant Star Trek : The Original Series Star Trek : The Animated Series Star Trek : The Next Generation Earth : Final Conflict Andromeda Television pilots Genesis II Planet Earth The Questor Tapes Spectre Strange New World Family Majel Barrett Rod Roddenberry Companies Lincoln Enterprises Norway Corporation Related Pan Am Flight 121 Star Trek : Phase II Trek Nation GND : 4334937 - 7 LCCN : n85039387 VIAF : 178244460 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation&oldid=843631546 '' Categories : Star Trek : The Next Generation 1987 American television series debuts 1994 American television series endings 1980s American science fiction television series 1990s American science fiction television series Space adventure television series American adventure television series 1980s American drama television series 1990s American drama television series Androids in television Emmy Award - winning programs English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Peabody Award - winning television programs Space Western television series Television series set in the 24th century Star Trek television series Television series by CBS Television Studios Sequel television series American time travel television series Television series created by Gene Roddenberry Television shows filmed in Los Angeles Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 12 : 03 . 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when did star trek the next generation first air

Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 September 28 , 1987 ( 1987 - 09 - 28 ) May 16 , 1988 ( 1988 - 05 - 16 ) 22 November 21 , 1988 ( 1988 - 11 - 21 ) July 17 , 1989 ( 1989 - 07 - 17 ) 26 September 25 , 1989 ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) June 18 , 1990 ( 1990 - 06 - 18 ) 26 September 24 , 1990 ( 1990 - 09 - 24 ) June 17 , 1991 ( 1991 - 06 - 17 ) 5 26 September 23 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 23 ) June 15 , 1992 ( 1992 - 06 - 15 ) 6 26 September 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) June 21 , 1993 ( 1993 - 06 - 21 ) 7 26 September 20 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 20 ) May 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 05 - 23 )

Civil Rights Act of 1866 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1866 Jump to : navigation , search Civil Rights Act of 1866 Long title An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights and liberties , and furnish the Means of their Vindication . Acronyms ( colloquial ) CRA 1866 Enacted by the 39th United States Congress Effective April 9 , 1866 Citations Public law 14 Stat. 27 -- 30 Legislative history Introduced in the Senate as S. 61 by Sen. Lyman Trumbull ( R - IL ) on January 5 , 1866 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the Senate on February 2 , 1866 ( 33 -- 12 ) Passed the House on March 13 , 1866 ( 34 `` not voting '' ) ( 111 -- 38 ) Vetoed by President Andrew Johnson on March 27 , 1866 Overridden by the Senate on April 6 , 1866 ( 33 -- 15 ) Overridden by the House and became law on April 9 , 1866 ( 21 `` not voting '' ) ( 122 -- 41 ) Major amendments Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Section 1981 ) P.L. 102 -- 166 United States Supreme Court cases Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. ( 1968 ) Saint Francis College v. al - Khazraji ( 1987 ) Domino 's Pizza , Inc. v. McDonald ( 2006 ) The Civil Rights Act of 1866 , 14 Stat. 27 -- 30 , enacted April 9 , 1866 , was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law . It was mainly intended to protect the civil rights of persons of African descent born in or brought to the United States , in the wake of the American Civil War . This legislation was enacted by Congress in 1865 but vetoed by President Andrew Johnson . In April 1866 Congress again passed the bill to support the Thirteenth Amendment . Although Johnson again vetoed it , a two - thirds majority in each chamber overcame the veto and the bill therefore became law . John Bingham and some other congressmen argued that Congress did not yet have sufficient constitutional power to enact this law . Following passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 , Congress reenacted the 1866 Act in 1871 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction and amendment 2 Content 3 Enactment , constitutionalization , and reenactment 4 Aftermath and consequences 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Introduction and Amendment ( edit ) The author of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 was Senator Lyman Trumbull , who introduced the bill in the Senate . Congressman James F. Wilson summarized what he considered to be the purpose of the act as follows , when he introduced the bill in the House of Representatives : It provides for the equality of citizens of the United States in the enjoyment of `` civil rights and immunities . '' What do these terms mean ? Do they mean that in all things civil , social , political , all citizens , without distinction of race or color , shall be equal ? By no means can they be so construed . Do they mean that all citizens shall vote in the several States ? No ; for suffrage is a political right which has been left under the control of the several States , subject to the action of Congress only when it becomes necessary to enforce the guarantee of a republican form of government ( protection against a monarchy ) . Nor do they mean that all citizens shall sit on the juries , or that their children shall attend the same schools . The definition given to the term `` civil rights '' in Bouvier 's Law Dictionary is very concise , and is supported by the best authority . It is this : `` Civil rights are those which have no relation to the establishment , support , or management of government . '' During the subsequent legislative process , the following key provision was deleted : `` there shall be no discrimination in civil rights or immunities among the inhabitants of any State or Territory of the United States on account of race , color , or previous condition of servitude . '' John Bingham was an influential supporter of this deletion , on the ground that courts might construe the term `` civil rights '' more broadly than people like Wilson intended . Weeks later , Senator Trumbull described the bill 's intended scope : This bill in no manner interferes with the municipal regulations of any State which protects all alike in their rights of person and property . It could have no operation in Massachusetts , New York , Illinois , or most of the States of the Union . The next day , on April 5 , 1866 , the Senate overrode President Johnson 's veto . This marked the first time that the U.S. Congress ever overrode a president 's veto for a major piece of legislation . Content ( edit ) With an incipit of `` An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights , and furnish the Means of their vindication '' , the act declared that all people born in the United States who are not subject to any foreign power are entitled to be citizens , without regard to race , color , or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude . A similar provision ( called the Citizenship Clause ) was written a few months later into the proposed Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Civil Rights Act of 1866 also said that any citizen has the same right that a white citizen has to make and enforce contracts , sue and be sued , give evidence in court , and inherit , purchase , lease , sell , hold , and convey real and personal property . Additionally , the act guaranteed to all citizens the `` full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property , as is enjoyed by white citizens , and ... like punishment , pains , and penalties ... '' Persons who denied these rights on account of race or previous enslavement were guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction faced a fine not exceeding $1,000 , or imprisonment not exceeding one year , or both . The act used language very similar to that of the Equal Protection Clause in the newly proposed Fourteenth Amendment . In particular , the act discussed the need to provide `` reasonable protection to all persons in their constitutional rights of equality before the law , without distinction of race or color , or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude , except as a punishment for crime , whereof the party shall have been duly convicted ... '' This statute was a major part of general federal policy during Reconstruction , and was closely related to the Second Freedmen 's Bureau Act of 1866 . According to Congressman John Bingham , `` the seventh and eighth sections of the Freedmen 's Bureau bill enumerate the same rights and all the rights and privileges that are enumerated in the first section of this ( the Civil Rights ) bill . '' Parts of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 are still in effect in the 21st century , according to the United States Code : All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts , to sue , be parties , give evidence , and to the full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of persons and property as is enjoyed by white citizens , and shall be subject to like punishment , pains , penalties , taxes , licenses , and exactions of every kind , and to no other . This section of the United States Code ( 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ) , is § 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as revised and amended by subsequent Acts of Congress . Enactment , constitutionalization , and reenactment ( edit ) Illustration of the passage of the act Senator Lyman Trumbull was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory `` badge of servitude '' prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment . Representative John Bingham , principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment , was one of several Republicans who believed ( prior to that Amendment ) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act . In the 20th century , the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull 's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties , in view of the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor . To the extent that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 may have been intended to go beyond preventing discrimination , by conferring particular rights on all citizens , the constitutional power of Congress to do that was more questionable . For example , Representative William Lawrence argued that Congress had power to enact the statute because of the Privileges and Immunities Clause in Article IV of the original unamended Constitution , even though courts had suggested otherwise . In any event , there is currently no consensus that the language of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 actually purports to confer any legal benefits upon white citizens . Representative Samuel Shellabarger said that it did not . After the Civil Rights Act of 1866 had been enacted into law over President Andrew Johnson 's veto , some members of Congress voted for the Fourteenth Amendment in order to eliminate doubts about the constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , or to ensure that no subsequent Congress could later repeal or alter the main provisions of that Act . Thus , the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment parallels citizenship language in the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , and likewise the Equal Protection Clause parallels nondiscrimination language in the 1866 Act ; the extent to which other clauses in the Fourteenth Amendment may have incorporated elements of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a matter of continuing debate . Ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment was completed in 1868 . Two years later , the 1866 Act was reenacted , as Section 18 of the Enforcement Act of 1870 . Aftermath and consequences ( edit ) The activities of terrorist groups such as the Ku Klux Klan ( KKK ) undermined the act ; and it failed to immediately secure the civil rights of African Americans . Since 1866 it has been illegal in the U.S. to discriminate in jobs and housing on the basis of race . However , federal penalties were not provided for , so that remedies were left to the individuals involved . Because those being discriminated against had limited access to legal help , this left many victims of discrimination without recourse . Since the latter half of the 20th century and passage of related civil rights legislation , there have been an increasing number of remedies provided under this act , including the landmark Jones v. Mayer and Sullivan v. Little Hunting Park , Inc. decisions in 1968 . See also ( edit ) US labor law Slave Trade Acts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ White , Deborah ( 2012 ) . Freedom On My Mind . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 391 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 64884 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Text of Civil Rights Act of 1866 '' . TeachingAmericanHistory.org . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lash , Kurt . `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause , Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '' , Georgetown Law Journal , Volume 99 , p. 361 ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , p. 1117 ( March 1 , 1866 ) . Jump up ^ Kull , Andrew . The Color - Blind Constitution , pp. 75 -- 78 ( Harvard University Press , 1994 ) . Jump up ^ Lash , Kurt . `` The Origins of the Privileges or Immunities Clause , Part II : John Bingham and the Second Draft of the Fourteenth Amendment '' , Georgetown Law Journal , Volume 99 , p. 394 ( 2011 ) . This statement by Senator Trumbull was discussed by both the majority as well as by dissenting Justice Harlan in the Supreme Court case of Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. , 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ) . See the transcript from April 4 , 1866 . Jump up ^ Zak , Michael ( March 13 , 2016 ) . `` Republicans passed ' An Act to protect all Persons in the United States in their Civil Rights , and to furnish the means for their Vindication ' '' . Grand Old Partisan . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ( T ) his was the first time Congress had overridden a veto for major legislation . Even so , President Johnson refused to enforce this law . ^ Jump up to : See Civil Rights Act of 1866 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty . Jump up ^ Halbrook , Stephen . Freedmen , the Fourteenth Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 - 1876 , page 29 ( Greenwood Publishing Group 1998 ) . Jump up ^ Full text of Second Freedmen 's Bureau Bill ( December 4 , 1865 ) from the Online Library of Liberty . Jump up ^ Foner , Eric ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Politics of Reconstruction '' . C - SPAN . Washington , D.C . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 42 U.S.C. § 1981 ^ Jump up to : Salzman , Lawrence . `` Civil Rights Act of 1866 '' in Encyclopedia of American Civil Liberties , by Paul Finkelman , Volume 1 , pp. 299 -- 300 ( CRC Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Curtis , Michael Kent . No State Shall Abridge : The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights , p. 80 ( Duke University Press 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Bogen , David . Privileges and Immunities : Reference Guide to the United States Constitution , page 43 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` Two Faces of Judicial Restraint ( Or Are There More ? ) in McDonald v. Chicago '' , Florida Law Review ( forthcoming ) . Jump up ^ Harrison , John . `` Reconstructing the Privileges or Immunities Clause '' , 10 Yale Law Journal 1385 ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ Congressional Globe , House of Representatives , 39th Congress , 1st Session , page 1293 ( 1866 ) . Jump up ^ Johnson , Andrew . `` Veto of the Civil Rights Bill '' . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Belz ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Jones v. Mayer Archived 2012 - 07 - 12 at Archive.is , 392 U.S. 409 ( 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Yen , Chin - Yung . Rights of citizens and persons under the Fourteenth amendment , page 7 ( New Era Printing Company 1905 ) . Jump up ^ See McDonald v. Chicago , 561 U.S. ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ See Enforcement Act of 1870 ( full text ) via the Online Library of Liberty . Jump up ^ Player ( 2004 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Belz , Herman . A New Birth of Freedom : The Republican Party and Freedom Rights , 1861 to 1866 ( 2000 ) Dew , Lee Allen . `` The Reluctant Radicals of 1866 , '' Midwest Quarterly ( Spring 1967 ) pp 261 -- 276 . Foner , Eric . Reconstruction : America 's Unfinished Revolution , 1863 -- 1877 ( 1988 ) Hyman , Harold M. A More Perfect Union ( 1975 ) Player , Mack A. Federal Law of Employment Discrimination in a Nutshell ( 2004 ) Rutherglen , George ( 2013 ) . Civil Rights in the Shadow of Slavery : The Constitution , Common Law , and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 . Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 9780199739707 . Tsesis , Alexander . The Thirteenth Amendment and American Freedom : A Legal History ( 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Texts on Wikisource : Civil Rights Act of 1866 `` Civil Rights Bill '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Civil Rights Bills '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . ( hide ) Immigration to the United States and related topics Relevant colonial era , United States and international laws Colonial era Nationality law in the American Colonies Plantation Act 1740 18th century Naturalization Act 1790 / 1795 / 1798 19th century Naturalization Law 1802 Civil Rights Act of 1866 14th Amendment ( 1868 ) Naturalization Act 1870 Page Act ( 1875 ) Immigration Act of 1882 Chinese Exclusion ( 1882 ) Scott Act ( 1888 ) Immigration Act of 1891 Geary Act ( 1892 ) 1900 -- 1949 Naturalization Act 1906 Gentlemen 's Agreement ( 1907 ) Immigration Act of 1907 Immigration Act 1917 ( Asian Barred Zone ) Emergency Quota Act ( 1921 ) Cable Act ( 1922 ) Immigration Act 1924 Tydings -- McDuffie Act ( 1934 ) Filipino Repatriation Act ( 1935 ) Nationality Act of 1940 Bracero Program ( 1942 -- 1964 ) Magnuson Act ( 1943 ) War Brides Act ( 1945 ) Luce -- Celler Act ( 1946 ) 1950 -- 1999 UN Refugee Convention ( 1951 ) Immigration and Nationality Act 1952 / 1965 Refugee Act ( 1980 ) Immigration Reform and Control Act ( 1986 ) American Homecoming Act ( 1989 ) Immigration Act 1990 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act ( IIRIRA ) ( 1996 ) Nicaraguan Adjustment and Central American Relief Act ( NACARA ) ( 1997 ) American Competitiveness and Workforce Improvement Act ( ACWIA ) ( 1998 ) 21st century American Competitiveness in the 21st Century Act ( AC21 ) ( 2000 ) Legal Immigration Family Equity Act ( LIFE Act ) ( 2000 ) H - 1B Visa Reform Act ( 2004 ) REAL ID Act ( 2005 ) Secure Fence Act ( 2006 ) DACA ( 2012 ) Executive Order 13769 ( 2017 ) Executive Order 13780 ( 2017 ) Visas and policies Visa policy Permanent residence Visa Waiver Program Temporary protected status Asylum Green Card Lottery US - VISIT Security Advisory Opinion E-Verify Section 287 ( g ) National Origins Formula Government organizations Department of Homeland Security Immigration and Customs Enforcement U.S. Border Patrol U.S. Customs and Border Protection Immigration and Naturalization Service ( INS ) Board of Immigration Appeals Supreme Court cases United States v. 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why was the civil rights act of 1866 made into an amendment to the constitution

Senator Lyman Trumbull was the Senate sponsor of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 , and he argued that Congress had power to enact it in order to eliminate a discriminatory `` badge of servitude '' prohibited by the Thirteenth Amendment . Representative John Bingham , principal author of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment , was one of several Republicans who believed ( prior to that Amendment ) that Congress lacked power to pass the 1866 Act . In the 20th century , the U.S. Supreme Court ultimately adopted Trumbull 's Thirteenth Amendment rationale for congressional power to ban racial discrimination by states and by private parties , in view of the fact that the Thirteenth Amendment does not require a state actor .

Orient Express - wikipedia Orient Express Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Orient Express ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Orient Express Poster advertising the winter 1888 -- 1889 timetable Operation Train length 4 to 22 coaches The Orient Express was a long - distance passenger train service created in 1883 by Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits ( CIWL ) . The route and rolling stock of the Orient Express changed many times . Several routes in the past concurrently used the Orient Express name , or slight variations . Although the original Orient Express was simply a normal international railway service , the name became synonymous with intrigue and luxury travel . The two city names most prominently associated with the Orient Express are Paris and Constantinople ( Istanbul ) , the original endpoints of the timetabled service . The Orient Express was a showcase of luxury and comfort at a time when travelling was still rough and dangerous . In 1977 , the Orient Express stopped serving Istanbul . Its immediate successor , a through overnight service from Paris to Bucharest -- since 1991 only to Budapest , and in 2001 again shortened to Vienna -- ran for the last time from Paris on Friday , June 8 , 2007 . After this , the route , still called the `` Orient Express '' , was shortened to start from Strasbourg instead , occasioned by the inauguration of the LGV Est which afforded much shorter travel times from Paris to Strasbourg . The new curtailed service left Strasbourg at 22 : 20 daily , shortly after the arrival of a TGV from Paris , and was attached at Karlsruhe to the overnight sleeper service from Amsterdam to Vienna . On 14 December 2009 , the Orient Express ceased to operate and the route disappeared from European railway timetables , reportedly a `` victim of high - speed trains and cut - rate airlines '' . The Venice - Simplon Orient Express train , a private venture by Orient - Express Hotels Ltd. using original CIWL carriages from the 1920s and 1930s , continues to run from London to Venice and to other destinations in Europe , including the original route from Paris to Istanbul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) 2 Routes 3 Original train 4 Route legacy 5 Privately run trains using the name 6 CIWL phototheque and historical archives 7 In popular culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Film 7.3 Television 7.4 Music 7.5 Games and animation 7.6 Exhibitions 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 9.2 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Train Eclair de luxe ( the `` test '' train ) ( edit ) CIWL logo In 1882 , Georges Nagelmackers , a Belgian banker 's son , invited guests to a railway trip of 2,000 km ( 1,243 mi ) on his `` Train Eclair de luxe '' ( `` lightning luxury train '' ) . The train left Paris Gare de l'Est on Tuesday , October 10 , 1882 , just after 18 : 30 and arrived in Vienna the next day at 23 : 20 . The return trip left Vienna on Friday , October 13 , 1882 , at 16 : 40 and , as planned , re-entered the Gare de Strasbourg at 20 : 00 on Saturday October 14 , 1882 . Georges Nagelmackers was the founder of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits , which expanded its luxury trains , travel agencies and hotels all over Europe , Asia and North Africa . Its most famous train remains the Orient - Express . The train was composed of : Baggage car Sleeping coach with 16 beds ( with bogies ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Restaurant coach ( nr. 107 ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Sleeping coach with 14 beds ( 3 axles ) Baggage car ( complete 101 ton ) The first menu on board ( October 10 , 1882 ) : oysters , soup with Italian pasta , turbot with green sauce , chicken ' à la chasseur ' , fillet of beef with ' château ' potatoes , ' chaud - froid ' of game animals , lettuce , chocolate pudding , buffet of desserts . Orient Express cars , 1930 Routes ( edit ) Historic routes of Orient Express -- the cross denotes the Simplon tunnel Original train ( edit ) The first Orient Express in 1883 On June 5 , 1883 , the first Express d'Orient left Paris for Vienna . Vienna remained the terminus until October 4 , 1883 . The train was officially renamed Orient Express in 1891 . The original route , which first ran on October 4 , 1883 , was from Paris , Gare de l'Est , to Giurgiu in Romania via Munich and Vienna . At Giurgiu , passengers were ferried across the Danube to Ruse , Bulgaria , to pick up another train to Varna . They then completed their journey to Constantinople by ferry . In 1885 , another route began operations , this time reaching Istanbul via rail from Vienna to Belgrade and Niš , carriage to Plovdiv and rail again to Istanbul . WL Orient Express In 1889 , the train 's eastern terminus became Varna in Bulgaria , where passengers could take a ship to Constantinople . On June 1 , 1889 , the first direct train to Istanbul left Paris ( Gare de l'Est ) . Istanbul remained its easternmost stop until May 19 , 1977 . The eastern terminus was the Sirkeci Terminal by the Golden Horn . Ferry service from piers next to the terminal would take passengers across the Bosphorus to Haydarpaşa Terminal , the terminus of the Asian lines of the Ottoman Railways . The onset of World War I in 1914 saw Orient Express services suspended . They resumed at the end of hostilities in 1918 , and in 1919 the opening of the Simplon Tunnel allowed the introduction of a more southerly route via Milan , Venice and Trieste . The service on this route was known as the Simplon Orient Express , and it ran in addition to continuing services on the old route . The Treaty of Saint - Germain contained a clause requiring Austria to accept this train : formerly , Austria allowed international services to pass through Austrian territory ( which included Trieste at the time ) only if they ran via Vienna . The Simplon Orient Express soon became the most important rail route between Paris and Istanbul . Badge of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits on a car of the Orient Express The 1930s saw the Orient Express services at its most popular , with three parallel services running : the Orient Express , the Simplon Orient Express , and also the Arlberg Orient Express , which ran via Zürich and Innsbruck to Budapest , with sleeper cars running onwards from there to Bucharest and Athens . During this time , the Orient Express acquired its reputation for comfort and luxury , carrying sleeping - cars with permanent service and restaurant cars known for the quality of their cuisine . Royalty , nobles , diplomats , business people and the bourgeoisie in general patronized it . Each of the Orient Express services also incorporated sleeping cars which had run from Calais to Paris , thus extending the service right from one edge of continental Europe to the other . WL Golden Arrow The start of the Second World War in 1939 again interrupted the service , which did not resume until 1945 . During the war , the German Mitropa company had run some services on the route through the Balkans , but Yugoslav Partisans frequently sabotaged the track , forcing a stop to this service . Following the end of the war , normal services resumed except on the Athens leg , where the closure of the border between Yugoslavia and Greece prevented services from running . That border re-opened in 1951 , but the closure of the Bulgarian -- Turkish border from 1951 to 1952 prevented services running to Istanbul during that time . As the Iron Curtain fell across Europe , the service continued to run , but the Communist nations increasingly replaced the Wagon - Lits cars with carriages run by their own railway services . Luggage tag By 1962 , the Orient Express and Arlberg Orient Express had stopped running , leaving only the Simplon Orient Express . This was replaced in 1962 by a slower service called the Direct Orient Express , which ran daily cars from Paris to Belgrade , and twice weekly services from Paris to Istanbul and Athens . In 1971 , the Wagon - Lits company stopped running carriages itself and making revenues from a ticket supplement . Instead , it sold or leased all its carriages to the various national railway companies , but continued to provide staff for the carriages. 1976 saw the withdrawal of the Paris -- Athens direct service , and in 1977 , the Direct Orient Express was withdrawn completely , with the last Paris -- Istanbul service running on May 19 of that year . The withdrawal of the Direct Orient Express was thought by many to signal the end of Orient Express as a whole , but in fact a service under this name continued to run from Paris to Bucharest as before ( via Strasbourg , Munich , and Budapest ) . However , a through sleeping car from Paris to Bucharest -- and even eastwards from Vienna -- was only operated until 1982 , and also a through seating car was only operated seasonally . This meant , that Paris -- Budapest and Vienna -- Bucharest coaches were running overlapped , so a journey was only possible with changing carriages -- despite the unchanged name and numbering of the train . In 1991 the Budapest - Bucharest leg of the train was canceled , the new final station has become Budapest . In the summer season of 1999 and 2000 a sleeping car from Bucharest to Paris reappeared twice a week -- now operated by CFR . This continued until 2001 , when the service was cut back to just Paris -- Vienna , already in EuroNight quality -- but in both cases the coaches were in fact rather attached to a Paris -- Strasbourg express . This service continued daily , listed in the timetables under the name Orient Express , until June 8 , 2007 . With the opening of the LGV Est Paris -- Strasbourg high speed rail line on June 10 , 2007 , the Orient Express service was further cut back to Strasbourg -- Vienna , departing nightly at 22 : 20 from Strasbourg , and still bearing the name , but lost the number 262 / 263 which was owned since decades . The remains of the train had a convenient connection from / to the Strasbourg - Paris TGV , but due to the less flexible prices the changing has become less attractive . In the last years through coaches between Vienna and Karlsruhe ( continuing first to Dortmund , then to Amsterdam and finally -- partly from Budapest -- to Frankfurt ) were attached . The very last train with the name Orient - Express ( now with a hyphen ) has departed from Vienna at the 10th December 2009 , and one day later from Strasbourg . The Sirkeci Terminal in Istanbul Route Legacy ( edit ) Though the final service ran only from Strasbourg to Vienna , it was possible to retrace the entire original Orient Express route with four trains : Paris -- Strasbourg , Strasbourg -- Vienna , Vienna -- Belgrade and Belgrade - Istanbul , each of which were operated daily . Other routes from Paris to Istanbul exist even today , such as Paris -- Munich -- Budapest -- Bucharest -- Istanbul , or Paris -- Zürich -- Belgrade -- Istanbul , all of which have comparable travel times of approximately 60 hours without delays . Train services across the border to Turkey were stopped through several years due to construction works , but they were reintroduced in June 2017 , however , ending in Istanbul 's suburb Halkali , from where a transfer bus is provided to the city centre . The luxurious dining car , where scenes for Murder on the Orient Express and other movies were filmed , is now in the OSE museum of Thessalonica . The local authorities plan to refit the train to make it available for tourist use around the Balkans in the near future . Privately run trains using the name ( edit ) In 1976 the Swiss travel company `` Intraflug AG '' has first hired , then also bought several CIWL - carriages , and operated them as Nostalgie Istanbul Orient Express from Zürich to Istanbul . In 1983 the 100 . anniversary of the Orient - Express was celebrated by a trip of this train from Paris to Istanbul , and in 1988 it has run to Hong Kong via the Soviet Union and China . From there it was transferred by ferry to Japan , and used there for some excursions after regauging . After the failure of the American European Express ( see below ) Intraflug has become bankrupt , and the carriages were taken over by the Reisebüro Mittelthurgau . The sleeping cars and some other coaches ( Pullmans , dining cars , luggage vans ) were transferred to Russia and used between Moscow and the Mongolian - Chinese border . ( The adjacent Chinese train was also branded for a while as China Orient Express , nowadays it 's known as Shangri - La Express . ) The remaining vehicles were used in Germany and Switzerland as diner trains until the company 's 2003 bankruptcy . Since then the trains are standing unused in different countries , as the new owners have got problems with operations due to a lawsuit about the usage rights of the name Orient Express . In 1982 , the Venice - Simplon Orient Express was established as a private venture , running restored 1920s and 1930s carriages from London to Venice . This service runs between March and November , and is firmly aimed at leisure travellers , with tickets costing over $3,120 per person from London to Venice ( via Paris , Zürich , Innsbruck and Verona -- also despite its name the train is running via the Brenner Pass instead of the Simplon tunnel ) including meals . Two or three times a year Prague or Vienna and Budapest is also accessed , starting from Venice , and returning to Paris and London . Every September the train also goes from London and Paris to Istanbul via Budapest , Sinaia and Bucharest -- in the last three cities a sightseeing ( and in the two capitals an overnight in hotel ) also takes place -- the return trip on the same route ends up in Venice . While the above - mentioned routes are available in almost every years , some seasons have also included unique destinations , among them Cologne , Rome , Florence , Lucerne , the High Tatras , Cracow , Dresden , Copenhagen and Stockholm . Such a journey is provided currently to Berlin . Venice - Simplon Orient Express in Poland , in 2007 The company also offers a similarly themed luxury train in Singapore , Malaysia and Thailand called the Eastern and Oriental Express , and operates other luxury overnight trains in Scotland , Ireland and Peru . The Pullman Orient Express was established by the CIWL in 1994 . This train has only Pullman and dining cars , but no sleepers . It 's used for gourmet trips in France . After the legal disputes about the name it was taken over by the SNCF and operated since then as Pullman Orient - Express . In North America , the American Orient Express , formerly the American European Express and later GrandLuxe Express , operated several train sets in charter service between 1989 and 2008 . Orient Express poster CIWL phototheque and historical archives ( edit ) The CIWL archives contain more than 100 years of posters , photos , plans and communication material that represents a tremendous interest for cultural , academic or commercial projects . Creators and artists have been hired by CIWL since 1883 in order to create luxury conditions and comfort in travel , as well as a particular graphic style that is now recognized worldwide by its quality . Great efforts have been made to digitalize images ( photos , plans and posters ) , although vast paper archives remain preserved , waiting to be sorted and classified in the future . As of today , available digital archives consist of more than 250 CIWL posters , 800 PLM posters and more than 6,000 archive photos , representing probably one of the most extensive poster collections in the world with works dating from the end of the 19th century to the late 1950s . These archives are regularly used for all types of publishing and media projects , all over the world , as well as cultural events ( see below : Exhibition ) . Plan of Compagnie Internationale des Wagons - Lits teapot In popular culture ( edit ) The glamour and rich history of the Orient Express has frequently lent itself to the plot of books and films and as the subject of television documentaries . Literature ( edit ) Dracula ( 1897 ) by Bram Stoker : whilst Dracula escapes from England to Varna by sea , the cabal sworn to destroy him travels to Paris and takes the Orient Express , arriving in Varna ahead of him . Stamboul Train ( 1932 ) by Graham Greene The short story `` Have You Got Everything You Want ? '' ( 1933 ) , by Agatha Christie Murder on the Orient Express ( 1934 ) by Agatha Christie is one of the best known stories related to the Orient Express . It takes place on the Simplon Orient Express . Oriënt - Express ( 1934 ) a novel by A. den Doolaard : it takes place in Macedonia . From Russia , with Love ( 1957 ) by Ian Fleming Travels with My Aunt ( 1969 ) by Graham Greene Paul Theroux ( 1975 ) devotes a chapter of The Great Railway Bazaar to his journey from Paris to Istanbul on the Direct - Orient Express . The Orient Express ( 1992 ) a novel by Gregor von Rezzori follows a European American who , having ridden the original Orient Express in his youth , returns late in life to ride the refurbished version . Flashman and the Tiger ( 1999 ) by George MacDonald Fraser : Sir Harry Paget Flashman travels on the train 's first journey as a guest of the journalist Henri Blowitz . The Orient Express appeared in the 2004 novel Lionboy and its sequel Lionboy : The Case by Zizou Corder . Charlie Ashanti was stowing away on the train on his way to Venice when he met King Boris of Bulgaria . The short story `` On the Orient , North '' by Ray Bradbury The Orient Express appeared as a technologically advanced ( for its time ) train in the book Behemoth , by Scott Westerfeld . Thea Stilton And The Mystery On The Orient Express by Elisabetta Dami Film ( edit ) Orient Express ( 1934 ) : film adaptation of Graham Greene 's Stamboul Train . Orient Express ( 1944 ) : Germany ; released on March 8 , 1945 , likely the last date a new movie was shown in Nazi Germany . Sleeping Car to Trieste ( 1948 ) : Film by the Rank Organization , story by Clifford Grey , a stolen diplomatic document is the quest of some various groups on the Orient Express from Paris to Trieste . Copyright by Two Cities Films LTD . Orient Express ( 1954 ) , whose plot revolves around a two - day stop at a village in the Alps by passengers on the Orient Express . From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) : James Bond 's fight with a rival spy is set aboard the train . Istanbul Express ( 1968 ) : thriller , made for television , starring Gene Barry . Travels with My Aunt ( 1972 ) : Henry Pulling accompanies his aunt , Augusta Bertram , on a trip from London to Turkey . The two board the Orient Express in Paris ; the train takes them to Turkey ( though they disembark briefly at the Milan stop ) . Minder on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) is a comedy / thriller television film made as a spin - off from the successful television series Minder . It was first broadcast on Christmas Day 1985 , as the highlight of that year 's ITV Christmas schedule . Murder on the Orient Express ( 1974 ) , ( 2001 ) , ( 2010 ) and ( 2017 ) : Film adaptations of the Agatha Christie novel . Romance on the Orient Express ( 1985 ) : TV movie with Cheryl Ladd . 102 Dalmatians ( 2000 ) Death , Deceit and Destiny Aboard the Orient Express ( 2000 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 2004 ) : Mr. Fogg rides aboard the train to Istanbul . Orient Express ( 2004 ) WL agences de voyages Television ( edit ) Orient Express was a syndicated TV series in the early - to - mid-1950s . Filmed in Europe , its half - hour dramas featured such stars as Paul Lukas , Jean - Pierre Aumont , Geraldine Brooks , and Erich von Stroheim . Daylight Robbery on the Orient Express , an episode of the award - winning British comedy television series The Goodies was first broadcast on 5 October 1976 and is partially set aboard the train . Mystery on the Orient Express : a television special featuring illusionist David Copperfield . During the special , Copperfield rode aboard the train and , at its conclusion , made the dining car seemingly disappear . `` The Istambul Train '' , `` Il treno d'Istanbul '' ( 1980 ) Hungarian - Italian television series `` Stamboul Train '' original title by Graham Greene ( 1932 ) . `` Minder on the Orient Express '' ( 1985 ) : a special episode of the long - running ITV sit - com Minder . Whicker 's World -- Aboard The Orient Express : Travel journalist Alan Whicker joined the inaugural service of the Venice - Simplon Orient Express to Venice in 1982 , interviewing invited guests and celebrities along the way . Gavin Stamp 's Orient Express : in 2007 UK 's Five broadcast an arts / travel series which saw the historian journey from Paris to Istanbul along the old Orient Express route . The 1987 cartoon Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles had an episode entitled `` Turtles on the Orient Express '' . As the title suggests it is primarily based on the train . The 1995 cartoon Madeline had an episode entitled Madeline on the Orient Express , where a chef stole a snake . The episode `` Emergence '' of the science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation partially takes place on a Holodeck representation of the Orient Express . On the May 15 , 2007 broadcast of Jeopardy ! , the think music was played by a person on the train 's piano , since the Final Jeopardy clue was about the Orient Express . In the British soap opera EastEnders , in 1986 , characters Den and Angie Watts spent their honeymoon on the train . It was also where it was revealed that Angie was lying about her illness , preceding the ultimate storyline on Christmas Day 1986 . `` Aboard the Orient Express '' Get Smart series 1 , episode 13 is set on the Orient Express , though filmed on set . In one episode of the British cartoon series Danger Mouse , called `` Dangermouse on the Orient Express '' ( a parody of Murder on the Orient Express ) , Dangermouse and Penfold travel on the train on their way back to London from Venice . Dangermouse 's arch enemy Greenback is also on the train . In an episode of the television series Chuck , Chuck and Sarah decide to go AWOL and take a trip on the Orient Express . At the end of the Doctor Who episode `` The Big Bang '' , the Doctor receives a call for help from the `` Orient Express -- in space '' . This setting is used in the episode `` Mummy on the Orient Express '' , including a reference to the ending of `` The Big Bang '' , four years later . In episode 15 of television series Forever ( U.S. TV series ) , Dr. Henry Morgan traveled from Budapest to Istanbul with his wife Abigail Morgan on his honeymoon in 1955 . He performed an appendectomy on a member of the fictional Urkesh royalty . The Backyardigans episode `` Le Master of Disguise '' features the Orient Express , showing Uniqua , Pablo , Austin , Tasha , and Tyrone going to Istanbul from Paris . In an episode titled Murder on the Orient Express of Agatha Christie 's Poirot , Poirot investigates the murder of a shady American businessman stabbed in his compartment on the Orient Express when it is blocked by a blizzard in Croatia . Michael Palin 's Around The World In Eighty Days ( 1988 ) . Michael Palin travelled on the Orient Express in episode 1 from London Victoria to Innsbruck using a ferry across the English Channel from Folkestone . The train did n't continue on to Venice because of a strike on the Italian railways . Music ( edit ) Alex Otterlei 's `` Horror on the Orient Express '' is inspired by the Call of Cthulhu RPG . The integral symphonic version was released on CD in 2002 , a 26 - minute Suite for Concert Band was published in 2012 . Orient Expressions : Musical group from Turkey who combine traditional Turkish music with elements of electronica . The Jean Michel Jarre album The Concerts in China has a track entitled `` Orient Express '' as track 1 of disc 2 , though the relation to the train is unknown . A concert band piece , Orient Express is written by Philip Sparke . There was a band based in Hawaii called Liz Damon 's Orient Express . Games and animation ( edit ) Sources : The role - playing game Call of Cthulhu RPG used the train for one of its more famous campaigns , Horror on the Orient Express . The TSR role - playing game Top Secret had a 1983 module based on the Orient titled `` Operation Orient Express '' . Heart of China has a final sequence in the Orient Express . An action scene takes place on the roof . The Orient Express plays host to an adventure game by Jordan Mechner : The Last Express is a murder mystery game set around the last ride of the Orient Express before it suspended operations at the start of World War I. Robert Cath , an American doctor wanted by French police as he is suspected of the murder of an Irish police officer , becomes involved in a maelstrom of treachery , lies , political conspiracies , personal interests , romance and murder . The game has 30 characters representing a cross-section of European forces at the time . The Adventure Company developed a point - and - click adventure based on Agatha Christie 's novel , Agatha Christie : Murder on the Orient Express . The 1987 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoon spent the better part of an episode on the train . In 1994 's season 1 episode of Where on Earth is Carmen Sandiego ? called , `` The Gold Old Bad Days '' , Carmen Sandiego and her V.I.L.E. gang are given a challenge to do something low tech by The Player robbery . Carmen 's goal is the train . The train is featured in Microsoft Train Simulator , where its route is a 101 kilometres ( 63 mi ) section from Innsbruck to Sankt Anton am Arlberg in Austria . The Orient Express was featured in two scenarios in the Railroad Tycoon series : In Railroad Tycoon II , players get to connect Paris to Constantinople in a territory buying challenge . In Railroad Tycoon 3 players need to connect Vienna to Istanbul . The Orient Express cars were made available for download to use in Auran 's Trainz Railroad Simulator 2004 or later versions by the content creation group : FMA . In the game Crash Bandicoot 3 : Warped for PS1 , the third level ( which is Asian - themed ) is named after Orient Express . The first scenes of The Raven : Legacy of a Master Thief , a 2013 game for PC , involve a mystery set amongst train carriages inspired by the Orient Express . The entire Orient Express set was used in the Facebook game , TrainStation . The Orient Express is a usable engine and caboose in the mobile game Tiny Rails . Exhibitions ( edit ) ( Il était une fois l'Orient Express , 30 April -- 22 June 2014 . Arab World Institute , Paris , France See also ( edit ) Lists of named passenger trains Orient - Express Hotels The Last Express References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orient - Express Jump up ^ Orient Express : attention au départ ^ Jump up to : Zax , David ( 1 March 2007 ) . `` A Brief History of the Orient Express '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Calder , Simon ( 22 August 2009 ) . `` Murder of the Orient Express -- End of the line for celebrated train service '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` A History of the Orient Express '' . Agatha Christie Limited . 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' hidden europe ' magazine e-news Issue 2007 / 15 '' . 2007 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express Takes Its Final Trip '' . NPR . December 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Jump up ^ Lambert , Anthony ( 21 January 2013 ) . `` The Orient - Express : Great Train Journeys '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Piegsa - quischotte , Inke . `` Memories of the Orient Express '' . Travel Through History . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Mark . `` A history of the Orient Express '' . Seat Sixty One . www.seat61.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Orient Express -- Across Europe from London to Istanbul '' . Eng Rail History . engrailhistory.info . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Unauthorized use of CIWL property is illegal . For any request , contact www.wagons-lits-diffusion.com ^ Jump up to : Wagons - Lits Diffusion Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0120972/releaseinfo?ref_=ttrel_ql_2 Jump up ^ Ninjaturtles : Turtles on the Orient Express Jump up ^ http://www.imarabe.org/exposition-ima-11859 Bibliography ( edit ) James B. Sherwood ; Ivan Fallon ( 13 April 2012 ) . Orient - Express : A Personal Journey . Robson Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84954 - 187 - 9 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Orient Express : The Life and Times of the World 's Most Famous Train by EH Cookridge . Detail from a copy of the first publication of the book with black and white plates by Allen Lane London in 1979 ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 1271 - 5 ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Orient Express . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Orient Express . Orient - Express Venice Simplon - Orient - Express Luxury Train Wagons - Lits Diffusion , management of CIWL brands and historical archives Brief youtube video about the VSOE Belmond Website `` Life Rides the Simplon - Orient Express '' , Life , Sept. 11 , 1950 , pp. 137 - 145 `` Jack Birns photographs the Simplon Orient Express in 1950 : Part 2 , France '' , Retours , February 2013 - more photographs from the Life archives ; cutaway drawing of a sleeping car ; route map `` Simplon Orient Express , 1956 '' , by Marcel Bluwal , film on YouTube posted by Retours.eu Collection PPCWL of Wagons - Lits objetcs NDL : 01187105 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orient_Express&oldid=837205926 '' Categories : Orient Express 1883 establishments in Europe 2009 disestablishments in Europe International named passenger trains Night trains Ottoman railways Railway services introduced in 1883 Railway services discontinued in 2009 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Afrikaans Asturianu Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 36 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 11 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the original route of the orient express

The route and rolling stock of the Orient Express changed many times . Several routes in the past concurrently used the Orient Express name , or slight variations . Although the original Orient Express was simply a normal international railway service , the name became synonymous with intrigue and luxury travel . The two city names most prominently associated with the Orient Express are Paris and Constantinople ( Istanbul ) , the original endpoints of the timetabled service . The Orient Express was a showcase of luxury and comfort at a time when travelling was still rough and dangerous .

Robin Ward ( singer ) - wikipedia Robin Ward ( singer ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( January 2018 ) Robin Ward Birth name Jacqueline McDonnell Also known as Jackie Ward 1941 ( age 76 -- 77 ) Hawaii , USA Genres Pop , TV theme songs , Movie songs , Advertising Occupation ( s ) Singer Instruments Voice Years active 1954 -- 1979 Labels Dot Records Associated acts Partridge Family , Ray Conniff Singers , Ron Hicklin Singers Jackie Ward ( born Jacqueline McDonnell , 1941 ) , better known as Robin Ward , is an American singer , regarded as a `` one - hit wonder '' of 1963 million - selling song `` Wonderful Summer '' . However , using her real name she was highly accomplished and successful singing in groups . Ward 's voice is heard in U.S. television series , motion pictures , advertisements , and pop records . She is one of the real singers of the hits attributed to The Partridge Family . Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 `` Wonderful Summer '' 1.3 Post `` Robin Ward '' TV , movies , and records singing 1.4 The Partridge Family 2 References 3 External links Biography ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Ward was born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941 to a military family in Hawaii ( her father served in the US Navy ) and raised in Nebraska . Her first public singing performances were with her two sisters in a Nebraska church when she was eight years old . After the trio won a national talent search run by Horace Heidt , they moved to Los Angeles to seek work in the music industry . At the age of 13 , Ward was hired by Los Angeles television station KTLA to sing on a Your Hit Parade - like program , Bandstand Revue ; Ward performed popular hits for four years . Then she started a career of singing on demo and released recordings . One 1962 session was singing the `` la la la '' parts in Pat Boone 's `` Speedy Gonzales '' , which became a million - selling single . ( Elton John said the `` hook '' in his best - selling single `` Crocodile Rock '' was inspired by Ward 's `` Speedy Gonzales '' vocal . ) `` Wonderful Summer '' ( edit ) In 1963 , songwriter - producer Perry Botkin Jr. hired Jackie Ward to make a demo recording of `` Wonderful Summer '' , a song he wrote with co-writer and co-producer Gil Garfield . The purpose of a demo is to persuade `` name '' singers to record a song by demonstrating how it might be done . After recording Ward 's vocal at Gold Star Studios in Los Angeles , Botkin thought it might sound better if her voice was higher - pitched , so he sped up the recording by wrapping splicing tape around the capstan of the machine . Botkin realized the finished recording , with bird and surf sound effects added , was good enough to release as a pop music single . But because the sped - up singing sounded younger than 21 - year - old Jackie Ward , she suggested using her daughter 's first name Robin on the record label . That fall , `` Wonderful Summer '' was released by Dot Records as a 45rpm single . Sales exceeded one million copies in the United States , propelling the record to # 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart of December 14 -- 21 , 1963 . An album followed , with limited success . Jackie Ward made additional `` Robin Ward '' recordings , including a duet with radio DJ Wink Martindale , another Dot Records artist . In 1964 Ward released the single `` Winter 's Here '' , which reached # 123 on the Billboard chart . Because `` Wonderful Summer '' is her only Hot 100 hit , the singer named Robin Ward is considered a one - hit - wonder . However , while the public did not know Jackie 's real name , many of her other recordings were and still are widely heard . Post `` Robin Ward '' TV , movies , and records singing ( edit ) As her young - sounding Robin Ward records were disappearing from radio play , Jackie Ward 's grown - up singing career was expanding . At times in 1960s - 1970s she could be heard almost everywhere . In the early to mid-1960s Jackie was one of the singers on The Red Skelton Show and The Danny Kaye Show , and later , on The Carol Burnett Show . In the 1970s she sang on The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour . Ward sang in hundreds of commercials , most notably for Rice - a-Roni ( `` The San Francisco treat '' ) . Ward 's voice is heard in dozens of television theme songs , including Flipper , Batman , Love , American Style , Maude ( with Donny Hathaway providing the lead vocal ) , and The Partridge Family . By her own estimate , Ward 's voice can be heard in `` maybe 800 '' films . Among the notable are her voice dubbed as Natalie Wood singing Academy Award - nominated song `` Sweetheart Tree '' from movie The Great Race , as Wood in Inside Daisy Clover , and as Janet Leigh in An American Dream . Ward is the singing voice of Cindy Bear in Hey There , It 's Yogi Bear ! , and the Singer in Charlotte 's Web . In 1965 movie Beach Blanket Bingo , Ward sings `` New Love '' and `` Fly Boy '' , lip - synched by actor Linda Evans . Along with her TV , movie and advertising singing , Ward is heard on hundreds of pop recordings , including backing Barbra Streisand on `` Stoney End '' . and other major recording artists including Nat King Cole , Bing Crosby , Frank Sinatra , Gordon Lightfoot , the Carpenters , Cass Elliot , and Joan Baez . Ward did broadcast recordings of musicals Hair , Grease , Annie , and Hello Dolly . Ward sang a duet with Allan Sherman on his song Here 's To the Crabgrass from his 1963 comedy album My Son The Nut . In 1967 , she sang on Gábor Szabó 's album for Impulse ! , Wind , Sky And Diamonds , as a member of The California Dreamers . Ward also sang alto in vocal groups heard on many hit records and popular albums , including the Anita Kerr Singers and the Ron Hicklin Singers ( who anonymously made many hit records beyond the Partridge Family ) . As a member of the Ray Conniff Singers , Ward recorded several lead and solo vocals . The Partridge Family ( edit ) Ward 's longest - lasting contribution might be The Partridge Family TV show and hit records , where she is heard but not seen or identified . Other than show star David Cassidy ( and star Shirley Jones on a couple of songs ) , none of the actors participated in singing or playing the songs ; on camera they lip - synced and pretended to play instruments while the soundtrack is actually recordings by session musicians . Ward was in the Ron Hicklin Singers vocal group , along with brothers John Bahler and Tom Bahler , and Ron Hicklin . With Cassidy singing lead , this group did all the TV show performances and records credited to the Partridge Family ( along with session instrumental musicians who became known as the Wrecking Crew ) . Since the public did not know who really created the many Partridge Family songs that became big hits , Ward again was anonymous . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` An Interview with Jackie Ward , part 1 '' . www.cmongethappy.com . Jump up ^ `` Crocodile Rock by Elton John Songfacts '' . www.songfacts.com . Jump up ^ Spectropop , Friends of . `` Spectropop Group Discussion Archives : Digest Number 40 - 19 Sep 2000 '' . www.spectropop.com . Jump up ^ `` Digital Videos - Episodes ( TV Series ) - VH1 '' . VH1 . External links ( edit ) An Interview with Jackie Ward WorldCat Identities LCCN : no2005020436 VIAF : 34183083 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robin_Ward_(singer)&oldid=865063923 '' Categories : 1941 births Living people American female singers American pop singers Dot Records artists Singers from Hawaii Singers from Nebraska 20th - century American singers 20th - century women singers Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2018 All articles needing rewrite Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 21 October 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who sang the most wonderful summer of my life

Jackie Ward ( born Jacqueline McDonnell , 1941 ) , better known as Robin Ward , is an American singer , regarded as a `` one - hit wonder '' of 1963 million - selling song `` Wonderful Summer '' . However , using her real name she was highly accomplished and successful singing in groups . Ward 's voice is heard in U.S. television series , motion pictures , advertisements , and pop records . She is one of the real singers of the hits attributed to The Partridge Family .

On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) - wikipedia On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) Jump to : navigation , search On Golden Pond Movie poster by Bill Gold Directed by Mark Rydell Produced by Bruce Gilbert Screenplay by Ernest Thompson Based on On Golden Pond by Ernest Thompson Starring Katharine Hepburn Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Doug McKeon Dabney Coleman William Lanteau Music by Dave Grusin Cinematography Billy Williams Edited by Robert L. Wolfe Production company ITC Entertainment Distributed by Associated Film Distribution Release date December 4 , 1981 ( 1981 - 12 - 04 ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $15 million Box office $119.3 million On Golden Pond is a 1981 American drama film directed by Mark Rydell . The screenplay by Ernest Thompson was adapted from his 1979 play of the same name . The film stars Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda ( in his final acting performance ) in the lead roles alongwith Jane Fonda , Doug McKeon , Dabney Coleman and William Lanteau appearing in supporting roles . The film 's narrative revolves around an aged couple , cantankerous retiree Norman Thayer and his conciliatory wife , Ethel who spend summers at their New England vacation home on the shores of idyllic Golden Pond . This year , their adult daughter , Chelsea , visits with her new fiancée and his teenage son , Billy on their way to Europe . After leaving Billy behind to bond with Norman , Chelsea returns , attempting to repair the long - strained relationship with her aging father before it 's too late . On Golden Pond was released theatrically on December 4 , 1981 and grossed $119.3 million worldwide becoming the second highest grossing film of 1981 . The film received critical acclaim for Rydell 's direction , Thompson 's screenplay and Hepburn and Fonda 's performances . The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Fonda ) , Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ) . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this movie and at the age of 76 , he became the oldest winner in the aforementioned category . Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian . On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical Reception 5 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) An aging couple , Ethel and Norman Thayer , continue the long tradition of spending each summer at their cottage on a lake called Golden Pond , in the far reaches of northern New England . When they first arrive , Ethel notices the loons calling on the lake `` welcoming them home '' . As they resettle into their summer home , Norman 's memory problems arise when he is unable to recognize several family photographs , which he copes with by frequently talking about death and growing old . They are visited by their only child , a daughter , Chelsea , who is somewhat estranged from her curmudgeon of a father . She introduces her parents to her fiance Bill and his thirteen - year - old son Billy . Norman tries to play mind games with Bill , an apparent pastime of his , but Bill wo n't hear of it , saying he can only take so much . In another conversation , Chelsea discusses with Ethel her frustration over her relationship with her overbearing father , feeling that even though she lives thousands of miles away in Los Angeles , she still feels like she 's answering to him . Before they depart for a European vacation , Chelsea and Bill ask the Thayers to permit Billy to stay with them while they have some time to themselves . Norman , seeming more senile and cynical than usual due to his 80th birthday and heart palpitations , agrees to Billy 's staying . Ethel tells him that he 's the sweetest man in the world , but she is the only one who knows it . Billy is at first annoyed by being left with elderly strangers with no friends nearby and nothing to do . He resents Norman 's brusque manner , but eventually comes to enjoy their Golden Pond fishing adventures together . Billy and Norman soon grow obsessed with catching Norman 's fish rival , named `` Walter '' , which leads to the accidental destruction of the Thayers ' motorboat . Chelsea returns to find out her father has made good friends with her fiance 's , now husband 's , son . But when she sees the change in her father 's demeanor , Chelsea attempts something Billy accomplished that she never could : a backflip . Chelsea successfully executes the dive in front of a cheering Norman , Billy , and Ethel . Chelsea and Norman finally fully embrace before she departs with Billy back home . The final day on Golden Pond comes and the Thayers are loading the last of the boxes . Norman tries to move a heavy box , but starts having heart pain and collapses onto the floor of the porch . Ethel tries unsuccessfully to get the operator to phone the hospital . Norman then says the pain is gone and attempts to stand to say a final farewell to the lake . Ethel tells him she has always known about death but for the first time it felt real , thinking Norman was going to die on the spot . Ethel helps Norman to the edge of the lake where they see the loons and Norman notes how they are just like him and Ethel , that their offspring is grown and gone off on her own , and now it is just the two of them . Cast ( edit ) Katharine Hepburn -- Ethel Thayer Henry Fonda -- Norman Thayer Jr . Jane Fonda -- Chelsea Thayer Wayne Doug McKeon -- Billy Ray Dabney Coleman -- Bill Ray William Lanteau -- Charlie Martin Christopher Rydell -- Sumner Todd Production ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father , Henry Fonda , to play the role of Norman Thayer Jane Fonda purchased the rights to the play specifically for her father , Henry Fonda , to play the role of the cantankerous Norman Thayer . The father - daughter rift depicted on screen closely paralleled the real - life relationship between the two Fondas . Screenwriter Thompson spent his summers along the shores of Great Pond , located in Belgrade , Maine , but the film was made on Squam Lake in Holderness , New Hampshire . The house used in the film was leased from a New York physician and was modified significantly for the shoot : an entire second floor was added as a balcony over the main living area at the request of the production designer . After the shoot , the production company was contractually obligated to return the house to its original state but the owner liked the renovations so much that he elected to keep the house that way and asked the crew not to dismantle the second story . A gazebo and a small boathouse were also relocated during the shoot . Despite their many common acquaintances and long careers in show business , Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn not only had never worked together , but had never met until working on the film . On the first day of shooting , Hepburn presented Henry Fonda with her longtime companion Spencer Tracy 's `` lucky '' hat , which Fonda wore in the film . Hepburn , who was 74 at the time of filming , performed all her own stunts , including a dive into the pond . The scene in which Norman and step - grandson Billy run their boat into the rocks was filmed repeatedly . The vintage 1951 mahogany Chris - Craft boat , used strictly for the crash scene , was so sturdy that it kept bouncing off the rocks without any damage . The crew had to modify the boat so it would break away in the wreck . The water level in Squam Lake was so low during the summer of production that Fonda and Doug McKeon could have stood during the scene in which they were supposedly clinging to the rocks for fear of drowning . The September water was barely knee - deep , but it was cold enough that the pair had to wear wetsuits under their clothes . Hepburn , on the other hand , dove into the water without the aid of the wetsuit because she wanted the scene to keep its authenticity . Some of the scenes in which Billy takes the boat out on his own were filmed on nearby Lake Winnipesaukee . While filming the scene where Fonda and Hepburn were watching the loons on the lake , the speedboat that zoomed by and disturbed them was so forceful it overturned their canoe in one take ; Fonda was immediately taken out of the water and wrapped up in blankets as his health was fragile by that time . The speedboat was piloted by the screenwriter , Ernest Thompson . When visiting Holderness , New Hampshire , one can take a boat tour of Squam Lake and view the filming sites from the movie . There is also a restaurant called `` Walter 's Basin '' , which is named after the trout called `` Walter '' that Billy catches with Norman . For filming , `` Walter '' was brought in from a trout pond at the nearby Castle in the Clouds estate . He was released after his capture back into Squam Lake . Leftover footage of Fonda and Hepburn driving through the New Hampshire countryside , as seen in the opening credits , was later used for the opening of the CBS television sitcom Newhart . The studio behind the film was ITC Entertainment , the British company presided over ( until late 1981 ) by Lord Grade , the television and film mogul . It was Grade who largely raised the financing for the film . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) With a box office take of $119,285,432 , On Golden Pond was the second - highest grossing film of the year , following Raiders of the Lost Ark , which earned $209,562,121 . Critical reception ( edit ) Henry Fonda received the Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance as Norman Thayer , marking his only competitive Oscar win and at 76 became the oldest winner in the category On Golden Pond garnered widespread critical acclaim with critics highlighting the performances of Katharine Hepburn and Henry Fonda . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 92 % based on 386 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` There 's little that happens in On Golden Pond that is n't thoroughly predictable from the start , but the film is blessed with so much star power , charm and honest sentiment that everyone in the audience is willing to ignore the cliches and go the distance . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times said `` On Golden Pond was a treasure for many reasons , but the best one , I think , is that I could believe it . I could believe in its major characters and their relationships , and in the things they felt for one another , and there were moments when the movie was witness to human growth and change . I left the theater feeling good and warm , and with a certain resolve to try to mend my own relationships and learn to start listening better ... watching the movie , I felt I was witnessing something rare and valuable . '' Katharine Hepburn received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance as Ethel Thayer , marking her fourth win in the category , making her the most awarded thespian in the history of the Academy Awards In his The New York Times review , Vincent Canby said , `` As a successful Broadway play , On Golden Pond was processed American cheese , smooth , infinitely spreadable and bland , with color added by the actors ... the movie ... still American cheese , but its stars -- Henry Fonda , Katharine Hepburn , Jane Fonda and Dabney Coleman -- add more than color to this pasteurized product . On Golden Pond now has the bite of a good old cheddar ... Mr. Fonda gives one of the great performances of his long , truly distinguished career . Here is film acting of the highest order ... Miss Hepburn ... is also in fine form . One of the most appealing things about her as an actress is the way she responds to -- and is invigorated by -- a strong co-star ... she needs someone to support , challenge and interact with . Mr. Fonda is the best thing that 's happened to her since Spencer Tracy and Humphrey Bogart ... an added pleasure is the opportunity to see Dabney Coleman ( in ) a role that goes beyond the caricatures he 's usually given to play ... On Golden Pond is a mixed blessing , but it offers one performance of rare quality and three others that are very good . That 's not half - bad . '' TV Guide rates it 3 1⁄2 out of a possible four stars , calling it `` a beautifully photographed movie filled with poignancy , humor , and ( of course ) superb acting ... there could have been no finer final curtain for ( Henry Fonda ) than this . '' Channel 4 sums up its review by stating , `` Henry Fonda and Katharine Hepburn both shine in an impressively executed Hollywood drama . ( It ) has its mawkish moments but there 's a certain pleasure in that , and writer Thompson 's analysis of old age is sensitive , thought - provoking and credible . '' Not all reviewers were impressed , however . David Kehr of the Chicago Reader called the film `` the cinematic equivalent of shrink - wrapping , in which all of the ideas , feelings , characters , and images are neatly separated and hermetically sealed to prevent spoilage , abrasion , or any contact with the natural world ... Mark Rydell 's bright , banal visual style further sterilizes the issues . The film exudes complacency and self - congratulation ; it is a very cowardly , craven piece of ersatz art . '' Time Out London says , `` Two of Hollywood 's best - loved veterans deserved a far better swan song than this sticky confection . '' Mad magazine satirized the film as On Olden Pond . American Film Institute recognition AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : `` Listen to me , mister . You 're my knight in shining armor . Do n't you forget it . You 're going to get back on that horse , and I 'm going to be right behind you , holding on tight , and away we 're gon na go , go , go ! '' -- # 88 `` Come here , Norman . Hurry up . The loons ! The loons ! They 're welcoming us back . '' -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores -- # 24 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- # 45 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 29 , 1982 Best Picture Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Ernest Thompson Won Best Cinematography Billy Williams Nominated Best Editing Robert L. Wolfe Nominated Best Original Score Dave Grusin Nominated Best Sound Richard Portman and David M. Ronne Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result BAFTA Awards March 20 , 1983 Best Film Bruce Gilbert Nominated Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Nominated Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Won Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Nominated Award Date of ceremony Category Recipients and nominees Result Golden Globe Awards January 30 , 1982 Best MotionPicture - Drama Bruce Gilbert Won Best Director Mark Rydell Nominated Best Actor Henry Fonda Won Best Actress Katharine Hepburn Nominated Best Supporting Actress Jane Fonda Nominated Best Screenplay Ernest Thompson Won Others Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures ( nominee ) Grammy Award for Best Album of Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or Television Special ( nominee ) Writers Guild of America Award for Best Drama Adapted from Another Medium ( winner ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Box Office Information for On Golden Pond . Archived 2017 - 08 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . The Wrap . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` On Golden Pond , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Barbarella comes of age '' , The Age , May 14 , 2005 . Accessed January 9 , 2008 . `` If Barbarella was an act of rebellion , On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) was a more mature rapprochement : Fonda bought the rights to Ernest Thompson 's play to offer the role to her father . '' Jump up ^ Squam Lake website Jump up ^ The Brass Bell -- Official Publication of the Antique Boat Club serving the interests of owners of Chris Craft and other antique and classic boats . October 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Savage , Jack . `` Chris - Craft -- Enthusiast Color Series '' . P. 79 Jump up ^ New Hampshire Business Review . May 1982 . Jump up ^ On Golden Pond at BoxOfficeMojo.com Jump up ^ Chicago Sun - Times review Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ Channel 4 review Jump up ^ Chicago Reader review Jump up ^ Time Out London review Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes Nominees Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) Nominees Jump up ^ `` The 39th Academy Awards ( 1967 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 34th BAFTA Awards ( 1984 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The 39th Golden Globe Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : On Golden Pond ( 1981 film ) On Golden Pond on IMDb On Golden Pond at the TCM Movie Database On Golden Pond at AllMovie On Golden Pond at Rotten Tomatoes On Golden Pond at Box Office Mojo Squam Lake ( On Golden Pond ) Official Website Awards Preceded by Coming Home Academy Award winner for Best Actor and Best Actress Succeeded by The Silence of the Lambs Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Drama The Song of Bernadette ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Johnny Belinda / The Treasure of the Sierra Madre ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) A Place in the Sun ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) East of Eden ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) The Defiant Ones ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) Spartacus ( 1960 ) The Guns of Navarone ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) The Cardinal ( 1963 ) Becket ( 1964 ) Doctor Zhivago ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) The Lion in Winter ( 1968 ) Anne of the Thousand Days ( 1969 ) Love Story ( 1970 ) The French Connection ( 1971 ) The Godfather ( 1972 ) The Exorcist ( 1973 ) Chinatown ( 1974 ) One Flew Over the Cuckoo 's Nest ( 1975 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) The Turning Point ( 1977 ) Midnight Express ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) Ordinary People ( 1980 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Terms of Endearment ( 1983 ) Amadeus ( 1984 ) Out of Africa ( 1985 ) Platoon ( 1986 ) The Last Emperor ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Dances with Wolves ( 1990 ) Bugsy ( 1991 ) Scent of a Woman ( 1992 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Sense and Sensibility ( 1995 ) The English Patient ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) American Beauty ( 1999 ) Gladiator ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) The Hours ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) The Aviator ( 2004 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2005 ) Babel ( 2006 ) Atonement ( 2007 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) The Social Network ( 2010 ) The Descendants ( 2011 ) Argo ( 2012 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) Boyhood ( 2014 ) The Revenant ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri ( 2017 ) Films directed by Mark Rydell The Fox ( 1967 ) The Reivers ( 1969 ) The Cowboys ( 1972 ) Cinderella Liberty ( 1973 ) Harry and Walter Go to New York ( 1976 ) The Rose ( 1979 ) On Golden Pond ( 1981 ) The River ( 1984 ) For the Boys ( 1991 ) Intersection ( 1994 ) Crime of the Century ( 1996 ) James Dean ( 2001 ) Even Money ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_Golden_Pond_(1981_film)&oldid=840018438 '' Categories : 1981 films English - language films American films 1980s drama films American drama films Best Drama Picture Golden Globe winners Films scored by Dave Grusin Films about Alzheimer 's disease Films about dysfunctional families Films about fishing Films about old age American films based on plays Films directed by Mark Rydell Films featuring a Best Actor Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Actress Academy Award - winning performance Films featuring a Best Drama Actor Golden Globe winning performance Films set in New Hampshire Films shot in New Hampshire Films whose writer won the Best Adapted Screenplay Academy Award ITC Entertainment films Universal Pictures films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 06 : 07 . 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how many oscars did on golden pond win

The film received ten nominations at the 54th Academy Awards including Best Picture and won three : Best Actor ( Fonda ) , Best Actress ( Hepburn ) and Best Adapted Screenplay ( Thompson ) . Henry Fonda won his only competitive Oscar with this movie and at the age of 76 , he became the oldest winner in the aforementioned category . Katharine Hepburn won her fourth Best Actress award , extending her own record for the most Oscars won by a thespian . On Golden Pond is also one of the few movies to earn the nominations for five major Academy Awards ( Best Picture , Director , Actor , Actress , and Screenplay ) .

History of bread - wikipedia History of bread Jump to : navigation , search Slab stele from mastaba tomb of Itjer at Giza . 4th Dynasty , 2543 - 2435 BC . Itjer is seated at a table with slices of bread , shown vertical by convention . Egyptian Museum , Turin Bread was central to the formation of early human societies . From the western half of Asia , where wheat was domesticated , cultivation spread north and west , to Europe and North Africa . This in turn led to the formation of towns , as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle , and gave rise to more and more sophisticated forms of societal organization . Similar developments occurred in eastern Asia , centered on rice , and in the Americas with maize . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity 2 Middle Ages 3 To the 19th century 4 Industrialization 5 See also 6 Notes Antiquity ( edit ) Conical loaves of bread as grave goods exactly as laid out in the Great Tomb , North Necropolis , Gebelein , 5th Dynasty ( Old Kingdom ) , 2435 - 2305 BC . Excavations by Ernesto Schiaparelli , 1911 . Egyptian Museum , Turin , S. 14051 - 14055 There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions , remains of structures and items used in bread making , and remains of the dough and bread itself . The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough ( with sugar and water in ) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter . Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce `` a lighter kind of bread than other peoples . '' Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting , or wheat bran steeped in wine , as a source for yeast . The idea of a free - standing oven that could be pre-heated , with a door for access , appears to have been Greek . Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads . In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread : Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days . By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker 's shop , and in Rome , Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC , as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia ; the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium . In the Deipnosophistae , the author Athenaeus ( c.A.D. 170 -- c. 230 ) describes some of the bread , cakes , and pastries available in the Classical world . Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes , honey - and - oil bread , mushroom - shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds , and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit . The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary , as noted by Diphilus when he declared `` bread made of wheat , as compared with that made of barley , is more nourishing , more digestible , and in every way superior . '' In order of merit , the bread made from refined ( thoroughly sieved ) flour comes first , after that bread from ordinary wheat , and then the unbolted , made of flour that has not been sifted . '' The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal : ópson , `` condiment '' , i.e. bread 's accompaniment , whatever it might be . Middle ages ( edit ) Peasants sharing bread , from the Livre du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio , France , 14th century . ( Bibliothèque nationale ) In medieval Europe , bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service . In the standard table setting of the day the trencher , a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches ( 15 cm by 10 cm ) , was served as an absorbent plate . At the completion of a meal the trencher could then be eaten , given to the poor , or fed to the dogs . It was not until the 15th century that trenchers made of wood started to replace the bread variety . To the 19th century ( edit ) Up to the 19th century , bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials , including chalk , sawdust , alum , plaster , clay and ammonium carbonate . This gradually came to an end with government action , such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain . America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however , as various states had varying policies regarding bread making . In the late 19th century , the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies . This was regarded as British bread despite its origins , and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain 's position in its colonies further . Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread , as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances . Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods , particularly in North America , as it was a staple food in most diets , more so than other staple foods like meat . Industrialization ( edit ) The industrialization of bread - baking was a formative step in the creation of the modern world . Otto Frederick Rohwedder is considered to be the father of sliced bread . In 1912 Rohwedder started work on inventing a machine that sliced bread , but bakeries were reluctant to use it since they were concerned the sliced bread would go stale . It was not until 1928 , when Rohwedder invented a machine that both sliced and wrapped the bread , that sliced bread caught on . A bakery in Chillicothe , Missouri was the first to use this machine to produce sliced bread . An automated bakery with industrial robots palletizing bread , Germany For generations , white bread was the preferred bread of the rich while the poor ate dark ( whole grain ) bread . However , in most western societies , the connotations reversed in the late 20th century , with whole grain bread becoming preferred as having superior nutritional value while white bread became associated with lower - class ignorance of nutrition . A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process . This used the intense mechanical working of dough , and control of gases touching dough , to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition . The process , whose high - energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain , is now widely used around the world in large factories . In total contrast , traditional breadmaking is extremely time - consuming , as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking , and to produce the desired flavor and texture . More recently , and especially in smaller retail bakeries , chemical additives are used that both speed up mixing time and reduce necessary fermentation time , so that a batch of bread may be mixed , made up , risen , and baked in fewer than three hours . Dough that does not require fermentation because of chemical additives is called `` quick bread '' by commercial bakers . Common additives include reducing agents such as L - cysteine or sodium metabisulfite , and oxidants such as potassium bromate or ascorbic acid . Often these chemicals are added to dough in the form of a prepackaged base , which also contains most or all of the dough 's non-flour ingredients . Using such bases and sophisticated chemistry , it has been possible for commercial bakers to make imitations of artisan and sourdough breads , traditionally made by semi-skilled laborers working in smaller shops . Since 1986 , domestic breadmakers that automate the process of making bread have become popular in the home . See also ( edit ) Food portal Food history Cultural significance of bread Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 12 : Their staff of life : Initial investigations on ancient Egyptian bread baking '' . In KEMP , B.J. Amarna Reports ( PDF ) . 5 . London : Egypt Exploration Society . pp. 1253 -- 1290 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85698 - 109 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez Carretero , Lara ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` 3,500 - year - old bread and beer from the New Kingdom , Egypt '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuel , D. ( 1994 ) . `` An archaeological study of baking and bread in New Kingdom Egypt ( doctoral thesis ) '' . Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 22 : Brewing and baking '' . In Nicholson , P.T. ; Shaw , I. Ancient Egyptian materials and technology ( PDF ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 537 -- 576 . ISBN 9780521452571 . Jump up ^ Samuel , D. ( 1996 ) . `` Investigation of Ancient Egyptian Baking and Brewing Methods by Correlative Microscopy '' . Science . 273 ( 5274 ) : 488 -- 490 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 273.5274. 488 . Jump up ^ Samuel , Delwen ( 2002 ) . `` Bread in archaeology '' . Civilisations ( 49 ) : 27 -- 36 . doi : 10.4000 / civilisations. 1353 . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 68f . Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 204 gives a date of 168 for `` a considerable influx of craftsmen bakers ( pistores ) of Greek origin into Rome '' . Jump up ^ Chrysippus of Tyana gives a list of thirty kinds , without commentary ( Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 ) . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 91 Jump up ^ Changes in diet are reflected in the modern significance of opson as fish ( Toussaint - Samat 2009 , p. 202 ) ; in Italy the contorni are now the accompaniment to meat rather than bread . Jump up ^ Tannahill p. 227 Jump up ^ `` The fight against food adulteration '' . Rsc.org . Retrieved 9 February 2017 . Jump up ^ MS. , City Clerk 's Office , Record Book , 1814 - 1820 , pp. 3 , 5 . Jump up ^ The Trade Marks Journal . Jump up ^ It occupies a section in Sigfried Giedion , ( 1948 ) 1969 . Mechanization Takes Command ( New York Oxford University Press ) . Jump up ^ Christianne L.H. Hupkens , Ronald A. Knibbe and Maris J. Drop , for example analyzed social class variation in the intake of fat and fibre , including white bread consumption , in Maastricht , Liège and Aachen , `` Social Class Differences in Women 's Fat and Fibre Consumption : A Cross-National Study '' 1995 ; the literature on class perceptions and diet is enormous . Jump up ^ Criticisms of the Chorleywood bread process Archived 22 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Pyler , Ernst John ( 1958 ) . Our Daily Bread . Siebel . p. 703 . Jump up ^ Elkassabany , M. ; Hoseney , R.C. ; Seib , P.A. ( 1980 ) . `` Ascorbic Acid as an Oxidant in Wheat Flour Dough . I. Conversion to Dehydroascorbic Acid '' ( PDF ) . Cereal Chem. 57 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Nonaka , I. and Takeuchi , H. ( 1995 ) , The Knowledge - Creating Company , Oxford University Press . ( hide ) Bread Types Brown bread Chapati Flatbread Injera Multigrain bread Naan Paratha Pitta Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Sandwich bread Soda bread Sourdough Texas toast Unleavened White bread Whole wheat Ingredients Baker 's yeast Barm Calcium propanoate Eggs Fat Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Milk Salt Sugar Water Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Farinograph Lame Peel Stand mixer Weighing scales Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction No - knead bread Proofing Pre-ferment Pre-slicing Sponge and dough Steaming Straight dough Vienna process Uses Bread crumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Bread in Europe History of bread List articles American breads Brand name breads Bread dishes Bread rolls British breads Buns Indian breads Pakistani breads Quick breads Sweet breads Toast dishes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_bread&oldid=830182539 '' Categories : Breads History of food and drink Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Euskara Français 한국어 Português Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 07 : 49 . 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when did they figure out that yeast made bread rise

The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough ( with sugar and water in ) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter . Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce `` a lighter kind of bread than other peoples . '' Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting , or wheat bran steeped in wine , as a source for yeast .

America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) - wikipedia America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 Broadcast from June 23 -- September 16 , 2009 Judges Piers Morgan Sharon Osbourne David Hasselhoff Host ( s ) Nick Cannon Broadcaster NBC Winner Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner Origin Mayfield , Kentucky Genre ( s ) Country music Runner - up Bárbara Padilla Chronology ◀ 2009 ▶ The fourth season of America 's Got Talent , an American television reality show talent competition , premiered on the NBC network on June 23 , 2009 . Country singer Kevin Skinner was named the winner on September 16 , 2009 . This season is the first season to be broadcast in high definition . This season 's host is Nick Cannon , who replaced Jerry Springer . Springer had said that he could not host due to other commitments . David Hasselhoff , Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne returned judges , despite rumors that Osbourne would be leaving the show . Season four was Hasselhoff 's final season as a judge . This season started broadcasting live on August 4 , 2009 . Contents 1 Selection process 2 Preliminary auditions 3 Second round 3.1 Vegas Verdicts 3.1. 1 First cut 3.1. 2 Part One cuts 3.1. 3 Part Two cuts 3.1. 4 Unknown cut 4 Quarterfinals 4.1 Week 1 4.1. 1 Elimination table , week 1 4.2 Week 2 4.2. 1 Elimination table , week 2 4.3 Week 3 4.3. 1 Elimination table , week 3 4.4 Week 4 4.4. 1 Elimination table , week 4 5 Top 20 5.1 Round 1 5.1. 1 Round 1 elimination table 5.2 Round 2 5.2. 1 Round 2 elimination table 6 Finals 6.1 Finals , elimination chart 7 Round Chart 8 Contestants who appeared on other seasons 9 Contestants who appeared on other shows 10 Ratings 10.1 U.S. ratings 10.2 Canadian ratings 11 References 12 External links Selection process ( edit ) Nick Cannon replaced Jerry Springer as host Season four carried over season three 's audition process . Out of the over 160 acts that passed through the preliminary auditions , 48 went on to perform in the live shows . This season , the callbacks were renamed `` The Vegas Verdicts '' . Unlike previous seasons , the acts were not given a chance to perform a second time , unless prompted by the judges to as a challenge . The judges re-watched audition tapes and created a Top 40 based on the acts ' preliminary performances , similar to the format used on sister show Britain 's Got Talent . However , it was revealed during the first performance show that the judges , when prompted by executive producer Simon Cowell , called back eight acts that they previously had cut . This brought the total number of acts up to 48 . Last season , the acts who passed through were divided into four groups , who performed over the course of two weeks with the acts who passed through from the previous night being announced before the next group of acts ' performances . This year , each group in the Top 48 was divided into four groups of 12 , but only one group performed per week , as a separate results show for the group aired the next day . This season was the first to feature results episodes lasting one hour on a weekly basis since season one . During the performances episodes , if all three judges buzzed an act , the act was forced to end , unlike the previous season , where it could continue on for a short time . In the results episodes , five best acts from each group of twelve proceeded to the semi-finals - four acts were determined solely by viewers ' votes , the judges decided between acts with the fifth and sixth highest viewers ' vote totals . The twelve acts were presented to the audience in groups of two or three ( usually similar acts - e.g. dancers , children - are put together ) and then the host announced which of them moved forward and which of them had been eliminated . When three acts are presented as a group , the host would first announce an act from the three as the first act eliminated , then would announce which act from the remaining two remained in the competition . The final group were acts in the fifth and sixth places and the judges pick one of them by majority voting . At no time was the audience made aware of how many viewers ' votes each act received . In the semifinals , the twenty acts who passed through the quarterfinals were divided into groups of 10 . One of these groups performed each week , with a performance episode followed by the results the following day . Only four acts were supposed to pass through to the finals each week . Three are determined solely by viewers ' votes , but the fourth and fifth place acts must face the judges ' decision . However , in one case , the judges passed through both performers , as they could not make a decision . In the other case , the top five acts were passed through . Instead of previous seasons , where the finals contain four or five acts , this season the finale contained ten acts . Preliminary auditions ( edit ) This year , auditions were held in New York City , Houston , Los Angeles , Chicago , Miami , and Seattle / Tacoma . Auditions were also held in Boston , Atlanta , and Washington , D.C. but not televised . A total of 160 acts advanced to the Las Vegas Round . Second round ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts ( edit ) Vegas Verdicts aired on July 28 , 2009 and July 29 , 2009 . Over the course of the two episodes , the over 160 acts that made it through the preliminary rounds were narrowed down to a Top 40 that made it through to the live performance rounds . In the first episode of the `` Vegas Verdicts '' , as Cannon referred to it , the episode started off with 25 of the 160 acts being eliminated right at the Las Vegas Airport . The remaining acts were then briefly shown enjoying the sights of Vegas , before the eliminations resumed . Acts were brought before the judges and informed of their fate . The judges selected three dance groups : Destined 2 Be , BreakSk8 , and U4ria Dance Crew for a challenge . They were asked to prepare a dance routine for 12 hours plus they 'll have the same piece of music . After they perform , the judges will decide which dance groups will advance to the Top 40 Quarterfinals . In the second episode , the remainder of the Top 40 was revealed , and many more acts were eliminated . The three dance crews challenged in the previous episode were shown in a montage performing their challenge performance . At the end of the second episode , Simon Cowell , executive producer of the show , called the judges on their flight back to Los Angeles , stating that he was unhappy with some of the eliminations the judges made . Cowell revealed that there was just `` too much talent '' eliminated , and that he felt that a number of these acts should be given another chance . As a result , two acts were brought back as wildcards during each quarterfinal round . First cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at the Las Vegas Airport include : Circus R Us `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Contortion , hula hoops on unicycles `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tallan Noble Latz `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : 9 - year - old electric guitarist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Nathan Burton Preliminaries , Episode 7 `` : Magician , he also appeared in season one `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Kari Callin `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Singer , sang `` Somewhere '' from West Side Story `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Ciana Pelekai `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : 8 - year - old singer , sang `` At Last '' . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Alex Wesley `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : 53 - year - old dancer . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part one cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the first episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Keith Johnson `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Singer and guitarist , performed `` Walking in Memphis '' by Marc Cohn . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Tony Ferrante `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : 74 - year - old dancer , performed to `` You Make Me Feel ( Mighty Real ) '' by Sylvester James . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Joseph Constantine `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Spiritual Harmonizers `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Close harmony singing group of Post Office workers . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Fuchsia FoXXX `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Belly dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated The Hurricane Tricksters `` Preliminaries , Episode 4 '' : Trickers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Eliminated Part two cuts ( edit ) Acts that were cut in the second episode of the Vegas Verdict included : Rashida Jolley `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Performed and sang `` Killing Me Softly '' on the harp . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Christopher & Laura Camp `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Whip act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Duo Design `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Hand balancers . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Flash `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Jugglers and acrobats . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Kalinins `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Father and son acrobats . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Arthur Gulkarov `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Contortionist and dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . Kara & Corey Britz `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Sibling guitarist / singer duo , performed `` Every Breath You Take '' by The Police . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated . The Serenades `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Singers . Sang `` Hit the Road Jack '' by Ray Charles . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Auditioned as backup for Marcus Terrell . Eliminated . Destined 2 Be `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Poppers , performed to `` Shawty Get Loose '' by Lil Mama . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 1 ) '' : Challenged by the judges . Given a new piece of music , they had 12 hours to come up with a performance to that music . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Kelli Glover `` Preliminaries , Episode 7 '' : Sang `` Listen '' from Dreamgirls . Previously appeared on American Idol : season one . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Eliminated Unknown cut ( edit ) Acts that were eliminated at an unknown stage of Vegas Verdicts . Unexpected Step Team `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Step team `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Anointed S `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Vocal percussion `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Black Fire Percussion `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Drumline `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . NYC Gay Men 's Chorus `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Singers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Bruce and Simone `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Aerial artists , performed to `` Ca n't Get Enough of Your Love '' by Barry White `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Brad Byers `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Carnival sideshow style performer , put a fishing hook and a drill through his nose `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Urban Nation Hip - Hop Choir `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Show choir `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . The Jesse White Tumbling Team `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Acrobats `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Draconik `` Preliminaries , Episode 1 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Comic Bots `` Preliminaries , Episode 2 '' : A band consisting of performers dressed in homemade robot costumes `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Although this act was shown as surviving the initial airport cut , they did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Tom Durnin `` Preliminaries , Episode 2 '' : 52 - year - old dancer and illusionist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Joseph Harris `` Preliminaries , Episode 3 '' : Yo - yo performer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . TJ & the Little Mamas `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : 6 - to 9 - year - old dancers , performed to a hip - hop version of `` Dance to the Music '' `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Miss Germany `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Fire act `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Janice Martin `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Singer , violinist , and aerialist `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . The Scott Brothers `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Cartoon - style poppers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Iconic Crew `` Preliminaries , Episode 5 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Live in Color `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Anna Pipoyan `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Belly dancer , danced with a lit candelabra prop on her head `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Chris Collins `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Magician `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Eclipse `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Rapper `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Timez 2 `` Preliminaries , Episode 6 '' : Hip - hop singing twins , sang `` Yeah ! '' by Usher . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Simon Chaban `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Fire dancer `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Louis Bar & Laura Cantu `` Preliminaries , Episode 8 '' : Tango dancers `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Encore `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Dance crew `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Alycia Cooper `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Standup comic `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . N2UN `` Preliminaries , Episode 9 '' : Violinist / pianist duo . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Koshka Raenelle `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : Singer , sang `` Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . E3 `` Preliminaries , Episode 10 '' : Dancing trio . `` Las Vegas Week ( Part 2 ) '' : Not shown , but did not make the Top 40 , so presumed eliminated by the judges . Quarterfinals ( edit ) The quarterfinals began on August 4 , 2009 . Twelve acts ( ten of the original Top 40 , plus two wildcards ) performed each week . A two - hour performance episode each Tuesday was followed by a one - hour results show the following day , where five of the twelve acts from the previous night remained in the competition . When an act got buzzed by all three judges , they must stop , unlike in the previous seasons , where at this stage acts were allowed to continue despite being buzzed by all judges . A large X appeared on the screen on stage , indicating the act had been struck out by the judges . Viewers were still able to vote for the buzzed act . The judges ' choice , however , remained , as the judges got to decide whether the contestant who placed either in fifth or sixth place got to advance to the next round . Week 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 4 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 5 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances by Terry Fator and Mariah Carey . Elimination table , Week 1 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Breaksk8 Rollerskating dance troupe Thia Megia Singer The Platt Brothers Pantomimes , acrobats , dancers The Diva League Drag queens 5 Manuela Horn Yodeling dominatrix , singer / performer 6 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 7 Mosaic A cappella singers 8 Acrodunk Acrobatic basketball dunkers 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Drew Thomas Magic Magician 11 Kevin Skinner Singer 12 Lake Houston Dance Dance Troupe Week 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 11 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 12 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances from LMFAO and Penn and Teller . Elimination table , Week 2 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Fab Five Clogging Dance troupe Charles DeWayne Singer Carol Loo Dancer Tony Hoard & Rory Dog trainer & Frisbee - catching dog 5 Eleisha Miller Singer / Dancer 6 Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers 7 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical vocal group 8 SQ Entertainment Dance crew 9 Pete Peterkin Impersonator X 10 Alizma Singing / Violin triplets 11 Beale Street Flippers Flipping dance troupe 12 Voices of Glory Singing trio Footnotes Jump up ^ Morgan jokingly buzzed Pete Peterkin after his performance . Week 3 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 18 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired August 19 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included performances from Ashley Tisdale and Daughtry . Elimination table , Week 3 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan FootworKINGz Dance Troupe Marcus Terrell and the Serenades Singing group Pixie Mystère Contortionist dancers Jay Mattioli Magician / Illusionist 5 BRI Singer / Pianist 6 U4RIA Dance Crew Dance crew 7 David Johnson Comedic singer 8 Hairo Torres Contortionist and break dancer 9 G - Force Girl Rock Band 10 Jeffery Ou Pianist 11 Mario & Jenny Jugglers 12 Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Week 4 ( edit ) The performance episode aired on August 25 , 2009 , lasting 2 hours . The results episode aired on August 26 , 2009 , lasting 1 hour . It included a performance from Reba McEntire . Elimination table , Week 4 ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the semifinals . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Finished in either fifth or sixth place ; Lost the judges ' vote . Italics indicate the act was a wild card . Order indicates when the act performed during the performance episode . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Ishaara Bollywood Dance Troupe Bárbara Padilla Singer Pam Martin 's Top Dogs Trainer with dancing dogs African High Flyers Acrobats 5 Mia Boostrom Singer 6 Erik & Rickie Ballroom dancers 7 Coney Island Chris Physical Comedian 8 Matt & Anthony Guitarist and tap dancer 9 The Lollipop Girls Burlesque dancers 10 Drew Stevyns Singer 11 Recycled Percussion Percussion act 12 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio Top 20 ( edit ) The Semifinals began on September 1 , 2009 . The process on stage is identical to that of the Quarterfinals , except there are no longer any new wild card acts . Round 1 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 1 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired September 2 , 2009 , 1 hour . It included a performance from Miss Piggy and Kermit the Frog ( played by Artie Esposito filling in for an unavailable Steve Whitmire ) singing `` Do n't Go Breaking My Heart , '' and one from David Hasselhoff singing `` Feeling Good . '' Round 1 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Judges ' choice Advanced to the finals . Finished in either fourth or fifth place ; Won the judges ' vote . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes and judges ' choices Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Acrodunk Basketball dunkers The Texas Tenors Vocal group Paradizo Dance Acrobatic performers Drew Thomas Magic Magician 5 Tony Hoard and Rory Dog frisbee act 6 The Voices of Glory Singing trio 7 The Fab Five Clogging dance troupe 8 Grandma Lee Standup comedian 9 Arcadian Broad Dancer 10 Kevin Skinner Singer / Guitarist Footnotes Because David , Sharon , and Piers were unable to make a decision as to which act they wanted to advance further in the competition , they decided to allow both acts to compete in the next round . Round 2 ( edit ) The performance episode aired September 8 , 2009 , 2 hours . The results episode aired September 9 , 2009 , 1 hour , with a guest appearance from the musical Jersey Boys . Round 2 elimination table ( edit ) Key Buzzed out Advanced to the finals . Order Performer Act Description Buzzes Hasselhoff Osbourne Morgan Recycled Percussion Percussion group Lawrence Beamen Bass singer Erik and Rickie Ballroom dancers Jeffrey Ou Pianist 5 Hairo Torres Break dancer and contortionist 6 The EriAm Sisters Sister singing trio 7 Mario and Jenny Jugglers 8 Drew Stevyns Singer 9 FootworKINGz Dance Troupe 10 Bárbara Padilla Singer Footnotes As a result of there being no judges ' choice the previous week of the semifinals , there was no judges ' choice this week of competition , either . Finals ( edit ) The finale performances aired on Monday , September 14 , 2009 , 2 hours . The finale results aired on Wednesday , September 16 , 2009 , 2 hours , and included guest performances from Thelma Houston , Shakira , Rascal Flatts , cast members of Cirque Du Soleil , Leona Lewis , and runner - up of the third series of Britain 's Got Talent , Susan Boyle . The performances episode averaged 13.84 million viewers , and the finale averaged 15.5 million viewers . Finals , elimination chart ( edit ) Here is the chart for the finals of the fourth season of America 's Got Talent . Key Winner Runner - up 3rd Place 4th Place 5th Place 6th Place 7th Place 8th Place 9th Place 10th Place Finals , September 14 -- 16 , 2009 Order Contestant Performance Description Result ( September 16 , 2009 ) Voices of Glory Sibling singers ; sang `` Greatest Love of All '' by Whitney Houston . Fifth place Hairo Torres Contortionist dancer ; danced to `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' by Rufus Wainwright and `` Closer '' by Ne - Yo . Eighth place Lawrence Beamen Bass singer ; sang `` You 're the First , the Last , My Everything '' by Barry White . Ninth place Bárbara Padilla Opera singer ; sang `` O Mio Babbino Caro '' by Giacomo Puccini . Runner - up 5 Fab Five Sister cloggers ; danced to `` Circus '' by Britney Spears . Sixth place 6 The Texas Tenors Country / Classical Vocal Group ; sang `` My Way '' by Frank Sinatra . Fourth place 7 Drew Stevyns Singer ( and guitarist ) ; sang `` I 'll Stand By You '' by The Pretenders . Tenth place 8 Grandma Lee Stand - up comedian ; performed a varied routine , picking on her children , her ( fictional ) ex-husband , Piers Morgan and Simon Cowell . Seventh place 9 Kevin Skinner Country singer ; sang `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' by Aerosmith . Winner 10 Recycled Percussion Junkyard percussionists ; played `` Wipe Out '' by The Surfaris . Third place Round chart ( edit ) This is the list of the acts who passed through to the live rounds . Key Winner Runner - up Third Place Fourth Place Fifth Place Finalist Semifinalist Name Member ( s ) Genre Act Hometown Qtr . final Semi . final Position reached Kevin Skinner Kevin Skinner ( 35 ) Singing Singer / Musician Mayfield , Kentucky Winner Bárbara Padilla Bárbara Padilla ( 36 ) Singing Opera singer Houston , Texas Runner - up Recycled Percussion Ryan Vezina ; Justin Spencer ; James `` Jimmy '' Magoon ; Todd Griffin ( 22 -- 39 ) Musical performance Junkyard percussion group ( and other ) Goffstown , New Hampshire Third place The Texas Tenors Marcus Collins ( 34 ) ; JC Fisher ( 35 ) ; John Hagen ( 44 ) Singing Country / Classical vocal group Houston , Texas Fourth place The Voices of Glory Michael Cole ( 16 ) ; Avery Cole ( 13 ) ; Nadia Cole ( 9 ) Singing Trio sibling singers Highland , New York Fifth place Drew Stevyns Drew Stevyns ( 26 ) Singing Singer / Musician Sykesville , Maryland Finalist Fab Five LaChere Vawdrey ( 35 ) ; Shaundalee Morgan ( 33 ) ; Ayrion Myers ( 31 ) ; Cambria Gibson ( 28 ) ; Veva Ahlstrom ( 24 ) Dancing Sister clogging dance troupe Morgan , Utah Finalist Grandma Lee Lee Strong ( 75 ) Performing Stand - up comedian Jacksonville , Florida Finalist Hairo Torres Hairo Torres ( 23 ) Dancing Contortionist / Breakdancer Grants Pass , Oregon Finalist Lawrence Beamen Lawrence Beamen ( 34 ) Singing Bass singer Walnut Creek , California Finalist Team Acrodunk Jerry L. Burrell ( 45 ) ; Romale Daunte Crawford ( 23 ) ; Anthony Grant ( 27 ) ; Gregory T. Jerralds ( 25 ) ; Eddie Ray Johnson ( 24 ) ; Greg L. Mueller ( 32 ) Acrobatics Acrobatic basketball dunkers Houston , Texas Eliminated Arcadian Broad Arcadian Broad ( 13 ) Dancing Dancer ( and pianist ) Orlando , Florida Eliminated Drew Thomas Magic & Illusion Drew Thomas ( 40 ) ; Rebecca Thomas ; Erin Nicole Cline - Lead ; Heather Specht Performing Magician / Illusionist Orlando , Florida Eliminated EriAm Sisters Haben Abraham ( 11 ) ; Salina Abraham ( 14 ) ; Lianda Abraham ( 16 ) Singing Sister singing trio Seattle , Washington Eliminated Erik & Rickie Erik Linder ( 8 ) ; Rickie Taylor ( 8 ) Dancing Ballroom dancers Seattle , Washington Eliminated FootworKINGz Trevell Johnson ( 23 ) ; Kendall Larkin ( 18 ) ; Kenneth Livingston ( 18 ) ; Brandon Love ( 18 ) ; Eddie Martin ( 16 ) ; Christopher Thomas ( 24 ) Dancing Dance troupe Chicago , Illinois Eliminated Jeffrey Ou Jeffrey Ou ( 18 ) Classical Pianist Pianist Carrollton , Texas Eliminated Mario & Jenny Mario Ferreira ( 34 ) ; Jenny Ferreira ( 33 ) Performing Jugglers Las Vegas Eliminated Paradizo Dance Dave Paris ( 37 ) ; Zoë Klein ( 29 ) Dancing Acrobatic performers Brooklyn , New York Eliminated Tony Hoard & Rory Tony Hoard ( 54 ) ; Rory ( 7 ) Animal performing Canine flying - disc thrower / catcher New Castle , Indiana Eliminated African High Flyers 24 -- 35 Acrobatics Acrobats Orlando , Florida Eliminated Alizma Aleksandra Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Izabela Okapiec ( 23 ) ; Monika Okapiec ( 23 ) Musical performance Singing / Violin triplets Las Vegas Eliminated Anthony & Matt ( AM Project ) Anthony Morigerato ( 24 ) ; Matt Lucas ( 22 ) Dancing ; musical performance Tap dancer / guitarist New York , New York Eliminated Breaksk8 21 -- 30 Dancing Roller - skate dance troupe Kokomo , Indiana Eliminated Beale Street Flippers 20 -- 26 Acrobatics Flippers Memphis , Tennessee Eliminated BRI Sabrina `` Bri '' Bernstein ( 17 ) Singing Singer / Pianist Las Vegas Eliminated Carol Loo Carol Loo ( 63 ) Dancing Dancer Jersey City , New Jersey Eliminated Charles DeWayne Charles DeWayne Dorsey , Jr. ( 21 ) Singer Singer ( and pianist ) La Verne , California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Coney Island Chris Chris Allison ( 42 ) Performing Stunt comedian Naugatuck , Connecticut Eliminated David Johnson David Johnson ( 30 ) Singing Comedic singer Renton , Washington Eliminated Diva League Shi - Queeta Lee ; Jessica Spaulding ; Akasha Cassadine ; Banaka Deveraux ; Mark'us Young ; Kiera Turner ; Derek Brown ; Cheryl Brown ; Byron Smith ; Dominique Harvin ; Rashad Dinkins ( 20 -- 44 ) Dancing Drag dancers and lip - synchers Washington , D.C. Eliminated Eleisha Miller Eleisha Miller ( 8 ) Musical performance Singer and pianist Amarillo , Texas Eliminated G Force Emily Gendics ( 11 ) ; Hannah Gendics ( 9 ) ; Olivia Gendics ( 8 ) Musical performance / singing Sister rock band Amherst , Ohio Eliminated Ishaara Shahil Patel ; Sian Bentson ; Nickesh Viswanathan ; Shivani Mehta ; Neeraj Kohirkar ; Amlu Natesan ; Anwesh Thakur ; Priya Tanna ; Prashant Shukla ; Meghna Bhatter ( 18 -- 23 ) Dancing Bollywood dance troupe Berkeley , California Eliminated Jay Mattioli Jay Mattioli ( 27 ) Performing Magician / Illusionist Manassas , Virginia Eliminated Lake Houston Dance The Lake Houston Performing Arts Center members ( 9 -- 14 ) Dancing Dance troupe Houston , Texas Eliminated Manuela Horn Manuela Horn ( 36 ) Singing Yodeler ( and singer ) Seattle , Washington Eliminated Marcus Terrell & The Serenades Marcus Terrell ( 22 ) ; others varied Singing Singer Kansas City , Missouri Eliminated Mia Boostrom Mia Boostrom ( 16 ) Singing Singer North Dighton , Massachusetts Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Mosaic Corwyn Hodge ; Heath Burgett ; John Henry Gibson II ; Josh Huslig ; Sean Gerrity ; Troy Dolendo ( 30 -- 34 ) Singing A cappella singing group Las Vegas Eliminated Pam Martin 's Top Dog Pam Martin ( 54 ) ; various dogs Animal performing Dancing Dogs Garland , Texas Eliminated Pete Peterkin Pete Peterkin ( 54 ) Performing Impressionist Brooklyn , New York Eliminated Pixie Mystère 9 -- 11 Dancing Contortionist dance troupe Cape May , New Jersey Eliminated in Judges ' Choice Platt Brothers Boone Platt ; Cheetah Platt ; Cy Platt ( 22 -- 27 ) Acrobatics Trio comedic acrobats San Diego , California Eliminated SQ Entertainment 19 -- 32 Dancing Dance crew Boston , Massachusetts Eliminated The Lollipop Girls Alexandra ; Celena ; Janet ; Jessica ; Kyley ; Lindy ; Liza ; Marisa ( 21 -- 40 ) Dancing Burlesque dance troupe San Diego , California Eliminated Thia Megia Thialorei Lising `` Thia '' Megia ( 14 ) Singing Singer Redwood City , California Eliminated in Judges ' Choice U4ria Dance Crew 16 -- 23 Dancing Dance troupe Coral Springs , Florida Eliminated Contestants who appeared on other seasons ( edit ) Nathan Burton competed in season 1 , finished as a semifinalist . Team Acrodunk ( Acrodunk ) competed in season 1 , finishing as a semifinalist Contestants who appeared on other shows ( edit ) Thia Megia competed on the 10th Season of American Idol , finishing in 10th place Arcadian Broad has auditioned for the 15th Season of So You Think You Can Dance Ratings ( edit ) U.S. ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Rating Share Rating / Share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) Rank ( night ) ( viewers ) Rank ( week ) ( viewers ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.8 12 3.3 / 10 11.30 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.2 11 3.1 / 9 10.39 # 1 # 3 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.5 13 3.7 / 11 12.91 # 1 # 1 `` Auditions Episode 4 '' 6.8 12 2.9 / 9 11.30 # 2 # 3 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 6.2 10 3 / 9 10.43 # 1 # 2 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 6.9 12 3.3 / 10 11.69 # 1 # 1 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 8 13 3.6 / 10 13.17 # 2 # 2 8 `` Auditions Episode 8 '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.38 # 1 # 4 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 8.2 14 3.4 / 10 13.75 # 1 # 1 10 `` Auditions Episode 10 Susan Boyle Interview '' 6.6 11 2.5 / 7 11.26 # 1 # 2 11 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 1 ) '' 7.7 13 3.4 / 10 12.76 # 1 # 1 12 `` Vegas Verdicts ( Part 2 ) '' 6.4 11 2.8 / 8 10.90 # 1 # 2 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' 7.7 14 3.6 / 11 12.97 # 1 # 1 14 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 Results '' 6 10 2.9 / 9 10.68 # 1 # 2 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' 7.6 13 3.4 / 10 12.48 # 1 # 1 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' 6.9 12 2.9 / 9 11.42 # 1 # 4 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' 7 12 2.9 / 9 11.59 # 1 # 2 18 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 Results '' 6.4 11 2.4 / 7 10.29 # 1 # 4 19 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 '' 6.9 12 3 / 8 11.42 # 1 # 1 20 `` Quarterfinals , Group 4 Results '' 6.7 11 2.9 / 8 10.87 # 1 # 2 21 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' 7.5 13 3.2 / 9 12.81 # 1 # 1 22 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' 7.4 12 2.6 / 8 12.39 # 1 # 2 23 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' 7.1 12 2.9 / 8 12.03 # 1 # 5 24 `` Semifinals , Group 2 Results '' 6 9 2.1 / 5 10.06 # 1 # 10 25 `` Finals , Performances '' 8.5 13 3.3 / 9 13.84 # 2 # 3 26 `` Finale '' 9.5 16 3.5 / 10 15.53 # 1 # 2 Canadian ratings ( edit ) Order Episode Viewers ( 100'00s ) Rank ( week ) `` Auditions Episode 1 '' 6.77 # 24 `` Auditions Episode 2 '' 6.71 # 25 `` Auditions Episode 3 '' 7.58 # 20 5 `` Auditions Episode 5 '' 8.52 # 18 6 `` Auditions Episode 6 '' 7.93 # 24 7 `` Auditions Episode 7 '' 9.00 # 18 9 `` Auditions Episode 9 '' 7.01 # 28 11 & 12 `` Vegas Verdicts '' 7.08 # 27 13 `` Quarterfinals , Group 1 '' 8.36 # 18 15 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 '' 6.68 # 24 16 `` Quarterfinals , Group 2 Results '' 6.00 # 27 17 `` Quarterfinals , Group 3 '' 6.28 # 27 21 `` Semifinals , Group 1 '' 10.44 # 18 22 `` Semifinals , Group 1 Results '' 8.84 # 26 23 `` Semifinals , Group 2 '' 7.93 # 28 25 `` Finals , Performances '' 20.27 # 4 26 `` Finale '' 14.47 # 9 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . 2009 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon replaces Jerry Springer as host of America 's Got Talent '' . Blogs.tampabay.com. 2009 - 02 - 09 . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` '' David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent `` , January 6 , 2010 '' . TV Guide . 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 1 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 1 . 2009 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 2 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 2 . 2009 - 06 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 3 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 3 . 2009 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 4 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 4 . 2009 - 07 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 5 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 5 . 2009 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 6 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 6 . 2009 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 7 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 7 . 2009 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 8 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 8 . 2009 - 07 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 9 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 9 . 2009 - 07 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Preliminary auditions , episode 10 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 10 . 2009 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts , Part 1 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 11 . 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 11 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las Vegas Verdicts , Part 2 '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 12 . 2009 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 12 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 13 . 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 13 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 1 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 14 . 2009 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 14 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 15 . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 15 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 2 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 16 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 17 . 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 17 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 3 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 18 . 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 18 '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 performances '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 19 . 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 19 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterfinals - Week 4 results '' . America 's Got Talent . Season 4 . Episode 20 . 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` RNO summary Episode 20 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's America 's Got Talent Returns To Win , ABC 's Superstars Hardly Super '' . 2009 - 06 - 24 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance ? Keys Fox Win , Philanthropist Premiere Fair '' . 2009 - 06 - 25 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Got Talent , ABC 's Got Nothing '' . 2009 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC 's Tops With Talent , But Roadtrip Goes Nowhere '' . 2009 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : ' Talent ' Tops ' Dance ' , But Fox Wins Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Fox , AL , MLB All - Star Game Win ; America 's Got Talent Does Well At 9pm '' . 2009 - 07 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : So You Think You Can Dance Wins Again For Fox On A Down Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : Hell 's Kitchen Returns Down ; Still Shouts Fox To Victory '' . 2009 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' is tops , but CBS had most viewers last week '' . 2009 - 07 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : The President Speaks ; So You Think You Can Dance Wins '' . 2009 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Ratings : More To Love Premieres Light , But Hell 's Kitchen Screams Fox To Victory '' . 2009 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Ratings : Think You Can Dance Beats Talent Head To Head As Fox Wins Night '' . 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 '' . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Ranks # 2 for the week in viewers and ties for # 1 in adults 25 - 54 '' . 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Weisman , Jon ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` NBC top ratings with ' Talent ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Weds TV Ratings : America 's Got Talent tops Octomom , NBC wins night '' . 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : America 's Got Talent Helps NBC Edge Fox & Hell 's Kitchen '' . 2009 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ) . `` ' Wipeout , ' ' Talent ' top primetime ratings '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Tuesday : 90210 , Melrose Place Premiere Weak ; Fox & Hell 's Kitchen Rule '' . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : SYTYCD vs. POTUS and Glee premieres nicely '' . 2009 - 09 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : The Jay Leno Show premieres big , rises to 18.4 million in the final # s '' . 2009 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Updated TV Ratings : AGT finale , Leno , Glee and The Beautiful Life '' . 2009 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Top Programs - Total Canada ( English ) : June 22 -- 28 , 2009 '' . 2009 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official NBC America 's Got Talent website Preceded by Season 3 ( 2008 ) America 's Got Talent Season 4 ( 2009 ) Succeeded by Season 5 ( 2010 ) America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Shin Lim Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Zurcaroh Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! Derrick Barry Season 4 Grandma Lee The Texas Tenors Thia Megia Season 5 ArcAttack Haspop Alice Tan Ridley Prince Poppycock Connor Doran The Strange Familiar Lindsey Stirling Season 6 Geechy Guy Anna Graceman POPLYFE Professor Splash Melissa Villaseñor Season 7 David Garibaldi and His CMYK 's Rudy Coby Trish Paytas Season 8 Cami Bradley Marty Brown Brad Byers Forte Branden James Jim Meskimen John Wing Jr . Alexandr Magala Season 9 Dan Naturman Wendy Liebman Quintavious Johnson The Willis Clan Mike Super Season 10 Stevie Starr Piff the Magic Dragon Myq Kaplan Freelusion Dance Company Metal Mulisha Fitz Army Kacey Jones Kayvon Zand Season 11 Ryan Stock & AmberLynn Tape Face Brian Justin Crum Cory Kahaney The Passing Zone Kadie Lynn Roberson Laura Bretan Zach Sherwin D.J. Demers Sos and Victoria Season 12 Bello Nock Colin Cloud Mandy Harvey Preacher Lawson Puddles Pity Party The Singing Trump Evie Clair Mike Yung Season 13 Aaron Crow Angel City Chorale Glennis Grace Rob Lake The Sacred Riana Us the Duo Related America 's Got Talent : The Champions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_4)&oldid=864113723 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons America 's Got Talent seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 05 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who won season 4 of america's got talent

The fourth season of America 's Got Talent , an American television reality show talent competition , premiered on the NBC network on June 23 , 2009 . Country singer Kevin Skinner was named the winner on September 16 , 2009 . This season is the first season to be broadcast in high definition .

Queen of the South ( tv series ) - wikipedia Queen of the South ( tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Queen of the South ( disambiguation ) . Queen of the South Genre Action Crime Drama Thriller Created by M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Based on La Reina del Sur by Arturo Pérez - Reverte Written by Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Arturo Pérez - Reverte Starring Alice Braga Veronica Falcon Justina Machado Peter Gadiot Hemky Madera Gerardo Taracena Joaquim de Almeida Jon - Michael Ecker Nick Sagar Theme music composer Giorgio Moroder Raney Shockne Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Friendly Scott Rosenbaum M.A. Fortin Joshua John Miller Producer ( s ) Robert J. Wilson Lorenzo O'Brien Cinematography Cameron Duncan Alejandro Martinez Production company ( s ) Frequency Films Friendly Films Skeeter Rosenbaum Productions Fox 21 Television Studios Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment ( MOD releases ) Release Original network USA Network Original release June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) -- present External links Website www.usanetwork.com/queenofthesouth/ Queen of the South is an American television crime drama - thriller series . It premiered June 23 , 2016 , on USA Network and is an adaptation of the successful telenovela La Reina del Sur , which airs on USA 's sister network Telemundo , which in turn is an adaptation of the novel of the same name by Spanish author Arturo Pérez - Reverte . On September 6 , 2016 , USA Network renewed the series for a second season which premiered June 8 , 2017 . On August 10 , 2017 , USA renewed the series for a third season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 1.1 Recurring cast 2 Critical reception 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Broadcast 5 References 6 External links Main cast ( edit ) The cast and crew of the TV show Queen of the South at the ATX Television Festival presentation of the show . From left : Moderator Jarett Wieselman , David T. Friendly , Alice Braga , Veronica Falcón , Joaquim De Almeida , Jon - Michael Ecker , Justina Machado , Peter Gadiot , Gerardo Taracena , Hemky Madera and Gerardo Taracena Alice Braga as Teresa Mendoza Veronica Falcon as Doña Camila Vargas , Don Epifanio 's estranged wife and head of the American chapter of the Vargas Cartel in Dallas , Texas Justina Machado as Brenda Parra , Teresa 's best friend , Chino 's wife , and Tony 's mother ( Season 1 ) Peter Gadiot as James Valdez , Camila 's right - hand man Hemky Madera as Pote Galvez , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Gerardo Taracena as Cesar `` Batman '' Guemes , Don Epifanio Vargas ' right - hand man ( Season 1 - 2 ) Joaquim de Almeida as Don Epifanio Vargas , Camilla Vargas ' husband , head of the Vargas Cartel ( see : Sinaloa Cartel ) , and a candidate for the governor of the Mexican state of Sinaloa ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Jon - Michael Ecker as Raymundo `` El Güero '' Davila ( Season 2 , recurring season 1 ) Nick Sagar as DEA agent Alonzo Loya Recurring cast ( edit ) Mark Consuelos as Teo Aljarafe James Martinez as Gato Fierros , a lieutenant in the Vargas Cartel Carlos Gomez as Javier Acosta Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Ximena Duque as Eva Buemeros ( season 2 ) Michel Duval as Enrique `` Kique '' Jiménez ( season 2 ) Critical reception ( edit ) Queen of the South 's first season received mixed to positive feedback from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 69 % , based on 16 reviews . The site 's consensus reads : `` Queen of the South enlivens an overdone premise with action and narrative vigor -- and shows hints of intriguing potential . '' On Metacritic , the first season scored 59 out of 100 , based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Piloto '' Charlotte Sieling M.A. Fortin & Joshua John Miller June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) 101 1.39 `` Cuarenta Minutos '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum June 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 30 ) 102 1.35 `` Estrategia de Entrada '' Scott Peters Scott Rosenbaum July 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 07 ) 103 1.26 `` Lirio de los Valles '' Zetna Fuentes Scott Rosenbaum July 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 14 ) 104 1.26 5 5 `` Un Alma . Un Mapa . Dos Futuros . '' T.J. Scott Scott Rosenbaum July 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 21 ) 105 1.22 6 6 `` El Engaño Como la Regla '' Dave Rodriguez Scott Rosenbaum July 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) 106 1.22 7 7 `` El Hombre Pájaro '' David Platt Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 04 ) 107 1.21 8 8 `` Billete de Magia '' David Boyd Gregg Hurwitz August 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 11 ) 108 1.06 9 9 `` Coge Todo lo Que Puede Llevar '' Jamie Payne Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 18 ) 109 1.05 10 10 `` Esta Cosa Que Es Nuestra '' Scott Peters Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman August 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 25 ) 110 1.20 11 11 `` Punto sin Retorno '' Constantine Makris Kyle Lierman September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 111 1.16 12 12 `` Quinientos Mil '' David Rodriguez Benjamin Daniel Lobato & David Ehrman September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 112 1.12 13 13 `` Cicatriz '' Matthew Penn Scott Rosenbaum September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 113 1.35 Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` El Cuerpo de Cristo '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) 201 1.25 15 `` Dios y el Abogado '' Nick Gomez Jason Ganzel June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) 202 1.27 16 `` Un Pacto Con el Diablo '' Eduardo Sanchez Dailyn Rodriguez June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) 203 1.08 17 `` El Beso de Judas '' Ami Canaan Mann Benjamin Daniel Lobato June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) 204 0.90 18 5 `` El Nacimiento de Bolivia '' Nick Copus Joe Loya July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) 205 1.11 19 6 `` El Camino de la Muerte '' David Boyd Ryan O'Nan July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 206 1.10 20 7 `` El Precio de la Fe '' Joe Menendez Jorge A. Reyes July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) 207 1.18 21 8 `` Sacar Con Sifón el Mar '' Bronwen Hughes Tina Mabry July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 208 1.16 22 9 `` Sólo el Amor de Una Madre '' David Rodriguez Tina Mabry & Dailyn Rodriguez August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 209 1.02 23 10 `` Que Manden los Payasos '' Loni Peristere Jason Ganzel & Jorge A. Reyes August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 210 1.18 24 11 `` La Noche Oscura del Alma '' Tina Mabry Benjamin Daniel Lobato August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 211 1.24 25 12 `` Todas las Horas Hieren '' Eduardo Sanchez Ryan O'Nan August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 212 1.24 26 13 `` La Última Hora Mata '' David Boyd Natalie Chaidez & Ryan O'Nan August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 213 1.33 Broadcast ( edit ) Internationally , the series premiered in Australia on Showcase on August 4 , 2016 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. `` ' Queen of The South ' Composers Giorgio Moroder & Raney Shockne -- Interview '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South '' . NBCUniversal Media Village . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Queen of the South - DVDs Are Coming Soon for the First Season of the USA Network Series ! '' . TVShowsonTV.com . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Queen Of The South EP & Cast Talk Female Empowerment And The Importance of Keeping It Real '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 September 2014 ) . `` La Reina Del Sur Adaptation Picked Up By USA Network As Drama Pilot '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Queen Of The South ' Renewed For Season 3 By USA '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Justina Machado Joins ' Queen Of The South ' ; Kyle Gallner In ' Outsiders ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Peter Gadiot Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` Loretta Devine Joins Jerrod Carmichael Comedy Pilot ; Hemky Madera In ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Kyle Dean Massey Cast In ' Nashville ' , Joaquim De Almeida In ' Queen Of The South '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Deadline Team . `` James Martinez Cast In ' Queen Of The South ' ; Luis Guzman & Finesse Mitchell Tour With ' Roadies ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` Carlos Gomez Joins USA Drama Series ' Queen Of The South ' '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Lena . `` Rafael Amaya habla sobre su papel en la serie Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Trejos , Carolina . `` Ximena Duque y Michel Duval se unen a Queen of the South '' . People en Español ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 2 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queen of the South : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2016 . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NBA Draft wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : CNN wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 22 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Republican National Convention dominates the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Democratic National Convention lands on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 05 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( 2016 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks up , NFL Preseason dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Mountain Men ' and ' Ice Road Truckers ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2016 . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Queen of the South ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alex Welch ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Thursday Night Football scores top spot '' . Tvbythenumbers . Archived from the original on 2016 - 09 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 6.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2017 . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.27. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Thursday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Purcell , Charles ( 28 July 2016 ) . `` New This Week ( Aug 1 ) : Sharknado 4 , Shades Of Blue , Queen Of The South , Super Rugby and live sport '' . The Green Room . Archived from the original on 29 July 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . 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how many episodes on queen of the south season 1

Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 June 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 23 ) September 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 15 ) 13 June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 )

List of Prime ministers of Pakistan - Wikipedia List of Prime ministers of Pakistan Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan Pakistan This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Pakistan Constitution ( show ) Previous constitutions : 1956 1962 1973 Annex ( written 1949 , incorporated 1985 ) Amendments Law Government ( show ) President ( list ) : Arif Alvi Parliament Senate Chairman : Sadiq Sanjrani Deputy Chairman : Saleem Mandviwalla National Assembly Speaker : Asad Qaiser Deputy Speaker : Qasim Suri Executive : Prime Minister ( list ) : Imran Khan Federal Cabinet Federal Agencies Civil Service Judiciary Supreme Judicial Council Supreme Court Chief Justice Federal Shariat Court Supreme Appellate Court Gilgit - Baltistan Chief Justices Islamabad High Court Provincial High Courts Chief Court Gilgit - Baltistan District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Electoral College Recent elections Presidential : 2018 2013 2008 General : 2018 2013 2008 Political parties Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Pakistan Peoples Party Administrative units ( show ) Provinces Balochistan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Punjab Sindh Territories Islamabad Autonomous region Azad Kashmir Gilgit -- Baltistan Federalism ( show ) Azad Kashmir government President Prime Minister Legislative Assembly Provincial governments Governors Chief Ministers Provincial Assemblies Local government Divisions Districts Tehsils Union councils Foreign relations ( show ) China - Pakistan relations India -- Pakistan relations Pakistan United States relations Kashmir conflict Embassies Other countries Atlas The Prime Minister of Pakistan ( Urdu : وزِیرِ اعظم ‬ ‎ -- Wazīr - ē Aʿẓam , Urdu pronunciation : ( ʋəˈziːr - ˌeː ˈɑː. zəm ) ; Turkish lit . `` Grand Vizier '' ) , is the popularly elected politician who is the chief executive of the Government of Pakistan . The Prime Minister is vested with the responsibility of running the administration through his appointed federal cabinet , formulating national policies to ensure the safeguard of the interests of the nation and its people through the Council of Common Interests as well as making the decision to call nationwide general elections for the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan . Since 1947 , Pakistan has had eighteen prime ministers , aside from the appointed caretaker prime ministers who were only mandated to oversee the system until the election process was finished . In Pakistan 's parliamentary system , the Prime Minister is sworn - in by the President and usually is the Chairman or / the President of the party or coalition that has a majority in the National Assembly -- the lower house of Pakistan Parliament . After the Partition of India on the midnight of 14 / 15 August 1947 , Pakistan followed the British system by creating the post of Prime Minister based at the Prime Minister 's Secretariat . The then Governor - General of Pakistan , Muhammad Ali Jinnah , took advice from the Founding Fathers of the nation and appointed Liaquat Ali Khan to establish and lead his administration on 15 August 1947 . Before the presidential system in 1960 , seven prime ministers had served between 1947 until martial law in 1958 . In 1971 , the office was again revived but ceased to exist shortly . Executive powers and authority was given to the Prime Minister when the full set of the Constitution of Pakistan was promulgated in 1973 but the post was ceased from its effective operations after another martial law in 1977 . After the general elections held in 1985 , the office came to its existence . Between 1988 -- 99 , the office was held by Benazir Bhutto of the PPP and Nawaz Sharif of PML ( N ) , each holding the office for two non-consecutive terms between 1988 and 1999 : Bhutto during 1988 -- 90 and 1993 -- 96 ; and Sharif during 1990 -- 93 and 1997 -- 99 . The premiership of I.I. Chundrigar was the shortest in Pakistan 's history , serving only 55 days of his term . At approximately five years and four months in total , Sharif is the longest - serving Prime Minister . Sharif was re-elected for a third non-consecutive term on 5 June 2013 , which is a record in the history of Pakistan . The national politics in Pakistan was mostly dominated by the army department of the Pakistan Armed Forces throughout its history , but it is now dominated by the political parties . After the general elections held in 2002 , Zafarullah Khan Jamali was invited to form his administration as its Prime Minister . After the Supreme Court of Pakistan 's rulings to disqualified the Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani in 2012 , the business of his administration was looked after by Pervez Ashraf until the caretaker administration was setup under Mir Hazar Khoso . Contents 1 Key 2 Prime Ministers 2.1 Caretakers 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Key ( edit ) Key for Prime Ministers ' list Party Name Muslim League Awami League Republican Party People Party National Peoples Party Muslim League ( N ) Muslim League ( Q ) Tehreek - e-Insaf Independent Prime ministers ( edit ) List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan hide Term Number Portrait Name Took office Left office Tenure Elections Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) Liaquat Ali Khan 14 August 1947 16 October 1951 ( assassinated ) 4 Years , 2 Months , 2 Days , -- Muslim League Following advice given by the founding father of the nation , Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set up and run his administration in 1947 . He was assassinated in 1951 , and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office . Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 1 Year , 6 Months , -- Muslim League Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 . He left the office when Governor - General Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953 . Mohammad Ali Bogra 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 2 Years , 3 Months , 26 Days , -- Muslim League A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics , Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor - General after the legislative elections in 1954 . Chaudhry Mohammad Ali 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 1 Year , 1 Month , -- Muslim League A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League , Awami League and the Republican Party , he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no - confidence movement . 5 Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 12 September 1956 17 October 1957 1 Year , 1 Month , 5 Days , -- Awami League Popular for his wit in law , Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration . 6 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar 17 October 1957 16 December 1957 1 Month , 29 Days , -- Muslim League Shortest tenured Prime Minister , Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no - confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League . 7 Sir Feroze Khan Noon 16 December 1957 7 October 1958 9 Months , 21 Days , -- Republican Party A lawyer , Sir Feroze Khan 's administration collapsed after his party 's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office 7 October 1958 -- 7 December 1971 8 Nurul Amin 7 December 1971 20 December 1971 13 Days , 1970 Pakistan Muslim League After the general elections in 1971 , Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration ; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972 , leading Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . 20 December 1971 -- 14 August 1973 9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 14 August 1973 5 July 1977 3 Years , 10 Months , 21 Days , 1973 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief , General Zia , in July 1977 . 5 July 1977 -- 24 March 1985 10 Muhammad Khan Junejo 24 March 1985 29 May 1988 3 Years , 2 Months , 5 Days , 1985 Pakistan Muslim League ( Independent ) Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985 , therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office . He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution . 29 May 1988 -- 2 December 1988 11 Benazir Bhutto 2 December 1988 6 August 1990 1 Year , 8 Months , 4 Days , 1988 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party , in 1982 . Six years later , she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state . 12 Nawaz Sharif 6 November 1990 18 July 1993 2 Years , 7 Months , 4 Days , 1990 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990 . President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993 , which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan . Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58 - 2b , in April 1993 , but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court . Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well , in July 1993 . 13 Benazir Bhutto 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 3 Years , 17 Days , 1993 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto was re-elected for a second term , in 1993 . She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995 . Bhutto 's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996 . 14 Nawaz Sharif 17 February 1997 12 October 1999 2 Years , 7 Months , 25 Days . Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term , in February 1997 . His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999 , and Martial law was imposed in the entire country . 12 October 1999 -- 23 November 2002 15 Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 23 November 2002 26 June 2004 1 Year , 7 Months , 3 Days , 2002 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002 . He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004 . 26 June 2004 -- 30 June 2004 16 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain 30 June 2004 26 August 2004 1 Month , 27 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50 - day period before the Shaukat Aziz , permanently replaces him . 26 August 2004 -- 28 August 2004 17 Shaukat Aziz 28 August 2004 15 November 2007 3 Years , 2 Months , 18 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004 . He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term , in November 2007 , and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term . 18 Yousaf Raza Gillani 25 March 2008 19 June 2012 4 Years , 2 Months , 25 Days . 2008 Pakistan Peoples Party Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008 . He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court . 19 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 22 June 2012 24 March 2013 9 Months , 2 Days , -- Pakistan Peoples Party Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012 , after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges . 20 Nawaz Sharif 5 June 2013 28 July 2017 4 Years , 1 Month , 23 Days , 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) On 5 June 2013 , Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term . He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan as a result of the Panama Papers case . 29 July 2017 -- 1 August 2017 21 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi 1 August 2017 31 May 2018 10 months -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif . His term expired on May 31 , 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election . 22 Imran Khan 18 August 2018 Incumbent 73 days 2018 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf General elections were held on the 25th July 2018 , which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf becoming the largest party . On August 18 , 2018 , Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes . Caretakers ( edit ) List of Caretakers hide No . Portrait Name ( Birth -- death ) Took office Left office Tenure Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) 1st Caretaker Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi ( 1931 -- 2009 ) 6 August 1990 6 November 1990 3 Months , National Peoples Party Jatoi was appointed by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister . 2nd Caretaker Balakh Sher Mazari ( 1928 -- ) 18 April 1993 26 May 1993 1 Month , 8 Days , Pakistan Peoples Party Appointed by the President Khan as a caretaker Prime Minister , Mazari 's term ended when the Supreme Court overturned the Presidential order and restored Sharif 's government . 3rd Caretaker Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi ( 1930 -- 2016 ) 18 July 1993 19 October 1993 3 Months , 1 Day , Independent After Sharif 's resignation in July 1993 , Qureshi was appointed as the caretaker Prime Minister . 4th Caretaker Malik Meraj Khalid ( 1916 -- 2003 ) 5 November 1996 17 February 1997 3 Months , 12 Days , Independent Khalid was appointed as a caretaker Prime Minister after the dismissal of Bhutto 's government in November 1996 . 5th Caretaker Muhammad Mian Soomro ( 1950 -- ) 16 November 2007 24 March 2008 4 Months , 8 Days , Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Soomro took the office as caretaker Prime Minister in November 2007 . 6th Caretaker Mir Hazar Khan Khoso ( 1929 -- ) 25 March 2013 5 June 2013 2 Months , 11 Days , Independent Khoso was appointed by the Election Commission of Pakistan on 24 March , and took oath on 25 March 2013 . 7th Caretaker Nasirul Mulk ( 1950 -- ) 1 June 2018 18 August 2018 2 Months , 18 Days , Independent Nasirul Mulk was appointed as a consensus between the incumbent Prime Minister , Abbasi , and opposition leader , Khurshid Shah , on 28 May . He took the oath of office on 1 June 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ignoring the 7 caretaker Prime Ministers , Imran Khan is the 19th person to be Prime Minister of Pakistan . However Benazir Bhutto 's two non-consecutive terms ( 1988 - 1990 and 1993 - 1996 ) and Nawaz Sharif 's three non-consecutive terms ( 1990 - 1993 , 1997 - 1999 and 2013 - 2017 ) are usually counted separately . As a result some sources count Khan as 19th Prime Minister , but most count him as 22nd . This counting system does not treat Nawaz Sharif 's two periods in office in 1993 ( separated by Balakh Sher Mazari 's brief stint as caretaker ) as separate terms . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Article 153 ( 2a ) - 153 ( 2c ) in Chapter 3 : Special Provisions , Part V : Relations between Federation and Provinces in the Constitution of Pakistan . Jump up ^ `` Prime minister '' . BBC News . 16 October 2008 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Tasleem , Nauman ( 27 June 2004 ) . `` 20 prime ministers since independence '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 2 October 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Prime ministers '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved 9 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mughal , M Yakub . `` Special Edition ( Liaqat Ali Khan ) '' . The News International . Daily Jang . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Parliamentary history '' . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr . Singh ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The constitution of the islamic republic of pakistan '' ( pdf ) . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Pakistan : Zia and After . Abhinav Publications . 1989 . pp. 20 -- 35 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7017 - 253 - 6 . Retrieved 28 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Obituary : Benazir Bhutto '' . BBC News . 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif '' . BBC News . 11 December 2000 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Akbar , M.K. `` Pakistan under Nawaz Sharif '' . Pakistan Today . New Delhi , India : Mittal Publications . p. 230 . ISBN 81 - 7099 - 700 - 3 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World : South Asia : Pakistan army seizes power '' . BBC News . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nawaz Sharif calls for an end to US drone strikes '' . BBC News . 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nangiana , Umer ( 6 June 2013 ) . `` Unprecedented return : He is back '' . The Express Tribune . Agence France - Presse ( AFP ) . Retrieved 6 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile : Zafarullah Khan Jamali '' . BBC News . 26 June 2004 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Santana ; Chris Brummitt ; Zarar Khan ( 22 June 2012 ) . `` Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Is Pakistan 's New Prime Minister '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing '' . Dawn . Herald . 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Death anniversary of Khawaja Nazimuddin '' . Radio Pakistan . 22 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 29 October 2012 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagendra Kr . Singh ( 2003 ) . Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh . Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 261 - 1390 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Ouster of President Iskander Mirza '' . Story Of Pakistan . 1 June 2003 . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ali , Hasan ( 19 August 2008 ) . `` 4 military dictators among 14 heads of state under Officers ' Club of Revolutionary Armed Forces '' . Daily Times . Retrieved 16 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Najeeb in Rawalpindi & Hasan Zaidi in Karachi ( 28 December 2007 ) . `` Benazir Bhutto : Daughter of Tragedy '' . India Today . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ John , Wilson ; Vikram Sood and Akmal Hussain ( 2009 ) . Pakistan 's economy in historical perspective : The Growth , Power and Poverty . Pakistan : the struggle within . New Delhi and Washington , D.C. : Dorling Kindersly ( Pvt ) limited , India and the Library of Congress . p. 220 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 2504 - 7 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dutt , Sanjay ( 2009 ) . `` 1993 Elections '' . Inside Pakistan : 52 years oulook . New Delhi : A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . p. 267 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 157 - 2 . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Ranjha , Khalid ( 1 June 1995 ) . `` Altaf accuses Benazir of ' racism ' '' . DawnWireService . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Burns , John F ( 5 November 1996 ) . `` Pakistan 's Premier Bhutto is put under house arrest '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Hassan , Syed Shoaib ( 12 March 2009 ) . `` Profile : Nawaz Sharif '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Dugger , Celia W. ( 14 October 1999 ) . `` Pakistan Calm After Coup ; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Qaisar , Rana ( 29 June 2004 ) . `` Chaudhry Shujaat set to become 19th PM '' . Daily Times . Archived from the original on 21 May 2005 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM '' . Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan , Iftikhar A. ( 19 June 2012 ) . `` Yousuf Raza Gilani is sent packing '' . Xinhua News Agency . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatti , Haseeb ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Nawaz Sharif steps down as PM after SC 's disqualification verdict '' . Dawn . Jump up ^ Zahra - Malik , Mehreen ( 29 July 2017 ) . `` Ousted Pakistan Leader Passes Baton to Brother , Shehbaz Sharif '' . Asia - Pacific : The New York Times . Retrieved 1 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Sreemoy Talukdar ( 27 July 2018 ) . `` Imran Khan as Pakistan PM : India need not take PTI chief 's insincere ' peace overtures ' seriously '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . The Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf ( PTI ) chief , who is poised to take over as Pakistan 's 19th prime minister , Jump up ^ Naila Inayat ( 15 August 2018 ) . `` Famed cricketer turned prime minister faces widespread corruption in his effort to fix Pakistan '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 18 August 2018 ... Imran Khan , the legendary cricketer turned politician who is now slated to become Pakistan 's 19th prime minister , Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan elected 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . The News International . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan sworn - in as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . Dunya News . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Imran Khan takes oath as 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan '' . The Times Of India . 18 August 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-PM Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi passes away '' . Daily Times . 21 November 2009 . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . Jump up ^ F. Burns , John ( 15 November 1996 ) . `` Caretaker Premier leads Pakistan into 90 days of no frills '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soomro takes oath as Pakistan 's caretaker PM '' . Xinhua News Agency . 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ECP selects Mir Hazar Khan Khoso as caretaker PM '' . Dawn . Herald . 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Justice ( r ) Mir Hazar Khan Khoso named interim PM of Pakistan '' . The Express Tribune . AFP / Web Desk. 24 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan 's caretaker PM Mir Hazar Khan Khoso sworn in '' . BBC News . 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Former CJP Nasirul Mulk to be caretaker PM '' . Dawn. 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Government of Pakistan portal `` Prime Ministers '' . National Assembly of Pakistan . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . `` Pakistan '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . 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Chundrigar Noon Nurul Amin Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Junejo Benazir Bhutto Jatoi Nawaz Sharif Mazari Nawaz Sharif Qureshi Benazir Bhutto Malik Meraj Khalid Nawaz Sharif Jamali Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Shaukat Aziz Soomro Gilani Raja Pervaiz Ashraf Khoso Nawaz Sharif Abbasi Nasirul Mulk Imran Khan Italics indicate acting Prime Ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan&oldid=866391769 '' Categories : Lists of prime ministers Prime Ministers of Pakistan Pakistan - related lists Lists of political office - holders in Pakistan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use Pakistani English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English Use dmy dates from July 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Esperanto Fiji Hindi हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano Nederlands नेपाल भाषा Occitan پنجابی پښتو Português Русский தமிழ் اردو 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 01 : 45 ( UTC ) . 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List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan hide Term Number Portrait Name Took office Left office Tenure Elections Political party ( Alliance ) Note ( s ) Liaquat Ali Khan 14 August 1947 16 October 1951 ( assassinated ) 4 Years , 2 Months , 2 Days , -- Muslim League Following advice given by the founding father of the nation , Governor - General Muhammad Ali Jinnah appointed and invited the Finance Minister Liaquat Ali Khan to set up and run his administration in 1947 . He was assassinated in 1951 , and Khawaja Nazimuddin took the office . Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin 17 October 1951 17 April 1953 1 Year , 6 Months , -- Muslim League Nazimuddin became Prime Minister of Pakistan after the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951 . He left the office when Governor - General Malik Ghulam Muhammad dissolved his government in 1953 . Mohammad Ali Bogra 17 April 1953 12 August 1955 2 Years , 3 Months , 26 Days , -- Muslim League A diplomat and relatively unknown personality to Pakistani politics , Bogra established the Ministry of Talents but his administration was dismissed in 1955 by the Governor - General after the legislative elections in 1954 . Chaudhry Mohammad Ali 12 August 1955 12 September 1956 1 Year , 1 Month , -- Muslim League A first appointment from the coalition of Muslim League , Awami League and the Republican Party , he was removed by his own party following the successful vote of no - confidence movement . 5 Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy 12 September 1956 17 October 1957 1 Year , 1 Month , 5 Days , -- Awami League Popular for his wit in law , Suhrwardy resigned due to the loss of control over his party and support from the coalition partners in his administration . 6 Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar 17 October 1957 16 December 1957 1 Month , 29 Days , -- Muslim League Shortest tenured Prime Minister , Chundrigar established his administration but removed in mere 55 days into his term amid a vote of no - confidence movement led by majority votes of the Republican Party and Awami League . 7 Sir Feroze Khan Noon 16 December 1957 7 October 1958 9 Months , 21 Days , -- Republican Party A lawyer , Sir Feroze Khan 's administration collapsed after his party 's own President Iskander Mirza enforced martial law in 1958 in a view of extending his term of office 7 October 1958 -- 7 December 1971 8 Nurul Amin 7 December 1971 20 December 1971 13 Days , 1970 Pakistan Muslim League After the general elections in 1971 , Amin was invited to be appointed as Prime Minister under Yahya administration ; yet he was also the first and the only Vice President of Pakistan from 1970 to 1972 , leading Pakistan in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . 20 December 1971 -- 14 August 1973 9 Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 14 August 1973 5 July 1977 3 Years , 10 Months , 21 Days , 1973 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto resigned as president to become the empowered Prime Minister after the Constitution was repromulgated , which established a parliamentary system of government . He was deposed in the martial law in 1977 by his appointed army chief , General Zia , in July 1977 . 5 July 1977 -- 24 March 1985 10 Muhammad Khan Junejo 24 March 1985 29 May 1988 3 Years , 2 Months , 5 Days , 1985 Pakistan Muslim League ( Independent ) Junejo was elected as the tenth Prime Minister of Pakistan in non-party based elections in 1985 , therefore he was elected on an Independent ticket but he served the Pakistan Muslim League while before entering in office and during office . He was dismissed by the president after Eighth Amendment to the Constitution . 29 May 1988 -- 2 December 1988 11 Benazir Bhutto 2 December 1988 6 August 1990 1 Year , 8 Months , 4 Days , 1988 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto became the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party , in 1982 . Six years later , she became the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state . 12 Nawaz Sharif 6 November 1990 18 July 1993 2 Years , 7 Months , 4 Days , 1990 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was elected as the 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan on 1 November 1990 . President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dissolved his government in April 1993 , which was later on reinstated by the Supreme Court of Pakistan . Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58 - 2b , in April 1993 , but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court . Sharif resigned from the post negotiating a settlement that resulted in the removal of President as well , in July 1993 . 13 Benazir Bhutto 19 October 1993 5 November 1996 3 Years , 17 Days , 1993 Pakistan Peoples Party Bhutto was re-elected for a second term , in 1993 . She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995 . Bhutto 's government was dismissed by president Farooq Leghari in November 1996 . 14 Nawaz Sharif 17 February 1997 12 October 1999 2 Years , 7 Months , 25 Days . Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Sharif was re-elected as Prime Minister with an exclusive mandate from all over Pakistan for a non-consecutive second term , in February 1997 . His government was deposed by General Pervez Musharraf in October 1999 , and Martial law was imposed in the entire country . 12 October 1999 -- 23 November 2002 15 Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali 23 November 2002 26 June 2004 1 Year , 7 Months , 3 Days , 2002 Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Jamali was elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan in November 2002 . He continued the foreign and economic policies of Pervez Musharraf but could not complete his term and resigned from the post in June 2004 . 26 June 2004 -- 30 June 2004 16 Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain 30 June 2004 26 August 2004 1 Month , 27 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Parliament elected Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain as the Prime Minister and to serve a 50 - day period before the Shaukat Aziz , permanently replaces him . 26 August 2004 -- 28 August 2004 17 Shaukat Aziz 28 August 2004 15 November 2007 3 Years , 2 Months , 18 Days , -- Pakistan Muslim League ( Q ) Aziz took the office of Prime Minister of Pakistan in August 2004 . He left the office at the end of the parliamentary term , in November 2007 , and became the first Prime Minister of Pakistan who left the seat after completion of parliamentary term . 18 Yousaf Raza Gillani 25 March 2008 19 June 2012 4 Years , 2 Months , 25 Days . 2008 Pakistan Peoples Party Gillani was elected as prime minister in March 2008 . He was disqualified from his seat in the parliament in April 2012 by the Supreme Court for contempt of court . 19 Raja Pervaiz Ashraf 22 June 2012 24 March 2013 9 Months , 2 Days , -- Pakistan Peoples Party Ashraf assumed the post of Prime Minister in June 2012 , after Yousaf Raza Gillani was disqualified over contempt of court charges . 20 Nawaz Sharif 5 June 2013 28 July 2017 4 Years , 1 Month , 23 Days , 2013 Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) On 5 June 2013 , Sharif took office for a third non-consecutive term . He was disqualified on 28 July 2017 by the Supreme Court of Pakistan as a result of the Panama Papers case . 29 July 2017 -- 1 August 2017 21 Shahid Khaqan Abbasi 1 August 2017 31 May 2018 10 months -- Pakistan Muslim League ( N ) Parliament elected Shahid Khaqan Abbasi as the Prime Minister after the disqualification of Nawaz Sharif . His term expired on May 31 , 2018 alongside the dissolution of the National Assembly to facilitate a caretaker government in place until the 25 July general election . 22 Imran Khan 18 August 2018 Incumbent 73 days 2018 Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf General elections were held on the 25th July 2018 , which resulted in the Pakistan Tehreek - e-Insaf becoming the largest party . On August 18 , 2018 , Imran Khan was sworn in as Prime Minister after being elected by the National Assembly with 176 votes .

Stephen F. Austin - wikipedia Stephen F. Austin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin , the `` Father of Texas '' . For the university , see Stephen F. Austin State University . For other uses , see Stephen Austin ( disambiguation ) . Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist Stephen Fuller Austin November 3 , 1793 Wythe County , Virginia , United States , present - day Austinville , Virginia December 27 , 1836 ( 1836 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 43 ) West Columbia , Brazoria County , Republic of Texas Cause of death pneumonia Nationality American , Spanish , Mexican , Texian Occupation politician , empresario Known for Being the `` Father of Texas '' Parent ( s ) Moses Austin , Mary Brown Austin Relatives Richard Austin ( colonist ) Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3 , 1793 -- December 27 , 1836 ) was an American empresario . Known as the `` Father of Texas '' , and the founder of Texas , he led the second , and ultimately , the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825 . Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri , Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana . His father , Moses Austin , received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas . After Moses Austin 's death in 1821 , Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly - independent state of Mexico . Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas , and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory . Throughout the 1820s , Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government , and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion . He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution . As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government , Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government , but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution . Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States . Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston . Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic , and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836 . Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor , including the capital of Texas , Austin in Travis County , Austin County , Austin Bayou , Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches , Austin College in Sherman , and a number of K - 12 schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Moving to Texas 3 Empresario Austin 4 Slavery 5 Relations with Mexico 6 Texas Revolution 7 Austin in the Republic of Texas 8 Death and estate 9 Monuments 10 Past family 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early years Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace Stephen F. Austin was born in the mining region of southwestern Virginia ( Wythe County ) in what is known as Austinville today , some 256 miles ( 412 km ) southwest of Richmond , Virginia . He was the second child of Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin ; the first , Eliza , lived only one month . On June 8 , 1798 , when Stephen was four years old , his family moved west to the lead - mining region of present - day Potosi , Missouri , 40 miles west of the Mississippi River . His father Moses Austin received a sitio from the Spanish government for the mining site of Mine à Breton , established by French colonists . His great - great - grandfather , Anthony Austin ( b. 1636 ) , was the son of Richard Austin ( b. 1598 in Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England ) , he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield , Massachusetts , which became Connecticut in 1749 . When Austin was eleven years old , his family sent him back east to be educated , first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester , Connecticut , and then at Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky , from which he graduated in 1810 . After graduation , Austin began studying to be a lawyer . At age 21 , he served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory . As a member of the territorial legislature , he was `` influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis . '' Left penniless after the Panic of 1819 , Austin decided to move south to the new Arkansas Territory . He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River , in the area that would later become Little Rock . After purchasing the property , he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital , which could make his land worth a great deal more . He made his home in Hempstead County , Arkansas . Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820 , Austin declared his candidacy for Congress . His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties , but he still placed second in the field of six candidates . Later , he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court . Over the next few months , Little Rock did become the territorial capital , but Austin 's claim to land in the area was contested , and the courts ruled against him . The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin 's judgeship . Austin left the territory , moving to Louisiana . He reached New Orleans in November 1820 , where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman , Joseph H. Hawkins , and made arrangements to study law . Moving to Texas Sam Houston and Stephen Austin depicted on the Texas Centennial Issue postage stamp of 1936 During Austin 's time in Arkansas , his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas , they would be called `` The Old 300 . '' Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri . He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen . Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father 's Texas venture , he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother , Mary Brown Austin , written two days before Moses Austin would die . Austin boarded the steamer , Beaver , and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín . He was at Natchitoches , Louisiana , on June 31 , 1821 , when he learned of his father 's death . `` This news has effected me very much , he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived . His faults I now say , and always have , were not of the heart . '' At the age of 24 , Austin led his party to travel 300 miles ( 480 km ) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his father 's grant , arriving on August 12 . While in transit , they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain , and Texas had become a Mexican province , rather than a Spanish territory . José Antonio Navarro , a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas , befriended Stephen F. Austin , and the two developed a lasting association . Navarro , proficient in Spanish and Mexican law , assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts . In San Antonio , the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez , who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony . As guides for the party , Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians , went with the expedition . Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans , announcing that land was available along the Brazos and Colorado rivers . A family of a husband , wife , and two children would receive 1,280 acres ( 520 ha ) at twelve and a half cents per acre . Farmers could get 177 acres ( 72 ha ) , and ranchers 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) . In December 1821 , the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea , on the Brazos River in present - day Brazoria County , Texas . Empresario Austin Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas Austin 's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico 's gaining independence from Spain in 1821 . Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente , the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico , refused to recognize the land grant authorized by Spain . His government intended to use a general immigration law to regulate new settlement in Mexico . Austin traveled to Mexico City , where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father , as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3 , 1823 . The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land , 4,605 acres ( 1,864 ha ) , and other inducements . It also provided for the employment of agents , called empresarios , to promote immigration . As an empresario , Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas . According to the law , immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government . Some of the immigrants denied Austin 's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents / acre ( 31 cents / ha ) . When the Emperor of Mexico , Agustín de Iturbide , abdicated in March 1823 , the law was annulled once again . In April 1823 , Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas . He wanted honest , hard - working people who would make the colony a success . In 1824 , the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions . In March 1825 , the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide . The law continued the system of empresarios , as well as granting each married man a league of land , 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) , with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years . By late 1825 , Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement , the Austin Colony ; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred . Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829 . He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers , but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827 . Also , Austin organized small , informal armed groups to protect the colonists , which evolved into the Texas Rangers . Despite his hopes , Austin was making little money from his endeavors ; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as empresario and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services . During these years , Austin , a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste . Genevieve , Missouri , sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas . Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society . It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the House of Bourbon , and the conservatives had total control over the Order . By 1827 , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European - style Scottish Rite . On February 11 , 1828 , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge . Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new lodge . Although the petition reached Matamoros , and was to be forwarded to Mexico City , nothing more was heard of it . By 1828 , the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence . Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons , the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25 , 1828 . In 1829 , Austin called another meeting , where it was decided that it was `` impolitic and imprudent , at this time , to form Masonic lodges in Texas . '' He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities , aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards . Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution . Although `` premature ... the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success . '' For this event , Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels . With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832 , they were becoming less amenable to Austin 's cautious leadership , and also , the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative . It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them . The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830 , but Austin 's skills gained an exemption for his colonies . He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) to the husband , 320 to the wife , 160 for every child , and 80 for every slave . Slavery Slavery was a very important issue to Austin , one he called `` of great interest '' to him . Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life ; however , he had conflicting views about it . Theoretically , he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty . In practice , however , he agreed with the social , economic , and political justifications of it , and worked hard to defend and expand it . Despite his defense of it , he also harbored concerns that the long - term effects of slavery would destroy American society . He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner 's rebellion , stating : `` I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100 , or 200 years . The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep . It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes , and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them . '' While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery , up until the Texas Revolution , he worked to ensure that his colony 's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government 's resistance to it . Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony , which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar . Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony , he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas . In August 1825 , he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840 , with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15 , and males by age of 25 . His recommendation was rejected . In 1826 , when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright , 25 percent of the people in Austin 's colony were slaves . Austin 's colonists , mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south , threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed , while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there . Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery . Without slaves , the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land , which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land , which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave . Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that , at the least ; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves . He argued against the `` bad faith '' of freeing them , demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state , warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute , and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment , but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves , who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners . While he waited for the legislature 's verdict of his request , Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother , Brown Austin , to further lobby the legislature on his behalf . In March of 1827 , the legislature signed Article 13 into law . Despite the law complying with some of his requests , Austin called it `` unconstitutional . '' He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth , established a six - month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state , and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen . Austin -- -- who had been so effective in persuading the legislature , however , that the author of Article 13 ( before its passage ) requested to withdraw it -- -- helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word `` slave '' with the words `` workingmen , '' `` family servants , '' and `` laborers , '' and by working to pass a decree that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued `` debt '' ( e.g. clothing , food ) , incurred for their own enslavement , was worked off . In 1828 , Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners , immigrating to Texas , could legally `` free '' their slaves before immigrating , and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude , thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves . He lobbied to help his colony elude Vicente Guerrero 's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province , and to bypass the government 's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6 , 1830 . In 1830 , Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should `` insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state ( Texas ) . '' In 1833 , he wrote : `` Texas must be a slave country . Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it . It is the wish of the people there , and it is my duty to do all I can , prudently , in favor of it . I will do so . '' In May 1835 , Austin 's colonists learned that Mexico 's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close , with its proposal of new abolition legislation . Alarmed , and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence , colonists turned against the Mexican government , calling it `` oppressive '' and a `` plundering , robbing , autocratical government '' without regard for the security of `` life , liberty or property . '' Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth , and fearing rumors of Mexico 's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists , shortly after Austin returned from Mexico , he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government . Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to `` exterminate '' all of the colonists and fill Texas `` with Indians and negroes ( freed slaves ) . '' Relations with Mexico Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin ( 1903 ) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol The application off the immigration control of the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists , peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances . Austin became involved in Mexican politics , supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna . Following the success of Santa Anna , the colonists sought a compensatory reward , proclaimed at the Convention of 1832 -- resumption of immigration , tariff exemption , separation from Coahuila , and a new state government for Texas . Austin did not support these demands ; he considered them ill - timed and tried his hardest to moderate them . When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833 , Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18 , 1833 , and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías . Austin did gain certain important reforms ; the immigration ban was lifted , but a separate state government was not authorized . Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000 , and Texas had only 30,000 . Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection , Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico . He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned . No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction . He was moved from prison to prison . He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District . He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans . Texas Revolution Main article : Texas Revolution In his absence , a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna 's centralist government . Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11 , 1835 . After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835 , an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas . War began in October 1835 at Gonzales . The Republic of Texas , created by a new constitution on March 2 , 1836 , won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 , and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning . He was then imprisoned . Austin in the republic of Texas Further information : Republic of Texas In December 1835 , Austin , Branch Archer , and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic . On June 10 , 1836 , Austin was in New Orleans , where he received word of Santa Anna 's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto . Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August . On August 4 , he announced his candidacy for president of Texas . Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election , when on August 20 , Houston entered the race . Austin wrote , `` Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him . '' Houston carried East Texas , the Red River region , and most of the soldiers ' votes . Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston 's 5,119 and Henry Smith 's 743 votes . Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic ; however , Austin only served approximately two months before his death . Death and estate In December 1836 , Austin was in the new capital of Columbia ( now known as West Columbia ) where he caught a severe cold ; his condition worsened . Doctors were called in , but could not help him . Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27 , 1836 . He was at the home of George B. McKinstry , near what is now West Columbia , Texas . He was 43 . Austin 's last words were `` The independence of Texas is recognized ! Do n't you see it in the papers ? ... '' Upon hearing of Austin 's death , Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming : `` The Father of Texas is no more ; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed . '' Originally , Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County , Texas . In 1910 Austin 's body was reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . Austin never married , nor did he have any children . He bequeathed all his land , titles , and possessions , to his married sister , Emily Austin Perry . Monuments Stephen F. Austin State Office Building Stephen F. Austin grave monument at Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas Stephen F. Austin statue near Angleton , Texas Sherman , Texas , is the home of Austin College . Nacogdoches , Texas , is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University . Both Austin , Texas , and Austin County , Texas , are named after Stephen F. Austin , however , Austin ( the city ) is not located in Austin ( the county ) . ( Austin , Texas is located in Travis County ) . Angleton , Texas , features a statue of Austin , sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500 , sculpted by David Adickes , with a base of 12 - feet and a total statue height of 72 - feet . The base is 2 - feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville , Texas , but the statue is 7 - feet shorter . The Sam Houston statue is 67 - feet , on a base of 10 - feet , or 77 - feet if you include statue and base . The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington , D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin ; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney . Gulf Prairie Cemetery , his original place of burial . In 1959 , Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . In Austinville , Virginia , Austin 's birthplace , a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the New River Trail State Park . In Bellville , Texas , the county seat of Austin County , a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159 . The late actor John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode `` Here Stands Bailey '' of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days , hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor 's own death . In the story line , the hardy , cantankerous pioneer James Briton `` Brit '' Bailey ( Paul Fix ) and his wife , Hannah ( Rosemary DeCamp ) , make their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years . Now they face Austin 's order that they leave their land , however , Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay . Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west , hence his grave marker , `` Here Stands Bailey Facing West . '' Past family While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography , they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people , including : Moses Austin ( father -- biography published by Trinity University Press ) , Abia Brown ( grandfather ) , Joseph Sharp ( great grandfather ) , Isaac Sharp ( great , great grandfather ) , Anthony Sharp ( great , great , great grandfather -- biography published by Stanford University Press ) . Accordingly , history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen 's family dating back to the early seventeenth century . See also Texas portal Biography portal Moses Austin , his father Mary Brown Austin , his mother James Elijah `` Brown '' Austin , his brother Emily Austin Perry , his sister Abia Brown , his maternal grandfather José María Jesús Carbajal Mentored by Austin Joseph Sharp , great grandfather Isaac Sharp , his great , great grandfather Anthony Sharp , his great , great , great grandfather Peach Point Plantation , his residence Jones Creek , site of his residence Thomas J. Pilgrim , his friend and Spanish interpreter James Bryan , his brother - in - law ( first husband to Emily ) James Franklin Perry , his brother - in - law ( second husband to Emily ) List of Notable Freemasons O.P.Q. Letters Footnotes Jump up ^ Gregg Cantrell ( 1 August 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09093 - 5 ... generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas ... Jump up ^ Thom Hatch ( 1 August 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . McFarland . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9162 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fuller Austin -- Biography '' . Jump up ^ Lonestar Text book Jump up ^ Anthony Austin ( 1635 ) Austin family ancestry ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTIN , STEPHEN F . The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Austin , Mary Brown , Texas Handbook of History Online Jump up ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin , July 13 , 1821 Jump up ^ Todish ( 1998 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14 Jump up ^ `` ITURBIDE , AGUSTIN DE The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Normand , Pete ( 1986 ) . The Texas Masons : The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas . College Station , TX : Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn . Jump up ^ Carter , Dr. James D. ( 1955 ) . Masonry in Texas : Background , History , and Influence to 1846 . Waco , Texas : Committee on Masonic Education and Service , Grand Lodge of Texas , A.F. & A.M. Jump up ^ Bates ( 1956 ) , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 7 Aug 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to José Antonio Saucedo . ^ Jump up to : Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 30 May 1833 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Wiley Martin . Jump up ^ Historic Missourians : Moses Austin ( 1761 - 1821 ) . State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 9 , 204 . Jump up ^ Barker , Eugene C. ( 1926 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 - 1836 : A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo - American People . University of Texas Press . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 189 - 190 ^ Jump up to : Lack , Paul D. ( Oct 1985 ) . `` Slavery and the Texas Revolution '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 89 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fuller Austin '' . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 203 - 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( July 1924 ) . `` The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth -- the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas '' . Texas General Land Office . 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Morritt , Robert D. ( 2011 ) . `` Lure of Texas '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 204 - 206 , 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 192 , 203 . ^ Jump up to : Bugbee , Lester G. ( Sep 1898 ) . `` Slavery in Early Texas . I '' . Political Science Quarterly . 13 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 412 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas ( 1827 ) '' . University of Texas at Austin , Tarlton Law Library . Jump up ^ Austin , J.E.B. ( 10 Oct 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Stephen F. Austin . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( Jul 1918 ) . `` Stephen F. Austin '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Travis , William B. ( 21 May 1835 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to David G. Burnet . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 4 May 1836 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Senator L.F. Linn . Jump up ^ `` Austin College : Sherman , Texas '' . Austincollege.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Austin State University College , University in Texas '' . Sfasu.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Web Site of Travis County , USA '' . Co.travis.tx.us . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at '' . Pbase.com . November 27 , 2005 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building '' . Texasbob.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area Museums and Landmarks '' . Gulf-prairie.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here Stands Bailey on Death Valley Days '' . Internet Movie Data Base . February 18 , 1969 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gracy , David B. , Moses Austin : his life ( Trinity University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 911536 - 84 - 1 Jump up ^ Greaves , Richard L. ( 1998 ) , Dublin 's merchant - Quaker : Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends , 1643 - 1707 , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3452 - 3 References Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 1995 ) . The Chief of Executives of Texas : From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally , Jr . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 641 - 9 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . Further reading Barker , Eugene Campbell ( 1968 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 -- 1836 : A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo - American People ( 2nd ed . ) . Da Capo Press . Beals , Carleton ( 1953 ) . Stephen F. Austin , Father of Texas . McGraw - Hill . Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09093 - 2 . Flynn , Jean ( 1981 ) . Stephen F. Austin , the Father of Texas . Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16421 - 2 . Glasscock , Sallie ( 1951 ) . Dreams of an Empire : The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas . Naylor Co . Tracy , Milton Cook ; Havelock - Bailie , Richard ( 1941 ) . The Colonizer : A Saga of Stephen F. Austin . Guynes Print Co . Warren , Betsy ( 1996 ) . Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin : A Gone to Texas Dual Biography . Hendrick - long Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 937460 - 96 - 2 . Jones , Marie Beth ( 1982 ) . Peach Point Plantation : The First 150 Years . Texian Press . ISBN 0 - 9630042 - 0 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen F. Austin . Stephen Fuller Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online Stephen F. Austin at Find a Grave Ellis P. Bean , Stephen F. Austin , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Austin 's Colonization Laws , 1822 from Gammel 's Laws of Texas , Vol . I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History . City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure French Legation Greater Austin Levi Rock Shelter Stephen F. Austin Texas Archive War Timeline Treaty Oak Waterloo , Texas Education Tertiary Austin Community College Concordia University Texas Huston -- Tillotson University St. Edward 's University University of Texas School districts Austin ISD Del Valle ISD Eanes ISD Hays CISD Leander ISD Lake Travis ISD Manor ISD Pflugerville ISD Libraries Austin Public Library Geography Smith Rock Shelter Government Austin City Hall Austin ReBlend Camp Mabry Fire Police Industry General Amy 's Ice Creams Golfsmith Keller Williams Realty Schlotzsky 's Whole Foods Market Creative arts Alamo Drafthouse Cinema / Drafthouse Films Collings Guitars Inner Sanctum Records Retro Studios Rooster Teeth Troublemaker Studios Waterloo Records Western Vinyl Technology Advanced Technology Development Facility ( ATDF ) Cirrus Logic Dell Computer Freescale Semiconductor Luminex Corporation MCC National Instruments Silicon Laboratories Valence Technology Museums Arthouse at The Jones Center Austin History Center Austin Museum of Art Austin Museum of Digital Art Blanton Museum of Art Bullock Texas State History Museum Dolph Briscoe Center for American History Elisabet Ney Museum French Legation Museum George Washington Carver Museum and Cultural Center Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center Jacob Fontaine Religious Museum Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Mexic - Arte Museum Neill - Cochran House Museum O. Henry Museum South Austin Museum of Popular Culture Texas Memorial Museum Texas Military Forces Museum Texas State Capitol Visitors Center Umlauf Sculpture Garden and Museum Music Antone 's Armadillo World Headquarters Austin City Limits Austin Opera Austin Symphony Orchestra Cinematic Symphony Emo 's SXSW Neighborhoods Allandale Anderson Mill Barton Hills Bouldin Creek Bremond Block Historic District Brentwood Bryker Woods Canyon Creek Chinatown Circle C Ranch Clarksville Congress Avenue Copperfield Crestview Dawson Dove Springs Downtown Austin The Drag East Cesar Chavez East Riverside - Oltorf Easton Park French Place Galindo Granada Hills Hancock Hyde Park Historic District Jollyville Montopolis Moore 's Crossing Historic District Mueller Community North Burnet -- Gateway North Shoal Creek Northwest Hills Oak Hill Old West Austin Onion Creek Rainey Street Rosedale Saint John Scenic Brook Shadow Lawn Historic District Sixth Street South Congress South Lamar South River City Spyglass - Barton 's Bluff Swedish Hill Tarrytown Travis Heights Waters Park West Campus Westgate West Line Willow - Spence Streets Windsor Hills Windsor Park Wooten Zilker Parks and recreation Auditorium Shores Barton Creek Barton Springs Big Walnut Creek Bull Creek Colorado River Deep Eddy Pool Emma Long Hippie Hollow Lady Bird Lake Lake Austin Lake Travis Lake Walter E. Long McKinney Falls Mount Bonnell Rosewood Park Walnut Creek Park Wild Basin Zilker Transportation Public Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport Capital Metropolitan Transportation Authority Capital MetroRail Capital MetroRapid Capital Area Rural Transportation System Freeways MoPac Expressway Interstate 35 Pickle Parkway SH 71 US 290 US 183 Streets Congress Avenue Guadalupe Street Sixth Street Bridges Pennybacker Bridge Weirdness Keep Austin Weird Leslie Cochran Occupy Austin Spamarama Weird City Mexican Texas Empresarios Stephen F. Austin Martín De León Green DeWitt Haden Edwards James Hewetson James Power Sterling C. Robertson Political conventions Convention of 1832 Convention of 1833 Consultation ( 1835 ) Convention of 1836 Armed conflicts Fredonian Rebellion Anahuac Disturbances Battle of Velasco Battle of Nacogdoches Texas Revolution See also Coahuila y Tejas state Governors of Mexican Texas Municipalities and communities of Travis County , Texas , United States County seat : Austin Cities Austin ‡ Bee Cave Cedar Park ‡ Creedmoor Elgin ‡ Jonestown Lago Vista Lakeway Leander ‡ Manor Mustang Ridge ‡ Pflugerville ‡ Rollingwood Round Rock ‡ Sunset Valley West Lake Hills Villages Briarcliff Point Venture San Leanna The Hills Volente Webberville CDPs Barton Creek Garfield Hornsby Bend Hudson Bend Jollyville ‡ Lost Creek Manchaca Shady Hollow Wells Branch Windemere Other unincorporated communities Bluff Springs Cele Del Valle Elroy Kimbro Littig Lund Maha Manda Marshall Ford McNeil Nameless New Sweden Pilot Knob Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Diplomatic posts Preceded by post created Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 - 1836 served alongside William H. Wharton and Branch T. Archer Succeeded by unique post for support of Texas independence Political offices Political offices Preceded by William Houston Jack Secretary of state of the Republic of Texas 1836 Succeeded by J. Pinckney Henderson Political offices Preceded by office created President of the Convention of 1832 1832 Succeeded by office abolished VIAF : 67331225 LCCN : n50028886 ISNI : 0000 0000 6683 8210 GND : 121754529 SUDOC : 070020256 BNF : cb13736977x ( data ) IATH : w67p92c2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Austin&oldid=803184238 '' Categories : 1793 births 1836 deaths Members of the Missouri Territorial Legislature Convention of 1832 delegates Texas Consultation delegates American emigrants to Mexico People of the Texas Revolution People from Brazoria County , Texas People from Wythe County , Virginia People from Potosi , Missouri Texas Ranger Division Burials at Texas State Cemetery Transylvania University alumni American Freemasons History of Austin , Texas 19th - century American politicians American slave owners Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша मराठी 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 00 : 46 . 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who is known as the father of texas

Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3 , 1793 -- December 27 , 1836 ) was an American empresario . Known as the `` Father of Texas '' , and the founder of Texas , he led the second , and ultimately , the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825 .

Red -- black tree - wikipedia Red -- black tree Jump to : navigation , search Red -- black tree Type tree Invented 1972 Invented by Rudolf Bayer Time complexity in big O notation Algorithm Average Worst case Space O ( n ) O ( n ) Search O ( log n ) O ( log n ) Insert O ( log n ) O ( log n ) Delete O ( log n ) O ( log n ) A red -- black tree is a kind of self - balancing binary search tree in computer science . Each node of the binary tree has an extra bit , and that bit is often interpreted as the color ( red or black ) of the node . These color bits are used to ensure the tree remains approximately balanced during insertions and deletions . Balance is preserved by painting each node of the tree with one of two colors in a way that satisfies certain properties , which collectively constrain how unbalanced the tree can become in the worst case . When the tree is modified , the new tree is subsequently rearranged and repainted to restore the coloring properties . The properties are designed in such a way that this rearranging and recoloring can be performed efficiently . The balancing of the tree is not perfect , but it is good enough to allow it to guarantee searching in O ( log n ) time , where n is the total number of elements in the tree . The insertion and deletion operations , along with the tree rearrangement and recoloring , are also performed in O ( log n ) time . Tracking the color of each node requires only 1 bit of information per node because there are only two colors . The tree does not contain any other data specific to its being a red -- black tree so its memory footprint is almost identical to a classic ( uncolored ) binary search tree . In many cases , the additional bit of information can be stored at no additional memory cost . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Terminology 3 Properties 4 Analogy to B - trees of order 4 5 Applications and related data structures 6 Operations 6.1 Insertion 6.2 Removal 7 Proof of asymptotic bounds 8 Set operations and bulk operations 9 Parallel algorithms 10 Popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links History ( edit ) In 1972 , Rudolf Bayer invented a data structure that was a special order - 4 case of a B - tree . These trees maintained all paths from root to leaf with the same number of nodes , creating perfectly balanced trees . However , they were not binary search trees . Bayer called them a `` symmetric binary B - tree '' in his paper and later they became popular as 2 - 3 - 4 trees or just 2 - 4 trees . In a 1978 paper , `` A Dichromatic Framework for Balanced Trees '' , Leonidas J. Guibas and Robert Sedgewick derived the red - black tree from the symmetric binary B - tree . The color `` red '' was chosen because it was the best - looking color produced by the color laser printer available to the authors while working at Xerox PARC . Another response from Guibas states that it was because of the red and black pens available to them to draw the trees . In 1993 , Arne Andersson introduced the idea of right leaning tree to simplify insert and delete operations . In 1999 , Chris Okasaki showed how to make insert operation purely functional . Its balance function needed to take care of only 4 unbalanced cases and one default balanced case . The original algorithm used 8 unbalanced cases , but Cormen et al. ( 2001 ) reduced that to 6 unbalanced cases . Sedgewick showed that the insert operation can be implemented in just 46 lines of Java code . In 2008 , Sedgewick proposed the left - leaning red -- black tree , leveraging Andersson 's idea that simplified algorithms . Sedgewick originally allowed nodes whose two children are red making his trees more like 2 - 3 - 4 trees but later this restriction was added making new trees more like 2 - 3 trees . Sedgewick implemented the insert algorithm in just 33 lines , significantly shortening his original 46 lines of code . Terminology ( edit ) A red -- black tree is a special type of binary tree , used in computer science to organize pieces of comparable data , such as text fragments or numbers . The leaf nodes of red -- black trees do not contain data . These leaves need not be explicit in computer memory -- a null child pointer can encode the fact that this child is a leaf -- but it simplifies some algorithms for operating on red -- black trees if the leaves really are explicit nodes . To save execution time , sometimes a pointer to a single sentinel node ( instead of a null pointer ) performs the role of all leaf nodes ; all references from internal nodes to leaf nodes then point to the sentinel node . Red -- black trees , like all binary search trees , allow efficient in - order traversal ( that is : in the order Left -- Root -- Right ) of their elements . The search - time results from the traversal from root to leaf , and therefore a balanced tree of n nodes , having the least possible tree height , results in O ( log n ) search time . Properties ( edit ) An example of a red -- black tree In addition to the requirements imposed on a binary search tree the following must be satisfied by a red -- black tree : Each node is either red or black . The root is black . This rule is sometimes omitted . Since the root can always be changed from red to black , but not necessarily vice versa , this rule has little effect on analysis . All leaves ( NIL ) are black . If a node is red , then both its children are black . Every path from a given node to any of its descendant NIL nodes contains the same number of black nodes . Some definitions : the number of black nodes from the root to a node is the node 's black depth ; the uniform number of black nodes in all paths from root to the leaves is called the black - height of the red -- black tree . These constraints enforce a critical property of red -- black trees : the path from the root to the farthest leaf is no more than twice as long as the path from the root to the nearest leaf . The result is that the tree is roughly height - balanced . Since operations such as inserting , deleting , and finding values require worst - case time proportional to the height of the tree , this theoretical upper bound on the height allows red -- black trees to be efficient in the worst case , unlike ordinary binary search trees . To see why this is guaranteed , it suffices to consider the effect of properties 4 and 5 together . For a red -- black tree T , let B be the number of black nodes in property 5 . Let the shortest possible path from the root of T to any leaf consist of B black nodes . Longer possible paths may be constructed by inserting red nodes . However , property 4 makes it impossible to insert more than one consecutive red node . Therefore , ignoring any black NIL leaves , the longest possible path consists of 2 * B nodes , alternating black and red ( this is the worst case ) . Counting the black NIL leaves , the longest possible path consists of 2 * B - 1 nodes . The shortest possible path has all black nodes , and the longest possible path alternates between red and black nodes . Since all maximal paths have the same number of black nodes , by property 5 , this shows that no path is more than twice as long as any other path . Analogy to B - trees of order 4 ( edit ) The same red -- black tree as in the example above , seen as a B - tree . A red -- black tree is similar in structure to a B - tree of order 4 , where each node can contain between 1 and 3 values and ( accordingly ) between 2 and 4 child pointers . In such a B - tree , each node will contain only one value matching the value in a black node of the red -- black tree , with an optional value before and / or after it in the same node , both matching an equivalent red node of the red -- black tree . One way to see this equivalence is to `` move up '' the red nodes in a graphical representation of the red -- black tree , so that they align horizontally with their parent black node , by creating together a horizontal cluster . In the B - tree , or in the modified graphical representation of the red -- black tree , all leaf nodes are at the same depth . The red -- black tree is then structurally equivalent to a B - tree of order 4 , with a minimum fill factor of 33 % of values per cluster with a maximum capacity of 3 values . This B - tree type is still more general than a red -- black tree though , as it allows ambiguity in a red -- black tree conversion -- multiple red -- black trees can be produced from an equivalent B - tree of order 4 . If a B - tree cluster contains only 1 value , it is the minimum , black , and has two child pointers . If a cluster contains 3 values , then the central value will be black and each value stored on its sides will be red . If the cluster contains two values , however , either one can become the black node in the red -- black tree ( and the other one will be red ) . So the order - 4 B - tree does not maintain which of the values contained in each cluster is the root black tree for the whole cluster and the parent of the other values in the same cluster . Despite this , the operations on red -- black trees are more economical in time because you do n't have to maintain the vector of values . It may be costly if values are stored directly in each node rather than being stored by reference . B - tree nodes , however , are more economical in space because you do n't need to store the color attribute for each node . Instead , you have to know which slot in the cluster vector is used . If values are stored by reference , e.g. objects , null references can be used and so the cluster can be represented by a vector containing 3 slots for value pointers plus 4 slots for child references in the tree . In that case , the B - tree can be more compact in memory , improving data locality . The same analogy can be made with B - trees with larger orders that can be structurally equivalent to a colored binary tree : you just need more colors . Suppose that you add blue , then the blue -- red -- black tree defined like red -- black trees but with the additional constraint that no two successive nodes in the hierarchy will be blue and all blue nodes will be children of a red node , then it becomes equivalent to a B - tree whose clusters will have at most 7 values in the following colors : blue , red , blue , black , blue , red , blue ( For each cluster , there will be at most 1 black node , 2 red nodes , and 4 blue nodes ) . For moderate volumes of values , insertions and deletions in a colored binary tree are faster compared to B - trees because colored trees do n't attempt to maximize the fill factor of each horizontal cluster of nodes ( only the minimum fill factor is guaranteed in colored binary trees , limiting the number of splits or junctions of clusters ) . B - trees will be faster for performing rotations ( because rotations will frequently occur within the same cluster rather than with multiple separate nodes in a colored binary tree ) . For storing large volumes , however , B - trees will be much faster as they will be more compact by grouping several children in the same cluster where they can be accessed locally . All optimizations possible in B - trees to increase the average fill factors of clusters are possible in the equivalent multicolored binary tree . Notably , maximizing the average fill factor in a structurally equivalent B - tree is the same as reducing the total height of the multicolored tree , by increasing the number of non-black nodes . The worst case occurs when all nodes in a colored binary tree are black , the best case occurs when only a third of them are black ( and the other two thirds are red nodes ) . Notes Jump up ^ Using Knuth 's definition of order : the maximum number of children Applications and related data structures ( edit ) Red -- black trees offer worst - case guarantees for insertion time , deletion time , and search time . Not only does this make them valuable in time - sensitive applications such as real - time applications , but it makes them valuable building blocks in other data structures which provide worst - case guarantees ; for example , many data structures used in computational geometry can be based on red -- black trees , and the Completely Fair Scheduler used in current Linux kernels uses red -- black trees . The AVL tree is another structure supporting O ( log n ) search , insertion , and removal . AVL trees can be colored red - black , thus are a subset of RB trees . Worst - case height is 0.720 times the worst - case height of RB trees , so AVL trees are more rigidly balanced . The performance measurements of Ben Pfaff with realistic test cases in 79 runs find AVL to RB ratios between 0.677 and 1.077 , median at 0.947 , and geometric mean 0.910 . Kind of in between are the WAVL trees . Red -- black trees are also particularly valuable in functional programming , where they are one of the most common persistent data structures , used to construct associative arrays and sets which can retain previous versions after mutations . The persistent version of red -- black trees requires O ( log n ) space for each insertion or deletion , in addition to time . For every 2 - 4 tree , there are corresponding red -- black trees with data elements in the same order . The insertion and deletion operations on 2 - 4 trees are also equivalent to color - flipping and rotations in red -- black trees . This makes 2 - 4 trees an important tool for understanding the logic behind red -- black trees , and this is why many introductory algorithm texts introduce 2 - 4 trees just before red -- black trees , even though 2 - 4 trees are not often used in practice . In 2008 , Sedgewick introduced a simpler version of the red -- black tree called the left - leaning red -- black tree by eliminating a previously unspecified degree of freedom in the implementation . The LLRB maintains an additional invariant that all red links must lean left except during inserts and deletes . Red -- black trees can be made isometric to either 2 - 3 trees , or 2 - 4 trees , for any sequence of operations . The 2 - 4 tree isometry was described in 1978 by Sedgewick . With 2 - 4 trees , the isometry is resolved by a `` color flip , '' corresponding to a split , in which the red color of two children nodes leaves the children and moves to the parent node . The original description of the tango tree , a type of tree optimized for fast searches , specifically uses red -- black trees as part of its data structure . In the version 8 of Java , the Collection HashMap has been modified such that instead of using a LinkedList to store different elements with colliding hashcodes , a Red - Black tree is used . This results in the improvement of time complexity of searching such an element from O ( n ) to O ( log n ) . Operations ( edit ) Read - only operations on a red -- black tree require no modification from those used for binary search trees , because every red -- black tree is a special case of a simple binary search tree . However , the immediate result of an insertion or removal may violate the properties of a red -- black tree . Restoring the red -- black properties requires a small number ( O ( log n ) or amortized O ( 1 ) ) of color changes ( which are very quick in practice ) and no more than three tree rotations ( two for insertion ) . Although insert and delete operations are complicated , their times remain O ( log n ) . If the example implementation below is not suitable , there are a couple other implementations with explanations found in Ben Pfaff 's annotated C library GNU libavl ( currently v2. 0.2 ) and Eternally Confuzzled 's tutorial on red - black trees . The details of the insert and removal operations will be demonstrated with example C code . The example code may call upon the helper functions below to find the parent , sibling , uncle and grandparent nodes and to rotate a node left or right : struct node * parent ( struct node * n ) ( return n - > parent ; ) struct node * grandparent ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no grandparent return parent ( p ) ; ) struct node * sibling ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no sibling if ( n = = p - > left ) return p - > right ; else return p - > left ; ) struct node * uncle ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; if ( p = = NULL ) return NULL ; / / No parent means no uncle return sibling ( p ) ; ) void rotate_left ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * nnew = n - > right ; assert ( nnew ! = LEAF ) ; / / since the leaves of a red - black tree are empty , they can not become internal nodes n - > right = nnew - > left ; nnew - > left = n ; nnew - > parent = n - > parent ; n - > parent = nnew ; / / ( the other related parent and child links would also have to be updated ) ) void rotate_right ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * nnew = n - > left ; assert ( nnew ! = LEAF ) ; / / since the leaves of a red - black tree are empty , they can not become internal nodes n - > left = nnew - > right ; nnew - > right = n ; nnew - > parent = n - > parent ; n - > parent = nnew ; / / ( the other related parent and child links would also have to be updated ) ) Diagram Notes The label N will be used to denote the current node in each case . At the beginning , this is the insertion node or the replacement node and a leaf , but the entire procedure may also be applied recursively to other nodes ( see case 3 ) . P will denote N 's parent node , G will denote N 's grandparent , S will denote N 's sibling , and U will denote N 's uncle ( i.e. , the sibling of a node 's parent , as in human family trees ) . In between some cases , the roles and labels of the nodes are shifted , but within each case , every label continues to represent the same node throughout . In the diagrams a blue border rings the current node N in the left ( current ) half and rings the node that will become N in the right ( target ) half . In the next step , the other nodes will be newly assigned relative to it . Red or black shown in the diagram is either assumed in its case or implied by those assumptions . White represents either red or black , but is the same in both halves of the diagram . A numbered triangle represents a subtree of unspecified depth . A black circle atop a triangle means that black - height of that subtree is greater by one compared to a subtree without this circle . Insertion ( edit ) Insertion begins by adding the node in a very similar manner as a standard binary search tree insertion and by coloring it red . The big difference is that in the binary search tree a new node is added as a leaf , whereas leaves contain no information in the red -- black tree , so instead the new node replaces an existing leaf and then has two black leaves of its own added . struct node * insert ( struct node * root , struct node * n ) ( / / insert new node into the current tree insert_recurse ( root , n ) ; / / repair the tree in case any of the red - black properties have been violated insert_repair_tree ( n ) ; / / find the new root to return root = n ; while ( parent ( root ) ! = NULL ) root = parent ( root ) ; return root ; ) void insert_recurse ( struct node * root , struct node * n ) ( / / recursively descend the tree until a leaf is found if ( root ! = NULL && n - > key < root - > key ) ( if ( root - > left ! = LEAF ) ( insert_recurse ( root - > left , n ) ; return ; ) else root - > left = n ; ) else if ( root ! = NULL ) ( if ( root - > right ! = LEAF ) ( insert_recurse ( root - > right , n ) ; return ; ) else root - > right = n ; ) / / insert new node n n - > parent = root ; n - > left = LEAF ; n - > right = LEAF ; n - > color = RED ; ) What happens next depends on the color of other nearby nodes . There are several cases of red -- black tree insertion to handle : N is the root node , i.e. , first node of red -- black tree N 's parent ( P ) is black P is red ( so it ca n't be the root of the tree ) and N 's uncle ( U ) is red P is red and U is black void insert_repair_tree ( struct node * n ) ( if ( parent ( n ) = = NULL ) ( insert_case1 ( n ) ; ) else if ( parent ( n ) - > color = = BLACK ) ( insert_case2 ( n ) ; ) else if ( uncle ( n ) - > color = = RED ) ( insert_case3 ( n ) ; ) else ( insert_case4 ( n ) ; ) ) Note that : Property 1 ( every node is either red or black ) and Property 3 ( all leaves are black ) always holds . Property 2 ( the root is black ) is checked and corrected with case 1 . Property 4 ( red nodes have only black children ) is threatened only by adding a red node , repainting a node from black to red , or a rotation . Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaves have the same number of black nodes ) is threatened only by adding a black node , repainting a node , or a rotation . Case 1 : The current node N is at the root of the tree . In this case , it is repainted black to satisfy property 2 ( the root is black ) . Since this adds one black node to every path at once , property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not violated . void insert_case1 ( struct node * n ) ( if ( parent ( n ) = = NULL ) n - > color = BLACK ; ) Case 2 : The current node 's parent P is black , so property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) is not invalidated . In this case , the tree is still valid . Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not threatened , because the current node N has two black leaf children , but because N is red , the paths through each of its children have the same number of black nodes as the path through the leaf it replaced , which was black , and so this property remains satisfied . void insert_case2 ( struct node * n ) ( return ; / * Do nothing since tree is still valid * / ) Note : In the following cases it can be assumed that N has a grandparent node G , because its parent P is red , and if it were the root , it would be black . Thus , N also has an uncle node U , although it may be a leaf in case 4 . Note : In the remaining cases , it is shown in the diagram that the parent node P is the left child of its parent even though it is possible for P to be on either side . The code samples already cover both possibilities . Case 3 : If both the parent P and the uncle U are red , then both of them can be repainted black and the grandparent G becomes red to maintain property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) . Since any path through the parent or uncle must pass through the grandparent , the number of black nodes on these paths has not changed . However , the grandparent G may now violate Property 2 ( The root is black ) if it is the root or Property 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) if it has a red parent . To fix this , the tree 's red - black repair procedure is rerun on G . Note that this is a tail - recursive call , so it could be rewritten as a loop . Since this is the only loop , and any rotations occur after this loop , this proves that a constant number of rotations occur . void insert_case3 ( struct node * n ) ( parent ( n ) - > color = BLACK ; uncle ( n ) - > color = BLACK ; grandparent ( n ) - > color = RED ; insert_repair_tree ( grandparent ( n ) ) ; ) Case 4 , step 1 : The parent P is red but the uncle U is black . The ultimate goal will be to rotate the parent node into the grandparent position , but this will not work if the current node is on the `` inside '' of the subtree under G ( i.e. , if N is the left child of the right child of the grandparent or the right child of the left child of the grandparent ) . In this case , a left rotation on P that switches the roles of the current node N and its parent P can be performed . The rotation causes some paths ( those in the sub-tree labelled `` 1 '' ) to pass through the node N where they did not before . It also causes some paths ( those in the sub-tree labelled `` 3 '' ) not to pass through the node P where they did before . However , both of these nodes are red , so property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is not violated by the rotation . After this step has been completed , property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) is still violated , but now we can resolve this by continuing to step 2 . void insert_case4 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; struct node * g = grandparent ( n ) ; if ( n = = g - > left - > right ) ( rotate_left ( p ) ; n = n - > left ; ) else if ( n = = g - > right - > left ) ( rotate_right ( p ) ; n = n - > right ; ) insert_case4step2 ( n ) ; ) Case 4 , step 2 : The current node N is now certain to be on the `` outside '' of the subtree under G ( left of left child or right of right child ) . In this case , a right rotation on G is performed ; the result is a tree where the former parent P is now the parent of both the current node N and the former grandparent G. G is known to be black , since its former child P could not have been red without violating property 4 . Once the colors of P and G are switched , the resulting tree satisfies property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) . Property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) also remains satisfied , since all paths that went through any of these three nodes went through G before , and now they all go through P . void insert_case4step2 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * p = parent ( n ) ; struct node * g = grandparent ( n ) ; if ( n = = p - > left ) rotate_right ( g ) ; else rotate_left ( g ) ; p - > color = BLACK ; g - > color = RED ; ) Note that inserting is actually in - place , since all the calls above use tail recursion . In the algorithm above , all cases are called only once , except in Case 3 where it can recurse back to Case 1 with the grandparent node , which is the only case where an iterative implementation will effectively loop . Because the problem of repair in that case is escalated two levels higher each time , it takes maximally ​ ⁄ iterations to repair the tree ( where h is the height of the tree ) . Because the probability for escalation decreases exponentially with each iteration the average insertion cost is practically constant . Removal ( edit ) In a regular binary search tree when deleting a node with two non-leaf children , we find either the maximum element in its left subtree ( which is the in - order predecessor ) or the minimum element in its right subtree ( which is the in - order successor ) and move its value into the node being deleted ( as shown here ) . We then delete the node we copied the value from , which must have fewer than two non-leaf children . ( Non-leaf children , rather than all children , are specified here because unlike normal binary search trees , red -- black trees can have leaf nodes anywhere , so that all nodes are either internal nodes with two children or leaf nodes with , by definition , zero children . In effect , internal nodes having two leaf children in a red -- black tree are like the leaf nodes in a regular binary search tree . ) Because merely copying a value does not violate any red -- black properties , this reduces to the problem of deleting a node with at most one non-leaf child . Once we have solved that problem , the solution applies equally to the case where the node we originally want to delete has at most one non-leaf child as to the case just considered where it has two non-leaf children . Therefore , for the remainder of this discussion we address the deletion of a node with at most one non-leaf child . We use the label M to denote the node to be deleted ; C will denote a selected child of M , which we will also call `` its child '' . If M does have a non-leaf child , call that its child , C ; otherwise , choose either leaf as its child , C . If M is a red node , we simply replace it with its child C , which must be black by property 4 . ( This can only occur when M has two leaf children , because if the red node M had a black non-leaf child on one side but just a leaf child on the other side , then the count of black nodes on both sides would be different , thus the tree would violate property 5 . ) All paths through the deleted node will simply pass through one fewer red node , and both the deleted node 's parent and child must be black , so property 3 ( all leaves are black ) and property 4 ( both children of every red node are black ) still hold . Another simple case is when M is black and C is red . Simply removing a black node could break Properties 4 ( `` Both children of every red node are black '' ) and 5 ( `` All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes '' ) , but if we repaint C black , both of these properties are preserved . The complex case is when both M and C are black . ( This can only occur when deleting a black node which has two leaf children , because if the black node M had a black non-leaf child on one side but just a leaf child on the other side , then the count of black nodes on both sides would be different , thus the tree would have been an invalid red -- black tree by violation of property 5 . ) We begin by replacing M with its child C . We will relabel this child C ( in its new position ) N , and its sibling ( its new parent 's other child ) S. ( S was previously the sibling of M . ) In the diagrams below , we will also use P for N 's new parent ( M 's old parent ) , S for S 's left child , and S for S 's right child ( S can not be a leaf because if M and C were black , then P 's one subtree which included M counted two black - height and thus P 's other subtree which includes S must also count two black - height , which can not be the case if S is a leaf node ) . Note : In order for the tree to remain well - defined , we need every null leaf to remain a leaf after all transformations ( that it will not have any children ) . If the node we are deleting has a non-leaf ( non-null ) child N , it is easy to see that the property is satisfied . If , on the other hand , N would be a null leaf , it can be verified from the diagrams ( or code ) for all the cases that the property is satisfied as well . We can perform the steps outlined above with the following code , where the function replace_node substitutes child into n ' s place in the tree . For convenience , code in this section will assume that null leaves are represented by actual node objects rather than NULL ( the code in the Insertion section works with either representation ) . void delete_one_child ( struct node * n ) ( / * * Precondition : n has at most one non-leaf child . * / struct node * child = is_leaf ( n - > right ) ? n - > left : n - > right ; replace_node ( n , child ) ; if ( n - > color = = BLACK ) ( if ( child - > color = = RED ) child - > color = BLACK ; else delete_case1 ( child ) ; ) free ( n ) ; ) Note : If N is a null leaf and we do not want to represent null leaves as actual node objects , we can modify the algorithm by first calling delete_case1 ( ) on its parent ( the node that we delete , n in the code above ) and deleting it afterwards . We do this if the parent is black ( red is trivial ) , so it behaves in the same way as a null leaf ( and is sometimes called a ' phantom ' leaf ) . And we can safely delete it at the end as n will remain a leaf after all operations , as shown above . In addition , the sibling tests in cases 2 and 3 require updating as it is no longer true that the sibling will have children represented as objects . If both N and its original parent are black , then deleting this original parent causes paths which proceed through N to have one fewer black node than paths that do not . As this violates property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) , the tree must be rebalanced . There are several cases to consider : Case 1 : N is the new root . In this case , we are done . We removed one black node from every path , and the new root is black , so the properties are preserved . void delete_case1 ( struct node * n ) ( if ( n - > parent ! = NULL ) delete_case2 ( n ) ; ) Note : In cases 2 , 5 , and 6 , we assume N is the left child of its parent P. If it is the right child , left and right should be reversed throughout these three cases . Again , the code examples take both cases into account . Case 2 : S is red . In this case we reverse the colors of P and S , and then rotate left at P , turning S into N 's grandparent . Note that P has to be black as it had a red child . The resulting subtree has a path short one black node so we are not done . Now N has a black sibling and a red parent , so we can proceed to step 4 , 5 , or 6 . ( Its new sibling is black because it was once the child of the red S . ) In later cases , we will relabel N 's new sibling as S . void delete_case2 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( s - > color = = RED ) ( n - > parent - > color = RED ; s - > color = BLACK ; if ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) rotate_left ( n - > parent ) ; else rotate_right ( n - > parent ) ; ) delete_case3 ( n ) ; ) Case 3 : P , S , and S 's children are black . In this case , we simply repaint S red . The result is that all paths passing through S , which are precisely those paths not passing through N , have one less black node . Because deleting N 's original parent made all paths passing through N have one less black node , this evens things up . However , all paths through P now have one fewer black node than paths that do not pass through P , so property 5 ( all paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) is still violated . To correct this , we perform the rebalancing procedure on P , starting at case 1 . void delete_case3 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( ( n - > parent - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) ) ( s - > color = RED ; delete_case1 ( n - > parent ) ; ) else delete_case4 ( n ) ; ) Case 4 : S and S 's children are black , but P is red . In this case , we simply exchange the colors of S and P . This does not affect the number of black nodes on paths going through S , but it does add one to the number of black nodes on paths going through N , making up for the deleted black node on those paths . void delete_case4 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( ( n - > parent - > color = = RED ) && ( s - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) ) ( s - > color = RED ; n - > parent - > color = BLACK ; ) else delete_case5 ( n ) ; ) Case 5 : S is black , S 's left child is red , S 's right child is black , and N is the left child of its parent . In this case we rotate right at S , so that S 's left child becomes S 's parent and N 's new sibling . We then exchange the colors of S and its new parent . All paths still have the same number of black nodes , but now N has a black sibling whose right child is red , so we fall into case 6 . Neither N nor its parent are affected by this transformation . ( Again , for case 6 , we relabel N 's new sibling as S . ) void delete_case5 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; if ( s - > color = = BLACK ) ( / * this if statement is trivial , due to case 2 ( even though case 2 changed the sibling to a sibling 's child , the sibling 's child ca n't be red , since no red parent can have a red child ) . * / / * the following statements just force the red to be on the left of the left of the parent , or right of the right , so case six will rotate correctly . * / if ( ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) && ( s - > right - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > left - > color = = RED ) ) ( / * this last test is trivial too due to cases 2 - 4 . * / s - > color = RED ; s - > left - > color = BLACK ; rotate_right ( s ) ; ) else if ( ( n = = n - > parent - > right ) && ( s - > left - > color = = BLACK ) && ( s - > right - > color = = RED ) ) ( / * this last test is trivial too due to cases 2 - 4 . * / s - > color = RED ; s - > right - > color = BLACK ; rotate_left ( s ) ; ) ) delete_case6 ( n ) ; ) Case 6 : S is black , S 's right child is red , and N is the left child of its parent P. In this case we rotate left at P , so that S becomes the parent of P and S 's right child . We then exchange the colors of P and S , and make S 's right child black . The subtree still has the same color at its root , so Properties 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) and 5 ( All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) are not violated . However , N now has one additional black ancestor : either P has become black , or it was black and S was added as a black grandparent . Thus , the paths passing through N pass through one additional black node . Meanwhile , if a path does not go through N , then there are two possibilities : It goes through N 's new sibling S , a node with arbitrary color and the root of the subtree labeled 3 ( s. diagram ) . Then , it must go through S and P , both formerly and currently , as they have only exchanged colors and places . Thus the path contains the same number of black nodes . It goes through N 's new uncle , S 's right child . Then , it formerly went through S , S 's parent , and S 's right child S ( which was red ) , but now only goes through S , which has assumed the color of its former parent , and S 's right child , which has changed from red to black ( assuming S 's color : black ) . The net effect is that this path goes through the same number of black nodes . Either way , the number of black nodes on these paths does not change . Thus , we have restored Properties 4 ( Both children of every red node are black ) and 5 ( All paths from any given node to its leaf nodes contain the same number of black nodes ) . The white node in the diagram can be either red or black , but must refer to the same color both before and after the transformation . void delete_case6 ( struct node * n ) ( struct node * s = sibling ( n ) ; s - > color = n - > parent - > color ; n - > parent - > color = BLACK ; if ( n = = n - > parent - > left ) ( s - > right - > color = BLACK ; rotate_left ( n - > parent ) ; ) else ( s - > left - > color = BLACK ; rotate_right ( n - > parent ) ; ) ) Again , the function calls all use tail recursion , so the algorithm is in - place . In the algorithm above , all cases are chained in order , except in delete case 3 where it can recurse to case 1 back to the parent node : this is the only case where an iterative implementation will effectively loop . No more than h loops back to case 1 will occur ( where h is the height of the tree ) . And because the probability for escalation decreases exponentially with each iteration the average removal cost is constant . Additionally , no tail recursion ever occurs on a child node , so the tail recursion loop can only move from a child back to its successive ancestors . If a rotation occurs in case 2 ( which is the only possibility of rotation within the loop of cases 1 -- 3 ) , then the parent of the node N becomes red after the rotation and we will exit the loop . Therefore , at most one rotation will occur within this loop . Since no more than two additional rotations will occur after exiting the loop , at most three rotations occur in total . Mehlhorn & Sanders ( 2008 ) point out : `` AVL trees do not support constant amortized deletion costs '' , but red - black trees do . Proof of asymptotic bounds ( edit ) A red black tree which contains n internal nodes has a height of O ( log n ) . Definitions : h ( v ) = height of subtree rooted at node v bh ( v ) = the number of black nodes from v to any leaf in the subtree , not counting v if it is black - called the black - height Lemma : A subtree rooted at node v has at least 2 b h ( v ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes . Proof of Lemma ( by induction height ) : Basis : h ( v ) = 0 If v has a height of zero then it must be null , therefore bh ( v ) = 0 . So : 2 b h ( v ) − 1 = 2 0 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 0 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 = 2 ^ ( 0 ) - 1 = 1 - 1 = 0 ) Inductive Step : v such that h ( v ) = k , has at least 2 b h ( v ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes implies that v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) such that h ( v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) ) = k + 1 has at least 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes . Since v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) has h ( v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) ) > 0 it is an internal node . As such it has two children each of which have a black - height of either bh ( v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) ) or bh ( v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) ) - 1 ( depending on whether the child is red or black , respectively ) . By the inductive hypothesis each child has at least 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 ) internal nodes , so v ′ ( \ displaystyle v ' ) has at least : 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 + 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 − 1 + 1 = 2 b h ( v ′ ) − 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 + 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) - 1 ) - 1 + 1 = 2 ^ ( bh ( v ' ) ) - 1 ) internal nodes . Using this lemma we can now show that the height of the tree is logarithmic . Since at least half of the nodes on any path from the root to a leaf are black ( property 4 of a red -- black tree ) , the black - height of the root is at least h ( root ) / 2 . By the lemma we get : n ≥ 2 h ( root ) 2 − 1 ↔ log 2 ⁡ ( n + 1 ) ≥ h ( root ) 2 ↔ h ( root ) ≤ 2 log 2 ⁡ ( n + 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle n \ geq 2 ^ ( h ( ( \ text ( root ) ) ) \ over 2 ) - 1 \ leftrightarrow \ ; \ log _ ( 2 ) ( ( n + 1 ) ) \ geq ( h ( ( \ text ( root ) ) ) \ over 2 ) \ leftrightarrow \ ; h ( ( \ text ( root ) ) ) \ leq 2 \ log _ ( 2 ) ( ( n + 1 ) ) . ) Therefore , the height of the root is O ( log n ) . Set operations and bulk operations ( edit ) In addition to the single - element insert , delete and lookup operations , several set operations have been defined on red - black trees : union , intersection and set difference . Then fast bulk operations on insertions or deletions can be implemented based on these set functions . These set operations rely on two helper operations , Split and Join . With the new operations , the implementation of red - black trees can be more efficient and highly - parallelizable . This implementation allows a red root . Join : The function Join is on two red - black trees t and t and a key k and will return a tree containing all elements in t , t as well as k . It requires k to be greater than all keys in t and smaller than all keys in t . If the two trees have the same black height , Join simply create a new node with left subtree t , root k and right subtree t . If both t and t have black root , set k to be red . Otherwise k is set black . Suppose that t has larger black height than t ( the other case is symmetric ) . Join follows the right spine of t until a black node c which is balanced with t . At this point a new node with left child c , root k ( set to be red ) and right child t is created to replace c . The new node may invalidate the red - black invariant because at most three red nodes can appear in a row . This can be fixed with a double rotation . If double red issue propagates to the root , the root is then set to be black , restoring the properties . The cost of this function is the difference of the black heights between the two input trees . Split : To split a red - black tree into two smaller trees , those smaller than key x , and those larger than key x , first draw a path from the root by inserting x into the red - black tree . After this insertion , all values less than x will be found on the left of the path , and all values greater than x will be found on the right . By applying Join , all the subtrees on the left side are merged bottom - up using keys on the path as intermediate nodes from bottom to top to form the left tree , and the right part is asymmetric . The cost of Split is order of O ( log ⁡ n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log n ) ) , the height of the tree . The union of two red - black trees t and t representing sets A and B , is a red - black tree t that represents A ∪ B . The following recursive function computes this union : function union ( t , t ) : if t = nil : return t if t = nil : return t t , t ← split t on t. root return join ( t. root , union ( left ( t ) , t ) , union ( right ( t ) , t ) ) Here , Split is presumed to return two trees : one holding the keys less its input key , one holding the greater keys . ( The algorithm is non-destructive , but an in - place destructive version exists as well . ) The algorithm for intersection or difference is similar , but requires the Join2 helper routine that is the same as Join but without the middle key . Based on the new functions for union , intersection or difference , either one key or multiple keys can be inserted to or deleted from the red - black tree . Since Split calls Join but does not deal with the balancing criteria of red - black trees directly , such an implementation is usually called the `` join - based '' implementation . The complexity of each of union , intersection and difference is O ( m log ⁡ ( n m + 1 ) ) ( \ displaystyle O \ left ( m \ log \ left ( ( n \ over m ) + 1 \ right ) \ right ) ) for two red - black trees of sizes m ( \ displaystyle m ) and n ( ≥ m ) ( \ displaystyle n ( \ geq m ) ) . This complexity is optimal in terms of the number of comparisons . More importantly , since the recursive calls to union , intersection or difference are independent of each other , they can be executed in parallel with a parallel depth O ( log ⁡ m log ⁡ n ) ( \ displaystyle O ( \ log m \ log n ) ) . When m = 1 ( \ displaystyle m = 1 ) , the join - based implementation has the same computational DAG as single - element insertion and deletion if the root of the larger tree is used to split the smaller tree . Parallel algorithms ( edit ) Parallel algorithms for constructing red -- black trees from sorted lists of items can run in constant time or O ( log log n ) time , depending on the computer model , if the number of processors available is asymptotically proportional to the number n of items where n → ∞ . Fast search , insertion , and deletion parallel algorithms are also known . Popular culture ( edit ) A red - black - tree was referenced correctly in an episode of Missing ( Canadian TV series ) as noted by Robert Sedgewick in one of his lectures : Jess : `` It was the red door again . '' Pollock : `` I thought the red door was the storage container . '' Jess : `` But it was n't red anymore , it was black . '' Antonio : `` So red turning to black means what ? '' Pollock : `` Budget deficits , red ink , black ink . '' Antonio : `` It could be from a binary search tree . The red - black tree tracks every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf that has the same number of black nodes . '' Jess : `` Does that help you with the ladies ? '' See also ( edit ) List of data structures Tree data structure Tree rotation AA tree , a variation of the red - black tree AVL tree B - tree ( 2 - 3 tree , 2 - 3 - 4 tree , B+ tree , B * - tree , UB - tree ) Scapegoat tree Splay tree T - tree WAVL tree References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : James Paton . `` Red - Black Trees '' . ^ Jump up to : Cormen , Thomas H. ; Leiserson , Charles E. ; Rivest , Ronald L. ; Stein , Clifford ( 2001 ) . `` Red -- Black Trees '' . Introduction to Algorithms ( second ed . ) . MIT Press . pp. 273 -- 301 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 03293 - 7 . Jump up ^ John Morris . `` Red -- Black Trees '' . Jump up ^ Rudolf Bayer ( 1972 ) . `` Symmetric binary B - Trees : Data structure and maintenance algorithms '' . Acta Informatica. 1 ( 4 ) : 290 -- 306 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00289509 . Jump up ^ Drozdek , Adam . Data Structures and Algorithms in Java ( 2 ed . ) . Sams Publishing . p. 323 . ISBN 0534376681 . Jump up ^ Leonidas J. Guibas and Robert Sedgewick ( 1978 ) . `` A Dichromatic Framework for Balanced Trees '' . Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science . pp. 8 -- 21 . doi : 10.1109 / SFCS. 1978.3 . Jump up ^ `` Red Black Trees '' . eternallyconfuzzled.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robert Sedgewick ( 2012 ) . Red - Black BSTs . Coursera . A lot of people ask why did we use the name red -- black . Well , we invented this data structure , this way of looking at balanced trees , at Xerox PARC which was the home of the personal computer and many other innovations that we live with today entering ( sic ) graphic user interfaces , ethernet and object - oriented programmings ( sic ) and many other things . But one of the things that was invented there was laser printing and we were very excited to have nearby color laser printer that could print things out in color and out of the colors the red looked the best . So , that 's why we picked the color red to distinguish red links , the types of links , in three nodes . So , that 's an answer to the question for people that have been asking . Jump up ^ `` Where does the term `` Red / Black Tree '' come from ? `` . programmers.stackexchange.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Andersson , Arne ( 1993 - 08 - 11 ) . Dehne , Frank ; Sack , Jörg - Rüdiger ; Santoro , Nicola ; Whitesides , Sue , eds . `` Balanced search trees made simple '' ( PDF ) . Algorithms and Data Structures ( Proceedings ) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Springer - Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. 709 : 60 -- 71 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 57155 - 8_236 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 57155 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Okasaki , Chris ( 1999 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Red - black trees in a functional setting '' ( PS ) . Journal of Functional Programming. 9 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 477 . doi : 10.1017 / S0956796899003494 . ISSN 1469 - 7653 . Jump up ^ Sedgewick , Robert ( 1983 ) . Algorithms ( 1st ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 06672 - 6 . Jump up ^ RedBlackBST code in Java Jump up ^ Sedgewick , Robert ( 2008 ) . `` Left - leaning Red - Black Trees '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Sedgewick , Robert ; Wayne , Kevin ( 2011 ) . Algorithms ( 4th ed . ) . Addison - Wesley Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 57351 - 3 . Jump up ^ Cormen , Thomas ; Leiserson , Charles ; Rivest , Ronald ; Stein , Clifford ( 2009 ) . `` 13 '' . Introduction to Algorithms ( 3rd ed . ) . MIT Press . pp. 308 -- 309 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 03384 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mehlhorn , Kurt ; Sanders , Peter ( 2008 ) . Algorithms and Data Structures : The Basic Toolbox ( PDF ) . Springer , Berlin / Heidelberg . pp. 154 -- 165 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 77978 - 0 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 77977 - 3 . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Sedgewick , Robert ( 1998 ) . Algorithms in C++ . Addison - Wesley Professional . pp. 565 -- 575 . ISBN 978 - 0201350883 . Jump up ^ Pfaff 2004 ^ Jump up to : http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~rs/talks/LLRB/RedBlack.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall08/cos226/lectures/10BalancedTrees-2x2.pdf Jump up ^ Demaine , E.D. ; Harmon , D. ; Iacono , J. ; Pătraşcu , M. ( 2007 ) . `` Dynamic Optimality -- Almost '' ( PDF ) . SIAM Journal on Computing. 37 ( 1 ) : 240 . doi : 10.1137 / S0097539705447347 . Jump up ^ `` How does a HashMap work in JAVA '' . coding-geek.com . Jump up ^ Mehlhorn & Sanders 2008 , pp. 165 , 158 ^ Jump up to : Blelloch , Guy E. ; Ferizovic , Daniel ; Sun , Yihan ( 2016 ) , `` Just Join for Parallel Ordered Sets '' , Symposium on Parallel Algorithms and Architectures , Proc. of 28th ACM Symp . Parallel Algorithms and Architectures ( SPAA 2016 ) , ACM , pp. 253 -- 264 , doi : 10.1145 / 2935764.2935768 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4503 - 4210 - 0 . Jump up ^ Park , Heejin ; Park , Kunsoo ( 2001 ) . `` Parallel algorithms for red -- black trees '' . Theoretical computer science . Elsevier . 262 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 415 -- 435 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3975 ( 00 ) 00287 - 5 . Our parallel algorithm for constructing a red -- black tree from a sorted list of n items runs in O ( 1 ) time with n processors on the CRCW PRAM and runs in O ( log log n ) time with n / log log n processors on the EREW PRAM . Jump up ^ Missing ( Canadian TV series ) . A , W Network ( Canada ) ; Lifetime ( United States ) . Jump up ^ Robert Sedgewick ( 2012 ) . B - Trees . Coursera. 10 : 37 minutes in . So not only is there some excitement in that dialogue but it 's also technically correct which you do n't often find with math in popular culture of computer science . A red black tree tracks every simple path from a node to a descendant leaf with the same number of black nodes they got that right . Further reading ( edit ) Mathworld : Red -- Black Tree San Diego State University : CS 660 : Red -- Black tree notes , by Roger Whitney Pfaff , Ben ( June 2004 ) . `` Performance Analysis of BSTs in System Software '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University . External links ( edit ) A complete and working implementation in C Red -- Black Tree Demonstration OCW MIT Lecture by Prof. Erik Demaine on Red Black Trees - Binary Search Tree Insertion Visualization on YouTube -- Visualization of random and pre-sorted data insertions , in elementary binary search trees , and left - leaning red -- black trees An intrusive red - black tree written in C++ Red - black BSTs in 3.3 Balanced Search Trees Red -- black BST Demo Tree data structures Search trees ( dynamic sets / associative arrays ) 2 -- 3 2 -- 3 -- 4 AA ( a , b ) AVL B+ B * ( Optimal ) Binary search Dancing HTree Interval Order statistic ( Left - leaning ) Red - black Scapegoat Splay Treap UB Weight - balanced Heaps Binary Binomial Brodal Fibonacci Leftist Pairing Skew Van Emde Boas Weak Tries Ctrie C - trie ( compressed ADT ) Hash Radix Suffix Ternary search X-fast Y - fast Spatial data partitioning trees Ball BK BSP Cartesian Hilbert R k - d ( implicit k - d ) Metric MVP Octree Priority R Quad R+ R * Segment VP X Other trees Cover Exponential Fenwick Finger Fractal tree index Fusion Hash calendar iDistance K - ary Left - child right - sibling Link / cut Log - structured merge Merkle PQ Range SPQR Top Data structures Types Collection Container Abstract Associative array Multimap List Stack Queue Double - ended queue Priority queue Double - ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint - set Arrays Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix Linked Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list Trees B - tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red -- black tree Self - balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R - tree R * tree R+ tree Hilbert R - tree Trie Hash tree Graphs Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph List of data structures Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red -- black_tree&oldid = 818272029 '' Categories : 1972 in computer science Binary trees Search trees Hidden categories : Articles with unsourced quotes All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles containing proofs Articles with example C code Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 40 . 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properties of red black tree in data structure

Each node is either red or black . The root is black . This rule is sometimes omitted . Since the root can always be changed from red to black , but not necessarily vice versa , this rule has little effect on analysis . All leaves ( NIL ) are black . If a node is red , then both its children are black . Every path from a given node to any of its descendant NIL nodes contains the same number of black nodes . Some definitions : the number of black nodes from the root to a node is the node 's black depth ; the uniform number of black nodes in all paths from root to the leaves is called the black - height of the red -- black tree .

Tobiko - wikipedia Tobiko Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tobiko in varying colors , served as sushi Tobiko ( と びこ ) is the Japanese word for flying fish roe . It is most widely known for its use in creating certain types of sushi . The eggs are small , ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm . For comparison , tobiko is larger than masago ( capelin roe ) , but smaller than ikura ( salmon roe ) . Natural tobiko has a red - orange color , a mild smoky or salty taste , and a crunchy texture . Tobiko , shown in its natural color , topping grilled Albacore tuna Sometimes tobiko is colored to change its appearance , other natural ingredients are used to accomplish the change , such as squid ink to make it black , yuzu to make it pale orange ( almost yellow ) , or even wasabi to make it green and spicy . Sometimes a serving of tobiko contains several pieces , each having a different color . When prepared as sashimi , it may be presented on avocado halves or wedges . Tobiko is used in the creation of many other Japanese dishes . Often , tobiko is used as an ingredient in California rolls . Frequently , masago ( capelin or smelt roe ) is substituted for tobiko , due to its similar appearance and flavor . The smaller size of the individual eggs is apparent to the experienced diner , however . References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tobiko . Jump up ^ `` Tobiko vs Masago Difference '' . Expert answer Question. 2016 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Food Republic http://www.foodrepublic.com/2013/04/19/what-tobiko-and-whats-different-colors . Retrieved 18 October 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Sushi History of sushi List of sushi and sashimi ingredients California roll Chūtoro Conveyor belt sushi Decouverte du Sushi Gari ( ginger ) Hanaya Yohei Hangiri Odori ebi Omakase Seattle roll Sushi pizza Tare sauce Tobiko Tofu skin Wasabi Roe Bottarga Buriko Karasumi Caviar Beluga Ossetra Sevruga Red Masago Pollock roe Tarako Taramasalata Tobiko Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobiko&oldid=800779891 '' Categories : Sushi Japanese seafood Roe Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles needing additional references from February 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Русский 粵語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 16 : 36 . About Wikipedia

what is the orange stuff on my sushi

The eggs are small , ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm . For comparison , tobiko is larger than masago ( capelin roe ) , but smaller than ikura ( salmon roe ) . Natural tobiko has a red - orange color , a mild smoky or salty taste , and a crunchy texture .

State of Origin series - wikipedia State of Origin series State of Origin Current season or competition : 2018 State of Origin series Sport Rugby league Instituted 1982 Inaugural season 1980 Number of teams Country Australia ( ARLC ) Shield Holders New South Wales ( 2018 ) Website Official State of Origin website Broadcast partner Nine Network Related competitions City vs Country Origin Super League Tri-series The State of Origin series is the annual best - of - three rugby league football match series between two Australian state representative sides , the New South Wales Blues and the Queensland Maroons . Referred to as Australian sport 's greatest rivalry , the State of Origin series is one of Australia 's premier sporting events , attracting huge television audiences and usually selling out the stadiums in which the games are played . It is regularly described as being the pinnacle of rugby league , even in comparison with international competitions . Players are selected to represent the Australian state in which they played their first senior rugby league game , hence the name ' state of origin ' . Prior to 1980 players were only selected for interstate matches on the basis of where they were playing their club football at the time . In both 1980 and 1981 there were two interstate matches under the old selection rules and one experimental `` State of Origin '' match . From 1982 onwards a best - of - three match series has been played around the middle of the rugby league season for the State of Origin shield . During the early years , the results were extraordinarily even . However , since 2006 , Queensland has won every series except in 2014 and 2018 . Contents 1 Teams 2 History 2.1 Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 2.2 Conception of State of Origin football 2.3 Experimentation 2.4 Adoption 2.5 1987 : American controversy 2.6 1990s 2.7 2000s 2.8 2010s 3 Venues 3.1 Queensland 3.2 New South Wales 3.3 Interstate & International 4 Popularity 5 Broadcasting 6 Selection rules 6.1 Controversy 6.2 Anomalies 7 Results 7.1 Year by year 8 Wally Lewis Medal 9 Records 9.1 Team 9.2 Individual 9.2. 1 Playing 9.3 Coaching 9.4 Other Records 10 Under 20s 11 Women 's State of Origin 11.1 All - Team Records 12 See also 13 References 13.1 History 13.2 General records and statistics 13.3 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match 13.4 Player lists 14 Further reading 15 External links Teams ( edit ) Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia , the sport 's two major states , New South Wales and Queensland , have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the `` state of origin '' era which began in the 1980s . The two states ' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons , reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys . These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team 's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold . The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League . The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname `` Cockroaches '' and the Queensland team as `` Cane Toads '' , due to names given to them by Barry Muir and Johnny Raper respectively . It was reinforced by a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such . Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams , they have not competed in State of Origin . History ( edit ) Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980 ( edit ) The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia . In 1900 a journalist known as ' The Cynic ' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland , Stephen Spragg , should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales . Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908 , an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time . Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state . No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves . The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney 's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908 , before Queensland had even commenced its club competition . New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43 -- 0 victory . The local media were unimpressed . There can be no doubt the NSW men are improving a good deal ... They can not be blamed for the farce , for it was nothing else . If the Australian team depends on Queenslanders to strengthen it , one is afraid it will be found wanting . They are quite the weakest lot of footballers I have even seen come down from Queensland . The play needs no detailed description as it was simply a practice match for NSW , and certainly did not advantageously advertise the new game . - The Sydney Morning Herald , 13 July 1908 The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales , apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s . From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches . At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain . Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders , the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition , and that there would be no Australian tour . The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain , the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars . The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales . This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs . From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition , becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection . Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that `` every time Queensland produces a good footballer , he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine . '' Prior to 1956 , NSW had won 75 % and Qld only 25 % of series played . From 1956 -- 1981 , NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8 % with only 1 series win , in 1959 . Conception of State of Origin football ( edit ) By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded . Matches were played mid-week , so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition , and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds . Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League ( NSWRFL ) declined to host the Queensland team , and both interstate games were played in Queensland . Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon , who had later become a journalist , was the first to suggest that Sydney - based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state . Brisbane Courier - Mail reporter Hugh Lunn , Barry Maranta ( the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos ) and Maranta 's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league . Lunn told McAullife that `` you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland , Ron , but you ca n't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander . '' McAuliffe was initially sceptical . `` What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play , and we are beaten . Where would we go from there ? '' Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one - off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial . New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions : If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial , and also , that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted . ( From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott , a Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks official . ) Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan : St. George Dragons , South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters . As these clubs were refusing to release players , Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial , which would make release mandatory . The clubs backed down . Experimentation ( edit ) See also : 1980 State of Origin game and 1981 State of Origin game After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 ( 35 -- 3 and 17 -- 7 , the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders ) it was announced that a ' state of origin ' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane . The New South Wales media gave both the event , and Queensland 's chance of winning it , little credence , calling the game a `` three day wonder '' . Australia 's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match `` the non-event of the century '' . Ron MacAullife however , was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match . Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned . Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended ( 24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series ) , few expected the sell - out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans , delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever . Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20 -- 10 . I was strongly against such a match , but last night 's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program . -- Alan Clarkson , journalist for The Sydney Morning Herald , 6 October 1980 In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules . As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series , state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match . Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15 -- 0 lead in the game , Queensland rallied to win 22 -- 15 . Adoption ( edit ) The first State of Origin shield , depicting Queensland 's Wally Lewis and New South Wales ' Brett Kenny . The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year . The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive . -- Frank Hyde ( 2 June 1982 ) Despite the Maroons ' success so far in the State of Origin experiments , the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues ' long - held dominance in series wins . Queensland however , under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis , was inspired by this , and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1 . However , in 1985 , under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer , New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground , claiming the series for the first time . The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash , taking the series 3 -- 0 . 1987 : American controversy ( edit ) After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2 -- 1 , a fourth game was played at Long Beach , California to showcase rugby league to the American public . In Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 ( 2003 ) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story : There was one additional Origin contest played in 1987 . The Queenslanders had climbed the mountain and at no point did they take the project seriously in any competitive sense . The State of Origin trophy was safely stowed in the Queensland Rugby League board room at Lang Park , and for the Maroons the visit to the United States was their end - of - season outing , the game an exhibition ... Such was the Blues ' disappointment at the loss of the State of Origin series that they would go to any length to restore some vestige of their lost pride . The New South Wales Rugby League hierarchy told their men to prepare for the contest as though it was a deciding test match . The match was played at the Veterans Memorial Stadium in Long Beach , California in front of 12,349 fans . The Blues won the game 30 -- 18 . In 1987 the Australian Rugby League ( ARL ) , New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players ' individual statistics . On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League ( whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League ) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match , and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead . ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said : `` There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture ... in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game 's governing body at the time . In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987 , Ken Arthurson , the ARL 's chief executive in 1987 , was quoted as saying ' It 's an exciting experiment but the match is n't and wo n't be billed as an exhibition match ' . '' 1990s ( edit ) After the controversy of the match played in the United States , the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3 -- 0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989 . The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series . It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew , the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series . As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game , the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience . The 1992 , 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins , Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line . It was n't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series . A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos , its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons . Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3 -- 0 in a shocking white - wash . The 1996 series saw the off - field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed , regardless of contract , state of origin selection . Having the majority of the Queenslanders back did n't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white - wash with a 3 -- 0 series win of their own . The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions , one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited - owned Super League , and an interstate series was played in each . Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition . The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format . The teams were selected using origin rules , and New South Wales and Queensland met twice . These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record . As with the premiership , players were spread between two representative tournaments as well . The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League , and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home , setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2 -- 1 . The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw . Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours . 2000s ( edit ) The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance , causing some critics ( who ? ) to question the future of State of Origin . However , this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series , which is seen as the starting point of Queensland 's unprecedented dynasty . Queensland followed by winning the 2007 series , as well as the 2008 series , which made Queensland 's streak three series in a row . New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008 , however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008 , and Game 3 on 2 July 2008 . Queensland continued to follow this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row . 2010s ( edit ) In 2010 , Queensland won its historic , record - breaking , fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23 -- 18 win in the third and final match . This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years . Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010 . The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB - T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB - T and PAL . In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16 -- 12 . In the second game New South Wales defeated Queensland 18 -- 8 . Queensland won the series 34 -- 24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer 's 36th and final game . Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series . In 2012 , then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under - 20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning . Queensland went on to win a historic 7th series win in 2012 , winning the final game by 1 point . In 2013 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2 , while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time . The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system . In 2014 , New South Wales defeated Queensland 12 - 8 in the first game of the series , and 6 - 4 in the second . In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32 - 8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute , with Queensland leading 6 - 2 in the first half . This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years . In 2015 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 - 10 in game 1 played in Sydney , New South Wales defeated Queensland 26 - 18 in game 2 played in Melbourne , Queensland defeated New South Wales 52 - 6 in game 3 played in Brisbane , winning the series 2 - 1 . In 2016 , Queensland defeated New South Wales 6 - 4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26 - 16 win in the second match . New South Wales closed off the series with a 18 - 14 win over Queensland . In 2017 , New South Wales won Game 1 , 28 - 4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty . Queensland won Game 2 , 18 - 16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston , who kicked the winning goal for Queensland . Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match , essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match . Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction , ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year . In Game 3 , New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games , the first to do so since 1996 . Queensland dominated the Blues , winning 22 - 6 , with Queensland winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series . It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith , before being chaired off the ground by his teammates , ending Thurston 's representative career on a high note . In 2018 , New South Wales won their first State of Origin series in four years , defeating Queensland 22 -- 12 and 18 -- 14 in the first two games . Queensland scored a consolation victory 18 -- 12 in the final game . Venues ( edit ) Queensland ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Lang Park ( Brisbane Stadium / Suncorp Stadium ) Brisbane 52 52,540 16,559 Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( QE2 Stadium ) Brisbane 49,441 47,989 New South Wales ( edit ) Venue City No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Stadium Australia ( Telstra Stadium / ANZ Stadium ) Sydney 25 88,336 55,421 Sydney Football Stadium ( Allianz Stadium ) Sydney 14 41,955 16,910 Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) Sydney 6 42,048 20,242 Interstate & International ( edit ) Venue City State Country No. of Games Highest Crowd Lowest Crowd Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 91,513 25,105 Docklands Stadium ( Telstra Dome / Etihad Stadium ) Melbourne Victoria Australia 56,021 50,967 Olympic Park Stadium Melbourne Victoria Australia 25,800 -- Veterans Memorial Stadium Long Beach California United States 12,439 -- Popularity ( edit ) In 2013 , each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event . In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland , with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds for rugby league and local television ratings comparable to those of some Victorian AFL matches . Internationally , the series is televised in 91 countries , and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea , occasionally sparking riots , violence and deaths . It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand . Broadcasting ( edit ) Within Australia , Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series , with replays airing on Fox Sports . The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand . Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia . In the United States , Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011 , with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013 . Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK . Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG 's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J . This broadcast was presented by the characters `` Rampaging '' Roy Slaven and HG Nelson ( played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver ) , who commentated the game with a unique comedic style . Roy and HG 's broadcasts began in the late 1980s , and continued until 2008 . Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009 , at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary . Selection rules ( edit ) Sydney Brisbane Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior ( or registered ) rugby league . In 2012 , the NSWRL , CRL , QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility , to encompass other factors , such as place of birth . Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level . Controversy ( edit ) From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy . Since 1980 , Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth , while for New South Wales the total is only 6 . However , place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012 . An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling , Ken Nagas , James McManus , Israel Folau and Greg Inglis . Israel Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland . Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales , Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba , Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga , Newcastle & Sydney , all in New South Wales , while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory , but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series . The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed . The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis ' first senior football , making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time . However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle , New South Wales , in the Arrive Alive Cup ; considered to be a senior competition . Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said `` there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team . He played for us at 16 , he 's a Blue '' . The controversy led to the creation of the `` That 's In Queensland '' viral video . Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States . Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland . Previously father and son combinations , such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states . This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales . Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby league for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast Foreign born players have also represented each state . New Zealand has had several players , such as Brad Thorn , Ben Te'o , Craig Smith , Willie Mason , Tonie Carroll , James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin . Tamou 's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis , lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations . Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin . Other players , such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible , creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League . Apart from representing Queensland , Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international , having played international rugby league for Australia , and international rugby union for the All Blacks . Papua New Guinea - born Adrian Lam and Fijian - born Lote Tuqiri , Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin . Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW . Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW . The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international , Ben Te'o , by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season . A report into eligibility based on a player 's birth state showed ; `` Of the 18 series that QLD has won , it had the greater percentage of non-State ( born ) players in its side on 14 of those occasions -- revealing a 77.8 % dependency . Of the 13 series that NSW has won , on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State ( born ) players across the series -- revealing a 38.5 % dependency . '' Anomalies ( edit ) In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection . This included most of Queensland 's usual team , who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos . The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years , allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea . The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon 's swept aside NSW , who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players , 3 - 0 . During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule . The players affected were David Barnhill ( NSW ) , Kevin Campion ( Qld ) , Tonie Carroll ( Qld ) , Graham Mackay ( NSW ) , Willie Mason ( NSW ) , Luke Ricketson ( NSW ) , Lote Tuqiri ( Qld ) and Adrian Vowles ( Qld ) , Results ( edit ) For full results and statistics , see State of Origin results and statistics Year by year ( edit ) Of the 36 full series played , Queensland have won 21 , New South Wales 14 , with 2 series drawn ( Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year 's winner ) . With the addition of three one - off games that were played in 1980 , 1981 and 1987 , the total number of games played is 108 . Queensland have won 58 , New South Wales have won 51 , with 2 matches being drawn . The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series , as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series , with the final game concluding in a draw . At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock , and by the same set of rules , Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders , but did not win the series . Due to controversy around the second drawn series , and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland , the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series . Equal points at the close of full - time are now resolved with the golden point method . State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland 2018 New South Wales 0 New South Wales State of Origin non-series matches Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1980 Queensland 0 0 1981 Queensland 0 0 New South Wales 0 0 Wally Lewis Medal ( edit ) From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series . Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series , irrespective of state . The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series . Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times . Recipients Year Player State Position Club Craig Fitzgibbon New South Wales Lock Sydney Roosters 2005 Anthony Minichiello New South Wales Fullback Sydney Roosters 2006 Darren Lockyer Queensland Five - eighth Brisbane Broncos 2007 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2008 Johnathan Thurston Queensland Halfback , Five - eighth North Queensland Cowboys 2009 Greg Inglis Queensland Centre Melbourne Storm Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm 2011 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2012 Nate Myles Queensland Second - row Gold Coast Titans 2013 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2014 Paul Gallen New South Wales Lock , Prop Cronulla - Sutherland Sharks 2015 Corey Parker Queensland Lock Brisbane Broncos 2016 Cameron Smith Queensland Hooker Melbourne Storm 2017 Dane Gagai Queensland Wing Newcastle Knights 2018 Billy Slater Queensland Fullback Melbourne Storm The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis ' retirement in 1992 until 2003 , where the best player of the series could win the award , regardless of their state . The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award . Records ( edit ) Team ( edit ) Most points scored in a game : 72 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Most points scored by a team : 56 , New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland ( Game III , 2000 ) Largest winning margin : 46 , Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales ( Game III , 2015 ) Most consecutive games won : 8 , Queensland ( Game II , 1987 - Game III , 1989 ) Most consecutive series won : 8 , Queensland ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Most series clean sweeps : 4 , Queensland ( 1988 -- 1989 , 1995 , 2010 ) Individual ( edit ) Oldest player : 36 years 74 days , Petero Civoniceva ( 2012 ) ( Queensland ) Youngest player : 18 years and 83 days , Ben Ikin ( 1995 ) ( Queensland ) Playing ( edit ) Most games : 42 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most consecutive games : 36 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most games as captain : 30 Wally Lewis ( 1981 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 24 Cameron Smith ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 11 Cameron Smith ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- present ) ( Queensland ) & Johnathan Thurston ( 2006 -- 2013 , 2015 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most Man of the Match Awards won : 8 Wally Lewis ( 1982 -- 1991 ) ( Queensland ) Most points : 224 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most tries : 18 Greg Inglis ( 2006 -- present ) ( Queensland ) Most goals : 101 Johnathan Thurston ( 2005 -- 2017 ) ( Queensland ) Most field goals : 4 Andrew Johns ( 1995 -- 2005 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one game : 32 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most points in one series : 52 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most tries in one game : 3 ( Anderson , Boustead , Girdler , Tuqiri , Sing , King , Gagai , Holmes ) Most tries in one series : 5 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) , Lote Tuqiri ( 2002 ) ( Queensland ) Most goals in one game : 10 Ryan Girdler ( Game III , 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most goals in one series : 16 Ryan Girdler ( 2000 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one game : 2 Ben Elias ( Game III , 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) Most field goals in one series : 2 Ben Elias ( 1994 ) ( New South Wales ) , Andrew Johns ( 2003 ) ( New South Wales ) 1. ^ Smith and Thurston competed in at least one game associated with each series wins . Coaching ( edit ) Most games : 30 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most games won : 19 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Most series won : 9 Mal Meninga ( 2006 -- 2015 ) ( Queensland ) Other Records ( edit ) Source Basic Records Venue Games NSW Drw Qld NSW pts QLD pts Total pts Lang Park 52 18 33 745 ( 124 - 127 - 5 ) 1011 ( 170 - 167 - 8 ) 1756 ( 294 - 294 - 13 ) S.C.G 6 0 68 ( 12 - 10 - 1 ) 76 ( 14 - 11 - 0 144 ( 26 - 21 - 1 ) Long Beach 0 0 30 ( 5 - 5 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) 48 ( 8 - 8 - 0 ) S.F.S 14 6 0 8 189 ( 33 - 28 - 1 ) 199 ( 34 - 31 - 1 ) 388 ( 77 - 59 - 2 ) Olympic 0 0 12 ( 2 - 2 - 0 ) 6 ( 1 - 1 - 0 ) 18 ( 3 - 3 - 0 ) M.C.G 0 67 ( 11 - 11 - 1 ) 52 ( 9 - 8 - 0 ) 119 ( 20 - 19 - 1 ) Stadium Australia 25 16 8 471 ( 81 - 71 - 5 ) 318 ( 57 - 44 - 2 ) 789 ( 138 - 115 - 7 ) QEII 0 0 32 ( 5 - 6 - 0 ) 66 ( 13 - 7 - 0 ) 98 ( 18 - 13 - 0 ) Docklands 0 0 42 ( 8 - 5 - 0 ) 62 ( 11 - 9 - 0 ) 104 ( 19 - 14 - 0 ) Totals 108 48 58 1656 ( 281 - 265 - 13 ) 1808 ( 312 - 281 - 11 ) 3464 ( 593 - 546 - 24 ) Leading Try Scorers Try Scorer State Games Tries ( Ave . ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 ( 0.60 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 ( 0.65 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 ( 0.46 ) Billy Slater QLD 31 12 ( 0.44 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 ( 0.58 ) Jarryd Hayne NSW 23 11 ( 0.45 ) Allan Langer QLD 34 10 ( 0.29 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 ( 0.25 ) Dane Gagai QLD 10 10 ( 1.00 ) Timana Tahu NSW 12 8 ( 0.67 ) Anthony Minichiello NSW 11 8 ( 0.73 ) Brad Fittler NSW 31 8 ( 0.26 ) Leading Point Scores Point Scorers State Games Tries Goals Field Goals Points ( Ave . ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 5 101 234 ( 5.94 ) Mal Meninga QLD 32 6 69 0 161 ( 5.03 ) Michael O'Connor NSW 19 11 42 129 ( 6.79 ) Andrew Johns NSW 23 38 96 ( 4.17 ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 9 22 82 ( 2.28 ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 7 27 0 82 ( 10.25 ) Greg Inglis QLD 32 18 0 0 72 ( 2.40 ) Darius Boyd QLD 28 17 0 0 68 ( 2.62 ) Dale Shearer QLD 26 12 9 0 66 ( 2.54 ) Rod Wishart NSW 22 5 22 0 64 ( 2.91 ) Cameron Smith QLD 42 5 19 0 64 ( 1.33 ) Venue Stats Venue State Games Total Attendance Average Lang Park QLD 52 2,049,574 39,414 S.C.G NSW 6 192,773 32,128 Long Beach Neutral 12,439 12,439 S.F.S NSW 14 521,836 37,274 Olympic Neutral 25,800 25,800 M.C.G Neutral 256,773 64,193 Stadium_Australia NSW 25 1,862,616 74,504 QEII QLD 97,430 48,715 Docklands Neutral 161,821 53,940 Appearance Stats Players State Games Years Cameron Smith QLD 42 2003 - 2017 Johnathan Thurston QLD 37 2005 - 2017 Darren Lockyer QLD 36 1998 - 2011 Allan Langer QLD 34 1987 - 2002 Petero Civoniceva QLD 33 2001 - 2012 Greg Inglis QLD 32 2006 - 2018 Mal Meninga QLD 32 1980 - 1994 Nate Myles QLD 32 2006 - 2017 Wally Lewis QLD 31 1980 - 1991 Brad Fittler NSW 31 1990 - 2004 Billy Slater QLD 30 2004 - 2018 Leading Goal Kickers Players State Games Goals / Attempts ( % ) Jamie Soward NSW 9 / 11 ( 81.82 % ) Mat Rogers QLD 5 12 / 15 ( 80.00 % ) James Maloney NSW 11 21 / 23 ( 80.00 % ) Jamie Lyon NSW 10 8 / 10 ( 80.00 % ) Johnathan Thurston QLD 36 96 / 121 ( 79.34 % ) Trent Hodkinson NSW 6 12 / 16 ( 75.00 % ) Tim Brasher NSW 21 9 / 12 ( 75.00 % ) Craig Fitzgibbon NSW 11 20 / 27 ( 74.07 % ) Darren Lockyer QLD 36 22 / 30 ( 73.33 % ) Ryan Girdler NSW 8 27 / 37 ( 72.97 % ) Cameron Smith QLD 39 16 / 22 ( 72.73 % ) Most Points Scored In A Games Players State Tries Goals Field Goals Points Game Ryan Girdler NSW 10 0 32 Game 3 , 2000 Lote Tuqiri QLD 0 18 Game 2 , 2002 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 9 0 18 Game 3 , 2015 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 18 Game 1 , 1985 Mal Meninga QLD 0 16 Game 1 , 1989 Darren Lockyer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 2001 Dale Shearer QLD 0 16 Game 3 , 1989 Mal Meninga QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 1 , 1980 Darren Lockyer QLD 5 0 14 Game 1 , 2001 Johnathan Thurston QLD 0 7 0 14 Game 2 , 2008 Michael O'Connor NSW 5 0 14 Game 4 , 1987 Series List Year Winners Games Crowd Average 1982 Queensland 22,334 Queensland 25,705 1984 Queensland 26,426 1985 New South Wales 30,301 1986 New South Wales 31,623 Queensland 36,020 1988 Queensland 25,056 1989 Queensland 35,452 1990 New South Wales 32,817 1991 Queensland 35,715 1992 New South Wales 37,806 1993 New South Wales 35,465 1994 New South Wales 56,340 1995 Queensland 44,122 Under 20s ( edit ) The Under 20s State of Origin has only had seven seasons so far ( 2012 to 2018 ) with only one game a year , instead of three . New South Wales has won six of the seven , with Queensland winning their first in 2018 . They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 2012 New South Wales 0 0 2013 New South Wales 0 0 2014 New South Wales 0 0 2015 New South Wales 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 Queensland 0 0 Women 's State of Origin ( edit ) The Women 's State of Origin is the Women 's rugby league version of the game , and has been running since 1999 . The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup . Furthermore , the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland , who won every series from 1999 - 2014 , a better straight record than their male counterparts . Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn 1999 Queensland 0 0 2000 Queensland 0 0 2001 Queensland 0 0 2002 Queensland 0 0 2003 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2005 Queensland 0 0 2006 Queensland 0 0 2007 Queensland 0 0 2008 Queensland 0 0 2009 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 0 0 2011 Queensland 0 0 2012 Queensland 0 0 2013 Queensland 0 0 2014 Queensland 0 0 2015 Draw 0 0 2016 New South Wales 0 0 2017 New South Wales 0 0 2018 New South Wales 0 0 All - Team Records ( edit ) Points Queensland : 1808 Points New South Wales : 1842 Points See also ( edit ) Rugby league portal National Rugby League State of Origin Rugby league in Australia Affiliated States Championship Australian regional rivals -- NSW vs. QLD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Melissa Jane Johnson Morgan & Jane Summers ( 2005 ) . Sports Marketing . Thomson Learning Nelson . p. 8 . ISBN 9780170128599 . Jump up ^ `` The countdown is on to sport 's greatest rivalry ! '' . melbournestorm.com. 9 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Tasker , Norman ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : twenty - five years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Caringbah , New South Wales : Playright Publishing . ISBN 0949853933 . Jump up ^ `` Rep season officially launched '' . sportsaustralia.com. 5 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eye of the storm '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 23 June 2006 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` State of O - It 's not our Game ! '' . Craccum Magazine ( 14 ) . 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Susie Ashworth , Paul Smitz , Carolyn Bain and Neal Bedford ( 2004 ) . Australia . Lonely Planet . p. 132 . ISBN 9781740594479 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Harms , John ( 2005 ) . The Pearl : Steve Renouf 's Story . Australia : University of Queensland Press . p. 105 . ISBN 9780702235368 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( April 2004 ) . `` A few drinks with Ray Warren '' . Inside Sport . Australia : insidesport.com.au . Archived from the original on 20 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Battersby ; Paul Smitz ; Barry Blake ( 2007 ) . Australian language & culture . Lonely Planet . p. 83 . ISBN 9781740590990 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Jamie ( 17 July 2009 ) . `` State of Origin in league of its own '' . The Southland Times . Fairfax New Zealand Limited . Retrieved 9 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Middleton , David ( 2008 ) . League of Legends : 100 Years of Rugby League in Australia ( PDF ) . National Museum of Australia . p. 27 . ISBN 9781876944643 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 March 2011 . Template : Webarchive url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080807042307/http://www.nma.gov.au/shared/libraries/attachments/league of legends / rugby league a work in progress / files / 22453 / F RL work in progress. pdf Jump up ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's greatest contest 1980 -- 2002 . Australia : University of Queensland Press . pp. xi . ISBN 9780702233838 . Jump up ^ Clarkson , Alan ( 10 July 1980 ) . `` Football lessons by Maroons '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 48 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hyde , Frank ( 2 June 1982 ) . `` Time to combine the old and new '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . p. 30 . Retrieved 6 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Bodey , Michael ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` State of Origin breaks audience records '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Roar , The . `` 2014 State of Origin 1 full time result '' . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lallo , Michael ( 29 October 2013 ) . `` The X Factor a winner in the ratings , as Ten slumps '' . The Age . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ministers say ' game on ' with State of Origin series set to kick off in Melbourne '' . Premier of Victoria . Victorian Government . 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Ritson , Mark ( 13 June 2013 ) . `` Channel Nine the State of Origin 's real winner '' . BRW . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ ARLC Media ( 3 June 2013 ) . `` Origin set to reach its biggest market yet '' . New South Wales Rugby League . New South Wales Rugby League . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fiercest origin passions erupt in PNG '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 25 May 2004 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Security boosted in PNG for State of Origin 2 after first round violence '' . Australia Network News . 10 Jun 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Big NZ Television Audience for State of Origin Opener '' . throng.co.nz. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Live Origin broadcast by America 's FOX Sports '' . NRL . May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FOX SOCCER PLUS ACQUIRES AUSTRALIA 'S NRL TELSTRA PREMIERSHIP AND RUGBY LEAGUE STATE OF ORIGIN SERIES '' ( PDF ) . Fox Sports Media Group . 29 February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Stead , Chris ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` The Ultimate State of Origin Lineup Comparison '' . Finder . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Inglis sticks to colours Brisbane Times , 16 June 2012 Jump up ^ Fed - up Meninga says NSW should stop bleating over Inglis Canberra Times , 19 April 2012 Jump up ^ Why ' State of Birth ' does n't work BigPond Sport , 21 June 2012 Jump up ^ Badel , Peter ( 2008 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Greg Inglis ' Dad defends son 's decision to be a Maroon '' . The Sunday Mail . Brisbane , Australia : News Limited . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blues lose Korbin Sims to Queensland Newcastle Herald , 17 April 2012 Jump up ^ Kiwis cranky about stopping NZ stars playing Origin Courier Mail , 29 June 2012 Jump up ^ Dark day when Kiwis choose maroon or blue stuff.co.nz , 1 July 2012 Jump up ^ Song mocks Ben Te'o defection Jump up ^ Rugby League Tables Jump up ^ New South Wales smash Queensland in under - 20 's State of Origin clash Archived 3 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Clifford leads the way in Queensland breakthrough '' . 11 July 2018 . History ( edit ) ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) . The Rugby Rebellion . RL1908 . ISBN 0 - 9757563 - 0 - 3 . `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 `` NSW v Queensland : 1908 -- 1980 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The First State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin History 1981 -- 2004 '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` The Origin of State of Origin '' by Sean Fagan , RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2001 ) . The Brisbane Broncos : The Team To Beat . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0702233420 . ^ Gallaway , Jack ( 2003 ) . Origin : Rugby League 's Greatest Contest 1980 -- 2002 . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3383 - 8 . ^ McGregor , Adrian ( 2004 ) . Wally Lewis : Forever the King . University of Queensland Press . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 3434 - 6 . ^ `` Overseas Players and State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 12 April 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` The Origins of State of Origin '' by Jeff Wall , Crikey 23 May 2005 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` We Still Want Hunt '' National Rugby League , 21 March 2005 , Retrieved 18 November 2005 ^ `` How it all began '' stateoforigin.com.au , no date , retrieved 8 May 2007 General records and statistics ( edit ) `` State of Origin 30 Years : 1980 -- 2009 '' by Liam Hauser , Rockpool Publishing , ISBN 9781921295386 ^ Fagan , Sean ( 2005 ) `` State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2005 '' RL1908 , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History : State of Origin Results 1980 -- 2003 '' by the Australian Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` History '' by The Roar , Retrieved 8 July 2016 ^ `` State of Origin Records '' by the Queensland Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ `` State of Origin Statistics '' by World of Rugby League , Retrieved 15 November 2005 ^ Official State of Origin website http://www.stateoforigin.com.au , Retrieved 15 November 2006 Sources disputing the 1987 Los Angeles match ( edit ) ^ Colman , Mike ( 26 November 2005 ) `` Assigning History by asterisks '' The Courier - Mail ( page 61 ) ^ Dick , Barry ( 16 July 2003 ) `` Origin Battle Rages On and Off the Field '' The Courier - Mail ( page 1 ) Player lists ( edit ) ^ State of Origin website Further reading ( edit ) Maxwell Leo Howell ; Peter Hastie ; Reet Howell ( 1992 ) . State of Origin , the first twelve years . Herron . ISBN 9780947163969 . Norman Tasker ; Australian Rugby Football League ; John Macdonald ; Mike Colman ; Andrew Webster ( 2005 ) . State of Origin : 25 years of sport 's greatest rivalry . Playright Publishing . ISBN 9780949853936 . Helen Elward , Graeme Langlands ( 2003 ) . State of origin : gods of the grounds . Best Legenz . ISBN 9780958043311 . Harris , Bret ( 1992 ) . Winfield State of Origin 1980 -- 1991 . Pan Macmillan . ISBN 9780725106973 . External links ( edit ) State of Origin news section State of Origin New South Wales Queensland Players Squads Records Stadium Australia NSWRL Residents Women 's Players Squads Records Lang Park QRL Residents Women 's Series 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Results and statistics Roy and HG 's commentary Super League Tri-Series Australian Rugby League Commission Rugby league in Australia National Federation Australian Rugby League Commission National teams Kangaroos Jillaroos Prime Minister 's XIII Indigenous Junior Kangaroos Schoolboys State Federations New South Wales NSW Country Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Other Federations University Masters Police Women Events All Stars Auckland Nines City vs Country State of Origin World Club Challenge Competitions National Rugby League National Youth Competition State Championship Affiliated States Championship Schoolboy Cup NRL Women 's Premiership ( starting 2018 ) Honours Clive Churchill Medal Dally M Medal Hall of Fame The Immortals Media Big League Rugby League Week The Footy Show Fox League Friday Night Football NRL video games Lists Clubs Stadiums Premiers Wooden spooners Rugby league in Australian Capital Territory New South Wales Northern Territory Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Rugby league in Oceania Main articles Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Major federations Asia - Pacific Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Major competitions Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Papua New Guinea Tonga Solomon Islands National teams American Samoa Australia Cook Islands East Timor Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tahiti Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis and Futuna Women 's national teams Australia Cook Islands Fiji New Zealand Niue Papua New Guinea Samoa Tokelau Tonga Pacific Cup 1977 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1997 2006 2009 International competitions Anzac Test Pacific Rugby League International Four Nations Peter Leitch QSM Challenge Trophy National competitions National Rugby League New South Wales Rugby League premiership State of Origin series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_Origin_series&oldid=857130341 '' Categories : 1982 establishments in Australia State of Origin series Rugby league competitions in Australia Rugby league rivalries Rugby league in Queensland Rugby league in New South Wales Annual sporting events in Australia Recurring sporting events established in 1908 1908 establishments in Australia Sports leagues established in 1908 Nine 's Wide World of Sport Sports rivalries in Australia Winter events in Australia Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from August 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano 日本 語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 17 ( UTC ) . 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when did nsw last won a state of origin series

State of Origin series Year Winner Wins Losses Drawn Shield Holder 1982 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 Queensland 1984 Queensland 0 Queensland 1985 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1986 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales Queensland 0 Queensland 1988 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1989 Queensland 0 0 Queensland 1990 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1991 Queensland 0 Queensland 1992 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1993 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1994 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1995 Queensland 0 0 Queensland New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 1997 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 1998 Queensland 0 Queensland 1999 Draw Queensland 2000 New South Wales 0 0 New South Wales 2001 Queensland 0 Queensland 2002 Draw Queensland 2003 New South Wales 0 New South Wales New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2005 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2006 Queensland 0 Queensland 2007 Queensland 0 Queensland 2008 Queensland 0 Queensland 2009 Queensland 0 Queensland Queensland 0 0 Queensland 2011 Queensland 0 Queensland 2012 Queensland 0 Queensland 2013 Queensland 0 Queensland 2014 New South Wales 0 New South Wales 2015 Queensland 0 Queensland 2016 Queensland 0 Queensland 2017 Queensland 0 Queensland 2018 New South Wales 0 New South Wales

Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Wikipedia Life is Strange : Before the Storm Jump to : navigation , search Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is an episodic graphic adventure video game developed by Deck Nine and published by Square Enix . The three episodes were released for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One between August and December 2017 . It is the second entry in the Life Is Strange series , set as a prequel to the first game , focusing on sixteen - year - old Chloe Price and her relationship with schoolmate Rachel Amber . Gameplay concerns itself mostly with the use of branching dialogues . Deck Nine started developing the game in 2016 , using the Unity game engine . Voice actors from the original game did not appear in Before the Storm on account of the SAG - AFTRA strike , but reprised their roles in a bonus episode once the strike was resolved . The soundtrack was created by Daughter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 3 Development 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Awards 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Chloe engages in a conversation with Rachel Amber ( pictured ) Life Is Strange : Before the Storm is a graphic adventure played from a third - person view . The player assumes control of sixteen - year - old Chloe Price , three years prior to Life Is Strange . Unlike its predecessor , the game does not include time travel . Instead , Before the Storm features the ability `` Backtalk '' , with which the player can call upon Chloe to get out of certain precarious situations ; `` Backtalk '' may also make a situation worse . A dialogue tree is used when a conversation or commentary is prompted . Occasional decisions will temporarily or permanently change outcomes . The environment can be interacted with and altered , including marking walls with graffiti . Plot ( edit ) In her hometown of Arcadia Bay , sixteen - year - old Chloe Price sneaks into a house concert at an old mill . Conflict arises with two men inside , whom she evades when schoolmate Rachel Amber causes a distraction . The next day , Chloe and Rachel reunite at Blackwell Academy and decide to ditch class , stowing away on a cargo train and ending up at a lookout point . They people - watch through a viewfinder and see a man and woman kiss in the park , which upsets Rachel . They steal wine from local campers and take a walk to a scrapyard . Chloe confronts Rachel about her change in mood , but is refused an answer . After Rachel leaves , Chloe discovers the wrecked car in which her father was killed . She meets up with Rachel again , who discloses that she witnessed her father , James , cheating on her mother through the viewfinder . Rachel destroys a family photo in a burning trash bin , and in a fit of rage kicks it over , igniting a wildfire . The next day , Chloe and Rachel are reprimanded by Principal Wells for ditching school . Chloe hides out at the scrapyard where she finds an old truck in need of repairing . She then receives a call from local drug dealer Frank Bowers , who arranges a meeting to discuss settling her debt with him . Chloe agrees to repay him by helping him steal money from her classmate Drew , who owes Frank a large sum . However , Chloe finds out that Drew is being violently extorted by another drug dealer , Damon Merrick , and she must decide whether to pay off the dealer with the stolen money to protect Drew or keep it . When later a student is unable to participate in the school 's theater production of The Tempest due to road closures from the wildfire , Chloe reluctantly takes on the role opposite Rachel . After the play , they decide to leave Arcadia Bay with the newly repaired truck and return to Rachel 's house to pack . There , following a confrontation , James reveals that the woman they saw him kissing was not a mistress , but in fact Rachel 's biological mother . Rachel is told that her mother , Sera , is a drug addict , and that on the day her father kissed her , he had rejected Sera 's plea to see Rachel . Chloe vows to find Rachel 's mother , against James ' wishes . Chloe contacts Frank , who agrees to meet her at the scrapyard . She repairs the truck there before Rachel arrives . They are ambushed by Frank and Damon , who stabs Rachel after he realises she is the district attorney 's daughter . Surviving the wound , Rachel recovers at the hospital . Chloe continues the search by investigating James ' office for clues about Sera , instead revealing that James has been in contact with Damon ; Chloe uses James ' phone to convince Damon to disclose where Sera is located , and finds out that Damon has kidnapped her for ransom . She races to Damon to pay him off , but learns when she reaches him that James wanted him to kill Sera . Frank appears and fights Damon , after which Sera entreats that Chloe never tell Rachel about James ' actions . Back at the hospital , Chloe is faced with a choice : tell Rachel everything or protect her from the truth . Development ( edit ) Publisher Square Enix chose Deck Nine to develop the prequel to Life Is Strange after the developer 's proprietary StoryForge tools had made an impression . Development started in 2016 with the Unity game engine . Rhianna DeVries , who initially did the game 's motion capture for Chloe Price , voices the character , while the original voice actress Ashly Burch serves as writing consultant . Burch did not reprise her role due to the SAG - AFTRA strike . With the strike over , Burch and Hannah Telle , who voiced Max Caulfield in Life Is Strange , will return for a bonus episode . The game went under different working titles during casting , according to Kylie Brown , who was cast as Rachel Amber ( then codenamed Rebecca ) in February 2017 . The music was written and performed by the British indie folk band Daughter , and released as an official soundtrack by Glassnote Records on 1 September 2017 . Instrumentation was employed to represent different sides of the lead character : piano for isolation , electric guitar for rebelliousness , and layered vocals for friendship . Daughter took the script and concept artwork as inspiration . The writers researched memoirs and psychology to understand the grieving process of the main character . Release ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , images had leaked online indicating that a prequel to Life Is Strange was in development . Square Enix revealed Life Is Strange : Before the Storm on 11 June during E3 2017 , stating that it would be released over three chapters starting on 31 August for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . The Deluxe Edition includes the bonus chapter `` Farewell '' -- featuring Max Caulfield of the original game as a playable character -- three additional outfits , and Mixtape Mode , allowing players to customise playlists with the game 's soundtrack . Episode Release date `` Episode 1 : Awake '' 31 August 2017 `` Episode 2 : Brave New World '' 19 October 2017 `` Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty '' 20 December 2017 Reception ( edit ) Aggregate review scores Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Awake ( PC ) 77 / 100 ( PS4 ) 78 / 100 ( XONE ) 80 / 100 Episode 2 : Brave New World ( PC ) 78 / 100 ( PS4 ) 79 / 100 ( XONE ) 76 / 100 Critics appraised Episode 1 : Awake the most on its character development of Chloe Price and Rachel Amber . Jeremy Peeples of Hardcore Gamer found Chloe 's behaviour `` endearing '' and noted that her personality was portrayed with multiple layers . Sam Loveridge at GamesRadar wrote that Rachel was the more authentic character on account of her more `` grounded '' dialogue . Despite disparaging Chloe for being `` her same tiresomely combative self '' early on , Metro saw her fleshed out by enduring the loss of her father . Game Informer 's Kimberley Wallace thought the younger version of Chloe brought a `` naivety and vulnerability '' worthy of sympathy . Conversely , the relationship between the leads was said to have formed `` at unnatural speed '' . Peeples and Loveridge favoured the `` Backtalk '' gameplay feature , while Metro and Wallace cared little for it . Otherwise lauded were the story , graphics , voice acting , and soundtrack . Reviewers found Episode 2 : Brave New World to either be better than the first installment or one of the series ' greatest . Metro praised how choices made a difference with a `` profound effect '' on character arc , while Ozzie Mejia of Shacknews relished in Chloe 's `` genuine growth '' contrasting her `` fiery spirit '' . Similarly , Game Informer 's Joe Juba appreciated the continued comprehension of the character , declaring this `` its biggest strength '' . However , Juba 's biggest complaint echoed that of Wallace , in reference to the `` forced '' manner with which Chloe and Rachel are made friends . Brett Makedonski , writing for Destructoid , thought that the character exposition was done `` to great effect '' . Most noted was The Tempest school play sequence , which Metro stated as their favorite ; Mejia called `` one of the funniest '' in Before the Storm ; and Juba observed as the culmination of all past choices . Metro criticized the script for being `` uneven '' and disapproved of the voice acting . Mejia felt the ending could have been done away with , saying it was `` a bit drawn out '' , though he was impressed with the progression of the Backtalk feature . Awards ( edit ) Following E3 2017 , Life Is Strange : Before the Storm received one of GamesRadar 's Best of E3 awards and was nominated for Hardcore Gamer 's Adventure Game award . It was nominated in the Games for Impact category at The Game Awards 2017 . At the 2017 Golden Joystick Awards , it was nominated for Best Audio . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Additional work by Square Enix London Studios References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Robertson , John ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is Chloe 's game '' . Red Bull Games . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel Before the Storm debuts this summer ( update ) '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange prequel 's Max - based bonus episode is a Deluxe Edition exclusive '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 1 : Awake . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 19 October 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 2 : Brave New World . Jump up ^ Deck Nine ( 20 December 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Episode 3 : Hell Is Empty . Jump up ^ Alexander , Jem ( July 2017 ) . `` Life Will Be Strange '' . Develop . No. 184 . p. 17 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm dev on Ashly Burch 's absence , season pass kerfuffle and more '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` ' Life is Strange : Before the Storm ' is all about being a wiseass teen '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 13 June 2017 ) . `` Three - part Life is Strange prequel confirmed '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Archived from the original on 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Original Life is Strange actresses return for special episode '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Kylie Brown : ' I Was Nervous , But Ecstatic , ' to Voice Rachel Amber in Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 7 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Browne , Emily ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` Talking to the voice of Rachel from Life is Strange : Before the Storm '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Kress , Bryan ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Watch London Trio Daughter Create Music for ' Life Is Strange : Before The Storm ' Video Game '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Biery , Thomas ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How Life is Strange : Before the Storm 's music brings out Chloe 's emotions '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Diver , Mike ( 29 August 2017 ) . `` Scoring with Chloe : Daughter 's OST for Life Is Strange : Before the Storm '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Conditt , Jessica ( 23 November 2017 ) . `` How ' Life is Strange ' landed in Deck Nine 's hands '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on 24 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 2 June 2017 ) . `` Images Of Apparent Life Is Strange Prequel Pop Up '' . Kotaku . Univision Communications . Archived from the original on 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange Before the Storm : Chloe and Rachel 's next adventures REVEALED '' . Daily Express . Northern & Shell . Archived from the original on 14 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deck Nine ( 31 August 2017 ) . Life Is Strange : Before the Storm . Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 4 , Xbox One . Square Enix . Level / area : Main menu . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 12 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 2 has a release date and a new trailer '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 3 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 1 : Awake Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PC '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World PlayStation 4 '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - Episode 2 : Brave New World Xbox One '' . Metacritic . Jump up ^ Clark , Justin ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm - Episode 1 - Awake Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Ep 1 review -- abandon the SS Pricefield , all aboard whatever we 're calling the Chloe Rachel ship '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bell , Alice ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm review in progress '' . VideoGamer.com . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm is fan service at its finest '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Peeples , Jeremy ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm -- Episode 1 : Awake '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm Episode One review : `` It 's touching , poignant , and will definitely move you '' `` . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 1 review -- Awake '' . Metro. 31 August 2017 . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberley ( 31 August 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm -- Awake '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 1 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Is Strange : Before The Storm Episode 2 review -- Brave New World '' . Metro. 20 October 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mejia , Ozzie ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life is Strange : Before the Storm - ' Brave New World ' Impressions '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Review : Life is Strange : Before the Storm : Brave New World '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Juba , Joe ( 20 October 2017 ) . `` Life Is Strange : Before the Storm -- Brave New World '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 19 June 2017 ) . `` GamesRadar+ E3 awards - our best , most exciting games of E3 2017 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Archived from the original on 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Best of E3 2017 -- Day Three : Fighter , Adventure , RPG , Shooter , Action '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 14 November 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 : List of Nominees '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwan , Hannah ( 3 November 2017 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2017 Last chance to vote for your favourite video games of the year '' . The Daily Telegraph . External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Life Is Strange Video games Life Is Strange Before the Storm Life Is Strange 2 Related Dontnod Entertainment Deck Nine Ashly Burch Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Life_Is_Strange:_Before_the_Storm&oldid=816258423 '' Categories : 2017 video games Adventure games Coming - of - age fiction Episodic video games Interactive movie video games LGBT - related video games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation Network games Single - player video games Square Enix games Unity ( game engine ) games Video game prequels Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in 2010 Video games set in Oregon Video games set in the United States Windows games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use British English from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 06 : 55 . 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when does life is strange before the storm part 2

Life Is Strange : Before the Storm Developer ( s ) Deck Nine Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Director ( s ) Webb Pickersgill Chris Floyd Producer ( s ) David Lawrence Hein Zoe Brown Designer ( s ) William Beacham Programmer ( s ) Mark Lyons Danielle Cheah Artist ( s ) Andrew Weatherl Writer ( s ) Zak Garriss Composer ( s ) Daughter Engine Unity Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 Xbox One Release Episode 1 WW : 31 August 2017 Episode 2 WW : 19 October 2017 Episode 3 WW : 20 December 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player

Sodom and Gomorrah - wikipedia Sodom and Gomorrah Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the biblical cities . For other uses , see Sodom and Gomorrah ( disambiguation ) . The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , John Martin , 1852 Sodom and Gomorrah being destroyed in the background of Lucas van Leyden 's 1520 painting Lot and his Daughters Sodom and Gomorrah ( / ˈsɒdəm / ; / ɡəˈmɔːrə / ) were cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis and throughout the Hebrew Bible , the New Testament and in the deuterocanonical books , as well as in the Quran and the hadith . According to the Torah , the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah , Zeboim and Bela . These five cities , also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ) , were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan . The plain , which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea , was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green , suitable for grazing livestock . Divine judgment by God was passed upon Sodom and Gomorrah and two neighboring cities , which were completely consumed by fire and brimstone . Neighboring Zoar ( Bela ) was the only city to be spared . In Abrahamic religions , Sodom and Gomorrah have become synonymous with impenitent sin , and their fall with a proverbial manifestation of divine retribution . Sodom and Gomorrah have been used historically and today as metaphors for vice and homosexuality , although a close reading of the text and other Ancient Near Eastern sources suggest that this association may be incorrect . The story has therefore given rise to words in several languages . These include the English word sodomy , which is used in sodomy laws to describe sexual `` crimes against nature '' , namely anal or oral sex ( particularly homosexual ) , or bestiality . Some Islamic societies incorporate punishments associated with Sodom and Gomorrah into sharia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Historicity 3 In the Book of Genesis 3.1 Battle of Siddim 3.2 The Judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah 4 Other references 4.1 Moses 4.2 Major Prophets 4.3 Minor Prophets 4.4 New Testament 4.5 Deuterocanonical references 5 Religious views 5.1 Jewish 5.2 Christian 5.3 Islamic 6 Modern Sodom 7 Second World War 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of both names is uncertain . The exact original meanings of the names are also uncertain . Some believe , the name Sodom ( Hebrew : סְדֹם ‎ Səḏōm ) could be a word from an early Semitic language ultimately related to the Arabic sadama , meaning `` fasten '' , `` fortify '' , `` strengthen '' , but that is unlikely as the Gesenius ' Hebrew - Chaldee Lexicon defines the hebrew word Sodom ( Cēdom ) as burning . Gomorrah ( Hebrew : עֲמֹרָה ‎ ' Ămōrāh ) could be based on the root gh mr , which means `` be deep '' , `` copious ( water ) , '' but this is also in dispute as it is classically known as עֲמֹרָה ʻĂmôrâh , am - o - raw ' ; from H6014 ; a ( ruined ) heap ; Amorah , a place in Palestine : -- Gomorrah . Historicity ( edit ) Painting from William Francis Lynch book The Narrative of the United States Expedition of the River Jordan and the Dead Sea . Published in 1849 There are other stories and historical names which bear a resemblance to the Biblical stories of Sodom and Gomorrah . Some possible natural explanations for the events described have been proposed , but no widely accepted or strongly verified sites for the cities have been found . Of the five `` cities of the plain '' , only Bela , modern - day Zoara , is securely identified , and it remained a settlement long after the biblical period . The ancient Greek historiographer Strabo states that locals living near Moasada ( as opposed to Masada ) say that `` there were once thirteen inhabited cities in that region of which Sodom was the metropolis '' . Strabo identifies a limestone and salt hill at the south western tip of the Dead Sea , and Kharbet Usdum ( Hebrew : הר סדום , Har Sedom or Arabic : جبل السدوم , Jabal ( u ) ' ssudūm ) ruins nearby as the site of biblical Sodom . Archibald Sayce translated an Akkadian poem describing cities that were destroyed in a rain of fire , written from the view of a person who escaped the destruction ; the names of the cities are not given . However , Sayce later mentions that the story more closely resembles the doom of Sennacherib 's host . In 1976 Giovanni Pettinato claimed that a cuneiform tablet that had been found in the newly discovered library at Ebla contained the names of all five of the cities of the plain ( Sodom , Gomorrah , Admah , Zeboim , and Bela ) , listed in the same order as in Genesis . The names si - da - mu ( TM. 76. G. 524 ) and ì - ma - ar ( TM. 75. G. 1570 and TM. 75. G. 2233 ) were identified as representing Sodom and Gomorrah , which gained some acceptance at the time . However , Alfonso Archi states that , judging from the surrounding city names in the cuneiform list , si - da - mu lies in northern Syria and not near the Dead Sea , and ì - ma - ar is a variant of ì - mar , known to represent Emar , an ancient city located near Ebla . Today , the scholarly consensus is that `` Ebla has no bearing on ... Sodom and Gomorra . '' Certain skeptics of the biblical account have theorized that , provided that the cities existed at all , that they might have been destroyed by natural disaster . One such idea is that the Dead Sea was devastated by an earthquake between 2100 and 1900 BCE . This might have unleashed showers of steaming tar . It is possible that the towns were destroyed by an earthquake , especially if they lay along a major fault such as the Jordan Rift Valley . There is a lack of contemporary accounts of seismic activity within the necessary timeframe , however , to corroborate this theory . Another idea is that the destruction was caused by the plume of a meteor that impacted in the Alps , as possibly shown in a planisphere inscribed on a cuneiform tablet . In 1973 , Walter E. Rast and R. Thomas Schaub discovered or visited a number of possible sites of the cities , including Bab edh - Dhra , which was originally excavated in 1965 by archaeologist Paul Lapp , and later finished by Rast and Schaub following his death . Other possibilities include Numeira , al - Safi , Feifa , and Khanazir , which were also visited by Schaub and Rast . Each of the sites were near the Dead Sea and showed evidence of burning and traces of sulfur . According to Schaub , however , who dug at Bab edh - Dhra , Numeira was destroyed in 2600 BCE at a different time period than Bab edh - Dhra ( 2350 -- 2067 BCE ) . Archaeological remains excavated from Bab edh - Dhra are currently displayed in Karak Archaeological Museum ( Karak Castle ) , Amman Citadel Museum , and the British Museum . Another candidate for Sodom is the Tall el Hammam dig site which began in 2006 under the direction of Steven Collins . Tall el Hammam is located in the southern Jordan river valley approximately 14 kilometres ( 9 mi ) northeast of the Dead Sea , and according to Collins fits the biblical descriptions of the lands of Sodom . The ongoing dig is a result of joint cooperation between Trinity Southwest University and the Department of Antiquities of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan . Professor Eugene H. Merrill believes that the identification of Tall el - Hammam with Sodom would require an unacceptable restructuring of the biblical chronology . The Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient biblical city of Sodom . He refers to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . In the Book of Genesis ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Book of Genesis is the primary source that mentions the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah . Battle of Siddim ( edit ) See also : Battle of Siddim The Battle of Siddim is described in Genesis 14 : 1 - 17 . Sodom and Gomorrah 's political situation is described when Lot had encamped in Sodom 's territory . At this time , `` the men of Sodom ( were ) wicked and sinners before the LORD exceedingly '' . Sodom was ruled by King Bera while Gomorrah was ruled by King Birsha . Their kingship , however , was not sovereign , because all of the river Jordan plain was under Elamite rule for 12 years . The kingdom of Elam was ruled by King Chedorlaomer . In the 13th year of subjugation to Elam , the five kings of the river Jordan plain allied to rebel against Elamite rule . These kings included those of Sodom and Gomorrah as well as their neighbors : King Shinab of Admah , King Shemeber of Zeboiim , and the unnamed king of Bela ( later called Zoar ) . In response , Elam 's King Chedorlaomer , gathered additional forces from Shinar , Ellasar and Goyim to suppress this rebellion from the cities of the plain . They waged war in the Vale of Siddim in the 14th year . The battle was brutal with heavy losses in the cities of the plain , with their resultant defeat , Genesis 14 : 10 . Sodom and Gomorrah were spoiled of their goods , and captives were taken , including Lot . The tide of war turned when Lot 's uncle , Abraham , gathered an elite force that slaughtered King Chedorlaomer 's forces in Hobah , north of Damascus . The success of his mission freed the cities of the plain from under Elam 's rule . The judgment upon Sodom and Gomorrah ( edit ) See also : Hospitality § Judaism The story of the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah is told in Genesis 18 - 19 . Three men , thought by most commentators to have been angels appearing as men , came to Abraham in the plains of Mamre . After the angels received the hospitality of Abraham and Sarah , his wife , `` the Lord '' revealed to Abraham that he would confirm what he had heard against Sodom and Gomorrah , `` and because their sin is very grievous '' . In response , Abraham inquired of the Lord if he would spare the city if 50 righteous people were found in it , to which the Lord agreed he would not destroy it for the sake of the righteous yet dwelling therein . Abraham then inquired of God for mercy at lower numbers ( first 45 , then 40 , then 30 , then 20 , and finally at 10 ) , with the Lord agreeing each time . Two angels were sent to Sodom to investigate and were met by Abraham 's nephew Lot , who convinced the angels to lodge with him , and they ate with Lot . Genesis 19 : 4 - 5 described what followed , which confirmed its end : 4 But before they lay down , the men of the city , even the men of Sodom , compassed the house round , both young and old , all the people from every quarter . 5 And they called unto Lot , and said unto him : ' Where are the men that came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . ' ( NRSV : know them , NIV : can have sex with them , NJB : can have intercourse with them ) . Sodom and Gomorrah from the Nuremberg Chronicle by Hartmann Schedel , 1493 . Lot 's wife , already transformed into a salt pillar , is in the center . Lot refused to give his guests to the inhabitants of Sodom and , instead , offered them his two virgin daughters `` which have not known man '' and to `` do ye to them as ( is ) good in your eyes '' . However , they refused this offer , complained about this alien , namely Lot , giving orders , and then came near to break down the door . Lot 's angelic guests rescued him and struck the men with blindness and they informed Lot of their mission to destroy the city . Then ( not having found even 10 righteous people in the city ) , they commanded Lot to gather his family and leave . As they made their escape , one angel commanded Lot to `` look not behind thee '' ( singular `` thee '' ) . However , as Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed with brimstone and fire from the Lord , Lot 's wife looked back at the city , and she became a pillar of salt . Other references ( edit ) Major and minor prophets in the Hebrew Bible have referred to Sodom and Gomorrah to parallel their prophetic events . The New Testament also contains passages of parallels to the destruction and surrounding events that pertained to these cities and those who were involved . Later deuterocanonical texts attempt to glean additional insights about these cities of the Jordan Plain and their residents . Moses ( edit ) Moses referred to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah in Deuteronomy 29 : 22 - 23 : `` Your children who follow you in later generations and foreigners who come from distant lands will see the calamities that have fallen on the land and the diseases with which the Lord has afflicted it . The whole land will be a burning waste of salt and sulfur -- nothing planted , nothing sprouting , no vegetation growing on it . It will be like the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah , Admah and Zeboyim , which the Lord overthrew in fierce anger . '' -- NIV See also : Deuteronomy 32 : 32 - 33 Major prophets ( edit ) Isaiah 1 : 9 - 10 , Isaiah 3 : 9 and Isaiah 13 : 19 - 22 addresses people as from Sodom and Gomorrah , associates Sodom with shameless sinning and tells Babylon that it will end like those two cities . Jeremiah 23 : 14 , Jeremiah 49 : 17 - 18 , Jeremiah 50 : 39 - 40 and Lamentations 4 : 6 associate Sodom and Gomorrah with adultery and lies , prophesies the fate of Edom , south of the Dead Sea , predicts the fate of Babylon and uses Sodom as a comparison . In Ezekiel 16 : 48 - 50 , God compares Jerusalem to Sodom , saying `` Sodom never did what you and your daughters have done . '' He explains that the sin of Sodom was that `` She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . '' Minor prophets ( edit ) In Amos 4 : 1 - 11 , God tells the Israelites that although he treated them like Sodom and Gomorrah , they still did not repent . In Zephaniah 2 : 9 , Zephaniah tells Moab and Ammon , southeast and northeast of the Dead Sea , that they will end up like Sodom and Gomorrah . New Testament ( edit ) In Matthew 10 : 1 - 15 , cf . Luke 10 : 1 - 12 , Jesus declares certain cities more damnable than Sodom and Gomorrah , due to their response to Jesus ' disciples , in the light of greater grace ( RSV ) : `` And if any one will not receive you or listen to your words , shake off the dust from your feet as you leave that house or town . Truly , I say to you , it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom and Gomor'rah than for that town . '' In Matthew 11 : 20 - 24 , Jesus prophesies the fate of some cities where he did some of his works ( RSV ) : `` And you , Caper'na - um , will you be exalted to heaven ? You shall be brought down to Hades . For if the mighty works done in you had been done in Sodom , it would have remained until this day . But I tell you that it shall be more tolerable on the day of judgment for the land of Sodom than for you . '' In Luke 17 : 28 - 30 , Jesus compares his second - coming to the judgment of Sodom and Gomorrah ( RSV ) : `` Likewise as it was in the days of Lot -- they ate , they drank , they bought , they sold , they planted , they built , but on the day when Lot went out from Sodom fire and sulphur rained from heaven and destroyed them all -- so will it be on the day when the Son of man is revealed . '' In Romans 9 : 29 , Paul the Apostle quotes Isaiah 1 : 9 ( RSV ) : `` And as Isaiah predicted , ' If the Lord of hosts had not left us children , we would have fared like Sodom and been made like Gomor'rah . ' '' In 2 Peter 2 : 4 - 10 , Saint Peter says that just as God destroyed Sodom and Gomorrah and saved Lot , he will deliver godly people from temptations and punish the wicked on Judgement Day . Jude 1 : 7 records that both Sodom and Gomorrah were `` giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire '' . Revelation 11 : 7 - 8 makes an allegorical use of Sodom when it describes the places where the two witnesses will descend during the Apocalypse . Deuterocanonical references ( edit ) Wisdom 10 : 6 - 8 refers to the Five Cities : Wisdom rescued a righteous man when the ungodly were perishing ; he escaped the fire that descended on the Five Cities . Evidence of their wickedness still remains : a continually smoking wasteland , plants bearing fruit that does not ripen , and a pillar of salt standing as a monument to an unbelieving soul . For because they passed wisdom by , they not only were hindered from recognizing the good , but also left for mankind a reminder of their folly , so that their failures could never go unnoticed . Wisdom 19 : 17 says that the Egyptians who enslaved the Israelites were `` struck with blindness , like the men of Sodom who came to the door of that righteous man Lot . They found themselves in total darkness , as each one groped around to find his own door . '' Sirach 16 : 8 says `` ( God ) did not spare the neighbors of Lot , whom he loathed on account of their insolence . '' In 3 Maccabees 2 : 5 , the high priest Simon says that God `` consumed with fire and sulphur the men of Sodom who acted arrogantly , who were notorious for their vices ; and you made them an example to those who should come afterward '' . 2 Esdras 2 : 8 - 9 says `` Woe to you , Assyria , who conceal the unrighteous in your midst ! O wicked nation , remember what I did to Sodom and Gomor ′ rah , whose land lies in lumps of pitch and heaps of ashes . So will I do to those who have not listened to me , says the Lord Almighty . '' 2 Esdras 5 : 1 - 13 describes signs of the end times , one of which is that `` the sea of Sodom shall cast up fish '' . In 2 Esdras 7 : 106 , Ezra says that Abraham prayed for the people of Sodom . Religious views ( edit ) Jewish ( edit ) Rictor Norton views classical Jewish texts as stressing the cruelty and lack of hospitality of the inhabitants of Sodom to the `` stranger '' . The people of Sodom were seen as guilty of many other significant sins . Rabbinic writings affirm that the Sodomites also committed economic crimes , blasphemy and bloodshed . One of the worst was to give money or even gold ingots to beggars , after inscribing their names on them , and then subsequently refusing to sell them food . The unfortunate stranger would end up starving and after his death , the people who gave him the money would reclaim it . Jon D. Levenson views a rabbinic tradition described in the Mishnah as postulating that the sin of Sodom was a violation of conventional hospitality in addition to homosexual conduct , describing Sodom 's lack of generosity with the saying , `` What is mine is mine ; what is yours is yours '' ( m . Avot 5.10 ) . A modern orthodox position is one that holds , `` The paradigmatic instance of such aberrant behavior is found in the demand of the men of Sodom to ' know ' the men visiting Lot , the nephew of Abraham , thus lending their name to the practice of ' sodomy ' . '' Jay Michaelson proposes a reading of the story of Sodom that emphasizes the violation of hospitality as well as the violence of the Sodomites . `` Homosexual rape is the way in which they violate hospitality -- not the essence of their transgression . Reading the story of Sodom as being about homosexuality is like reading the story of an ax murderer as being about an ax . '' Michaelson places the story of Sodom in context with other Genesis stories regarding Abraham 's hospitality to strangers , and argues that when other texts in the Hebrew Bible mention Sodom , they do so without commentary on homosexuality . The verses cited by Michaelson include Jeremiah 23 : 14 , where the sins of Jerusalem are compared to Sodom and are listed as adultery , lying , and strengthening the hands of evildoers ; Amos 4 : 1 - 11 ( oppressing the poor and crushing the needy ) ; and Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 , which defines the sins of Sodom as `` pride , fullness of bread , and abundance of idleness was in her and in her daughters , neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy . And they were haughty , and did toevah before me , and I took them away as I saw fit . '' Michaelson uses toevah in place of abomination to emphasize the original Hebrew , which he explains as being more correctly translated as `` taboo '' . Christian ( edit ) Several theories have been advanced in Christian thought concerning the sin of Sodom . One area of dispute is whether the mob was demanding the homosexual rape of Lot 's guests . A second area of dispute is whether the act of homosexuality or the act of inhospitality and violence towards foreigners is the more significant ethical downfall of Sodom . The first contention between the two positions primarily focuses upon the meaning of the Hebrew verb ידע ( yada ) , translated as know in the King James Version : And they called unto Lot , and said unto him , Where ( are ) the men which came in to thee this night ? bring them out unto us , that we may know them . -- Genesis 19 : 5 However , the word `` know '' in the King James Version has been used to refer to sexual intercourse . One example can be found in Genesis 4 : 1 between Adam and Eve : And Adam knew Eve his wife ; and she conceived , and bare Cain , and said , I have gotten a man from the LORD. -- Genesis 4 : 1 Some Hebrew scholars believe that yada , unlike the English word know , requires the existence of a `` personal and intimate relationship '' . For this reason , many of the most popular of the 20th century translations , including the New International Version , the New King James Version , and the New Living Translation , translate yada as `` have sex with '' or `` know ... carnally '' in Gen 19 : 5 Those who favor the non-sexual interpretation argue against a denotation of sexual behavior in this context , noting that while the Hebrew word for know appears over 900 times in the Hebrew Scriptures , only approximately 1 % ( 13 -- 14 times ) of those references is it clearly used as a euphemism for realizing sexual intimacy . Instead , those who hold to this interpretation usually see the demand to know as demanding the right to interrogate the strangers . Countering this is the observation that one of the examples of know meaning to know sexually occurs when Lot responds to the Gen 19 : 5 request , by offering his daughters for rape , only three verses later in the same narrative : Behold now , I have two daughters which have not known man ; let me , I pray you , bring them out unto you , and do ye to them as is good in your eyes : only unto these men do nothing ... -- Genesis 19 : 8 The following is a major text in regard to these conflicting opinions : Even as Sodom and Gomorrah , and the cities about them in like manner , giving themselves over to fornication , and going after strange flesh , are set forth for an example , suffering the vengeance of eternal fire . -- Jude 1 : 7 This reference to `` going after strange flesh '' is understood in different ways to include something akin to bestiality , having illicit sex with strangers , having sex with angels , but most often God 's destruction of the populations of the four cities is interpreted to mean homosexual ( same - sex ) relations . Many who interpret the stories in a non-sexual context contend that as the word for `` strange '' is akin to `` another '' , `` other '' , `` altered '' or even `` next '' , the meaning is unclear , and if the condemnation of Sodom was the result of sexual activities perceived to be perverse , then it is likely that it was because women sought to commit fornication with `` other than human '' angels , perhaps referring to Genesis 6 or the apocryphal Book of Enoch . Countering this , it is pointed out that Genesis 6 refers to angels seeking women , not men seeking angels , and that both Sodom and Gomorrah were engaged in the sin Jude describes before the angelic visitation , and that , regardless , it is doubtful that the Sodomites knew they were angels . In addition , it is argued the word used in the King James Version of the Bible for `` strange '' , can mean unlawful or corrupted ( Rm. 7 : 3 ; Gal. 1 : 6 ) , and that the apocryphal Second Book of Enoch ( different from the Book of Enoch which Jude quotes from ) condemns `` sodomitic '' sex ( 2 Enoch 10 : 3 ; 34 : 1 ) , thus indicating that homosexual relations was the prevalent physical sin of Sodom . Both the non-sexual and the homosexuality view invoke certain classical writings as well as other portions of the Bible . Now this was the sin of Sodom : She and her daughters were arrogant , overfed and unconcerned ; they did not help the poor and needy . They were haughty and did detestable things before me . Therefore I did away with them as you have seen . -- Ezekiel 16 : 49 - 50 Here the nonsexual view focuses on the inhospitality aspect , while the other notes the description detestable or abomination , the Hebrew word for which often denotes moral sins , including those of a sexual nature . In the Gospel of Matthew ( and corresponding verse ) when Jesus warns of a worse judgment for some cities than Sodom , inhospitality is perceived by some as the sin , while others see it fundamentally being impenitence : If anyone will not welcome you or listen to your words , shake the dust off your feet when you leave that home or town . I tell you the truth , it will be more bearable for Sodom and Gomorrah on the day of judgment than for that town . -- Matthew 10 : 14 - 15 The nonsexual view focuses on the cultural importance of hospitality , which this biblical story shares with other ancient civilizations , such as Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome , where hospitality was of singular importance and strangers were under the protection of the gods . Within the Christian Churches that agree on the possible sexual interpretation of know ( yada ) in this context , there is still a difference of opinion on whether homosexuality is important . On its website , the Anglican Communion presents the argument that the story is `` not even vaguely about homosexual love or relationships '' , but is instead `` about dominance and rape , by definition an act of violence , not of sex or love '' . This argument that the violence and the threat of violence towards foreign visitors is the true ethical downfall of Sodom ( and not homosexuality ) , also observes the similarity between the Sodom and Gomorrah and the Battle of Gibeah Bible stories . In both stories , an inhospitable mob demands the homosexual rape of a foreigner or foreigners . As the mob instead settles for the rape and murder of the foreigner 's female concubine in the Battle of Gibeah story , the homosexual aspect is generally seen as inconsequential , and the ethical downfall is understood to be the violence and the threat of violence towards foreigners by the mob . This Exodus 22 : 21 - 24 lesson is viewed by Anglicans as a more historically accurate way to interpret the Sodom and Gomorrah story . Islamic ( edit ) Main article : Lot in Islam The Quran contains twelve references to `` the people of Lut '' , the biblical Lot , but meaning the residents of Sodom and Gomorrah ( references 6 : 86 - 90 ; 7 : 80 -- 84 ; 11 : 74 -- 83 ; 15 : 58 - 77 ; 21 : 74 - 75 ; 26 : 160 -- 173 ; 27 : 54 -- 58 ; 29 : 28 -- 30 , 33 - 35 ; 37 : 133 - 138 ; 51 : 32 - 37 ; 54 : 33 - 38 and 66 : 10 ) , and their destruction by God is associated explicitly with their sexual practices : The ' people of Lot ' transgressed consciously against the bounds of God . Their avarice led to inhospitality and robbery , which in turn led to the humiliation of strangers by mistreatment and rape . It was their abominable sin of homosexual sex which was seen as symptomatic of their attitudes , and upon Lot 's exhorting them to abandon their transgression against God , they ridiculed him , and threatened him with dire consequences ; Lot only prayed to God to be saved from doing as they did . Then Gabriel met Lot and said that he must leave the city quickly , as God had given this command to Lot for saving his life . In the Quran it was written that Lot 's wife stayed behind as she had transgressed . She met her fate in the disaster , and only Lot and his family were saved during the destruction of their city , with the understanding that the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are identified in Genesis , but `` the location remains unnamed in the Qur'an '' In the Quran , surah ( chapter ) 26 Ash - Shu ` arā ' ( The Poets ) -- So , We saved him and his family , all . Except an old woman among those who remained behind . -- Quran 26 : 170 -- 171 Commentary : This was his wife , who was a bad old woman . She stayed behind and was destroyed with whoever else was left . This is similar to what Allah says about them in Surat Al - A ` raf and Surat Hud , and in Surat Al - Hijr , where Allah commanded him to take his family at night , except for his wife , and not to turn around when they heard the Sayhah as it came upon his people . So they patiently obeyed the command of Allah and persevered , and Allah sent upon the people a punishment which struck them all , and rained upon them stones of baked clay , piled up . -- Tafsir ibn Kathir ( Commentary by Ibn Kathir ) Modern Sodom ( edit ) The site of the present Dead Sea Works , a large operation for the extraction of Dead Sea minerals , is called `` Sdom '' ( סדום ) according to its traditional Arab name , Khirbet as - sudūm ( خربت السدوم ) . Nearby is Mount Sodom ( הר סדום in Hebrew and جبل السدوم in Arabic ) which consists mainly of salt . In the Plain of Sdom ( מישור סדום ) to the south there are a few springs and two small agricultural villages , Neot Hakikar and Ein Tamar . Second World war ( edit ) `` Operation Gomorrah '' was the appropriate name given to the Bombing of Hamburg in July 1943 , in which 42,600 civilians were killed , and where use of incendiaries caused a vortex and whirling updraft of super-heated air which created a 460 meter high tornado of fire . See also ( edit ) The Bible and homosexuality Bab edh - Dhra and Numeira , two adjacent archeological sites said by some to be the two cities ' locations Christianity and homosexuality Christianity and sexual orientation Homosexuality and Judaism Homosexuality in the Hebrew Bible LGBT in Islam Religion and homosexuality Religion and LGBT people Tripura , cities likewise destroyed by divine intervention as described in Hindu mythology Vayeira , the Torah portion concerning Sodom and Gomorrah Xenia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Book of Mormon Pronunciation Guide '' . LDS.org . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 25 . IPA format given from `` ga - mōr ́ a '' . 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The Biblical World : An Illustrated Atlas . National Geographic Books . p. 71 . ISBN 1426201389 . Jump up ^ J. Penrose Harland ( September 1943 ) . `` Sodom and Gomorrah : The Destruction of the Cities of the Plain '' . Biblical Archaeologist. 6 ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Nancy ( April 10 , 2008 ) . Evidence of Asteroid Impact For Sodom and Gomorrah ? , Universe Today ; retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Does Archeological Data Support the Biblical Story ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Archaeology - Sodom & Gomorrah '' . Atlantic Baptist University . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 21 . Jump up ^ Cline , Eric H. From Eden to Exile : Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible ( Tampa , FL : National Geographic , 2007 ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Collins , Steven & Latayne C. Scott . Discovering the City of Sodom : The Fascinating , True Account of the Discovery of the Old Testament 's Most Infamous City . New York , N.Y. : Simon & Schuster , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 1451684308 Jump up ^ Becca Stanek ( 2015 ) . `` Archaeologists discover possible ruins of ancient Sodom in the Holy Land '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` tallelhammam.com '' . Jump up ^ Merrill , Eugene H. `` Texts , Talls , and Old Testament Chronology : Tall Hammam as a Case Study . '' Artifax 27 , no . 4 ( 2012 ) : 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bolen , Todd ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Arguments Against Locating Sodom at Tall el - Hammam '' . Biblical Archaeology Society . Retrieved July 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Contra Collins , Steven . Tall el - Hammam Is Still Sodom : Critical Data - Sets Cast Serious Doubt on E.H. Merrill 's Chronological Analysis '' ( PDF ) , Biblical Research Bulletin 13 , no . 1 ( 2013 ) : 1 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Josephus . Antiquities of the Jews . Book I. Chapter 9 ; retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ This is compared with the Sorites paradox in Geocomputation , Stan Openshaw , Robert J. Abrahart , 2000 , p. 167 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Inhospitable Sodomites '' . Rictornorton.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ James Alfred Loader ( 1990 ) . A tale of two cities : Sodom and Gomorrah in the Old Testament , early Jewish and early Christian traditions . Peeters Publishers . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Adele ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Fishbane , Michael , eds. ( 2004 ) . The Jewish Study Bible . Oxford University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0195297515 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Ethics and Halakhah For Our Time '' . JONAH ( Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality ) . 2002 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 27 . * Cf . Genesis Rabbah 50 : 5 , on Gen. 9 : 22 ff . * More generally see M. Kasher , Torah Shelemah , vol. 3 to Gen 19 : 5 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay ( 2011 ) . God Vs. Gay ? The Religious Case for Equality . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 9780807001592 . Jump up ^ Michaelson , Jay . God vs. Gay . pp. 69 -- 70 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' The Old Testament Attitude to Homosexuality `` , Expository Times 102 ( 1991 ) : 259 - 363 '' . Biblicalstudies.org.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Boswell , John ( 1980 ) . Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 94 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient Hebrew Research Center Biblical Hebrew E-Magazine July , 2006 , Issue # 029 '' . Ancient Hebrew Research Center . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` August 2009 CBA Best Sellers '' ( PDF ) . Christian Business Association . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gn 4 : 1 , 17 , 25 , 24 : 16 , 38 : 26 ; Num 31 : 17 , 18 , 35 ; Jdg 11 : 39 , 19 : 25 , 21 : 11 , 12 ; 1Sam 1 : 19 , 1Ki 1 : 4 , cf . Mt 1 : 25 , Lk 1 : 34 Jump up ^ Jack Bartlet , Rogers ( 2006 ) . Jesus , the Bible , and Homosexuality : Explode the myths , heal the church . Louisville , Kentucky : John Knox Press . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Howard , Kevin L. `` The Old Testament and Homosexuality '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , David . `` Homosexuality and ' Strange Flesh ' '' ; accessed August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and the Western Christian Tradition , pp. 11 - 16 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , p. 97 Jump up ^ `` The Book of the Secrets of Enoch , Chapters 1 - 68 '' . Archived from the original on 2005 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Robert A.J. ( 1989 - 10 - 11 ) . `` response to prof. l . William Countryman 's review in Anglican theological review ; On Careless Exegesis and Jude 7 '' . Robgagnon.net . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Homosexuality and Western Tradition , pp. 1 - 28 ; McNeil , Church and the Homosexual , pp. 42 - 50 ; Boswell , Christianity , Social Tolerance , and Homosexuality , pp. 92 - 97 Jump up ^ `` A Comprehensive and Critical Review Essay of Homosexuality , Science , and the `` Plain Sense '' of Scripture , Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ Lv. 18 : 22 ; 26 - 27 , 29 , 30 ; 20 : 13 ; Dt. 23 : 18 ; 24 : 4 1Ki. 14 : 24 ; Ezek. 22 : 11 ; 33 : 26 Jump up ^ cf . Straight & Narrow ? : Compassion and Clarity in the Homosexuality Debate , Thomas E. Schmidt Jump up ^ Peck , Harry Thurston ( 1898 ) . Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities . New York : Harper and Brothers . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ Mills , Rev. Edward J. `` The Bible and Homosexuality -- Introduction and Overview '' ( PDF ) . Anglican Communion . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Duran ( 1993 ) p. 179 Jump up ^ Kligerman ( 2007 ) pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Quran 07 : 81 ^ Jump up to : Quran 26 : 165 Jump up ^ Quran 29 : 29 Jump up ^ Quran 54 : 33 Jump up ^ Quran 7 : 80 Jump up ^ Quran 26 : 168 Jump up ^ Kaltner , John ( 1999 ) . Ishmael Instructs Isaac : An Introduction to the Qurʼan for Bible Readers . Liturgical Press ( via Google Books ) . p. 97 . Jump up ^ `` Tafsir Ibn Kathir '' . Quran 26 : 170 - 171 . qtafsir.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Sodom and Gomorrah . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sodom . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodom_and_Gomorrah&oldid=815765712 '' Categories : Sodom and Gomorrah Book of Genesis Destroyed cities Biblical phrases LGBT topics and Christianity LGBT topics and Judaism LGBT topics and Islam Torah cities Bible - related controversies Lech - Lecha Vayeira Angelic apparitions in the Bible Sexuality in the Bible Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage አማርኛ বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Esperanto Euskara فارسی Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Ślůnski Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 December 2017 , at 00 : 20 . 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where is sodom and gomorrah located in the bible

According to the Torah , the kingdoms of Sodom and Gomorrah were allied with the cities of Admah , Zeboim and Bela . These five cities , also known as the `` cities of the plain '' ( from Genesis in the Authorized Version ) , were situated on the Jordan River plain in the southern region of the land of Canaan . The plain , which corresponds to the area just north of the modern - day Dead Sea , was compared to the garden of Eden as being well - watered and green , suitable for grazing livestock .

Longest word in English - wikipedia Longest word in English Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Longest words . The identity of the longest word in English depends upon the definition of what constitutes a word in the English language , as well as how length should be compared . In addition to words derived naturally from the language 's roots ( without any known intentional invention ) , English allows new words to be formed by coinage and construction ; place names may be considered words ; technical terms may be arbitrarily long . Length may be understood in terms of orthography and number of written letters , or ( less commonly ) phonology and the number of phonemes . Word Letters Characteristics Dispute Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl ... isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin , the largest known protein Technical ; not in dictionary ; disputed whether it is a word Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl ... serine 1,909 Longest published word Technical Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano ... pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author , the longest word ever to appear in literature Coined ; not in dictionary ; Ancient Greek transliteration Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary Technical ; coined to be the longest word Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary Technical Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare 's works ; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels Latin Contents ( hide ) 1 Major dictionaries 2 Creations of long words 2.1 Coinages 2.2 Agglutinative constructions 2.3 Technical terms 3 Notable long words 3.1 Place names 3.2 Personal names 3.3 Words with certain characteristics of notable length 3.3. 1 Typed words 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Major dictionaries The longest word in any of the major English language dictionaries is pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis , a word that refers to a lung disease contracted from the inhalation of very fine silica particles , specifically from a volcano ; medically , it is the same as silicosis . The word was deliberately coined to be the longest word in English , and has since been used in a close approximation of its originally intended meaning , lending at least some degree of validity to its claim . The Oxford English Dictionary contains pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism ( 30 letters ) . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary does not contain antidisestablishmentarianism ( 28 letters ) , as the editors found no widespread , sustained usage of the word in its original meaning . The longest word in that dictionary is electroencephalographically ( 27 letters ) . The longest non-technical word in major dictionaries is floccinaucinihilipilification at 29 letters . Consisting of a series of Latin words meaning `` nothing '' and defined as `` the act of estimating something as worthless '' ; its usage has been recorded as far back as 1741 . Ross Eckler has noted that most of the longest English words are not likely to occur in general text , meaning non-technical present - day text seen by casual readers , in which the author did not specifically intend to use an unusually long word . According to Eckler , the longest words likely to be encountered in general text are deinstitutionalization and counterrevolutionaries , with 22 letters each . A computer study of over a million samples of normal English prose found that the longest word one is likely to encounter on an everyday basis is uncharacteristically , at 20 letters . The word internationalization is abbreviated `` i18n '' , the embedded number representing the number of letters between the first and the last . Creations of long words Coinages In his play Assemblywomen ( Ecclesiazousae ) , the ancient Greek comedic playwright Aristophanes created a word of 171 letters ( 183 in the transliteration below ) , which describes a dish by stringing together its ingredients : Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphioparaomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokigklopeleiolagoiosiraiobaphetraganopterygon . Henry Carey 's farce Chrononhotonthologos ( 1743 ) holds the opening line : `` Aldiborontiphoscophornio ! Where left you Chrononhotonthologos ? '' Thomas Love Peacock put these creations into the mouth of the phrenologist Mr. Cranium in his 1816 romp Headlong Hall : osteosarchaematosplanchnochondroneuromuelous ( 44 characters ) and osseocarnisanguineoviscericartilaginonervomedullary ( 51 characters ) . James Joyce made up nine 100 - letter words plus one 101 - letter word in his novel Finnegans Wake , the most famous of which is Bababadalgharaghtakamminarronnkonnbronntonnerronntuonnthunntrovarrhounawnskawntoohoohoordenenthurnuk . Appearing on the first page , it allegedly represents the symbolic thunderclap associated with the fall of Adam and Eve . As it appears nowhere else except in reference to this passage , it is generally not accepted as a real word . Sylvia Plath made mention of it in her semi-autobiographical novel The Bell Jar , when the protagonist was reading Finnegans Wake . `` Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious '' , the 34 - letter title of a song from the movie Mary Poppins , does appear in several dictionaries , but only as a proper noun defined in reference to the song title . The attributed meaning is `` a word that you say when you do n't know what to say . '' The idea and invention of the word is credited to songwriters Robert and Richard Sherman . Agglutinative constructions The English language permits the legitimate extension of existing words to serve new purposes by the addition of prefixes and suffixes . This is sometimes referred to as agglutinative construction . This process can create arbitrarily long words : for example , the prefixes pseudo ( false , spurious ) and anti ( against , opposed to ) can be added as many times as desired . A word like anti-aircraft ( pertaining to the defense against aircraft ) is easily extended to anti-anti - aircraft ( pertaining to counteracting the defense against aircraft , a legitimate concept ) and can from there be prefixed with an endless stream of `` anti - '' s , each time creating a new level of counteraction . More familiarly , the addition of numerous `` great '' s to a relative , e.g. great - great - great - grandfather , can produce words of arbitrary length . In musical notation , a 8192nd note may be called a semihemidemisemihemidemisemihemidemisemiquaver . Antidisestablishmentarianism is the longest common example of a word formed by agglutinative construction . Technical terms Parastratiosphecomyia sphecomyioides A number of scientific naming schemes can be used to generate arbitrarily long words . The IUPAC nomenclature for organic chemical compounds is open - ended , giving rise to the 189,819 - letter chemical name Methionylthreonylthreonyl ... isoleucine for the protein also known as titin , which is involved in striated muscle formation . In nature , DNA molecules can be much bigger than protein molecules and therefore potentially be referred to with much longer chemical names . For example , the wheat chromosome 3B contains almost 1 billion base pairs , so the sequence of one of its strands , if written out in full like Adenilyladenilylguanilylcystidylthymidyl ... , would be about 8 billion letters long . The longest published word , Acetylseryltyrosylseryliso ... serine , referring to the coat protein of a certain strain of tobacco mosaic virus , was 1,185 letters long , and appeared in the American Chemical Society 's Chemical Abstracts Service in 1964 and 1966 . In 1965 , the Chemical Abstracts Service overhauled its naming system and started discouraging excessively long names . John Horton Conway and Landon Curt Noll developed an open - ended system for naming powers of 10 , in which one sexmilliaquingentsexagintillion , coming from the Latin name for 6560 , is the name for 10 = 10 . Under the long number scale , it would be 10 = 10 . Jonathan Bowers has developed a system for even larger numbers ( enneenneconteennahecteika - enneenneconteennahectenedaka - enneenneconteennahecteyodaka - enneenneconteennahectezedaka - enneenneconteennahecteexdaka - enneenneconteennahectepedaka - enneennecontehectetedaka - enneenneconteennahectetradaka - enneenneconteennahectedoka - enneenneconteennahectehendaka - enneenneconteennahectedaka - enneenneconteennahectexenna - enneenneconteennahecteyotta - enneenneconteennahectezetta - enneenneconteennahecteexa - enneenneconteennahectepeta - enneenneconteennahectetera - enneenneconteennahectegiga - enneenneconteennahectemega - enneenneconteennahectekilla - enneenneconteennahectillion for 10 3 ∗ 10 3 ∗ 10 63 − 3 + 3 ( \ displaystyle 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 3 * 10 ^ ( 63 ) - 3 ) + 3 ) ) ) . Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis is sometimes cited as the longest binomial name -- it is a kind of amphipod . However , this name , proposed by B. Dybowski , was invalidated by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature in 1929 after being petitioned by Mary J. Rathbun to take up the case . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides is the longest accepted binomial name . It is a species of soldier fly . Aequeosalinocalcalinoceraceoaluminosocupreovitriolic , at 52 letters , describing the spa waters at Bath , England , is attributed to Dr. Edward Strother ( 1675 -- 1737 ) . The word is composed of the following elements : Aequeo : equal ( Latin , aequo ) Salino : containing salt ( Latin , salinus ) Calcalino : calcium ( Latin , calx ) Ceraceo : waxy ( Latin , cera ) Aluminoso : alumina ( Latin ) Cupreo : from `` copper '' Vitriolic : resembling vitriol Notable long words Place names The sign at Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu The station sign at Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch in North Wales Main article : List of long place names The longest officially recognized place name in an English - speaking country is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateapokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 57 letters ) , which is a hill in New Zealand . The name is in the Māori language . A longer and widely recognised version of the name is Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuakitanatahu ( 85 letters ) , which appears on the signpost at the location ( see the photo on this page ) . In Māori , the digraphs ng and wh are each treated as single letters . In Canada , the longest place name is Dysart , Dudley , Harcourt , Guilford , Harburn , Bruton , Havelock , Eyre and Clyde , a township in Ontario , at 61 letters or 68 non-space characters . The longest non-contrived place name in the United Kingdom which is a single non-hyphenated word is Cottonshopeburnfoot ( 19 letters ) and the longest which is hyphenated is Sutton - under - Whitestonecliffe ( 29 characters ) . The longest place name in the United States ( 45 letters ) is Chargoggagoggmanchauggagoggchaubunagungamaugg , a lake in Webster , Massachusetts . It means `` Fishing Place at the Boundaries -- Neutral Meeting Grounds '' and is sometimes facetiously translated as `` you fish your side of the water , I fish my side of the water , nobody fishes the middle '' . The lake is also known as Webster Lake . The longest hyphenated names in the U.S. are Winchester - on - the - Severn , a town in Maryland , and Washington - on - the - Brazos , a notable place in Texas history . The longest official geographical name in Australia is Mamungkukumpurangkuntjunya . It has 26 letters and is a Pitjantjatjara word meaning `` where the Devil urinates '' . In Ireland , the longest English placename at 19 letters is Newtownmountkennedy in County Wicklow . See also : List of short place names Personal names Guinness World Records formerly contained a category for longest personal name used . From about 1975 to 1985 , the recordholder was Adolph Blaine Charles David Earl Frederick Gerald Hubert Irvin John Kenneth Lloyd Martin Nero Oliver Paul Quincy Randolph Sherman Thomas Uncas Victor William Xerxes Yancy Zeus Wolfeschlegelsteinhausenbergerdorffvoralternwarengewissenhaftschaferswessenschafewarenwohlgepflegeundsorgfaltigkeitbeschutzenvonangreifendurchihrraubgierigfeindewelchevoralternzwolftausendjahresvorandieerscheinenwanderersteerdemenschderraumschiffgebrauchlichtalsseinursprungvonkraftgestartseinlangefahrthinzwischensternartigraumaufdersuchenachdiesternwelchegehabtbewohnbarplanetenkreisedrehensichundwohinderneurassevonverstandigmenschlichkeitkonntefortplanzenundsicherfreuenanlebenslanglichfreudeundruhemitnichteinfurcht vorangreifenvonandererintelligentgeschopfsvonhinzwischensternartigraum , Senior ( 746 letters ) , also known as Wolfe + 585 , Senior . After 1985 Guinness briefly awarded the record to a newborn girl with a longer name . The category was removed shortly afterward . Long birth names are often coined in protest of naming laws or for other personal reasons . The naming law in Sweden was challenged by parents Lasse Diding and Elisabeth Hallin , who proposed the given name `` Brfxxccxxmnpcccclllmmnprxvclmnckssqlbb11116 '' for their child ( pronounced ( ˈalbɪn ) , 43 characters ) , which was rejected by a district court in Halmstad , southern Sweden . Words with certain characteristics of notable length This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : List of the longest English words with one syllable Schmaltzed and strengthed ( 10 letters ) appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in The Oxford English Dictionary , while scraunched and scroonched appear to be the longest monosyllabic words recorded in Webster 's Third New International Dictionary ; but squirrelled ( 11 letters ) is the longest if pronounced as one syllable only ( as permitted in The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary and Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary at squirrel , and in Longman Pronunciation Dictionary ) . Schtroumpfed ( 12 letters ) was coined by Umberto Eco , while broughammed ( 11 letters ) was coined by William Harmon after broughamed ( 10 letters ) was coined by George Bernard Shaw . Strengths is the longest word in the English language containing only one vowel . Euouae , a medieval musical term , is the longest English word consisting only of vowels , and the word with the most consecutive vowels . However , the `` word '' itself is simply a mnemonic consisting of the vowels to be sung in the phrase `` seculorum Amen '' at the end of the lesser doxology . ( Although u was often used interchangeably with v , and the variant `` Evovae '' is occasionally used , the v in these cases would still be a vowel . ) The longest words with no repeated letters are dermatoglyphics , misconjugatedly and uncopyrightables . The longest word whose letters are in alphabetical order is the eight - letter Aegilops , a grass genus . However , this is arguably both Latin and a proper noun . There are several six - letter English words with their letters in alphabetical order , including abhors , almost , begins , biopsy , chimps and chintz . The longest words recorded in OED with each vowel only once , and in order , are abstemiously , affectiously , and tragediously ( OED ) . Fracedinously and gravedinously ( constructed from adjectives in OED ) have thirteen letters ; Gadspreciously , constructed from Gadsprecious ( in OED ) , has fourteen letters . Facetiously is among the few other words directly attested in OED with single occurrences of all five vowels and the semivowel y . The longest single palindromic word in English is rotavator , another name for a rotary tiller for breaking and aerating soil . Typed words The longest words typable with only the left hand using conventional hand placement on a QWERTY keyboard are tesseradecades , aftercataracts , and the more common but sometimes hyphenated sweaterdresses . Using the right hand alone , the longest word that can be typed is johnny - jump - up , or , excluding hyphens , monimolimnion and phyllophyllin . The longest English word typable using only the top row of letters has 11 letters : rupturewort . Similar words with 10 letters include : pepperwort , perpetuity , proprietor , requietory , repertoire , tripertite , pourriture and ( fittingly ) typewriter . The word teetertotter ( used in North American English ) is longer at 12 letters , although it is usually spelled with a hyphen . The longest using only the middle row is shakalshas ( 10 letters ) . Nine - letter words include flagfalls , galahads and alfalfas . Since the bottom row contains no vowels , no standard words can be formed . Exceptions might include Zzz , seen in some dictionaries to denote sleep , or m ' , the clitic form of my . The longest words typable by alternating left and right hands are antiskepticism and leucocytozoans respectively . On a Dvorak keyboard , the longest `` left - handed '' words are epopoeia , jipijapa , peekapoo , and quiaquia . Other such long words are papaya , Kikuyu , opaque , and upkeep . Kikuyu is typed entirely with the index finger , and so the longest one - fingered word on the Dvorak keyboard . There are no vowels on the right - hand side , and so the longest `` right - handed '' word is crwth . See also Donaudampfschiffahrtselektrizitätenhauptbetriebswerkbauunterbeamtengesellschaft , longest published word in German Lipogram List of the longest English words with one syllable Longest English sentence Longest word in Spanish Longest word in Turkish Number of words in English Scriptio continua Sesquipedalianism References Jump up ^ Colista Moore ( 2011 ) . Student 's Dictionary . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 934669 - 21 - 1 . Jump up ^ see separate article Lopado ... pterygon Jump up ^ Donald McFarlan ; Norris Dewar McWhirter ; David A. Boeh ( 1989 ) . Guinness book of world records : 1990 . Sterling . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 5790 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Coined around 1935 to be the longest word ; press reports on puzzle league members legitimized it somewhat . First appeared in the MWNID supplement , 1939 . Today OED and several others list it , but citations are almost always as `` longest word '' . More detail at pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . AskOxford . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What is the longest English word ? '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ http://www.innocentenglish.com/cool-interesting-and-strange-facts/cool-strange-and-interesting-facts-page-3-3.html See fact # 99 Jump up ^ `` pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis -- definition of pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis in English from the Oxford dictionary '' . oxforddictionaries.com . Jump up ^ `` The Longest Word in the Dictionary '' ( Video ) . Ask the Editor . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 14 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Floccinaucinihilipilification '' by Michael Quinion World Wide Words ; Jump up ^ The Guinness Book of Records , in its 1992 and previous editions , declared the longest real word in the English language to be floccinaucinihilipilification . More recent editions of the book have acknowledged pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis . What is the longest English word ? - Oxford Dictionaries Online Jump up ^ In recent times its usage has been recorded in the proceedings of the United States Senate by Senator Robert Byrd Discussion between Sen. Moynihan and Sen. Byrd `` Mr. President , may I say to the distinguished Senator from New York , I used that word on the Senate floor myself 2 or 3 years ago . I can not remember just when or what the occasion was , but I used it on that occasion to indicate that whatever it was I was discussing it was something like a mere trifle or nothing really being of moment . '' Congressional Record June 17 , 1991 , p . S7887 , and at the White House by Bill Clinton 's press secretary Mike McCurry , albeit sarcastically . December 6 , 1995 , White House Press Briefing in discussing Congressional Budget Office estimates and assumptions : `` But if you -- as a practical matter of estimating the economy , the difference is not great . There 's a little bit of floccinaucinihilipilification going on here . '' Jump up ^ Eckler , R. Making the Alphabet Dance , p 252 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Longest Common Words -- Modern '' . Maltron.com . Archived from the original on 27 April 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Glossary of W3C Jargon '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the Abbreviation I18n '' . Jump up ^ `` Localization vs. Internationalization '' . World Wide Web Consortium . Jump up ^ Paux et al. ( 2008 ) Science , Vol. 322 ( 5898 ) 101 - 104 . A Physical Map of the 1 - Gigabase Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Chemical Abstracts Formula Index , Jan. - June 1964 , Page 967F ; Chemical Abstracts 7th Coll . Formulas , C H - Z , 56 - 65 , 1962 -- 1966 , Page 6717F Jump up ^ Sbiis Sabaian 's `` Large Numbers '' website Jump up ^ `` Opinion 105 . Dybowski 's ( 1926 ) Names of Crustacea Suppressed '' . Opinions Rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature : Opinions 105 to 114 . Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. 73 ( 6 ) . 1929 . pp. 1 -- 3 . hdl : 10088 / 23619 . BHL page 8911139 . Jump up ^ rjk . `` World 's longest name of an animal . Parastratiosphecomyia stratiosphecomyioides Stratiomyid Fly Soldier Fly '' . thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com . Jump up ^ cited in some editions of the Guinness Book of Records as the longest word in English , see Askoxford.com on the longest English word Archived April 12 , 2012 , at WebCite Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` GeoNames Government of Canada site '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Belluck , Pam ( 2004 - 11 - 20 ) . `` What 's the Name of That Lake ? It 's Hard to Say '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Geoscience Australia Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian State Gazeteer '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Fun With Words : Word Oddities '' . Rinkworks.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Typewriter Words '' . Questrel.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Science Links Japan Two Unique Aftercataracts Requiring Surgical Removal '' . Sciencelinks.jp. 2009 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Dictionary entry for monimolimnion , a word that , at 13 letters , is longer than any of the words linked in the source above '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Word Records '' . Fun-with-words.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Typewriter Words '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Dvorak Keyboard and You '' . Theworldofstuff.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 . External links Wiktionary has a category on Long English words Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Longest word in English '' dated 2011 - 01 - 08 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles A Collection of Word Oddities and Trivia -- Long words Long words ( chemical names ) Long words ( place names ) What is the longest English word ? , AskOxford.com `` Ask the Experts '' What is the Longest Word ? , Fun-With-Words.com Full chemical name of titin . Taxonomy of Wordplay Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longest_word_in_English&oldid=817362418 '' Categories : Superlatives Types of words English words Long words Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2010 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles that may contain original research from August 2017 All articles that may contain original research Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Español Norsk Русский தமிழ் Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 December 2017 , at 22 : 08 . 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what is the longest non medical word in the dictionary

Word Letters Characteristics Dispute Methionylthreonylthreonylglutaminylalanyl ... isoleucine 189,819 Chemical name of titin , the largest known protein Technical ; not in dictionary ; disputed whether it is a word Methionylglutaminylarginyltyrosylglutamyl ... serine 1,909 Longest published word Technical Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsano ... pterygon 182 Longest word coined by a major author , the longest word ever to appear in literature Coined ; not in dictionary ; Ancient Greek transliteration Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis 45 Longest word in a major dictionary Technical ; coined to be the longest word Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious 34 Made popular in the Mary Poppins film and musical Coined Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism 30 Longest non-coined word in a major dictionary Technical Floccinaucinihilipilification 29 Longest unchallenged nontechnical word Coined Antidisestablishmentarianism 28 Longest non-coined and nontechnical word Honorificabilitudinitatibus 27 Longest word in Shakespeare 's works ; longest word in the English language featuring alternating consonants and vowels Latin

Xbox 360 - Wikipedia Xbox 360 Xbox 360 Left : Original model Xbox 360 Premium ( 2005 ) Center : Redesigned slim model Xbox 360 S ( 2010 ) Right : Latest model Xbox 360 E ( 2013 ) Developer Microsoft Manufacturer Flextronics , Wistron , Celestica , Foxconn Product family Xbox Type Home video game console Generation Seventh generation Release date November 22 , 2005 ( show ) Original Xbox 360 NA : November 22 , 2005 EU : December 2 , 2005 JP : December 10 , 2005 CO MX : February 2 , 2006 KR : February 24 , 2006 HK SG TW : March 16 , 2006 AU : March 23 , 2006 CL : July 7 , 2006 IN : September 25 , 2006 ZA : September 29 , 2006 CZ PL : November 3 , 2006 BR : December 1 , 2006 RU : February 11 , 2007 PE : February 25 , 2008 UAE : October 28 , 2008 NG TR : 2009 SC : Spring 2010 Xbox 360 S NA : June 18 , 2010 AU : July 1 , 2010 NZ : July 8 , 2010 EU : July 16 , 2010 Xbox 360 E NA : June 10 , 2013 EU : June 20 , 2013 Retail availability 2005 -- 2016 Discontinued WW : April 20 , 2016 Units sold Worldwide : 84 million ( as of June 9 , 2014 ) ( details ) Media DVD , CD , digital distribution Add - on : HD DVD ( discontinued ) Operating system Xbox 360 system software CPU 3.2 GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon Memory 512 MB of GDDR3 RAM clocked at 700 MHz Storage Storage media ( show ) Detachable Hard Drives 20 , 60 , 120 or 250 GB ( older models ) ; 250 or 320 GB ( Xbox 360 S models ) Memory Cards ( Removable ) ( Original design only ) 64 MB , 256 MB , 512 MB On - board storage chip Arcade Consoles ( later models ) 256 MB , 512 MB Budget level `` Xbox 360 S '' consoles : 4 GB USB storage device ( requires system software update ) 1 GB to 32 GB Cloud storage ( requires Xbox LIVE Gold Membership ) 2 GB Display Video output formats ( show ) Composite video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) S - Video 480i , 576i ( PAL ) RGB SCART 480i , 576i ( PAL ) Component ( YP P ) 480i , 576i , 480p , 720p , 1080i D - Terminal ( YP P ) 480i ( D1 ) , 480p ( D2 ) , 720p ( D4 ) , 1080i ( D3 ) , 1080p ( D5 ) VGA 640 × 480 , 848 × 480 , 1024 × 768 , 1280 × 720 ( 720p ) , 1280 × 768 , 1280 × 1024 , 1360 × 768 , 1440 × 900 , 1680 × 1050 , 1920 × 1080 ( 1080p ) HDMI ( later models ) 480p , 720p , 1080i , 1080p Note : 1080p video playback is limited to content from the Zune marketplace Graphics 500 MHz ATI Xenos Sound Analog stereo Stereo LPCM ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital 5.1 ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Dolby Digital with WMA pro ( TOSLINK and HDMI ) Controller input Controllers ( show ) 4 maximum * ( any combination ) : Xbox 360 Controller ( USB wired , 2.4 GHz wireless ) Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel Rhythm game controllers Big Button Pads * Xbox 360 Arcade sticks Ace Combat 6 Flight Stick Kinect * 4 Big button pads may be used in addition to other controllers . Connectivity Original models 2.4 GHz wireless , 3 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet Add - on : Wifi 802.11 a / b / g , Wifi 802.11 a / b / g / n Revised `` S '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 5 × USB 2.0 , Digital Optical audio out , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Revised `` E '' models 2.4 GHz wireless , 4 × USB 2.0 , IR receiver , 100 Mbit / s Ethernet , Wifi 802.11 b / g / n , AUX port , HDMI port Online services Xbox Live Best - selling game Kinect Adventures ! ( 24 million as pack - in game for Kinect ) Backward compatibility 461 original Xbox games ( requires hard drive and the latest update ) Predecessor Xbox Successor Xbox One Website xbox.com/en-US/xbox-360/ The Xbox 360 is a home video game console developed by Microsoft . As the successor to the original Xbox , it is the second console in the Xbox series . It competed with Sony 's PlayStation 3 and Nintendo 's Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles . It was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12 , 2005 , with detailed launch and game information announced later that month at the 2005 E3 expo . The Xbox 360 features an online service , Xbox Live , which was expanded from its previous iteration on the original Xbox and received regular updates during the console 's lifetime . Available in free and subscription - based varieties , Xbox Live allows users to : play games online ; download games ( through Xbox Live Arcade ) and game demos ; purchase and stream music , television programs , and films through the Xbox Music and Xbox Video portals ; and access third - party content services through media streaming applications . In addition to online multimedia features , it allows users to stream media from local PCs . Several peripherals have been released , including wireless controllers , expanded hard drive storage , and the Kinect motion sensing camera . The release of these additional services and peripherals helped the Xbox brand grow from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for living - room computing entertainment . Launched worldwide across 2005 -- 2006 , the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions , including North America and Europe . The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate , indicated by the so - called `` Red Ring of Death '' , necessitating an extension of the device 's warranty period . Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console : the Xbox 360 S in 2010 , and the Xbox 360 E in 2013 . As of June 2014 , 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - selling video game console in history , and the highest - selling console made by an American company . Although not the best - selling console of its generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live . The Xbox 360 's successor , the Xbox One , was released on November 22 , 2013 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced that it would end the production of new Xbox 360 hardware , although the company will continue to support the platform . Contents 1 History 1.1 Development 1.2 Launch 1.3 Critical reception 1.4 Sales 1.5 Legacy 2 Hardware 2.1 Technical specifications 2.2 Accessories 2.2. 1 Kinect 2.3 AV output 2.4 Retail configurations 2.4. 1 Timeline 2.4. 2 United States 2.5 Technical problems 3 Software 3.1 Games 3.2 Interface 3.2. 1 New Xbox Experience 3.3 Multimedia 3.4 XNA community 4 Services 4.1 Xbox Live 4.2 Xbox Live Marketplace 4.3 Xbox Live Arcade 4.4 Movies & TV 4.5 Groove Music 4.6 Xbox SmartGlass 5 Game development 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History Development Known during development as Xbox Next , Xenon , Xbox 2 , Xbox FS or NextBox , the Xbox 360 was conceived in early 2003 . In February 2003 , planning for the Xenon software platform began , and was headed by Microsoft 's Vice President J Allard . That month , Microsoft held an event for 400 developers in Bellevue , Washington to recruit support for the system . Also that month , Peter Moore , former president of Sega of America , joined Microsoft . On August 12 , 2003 , ATI signed on to produce the graphic processing unit for the new console , a deal which was publicly announced two days later . Before the launch of the Xbox 360 , several Alpha development kits were spotted using Apple 's Power Mac G5 hardware . This was because the system 's PowerPC 970 processor running the same PowerPC architecture that the Xbox 360 would eventually run under IBM 's Xenon processor . The cores of the Xenon processor were developed using a slightly modified version of the PlayStation 3 's Cell Processor PPE architecture . According to David Shippy and Mickie Phipps , the IBM employees were `` hiding '' their work from Sony and Toshiba , IBM 's partners in developing the Cell Processor . Jeff Minter created the music visualization program Neon which is included with the Xbox 360 . Launch Main article : Xbox 360 launch The Xbox 360 was released on November 22 , 2005 , in the United States and Canada ; December 2 , 2005 , in Europe and December 10 , 2005 , in Japan . It was later launched in Mexico , Brazil , Chile , Colombia , Hong Kong , Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , India , and Russia . In its first year on the market , the system launched in 36 countries , more countries than any other console has launched in a single year . Critical reception In 2009 , IGN named the Xbox 360 the sixth - greatest video game console of all time , out of a field of 25 . Although not the best - selling console of the seventh - generation , the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential , by emphasizing digital media distribution and online gaming through Xbox Live , and by popularizing game achievement awards . PC Magazine considered the Xbox 360 the prototype for online gaming as it `` proved that online gaming communities could thrive in the console space '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which set the record of being the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Edge ranked Xbox 360 the second - best console of the 1993 -- 2013 period , stating `` It had its own social network , cross-game chat , new indie games every week , and the best version of just about every multiformat game ... Killzone is no Halo and nowadays Gran Turismo is no Forza , but it 's not about the exclusives -- there 's nothing to trump Naughty Dog 's PS3 output , after all . Rather , it 's about the choices Microsoft made back in the original Xbox 's lifetime . The PC - like architecture meant the early EA Sports games ran at 60fps compared to only 30 on PS3 , Xbox Live meant every dedicated player had an existing friends list , and Halo meant Microsoft had the killer next - generation exclusive . And when developers demo games on PC now they do it with a 360 pad -- another industry benchmark , and a critical one . '' Sales Region Units sold First available United States 25.4 million as of March 31 , 2011 November 22 , 2005 EMEA region ( Europe , Middle East and Africa ) 13.7 million as of March 31 , 2011 ( Includes UK sales ) December 2 , 2005 United Kingdom 8 million as of February 14 , 2013 Japan 1.5 million as of June 17 , 2011 December 10 , 2005 Australia & New Zealand 1 million as of April 19 , 2010 March 23 , 2006 Worldwide 80 million as of October 17 , 2013 ( more ... ) Main article : Xbox 360 sales Xbox 360 Premium package . The Xbox 360 began production only 69 days before launch , and Microsoft was not able to supply enough systems to meet initial consumer demand in Europe or North America , selling out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan . Forty thousand units were offered for sale on auction site eBay during the initial week of release , 10 % of the total supply . By year 's end , Microsoft had shipped 1.5 million units , including 900,000 in North America , 500,000 in Europe , and 100,000 in Japan . In May 2008 Microsoft announced that 10 million Xbox 360s had been sold and that it was the `` first current generation gaming console '' to surpass the 10 million figure in the US . In the US , the Xbox 360 was the leader in current - generation home console sales until June 2008 , when it was surpassed by the Wii . The Xbox 360 has sold a total of 870,000 units in Canada as of August 1 , 2008 . Between January 2011 and October 2013 , the Xbox 360 was the best - selling console in the United States for these 32 consecutive months . In Europe , the Xbox 360 has sold seven million units as of November 20 , 2008 , according to Microsoft . In the United Kingdom , the Xbox 360 has sold 3.9 million units as of June 27 , 2009 , according to GfK Chart - Track . While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan , selling just 450,000 by November 2011 , the Xbox 360 sold almost as poorly , selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011 . Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan , where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo , had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely . The significance of Japan 's poor sales might be overstated in the media in comparison to overall international sales . Legacy The Xbox 360 sold much better than its predecessor , and although not the best - selling console of the seventh generation , it is regarded as a success since it strengthened Microsoft as a major force in the console market at the expense of well - established rivals . The inexpensive Nintendo Wii did sell the most console units but eventually saw a collapse of third - party software support in its later years , and it has been viewed by some as a fad since the succeeding Wii U had a poor debut in 2012 . The PlayStation 3 struggled for a time due to being too expensive and initially lacking quality games , making it far less dominant than its predecessor , the PlayStation 2 , and it took until late in the PlayStation 3 's lifespan for its sales and games to reach parity with the Xbox 360 . TechRadar proclaimed that `` Xbox 360 passes the baton as the king of the hill -- a position that puts all the more pressure on its successor , Xbox One '' . The Xbox 360 's advantage over its competitors was due to the release of high - profile games from both first party and third party developers . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the platform with 38 nominations and 12 wins -- more than any other platform . By March 2008 , the Xbox 360 had reached a software attach rate of 7.5 games per console in the US ; the rate was 7.0 in Europe , while its competitors were 3.8 ( PS3 ) and 3.5 ( Wii ) , according to Microsoft . At the 2008 Game Developers Conference , Microsoft announced that it expected over 1,000 games available for Xbox 360 by the end of the year . As well as enjoying exclusives such as additions to the Halo franchise and Gears of War , the Xbox 360 has managed to gain a simultaneous release of games that were initially planned to be PS3 exclusives , including Devil May Cry 4 , Ace Combat 6 , Virtua Fighter 5 , Grand Theft Auto IV , Final Fantasy XIII , Tekken 6 , Metal Gear Solid : Rising , and L.A. Noire . In addition , Xbox 360 versions of cross-platform games were generally considered superior to their PS3 counterparts in 2006 and 2007 , due in part to the difficulties of programming for the PS3 . TechRadar deemed the Xbox 360 as the most influential game system through its emphasis of digital media distribution , Xbox Live online gaming service , and game achievement feature . During the console 's lifetime , the Xbox brand has grown from gaming - only to encompassing all multimedia , turning it into a hub for `` living - room computing environment '' . Five years after the Xbox 360 's original debut , the well - received Kinect motion capture camera was released , which became the fastest selling consumer electronic device in history , and extended the life of the console . Microsoft announced the Xbox One , successor to the Xbox 360 , at E3 on June 10 , 2013 . Although succeeded as Microsoft 's main console by the Xbox One , support from publishers for the Xbox 360 is expected to continue until at least 2016 . On April 20 , 2016 , Microsoft announced the end of production of new Xbox 360 hardware ; the company will continue to provide hardware and software support for the platform , as selected Xbox 360 games can be played on Xbox One . Hardware The Xbox 360 E model , announced at 2013 's E3 , shares many aesthetics with the Xbox One . The main unit of the Xbox 360 itself has slight double concavity in matte white or black . The official color of the white model is Arctic Chill . It features a port on the top when vertical ( left side when horizontal ) to which a custom - housed hard disk drive unit can be attached . On the Slim and E models , the hard drive bay is on the bottom when vertical ( right side when horizontal ) and requires the opening of a concealed door to access it . ( This does not void the warranty . ) The Xbox 360 Slim / E hard drives are standard 2.5 '' SATA laptop drives , but have a custom enclosure and firmware so that the Xbox 360 can recognize it . Technical Specifications Main article : Xbox 360 technical specifications Various hard disk drives have been produced , including options at 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 , or 320 GB . Inside , the Xbox 360 uses the triple - core IBM designed Xenon as its CPU , with each core capable of simultaneously processing two threads , and can therefore operate on up to six threads at once . Graphics processing is handled by the ATI Xenos , which has 10 MB of eDRAM . Its main memory pool is 512 MB in size . Accessories Main article : Xbox 360 accessories Many accessories are available for the console , including both wired and wireless controllers , faceplates for customization , headsets for chatting , a webcam for video chatting , dance mats and Gamercize for exercise , three sizes of memory units and five sizes of hard drives ( 20 , 60 , 120 , 250 ( initially Japan only , but later also available elsewhere ) and 320 GB ) , among other items , all of which are styled to match the console . Kinect Main article : Kinect A Kinect sensor device . The Xbox 360 E revision has an Xbox logo to the left of the Xbox 360 branding . Kinect is a `` controller - free gaming and entertainment experience '' for the Xbox 360 . It was first announced on June 1 , 2009 at the Electronic Entertainment Expo , under the codename , Project Natal . The add - on peripheral enables users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without a game controller by using gestures , spoken commands and presented objects and images . The Kinect accessory is compatible with all Xbox 360 models , connecting to new models via a custom connector , and to older ones via a USB and mains power adapter . During their CES 2010 keynote speech , Robbie Bach and Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer went on to say that Kinect will be released during the holiday period ( November -- January ) and work with every 360 console . It was released on November 4 , 2010 Xbox 360 Chatpad from the Messenger Kit attached to a wireless controller AV output Built - in HDMI ( only made after 2007 ) S / PDIF ( only Slim ) Stereo Audio , Composite Video - Jack 3.5 mm ( only Slim E ) Through AV connector ( excluding E models which have no AV connector ) Composite Video S - Video SCART RGB VGA YP P D - Terminal S / PDIF RCA - stereo audio Retail configurations Xbox 360 Premium Xbox 360 Arcade ( replaced Xbox 360 Core ) Xbox 360 Elite Main article : List of Xbox 360 retail configurations At launch , the Xbox 360 was available in two configurations : the `` Xbox 360 '' package ( unofficially known as the 20 GB Pro or Premium ) , priced at US $399 or GB £ 279.99 , and the `` Xbox 360 Core '' , priced at US $299 and GB £ 209.99 . The original shipment of the Xbox 360 version included a cut - down version of the Media Remote as a promotion . The Elite package was launched later at US $479 . The `` Xbox 360 Core '' was replaced by the `` Xbox 360 Arcade '' in October 2007 and a 60 GB version of the Xbox 360 Pro was released on August 1 , 2008 . The Pro package was discontinued and marked down to US $249 on August 28 , 2009 to be sold until stock ran out , while the Elite was also marked down in price to US $299 . Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 . The S model carries a smaller , streamlined appearance with an angular case , and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models . It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor . The Xbox 360 E , a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One , was released in 2013 . In addition to its revised aesthetics , the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port , no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ) , and no longer supports S / PDIF . Timeline United States November 22 , 2005 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $399.99 Launch of Xbox 360 Core -- $299.99 April 29 , 2007 Launch Xbox 360 Elite ( 120 GB ) -- $479.99 August 6 , 2007 Price cut on Xbox 360 Premium ( 20 GB ) -- $349.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Core -- $279.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $449.99 October 27 , 2007 Launch of Xbox 360 Arcade -- $279.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Core July 13 , 2008 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 20 GB ) ( price cut to $299.99 for remaining stock ) August 1 , 2008 Launch of Xbox 360 Premium ( 60 GB ) -- $349.99 September 5 , 2008 Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $399.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) -- $299.99 Price cut on Xbox 360 Arcade -- $199.99 August 28 , 2009 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 ( 60 GB ) ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Price cut on Xbox 360 Elite -- $299.99 June 19 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 250 GB -- $299.99 Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Elite ( price cut to $249.99 for remaining stock ) Discontinuation of Xbox 360 Arcade ( price cut to $149.99 for remaining stock ) August 3 , 2010 Launch of Xbox 360 S 4 GB -- $199.99 June 10 , 2013 Launch of Xbox 360 E 4 GB -- $199.99 Launch of Xbox 360 E 250 GB -- $299.99 April 20 , 2016 Discontinuation of all Xbox 360 models . Technical problems Main article : Xbox 360 technical problems Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter , '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death . '' The Xbox 360 ( not Slim and E models ) has been subject to a number of technical problems . Since the console 's release in 2005 , users have reported concerns over its reliability and failure rate . To aid customers with defective consoles , Microsoft extended the Xbox 360 's manufacturer 's warranty to three years for hardware failure problems that generate a `` General Hardware Failure '' error report . A `` General Hardware Failure '' is recognized on all models released before the Xbox 360 S by three quadrants of the ring around the power button flashing red . This error is often known as the `` Red Ring of Death '' . In April 2009 the warranty was extended to also cover failures related to the E74 error code . The warranty extension is not granted for any other types of failures that do not generate these specific error codes . Since these problems surfaced , Microsoft has attempted to modify the console to improve its reliability . Modifications include a reduction in the number , size , and placement of components , the addition of dabs of epoxy on the corners and edges of the CPU and GPU as glue to prevent movement relative to the board during heat expansion , and a second GPU heatsink to dissipate more heat . With the release of the redesigned Xbox 360 S , the warranty for the newer models does not include the three - year extended coverage for `` General Hardware Failures '' . The newer Xbox 360 S and E models indicate system overheating when the console 's power button begins to flash red , unlike previous models where the first and third quadrant of the ring would light up red around the power button if overheating occurred . The system will then warn the user of imminent system shutdown until the system has cooled , whereas a flashing power button that alternates between green and red is an indication of a `` General Hardware Failure '' unlike older models where three of the quadrants would light up red . Software Games Main article : List of Xbox 360 games See also : List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 Rock of Ages , one of many Unreal Engine 3 powered games available on Xbox 360 . The Xbox 360 launched with 14 games in North America and 13 in Europe . The console 's best - selling game for 2005 , Call of Duty 2 , sold over a million copies . Five other games sold over a million copies in the console 's first year on the market : Ghost Recon Advanced Warfighter , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion , Dead or Alive 4 , Saints Row , and Gears of War . Gears of War would become the best - selling game on the console with 3 million copies in 2006 , before being surpassed in 2007 by Halo 3 with over 8 million copies . Six games were initially available in Japan , while eagerly anticipated games such as Dead or Alive 4 and Enchanted Arms were released in the weeks following the console 's launch . Games targeted specifically for the region , such as Chromehounds , Ninety - Nine Nights , and Phantasy Star Universe , were also released in the console 's first year . Microsoft also had the support of Japanese developer Mistwalker , founded by Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi . Mistwalker 's first game , Blue Dragon , was released in 2006 and had a limited - edition bundle which sold out quickly with over 10,000 pre-orders . Blue Dragon is one of three Xbox 360 games to surpass 200,000 units in Japan , along with Tales of Vesperia and Star Ocean : The Last Hope . Mistwalker 's second game , Lost Odyssey also sold over 100,000 copies . The 2007 Game Critics Awards honored the Xbox 360 platform with 38 Nominations and 11 Wins . Interface Main article : Xbox 360 system software The Xbox 360 's original graphical user interface was the Xbox 360 Dashboard ; a tabbed interface that featured five `` Blades '' ( formerly four blades ) , and was designed by AKQA and Audiobrain . It could be launched automatically when the console booted without a disc in it , or when the disc tray was ejected , but the user had the option to select what the console does if a game is in the tray on start up , or if inserted when already on . A simplified version of it was also accessible at any time via the Xbox Guide button on the gamepad . This simplified version showed the user 's gamercard , Xbox Live messages and friends list . It also allowed for personal and music settings , in addition to voice or video chats , or returning to the Xbox Dashboard from the game . On November 19 , 2008 , the Xbox 360 's dashboard was changed from the `` Blade '' interface , to a dashboard reminiscent of that present on the Zune and Windows Media Center , known as the `` New Xbox Experience '' or NXE . Since the console 's release , Microsoft has released several updates for the Dashboard software . These updates have included adding new features to the console , enhancing Xbox Live functionality and multimedia playback capabilities , adding compatibility for new accessories , and fixing bugs in the software . Such updates are mandatory for users wishing to use Xbox Live , as access to Xbox Live is disabled until the update is performed . New Xbox Experience Further information : Xbox Live § New Xbox Experience At E3 2008 , at Microsoft 's Show , Microsoft 's Aaron Greenberg and Marc Whitten announced the new Xbox 360 interface called the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ) . The update was intended to ease console menu navigation . Its GUI uses the Twist UI , previously used in Windows Media Center and the Zune . Its new Xbox Guide retains all Dashboard functionality ( including the Marketplace browser and disk ejection ) and the original `` Blade '' interface ( although the color scheme has been changed to match that of the NXE Dashboard ) . The NXE also provides many new features . Users can now install games from disc to the hard drive to play them with reduced load time and less disc drive noise , but each game 's disc must remain in the system in order to run . A new , built - in Community system allows the creation of digitized Avatars that can be used for multiple activities , such as sharing photos or playing Arcade games like 1 vs. 100 . The update was released on November 19 , 2008 . While previous system updates have been stored on internal memory , the NXE update was the first to require a storage device -- at least a 128 MB memory card or a hard drive . Microsoft released a further update to the Xbox 360 Dashboard starting on December 6 , 2011 . It included a completely new user interface which utilizes Microsoft 's Metro design language , and added new features such as cloud storage for game saves and profiles , live television , Bing voice search , access to YouTube videos and better support for Kinect voice commands . Multimedia The Xbox 360 supports videos in Windows Media Video ( WMV ) format ( including high - definition and PlaysForSure videos ) , as well as H. 264 and MPEG - 4 media . The December 2007 dashboard update added support for the playback of MPEG - 4 ASP format videos . The console can also display pictures and perform slideshows of photo collections with various transition effects , and supports audio playback , with music player controls accessible through the Xbox 360 Guide button . Users may play back their own music while playing games or using the dashboard , and can play music with an interactive visual synthesizer . Music , photos and videos can be played from standard USB mass storage devices , Xbox 360 proprietary storage devices ( such as memory cards or Xbox 360 hard drives ) , and servers or computers with Windows Media Center or Windows XP with Service pack 2 or higher within the local - area network in streaming mode . As the Xbox 360 uses a modified version of the UPnP AV protocol , some alternative UPnP servers such as uShare ( part of the GeeXboX project ) and MythTV can also stream media to the Xbox 360 , allowing for similar functionality from non-Windows servers . This is possible with video files up to HD - resolution and with several codecs ( MPEG - 2 , MPEG - 4 , WMV ) and container formats ( WMV , MOV , TS ) . As of October 27 , 2009 , UK and Ireland users are also able to access live and on - demand streams of Sky television programming . At the 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 Consumer Electronics Shows , Microsoft had announced that IPTV services would soon be made available to use through the Xbox 360 . In 2007 , Microsoft chairman Bill Gates stated that IPTV on Xbox 360 was expected to be available to consumers by the holiday season , using the Microsoft TV IPTV Edition platform . In 2008 , Gates and president of Entertainment & Devices Robbie Bach announced a partnership with BT in the United Kingdom , in which the BT Vision advanced TV service , using the newer Microsoft Mediaroom IPTV platform , would be accessible via Xbox 360 , planned for the middle of the year . BT Vision 's DVR - based features would not be available on Xbox 360 due to limited hard drive capacity . In 2010 , while announcing version 2.0 of Microsoft Mediaroom , Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer mentioned that AT&T 's U-verse IPTV service would enable Xbox 360s to be used as set - top boxes later in the year . As of January 2010 , IPTV on Xbox 360 has yet to be deployed beyond limited trials . In 2012 , Microsoft released the Live Event Player , allowing for events such as video game shows , beauty pageants , award shows , concerts , news and sporting events to be streamed on the console via Xbox Live . The first live events streamed on Live were the 2012 Revolver Golden Gods , Microsoft 's E3 2012 media briefing and the Miss Teen USA 2012 beauty pageant . XNA Community Main article : Microsoft XNA XNA Community is a feature whereby Xbox 360 owners can receive community - created games , made with Microsoft XNA Game Studio , from the XNA Creators Club . The games are written , published , and distributed through a community managed portal . XNA Community provides a channel for digital videogame delivery over Xbox Live that can be free of royalties , publishers and licenses . XNA game sales , however , did not meet original expectations . though Xbox Live Indie Games ( XBLIG ) has had some `` hits . '' Services Xbox Live Main article : Xbox Live When the Xbox 360 was released , Microsoft 's online gaming service Xbox Live was shut down for 24 hours and underwent a major upgrade , adding a basic non-subscription service called Xbox Live Silver ( later renamed Xbox Live Free ) to its already established premium subscription - based service ( which was renamed Gold ) . Xbox Live Free is included with all SKUs of the console . It allows users to create a user profile , join on message boards , and access Microsoft 's Xbox Live Arcade and Marketplace and talk to other members . A Live Free account does not generally support multiplayer gaming ; however , some games that have rather limited online functions already , ( such as Viva Piñata ) or games that feature their own subscription service ( e.g. EA Sports games ) can be played with a Free account . Xbox Live also supports voice the latter a feature possible with the Xbox Live Vision . Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third - party subscriptions . Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information , friends list , and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold . To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system , users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com . When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console , they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number , which is used for verification purposes and billing . An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US $59.99 , C $ 59.99 , NZ $ 90.00 , GB £ 39.99 , or € 59.99 . On January 5 , 2011 , Xbox Live had reached over 30 million subscribers . Xbox Live Marketplace Main article : Xbox Live Marketplace The Xbox Live Marketplace is a virtual market designed for the console that allows Xbox Live users to download purchased or promotional content . The service offers movie and game trailers , game demos , Xbox Live Arcade games and Xbox 360 Dashboard themes as well as add - on game content ( items , costumes , levels etc . ) . These features are available to both Free and Gold members on Xbox Live . A hard drive or memory unit is required to store products purchased from Xbox Live Marketplace . In order to download priced content , users are required to purchase Microsoft Points for use as scrip ; though some products ( such as trailers and demos ) are free to download . Microsoft Points can be obtained through prepaid cards in 1,600 and 4,000 - point denominations . Microsoft Points can also be purchased through Xbox Live with a credit card in 500 , 1,000 , 2,000 and 5,000 - point denominations . Users are able to view items available to download on the service through a PC via the Xbox Live Marketplace website . An estimated seventy percent of Xbox Live users have downloaded items from the Marketplace . Xbox Live Arcade Main article : Xbox Live Arcade Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners . In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac - Man , the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes . The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles , such as the PlayStation game Castlevania : Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma . The service was first launched on November 3 , 2004 , using a DVD to load , and offered games for about US $5 to $15 . Items are purchased using Microsoft Points , a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges . On November 22 , 2005 , Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360 , in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360 's dashboard . The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers ; examples of the more popular games are Geometry Wars , Street Fighter II ' Hyper Fighting , and Uno . On March 24 , 2010 , Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live . Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade . DVD - ROM for Xbox 360 Movies & TV Main article : Microsoft Movies & TV On November 6 , 2006 , Microsoft announced the Xbox Video Marketplace , an exclusive video store accessible through the console . Launched in the United States on November 22 , 2006 , the first anniversary of the Xbox 360 's launch , the service allows users in the United States to download high - definition and standard - definition television shows and movies onto an Xbox 360 console for viewing . With the exception of short clips , content is not currently available for streaming , and must be downloaded . Movies are also available for rental . They expire in 14 days after download or at the end of the first 24 hours after the movie has begun playing , whichever comes first . Television episodes can be purchased to own , and are transferable to an unlimited number of consoles . Downloaded files use 5.1 surround audio and are encoded using VC - 1 for video at 720p , with a bitrate of 6.8 Mbit / s . Television content is offered from MTV , VH1 , Comedy Central , Turner Broadcasting , and CBS ; and movie content is Warner Bros. , Paramount , and Disney , along with other publishers . After the Spring 2007 update , the following video codecs are supported : H. 264 video support : Up to 15 Mbit / s , Baseline , Main , and High ( up to level 4.1 ) Profiles with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . MPEG - 4 Part 2 video support : Up to 8 Mbit / s , Simple Profile with 2 channel AAC LC and Main Profiles . As a late addition to the December Xbox 360 update , 25 movies were added to the European Xbox 360 video market place on the December 11 , 2007 and cost 250 Microsoft points for the SD version on the movie and 380 points for the HD version of the movie . Xbox Live members in Canada featured the ability to go on the Xbox Live Marketplace also as of December 11 , 2007 with around 30 movies to be downloaded for the same amount of Microsoft Points . On May 26 , 2009 , Microsoft announced it would release the Zune HD ( in the fall of 2009 ) , which was then the next addition to the Zune product range . This was of an impact on the Xbox Live Video Store as it was also announced that the Zune Video Marketplace and the Xbox Live Video Store will be merged to form the Zune Marketplace , which will be arriving on Xbox Live in 7 countries initially , the United Kingdom , the United States , France , Italy , Germany , Ireland and Spain . Further details were released at the Microsoft press conference at E3 2009 . On October 16 , 2012 , Xbox Video and Xbox Music were released , replacing the Zune Marketplace . Xbox Video is a digital video service on that offers full HD movies and TV series for purchase or rental on Xbox 360 , Windows 8 , Windows RT PCs and tablets , and Windows Phones . On August 18 , 2015 , Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it Movies and TV similar to the Windows 10 App . Groove music Main article : Groove Music Xbox Music provides 30 million music tracks available for purchase or access through subscription . It was announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 and it integrates with Windows 8 and Windows Phone as well . In August 2015 Microsoft rolled out an update renaming it to Groove Music similar to the Windows 10 App . Xbox SmartGlass Main article : Xbox SmartGlass Xbox SmartGlass is one of the newer features that allows for integration between the Xbox 360 console and mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones . An app is available on Android , Windows Phone 8 and iOS . Users of the feature can view additional content to accompany the game they are playing , or the TV shows and movies they are watching . They can also use their mobile device as a remote to control the Xbox 360 console . Game development PartnerNet , the developers - only alternative Xbox Live network used by developers to beta test game content downloads and games developed for Xbox Live Arcade , runs on Xbox 360 debug kits , which are used both by developers and by the gaming press . In a podcast released on February 12 , 2007 , a developer breached the PartnerNet non-disclosure agreement ( NDA ) by commenting that he had found a playable version of Alien Hominid and an unplayable version of Ikaruga on PartnerNet . A few video game journalists , misconstruing the breach of the NDA as an invalidation of the NDA , immediately began reporting on other games being tested via PartnerNet , including a remake of Jetpac . ( Alien Hominid for the Xbox 360 was released on February 28 of that year , and Ikaruga was released over a year later on April 9 , 2008 . Jetpac was released for the Xbox 360 on March 28 , 2007 as Jetpac Refuelled . ) There have also been numerous video and screenshot leaks of game footage on PartnerNet , as well as a complete version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I , which caused for the whole PartnerNet service to be shut down overnight on April 3 , 2010 . In the following days , Microsoft reminded developers and journalists that they were in breach of NDA by sharing information about PartnerNet content and asked websites to remove lists of games in development that were discovered on the service. . Sega used feedback from fans about the leaked version of Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I to refine it before they eventually released it . Additionally , a pair of hackers played their modded Halo 3 games on PartnerNet in addition to using PartnerNet to scoop up unreleased and untested software . The duo passed their hacked Halo pics to their friends before they were eventually caught by Bungie engineers who left a message for the hackers on PartnerNet which read `` Winners Do n't Break Into PartnerNet . '' . Other games that were leaked in the PartnerNet fiasco include Shenmue and Shenmue 2 . 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Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . IPTV on Xbox 360 is expected to be available to consumers by holiday season 2007 and will be offered by providers that are deploying TV services over broadband networks based on the IPTV Edition software platform . Jump up ^ `` BT and Microsoft Announce Partnership to Deliver Powerful , First - of - its - Kind Entertainment Experience to Consumers Through Xbox 360 '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . January 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . All BT broadband customers will have the unique opportunity to receive the best in high - definition gaming , television and movies through an Xbox 360 console , in a powerful , all - in - one entertainment experience . BT Vision , which is powered by the Microsoft Mediaroom Internet Protocol TV ( IPTV ) platform , plans to make this first - of - its - kind device and service offering available to customers in the middle of 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox will host BT 's TV service '' . BBC News . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Ballmer and Robbie Bach Keynote : 2010 International Consumer Electronics Show '' . Microsoft . January 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2010 . J.D. Power and Associates have recently rated AT&T Uverse TV the best - rated , highest - rated residential TV satisfaction in the United States Southern and Western Regions for the second year in a row . I 'm happy to announce that later this year AT&T will also enable subscribers to U-Verse to enjoy that service on their Xbox 360 consoles . Jump up ^ `` XNA Community '' . Jump up ^ `` XNA Creators Club '' . 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Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fried , Ina ( March 24 , 2010 ) . `` Xbox Game Room launches , but with issues '' . CNET . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Block , Ryan ( November 7 , 2006 ) . `` HDTV and HD movie downloads for your 360 '' . Endaget . Retrieved November 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV on your Xbox '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . November 6 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV on your Xbox 360 in Europe '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . July 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher Grant ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Xbox Live Video Marketplace Live in Canada , UK , and Elsewhere '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zune Marketplace '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . May 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brian Crecente ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Zune Video Comes to Live in 1080p HD This Fall '' . Kotaku . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tom Phillips ( October 16 , 2012 ) . `` Xbox 360 Dashboard Update Rolls Out from Today '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Weir ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Update Movies & TV and Groove Music Apps on Windows 10 '' . Neowin . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wesley Yin - Poole ( July 3 , 2012 ) . `` Microsoft 's iTunes , Spotify Rival Xbox Music Out This Year -- Report '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft aposenta aplicativo do Xbox 360 SmartGlass '' . Olhar Digital . Olhar Digital . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` E3 2012 : A closer look at Xbox SmartGlass '' . CNET . CNET . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . 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when did the xbox 360 slim come out

Two major hardware revisions of the Xbox 360 have succeeded the original models ; the Xbox 360 S ( also referred to as the `` Slim '' ) replaced the original `` Elite '' and `` Arcade '' models in 2010 . The S model carries a smaller , streamlined appearance with an angular case , and utilizes a redesigned motherboard designed to alleviate the hardware and overheating issues experienced by prior models . It also includes a proprietary port for use with the Kinect sensor . The Xbox 360 E , a further streamlined variation of the 360 S with a two - tone rectangular case inspired by Xbox One , was released in 2013 . In addition to its revised aesthetics , the Xbox 360 E also has one fewer USB port , no AV connector ( and thus is HDMI - only ) , and no longer supports S / PDIF .

The ant and the grasshopper - wikipedia The ant and the grasshopper Jump to : navigation , search Coloured print of La Fontaine 's fable by Jean - Baptiste Oudry The Ant and the Grasshopper , alternatively titled The Grasshopper and the Ant ( or Ants ) , is one of Aesop 's Fables , numbered 373 in the Perry Index . The fable describes how a hungry grasshopper begs for food from an ant when winter comes and is refused . The situation sums up moral lessons about the virtues of hard work and planning for the future . Even in Classical times , however , the advice was mistrusted and an alternative story represented the ant 's industry as mean and self - serving . Jean de la Fontaine 's delicately ironical retelling in French later widened the debate to cover the themes of compassion and charity . Since the 18th century the grasshopper has been seen as the type of the artist and the question of the place of culture in society has also been included . Argument over the fable 's ambivalent meaning has generally been conducted through adaptation or reinterpretation of the fable in literature , arts and music . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fable and counter-fable 2 In art 3 Later adaptations 4 Musical settings 5 Film and television treatments 6 Moral and artistic debate 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Fable and counter-fable ( edit ) The fable concerns a grasshopper ( in the original , a cicada ) that has spent the summer singing while the ant ( or ants in some versions ) worked to store up food for winter . When that season arrives , the grasshopper finds itself dying of hunger and begs the ant for food . However , the ant rebukes its idleness and tells it to dance the winter away now . Versions of the fable are found in the verse collections of Babrius ( 140 ) and Avianus ( 34 ) , and in several prose collections including those attributed to Syntipas and Aphthonius of Antioch . The fable 's Greek original cicada is kept in the Latin and Romance translations . A variant fable , separately numbered 112 in the Perry Index , features a dung beetle as the improvident insect which finds that the winter rains wash away the dung on which it feeds . The fable is found in a large number of mediaeval Latin sources and also figures as a moral ballade among the poems of Eustache Deschamps under the title of La fourmi et le céraseron . From the start it assumes prior knowledge of the fable and presents human examples of provident and improvident behaviour as typified by the insects . As well as appearing in vernacular collections of Aesop 's fables in Renaissance times , a number of Neo-Latin poets used it as a subject , including Gabriele Faerno ( 1563 ) , Hieronymus Osius ( 1564 ) and Candidus Pantaleon ( 1604 ) . The story has been used to teach the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence . Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of `` Idleness brings want '' , `` To work today is to eat tomorrow '' , `` Beware of winter before it comes '' . In La Fontaine 's Fables no final judgment is made , although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways . But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant . It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs , which mentions the ant twice . The first proverb admonishes , `` Go to the ant , you sluggard ! Consider her ways and be wise , which having no captain , overseer or ruler , provides her supplies in the summer , and gathers her food in the harvest '' ( 6.6 - 9 ) . Later , in a parallel saying of Agur , the insects figure among the ' four things that are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise . The ants are a people not strong , yet they provide their food in the summer . ' ( 30.24 - 5 ) There was , nevertheless , an alternative tradition also ascribed to Aesop in which the ant was seen as a bad example . This appears as a counter-fable and is numbered 166 in the Perry Index . It relates that the ant was once a man who was always busy farming . Not satisfied with the results of his own labour , he plundered his neighbours ' crops at night . This angered the king of the gods , who turned him into what is now an ant . Yet even though the man had changed his shape , he did not change his habits and to this day goes around the fields gathering the fruits of other people 's labour , storing them up for himself . The moral given the fable in old Greek sources was that it is easier to change in appearance than to change one 's moral nature . It has rarely been noticed since Classical times . Among the few prominent collectors of fables who recorded it later were Gabriele Faerno ( 1564 ) , and Roger L'Estrange ( 1692 ) . The latter 's comment is that the ant 's `` Vertue and Vice , in many Cases , are hardly Distinguishable but by the Name '' . In art ( edit ) Jules - Joseph Lefebvre , The Grasshopper , National Gallery of Victoria , Australia Because of the influence of La Fontaine 's Fables , in which La cigale et la fourmi stands at the beginning , the cicada then became the proverbial example of improvidence in France : so much so that Jules - Joseph Lefebvre ( 1836 -- 1911 ) could paint a picture of a female nude biting one of her nails among the falling leaves and be sure viewers would understand the point by giving it the title La Cigale . The painting was exhibited at the 1872 Salon with a quotation from La Fontaine , Quand la bise fut venue ( When the north wind blew ) , and was seen as a critique of the lately deposed Napoleon III , who had led the nation into a disastrous war with Prussia . Another with the same title , alternatively known as `` Girl with a Mandolin '' ( 1890 ) , was painted by Edouard Bisson ( 1856 -- 1939 ) and depicts a gypsy musician in a sleeveless dress shivering in the falling snow . Also so - named is the painting by Henrietta Rae ( a student of Lefebvre 's ) of a naked girl with a mandolin slung over her back who is cowering among the falling leaves at the root of a tree . The grasshopper and the ant are generally depicted as women because both words for the insects are of the feminine gender in most Romance languages . Picturing the grasshopper as a musician , generally carrying a mandolin or guitar , was a convention that grew up when the insect was portrayed as a human being , since singers accompanied themselves on those instruments . The sculptor and painter Ignaz Stern ( 1679 -- 1748 ) also has the grasshopper thinly clad and shivering in the paired statues he produced under the title of the fable , while the jovial ant is more warmly dressed . But the anticlerical painter Jehan Georges Vibert has male characters in his picture of `` La cigale et la fourmi '' from 1875 . It is painted as a mediaeval scene in which a minstrel with a tall lute on his back encounters a monk on a snow - covered upland . The warmly shrouded monk has been out gathering alms and may be supposed to be giving the musician a lecture on his improvidence . By contrast , the Naturalist Victor - Gabriel Gilbert ( 1847 -- 1933 ) pictures the fable as being enacted in the marketplace of a small town in Northern France . An elderly stall - keeper is frowning at a decrepit woman who has paused nearby , while her younger companion looks on in distress . In his lithograph from the Volpini Suite , `` Les cigales et les fourmis '' ( 1889 ) , Paul Gauguin avoids making a judgment . Subtitled ' a souvenir of Martinique ' , it pictures a group of women sitting or lying on the ground while in the background other women walk past with baskets on their heads . He is content that they exemplify the behaviour proverbially assigned to the insects without moral comment . For a long time , the illustrators of fable books had tended to concentrate on picturing winter landscapes , with the encounter between the insects occupying only the lower foreground . In the 19th century the insects grew in size and began to take on human dress . It was this tendency that was reproduced in that curiosity of publishing , the 1894 Choix de Fables de La Fontaine , Illustrée par un Groupe des Meilleurs Artistes de Tokio , which was printed in Japan and illustrated by some of the foremost woodblock artists of the day . Kajita Hanko 's treatment of the story takes place in a typical snowy landscape with the cricket approaching a thatched cottage , watched through a window by the robed ant . An earlier Chinese treatment , commissioned mid-century by Baron Félix - Sébastien Feuillet de Conches through his diplomatic contacts , uses human figures to depict the situation . An old woman in a ragged dress approaches the lady of the house , who is working at her spinning wheel on an open verandah . Use of the insects to point a moral lesson extends into the 20th century . In Jean Vernon 's bronze medal from the 1930s , the supplicant cicada is depicted as crouching on a branch while the ant rears up below with its legs about a beechnut . Engraved to one side is its sharp reply , Vous chantiez , j'en suis fort aise. / Eh bien , dansez maintenant . ( You sang ? I 'm glad ; now you can dance . ) Jacob Lawrence depicts much the same scene in his 1969 ink drawing of the fable , but with a different moral intent . There a weeping grasshopper stands before a seated ant who reaches back to lock his storeroom door . It is notable that artistic sentiment has by now moved against the ant with the recognition that improvidence is not always the only cause of poverty . Nevertheless , Hungary used the fable to promote a savings campaign on a 60 forint stamp in 1958 . The following year it appeared again in a series depicting fairy tales , as it did as one of many pendents on a 1.50 tögrög stamp from Mongolia . In this case the main stamp was commemorating the 1970 World 's Fair in Japan with a picture of the Suwitomo fairy tale pavilion . Later adaptations ( edit ) La Fontaine 's portrayal of the Ant as a flawed character , reinforced by the ambivalence of the alternative fable , led to that insect too being viewed as anything but an example of virtue . Jules Massenet 's two - act ballet Cigale , first performed at the Opéra - Comique in Paris in 1904 , portrays the cicada as a charitable woman who takes pity on `` La Pauvrette '' ( the poor little one ) . But La Pauvrette , after being taken in and fed , is rude and heartless when the situation is reversed . Cigale is left to die in the snow at the close of the ballet . La Fontaine 's poem has also been subverted by several French parodies . Tristan Corbière 's A Marcelle - le poete et la cigale is a light - hearted literary criticism of a bad poet . In the 20th century , Jean Anouilh uses it as the basis for two almost independent fables . In La fourmi et la cigale the ant becomes an overworked housewife whom the dust follows into the grave . The cicada 's comment is that she prefers to employ a maid . In La Cigale , Anouilh engages with the reality of the artistic life , reviewing the cicada as the type of the female musician . In this fable she figures as a night - club singer who asks a fox to act as her agent . He believes that she will be an easy victim for his manipulations but she handles him with such frosty finesse that he takes up singing himself . Pierre Perret 's 1990 version in urban slang satirises the cicada 's more traditional role as a thoughtless ' queen of the hit parade ' . The subversion lies in the four - line moral at the end , in which he advises that it is better to be an impresario than a performer . Roland Bacri takes the tale into fresh territory with his Fable Electorale . An unelected politician out of funds visits the ant and , on being asked what he did during the past election , replied that he sang the national anthem . Playing on the final words of La Fontaine 's fable ( Eh bien , dansez maintenant ) , the industrialist advises him to stand for president ( presidensez maintenant ) . On the other hand , Francoise Sagan turns the satire against the too industrious . Her ant has been stockpiling all winter and urges the grasshopper to invest in her wares when spring comes . But the grasshopper 's needs are few and she advises holding a discount sale instead . To take a final example , the Anti-Cancer League has turned the fable into an attack on smoking . The grasshopper 's appeal , out of pocket and desperate for a cigarette , is turned down by another play on the original ending . So , she had smoked all through the summer ? OK , now cough ( Et bien , toussez ) . The English writer W. Somerset Maugham reverses the moral order in a different way in his short story , `` The Ant and The Grasshopper '' ( 1924 ) . It concerns two brothers , one of whom is a dissolute waster whose hard - working brother has constantly to bail out of difficulties . At the end the latter is enraged to discover that his ' grasshopper ' brother has married a rich widow , who then dies and leaves him a fortune . The story was later adapted in the film Encore ( 1951 ) and the English television series Somerset Maugham Hour ( 1960 ) . James Joyce also adapts the fable into a tale of brotherly conflict in `` The Ondt and the Gracehoper '' episode in Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) and makes of the twin brothers Shem and Shaun opposing tendencies within the human personality : These twain are the twins that tick Homo Vulgaris . In America , John Ciardi 's poetical fable for children , `` John J. Plenty and Fiddler Dan '' ( 1963 ) , makes an argument for poetry over fanatical hard work . Ciardi 's ant , John J. Plenty , is so bent upon saving that he eats very little of what he has saved . Meanwhile , Fiddler Dan the grasshopper and his non-conforming ant wife survive the winter without help and resume playing music with the return of spring . John Updike 's 1987 short story `` Brother Grasshopper '' deals with a pair of brothers - in - law whose lives parallel the fable of the ant and the grasshopper . One , Fred Barrow , lives a conservative , restrained existence ; the other , Carlyle Lothrop , spends his money profligately , especially on joint vacations for the two men 's families , even as he becomes financially insolvent . However , at the end comes an unexpected inversion of the characters ' archetypal roles . When Carlyle dies , Fred , now divorced and lonely , realizes that he has been left with a rich store of memories which would not have existed without his friend 's largesse . Musical settings ( edit ) 1919 illustration of Aesop 's Fables by Milo Winter La Fontaine 's version of the fable was set by the following French composers : Louis - Nicolas Clérambault , to whom the works in the fables section of Nouvelles poésies spirituelles et morales sur les plus beaux airs ( 1730 -- 37 ) have been attributed . The text is modified to fit the tune and is retitled La fourmi et la sauterelle . Jacques Offenbach in Six Fables de La Fontaine ( 1842 ) for soprano and small orchestra Charles Gounod , part - song for a cappella choir ( 1857 ) Benjamin Godard in Six Fables de La Fontaine for voice and piano , ( Op. 17 c. 1871 ) Louis Lacombe , set for 4 male voices ( Op. 88 , 2 1887 ) Charles Lecocq in Six Fables de Jean de la Fontaine for voice and piano ( 1900 ) Camille Saint - Saëns for voice and piano or orchestra ( 1910 ? ) André Caplet in Trois Fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1919 ) for voice and piano Paul - Marie Masson , for voice and piano ( 1926 ) Maurice Delage in Deux fables de Jean de la Fontaine ( 1931 ) Marcelle de Manziarly in Trois Fables de La Fontaine ( 1935 ) for voice and piano Jean - René Quignard for 2 children 's voices Charles Trenet , performed with Django Reinhardt and the Hot Club de France in 1941 Marie - Madeleine Duruflé ( 1921 -- 99 ) as the fifth in her 6 Fables de La Fontaine for A cappella female voices ( 1960 ) Claude Ballif , the first of his Chansonettes : 5 Fables de La Fontaine for small mixed choir ( Op. 72 , No1 1995 ) Ida Gotkovsky ( 1933 - ) , the first fable in Hommage à Jean de La Fontaine for mixed choirs and orchestra ( 1995 ) Jean - Marie Morel ( 1934 - ) , a small cantata set for children 's choir and string quartet in La Fontaine en chantant ( 1999 ) Isabelle Aboulker ( b . 1938 ) , the fourth piece in Femmes en fables ( 1999 ) for high voice with piano There were two comic operas that went under the title La cigale et la fourmi in the 19th century . The one by Ferdinand Poise was in one act and dated 1870 . The one by Edmond Audran was in three acts and performed in Paris in 1886 , in London in 1890 and in New York in 1891 . This was shortly followed by the darker mood of Jules Massenet 's ballet Cigale , mentioned above . Later adaptations of the fable to ballet include Henri Sauguet 's La cigale at la fourmi ( 1941 ) and the third episode in Francis Poulenc 's Les Animaux Modèles ( Model Animals , 1941 ) . In the 21st century there has been `` La C et la F de la F '' , in which the dancers interact with the text , choreographed by Herman Diephuis for Annie Sellem 's composite presentation of the fables in 2004 . It also figures among the four in the film Les Fables à la Fontaine directed by Marie - Hélène Rebois in 2004 . The Belgian composer Joseph Jongen set La Fontaine 's fable for children 's chorus and piano ( op . 118 , 1941 ) and the Dutch composer Rudolf Koumans set the French text in Vijf fabels van La Fontaine ( op . 25 , 1964 ) for school chorus and orchestra . There is a happier ending in the American composer Shawn Allen 's children 's opera , The Ant and the Grasshopper ( 1999 ) . At the end of this thirty - minute work , the two insects become musical partners during the winter after the ant revives the dying grasshopper . A Russian version of the fable by Ivan Krylov was written under the title `` The dragonfly and the ant '' ( Strekoza i muravej ) . This was set for voice and piano by Anton Rubinstein in 1851 ; a German version ( Der Ameise und die Libelle ) was later published in Leipzig in 1864 as part of his Fünf Fabeln ( Op. 64 ) . In the following century the Russian text was again set by Dmitri Shostakovich in Two Fables of Krylov for mezzo - soprano , female chorus and chamber orchestra ( op. 4 , 1922 ) . A Hungarian translation of the fable by Dezső Kosztolányi was also set for mezzo - soprano , four - part mixed chorus and 4 guitars or piano by Ferenc Farkas in 1977 . The Catalan composer Xavier Benguerel i Godó set the fable in his 7 Fábulas de la Fontaine for recitation with orchestra in 1995 . These used a Catalan translation by his father , the writer Xavier Benguerel i Llobet ( ca ) . There have also been purely instrumental pieces ; these include the first of Antal Dorati 's 5 Pieces for Oboe ( 1980 ) and the first of Karim Al - Zand 's Four Fables for flute , clarinet and piano ( 2003 ) . Settings of the Aesop version have been much rarer . It was among Mabel Wood Hill 's Aesop 's Fables Interpreted Through Music ( New York , 1920 ) . It was also included among David Edgar Walther 's ' short operatic dramas ' in 2009 . In 2010 Lefteris Kordis set the Greek text as the second fable in his `` Aesop Project '' for octet and voice . Film and television treatments ( edit ) La Fontaine 's fable lent itself to animated film features from early on , the first being a version by George Méliès in France in 1897 . Others produced under the title La cigale et la fourmi were directed by Louis Feuillade ( 1909 ) and Georges Monca ( 1910 ) . There were also Italian films under the title La cicala e la formica by Mario Caserini ( 1908 ) and Renato Molinari ( 1919 ) . The Russo - Polish producer Ladislaw Starewicz made two versions using animated models . The first was in Russia in 1913 under the title Strekoza i muravey , based on Ivan Krylov 's Russian adaptation of La Fontaine ; then , following his flight to France , and using the simplified name of Ladislas Starevich , he filmed a version under the French title ( 1927 ) . In the UK , The Grasshopper and the Ant was created from cut - out silhouettes by Lotte Reiniger in 1954 . In this the main characters , Grasshopper and Miss Ant , are portrayed as humanoid while the rest of the animals and insects are naturalistic . After being refused food and warmth by Miss Ant , Grasshopper is rescued from dying in the snow by squirrels and plays his fiddle for them . Miss Ant wistfully asks if she can join the party and is turned away by the rescuers until Grasshopper intervenes and asks her in to dance with them . In 1998 , Pixar Animation Studios released A Bug 's Life , which focuses on a colony of ants being harassed by a gang of merciless grasshoppers , and the ants enlist a troupe of circus bugs to help them engage the grasshoppers . In America the Aesop 's Film Fables studio had included The Ants and the Grasshopper ( 1921 ) among its early animated cartoon productions . Then in 1934 Walt Disney provided the story with a socially responsible conclusion in The Grasshopper and the Ants ( discussed in the next section ) . He also adapted the story less directly in the Mickey 's Young Readers Library segment , Mickey and the Big Storm ; in this , Donald Duck and Goofy spend the first day of a winter snowstorm playing out in the snow and do n't bother to stock up on supplies . Fortunately for them , Mickey has more than enough for himself and his friends . Friz Freleng also adapted the tale in his Warner Bros. cartoon Porky 's Bear Facts in which Porky Pig works hard while his lazy neighbor refuses to do anything , only to suffer during winter . Although Porky at last gives him a meal out of good - neighborly feeling , the bear fails to learn his lesson when spring arrives . In the later 20th century , there were a number of cynical subversions in TV shows . A typical example was the Muppet Show sketch in which Sam the Eagle 's reading of the fable is undermined as the ant is stepped on at the end and the grasshopper drives off to Florida in his sports car . Moral and artistic debate ( edit ) Gustave Doré illustration of La Fontaine 's The Ant and the Grasshopper La Fontaine follows ancient sources in his 17th century retelling of the fable , where the ant suggests at the end that since the grasshopper has sung all summer she should now dance for its entertainment . However , his only direct criticism of the ant is that it lacked generosity . The Grasshopper had asked for a loan which it promised to pay back with interest , but `` The Ant had a failing , / She was n't a lender '' . The readers of his time were aware of the Christian duty of charity and therefore sensed the moral ambiguity of the fable . This is further brought out by Gustave Doré 's 1880s print which pictures the story as a human situation . A female musician stands at a door in the snow with the children of the house looking up at her with sympathy . Their mother looks down from the top of the steps . Her tireless industry is indicated by the fact that she continues knitting but , in a country where the knitting - women ( les tricoteuses ) had jeered at the victims of the guillotine during the French Revolution , this activity would also have been associated with lack of pity . Other French fabulists since La Fontaine had already started the counter-attack on the self - righteous ant . In around 1800 Jean - Jacques Boisard has the cricket answering the ant 's criticism of his enjoyment of life with the philosophical proposition that since we must all die in the end , Hoarding is folly , enjoyment is wise . In a Catholic educational work ( Fables , 1851 ) Jacques - Melchior Villefranche offers a sequel in which the ant loses its stores and asks the bee for help . The ant 's former taunt to the grasshopper is now turned on himself : Are you hungry ? Well then , Turn a pirouette , Dine on a mazurka , Have polka for supper . But then the bee reveals that it has already given the grasshopper shelter and invites the ant to join him since ' All who are suffering / Deserve help equally . ' In the 20th century the fable enters the political arena . Walt Disney 's cartoon version , The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) confronts the dilemma of how to deal with improvidence from the point of view of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal . The Grasshopper 's irresponsibility is underlined by his song `` The World Owes us a Living '' , which later that year became a Shirley Temple hit , rewritten to encase the story of the earlier cartoon . In the end the ants take pity on the grasshopper on certain conditions . The Queen of the Ants decrees that the grasshopper may stay , but he must play his fiddle in return for his room and board . He agrees to this arrangement , finally learning that he needs to make himself useful , and ' changes his tune ' to Oh I owe the world a living ... You ants were right the time you said You 've got to work for all you get . In recent times , the fable has again been put to political use by both sides in the social debate between the enterprise culture and those who consider the advantaged have a responsibility towards the disadvantaged . A modern satirical version of the story , originally written in 1994 , has the grasshopper calling a press conference at the beginning of the winter to complain about socio - economic inequity , and being given the ant 's house . This version was written by Pittsburgh talk show guru Jim Quinn as an attack on the Clinton administration 's social programme in the USA . In 2008 Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin also updated the story to satirize the policies of ' Barack Cicada ' . There have been adaptations into other languages as well . But the commentary at the end of an Indian reworking explains such social conflict as the result of selective media presentation that exploits envy and fear . The fable is equally pressed into service in the debate over the artist 's place within the work ethic . In Marie de France 's mediaeval version the grasshopper had pleaded that its work was ' to sing and bring pleasure to all creatures , but I find none who will now return the same to me . ' The ant 's reply is thoroughly materialistic , however : ' Why should I give food to thee / When you can not give aid to me ? ' At the end of the 15th century , Laurentius Abstemius makes a utilitarian point using different insects in his similar fable of the gnat and the bee . The gnat applies to the bee for food and shelter in winter and offers to teach her children music in return . The bee 's reply is that she prefers to teach the children a useful trade that will preserve them from hunger and cold . The fable of `` A Gnat and a Bee '' was later to be included by Thomas Bewick in his 1818 edition of Aesop 's Fables . The conclusion he draws there is that ' The many unhappy people whom we see daily singing up and down in order to divert other people , though with very heavy hearts of their own , should warn all those who have the education of children how necessary it is to bring them up to industry and business , be their present prospects ever so hopeful . ' The arts are no more highly regarded by the French revolutionary Pierre - Louis Ginguené whose `` New Fables '' ( 1810 ) include `` The Grasshopper and the Other Insects '' . There the Grasshopper exhorts the others to follow his example of tireless artistic activity and is answered that the only justification for poetry can be if it is socially useful . Such utilitarianism was soon to be challenged by Romanticism and its championship of the artist has coloured later attitudes . In the early decades of the 20th century , the Romanian poet George Topîrceanu was to make the case for pure artistic creation in `` The ballad of a small grasshopper '' ( Balada unui greier mic ) , although more in the telling than by outright moralising . A cricket passes the summer in singing ; autumn arrives , but he continues . It is only in icy winter that the cricket realizes that he has n't provided for himself . He goes to his neighbour , the ant , to ask for something to eat , but the ant refuses saying , `` You wasted your time all summer long . '' The English folk - singer and children 's writer Leon Rosselson subtly turns the tables in much the same way in his 1970s song The Ant and the Grasshopper , using the story to rebuke the self - righteous ant ( and those humans with his mindset ) for letting his fellow creatures die of want and for his blindness to the joy of life . In the field of children 's literature , Slade and Toni Morrison 's rap retelling of the fable , Who 's Got Game ? : The Ant or the Grasshopper ? ( 2003 ) , where the grasshopper represents the artisan , provokes a discussion about the importance of art . An earlier improvisation on the story that involves art and its value was written by the Silesian artist Janosch under the title `` Die Fiedelgrille und der Maulwurf '' ( The fiddling cricket and the mole ) , originally published in 1982 and in English translation in 1983 . There the cricket fiddles for the entertainment of the animals all summer but is rejected by the stag beetle and the mouse when winter comes . She eventually encounters the mole who loves her music , especially because he is blind . and invites her to stay with him . The theme had been treated at an even further distance in Leo Lionni 's Frederick ( 1967 ) . Here a fieldmouse , in a community narrowly focused on efficiently gathering for the winter , concentrates instead on gathering impressions . When the other mice question the usefulness of this , Frederick insists that ' gathering sun rays for the cold dark winter days ' is also work . Indeed , the community comes to recognise this after the food has run out and morale is low , when it is Frederick 's poetry that raises spirits . See also ( edit ) Novels portal The Little Red Hen , a folk tale with a similar moral References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ben Edwin Perry ( 1965 ) . Babrius and Phaedrus . Loeb Classical Library . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . pp. 487 , no . 373 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99480 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brewer 's Concise Dictionary of Phrase and Fable , London reprint 1992 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Francisco Rodríguez Adrados , History of the Graeco - Latin fable III , Leiden NL 2003 , p. 146 Jump up ^ `` Aesopica website '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Poésie Morale , Paris 1832 , pp. 191 - 2 Jump up ^ Fable 7 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 88 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 145 '' . Uni-mannheim.de . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Jean de La Fontaine . `` Original text and translation '' . Bewilderingstories.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Andrew Calder , The Fables of La Fontaine : Wisdom Brought Down to Earth , Geneva CH 2001 , pp. 18 - 24 Jump up ^ `` Zeus and the Ant '' , `` Mythfolklore.net '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable LXXXIII , available online . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable 188 '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` IMENT.com '' . IMENT.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ View on Flickr Jump up ^ Art Value Jump up ^ Available on Flickr Jump up ^ Česky . `` WikiGallery '' . WikiGallery . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Gauguin : The Grasshoppers and the Ants : A Souvenir of Martinique , from the Volpini Suite : Dessins lithographiques ( 22.82. 2 - 4 ) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2013 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Creighton University '' . Creighton.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Hood Museum of Art , Hanover NH ; view online Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Colnect.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Les Amours Jaunes ( Paris 1873 ) , text on the French Classics site . Jump up ^ The text is version 4 on this teaching resources site Jump up ^ Fables de Jean Anouilh , Paris , 1962 . The text is on this Online Academy teaching document , pp. 30 - 2 Jump up ^ Le Petit Perret des Fables , Paris , 1990 . Le Dictionnaire Argot Française Jump up ^ Le Canard Enchaîné 1995 . The text is on pp. 35 - 6 of the Online Academy teaching document Jump up ^ La Fourmi et la Cigale , Paris 2010 . The text is on the Académie D'Aix Marseille site Jump up ^ `` L'univers des fables , La cigale , le tabac et la fourmi '' . Itereva.pf . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Maugham , Somerset : Collected Short Stories Vol 1 , story 5 Jump up ^ IMDB Jump up ^ III. 1 , pp. 414 - 19 , Finwake.com Jump up ^ The score appears in John Metz , The Fables of La Fontaine : A Critical Edition of the Eighteenth - Century , Pendragon Press 1986 , p. 43 Jump up ^ performance Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Jean de La Fontaine - FRLT1800 's Album - WRETCH '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Performance at '' . Wretch.cc . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ A performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Online Wretch.cc performance Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Musimem Jump up ^ The choir enters at 3.05 in this performance on YouTube Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ The music can be heard on YouTube Jump up ^ Arte TV archives Jump up ^ Margaret Ross Griffel , Operas in English : A Dictionary , Plymouth UK 2013 , p. 22 Jump up ^ The Russian original and an English translation by Lydia Razran Stone appear in The Frogs who begged for a Tsar ( Russian Information Services USA , 2010 ) , available online Jump up ^ `` A commentary and short excerpt '' . Exhaustiveshostakovich.wordpress.com. 2010 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ Available on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The score '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The score is available on the Rochester University site Jump up ^ Aesop Project - VIII . The Fox & the Grapes - Lefteris Kordis Octet on YouTube Jump up ^ `` View online '' . Dailymotion.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ An English translation is available at Gutenberg Jump up ^ Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ Temple sang the song in the film Now and Forever . Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Lyricsdownload.com '' . Lyricsdownload.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Warroom.com '' . Warroom.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Michelle ( 2008 - 09 - 26 ) . `` Michellemalkin.com '' . Michellemalkin.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Devang Vibhakar ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) . `` The ant and the grasshopper story - Indian Version '' . Speakbindas.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ The original and its translation appears at Web.kyoto-inet.or.jp Jump up ^ `` Hecatomythium , fable 94 '' . Aesopus.pbworks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Fable XVI '' . Mythfolklore.net . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ Fable XXVI , p. 139 - 40 , French text at Google Books Jump up ^ There are modern musical interpretations , including one by singer on YouTube Mihai Constantinescu and a hip hop version on YouTube Jump up ^ `` text '' . Sniff.numachi.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ ISBN 978 - 3257007091 Jump up ^ There is a German language animation Available on on YouTube Jump up ^ There is a reading and animation of the story available on on YouTube External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Ants and the Grasshopper `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' . Prints & Books . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 03 . `` The Ant and the Grasshopper '' , 15th - 20th century book illustrations `` The Grasshopper and the Ants '' , 15th - 20th century book and manuscript illustrations Aesop Aesop 's Fables The Ant and the Grasshopper The Ass and his Masters The Ass and the Pig The Ass Carrying an Image The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Astrologer who Fell into a Well The Bear and the Travelers The Belly and the Members The Bird - catcher and the Blackbird The Bird in Borrowed Feathers The Boy Who Cried Wolf The Cat and the Mice The Cock and the Jewel The Cock , the Dog and the Fox The Crow and the Pitcher The Crow and the Snake The Deer without a Heart The Dog and Its Reflection The Dog and the Wolf The Dove and the Ant The Farmer and the Stork The Farmer and the Viper The Fir and the Bramble The Fisherman and the Little Fish The Fowler and the Snake The Fox and the Crow The Fox and the Grapes The Fox and the Mask The Fox and the Sick Lion The Fox and the Stork The Fox and the Weasel The Fox and the Woodman The Frog and the Ox The Frogs Who Desired a King The Goat and the Vine The Goose That Laid the Golden Eggs The Honest Woodcutter The Horse and the Donkey The Lion and the Fox The Lion and the Mouse The Lion , the Bear and the Fox The Man with two Mistresses The Mischievous Dog The Miser and his Gold The Mountain in Labour The Mouse and the Oyster The North Wind and the Sun The Oak and the Reed The Old Man and Death The Old Woman and the Doctor The Rose and the Amaranth The Satyr and the Traveller The Sick Kite The Snake and the Crab The Snake in the Thorn Bush The Tortoise and the Hare Town Mouse and Country Mouse The Travellers and the Plane Tree The Trees and the Bramble The Two Pots The Walnut Tree Washing the Ethiopian white The Wolf and the Crane The Wolf and the Lamb The Woodcutter and the Trees The Young Man and the Swallow Apocryphal An ass eating thistles The Bear and the Gardener Belling the cat ( also known as The Mice in Council ) The Blindman and the Lame The Boy and the Filberts Chanticleer and the Fox The Dog in the Manger The drowned woman and her husband The Elm and the Vine The Fox and the Cat The Gourd and the Palm - tree The Hawk and the Nightingale Jumping from the frying pan into the fire The milkmaid and her pail The miller , his son and the donkey The Monkey and the Cat The Priest and the Wolf The Scorpion and the Frog The Shepherd and the Lion Still waters run deep The Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing Related Jataka tales Panchatantra Perry Index The labyrinth of Versailles The Lion 's Share Aesop 's Fables ( album ) Screen adaptations Aesop 's Film Fables The Grasshopper and the Ants Print adaptations Ysopet The Morall Fabillis of Esope the Phrygian `` The Cock and the Jasp '' `` The Taill of how this forsaid Tod maid his Confessioun to Freir Wolf Waitskaith '' `` The Taill of Schir Chanticleir and the Foxe '' `` The Taill of the Uponlandis Mous and the Burges Mous '' La Fontaine 's Fables Translators Demetrius of Phalerum Phaedrus Babrius Avianus Dositheus Magister Alexander Neckam Adémar de Chabannes Odo of Cheriton John Lydgate Kawanabe Kyōsai Laurentius Abstemius Roger L'Estrange Gabriele Faerno Hieronymus Osius Marie de France Robert Henryson Jean de La Fontaine Ivan Krylov Nicolas Trigault Zhang Geng Robert Thom Zhou Zuoren portal : Novels The Ant and the Grasshopper from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) Porky 's Bear Facts ( 1941 ) Encore ( 1951 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Literature The Grasshopper & the Ants ( 2015 ) Music Cigale The Grasshoppers TV Warm and Cozy Related Symphony No. 1 ( Shostakovich ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ant_and_the_Grasshopper&oldid=799240285 '' Categories : Aesop 's Fables Fables by Laurentius Abstemius La Fontaine 's Fables Insects in fiction Fictional ants Fictional grasshoppers Literary duos Hidden categories : Interlanguage link template existing link Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Asturianu Català Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Српски / srpski Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 14 : 27 . 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what is the moral of the ant and the grasshopper

The story has been used to teach the virtues of hard work and the perils of improvidence . Some versions state a moral at the end along the lines of `` Idleness brings want '' , `` To work today is to eat tomorrow '' , `` Beware of winter before it comes '' . In La Fontaine 's Fables no final judgment is made , although it has been argued that the author is there making sly fun of his own notoriously improvident ways . But the point of view in most retellings of the fable is supportive of the ant . It is also influenced by the commendation in the biblical Book of Proverbs , which mentions the ant twice . The first proverb admonishes , `` Go to the ant , you sluggard ! Consider her ways and be wise , which having no captain , overseer or ruler , provides her supplies in the summer , and gathers her food in the harvest '' ( 6.6 - 9 ) . Later , in a parallel saying of Agur , the insects figure among the ' four things that are little upon the earth but they are exceeding wise . The ants are a people not strong , yet they provide their food in the summer . ' ( 30.24 - 5 )

Common raven - wikipedia Common raven A large , black , passerine bird of the Northern Hemisphere `` Corvus corax '' redirects here . For the German band , see Corvus Corax ( band ) . For the butterfly called `` common raven '' , see Papilio castor . Common raven Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Passeriformes Family : Corvidae Genus : Corvus Species : C. corax Binomial name Corvus corax Linnaeus , 1758 Subspecies 8 -- 11 , see Classification Common raven range The common raven ( Corvus corax ) , also known as the northern raven , is a large all - black passerine bird . Found across the Northern Hemisphere , it is the most widely distributed of all corvids . There are at least eight subspecies with little variation in appearance , although recent research has demonstrated significant genetic differences among populations from various regions . It is one of the two largest corvids , alongside the thick - billed raven , and is possibly the heaviest passerine bird ; at maturity , the common raven averages 63 centimetres ( 25 inches ) in length and 1.2 kilograms ( 2.6 pounds ) in mass . Common ravens can live up to 21 years in the wild , a lifespan surpassed among passerines by only a few Australasian species such as the satin bowerbird and probably the lyrebirds . Young birds may travel in flocks but later mate for life , with each mated pair defending a territory . Common ravens have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and in some areas have been so numerous that people have regarded them as pests . Part of their success as a species is due to their omnivorous diet ; they are extremely versatile and opportunistic in finding sources of nutrition , feeding on carrion , insects , cereal grains , berries , fruit , small animals , and food waste . Some notable feats of problem - solving provide evidence that the common raven is unusually intelligent . Over the centuries , it has been the subject of mythology , folklore , art , and literature . In many cultures , including the indigenous cultures of Scandinavia , ancient Ireland and Wales , Bhutan , the northwest coast of North America , and Siberia and northeast Asia , the common raven has been revered as a spiritual figure or godlike creature . Contents 1 Taxonomy 1.1 Classification 1.2 Evolutionary history 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour 4.1 Predation 4.2 Breeding 4.3 Feeding 4.4 Intelligence 4.5 Play 5 Relationship with humans 5.1 Conservation and management 5.2 Cultural depictions 5.2. 1 Mythology 6 References 6.1 Cited texts 7 Further reading 8 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The common raven was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work , Systema Naturae , and it still bears its original name of Corvus corax . It is the type species of the genus Corvus , derived from the Latin word for `` raven '' . The specific epithet , corax / κοραξ , is the Ancient Greek word for `` raven '' or `` crow '' . The modern English word raven has cognates in all other Germanic languages , including Old Norse ( and subsequently modern Icelandic ) hrafn and Old High German ( h ) raban , all which descend from Proto - Germanic * khrabanas . An old Scottish word corby or corbie , akin to the French corbeau , has been used for both this bird and the carrion crow . Obsolete collective nouns for a group of ravens ( or at least the common raven ) include `` unkindness '' and `` conspiracy '' . In practice , most English - speakers use the more generic `` flock '' . Classification ( edit ) The closest relatives of the common raven are the brown - necked raven ( C. ruficollis ) , the pied crow ( C. albus ) of Africa , and the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) of the North American southwest . While some authorities have recognized as many as 11 subspecies , others recognize only eight : Subspecies Image Distribution Notes C. c. corax From Europe eastwards to Lake Baikal , south to the Caucasus region and northern Iran It has a relatively short , arched bill . The population in southwestern Europe ( including the Balearic Islands , Corsica and Sardinia ) has an even more arched bill and shorter wings than `` typical '' nominate , leading some authorities to recognize it as a separate subspecies , C. c. hispanus . C. c. varius Iceland and the Faroe Islands It is less glossy than C. c. principalis or nominate corax , is intermediate in size , and the bases of its neck feathers are whitish ( not visible at a distance ) . An extinct white and black color morph found only on the Faroes is known as the pied raven . C. c. subcorax From Greece eastwards to northwestern India , Central Asia and western China , though not the Himalayan region It is larger than the nominate form , but has relatively short throat feathers ( hackles ) . Its plumage is generally all black , though its neck and breast have a brownish tone similar to that of the brown - necked raven ; this is more evident when the plumage is worn . The bases of its neck feathers , although somewhat variable in colour , are often almost whitish . The name C. c. laurencei ( also spelt lawrencii or laurencii ) is sometimes used instead of C. c. subcorax . It is based on the population from Sindh described by Hume in 1873 and is sometimes preferred since the type specimen of subcorax collected by Nikolai Severtzov is possibly a brown - necked raven . The population restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India is sometimes known as the Punjab raven . C. c. tingitanus North Africa and the Canary Islands It is the smallest subspecies , with the shortest throat hackles and a distinctly oily plumage gloss . Its bill is short but markedly stout , and the culmen is strongly arched . Canary Islands ravens are browner than the North African ravens , leading some authorities to treat them as separate subspecies , with the latter maintaining the name C. c. tingitanus and the former known as C. c. canariensis . C. c. tibetanus Himalayas It is the largest and glossiest subspecies , with the longest throat hackles . Its bill is large but less imposing than that of C. c. principalis , and the bases of its neck feathers are grey . C. c. kamtschaticus Northeastern Asia Intergrades into the nominate subspecies in the Baikal region . It is intermediate in size between C. c. principalis and C. c. corax and has a distinctly larger and thicker bill than does the nominate race . C. c. principalis , the northern raven Northern North America and Greenland It has a large body and the largest bill , its plumage is strongly glossed , and its throat hackles are well developed . C. c. sinuatus , the western raven South - central North America and Central America It is smaller , with a smaller and narrower bill than C. c. principalis . Populations in far southwestern USA and northwestern Mexico ( including the Revillagigedo Islands ) are the smallest in North America . They are sometimes included in C. c. sinuatus , while other authorities recognize them as a distinct subspecies , C. c. clarionensis , the southwestern raven . Evolutionary history ( edit ) The common raven evolved in the Old World and crossed the Bering land bridge into North America . Recent genetic studies , which examined the DNA of common ravens from across the world , have determined that the birds fall into at least two clades : a California clade , found only in the southwestern United States , and a Holarctic clade , found across the rest of the Northern Hemisphere . Birds from both clades look alike , but the groups are genetically distinct and began to diverge about two million years ago . The findings indicate that based on mitochondrial DNA , common ravens from the rest of the United States are more closely related to those in Europe and Asia than to those in the California clade , and that common ravens in the California clade are more closely related to the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) than to those in the Holarctic clade . Ravens in the Holarctic clade are more closely related to the pied crow ( C. albus ) than they are to the California clade . Thus , the common raven species as traditionally delimited is considered to be paraphyletic . One explanation for these genetic findings is that common ravens settled in California at least two million years ago and became separated from their relatives in Europe and Asia during an ice age . One million years ago , a group from the California clade evolved into a new species , the Chihuahuan raven . Other members of the Holarctic clade arrived later in a separate migration from Asia , perhaps at the same time as humans . A 2011 study suggested that there are no restrictions on gene flow between the Californian and Holarctic common raven groups , and that the lineages can remerge , effectively reversing a potential speciation . A recent study of raven mitochondrial DNA showed that the isolated population from the Canary Islands is distinct from other populations . The study did not include any individuals from the North African population , and its position is therefore unclear , though its morphology is very close to the population of the Canaries ( to the extent that the two are often considered part of a single subspecies ) . Description ( edit ) For physiology , see Common raven physiology . In sunlight , the plumage can display a blue or purple sheen which is a result of iridescence . A mature common raven ranges between 54 and 67 cm ( 21 '' and 26 `` ) long , with a wingspan of 115 to 150 cm ( 45 -- 51 '' ) . Recorded weights range from 0.69 to 2 kg ( 1.5 to 4.4 lb ) , thus making the common raven one of the heaviest passerines . Birds from colder regions such as the Himalayas and Greenland are generally larger with slightly larger bills , while those from warmer regions are smaller with proportionally smaller bills . Representative of the size variation in the species , ravens from California weighed an average of 784 g ( 1.728 lb ) , those from Alaska weighed an average of 1,135 g ( 2.502 lb ) and those from Nova Scotia weighed an average of 1,230 g ( 2.71 lb ) . The bill is large and slightly curved , with a culmen length of 5.7 to 8.5 cm ( 2.2 to 3.3 in ) , easily one of the largest bills amongst passerines ( perhaps only the thick - billed raven has a noticeably larger bill ) . It has a longish , strongly graduated tail , at 20 to 26.3 cm ( 7.9 to 10.4 in ) , and mostly black iridescent plumage , and a dark brown iris . The throat feathers are elongated and pointed and the bases of the neck feathers are pale brownish - grey . The legs and feet are good - sized , with a tarsus length of 6 to 7.2 cm ( 2.4 to 2.8 in ) . Juvenile plumage is similar but duller with a blue - grey iris . Apart from its greater size , the common raven differs from its cousins , the crows , by having a larger and heavier black beak , shaggy feathers around the throat and above the beak , and a wedge - shaped tail . Flying ravens are distinguished from crows by their tail shape , larger wing area , and more stable soaring style , which generally involves less wing flapping . Despite their bulk , ravens are easily as agile in flight as their smaller cousins . In flight the feathers produce a creaking sound that has been likened to the rustle of silk . The voice of ravens is also quite distinct , its usual call being a deep croak of a much more sonorous quality than a crow 's call . In North America , the Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) is fairly similar to the relatively small common ravens of the American southwest and is best distinguished by the still relatively smaller size of its bill , beard and body and relatively longer tail . All - black carrion crow ( C. corone ) in Europe may suggest a raven due to their largish bill but are still distinctly smaller and have the wing and tail shapes typical of crows . In the Faroe Islands , a now extinct colour - morph of this species existed , known as the pied raven . White ravens are occasionally found in the wild . Birds in British Columbia lack the pink eyes of an albino , and are instead leucistic , a condition where an animal lacks any of several different types of pigment , not simply melanin . Play media Vocalising Common ravens have a wide range of vocalizations which are of interest to ornithologists . Gwinner carried out important studies in the early 1960s , recording and photographing his findings in great detail . Fifteen to 30 categories of vocalization have been recorded for this species , most of which are used for social interaction . Calls recorded include alarm calls , chase calls , and flight calls . The species has a distinctive , deep , resonant prruk - prruk - prruk call , which to experienced listeners is unlike that of any other corvid . Its very wide and complex vocabulary includes a high , knocking toc - toc - toc , a dry , grating kraa , a low guttural rattle and some calls of an almost musical nature . Like other corvids , ravens can mimic sounds from their environment , including human speech . Non-vocal sounds produced by the common raven include wing whistles and bill snapping . Clapping or clicking has been observed more often in females than in males . If a member of a pair is lost , its mate reproduces the calls of its lost partner to encourage its return . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Two juveniles in Iceland Common ravens can thrive in varied climates ; indeed this species has the largest range of any member of the genus , and one of the largest of any passerine . They range throughout the Holarctic from Arctic and temperate habitats in North America and Eurasia to the deserts of North Africa , and to islands in the Pacific Ocean . In the British Isles , they are more common in Scotland , Wales , northern England and the west of Ireland . In Tibet , they have been recorded at altitudes up to 5,000 m ( 16,400 ft ) , and as high as 6,350 m ( 20,600 ft ) on Mount Everest . The population sometimes known as the Punjab raven -- described as Corvus corax laurencei ( also spelt lawrencii or laurencii ) by Allan Octavian Hume but more often considered synonymous with subcorax -- is restricted to the Sindh district of Pakistan and adjoining regions of northwestern India . They are generally resident within their range for the whole year . In his 1950 work , Grønlands Fugle ( Birds of Greenland ) , noted ornithologist Finn Salomonsen indicated that common ravens did not overwinter in the Arctic . However , in Arctic Canada and Alaska , they are found year - round . Young birds may disperse locally . Most common ravens prefer wooded areas with large expanses of open land nearby , or coastal regions for their nesting sites and feeding grounds . In some areas of dense human population , such as California in the United States , they take advantage of a plentiful food supply and have seen a surge in their numbers . On coasts , individuals of this species are often evenly distributed and prefer to build their nest sites along sea cliffs . Common ravens are often located in coastal regions because these areas provide easy access to water and a variety of food sources . Also , coastal regions have stable weather patterns without extreme cold or hot temperatures . In general , common ravens live in a wide array of environments but prefer heavily contoured landscapes . When the environment changes in vast degrees , these birds will respond with a stress response . The hormone known as corticosterone is activated by the hypothalamic -- pituitary -- adrenal axis . Corticosterone is activated when the bird is exposed to stress , such as migrating great distances . Behaviour ( edit ) Group of ravens gathered around dead member Common ravens usually travel in mated pairs , although young birds may form flocks . Relationships between common ravens are often quarrelsome , yet they demonstrate considerable devotion to their families . Predation ( edit ) Owing to its size , gregariousness and its defensive abilities , the common raven has few natural predators . Predators of its eggs include owls , martens , and sometimes eagles . Ravens are quite vigorous at defending their young and are usually successful at driving off perceived threats . They attack potential predators by flying at them and lunging with their large bills . Humans are occasionally attacked if they get close to a raven nest , though serious injuries are unlikely . There are a few records of predation by large birds of prey . Their attackers in America have reportedly included great horned owls , northern goshawks , bald eagles , golden eagles and red - tailed hawks , it is possible that the two hawks only have attacked young ravens , as had a peregrine falcon who in one instance swooped at a newly fledged raven but was successfully chased off by the parent ravens . In Eurasia , their reported predators include , in addition to golden eagles , Eurasian eagle - owls , white - tailed eagles , Steller 's sea - eagles , eastern imperial eagles and gyrfalcons . Because they are potentially hazardous prey for raptorial birds , raptors must usually take them by surprise and most attacks are on fledgling ravens . More rarely still , large mammalian predators such as lynxes , coyotes and cougars have also attacked ravens . This principally occurs at a nest site and when other prey for the carnivores are scarce . Ravens are highly wary around novel carrion sites and , in North America , have been recorded waiting for the presence of American crows and blue jays before approaching to eat . Breeding ( edit ) Young on a nest -- Hvítserkur , Iceland Eggs of Corvus corax Juveniles begin to court at a very early age , but may not bond for another two or three years . Aerial acrobatics , demonstrations of intelligence , and ability to provide food are key behaviors of courting . Once paired , they tend to nest together for life , usually in the same location . Instances of non-monogamy have been observed in common ravens , by males visiting a female 's nest when her mate is away . Breeding pairs must have a territory of their own before they begin nest - building and reproduction , and thus aggressively defend a territory and its food resources . Nesting territories vary in size according to the density of food resources in the area . The nest is a deep bowl made of large sticks and twigs , bound with an inner layer of roots , mud , and bark and lined with a softer material , such as deer fur . The nest is usually placed in a large tree or on a cliff ledge , or less frequently in old buildings or utility poles . Females lay between three and seven pale bluish - green , brown - blotched eggs . Incubation is about 18 to 21 days , by the female only . However , the male may stand or crouch over the young , sheltering but not actually brooding them . Young fledge at 35 to 42 days , and are fed by both parents . They stay with their parents for another six months after fledging . In most of their range , egg laying begins in late February . In colder climates , it is later , e.g. April in Greenland and Tibet . In Pakistan , egg - laying takes place in December . Eggs and hatchlings are preyed on , rarely , by large hawks and eagles , large owls , martens and canids . The adults , which are very rarely preyed upon , are often successful in defending their young from these predators , due to their numbers , large size and cunning . They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests . Common ravens can be very long - lived , especially in captive or protected conditions ; individuals at the Tower of London have lived for more than 40 years . Lifespans in the wild are considerably shorter at typically 10 to 15 years . The longest known lifespan of a banded wild common raven was 23 years , 3 months . Feeding ( edit ) Feeding Common ravens are omnivorous and highly opportunistic : their diet may vary widely with location , season and serendipity . For example , those foraging on tundra on the Arctic North Slope of Alaska obtained about half their energy needs from predation , mainly of microtine rodents , and half by scavenging , mainly of caribou and ptarmigan carcasses . In some places they are mainly scavengers , feeding on carrion as well as the associated maggots and carrion beetles . With large - bodied carrion , which they are not equipped to tear through as well as birds such as hook - billed vultures , they must wait for the prey to be torn open by another predator or flayed by other means . Plant food includes cereal grains , berries and fruit . They prey on small invertebrates , amphibians , reptiles , small mammals and birds . Ravens may also consume the undigested portions of animal feces , and human food waste . They store surplus food items , especially those containing fat , and will learn to hide such food out of the sight of other common ravens . Ravens also raid the food caches of other species , such as the Arctic fox . They sometimes associate with another canine , the grey wolf , as a kleptoparasite , following to scavenge wolf - kills in winter . Ravens are regular predators at bird nests , brazenly picking off eggs , nestlings and sometimes adult birds when they spot an opportunity . They are considered perhaps the primary natural threat to the nesting success of the critically endangered California condor , since they readily take condor eggs and are very common in the areas where the species is being re-introduced . Flock feeding at a garbage dump Common ravens nesting near sources of human garbage included a higher percentage of food waste in their diet , birds nesting near roads consumed more road - killed vertebrates , and those nesting far from these sources of food ate more arthropods and plant material . Fledging success was higher for those using human garbage as a food source . In contrast , a 1984 -- 1986 study of common raven diet in an agricultural region of south - western Idaho found that cereal grains were the principal constituent of pellets , though small mammals , grasshoppers , cattle carrion and birds were also eaten . One behavior is recruitment , where juvenile ravens call other ravens to a food bonanza , usually a carcass , with a series of loud yells . In Ravens in Winter , Bernd Heinrich posited that this behavior evolved to allow the juveniles to outnumber the resident adults , thus allowing them to feed on the carcass without being chased away . A more mundane explanation is that individuals co-operate in sharing information about carcasses of large mammals because they are too big for just a few birds to exploit . Experiments with baits however show that such recruitment behaviour is independent of the size of the bait . Furthermore , there has been research suggesting that the common raven is involved in seed dispersal . In the wild , the common raven chooses the best habitat and disperses seeds in locations best suited for its survival . Intelligence ( edit ) See also : Bird intelligence and Corvidae § Intelligence Crows , ravens , magpies , and jays are not just feathered machines , rigidly programmed by their genetics . Instead , they are beings that , within the constraints of their molecular inheritance , make complex decisions and show every sign of enjoying a rich awareness . -- Candace Savage The brains of common ravens count among the largest of any bird species . Specifically , their hyperpallium is large , for a bird . They display ability in problem - solving , as well as other cognitive processes such as imitation and insight . Dilapidated NIKE Missile radar dome in Alaska with an evening roost Linguist Derek Bickerton , building on the work of biologist Bernd Heinrich , has argued that ravens are one of only four known animals ( the others being bees , ants , and humans ) who have demonstrated displacement , the capacity to communicate about objects or events that are distant in space or time from the communication . Young , unmated common ravens roost together at night , but usually forage alone during the day . However , when one discovers a large carcass guarded by a pair of adult ravens , the unmated raven will return to the roost and communicate the find . The following day , a flock of unmated ravens will fly to the carcass and chase off the adults . Bickerton argues that the advent of linguistic displacement was perhaps the most important event in the evolution of human language , and that ravens are the only other vertebrate to share this with humans . One experiment designed to evaluate insight and problem - solving ability involved a piece of meat attached to a string hanging from a perch . To reach the food , the bird needed to stand on the perch , pull the string up a little at a time , and step on the loops to gradually shorten the string . Four of five common ravens eventually succeeded , and `` the transition from no success ( ignoring the food or merely yanking at the string ) to constant reliable access ( pulling up the meat ) occurred with no demonstrable trial - and - error learning . '' This supports the hypothesis that common ravens are ' inventors ' , implying that they can solve problems . Many of the feats of common ravens were formerly argued to be stereotyped innate behaviour , but it now has been established that their aptitudes for solving problems individually and learning from each other reflect a flexible capacity for intelligent insight unusual among non-human animals . Another experiment proved that some could deceive intentionally at least to other common ravens . Common ravens have been observed calling wolves to the site of dead animals . The wolves open the carcass , leaving the scraps more accessible to the birds . They watch where other common ravens bury their food and remember the locations of each other 's food caches , so they can steal from them . This type of theft occurs so regularly that common ravens will fly extra distances from a food source to find better hiding places for food . They have also been observed pretending to make a cache without actually depositing the food , presumably to confuse onlookers . Common ravens are known to steal and cache shiny objects such as pebbles , pieces of metal , and golf balls . One theory is that they hoard shiny objects to impress other ravens . Other research indicates that juveniles are deeply curious about all new things , and that common ravens retain an attraction to bright , round objects based on their similarity to bird eggs . Mature birds lose their intense interest in the unusual , and become highly neophobic . Play ( edit ) There has been increasing recognition of the extent to which birds engage in play . Juvenile common ravens are among the most playful of bird species . They have been observed to slide down snowbanks , apparently purely for fun . They even engage in games with other species , such as playing catch - me - if - you - can with wolves , otters and dogs . Common ravens are known for spectacular aerobatic displays , such as flying in loops or interlocking talons with each other in flight . They are also one of only a few wild animals who make their own toys . They have been observed breaking off twigs to play with socially . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Conservation and Management ( edit ) Compared to many smaller Corvus species ( such as American crow ) , ravens prefer undisturbed montane or forest habitat or rural areas over urban areas . In other areas , their numbers have increased dramatically and they have become agricultural pests . Common ravens can cause damage to crops , such as nuts and grain , or can harm livestock , particularly by killing young goat kids , lambs and calves . Ravens generally attack the faces of young livestock , but the more common raven behaviour of scavenging may be misidentified as predation by ranchers . In the western Mojave Desert , human settlement and land development have led to an estimated 16-fold increase in the common raven population over 25 years . Towns , landfills , sewage treatment plants and artificial ponds create sources of food and water for scavenging birds . Ravens also find nesting sites in utility poles and ornamental trees , and are attracted to roadkill on highways . The explosion in the common raven population in the Mojave has raised concerns for the desert tortoise , a threatened species . Common ravens prey upon juvenile tortoises , which have soft shells and move slowly . Plans to control the population have included shooting and trapping birds , as well as contacting landfill operators to ask that they reduce the amount of exposed garbage . A hunting bounty as a method of control was historically used in Finland from the mid-18th century until 1923 . Culling has taken place to a limited extent in Alaska , where the population increase in common ravens is threatening the vulnerable Steller 's eider ( Polysticta stelleri ) . Cultural depictions ( edit ) Bill Reid 's sculpture The Raven and The First Men , showing part of a Haida creation myth . Museum of Anthropology , University of British Columbia . See also : Cultural depictions of ravens Across its range in the Northern Hemisphere , and throughout human history , the common raven has been a powerful symbol and a popular subject of mythology and folklore . In some Western traditions , ravens have long been considered to be birds of ill omen , death and evil in general , in part because of the negative symbolism of their all - black plumage and the eating of carrion . In Sweden , ravens are known as the ghosts of murdered people , and in Germany as the souls of the damned . In Danish folklore , valravne that ate a king 's heart gained human knowledge , could perform great malicious acts , could lead people astray , had superhuman powers , and were `` terrible animals '' . As in traditional mythology and folklore , the common raven features frequently in more modern writings such as the works of William Shakespeare , and , perhaps most famously , in the poem `` The Raven '' by Edgar Allan Poe . Ravens have appeared in the works of Charles Dickens , J.R.R. Tolkien , Stephen King , George R.R. Martin and Joan Aiken among others . It continues to be used as a symbol in areas where it once had mythological status : as the national bird of Bhutan ( Kings of Bhutan wear the Raven Crown ) , official bird of the Yukon territory , and on the coat of arms of the Isle of Man ( once a Viking colony ) . In Persia and Arabia the raven was held as a bird of bad omen but a 14th - century Arabic work reports use of the raven in falconry . The modern unisex given name Raven is derived from the English word `` raven '' . As a masculine name , Raven parallels the Old Norse Hrafn , and Old English * Hræfn , which were both bynames and personal names . Mythology ( edit ) Main article : Raven in mythology A valkyrie speaks with a raven in a 19th - century illustration of the Old Norse poem Hrafnsmál ( `` raven song '' ) by Frederick Sandys In Tlingit and Haida cultures , raven was both a trickster and creator god . Related beliefs are widespread among the peoples of Siberia and northeast Asia . The Kamchatka Peninsula , for example , was supposed to have been created by the raven god Kutkh . There are several references to common ravens in the Old Testament of the Bible and it is an aspect of Mahakala in Bhutanese mythology . In Norse mythology , Huginn ( from the Old Norse for `` thought '' ) and Muninn ( Old Norse for `` memory '' or `` mind '' ) are a pair of ravens that fly all over the world , Midgard , and bring the god Odin information . Additionally among the Norse , raven banner standards were carried by such figures as the Jarls of Orkney , King Cnut the Great of England , Norway and Denmark , and Harald Hardrada . In the British Isles , ravens also were symbolic to the Celts . In Irish mythology , the goddess Morrígan alighted on the hero Cú Chulainn 's shoulder in the form of a raven after his death . In Welsh mythology they were associated with the Welsh god Bran the Blessed , whose name translates to `` raven . '' According to the Mabinogion , Bran 's head was buried in the White Hill of London as a talisman against invasion . A legend developed that England would not fall to a foreign invader as long as there were ravens at the Tower of London ; although this is often thought to be an ancient belief , the official Tower of London historian , Geoff Parnell , believes that this is actually a romantic Victorian invention . In the Jewish , Christian and Islamic traditions , the raven was the first animal to be released from Noah 's Ark . `` So it came to pass , at the end of forty days , that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made . Then he sent out a raven , which kept going to and fro until the waters had dried up from the earth . He also sent out from himself a dove , to see if the waters had receded from the face of the ground . '' The raven is mentioned a dozen times in the Bible . In the New Testament Jesus tells a parable using the raven to show how people should rely on God for their needs and not riches ( Luke 12 : 24 ) . The raven is also mentioned in Quran at the story of Cain and Abel . Adam 's firstborn son Cain kills his brother Abel but he does n't know what to do with the corpse : `` Then Allah sent a raven scratching up the ground , to show him how to hide his brother 's naked corpse . He said : Woe unto me ! Am I not able to be as this raven and so hide my brother 's naked corpse ? And he became repentant . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2012 ) . `` Corvus corax '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2013.2 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . 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ISBN 0 - 304 - 52257 - 0 . Jump up ^ Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ( 1980 ) . A Greek -- English Lexicon ( Abridged Edition ) . United Kingdom : Oxford University Press . p. 387 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 910207 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raven '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Raven '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 144 Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Bird Club . Group Name for Birds : A Partial List '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` University of California Golf Club . List of Collective Nouns '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , pp. 70 -- 72 ^ Jump up to : Marzluff , J.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Common Raven ( Corvus corax ) '' . pp. 638 -- 639 in Handbook of the Birds of the World . Bush - shrikes to Old World Sparrows . del Hoyo , J. , Elliott , A. and Christie , D.A. ( eds . ) . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 50 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Clements , J.F. ( 2007 ) . The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World . 6th edition . Christopher Helm . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 8695 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Rasmussen , PC ; Anderton , JC ( 2005 ) . Birds of South Asia : The Ripley Guide . Volume 2 . Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions . pp. 600 -- 601 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , E.C. ; Dekker , R.W.R.J. ; Eck , S. ; Somadikarta , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Systematic notes on Asian birds . 45 . Types of the Corvidae '' . Zool . Verh . Leiden. 350 : 111 -- 148 . ^ Jump up to : Ali , S ; SD Ripley ( 1986 ) . Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan . 5 ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 261 -- 265 . ^ Jump up to : Eates , KR ( 1939 ) . `` The distribution and nidification of the Indian ( Punjab ) Raven ( Corvus corax laurencei Hume ) in Sind '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 40 ( 4 ) : 747 -- 750 . Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell , p. 86 ^ Jump up to : US Geological Survey . `` California Ravens Are a Breed Apart '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Omland KE ; Tarr CL ; Boarman WI ; Marzluff JM ; Fleischer RC ( 2000 ) . `` Cryptic genetic variation and paraphyly in ravens '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 267 : 2475 -- 82 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2000.1308 . PMC 1690844 . PMID 11197122 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Christopher R. ; Omland , Kevin E. ( March 2005 ) . `` Phylogenetics of the common raven complex ( Corvus : Corvidae ) and the utility of ND4 , COI and intron 7 of the β - fibrinogen gene in avian molecular systematics '' . Zoologica Scripta. 34 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 156 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.2005. 00182. x . Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell , pp. 86 -- 87 Jump up ^ Webb , William C. ; Marzluff , John M. ; Omland , Kevin E. ( 2011 ) . `` Random interbreeding between cryptic lineages of the Common Raven : evidence for speciation in reverse '' . 20 ( 11 ) : 2390 -- 2402 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 2011.05095. x . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Jason M. ; Omland , Kevin E. ( January 2006 ) . `` Canary Island Ravens Corvus corax tingitanus have distinct mtDNA '' . Ibis. 148 ( 1 ) : 174 -- 178 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 2006.00493. x . Jump up ^ Svensson , Lars ; Mullarney , Killian ; Zetterström , Dan ( 2015 ) . Le guide ornitho : le guide le plus complet des oiseaux d'Europe , d'Afrique du Nord et du Moyen - Orient ( The birding guide : The most comprehensive guide of birds from Europe , North Africa and the Middle East ) . French : Éditions Delachaux et Niestlé . Jump up ^ Common Raven . Nature.ca . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Raven . Garden-birds.co.uk ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Common Raven . Geobirds.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Boarman , William I. ; Heinrich , Bernd ( 1999 ) . Poole , A. ; Gill , F. , eds . `` Common Raven ( Corvus corax ) '' . Birds of North America . 476 : 1 -- 32 . doi : 10.2173 / bna. 476 . Jump up ^ Common Raven . Oiseaux-birds.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , pp. 138 -- 139 Jump up ^ Elliot , R.D. ( 1977 ) . `` Hanging behavior in Common Ravens '' . Auk. 94 ( 4 ) : 777 -- 778 . doi : 10.2307 / 4085278 . JSTOR 4085278 . Jump up ^ Schwan , M.W. ; Williams , D.D. ( 1978 ) . `` Temperature regulation in the common raven of interior Alaska '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A. 60 : 31 -- 36 . doi : 10.1016 / 0300 - 9629 ( 78 ) 90033 - 6 . Jump up ^ Linz , G.M. , Knittle , C.E. and Johnson , R.E. ( 1990 ) . Ecology of corvids in the vicinity of the Aliso Creek California Least Tern colony , Camp Pendelton , California . U.S. Dept. of Agric. , North Dakota Field Stn . North Dakota State Univ. , Fargo . Jump up ^ Oberholser , Harry C. ( 1918 ) . `` The Common Ravens of North America '' . The Ohio Journal of Science . 18 ( 6 ) : 213 -- 225 . Jump up ^ Anonymous . ( 2013 ) `` Corvus corax -- Linnaeus , 1758 ( Common Raven ) '' in Deomurari , A.N. ( Compiler ) , 2010 . AVIS - IBIS ( Avian Information System -- Indian BioDiversity Information System ) v. 1.0 . Foundation For Ecological Security , India Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 138 ^ Jump up to : Vere Benson , S. ( 1972 ) . The Observer 's Book of Birds . London : Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7232 - 1513 - 8 . Jump up ^ Boarman , William I. and Heinrich , Bernd ( 1999 ) Common Raven ( Corvus corax ) , The Birds of North America Online ( A. Poole , Ed . ) . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Jump up ^ Droste , Ferdinand Baron von ( 1869 ) . `` Vogelfauna der Färöer ( Färöernes Fuglefauna af Sysselmaand Müller 1862 . ) Aus dem Dänischen übersetzt und mit Anmerkungen versehen . Teil 1 '' . Journal of Ornithology ( in German ) . 17 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 118 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02261546 . Jump up ^ Dearing , Stephanie ( 5 July 2010 ) . `` Another rare white raven born this year on Canadian beach '' . Digital Journal . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Gwinner , E. ( 1964 ) . `` Untersuchungen über das ausdrucks und Sozialverhalten des Kolkraben ( Corvus corax L . ) '' . Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie ( in German ) . 21 ( 6 ) : 657 -- 748 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0310.1964. tb01212. x . Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 142 Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Madge , Steve ( 1999 ) ( 1994 ) . Crows and jays : a guide to the crows , jays and magpies of the world . Helm Identification Guides . London : Christopher Helm . ISBN 0 - 7136 - 3999 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Common Raven '' . Audubon Society of Portland . 2012 . Retrieved 6 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hingston , RWG ( 1927 ) . `` Bird notes from the Mount Everest expedition of 1924 '' . J. Bombay Nat . Hist . Soc. 32 ( 2 ) : 320 -- 329 . Jump up ^ Salomonsen , Finn ( 1950 ) . Grønlands Fugle ( Birds of Greenland ) . Copenhagen : Munksgaard . Jump up ^ `` Common raven ( Corvus corax ) '' . The National Bird Project . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Temple , Stanley . `` Winter Food Habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tulugaq -- Raven '' . Canada 's Arctic . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goodwin , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey . `` Scientists Estimate Risk of Raven Predation on Desert Tortoises in the Western Mojave Desert '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Ewins , P.J. ; Dymond , J.N. ; Marquiss , M. ( 1986 ) . `` The distribution , breeding and diet of Ravens Corvus corax in Shetland '' . Bird Study . 33 ( 2 ) : 110 -- 116 . doi : 10.1080 / 00063658609476906 . Jump up ^ Cockrem , J.F. ( 2007 ) . `` Stress , corticosterone responses and avian personalities '' . Journal of Ornithology. 148 : 169 -- 178 . doi : 10.1007 / s10336 - 007 - 0175 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oregon Zoo Animals : Common Raven '' . Oregon Zoo . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Boal , C.W. ( 1993 ) . Northern goshawk diets in ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona ( Masters of Science Thesis ) . University of Arizona . Jump up ^ Murie , O.J. ( 1940 ) . `` Food habits of the northern Bald Eagle in the Aleutian Islands , Alaska '' . Condor. 42 : 198 -- 202 . doi : 10.2307 / 1363948 . JSTOR 1363948 . Jump up ^ Olendorff , R.R. ( 1976 ) . `` The food habits of North American golden eagles '' . American Midland Naturalist. 95 : 231 -- 236 . doi : 10.2307 / 2424254 . JSTOR 2424254 . Jump up ^ Young , L.S. ; Engel , K.A. ( 1988 ) . Implications of communal roosting by Common Ravens to operation and maintenance of Pacific Power and Light Company 's Malin to Midpoint 500 kV transmission line . Boise , ID : U.S. Dept. of the Interior , Bureau of Land Manage . Jump up ^ Malafosse , J. ( 1985 ) . `` Quelques données sur le Hibou grand - duc ( Bubo bubo ) dans le département de la Lozère de 1978 à 1984 '' ( PDF ) . Le Grand - Duc. 26 : 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Wille , F. & Kampp , K. ( 1983 ) . `` Food of the white - tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla in Greenland '' . Ecography. 6 ( 1 ) : 81 -- 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0587.1983. tb01068. x . Jump up ^ Utekhina , I. ; Potapov , E. & McGrady , M.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Diet of the Steller 's Sea Eagle in the northern Sea of Okhotsk '' . First Symposium on Steller 's and White - tailed Sea Eagles in East Asia . Tokyo , Japan : Wild Bird Society of Japan . pp. 71 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Chavko , J. ; Danko , Š. ; Obuch , J. & Mihók , J. ( 2007 ) . `` The food of the Imperial Eagle ( Aquila heliaca ) in Slovakia '' . Slovak Raptor Journal . 1 : 1 -- 18 . doi : 10.2478 / v10262 - 012 - 0001 - y . Jump up ^ Jenkins , M.A. ( 1978 ) . `` Gyrfalcon nesting behavior from hatching to fledging '' . Auk. 95 : 122 -- 127 . doi : 10.2307 / 4085502 . JSTOR 4085502 . ^ Jump up to : Berg R , Dewey T ( 1999 ) . `` Corvus corax '' . Animal Diversity Web . University of Michigan . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Heinrich , B. ( 1999 ) . Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds pp. 119 -- 120 . New York : Cliff Street Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 Jump up ^ Savage , p. 35 Jump up ^ Gwinner , Eberhard ( April 1965 ) . `` Beobachtungen über Nestbau und Brutpflege des Kolkraben ( Corvus corax L . ) in Gefangenschaft '' . Journal of Ornithology ( in German ) . 106 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 178 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01793758 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , p. 141 Jump up ^ Janes , Stewart W. ( 1976 ) . `` The apparent use of rocks by a raven in nest defense '' ( PDF ) . Condor. 78 ( 3 ) : 409 . doi : 10.2307 / 1367704 . JSTOR 1367704 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` European Longevity Records '' . European Union for Bird Ringing . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Nogales , Manuel ; Hernández , Elizabeth C. ( 1997 ) . `` Diet of Common Ravens on El Hierro , Canary Islands '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Field Ornithology. 68 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 391 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Temple , Stanley A. ( March 1974 ) . `` Winter food habits of Ravens on the Arctic Slope of Alaska '' ( PDF ) . Arctic . 27 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 46 . doi : 10.14430 / arctic2851 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Nelson , A.L. ( January 1934 ) . `` Some early summer food preferences of the American Raven in southeastern Oregon '' ( PDF ) . Condor . Cooper Ornithological Society . 36 ( 1 ) : 10 -- 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 1363515 . JSTOR 1363515 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Gaston , A.J. ; Elliot , R.D. ( 1996 ) . `` Brunnich 's Guillemot '' . Ibis. 138 ( 4 ) : 742 -- 748 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1474 - 919X. 1996. tb08831. x . Jump up ^ Careau , Vincent ; Lecomte , Nicolas ; Giroux , Jean - François ; Berteaux , Dominique ( January 2007 ) . `` Common ravens raid arctic fox food caches '' . Journal of Ethology. 25 ( 1 ) : 79 -- 82 . doi : 10.1007 / s10164 - 006 - 0193 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stahler , Daniel ; Heinrich , Bernd ; Smith , Douglas ( August 2002 ) . `` Common ravens , Corvus corax , preferentially associate with grey wolves , Canis lupus , as a foraging strategy in winter '' . Animal Behaviour. 64 ( 2 ) : 283 -- 290 . doi : 10.1006 / anbe. 2002.3047 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Noel F.R. ; Ramey , Rob R. ; Sibley , Fred C ( 1986 ) . `` Nest - site Biology of the California Condor '' ( PDF ) . The Condor. 88 ( 2 ) : 228 -- 241 . doi : 10.2307 / 1368920 . Jump up ^ Kristan , William B. ; Boarman , William I. ; Crayon , John J. ( March 2004 ) . `` Diet composition of common ravens across the urban - wildland interface of the West Mojave Desert '' ( PDF ) . Wildlife Society Bulletin . 32 ( 1 ) : 244 -- 253 . doi : 10.2193 / 0091 - 7648 ( 2004 ) 32 ( 244 : DCOCRA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Engel , Kathleen A. ; Young , Leonard S. ( May 1989 ) . `` Spatial and temporal patterns in the diet of Common Ravens in southwestern Idaho '' ( PDF ) . Condor . Cooper Ornithological Society . 91 ( 2 ) : 372 -- 378 . doi : 10.2307 / 1368316 . JSTOR 1368316 . Retrieved 2005 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 1989 ) . Ravens in Winter . New York : Summit Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 67809 - 4 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 1988 ) . `` Winter foraging at carcasses by three sympatric corvids , with emphasis on recruitment by the raven , Corvus corax '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 23 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 156 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00300349 . ^ Jump up to : `` PBS Nature : The Bird in Black '' . PBS . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bickerton , Derek ( 2009 ) . Adam 's Tongue . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 2281 - 6 . Jump up ^ Heinrich , Bernd ( 1995 ) . `` An Experimental Investigation of Insight in Common Ravens ( Corvus corax ) '' ( PDF ) . The Auk. 112 ( 4 ) : 994 -- 1003 . doi : 10.2307 / 4089030 . JSTOR 4089030 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Bugnyar , Thomas ; Kotrschal , Kurt ( 2004 ) . `` Leading a conspecific away from food in ravens ( Corvus corax ) ? '' ( PDF ) . Animal Cognition . 7 ( 2 ) : 69 -- 76 . doi : 10.1007 / s10071 - 003 - 0189 - 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Rozell , Ned . `` The Raven 's Game of Hide and Seek '' . Alaska Science Forum . Geophysical Institute , University of Alaska Fairbanks . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell , p. 230 Jump up ^ Marzluff and Angell , p. 232 Jump up ^ Kijne , M. ; Kotrschal , K ( 2002 ) . `` Neophobia affects choice of food - item size in group - foraging common ravens ( Corvus corax ) '' . Acta ethologica. 5 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 18 . doi : 10.1007 / s10211 - 002 - 0061 - 6 . Jump up ^ Savage , pp. 70 -- 71 Jump up ^ Savage , p. 76 Jump up ^ Heinrich , B. ( 1999 ) . Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds p. 290 . New York : Cliff Street Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 Jump up ^ Heinrich , B. ( 1999 ) . Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds p. 282 . New York : Cliff Street Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 Jump up ^ Kelly , J.P. ; Etienne , K.L. & Roth , J.E. ( 2002 ) . `` Abundance and distribution of the common raven and American Crow in the San Francisco Bay area , California '' ( PDF ) . Western Birds. 33 : 202 -- 217 . Jump up ^ Larsen , Kenneth H. ; Dietrich , John H. ( January 1970 ) . `` Reduction of a raven population on lambing grounds with DRC - 1339 '' . Journal of Wildlife Management . 34 ( 1 ) : 200 -- 204 . doi : 10.2307 / 3799509 . JSTOR 3799509 . Jump up ^ Sheep and Goats Death Loss . National Agricultural Statistics Service . May 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Boarman , WI ( 1993 ) . The Raven Management Program of the Bureau of Land Management : Status as of 1992 ( PDF ) . Proceedings of 1992 Symposium . California . pp. 113 -- 117 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Pohja - Mykrä M ; Vuorisalo T ; Mykrä S ( 2005 ) . `` Hunting bounties as a key measure of historical wildlife management and game conservation : Finnish bounty schemes 1647 -- 1975 '' . Oryx. 39 ( 3 ) : 284 -- 291 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605305000785 . Jump up ^ Minerals Management Service , Alaska ( 2007 ) . `` Foraging Ecology of Common Ravens ( Corvus corax ) on Alaska 's Coastal Plain ( AK - 93 - 48 - 51 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Schwan , Mark ( January 1990 ) . `` Raven : The Northern Bird of Paradox '' . Alaska Fish and Game . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2010 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Kristensen , Evald Tang. ( 1980 ) Danske Sagn : Som De Har Lyd I Folkemunde , Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck , Copenhagen . ISBN 87 - 17 - 02791 - 8 . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ( 1841 ) Barnaby Rudge online Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1985 ) . The Hobbit . Ballantine Books . ISBN 0 - 345 - 33207 - 5 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 1976 ) . The Dark Tower : The Gunslinger . ISBN 0 - 8488 - 0780 - 4 Jump up ^ Martin , George ( 1996 ) . A Song of Ice and Fire . Jump up ^ Aiken , Joan ( 1974 ) . Tales of Arabel 's Raven . Cape . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01059 - X . Jump up ^ Aiken , Joan ( 1980 ) . Arabel and Mortimer . Cape . p. 144 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 01765 - 9 . Jump up ^ Aiken , Joan ( 1983 ) . Mortimer 's Cross . Cape . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 02108 - 7 . Jump up ^ Aiken , Joan ( 1985 ) . Mortimer Says Nothing and other stories . Cape . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 224 - 02335 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Bhutan Tourism Corporation . `` The Himalaya Kingdom '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Territorial Bird '' . Government of Yukon . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ Isle of Man Government . `` Island Facts -- Isle of Man Government '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Phillott , D.C. ( 1907 ) . `` Note on the common raven - Corvus corax '' . Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal . 3 : 115 -- 116 . Jump up ^ Hanks , Patrick ; Hardcastle , Kate ; Hodges , Flavia ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of First Names . Oxford Paperback Reference ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 226 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861060 - 1 . Jump up ^ Reaney , Percy Hilde ; Wilson , Richard Middlewood ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of English Surnames ( 3rd ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 2594 . ISBN 0 - 203 - 99355 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bogoras , W. ( 1902 ) . `` The Folklore of Northeastern Asia , as Compared with That of Northwestern America '' . American Anthropologist. 4 ( 4 ) : 577 -- 683 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1902.4. 4.02 a00020 . Jump up ^ Worth , D.D. ( 1961 ) . Kamchadal Texts Collected by W. Jochelson , ' s - Gravenhage , Mouton . Jump up ^ Pálsson , Hermann ; Edwards , Paul ( 1978 ) . Orkneyinga Saga : The History of the Earls of Orkney . London : Hogarth Press . ISBN 0 - 7012 - 0431 - 1 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Alistair ; Keynes , Simon ( 1998 ) . Encomium Emmae Reginae . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62655 - 2 . Jump up ^ Sturluson , Snorri ( 2005 ) . King Harald 's Saga : Harald Hardradi of Norway : From Snorri Sturluson 's Heimskringla . Penguin . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044183 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , M. `` The Death of Cu Chulainn '' . Academy for Ancient Texts . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Ford , Patrick K. ( 1977 ) . `` Branwen daughter of Llŷr '' . The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 03414 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 15 November 2004 ) . `` Tower 's raven mythology may be a Victorian flight of fantasy '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Genesis 8 : 6 -- 8 ( New King James Version ) . biblegateway.com Jump up ^ Luke 12 : 24 ( New Living Translation ) . Biblegateway.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( بَعَثَ اللّهُ غُرَابًا يَبْحَثُ فِي الأَرْضِ لِيُرِيَهُ كَيْفَ يُوَارِي سَوْءةَ أَخِيهِ قَالَ يَا وَيْلَتَا أَعَجَزْتُ أَنْ أَكُونَ مِثْلَ هَذَا الْغُرَابِ فَأُوَارِيَ سَوْءةَ أَخِي فَأَصْبَحَ مِنَ النَّادِمِينَ ) Qur'an 5 : 31 , translation : Pickthall , Marmaduke The Meaning of the Glorious Koran : An Explanatory Translation , Amana Publications , 1st edition ( 1996 ) ISBN 978 - 0915957224 Cited Texts ( edit ) Goodwin D. ( 1983 ) . Crows of the World . Queensland University Press , St Lucia , Qld . ISBN 0 - 7022 - 1015 - 3 . Marzluff , John M. ; Angell , Tony ( 2005 ) . In the Company of Crows and Ravens . New Haven : Yale Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10076 - 0 . Savage , Candace ( 1995 ) . Bird Brains : The Intelligence of Crows , Ravens , Magpies and Jays . Toronto : Douglas & McIntyre . ISBN 1 - 55054 - 189 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) Heinrich , B. ( 1999 ) . Mind of the Raven : Investigations and Adventures with Wolf - Birds . New York : Cliff Street Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 093063 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Corvus corax . Wikispecies has information related to Corvus corax RSPB : Raven Common Raven Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology `` Common raven media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Ageing and sexing ( PDF ; 3.1 MB ) by Javier Blasco - Zumeta & Gerd - Michael Heinze Common Raven images at ARKive Corvus corax at Encyclopedia of Life Common Raven -- Corvus corax -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter ( includes CBC / BBS range maps ) Common raven photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Raven recordings at naturesongs.com Extant species of family Corvidae Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Subclass : Neornithes Superorder : Neognathae Order : Passeriformes Family Corvidae Choughs Pyrrhocorax Alpine chough ( P. graculus ) Red - billed chough ( P. pyrrhocorax ) Treepies Crypsirina Hooded treepie ( C. cucullata ) Black racket - tailed treepie ( C. temia ) Dendrocitta Andaman treepie ( D. bayleyi ) Bornean treepie ( D. cinerascens ) Grey treepie ( D. formosae ) Black - faced treepie ( D. frontalis ) White - bellied treepie ( D. leucogastra ) Sumatran treepie ( D. occipitalis ) Rufous treepie ( D. vagabunda ) Platysmurus Black magpie ( P. leucopterus ) Bornean black magpie ( P. l. aterrimus ) Temnurus Ratchet - tailed treepie ( T. temnurus ) Oriental magpies Cissa Common green magpie ( C. chinensis ) Indochinese green magpie ( C. hypoleuca ) Bornean green magpie ( C. jefferyi ) Javan green magpie ( C. thalassina ) Urocissa Taiwan blue magpie ( U. caerulea ) Red - billed blue magpie ( U. erythrorhyncha ) Yellow - billed blue magpie ( U. flavirostris ) Sri Lanka blue magpie ( U. ornata ) White - winged magpie ( U. whiteheadi ) Old World jays Garrulus Eurasian jay ( G. glandarius ) Lanceolated jay ( G. lanceolatus ) Lidth 's jay ( G. lidthi ) Podoces ( Ground jays ) Biddulph 's ground jay ( P. biddulphi ) Henderson 's ground jay ( P. hendersoni ) Pander 's ground jay ( P. panderi ) Persian ground jay ( P. pleskei ) Ptilostomus Piapiac ( P. afer ) Stresemann 's bushcrow Zavattariornis Stresemann 's bushcrow ( Z. stresemanni ) Family Corvidae ( continued ) Nutcrackers Nucifraga Spotted nutcracker ( N. caryocatactes ) Clark 's nutcracker ( N. columbiana ) Holarctic magpies Pica Black - billed magpie ( P. hudsonia ) Yellow - billed magpie ( P. nuttalli ) Eurasian magpie ( P. pica ) Oriental magpie ( P. sericea ) Maghreb magpie ( P. mauritanica ) Asir magpie ( P. asirensis ) Black - rumped magpie ( P. bottanensis ) True crows ( crows , ravens , jackdaws and rooks ) Corvus Australian and Melanesian species Little crow ( C. bennetti ) Australian raven ( C. coronoides ) Bismarck crow ( C. insularis ) Brown - headed crow ( C. fuscicapillus ) Bougainville crow ( C. meeki ) Little raven ( C. mellori ) New Caledonian crow ( C. moneduloides ) Torresian crow ( C. orru ) Forest raven ( C. tasmanicus ) Grey crow ( C. tristis ) Long - billed crow ( C. validus ) White - billed crow ( C. woodfordi ) Pacific island species Hawaiian crow ( C. hawaiiensis ) Mariana crow ( C. kubaryi ) Tropical Asian species Daurian jackdaw ( C. dauuricus ) Slender - billed crow ( C. enca ) Flores crow ( C. florensis ) Large - billed crow ( C. macrorhynchos ) Eastern jungle crow ( C. levaillantii ) Indian jungle crow ( C. culminatus ) House crow ( C. splendens ) Collared crow ( C. torquatus ) Piping crow ( C. typicus ) Banggai crow ( C. unicolor ) Violet crow ( C. violaceus ) Eurasian and North African species Mesopotamian crow ( C. capellanus ) Hooded crow ( C. cornix ) Carrion crow ( C. corone ) Rook ( C. frugilegus ) Jackdaw ( C. monedula ) Eastern carrion crow ( C. orientalis ) Fan - tailed raven ( C. rhipidurus ) Brown - necked raven ( C. ruficollis ) Holarctic species Common raven ( C. corax ) North and Central American species American crow ( C. brachyrhynchos ) Northwestern crow ( C. caurinus ) Chihuahuan raven ( C. cryptoleucus ) Tamaulipas crow ( C. imparatus ) Jamaican crow ( C. jamaicensis ) White - necked crow ( C. leucognaphalus ) Cuban crow ( C. nasicus ) Fish crow ( C. ossifragus ) Palm crow ( C. palmarum ) Sinaloan crow ( C. sinaloae ) Tropical African species White - necked raven ( C. albicollis ) Pied crow ( C. albus ) Cape crow ( C. capensis ) Thick - billed raven ( C. crassirostris ) Somali crow ( C. edithae ) Family Corvidae ( continued ) Azure - winged magpies Cyanopica Iberian magpie ( C. cooki ) Azure - winged magpie ( C. cyanus ) Grey jays Perisoreus Grey jay ( P. canadensis ) Siberian jay ( P. infaustus ) Sichuan jay ( P. internigrans ) New World jays Aphelocoma ( Scrub jays ) California scrub jay ( A. californica ) Island scrub jay ( A. insularis ) Woodhouse 's scrub jay ( A. woodhouseii ) Florida scrub jay ( A. coerulescens ) Transvolcanic jay ( A. ultramarina ) Unicolored jay ( A. unicolor ) Mexican jay ( A. wollweberi ) Calocitta ( Magpie - Jays ) Black - throated magpie - jay ( C. colliei ) White - throated Magpie - jay ( C. formosa ) Cyanocitta Blue jay ( C. cristata ) Steller 's jay ( C. stelleri ) Cyanocorax Black - chested jay ( C. affinis ) Purplish - backed jay ( C. beecheii ) Azure jay ( C. caeruleus ) Cayenne jay ( C. cayanus ) Plush - crested jay ( C. chrysops ) Curl - crested jay ( C. cristatellus ) Purplish jay ( C. cyanomelas ) White - naped jay ( C. cyanopogon ) Tufted jay ( C. dickeyi ) Azure - naped jay ( C. heilprini ) Bushy - crested jay ( C. melanocyaneus ) Brown jay ( C. morio ) White - tailed jay ( C. mystacalis ) San Blas jay ( C. sanblasianus ) Violaceous jay ( C. violaceus ) Green jay ( C. ynca ) Yucatan jay ( C. yucatanicus ) Cyanolyca Silvery - throated jay ( C. argentigula ) Black - collared jay ( C. armillata ) Azure - hooded jay ( C. cucullata ) White - throated jay ( C. mirabilis ) Dwarf jay ( C. nana ) Beautiful jay ( C. pulchra ) Black - throated jay ( C. pumilo ) Turquoise jay ( C. turcosa ) White - collared jay ( C. viridicyana ) Gymnorhinus Pinyon jay ( G. cyanocephalus ) Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q25357 Wikispecies : Corvus corax ABA : comrav ADW : Corvus_corax ARKive : corvus - corax Avibase : B9B272F40EE1570F BirdLife : 22706068 BTO : RAVEN eBird : comrav EoL : 1177364 EPPO : CORVCR Fauna Europaea : 97146 Fossilworks : 133788 GBIF : 2482492 IBC : common - raven - corvus - corax iNaturalist : 8010 IRMNG : 10195300 ITIS : 179725 IUCN : 22706068 NBN : NHMSYS0000530313 NCBI : 56781 WoRMS : 159389 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Common_raven&oldid=853486512 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Corvus ( genus ) Holarctic birds Ravens Talking birds Territorial symbols of Yukon Birds described in 1758 Fauna of the San Francisco Bay Area Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles with short description Articles with ' species ' microformats Featured articles Taxonbars with 20 + taxon IDs Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Interlingua Iñupiak Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Перем Коми Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 ГӀалгӀай 97 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 03 : 44 ( UTC ) . 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what time of year do ravens lay eggs

In most of their range , egg laying begins in late February . In colder climates , it is later , e.g. April in Greenland and Tibet . In Pakistan , egg - laying takes place in December . Eggs and hatchlings are preyed on , rarely , by large hawks and eagles , large owls , martens and canids . The adults , which are very rarely preyed upon , are often successful in defending their young from these predators , due to their numbers , large size and cunning . They have been observed dropping stones on potential predators that venture close to their nests .

Philosophy of mind - wikipedia Philosophy of mind Jump to : navigation , search A phrenological mapping of the brain -- phrenology was among the first attempts to correlate mental functions with specific parts of the brain although it is now largely discredited . Philosophy of mind is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind . The mind -- body problem is a paradigm issue in philosophy of mind , although other issues are addressed , such as the hard problem of consciousness , and the nature of particular mental states . Aspects of the mind that are studied include mental events , mental functions , mental properties , consciousness , the ontology of the mind , the nature of thought , and the relationship of the mind to the body . Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind -- body problem , although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly . Dualism is seen even in the Eastern tradition , in the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy , and Plato , but its entry into Western philosophy was thanks to René Descartes in the 17th century . Substance dualists like Descartes argue that the mind is an independently existing substance , whereas property dualists maintain that the mind is a group of independent properties that emerge from and can not be reduced to the brain , but that it is not a distinct substance . Monism is the position that mind and body are not ontologically distinct entities ( independent substances ) . This view was first advocated in Western philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later espoused by the 17th century rationalist Baruch Spinoza . Physicalists argue that only entities postulated by physical theory exist , and that mental processes will eventually be explained in terms of these entities as physical theory continues to evolve . Physicalists maintain various positions on the prospects of reducing mental properties to physical properties ( many of whom adopt compatible forms of property dualism ) , and the ontological status of such mental properties remains unclear . Idealists maintain that the mind is all that exists and that the external world is either mental itself , or an illusion created by the mind . Neutral monists such as Ernst Mach and William James argue that events in the world can be thought of as either mental ( psychological ) or physical depending on the network of relationships into which they enter , and dual - aspect monists such as Spinoza adhere to the position that there is some other , neutral substance , and that both matter and mind are properties of this unknown substance . The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been variations of physicalism ; these positions include behaviorism , the type identity theory , anomalous monism and functionalism . Most modern philosophers of mind adopt either a reductive or non-reductive physicalist position , maintaining in their different ways that the mind is not something separate from the body . These approaches have been particularly influential in the sciences , especially in the fields of sociobiology , computer science , evolutionary psychology and the various neurosciences . Reductive physicalists assert that all mental states and properties will eventually be explained by scientific accounts of physiological processes and states . Non-reductive physicalists argue that although the mind is not a separate substance , mental properties supervene on physical properties , or that the predicates and vocabulary used in mental descriptions and explanations are indispensable , and can not be reduced to the language and lower - level explanations of physical science . Continued neuroscientific progress has helped to clarify some of these issues ; however , they are far from being resolved . Modern philosophers of mind continue to ask how the subjective qualities and the intentionality of mental states and properties can be explained in naturalistic terms . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mind -- body problem 2 Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem 2.1 Arguments for dualism 2.2 Interactionist dualism 2.3 Other forms of dualism 2.3. 1 Psychophysical parallelism 2.3. 2 Occasionalism 2.3. 3 Property dualism 2.3. 4 Dual aspect theory 2.3. 5 Experiential dualism 2.3. 6 Hylomorphism 3 Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem 3.1 Physicalistic monisms 3.1. 1 Behaviorism 3.1. 2 Identity theory 3.1. 3 Functionalism 3.1. 4 Non-reductive physicalism 3.1. 5 Weak emergentism 3.1. 6 Eliminative materialism 3.2 Non-physicalist monisms 3.2. 1 Idealism 3.2. 2 Neutral monism 4 Mysterianism 5 Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem 6 Externalism and internalism 7 Naturalism and its problems 7.1 Qualia 7.2 Intentionality 8 Philosophy of perception 9 Philosophy of mind and science 9.1 Neurobiology 9.2 Computer science 9.3 Psychology 9.4 Cognitive science 10 Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition 11 Mind in Eastern philosophy 11.1 Mind in Hindu philosophy 11.1. 1 Dualism 11.1. 2 Vedanta monistic idealism 11.1. 3 Materialism 11.2 Buddhist philosophy of mind 11.2. 1 Abhidharma theories of mind 11.2. 2 Indian Mahayana 11.2. 3 Tibetan Buddhism 11.2. 4 Zen Buddhism 12 Topics related to philosophy of mind 12.1 Free will 12.2 Self 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Mind -- body problem ( edit ) Main article : Mind -- body problem The mind -- body problem concerns the explanation of the relationship that exists between minds , or mental processes , and bodily states or processes . The main aim of philosophers working in this area is to determine the nature of the mind and mental states / processes , and how -- or even if -- minds are affected by and can affect the body . Our perceptual experiences depend on stimuli that arrive at our various sensory organs from the external world , and these stimuli cause changes in our mental states , ultimately causing us to feel a sensation , which may be pleasant or unpleasant . Someone 's desire for a slice of pizza , for example , will tend to cause that person to move his or her body in a specific manner and in a specific direction to obtain what he or she wants . The question , then , is how it can be possible for conscious experiences to arise out of a lump of gray matter endowed with nothing but electrochemical properties . A related problem is how someone 's propositional attitudes ( e.g. beliefs and desires ) cause that individual 's neurons to fire and muscles to contract . These comprise some of the puzzles that have confronted epistemologists and philosophers of mind from at least the time of René Descartes . Dualist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter ( or body ) . It begins with the claim that mental phenomena are , in some respects , non-physical . One of the earliest known formulations of mind -- body dualism was expressed in the eastern Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy ( c. 650 BCE ) , which divided the world into purusha ( mind / spirit ) and prakriti ( material substance ) . Specifically , the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali presents an analytical approach to the nature of the mind . In Western Philosophy , the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans ' `` intelligence '' ( a faculty of the mind or soul ) could not be identified with , or explained in terms of , their physical body . However , the best - known version of dualism is due to René Descartes ( 1641 ) , and holds that the mind is a non-extended , non-physical substance , a `` res cogitans '' . Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self - awareness , and to distinguish this from the brain , which was the seat of intelligence . He was therefore the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it still exists today . Arguments for dualism ( edit ) The most frequently used argument in favor of dualism appeals to the common - sense intuition that conscious experience is distinct from inanimate matter . If asked what the mind is , the average person would usually respond by identifying it with their self , their personality , their soul , or some other such entity . They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain , or vice versa , finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic , or simply unintelligible . Many modern philosophers of mind think that these intuitions are misleading and that we should use our critical faculties , along with empirical evidence from the sciences , to examine these assumptions to determine whether there is any real basis to them . Another important argument in favor of dualism is that the mental and the physical seem to have quite different , and perhaps irreconcilable , properties . Mental events have a subjective quality , whereas physical events do not . So , for example , one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like , or what a blue sky looks like , or what nice music sounds like to a person . But it is meaningless , or at least odd , to ask what a surge in the uptake of glutamate in the dorsolateral portion of the hippocampus feels like . Philosophers of mind call the subjective aspects of mental events `` qualia '' or `` raw feels '' . There is something that it is like to feel pain , to see a familiar shade of blue , and so on . There are qualia involved in these mental events that seem particularly difficult to reduce to anything physical . David Chalmers explains this argument by stating that we could conceivably know all the objective information about something , such as the brain states and wavelengths of light involved with seeing the color red , but still not know something fundamental about the situation -- what it is like to see the color red . If consciousness ( the mind ) can exist independently of physical reality ( the brain ) , one must explain how physical memories are created concerning consciousness . Dualism must therefore explain how consciousness affects physical reality . One possible explanation is that of a miracle , proposed by Arnold Geulincx and Nicolas Malebranche , where all mind -- body interactions require the direct intervention of God . Another possible argument that has been proposed by C.S. Lewis is the Argument from Reason : if , as monism implies , all of our thoughts are the effects of physical causes , then we have no reason for assuming that they are also the consequent of a reasonable ground . Knowledge , however , is apprehended by reasoning from ground to consequent . Therefore , if monism is correct , there would be no way of knowing this -- or anything else -- we could not even suppose it , except by a fluke . The zombie argument is based on a thought experiment proposed by Todd Moody , and developed by David Chalmers in his book The Conscious Mind . The basic idea is that one can imagine one 's body , and therefore conceive the existence of one 's body , without any conscious states being associated with this body . Chalmers ' argument is that it seems possible that such a being could exist because all that is needed is that all and only the things that the physical sciences describe about a zombie must be true of it . Since none of the concepts involved in these sciences make reference to consciousness or other mental phenomena , and any physical entity can be by definition described scientifically via physics , the move from conceivability to possibility is not such a large one . Others such as Dennett have argued that the notion of a philosophical zombie is an incoherent , or unlikely , concept . It has been argued under physicalism that one must either believe that anyone including oneself might be a zombie , or that no one can be a zombie -- following from the assertion that one 's own conviction about being ( or not being ) a zombie is a product of the physical world and is therefore no different from anyone else 's . This argument has been expressed by Dennett who argues that `` Zombies think they are conscious , think they have qualia , think they suffer pains -- they are just ' wrong ' ( according to this lamentable tradition ) in ways that neither they nor we could ever discover ! '' See also the problem of other minds . Interactionist dualism ( edit ) Portrait of René Descartes by Frans Hals ( 1648 ) Interactionist dualism , or simply interactionism , is the particular form of dualism first espoused by Descartes in the Meditations . In the 20th century , its major defenders have been Karl Popper and John Carew Eccles . It is the view that mental states , such as beliefs and desires , causally interact with physical states . Descartes ' famous argument for this position can be summarized as follows : Seth has a clear and distinct idea of his mind as a thinking thing that has no spatial extension ( i.e. , it can not be measured in terms of length , weight , height , and so on ) . He also has a clear and distinct idea of his body as something that is spatially extended , subject to quantification and not able to think . It follows that mind and body are not identical because they have radically different properties . At the same time , however , it is clear that Seth 's mental states ( desires , beliefs , etc . ) have causal effects on his body and vice versa : A child touches a hot stove ( physical event ) which causes pain ( mental event ) and makes her yell ( physical event ) , this in turn provokes a sense of fear and protectiveness in the caregiver ( mental event ) , and so on . Descartes ' argument crucially depends on the premise that what Seth believes to be `` clear and distinct '' ideas in his mind are necessarily true . Many contemporary philosophers doubt this . For example , Joseph Agassi suggests that several scientific discoveries made since the early 20th century have undermined the idea of privileged access to one 's own ideas . Freud claimed that a psychologically - trained observer can understand a person 's unconscious motivations better than the person himself does . Duhem has shown that a philosopher of science can know a person 's methods of discovery better than that person herself does , while Malinowski has shown that an anthropologist can know a person 's customs and habits better than the person whose customs and habits they are . He also asserts that modern psychological experiments that cause people to see things that are not there provide grounds for rejecting Descartes ' argument , because scientists can describe a person 's perceptions better than the person herself can . Other forms of dualism ( edit ) Four varieties of dualism . The arrows indicate the direction of the causal interactions . Occasionalism is not shown . Psychophysical parallelism ( edit ) Psychophysical parallelism , or simply parallelism , is the view that mind and body , while having distinct ontological statuses , do not causally influence one another . Instead , they run along parallel paths ( mind events causally interact with mind events and brain events causally interact with brain events ) and only seem to influence each other . This view was most prominently defended by Gottfried Leibniz . Although Leibniz was an ontological monist who believed that only one type of substance , the monad , exists in the universe , and that everything is reducible to it , he nonetheless maintained that there was an important distinction between `` the mental '' and `` the physical '' in terms of causation . He held that God had arranged things in advance so that minds and bodies would be in harmony with each other . This is known as the doctrine of pre-established harmony . Occasionalism ( edit ) Occasionalism is the view espoused by Nicholas Malebranche that asserts that all supposedly causal relations between physical events , or between physical and mental events , are not really causal at all . While body and mind are different substances , causes ( whether mental or physical ) are related to their effects by an act of God 's intervention on each specific occasion . Property dualism ( edit ) Property dualism is the view that the world is constituted of just one kind of substance -- the physical kind -- and there exist two distinct kinds of properties : physical properties and mental properties . In other words , it is the view that non-physical , mental properties ( such as beliefs , desires and emotions ) inhere in some physical bodies ( at least , brains ) . How mental and physical properties relate causally depends on the variety of property dualism in question , and is not always a clear issue . Sub-varieties of property dualism include : Strong emergentism asserts that when matter is organized in the appropriate way ( i.e. in the way that living human bodies are organized ) , mental properties emerge in a way not fully accountable for by physical laws . Hence , it is a form of emergent materialism . These emergent properties have an independent ontological status and can not be reduced to , or explained in terms of , the physical substrate from which they emerge . They are dependent on the physical properties from which they emerge , but opinions vary as to the coherence of top -- down causation , i.e. the causal effectiveness of such properties . A form of property dualism has been espoused by David Chalmers and the concept has undergone something of a renaissance in recent years , but was already suggested in the 19th century by William James . Epiphenomenalism is a doctrine first formulated by Thomas Henry Huxley . It consists of the view that mental phenomena are causally ineffectual , where one or more mental states do not have any influence on physical states or mental phenomena are the effects , but not the causes , of physical phenomena . Physical events can cause other physical events and physical events can cause mental events , but mental events can not cause anything , since they are just causally inert by - products ( i.e. epiphenomena ) of the physical world . This view has been defended most strongly in recent times by Frank Jackson . Non-reductive Physicalism is the view that mental properties form a separate ontological class to physical properties : mental states ( such as qualia ) are not reducible to physical states . The ontological stance towards qualia in the case of non-reductive physicalism does not imply that qualia are causally inert ; this is what distinguishes it from epiphenomenalism . Panpsychism is the view that all matter has a mental aspect , or , alternatively , all objects have a unified center of experience or point of view . Superficially , it seems to be a form of property dualism , since it regards everything as having both mental and physical properties . However , some panpsychists say mechanical behaviour is derived from primitive mentality of atoms and molecules -- as are sophisticated mentality and organic behaviour , the difference being attributed to the presence or absence of complex structure in a compound object . So long as the reduction of non-mental properties to mental ones is in place , panpsychism is not a ( strong ) form of property dualism ; otherwise it is . Dual aspect theory ( edit ) Dual aspect theory or dual - aspect monism is the view that the mental and the physical are two aspects of , or perspectives on , the same substance . ( Thus it is a mixed position , which is monistic in some respects ) . In modern philosophical writings , the theory 's relationship to neutral monism has become somewhat ill - defined , but one proffered distinction says that whereas neutral monism allows the context of a given group of neutral elements and the relationships into which they enter to determine whether the group can be thought of as mental , physical , both , or neither , dual - aspect theory suggests that the mental and the physical are manifestations ( or aspects ) of some underlying substance , entity or process that is itself neither mental nor physical as normally understood . Various formulations of dual - aspect monism also require the mental and the physical to be complementary , mutually irreducible and perhaps inseparable ( though distinct ) . Experiential dualism ( edit ) This is a philosophy of mind that regards the degrees of freedom between mental and physical well - being as not necessarily synonymous thus implying an experiential dualism between body and mind . An example of these disparate degrees of freedom is given by Allan Wallace who notes that it is `` experientially apparent that one may be physically uncomfortable -- for instance , while engaging in a strenuous physical workout -- while mentally cheerful ; conversely , one may be mentally distraught while experiencing physical comfort '' . Experiential dualism notes that our subjective experience of merely seeing something in the physical world seems qualitatively different than mental processes like grief that comes from losing a loved one . This philosophy also is a proponent of causal dualism which is defined as the dual ability for mental states and physical states to affect one another . Mental states can cause changes in physical states and vice versa . However , unlike cartesian dualism or some other systems , experiential dualism does not posit two fundamental substances in reality : mind and matter . Rather , experiential dualism is to be understood as a conceptual framework that gives credence to the qualitative difference between the experience of mental and physical states . Experiential dualism is accepted as the conceptual framework of Madhyamaka Buddhism . Madhayamaka Buddhism goes even further , finding fault with the monist view of physicalist philosophies of mind as well in that these generally posit matter and energy as the fundamental substance of reality . Nonetheless , this does not imply that the cartesian dualist view is correct , rather Madhyamaka regards as error any affirming view of a fundamental substance to reality . In denying the independent self - existence of all the phenomena that make up the world of our experience , the Madhyamaka view departs from both the substance dualism of Descartes and the substance monism -- namely , physicalism -- that is characteristic of modern science . The physicalism propounded by many contemporary scientists seems to assert that the real world is composed of physical things - in - themselves , while all mental phenomena are regarded as mere appearances , devoid of any reality in and of themselves . Much is made of this difference between appearances and reality . Indeed physicalism , or the idea that matter is the only fundamental substance of reality , is explicitly rejected by Buddhism . In the Madhyamaka view , mental events are no more or less real than physical events . In terms of our common - sense experience , differences of kind do exist between physical and mental phenomena . While the former commonly have mass , location , velocity , shape , size , and numerous other physical attributes , these are not generally characteristic of mental phenomena . For example , we do not commonly conceive of the feeling of affection for another person as having mass or location . These physical attributes are no more appropriate to other mental events such as sadness , a recalled image from one 's childhood , the visual perception of a rose , or consciousness of any sort . Mental phenomena are , therefore , not regarded as being physical , for the simple reason that they lack many of the attributes that are uniquely characteristic of physical phenomena . Thus , Buddhism has never adopted the physicalist principle that regards only physical things as real . Hylomorphism ( edit ) Main article : Hylomorphism Hylomorphism is a theory that originates with Aristotelian philosophy , which conceives being as a compound of matter and form . `` Hylomorphism '' is a 19th - century term formed from the Greek words ὕλη hyle , `` wood , matter '' , and μορφή , morphē , `` form '' . Monist solutions to the mind -- body problem ( edit ) In contrast to dualism , monism does not accept any fundamental divisions . The fundamentally disparate nature of reality has been central to forms of eastern philosophies for over two millennia . In Indian and Chinese philosophy , monism is integral to how experience is understood . Today , the most common forms of monism in Western philosophy are physicalist . Physicalistic monism asserts that the only existing substance is physical , in some sense of that term to be clarified by our best science . However , a variety of formulations ( see below ) are possible . Another form of monism , idealism , states that the only existing substance is mental . Although pure idealism , such as that of George Berkeley , is uncommon in contemporary Western philosophy , a more sophisticated variant called panpsychism , according to which mental experience and properties may be at the foundation of physical experience and properties , has been espoused by some philosophers such as Alfred North Whitehead and David Ray Griffin . Phenomenalism is the theory that representations ( or sense data ) of external objects are all that exist . Such a view was briefly adopted by Bertrand Russell and many of the logical positivists during the early 20th century . A third possibility is to accept the existence of a basic substance that is neither physical nor mental . The mental and physical would then both be properties of this neutral substance . Such a position was adopted by Baruch Spinoza and was popularized by Ernst Mach in the 19th century . This neutral monism , as it is called , resembles property dualism . Physicalistic monisms ( edit ) Behaviorism ( edit ) Main article : Behaviorism Behaviorism dominated philosophy of mind for much of the 20th century , especially the first half . In psychology , behaviorism developed as a reaction to the inadequacies of introspectionism . Introspective reports on one 's own interior mental life are not subject to careful examination for accuracy and can not be used to form predictive generalizations . Without generalizability and the possibility of third - person examination , the behaviorists argued , psychology can not be scientific . The way out , therefore , was to eliminate the idea of an interior mental life ( and hence an ontologically independent mind ) altogether and focus instead on the description of observable behavior . Parallel to these developments in psychology , a philosophical behaviorism ( sometimes called logical behaviorism ) was developed . This is characterized by a strong verificationism , which generally considers unverifiable statements about interior mental life pointless . For the behaviorist , mental states are not interior states on which one can make introspective reports . They are just descriptions of behavior or dispositions to behave in certain ways , made by third parties to explain and predict another 's behavior . Philosophical behaviorism has fallen out of favor since the latter half of the 20th century , coinciding with the rise of cognitivism . Cognitivists reject behaviorism due to several perceived problems . For example , behaviorism could be said to be counterintuitive when it maintains that someone is talking about behavior in the event that a person is experiencing a painful headache . Identity theory ( edit ) Main article : Type physicalism Type physicalism ( or type - identity theory ) was developed by John Smart and Ullin Place as a direct reaction to the failure of behaviorism . These philosophers reasoned that , if mental states are something material , but not behavioral , then mental states are probably identical to internal states of the brain . In very simplified terms : a mental state M is nothing other than brain state B . The mental state `` desire for a cup of coffee '' would thus be nothing more than the `` firing of certain neurons in certain brain regions '' . The classic Identity theory and Anomalous Monism in contrast . For the Identity theory , every token instantiation of a single mental type corresponds ( as indicated by the arrows ) to a physical token of a single physical type . For anomalous monism , the token -- token correspondences can fall outside of the type -- type correspondences . The result is token identity . Despite its initial plausibility , the identity theory faces a strong challenge in the form of the thesis of multiple realizability , first formulated by Hilary Putnam . It is obvious that not only humans , but many different species of animals can , for example , experience pain . However , it seems highly unlikely that all of these diverse organisms with the same pain experience are in the identical brain state . And if this is the case , then pain can not be identical to a specific brain state . The identity theory is thus empirically unfounded . On the other hand , even granted the above , it does not follow that identity theories of all types must be abandoned . According to token identity theories , the fact that a certain brain state is connected with only one mental state of a person does not have to mean that there is an absolute correlation between types of mental state and types of brain state . The type -- token distinction can be illustrated by a simple example : the word `` green '' contains four types of letters ( g , r , e , n ) with two tokens ( occurrences ) of the letter e along with one each of the others . The idea of token identity is that only particular occurrences of mental events are identical with particular occurrences or tokenings of physical events . Anomalous monism ( see below ) and most other non-reductive physicalisms are token - identity theories . Despite these problems , there is a renewed interest in the type identity theory today , primarily due to the influence of Jaegwon Kim . Functionalism ( edit ) Main article : Functionalism ( philosophy of mind ) Functionalism was formulated by Hilary Putnam and Jerry Fodor as a reaction to the inadequacies of the identity theory . Putnam and Fodor saw mental states in terms of an empirical computational theory of the mind . At about the same time or slightly after , D.M. Armstrong and David Kellogg Lewis formulated a version of functionalism that analyzed the mental concepts of folk psychology in terms of functional roles . Finally , Wittgenstein 's idea of meaning as use led to a version of functionalism as a theory of meaning , further developed by Wilfrid Sellars and Gilbert Harman . Another one , psychofunctionalism , is an approach adopted by the naturalistic philosophy of mind associated with Jerry Fodor and Zenon Pylyshyn . What all these different varieties of functionalism share in common is the thesis that mental states are characterized by their causal relations with other mental states and with sensory inputs and behavioral outputs . That is , functionalism abstracts away from the details of the physical implementation of a mental state by characterizing it in terms of non-mental functional properties . For example , a kidney is characterized scientifically by its functional role in filtering blood and maintaining certain chemical balances . From this point of view , it does not really matter whether the kidney be made up of organic tissue , plastic nanotubes or silicon chips : it is the role that it plays and its relations to other organs that define it as a kidney . Non-reductive physicalism ( edit ) Main article : Physicalism Non-reductionist philosophers hold firmly to two essential convictions with regard to mind -- body relations : 1 ) Physicalism is true and mental states must be physical states , but 2 ) All reductionist proposals are unsatisfactory : mental states can not be reduced to behavior , brain states or functional states . Hence , the question arises whether there can still be a non-reductive physicalism . Donald Davidson 's anomalous monism is an attempt to formulate such a physicalism . He `` thinks that when one runs across what are traditionally seen as absurdities of Reason , such as akrasia or self - deception , the personal psychology framework is not to be given up in favor of the subpersonal one , but rather must be enlarged or extended so that the rationality set out by the principle of charity can be found elsewhere . '' Davidson uses the thesis of supervenience : mental states supervene on physical states , but are not reducible to them . `` Supervenience '' therefore describes a functional dependence : there can be no change in the mental without some change in the physical -- causal reducibility between the mental and physical without ontological reducibility . Because non-reductive physicalist theories attempt to both retain the ontological distinction between mind and body and to try to solve the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' in some way ; critics often see this as a paradox and point out the similarities to epiphenomenalism , in that it is the brain that is seen as the root `` cause '' not the mind , and the mind seems to be rendered inert . Epiphenomenalism regards one or more mental states as the byproduct of physical brain states , having no influence on physical states . The interaction is one - way ( solving the `` surfeit of explanations puzzle '' ) but leaving us with non-reducible mental states ( as a byproduct of brain states ) -- causally reducible , but ontologically irreducible to physical states . Pain would be seen by epiphenomenaliasts as being caused by the brain state but as not having effects on other brain states , though it might have effects on other mental states ( i.e. cause distress ) . Weak emergentism ( edit ) Main article : Emergentism Weak emergentism is a form of `` non-reductive physicalism '' that involves a layered view of nature , with the layers arranged in terms of increasing complexity and each corresponding to its own special science . Some philosophers hold that emergent properties causally interact with more fundamental levels , while others maintain that higher - order properties simply supervene over lower levels without direct causal interaction . The latter group therefore holds a less strict , or `` weaker '' , definition of emergentism , which can be rigorously stated as follows : a property P of composite object O is emergent if it is metaphysically impossible for another object to lack property P if that object is composed of parts with intrinsic properties identical to those in O and has those parts in an identical configuration . Sometimes emergentists use the example of water having a new property when Hydrogen H and Oxygen O combine to form H O ( water ) . In this example there `` emerges '' a new property of a transparent liquid that would not have been predicted by understanding hydrogen and oxygen as gases . This is analogous to physical properties of the brain giving rise to a mental state . Emergentists try to solve the notorious mind -- body gap this way . One problem for emergentism is the idea of `` causal closure '' in the world that does not allow for a mind - to - body causation . Eliminative materialism ( edit ) Main article : Eliminative materialism If one is a materialist and believes that all aspects of our common - sense psychology will find reduction to a mature cognitive neuroscience , and that non-reductive materialism is mistaken , then one can adopt a final , more radical position : eliminative materialism . There are several varieties of eliminative materialism , but all maintain that our common - sense `` folk psychology '' badly misrepresents the nature of some aspect of cognition . Eliminativists such as Patricia and Paul Churchland argue that while folk psychology treats cognition as fundamentally sentence - like , the non-linguistic vector / matrix model of neural network theory or connectionism will prove to be a much more accurate account of how the brain works . The Churchlands often invoke the fate of other , erroneous popular theories and ontologies that have arisen in the course of history . For example , Ptolemaic astronomy served to explain and roughly predict the motions of the planets for centuries , but eventually this model of the solar system was eliminated in favor of the Copernican model . The Churchlands believe the same eliminative fate awaits the `` sentence - cruncher '' model of the mind in which thought and behavior are the result of manipulating sentence - like states called `` propositional attitudes '' . Non-physicalist monisms ( edit ) Idealism ( edit ) Idealism is the form of monism that sees the world as consisting of minds , mental contents and or consciousness . Idealists are not faced with explaining how minds arise from bodies : rather , the world , bodies and objects are regarded as mere appearances held by minds . However , accounting for the mind -- body problem is not usually the main motivation for idealism ; rather , idealists tend to be motivated by skepticism , intentionality , and the unique nature of ideas . Idealism is prominent in Eastern religious and philosophical thought . It has gone through several cycles of popularity and neglect in the history of Western philosophy . Different varieties of idealism may hold that there are multiple minds ( pluralistic idealism ) only one human mind ( solipsism ) or a single Absolute , Anima Mundi , One or Over-soul . Neutral monism ( edit ) Neutral monism , in philosophy , is the metaphysical view that the mental and the physical are two ways of organizing or describing the same elements , which are themselves `` neutral '' , that is , neither physical nor mental . This view denies that the mental and the physical are two fundamentally different things . Rather , neutral monism claims the universe consists of only one kind of stuff , in the form of neutral elements that are in themselves neither mental nor physical . These neutral elements might have the properties of color and shape , just as we experience those properties . But these shaped and colored elements do not exist in a mind ( considered as a substantial entity , whether dualistically or physicalistically ) ; they exist on their own . Mysterianism ( edit ) Main article : New mysterianism Some philosophers take an epistemic approach and argue that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable , and perhaps will always remain unsolvable to human beings . This is usually termed New mysterianism . Colin McGinn holds that human beings are cognitively closed in regards to their own minds . According to McGinn human minds lack the concept - forming procedures to fully grasp how mental properties such as consciousness arise from their causal basis . An example would be how an elephant is cognitively closed in regards to particle physics . A more moderate conception has been expounded by Thomas Nagel , which holds that the mind -- body problem is currently unsolvable at the present stage of scientific development and that it might take a future scientific paradigm shift or revolution to bridge the explanatory gap . Nagel posits that in the future a sort of `` objective phenomenology '' might be able to bridge the gap between subjective conscious experience and its physical basis . Linguistic criticism of the mind -- body problem ( edit ) Each attempt to answer the mind -- body problem encounters substantial problems . Some philosophers argue that this is because there is an underlying conceptual confusion . These philosophers , such as Ludwig Wittgenstein and his followers in the tradition of linguistic criticism , therefore reject the problem as illusory . They argue that it is an error to ask how mental and biological states fit together . Rather it should simply be accepted that human experience can be described in different ways -- for instance , in a mental and in a biological vocabulary . Illusory problems arise if one tries to describe the one in terms of the other 's vocabulary or if the mental vocabulary is used in the wrong contexts . This is the case , for instance , if one searches for mental states of the brain . The brain is simply the wrong context for the use of mental vocabulary -- the search for mental states of the brain is therefore a category error or a sort of fallacy of reasoning . Today , such a position is often adopted by interpreters of Wittgenstein such as Peter Hacker . However , Hilary Putnam , the originator of functionalism , has also adopted the position that the mind -- body problem is an illusory problem which should be dissolved according to the manner of Wittgenstein . Externalism and internalism ( edit ) Where is the mind located ? If the mind is a physical phenomenon of some kind , it has to be located somewhere . According to some , there are two possible options : either the mind is internal to the body ( internalism ) or the mind is external to it ( externalism ) . More generally , either the mind depends only on events and properties taking place inside the subject 's body or it depends also on factors external to it . Proponents of internalism are committed to the view that neural activity is sufficient to produce the mind . Proponents of externalism maintain that the surrounding world is in some sense constitutive of the mind . Externalism differentiates into several versions . The main ones are semantic externalism , cognitive externalism and phenomenal externalism . Each of these versions of externalism can further be divided into whether they refer only to the content or to the vehicles of the mind . Semantic externalism holds that the semantic content of the mind is totally or partially defined by a state of affairs external to the body of the subject . Hilary Putnam 's Twin Earth thought experiment is a good example . Cognitive externalism is a very broad collection of views that suggests the role of the environment , of tools , of development , and of the body in fleshing out cognition . Embodied cognition , the extended mind , and enactivism are good examples . Phenomenal externalism suggests that the phenomenal aspects of the mind are external to the body . Authors who addressed this possibility are Ted Honderich , Edwin Holt , Francois Tonneau , Kevin O'Regan , Riccardo Manzotti , Teed Rockwell and Max Velmans . Naturalism and its problems ( edit ) The thesis of physicalism is that the mind is part of the material ( or physical ) world . Such a position faces the problem that the mind has certain properties that no other material thing seems to possess . Physicalism must therefore explain how it is possible that these properties can nonetheless emerge from a material thing . The project of providing such an explanation is often referred to as the `` naturalization of the mental '' . Some of the crucial problems that this project attempts to resolve include the existence of qualia and the nature of intentionality . Qualia ( edit ) Main article : Qualia Many mental states seem to be experienced subjectively in different ways by different individuals . And it is characteristic of a mental state that it has some experiential quality , e.g. of pain , that it hurts . However , the sensation of pain between two individuals may not be identical , since no one has a perfect way to measure how much something hurts or of describing exactly how it feels to hurt . Philosophers and scientists therefore ask where these experiences come from . The existence of cerebral events , in and of themselves , can not explain why they are accompanied by these corresponding qualitative experiences . The puzzle of why many cerebral processes occur with an accompanying experiential aspect in consciousness seems impossible to explain . Yet it also seems to many that science will eventually have to explain such experiences . This follows from an assumption about the possibility of reductive explanations . According to this view , if an attempt can be successfully made to explain a phenomenon reductively ( e.g. , water ) , then it can be explained why the phenomenon has all of its properties ( e.g. , fluidity , transparency ) . In the case of mental states , this means that there needs to be an explanation of why they have the property of being experienced in a certain way . The 20th - century German philosopher Martin Heidegger criticized the ontological assumptions underpinning such a reductive model , and claimed that it was impossible to make sense of experience in these terms . This is because , according to Heidegger , the nature of our subjective experience and its qualities is impossible to understand in terms of Cartesian `` substances '' that bear `` properties '' . Another way to put this is that the very concept of qualitative experience is incoherent in terms of -- or is semantically incommensurable with the concept of -- substances that bear properties . This problem of explaining introspective first - person aspects of mental states and consciousness in general in terms of third - person quantitative neuroscience is called the explanatory gap . There are several different views of the nature of this gap among contemporary philosophers of mind . David Chalmers and the early Frank Jackson interpret the gap as ontological in nature ; that is , they maintain that qualia can never be explained by science because physicalism is false . There are two separate categories involved and one can not be reduced to the other . An alternative view is taken by philosophers such as Thomas Nagel and Colin McGinn . According to them , the gap is epistemological in nature . For Nagel , science is not yet able to explain subjective experience because it has not yet arrived at the level or kind of knowledge that is required . We are not even able to formulate the problem coherently . For McGinn , on other hand , the problem is one of permanent and inherent biological limitations . We are not able to resolve the explanatory gap because the realm of subjective experiences is cognitively closed to us in the same manner that quantum physics is cognitively closed to elephants . Other philosophers liquidate the gap as purely a semantic problem . This semantic problem , of course , led to the famous `` Qualia Question '' , which is : Does Red cause Redness ? Intentionality ( edit ) Main article : Intentionality John Searle -- one of the most influential philosophers of mind , proponent of biological naturalism ( Berkeley 2002 ) Intentionality is the capacity of mental states to be directed towards ( about ) or be in relation with something in the external world . This property of mental states entails that they have contents and semantic referents and can therefore be assigned truth values . When one tries to reduce these states to natural processes there arises a problem : natural processes are not true or false , they simply happen . It would not make any sense to say that a natural process is true or false . But mental ideas or judgments are true or false , so how then can mental states ( ideas or judgments ) be natural processes ? The possibility of assigning semantic value to ideas must mean that such ideas are about facts . Thus , for example , the idea that Herodotus was a historian refers to Herodotus and to the fact that he was a historian . If the fact is true , then the idea is true ; otherwise , it is false . But where does this relation come from ? In the brain , there are only electrochemical processes and these seem not to have anything to do with Herodotus . Philosophy of perception ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of perception Philosophy of perception is concerned with the nature of perceptual experience and the status of perceptual objects , in particular how perceptual experience relates to appearances and beliefs about the world . The main contemporary views within philosophy of perception include naive realism , enactivism and representional views . Philosophy of mind and science ( edit ) Humans are corporeal beings and , as such , they are subject to examination and description by the natural sciences . Since mental processes are intimately related to bodily processes , the descriptions that the natural sciences furnish of human beings play an important role in the philosophy of mind . There are many scientific disciplines that study processes related to the mental . The list of such sciences includes : biology , computer science , cognitive science , cybernetics , linguistics , medicine , pharmacology , and psychology . Neurobiology ( edit ) Main article : Neuroscience The theoretical background of biology , as is the case with modern natural sciences in general , is fundamentally materialistic . The objects of study are , in the first place , physical processes , which are considered to be the foundations of mental activity and behavior . The increasing success of biology in the explanation of mental phenomena can be seen by the absence of any empirical refutation of its fundamental presupposition : `` there can be no change in the mental states of a person without a change in brain states . '' Within the field of neurobiology , there are many subdisciplines that are concerned with the relations between mental and physical states and processes : Sensory neurophysiology investigates the relation between the processes of perception and stimulation . Cognitive neuroscience studies the correlations between mental processes and neural processes . Neuropsychology describes the dependence of mental faculties on specific anatomical regions of the brain . Lastly , evolutionary biology studies the origins and development of the human nervous system and , in as much as this is the basis of the mind , also describes the ontogenetic and phylogenetic development of mental phenomena beginning from their most primitive stages . Evolutionary biology furthermore places tight constraints on any philosophical theory of the mind , as the gene - based mechanism of natural selection does not allow any giant leaps in the development of neural complexity or neural software but only incremental steps over long time periods . Since the 1980s , sophisticated neuroimaging procedures , such as fMRI ( above ) , have furnished increasing knowledge about the workings of the human brain , shedding light on ancient philosophical problems . The methodological breakthroughs of the neurosciences , in particular the introduction of high - tech neuroimaging procedures , has propelled scientists toward the elaboration of increasingly ambitious research programs : one of the main goals is to describe and comprehend the neural processes which correspond to mental functions ( see : neural correlate ) . Several groups are inspired by these advances . Computer science ( edit ) Main article : Computer science Computer science concerns itself with the automatic processing of information ( or at least with physical systems of symbols to which information is assigned ) by means of such things as computers . From the beginning , computer programmers have been able to develop programs that permit computers to carry out tasks for which organic beings need a mind . A simple example is multiplication . It is not clear whether computers could be said to have a mind . Could they , someday , come to have what we call a mind ? This question has been propelled into the forefront of much philosophical debate because of investigations in the field of artificial intelligence ( AI ) . Within AI , it is common to distinguish between a modest research program and a more ambitious one : this distinction was coined by John Searle in terms of a weak AI and strong AI . The exclusive objective of `` weak AI '' , according to Searle , is the successful simulation of mental states , with no attempt to make computers become conscious or aware , etc . The objective of strong AI , on the contrary , is a computer with consciousness similar to that of human beings . The program of strong AI goes back to one of the pioneers of computation Alan Turing . As an answer to the question `` Can computers think ? '' , he formulated the famous Turing test . Turing believed that a computer could be said to `` think '' when , if placed in a room by itself next to another room that contained a human being and with the same questions being asked of both the computer and the human being by a third party human being , the computer 's responses turned out to be indistinguishable from those of the human . Essentially , Turing 's view of machine intelligence followed the behaviourist model of the mind -- intelligence is as intelligence does . The Turing test has received many criticisms , among which the most famous is probably the Chinese room thought experiment formulated by Searle . The question about the possible sensitivity ( qualia ) of computers or robots still remains open . Some computer scientists believe that the specialty of AI can still make new contributions to the resolution of the `` mind -- body problem '' . They suggest that based on the reciprocal influences between software and hardware that takes place in all computers , it is possible that someday theories can be discovered that help us to understand the reciprocal influences between the human mind and the brain ( wetware ) . Psychology ( edit ) Main article : Psychology Psychology is the science that investigates mental states directly . It uses generally empirical methods to investigate concrete mental states like joy , fear or obsessions . Psychology investigates the laws that bind these mental states to each other or with inputs and outputs to the human organism . An example of this is the psychology of perception . Scientists working in this field have discovered general principles of the perception of forms . A law of the psychology of forms says that objects that move in the same direction are perceived as related to each other . This law describes a relation between visual input and mental perceptual states . However , it does not suggest anything about the nature of perceptual states . The laws discovered by psychology are compatible with all the answers to the mind -- body problem already described . Cognitive science ( edit ) Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes . It examines what cognition is , what it does , and how it works . It includes research on intelligence and behavior , especially focusing on how information is represented , processed , and transformed ( in faculties such as perception , language , memory , reasoning , and emotion ) within nervous systems ( human or other animal ) and machines ( e.g. computers ) . Cognitive science consists of multiple research disciplines , including psychology , artificial intelligence , philosophy , neuroscience , linguistics , anthropology , sociology , and education . It spans many levels of analysis , from low - level learning and decision mechanisms to high - level logic and planning ; from neural circuitry to modular brain organisation . Rowlands argues that cognition is enactive , embodied , embedded , affective and ( potentially ) extended . The position is taken that the `` classical sandwich '' of cognition sandwiched between perception and action is artificial ; cognition has to be seen as a product of a strongly coupled interaction that can not be divided this way . Philosophy of mind in the continental tradition ( edit ) Most of the discussion in this article has focused on one style or tradition of philosophy in modern Western culture , usually called analytic philosophy ( sometimes described as Anglo - American philosophy ) . Many other schools of thought exist , however , which are sometimes subsumed under the broad ( and vague ) label of continental philosophy . In any case , though topics and methods here are numerous , in relation to the philosophy of mind the various schools that fall under this label ( phenomenology , existentialism , etc . ) can globally be seen to differ from the analytic school in that they focus less on language and logical analysis alone but also take in other forms of understanding human existence and experience . With reference specifically to the discussion of the mind , this tends to translate into attempts to grasp the concepts of thought and perceptual experience in some sense that does not merely involve the analysis of linguistic forms . Immanuel Kant 's Critique of Pure Reason , first published in 1781 and presented again with major revisions in 1787 , represents a significant intervention into what will later become known as the philosophy of mind . Kant 's first critique is generally recognized as among the most significant works of modern philosophy in the West . Kant is a figure whose influence is marked in both continental and analytic / Anglo - American philosophy . Kant 's work develops an in - depth study of transcendental consciousness , or the life of the mind as conceived through universal categories of consciousness . In Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 's Philosophy of Mind ( frequently translated as Philosophy of Spirit or Geist ) , the third part of his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences , Hegel discusses three distinct types of mind : the `` subjective mind / spirit '' , the mind of an individual ; the `` objective mind / spirit '' , the mind of society and of the State ; and the `` Absolute mind / spirit '' , the position of religion , art , and philosophy . See also Hegel 's The Phenomenology of Spirit . Nonetheless , Hegel 's work differs radically from the style of Anglo - American philosophy of mind . In 1896 , Henri Bergson made in Matter and Memory `` Essay on the relation of body and spirit '' a forceful case for the ontological difference of body and mind by reducing the problem to the more definite one of memory , thus allowing for a solution built on the empirical test case of aphasia . In modern times , the two main schools that have developed in response or opposition to this Hegelian tradition are phenomenology and existentialism . Phenomenology , founded by Edmund Husserl , focuses on the contents of the human mind ( see noema ) and how processes shape our experiences . Existentialism , a school of thought founded upon the work of Søren Kierkegaard , focuses on Human predicament and how people deal with the situation of being alive . Existential - phenomenology represents a major branch of continental philosophy ( they are not contradictory ) , rooted in the work of Husserl but expressed in its fullest forms in the work of Martin Heidegger , Jean - Paul Sartre , Simone de Beauvoir and Maurice Merleau - Ponty . See Heidegger 's Being and Time , Merleau - Ponty 's Phenomenology of Perception , Sartre 's Being and Nothingness , and Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex . Mind in eastern philosophy ( edit ) Mind in Hindu philosophy ( edit ) Dualism ( edit ) Substance Dualism is a common feature of several orthodox Hindu schools including the Sāṅkhya , Nyāya , Yoga and Dvaita Vedanta . In these schools a clear difference is drawn between matter and a non-material soul , which is eternal and undergoes samsara , a cycle of death and rebirth . The Nyāya school argued that qualities such as cognition and desire are inherent qualities which are not possessed by anything solely material , and therefore by process of elimination must belong to a non-material self , the atman . Many of these schools see their spiritual goal as moksha , liberation from the cycle of reincarnation . Vedanta monistic idealism ( edit ) Śaṅkara In the Advaita Vedanta of the 8th century Indian philosopher Śaṅkara , the mind , body and world are all held to be the same unchanging eternal conscious entity called Brahman . Advaita , which means non-dualism , holds the view that all that exists is pure absolute consciousness . The fact that the world seems to be made up of changing entities is an illusion , or Maya . The only thing that exists is Brahman , which is described as Satchitananda ( Being , consciousness and bliss ) . Advaita Vedanta is best described by a verse which states `` Brahman is alone True , and this world of plurality is an error ; the individual self is not different from Brahman . '' Another form of monistic Vedanta is Vishishtadvaita ( qualified non-dualism ) as posited by the eleventh century philosopher Ramanuja . Ramanuja criticized Advaita Vedanta by arguing that consciousness is always intentional and that it is also always a property of something . Ramanuja 's Brahman is defined by a multiplicity of qualities and properties in a single monistic entity . This doctrine is called `` samanadhikaranya '' ( several things in a common substrate ) . Materialism ( edit ) Arguably the first exposition of empirical materialism in the history of philosophy is in the Cārvāka school ( also called Lokāyata ) . The Cārvāka school rejected the existence of anything but matter ( which they defined as being made up of the four elements ) , including God and the soul . Therefore , they held that even consciousness was nothing but a construct made up of atoms . A section of the Cārvāka school believed in a material soul made up of air or breath , but since this also was a form of matter , it was not said to survive death . Buddhist philosophy of mind ( edit ) The Five Aggregates ( pañca khandha ) according to the Pali Canon . form ( rūpa ) 4 elements ( mahābhūta ) ↓ contact ( phassa ) ↓ ↑ consciousness ( viññāna ) → ← ← mental factors ( cetasika ) feeling ( vedanā ) perception ( sañña ) formation ( saṅkhāra ) Form is derived from the Four Great Elements . Consciousness arises from other aggregates . Mental Factors arise from the Contact of Consciousness and other aggregates . Source : MN 109 ( Thanissaro , 2001 ) diagram details Buddhist teachings describe that the mind manifests moment - to - moment as sense impressions and mental phenomena that are continuously changing . The moment - by - moment manifestation of the mind - stream has been described as happening in every person all the time , even in a scientist who analyses various phenomena in the world , or analyses the material body including the organ brain . The manifestation of the mind - stream is also described as being influenced by physical laws , biological laws , psychological laws , volitional laws , and universal laws . A salient feature of Buddhist philosophy which sets it apart from Indian orthodoxy is the centrality of the doctrine of not - self ( Pāli . anatta , Skt . anātman ) . The Buddha 's not - self doctrine sees humans as an impermanent composite of five psychological and physical aspects instead of a single fixed self . In this sense , what is called ego or the self is merely a convenient fiction , an illusion that does not apply to anything real but to an erroneous way of looking at the ever changing stream of five interconnected aggregate factors . The relationship between these aggregates is said to be one of dependent - arising ( pratītyasamutpāda ) . This means that all things , including mental events , arise co-dependently from a plurality of other causes and conditions . This seems to reject both causal determinist and epiphenomenalist conceptions of mind . Abhidharma theories of mind ( edit ) Three centuries after the death of the Buddha ( c. 150 BCE ) saw the growth of a large body of literature called the Abhidharma in several contending Buddhist schools . In the Abhidharmic analysis of mind , the ordinary thought is defined as prapañca ( ' conceptual proliferation ' ) . According to this theory , perceptual experience is bound up in multiple conceptualizations ( expectations , judgments and desires ) . This proliferation of conceptualizations form our illusory superimposition of concepts like self and other upon an ever changing stream of aggregate phenomena . In this conception of mind no strict distinction is made between the conscious faculty and the actual sense perception of various phenomena . Consciousness is instead said to be divided into six sense modalities , five for the five senses and sixth for perception of mental phenomena . The arising of cognitive awareness is said to depend on sense perception , awareness of the mental faculty itself which is termed mental or ' introspective awareness ' ( manovijñāna ) and attention ( āvartana ) , the picking out of objects out of the constantly changing stream of sensory impressions . Rejection of a permanent agent eventually led to the philosophical problems of the seeming continuity of mind and also of explaining how rebirth and karma continue to be relevant doctrines without an eternal mind . This challenge was met by the Theravāda school by introducing the concept of mind as a factor of existence . This `` life - stream '' ( Bhavanga - sota ) is an undercurrent forming the condition of being . The continuity of a karmic `` person '' is therefore assured in the form of a mindstream ( citta - santana ) , a series of flowing mental moments arising from the subliminal life - continuum mind ( Bhavanga - citta ) , mental content , and attention . Indian Mahayana ( edit ) The Sautrāntika school held a form of phenomenalism that saw the world as imperceptible . It held that external objects exist only as a support for cognition , which can only apprehend mental representations . This influenced the later Yogācāra school of Mahayana Buddhism . The Yogācāra school is often called the mind - only school because of its internalist stance that consciousness is the ultimate existing reality . The works of Vasubandhu have often been interpreted as arguing for some form of Idealism . Vasubandhu uses the dream argument and a mereological refutation of atomism to attack the reality of external objects as anything other than mental entities . Scholarly interpretations of Vasubandhu 's philosophy vary widely , and include phenomenalism , neutral monism and realist phenomenology . The Indian Mahayana schools were divided on the issue of the possibility of reflexive awareness ( svasaṃvedana ) . Dharmakīrti accepted the idea of reflexive awareness as expounded by the Yogācāra school , comparing it to a lamp that illuminates itself while also illuminating other objects . This was strictly rejected by Mādhyamika scholars like Candrakīrti . Since in the philosophy of the Mādhyamika all things and mental events are characterized by emptiness , they argued that consciousness could not be an inherently reflexive ultimate reality since that would mean it was self - validating and therefore not characterized by emptiness . These views were ultimately reconciled by the 8th century thinker Śāntarakṣita . In Śāntarakṣita 's synthesis he adopts the idealist Yogācāra views of reflexive awareness as a conventional truth into the structure of the two truths doctrine . Thus he states : `` By relying on the Mind - Only system , know that external entities do not exist . And by relying on this Middle Way system , know that no self exists at all , even in that ( mind ) . '' The Yogācāra school also developed the theory of the repository consciousness ( ālayavijñāna ) to explain continuity of mind in rebirth and accumulation of karma . This repository consciousness acts as a storehouse for karmic seeds ( bija ) when all other senses are absent during the process of death and rebirth as well as being the causal potentiality of dharmic phenomena . Thus according to B. Alan Wallace : No constituents of the body -- in the brain or elsewhere -- transform into mental states and processes . Such subjective experiences do not emerge from the body , but neither do they emerge from nothing . Rather , all objective mental appearances arise from the substrate , and all subjective mental states and processes arise from the substrate consciousness . Tibetan Buddhism ( edit ) Tibetan Buddhist theories of mind evolved directly from the Indian Mahayana views . Thus the founder of the Gelug school , Je Tsongkhapa discusses the Yogācāra system of the Eight Consciousnesses in his Explanation of the Difficult Points . He would later come to repudiate Śāntarakṣita 's pragmatic idealism . According to the 14th Dalai Lama the mind can be defined `` as an entity that has the nature of mere experience , that is , ' clarity and knowing ' . It is the knowing nature , or agency , that is called mind , and this is non-material . '' The simultaneously dual nature of mind is as follows : 1 . Clarity ( gsal ) -- The mental activity which produces cognitive phenomena ( snang - ba ) . 2 . Knowing ( rig ) -- The mental activity of perceiving cognitive phenomena . The 14th Dalai Lama has also explicitly laid out his theory of mind as experiential dualism which is described above under the different types of dualism . Because Tibetan philosophy of mind is ultimately soteriological , it focuses on meditative practices such as Dzogchen and Mahamudra that allow a practitioner to experience the true reflexive nature of their mind directly . This unobstructed knowledge of one 's primordial , empty and non-dual Buddha nature is called rigpa . The mind 's innermost nature is described among various schools as pure luminosity or `` clear light '' ( ' od gsal ) and is often compared to a crystal ball or a mirror . Sogyal Rinpoche speaks of mind thus : `` Imagine a sky , empty , spacious , and pure from the beginning ; its essence is like this . Imagine a sun , luminous , clear , unobstructed , and spontaneously present ; its nature is like this . '' Zen Buddhism ( edit ) The central issue in Chinese Zen philosophy of mind is in the difference between the pure and awakened mind and the defiled mind . Chinese Chan master Huangpo described the mind as without beginning and without form or limit while the defiled mind was that which was obscured by attachment to form and concepts . The pure Buddha - mind is thus able to see things `` as they truly are '' , as absolute and non-dual `` thusness '' ( Tathatā ) . This non-conceptual seeing also includes the paradoxical fact that there is no difference between a defiled and a pure mind , as well as no difference between samsara and nirvana . In the Shobogenzo , the Japanese philosopher Dogen argued that body and mind are neither ontologically nor phenomenologically distinct but are characterized by a oneness called shin jin ( bodymind ) . According to Dogen , `` casting off body and mind '' ( Shinjin datsuraku ) in zazen will allow one to experience things - as - they - are ( genjokoan ) which is the nature of original enlightenment ( hongaku ) . Topics related to philosophy of mind ( edit ) There are countless subjects that are affected by the ideas developed in the philosophy of mind . Clear examples of this are the nature of death and its definitive character , the nature of emotion , of perception and of memory . Questions about what a person is and what his or her identity consists of also have much to do with the philosophy of mind . There are two subjects that , in connection with the philosophy of the mind , have aroused special attention : free will and the self . Free will ( edit ) Main article : Free will In the context of philosophy of mind , the problem of free will takes on renewed intensity . This is certainly the case , at least , for materialistic determinists . According to this position , natural laws completely determine the course of the material world . Mental states , and therefore the will as well , would be material states , which means human behavior and decisions would be completely determined by natural laws . Some take this reasoning a step further : people can not determine by themselves what they want and what they do . Consequently , they are not free . This argumentation is rejected , on the one hand , by the compatibilists . Those who adopt this position suggest that the question `` Are we free ? '' can only be answered once we have determined what the term `` free '' means . The opposite of `` free '' is not `` caused '' but `` compelled '' or `` coerced '' . It is not appropriate to identify freedom with indetermination . A free act is one where the agent could have done otherwise if it had chosen otherwise . In this sense a person can be free even though determinism is true . The most important compatibilist in the history of the philosophy was David Hume . More recently , this position is defended , for example , by Daniel Dennett . On the other hand , there are also many incompatibilists who reject the argument because they believe that the will is free in a stronger sense called libertarianism . These philosophers affirm the course of the world is either a ) not completely determined by natural law where natural law is intercepted by physically independent agency , b ) determined by indeterministic natural law only , or c ) determined by indeterministic natural law in line with the subjective effort of physically non-reducible agency . Under Libertarianism , the will does not have to be deterministic and , therefore , it is potentially free . Critics of the second proposition ( b ) accuse the incompatibilists of using an incoherent concept of freedom . They argue as follows : if our will is not determined by anything , then we desire what we desire by pure chance . And if what we desire is purely accidental , we are not free . So if our will is not determined by anything , we are not free . Self ( edit ) Main article : Philosophy of self The philosophy of mind also has important consequences for the concept of `` self '' . If by `` self '' or `` I '' one refers to an essential , immutable nucleus of the person , some modern philosophers of mind , such as Daniel Dennett believe that no such thing exists . According to Dennett and other contemporaries , the self is considered an illusion . The idea of a self as an immutable essential nucleus derives from the idea of an immaterial soul . Such an idea is unacceptable to modern philosophers with physicalist orientations and their general skepticism of the concept of `` self '' as postulated by David Hume , who could never catch himself not doing , thinking or feeling anything . However , in the light of empirical results from developmental psychology , developmental biology and neuroscience , the idea of an essential inconstant , material nucleus -- an integrated representational system distributed over changing patterns of synaptic connections -- seems reasonable . See also ( edit ) Animal consciousness Artificial consciousness Collective intentionality Outline of human intelligence Outline of thought Theory of mind in animals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Oliver Elbs , Neuro - Esthetics : Mapological foundations and applications ( Map 2003 ) , ( Munich 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Kim , J. ( 1995 ) . Honderich , Ted , ed . Problems in the Philosophy of Mind . Oxford Companion to Philosophy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , S. : The Contents of Visual Experience . 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Jump up ^ McGinn , C. `` Can the Mind - Body Problem Be Solved '' , Mind , New Series , Volume 98 , Issue 391 , pp. 349 -- 366 . a ( online ) Archived September 28 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Fodor , Jerry ( 1993 ) . Psychosemantics . The problem of meaning in the philosophy of mind . Cambridge : MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 06106 - 6 . Jump up ^ Siegel , S. ( 2011 ). `` The Contents of Perception '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2011 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) , URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2011/entries/perception-contents/ . ^ Jump up to : Pinker , S. ( 1997 ) How the Mind Works . tr . It : Come Funziona la Mente . Milan : Mondadori , 2000 . ISBN 88 - 04 - 49908 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Bear , M.F. et al. Eds. ( 1995 ) . Neuroscience : Exploring The Brain . Baltimore , Maryland , Williams and Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 3944 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Pinel , J.P.J ( 1997 ) . Psychobiology . Prentice Hall . ISBN 88 - 15 - 07174 - 1 . Jump up ^ Metzinger , Thomas ( 2003 ) . Being No One -- The Self Model Theory of Subjectivity . Cambridge : MIT Press . pp. 349 -- 366 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 13417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Sipser , M. ( 1998 ) . Introduction to the Theory of Computation . Boston , Mass. : PWS Publishing Co . ISBN 0 - 534 - 94728 - X . ^ Jump up to : Searle , John ( 1980 ) . `` Minds , Brains and Programs '' . The Behavioral and Brain Sciences ( 3 ) : 417 -- 424 . Jump up ^ Turing , Alan ( October 1950 ) , `` Computing Machinery and Intelligence '' , Mind , LIX ( 236 ) : 433 -- 460 , doi : 10.1093 / mind / LIX. 236.433 , ISSN 0026 - 4423 , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 Jump up ^ Russell , S. & Norvig , R. ( 1995 ) . Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach . New Jersey : Prentice Hall , Inc . ISBN 0 - 13 - 103805 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Psychology '' . Jump up ^ Thagard , Paul , Cognitive Science , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Fall 2008 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Mark Rowlands ( 2010 ) . `` Chapter 3 : The mind embedded '' . The new science of the mind : From extended mind to embodied phenomenology . MIT Press . pp. 51 ff . ISBN 0262014556 . Jump up ^ Dave Ward ; Mog Stapleton ( 2012 ) . `` Es are good . Cognition as enacted , embodied , embedded , affective and extended '' . In Fabio Paglieri . Consciousness in Interaction : The role of the natural and social context in shaping consciousness . John Benjamins Publishing . pp. 89 ff . ISBN 978 - 9027213525 . On - line version here . ^ Jump up to : Dummett , M. ( 2001 ) . Origini della Filosofia Analitica . Einaudi . ISBN 88 - 06 - 15286 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hegel , G.W.F. Phenomenology of Spirit . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503169 - 5 . , translated by A.V. Miller with analysis of the text and foreword by J.N. Findlay ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1977 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 824597 - 1 . Jump up ^ Husserl , Edmund . Logische Untersuchungen . ISBN 3 - 05 - 004391 - 1 . trans. : Giovanni Piana . Milan : EST . ISBN 88 - 428 - 0949 - 7 Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Nyāya , Matthew R. Dasti Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Advaita Vedanta , Sangeetha Menon Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Ramanuja , Shyam Ranganathan Jump up ^ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Lokāyata / Cārvāka -- Indian Materialism , Abigail Turner - Lauck Wernicki ^ Jump up to : Karunamuni N.D. ( May 2015 ) . `` The Five - Aggregate Model of the Mind '' ( PDF ) . SAGE open . 5 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 2158244015583860 . ^ Jump up to : Coseru , Christian , `` Mind in Indian Buddhist Philosophy '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Gold , Jonathan C. , `` Vasubandhu '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( Winter 2012 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Blumenthal , James , `` Śāntarakṣita '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2009 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ B. Alan Wallace ; Mind in the Balance : Meditation in Science , Buddhism , and Christianity , p. 95 -- 96 Jump up ^ Sparham , Gareth , `` Tsongkhapa '' , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( fall 2011 Edition ) , Edward N. Zalta ( ed . ) Jump up ^ Talk by His Holiness the Dalai Lama at Cambridge , MA USA , From MindScience , edited by Daniel Goleman and Robert F. Thurman , first in 1991 by Wisdom Publications , Boston , USA . ^ Jump up to : Zeuschner , Robert B. , `` The Understanding of Mind in the Northern Line of Ch'an ( Zen ) '' , Philosophy East and West , V. 28 , No. 1 ( January 1978 ) , pp. 69 -- 79 , University of Hawaii Press , Hawaii , USA . Jump up ^ David E. Shaner , `` The bodymind experience in Dogen 's Shobogenzo : a phenomenological perspective '' , Philosophy East and West 35 , no . 1 ( January 1985 ) , University of Hawaii Press , Hawaii , USA . ^ Jump up to : `` Philosopher Ted Honderich 's Determinism web resource '' . Jump up ^ Russell , Paul , Freedom and Moral Sentiment : Hume 's Way of Naturalizing Responsibility Oxford University Press : New York & Oxford , 1995 . Jump up ^ Dennett , Daniel ( 1984 ) . The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting . Cambridge MA : Bradford Books -- MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 54042 - 8 . Jump up ^ Descartes , René ( 1649 ) . Passions of the Soul . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 035 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kane , Robert ( 2009 ) . `` Libertarianism '' . Philosophical Studies . Springer Netherlands . 144 ( 1 ) : 39 . doi : 10.1007 / s11098 - 009 - 9365 - y . Jump up ^ Dennett , C. & Hofstadter , D.R. ( 1981 ) . The Mind 's I. Bantam Books . ISBN 0 - 553 - 01412 - 9 . Jump up ^ Searle , John ( 1 November 2004 ) . Mind : A Brief Introduction . Oxford University Press Inc , USA . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515733 - 8 . Jump up ^ LeDoux , Joseph ( 2002 ) . The Synaptic Self . New York : Viking Penguin . ISBN 88 - 7078 - 795 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read , depending on the student 's familiarity with the subject : Philosophy of Mind AL Engleman `` Expressions : A Philosophy of Mind '' ( CafePress , 2005 ) Richard Rorty , Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature ( Princeton , 1980 ) , p. 120 , 125 . Pedro Jesús Teruel , Mente , cerebro y antropología en Kant ( Madrid , 2008 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 309 - 4688 - 4 . David J. Ungs , Better than one ; how we each have two minds ( London , 2004 ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78220 - 173 - 1 Alfred North Whitehead Science and the Modern World ( 1925 ; reprinted London , 1985 ) , pp. 68 -- 70 . Edwin Burtt The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science , 2nd ed . ( London , 1932 ) , pp. 318 -- 19 . Felix Deutsch ( ed . ) On the Mysterious Leap from the Mind to the Body ( New York , 1959 ) . Herbert Feigl The `` Mental '' and the `` Physical '' : The Essay and a Postscript ( 1967 ) , in H. Feigl et al. , ( eds . ) , Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science ( Minneapolis , 1958 ) , Vol. 2 , pp. 370 -- 497 , at p. 373 . Nap Mabaquiao , Jr. , Mind , Science and Computation ( with foreword by Tim Crane ) . Manila : De La Salle University Publishing House , 2012 . Celia Green The Lost Cause : Causation and the Mind -- Body Problem . ( Oxford : Oxford Forum , 2003 ) . Applies a sceptical view on causality to the problems of interactionism . Gyatso , Geshe Kelsang Gyatso , Understanding the Mind : The Nature and Power of the Mind , Tharpa Publications ( 2nd . ed. , 1997 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 948006 - 78 - 4 Gerhard Medicus . Being Human -- Bridging the Gap between the Sciences of Body and Mind . Berlin ( 2015 ) : VWB Scott Robert Sehon , Teleological Realism : Mind , Agency and Explanation . Cambridge : MIT University Press , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Consciousness Studies Look up philosophy of mind in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philosophy of mind . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Philosophy of mind Philosophy of mind at PhilPapers Philosophy of mind at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project `` Theory of Mind '' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Guide to Philosophy of Mind , compiled by David Chalmers . MindPapers : A Bibliography of the Philosophy of Mind and the Science of Consciousness , compiled by David Chalmers ( Editor ) & David Bourget ( Assistant Editor ) . Dictionary of Philosophy of Mind , edited by Chris Eliasmith . An Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind , by Paul Newall , aimed at beginners . A list of online papers on consciousness and philosophy of mind , compiled by David Chalmers Field guide to the Philosophy of Mind Mind Field : The Playground of Gods , from the Indian Psychology series by Swami Veda Bharati . 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who spread the theory that one is a product of the mind and body

In Western Philosophy , the earliest discussions of dualist ideas are in the writings of Plato who maintained that humans ' `` intelligence '' ( a faculty of the mind or soul ) could not be identified with , or explained in terms of , their physical body . However , the best - known version of dualism is due to René Descartes ( 1641 ) , and holds that the mind is a non-extended , non-physical substance , a `` res cogitans '' . Descartes was the first to clearly identify the mind with consciousness and self - awareness , and to distinguish this from the brain , which was the seat of intelligence . He was therefore the first to formulate the mind -- body problem in the form in which it still exists today .

Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese footballer For the Brazilian footballer , see Ronaldo ( Brazilian footballer ) . This name uses Portuguese naming customs . The first or maternal family name is Santos and the second or paternal family name is Aveiro . Cristiano Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo with Portugal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Full name Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro Date of birth ( 1985 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1985 ( age 33 ) Place of birth Funchal , Madeira , Portugal Height 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Playing position Forward Club information Current team Juventus Number 7 Youth career 1992 -- 1995 Andorinha 1995 -- 1997 Nacional 1997 -- 2002 Sporting CP Senior career * Years Team Apps ( Gls ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP B ( 0 ) 2002 -- 2003 Sporting CP 25 ( 3 ) 2003 -- 2009 Manchester United 196 ( 84 ) 2009 -- 2018 Real Madrid 292 ( 311 ) 2018 -- Juventus ( 0 ) National team Portugal U15 9 ( 7 ) 2001 -- 2002 Portugal U17 7 ( 5 ) 2003 Portugal U20 5 ( 1 ) 2002 -- 2003 Portugal U21 10 ( 3 ) Portugal U23 ( 2 ) 2003 -- Portugal 154 ( 85 ) Honours ( show ) Men 's football Representing Portugal UEFA European Championship 2004 Portugal 2012 Poland & Ukraine 2016 France FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 Russia * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 25 August 2018 ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 30 June 2018 This article is part of a series about Cristiano Ronaldo Portuguese professional footballer International goals Career achievements Comparisons to Lionel Messi Namesakes Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport Galaxy CR7 Museu CR7 Films Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country . Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira , Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15 . He underwent an operation to treat his condition , and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP , before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003 . After winning his first trophy , the FA Cup , during his first season in England , he helped United win three successive Premier League titles , a UEFA Champions League title , and a FIFA Club World Cup . By age 22 , he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23 , he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards . In 2009 , Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million ( £ 80 million ) . In Madrid , Ronaldo won 15 trophies , including two La Liga titles , two Copas del Rey , four UEFA Champions League titles , two UEFA Super Cups , and three FIFA Club World Cups. Real Madrid 's all - time top goalscorer , Ronaldo scored a record 34 La Liga hat - tricks , including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons . After joining Madrid , Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times , behind Lionel Messi , his perceived career rival , before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014 . After winning the 2016 and 2017 Champions Leagues , Ronaldo secured back - to - back Ballons d'Or again in 2016 and 2017 . A historic third consecutive Champions League followed , making Ronaldo the first player to win the trophy five times . In 2018 , he signed for Juventus in a transfer worth € 100 million , the highest fee ever paid for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . A Portuguese international , Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015 . He made his senior debut for Portugal in 2003 at age 18 , and has since had over 150 caps , including appearing and scoring in eight major tournaments , becoming Portugal 's most capped player and his country 's all - time top goalscorer . He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final . He took over full captaincy in July 2008 , leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016 , and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament , before becoming the highest European international goalscorer of all - time . One of the most marketable athletes in the world , he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017 , as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Club career 2.1 Sporting CP 2.2 Manchester United 2.2. 1 2003 -- 07 : Development and breakthrough 2.2. 2 2007 -- 09 : Collective and individual success 2.3 Real Madrid 2.3. 1 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga championship 2.3. 2 2013 -- 15 : Consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima 2.3. 3 2015 -- 17 : All - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima 2.3. 4 2017 -- 18 : A record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or 2.4 Juventus 2.4. 1 2018 -- 19 3 International career 3.1 2001 -- 07 : Youth level and early international career 3.2 2007 -- 12 : Assuming the captaincy 3.3 2012 -- 16 : All - time Portugal top scorer and European champion 3.4 2016 -- present : Post-European Championship victory , and World Cup 4 Player profile 4.1 Style of play 4.2 Reception 4.3 Comparisons to Lionel Messi 5 Outside football 6 Personal life 6.1 Family and relationships 6.2 Philanthropy 6.3 Controversies 7 Career statistics 7.1 Club 7.2 International 8 Honours and achievements 8.1 Club 8.2 International 8.3 Individual 8.3. 1 Awards 8.3. 2 Performances 8.3. 3 Orders 8.4 Records 8.4. 1 World 8.4. 2 Continental 8.4. 3 Spain 8.4. 4 Portugal 8.4. 5 Real Madrid 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Early life Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro was born in São Pedro , Funchal , Portugal and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António , as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro , a cook , and José Dinis Aveiro , a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man . His second given name , `` Ronaldo '' , was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan . He has one older brother , Hugo , and two older sisters , Elma and Liliana Cátia . His great - grandmother on his father 's side , Isabel da Piedade , was from São Vicente , Cape Verde . Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home , sharing a room with his brother and sisters . As a child , Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995 , where his father was the kit man , and later spent two years with Nacional . In 1997 , aged 12 , he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP , who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500 . He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete , near Lisbon , to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy . By age 14 , Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally , and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football . While popular with other students at school , he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher , who he said had `` disrespected '' him . However , one year later , he was diagnosed with a racing heart , a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football . Ronaldo underwent heart surgery where a laser was used to cauterise multiple cardiac pathways , altering his resting heart rate . He was discharged from the hospital hours after the procedure and resumed training a few days later . Club career Sporting CP Ronaldo memorabilia at Sporting CP 's museum At age 16 , Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni , who was impressed with his dribbling . He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16 , under - 17 and under - 18 teams , the B team , and the first team , all within a single season . A year later , on 7 October 2002 , Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga , against Moreirense , and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win . Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season , his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta . Manager Arsène Wenger , who was interested in signing the winger , met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer . Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson , however , determined to acquire Ronaldo on a permanent move urgently , after Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in August 2003 . Initially , United had just planned to sign Ronaldo and then loan him back to Sporting for a year . Having impressed the Manchester United players , however , they urged Ferguson to sign him . After the game , Ferguson agreed to pay Sporting £ 12.24 million for what he considered to be `` one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen . A decade after his departure from the club , in April 2013 , Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member . Manchester United 2003 -- 07 : development and breakthrough Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season . His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him , at the time , the most expensive teenager in English football history . Although he requested the number 28 , his number at Sporting , he received the number 7 shirt , which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best , Eric Cantona and David Beckham . Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo . A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager , Alex Ferguson , of whom he later said , `` He 's been my father in sport , one of the most important and influential factors in my career . '' Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003 , receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt . His performance earned praise from George Best , who hailed it as `` undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen . Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November . Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign , the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season , a match in which he also received his first red card . Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final , earning his first trophy . Ronaldo playing against Chelsea in the Premier League during his third season in England At the start of 2005 , Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season , producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal . He played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal in the FA Cup final , which ended in a goalless draw , and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout . He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October , their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough . Midway through the season , in November , he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010 . Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football , the Football League Cup , after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic . During his third season in England , Ronaldo was involved in several incidents . He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a `` one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans , and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole . Ronaldo clashed with a teammate , striker Ruud van Nistelrooy , who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play . Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup , in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off , Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer , lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident . United , however , denied the possibility of him leaving the club . Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season , it proved to be his breakout year , as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title . An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen , who taught him to make himself more unpredictable , improve his teamwork , call for the ball , and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known . He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December , against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic , and Reading . Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December , becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours . 2007 -- 09 : collective and individual success Ronaldo during the 2006 -- 07 season At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League , Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition , finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma . He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan , which ended in a 3 -- 2 win , but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro . He also helped United reach the FA Cup final , but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat . Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years . As a result of his performances , he amassed a host of personal awards for the season . He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player , Fans ' Player , and Young Player of the Year awards , as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award , becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours . His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week ( £ 31 million total ) as part of a five - year contract extension with United . Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season , his most prolific campaign during his time in England . He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season , an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him . At the end of 2007 , Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or , and came third , behind Kaká and Lionel Messi , in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award . Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008 , bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table . A month later , on 19 March , he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton , and scored both goals of the match . His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign , which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season , thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder . His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot , as well as the European Golden Shoe , which made him the first winger to win the latter award . Ronaldo taking a direct free kick against Celtic in the 2008 -- 09 UEFA Champions League In the knockout stage of the Champions League , Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon , which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate , and , while playing as a striker , scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma . United advanced to the final against Chelsea in Moscow , where , despite his opening goal being negated by an equaliser and his penalty being saved in the shoot - out , Manchester United emerged victorious . As the Champions League top scorer , Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year . He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season . As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid , United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player , but they declined to take action . FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club , describing the situation as `` modern slavery '' . Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter , he remained at United for another year . Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season , on 7 July , he underwent ankle surgery , which kept him out of action for 10 weeks . Following his return , he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November , which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time . At the close of 2008 , Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan , assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process . He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968 , and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year . His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto , a 40 - yard strike , earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award , presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year ; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored . United advanced to the final in Rome , where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona . Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies , as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup . He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions , 16 goals fewer than the previous season , in four more appearances . His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford . Real Madrid 2009 -- 13 : World record transfer and La Liga Championship Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season , Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time , of £ 80 million ( € 94 million ) . His contract , which ran until 2015 , was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause . At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu , surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli . Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7 , the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United , Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt , which was presented to him by former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano . As his usual number 7 was unavailable , Ronaldo wore number 9 during his first season at Madrid . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt before the 2010 -- 11 season . Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009 , against Deportivo La Coruña , and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win . He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club , the first Madrid player to do so . His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich . His strong start to the season , however , was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty , which kept him sidelined for seven weeks . A week after his return , he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería . Midway through the season , Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona , Madrid 's historic rivals . He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions , including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010 , his first in the Spanish competition . His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless . Following Raúl 's departure , Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season . His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when , for the first time in his career , he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October . His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga , one in the Champions League , and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals , the most he had scored in a single month . Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao , Levante , Villarreal , and Málaga . Despite his performance , he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010 . During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011 , Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season . Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals , he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final , winning his first trophy in Spain . Over the next two weeks , Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla , a hat - trick against Getafe , and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal , taking his league total to 38 goals , which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez . His two goals in the last match of the season , against Almería , made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals . In addition to the Pichichi Trophy , Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time , becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues . He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions . Ronaldo scored 46 league goals during the La Liga championship success in his third season in Spain . During the following campaign , the 2011 -- 12 season , Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions . His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España , though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate . He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium , as runner - up to Messi , after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza , Rayo Vallecano , Málaga , Osasuna , and Sevilla , the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point . Despite two goals from Ronaldo , Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey . He again scored twice , including a penalty , in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich , resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw , but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer , leading to Madrid 's elimination . Ronaldo found greater team success in the league , as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years , with a record 100 points . Following a hat - trick against Levante , further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona , he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012 , a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons , breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás . Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals , equalling his record of the previous season . His final league goal of the campaign , against Mallorca , took his total to 46 goals , four short of the new record set by Messi , and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga . Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España , his third trophy in Spain . With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese , Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona . Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a `` professional issue '' within the club , prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid , his goalscoring rate did not suffer . After netting a hat - trick , including two penalties , against Deportivo La Coruña , he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax . Four days later , he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou . His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi . 2013 -- 15 : consecutive FIFA Ballon d'Or wins and La Décima Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break , Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match , scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January . He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January , a match which also marked his 500th club appearance . Three days prior , he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe . Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla , he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga , reaching the landmark in 197 games . He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico , which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored , a Real Madrid record . In the final , he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid , but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct . Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title , finishing runners up to Barcelona . In the first knockout round of the Champions League , Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time . After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu , he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford , his first return to his former home ground . Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals , He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund , but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg , as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year . Ronaldo had scored 12 goals , finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career . Accounting for all competitions , he ended the season with a total of 55 goals . Ronaldo scored a record 17 goals during the 2013 -- 14 La Décima campaign . Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club . At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season , however , he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018 , with a salary of € 17 million net , making him briefly the highest - paid player in football . He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale , whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior . Together with striker Karim Benzema , they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed `` BBC '' , an acronym of Bale , Benzema , and Cristiano , and a play off the name of the public service broadcaster . After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign , Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career . By late November , he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country , including hat - tricks against Galatasaray , Sevilla , Real Sociedad , Northern Ireland , and Sweden . He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances , his highest year - end goal tally . His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or , an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award , for the first time in his career . Concurrently with his individual achievements , Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date , as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima , their tenth European Cup . In the knockout phase of the competition , he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04 , helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals . His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals , equalling the record Messi had set two years before . After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena , he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid , becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams . His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems , which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign . Ronaldo played the final against medical advice , later commenting : `` In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks . '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time , with a record 17 goals , he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe . In the Copa del Rey , Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón , the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match . His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final , where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy . While Madrid were less successful in La Liga , finishing third , Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer . He scored 31 goals in 30 league games , which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe , receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez . Among his haul was his 400th career goal , in 653 appearances for club and country , which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January ; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio , who had died two days before . A last - minute , backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional , which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga . During the next campaign , the 2014 -- 15 season , Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions , starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup . He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign , with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga , including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao . His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga , scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December , made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league , as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game . After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco , again winning the Silver Ball , Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or , joining Johan Cruyff , Michel Platini , and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner . 2015 -- 17 : all - time Real Madrid top scorer and La Undécima Ronaldo scored a personal best of 61 goals in all competitions during the 2014 -- 15 season . Following the winter break , Ronaldo 's form faltered , concurrently with a decline in performance by his team . A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015 , despite his opening goal , ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions . Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy , earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe . In the latter competition , Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04 , before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals . He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus , where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate . With 10 goals , he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season , alongside Messi and Neymar . In La Liga , where Madrid finished second , Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season . For the first time in his career , he scored five goals in one game , including an eight - minute hat - trick , in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April . His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano . Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla , Espanyol , and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31 , surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles . As a result , Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals , two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season , despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player . In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi , he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time . At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid , the 2015 -- 16 campaign , Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer , first in the league and then in all competitions . His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games , surpassing the club 's previous recordholder , Raúl . A month later , on 17 October , he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals . Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk , having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals . A brace against Malmö FF , scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September , saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country . He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage , setting the record at 11 goals , including another four - goal haul against Malmö . By March 2016 , Ronaldo had scored 252 goals in 228 matches in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer . Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or , Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams , with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö . However , during the second half of the season , his form gradually improved . By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016 , Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi . After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April , he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat . The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals , making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season , and the fifth overall . Suffering apparent fitness issues , Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid , in a repeat of the 2014 final , though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima , Madrid 's 11th victory . For the sixth successive year , he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions . For his efforts during the season , he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time . Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season , including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla , as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016 . On 6 November , Ronaldo signed a new contract set to keep him with Madrid until 2021 . On 19 November , he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid , making him the all - time top scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals . On 15 December , Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup . He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final . Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament . He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player , a revival of the former FIFA World Player of the Year , largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016 . 2017 -- 18 : a record fifth Champions League title and fifth Ballon d'Or Ronaldo with then President of the Community of Madrid , Cristina Cifuentes , during the title celebrations in Madrid In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017 , Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history . As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo , Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so . On 12 April , in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich , Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg . The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition . During the second leg of the quarter - finals , Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal , becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time . On 2 May , Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match , as Real Madrid defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg . His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition . On 17 May , Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top scorer in the top five European leagues , scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo . He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era ; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990 , when the tournament was known as the European Cup . In the 2017 final , he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season , and sixth overall , with 12 goals , while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal . Real Madrid 's title was its 12th , also known as La Duodécima , extending its record , and its third in four years . At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season , Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou . Having received a yellow card for taking his shirt off during his goal celebration , he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction . He was issued a five - match suspension following the match . In his 400th game for Real Madrid , Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League , taking his club tally to 411 goals . On 23 October , his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year . On 6 December , he became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund . A day later , Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time , receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris . On 3 March 2018 , he scored two goals in a 3 -- 1 home win over Getafe , his first being his 300th La Liga goal in his 286th La Liga appearance , making him the fastest player to reach this landmark and only the second player to do so after Lionel Messi . On 18 March , he reached his 50th career hat - trick , scoring four goals in a 6 -- 3 win against Girona . Ronaldo in the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final On 3 April , Ronaldo scored the first two goals in a 3 -- 0 away win against Juventus in the quarter - finals of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League , with his second goal being an acrobatic bicycle kick . The goal , described as a `` PlayStation goal '' by Juventus defender Andrea Barzagli , garnered him a standing ovation from the Juventus fans in the stadium , as well as a plethora of plaudits from peers , pundits and coaches . The goal was also his 119th in European competition , more than 465 other clubs which have participated in the competition ; if he were a club , it would be the tenth - highest scorer in Champions League history . He would score his 650th career goal in a 1 -- 1 draw against Atlético Madrid on 8 April . On 11 April , he scored the goal Real Madrid needed to advance to the semi-final , in the second leg of the Champions League quarter - final at home to Juventus , from a 98th - minute injury time penalty in a 3 -- 1 defeat , with an overall 4 -- 3 aggregate win . It was also his tenth goal against Juventus , a Champions League record against a single club . In the final of the tournament , on 26 May , Real Madrid defeated Liverpool 3 -- 1 , winning Ronaldo his fifth Champions League title as Real Madrid completed their third consecutive Champions League triumph , becoming the first team to do so . He finished as the top scorer of the tournament for the sixth consecutive season , ending the campaign with 15 goals . After the final , Ronaldo referred to his time with the Champions League winners in the past tense , sparking speculation that he could leave Real Madrid . Juventus 2018 -- 19 After a week of transfer speculation , on 10 July 2018 , Ronaldo signed a four - year contract with Italian club Juventus after completing a € 100 million transfer , plus solidarity contributions to Ronaldo 's youth clubs and an additional € 12 million in other fees . The transfer was the highest ever for a player over 30 years old , and the highest ever paid by an Italian club . Upon signing , Ronaldo cited his need for a new challenge as his rationale for departing Real Madrid . Ronaldo made his official debut for Juventus in their opening Serie A match on 18 August , a 3 -- 2 away win over Chievo . International career 2001 -- 07 : youth level and early international career Ronaldo began his international career with Portugal at the 2001 European Youth Summer Olympic Festival , debuting in a 3 -- 1 defeat to Finland . The following year he would represent his country under - 17 side at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship , where they failed to progress past the group stage . Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics , scoring one goal in the tournament , though the team was eliminated in the first round , finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica . During his international youth career , Ronaldo would go on to represent the under - 15 team , under - 17 , under - 20 , under - 21 , and under - 23 national sides , amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall . At age 18 , Ronaldo made his first senior appearance for Portugal in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003 . He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004 , held in his home country , and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece . After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage , he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands , but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat . He was featured in the team of the tournament , having provided two assists in addition to his two goals . Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals . During the tournament , he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage . In the quarter - finals against England , his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho . Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction , the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining , after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal . Ronaldo went on to score the vital winning penalty during the penalty shoot out which sent Portugal into the semi-finals . Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France . FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award and handed it to Germany 's Lukas Podolski , citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision . Following the 2006 World Cup , Ronaldo would go on to represent Portugal in four qualifying games for Euro 2008 , scoring two goals in the process . 2007 -- 12 : assuming the captaincy Ronaldo , pictured playing against Germany at Euro 2012 , was made captain in 2008 . One day after his 22nd birthday , Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007 , as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva , who had died two days earlier . Ahead of Euro 2008 , he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time . While he scored eight goals in the qualification , the second - highest tally , he scored just one goal in the tournament , netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic ; in the same game , he also set - up Portugal 's third goal in injury time , which was scored by Quaresma , and was named man of the match for his performance . Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany . After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship , Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz , formerly the assistant manager at United . Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008 . Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup , as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia . At the group stage of the World Cup , he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire , North Korea , and Brazil . His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea , which marked his first international goal in 16 months . Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16 . Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012 , including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs , to send Portugal into the tournament , where they were drawn in a `` group of death '' . After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany , he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark , missing two clear one - on - one chances . In the last group stage game against the Netherlands , Ronaldo scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory . He scored a header in the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic to give his team a 1 -- 0 win . In both games against the Netherlands and the Czech Republic he was named man of the match . After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless , with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar , Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout . Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth , a decision that drew criticism . As the joint top scorer with three goals , alongside five other players , he was again included in the team of the tournament . 2012 -- 16 : all - time Portugal top scorer and European champion Ronaldo evading Luka Modrić during a friendly match against Croatia in June 2013 During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup , Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals . A qualifying match on 17 October 2012 , a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland , earned him his 100th cap . His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland , when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013 . After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign , Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden , which ensured their place at the tournament . His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals , equaling Pauleta 's record . Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer . Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury , potentially risking his career . Ronaldo later commented : `` If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable . But we do n't . '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness , being forced to abort practice twice , Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany , though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat . After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States , he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana . His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups . Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference . Ronaldo leaps in the air in Portugal 's Euro 2016 quarter - final match against Poland Ronaldo scored five goals , including a hat - trick against Armenia , in the qualification for Euro 2016 . With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014 , he reached 23 goals in the European Championship , including qualifying matches , to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer . At the start of the tournament , however , Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria , despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal . In the latter match , he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance , which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half . With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage , a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary , Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships , having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament . Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland , his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format . In Portugal 's first knockout match , Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma , whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time . After his team progressed past Poland on penalties , Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals ; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales , equaling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with nine goals . In the final against hosts France , Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet . After multiple treatments and attempts to play on , he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma . During extra time , substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory . As team captain , Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament . He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer , with three goals and three assists , and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career . 2016 -- present : post-european Championship victory , and World Cup Ronaldo playing against Russia at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Following the Euro 2016 success , Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016 . His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match . On 13 November , Ronaldo scored two goals ( while also missing a penalty ) in another qualifier against Latvia , which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory . These goals brought his international tally to 68 goals , putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all - time . He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at age 32 , opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros . With the goal , he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football . In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June , Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw . Three days later , he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia . On 24 June , he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand , which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition . With his 75th international goal , Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all - time , behind only Ferenc Puskás . He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group stage matches . Ronaldo left the competition early : after Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals , he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children . Therefore , he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time . On 31 August 2017 , Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands , which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football with 78 goals . These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14 , equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign , and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group , overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski . Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29 , making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers , ahead of Andriy Shevchenko , and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined , with 32 goals , ahead of Miroslav Klose . Ronaldo later added to this tally by scoring a goal against Andorra in a 2 -- 0 victory . Ronaldo evades an Iran defender in the group stage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia In the build - up to the 2018 World Cup , Portugal hosted friendlies against Tunisia , Belgium and Algeria . Ronaldo featured in the final of the three matches in which he made his 150th international appearance . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo became the oldest player ever to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , helping Portugal secure a 3 -- 3 draw against Spain in their opening match at the World Cup . In doing so , he also became the first Portuguese player to score a goal in four World Cups and one of four players to do so in total . His third goal saw him curl in a 30 yard free kick with two minutes remaining for the equaliser . His hat - trick also drew him level with Ferenc Puskás as the highest European goalscorer of all - time , with 84 international goals . In Portugal 's second game on 20 June , Ronaldo scored the only goal in a 1 -- 0 victory against Morocco , breaking Puskás ' record . In the final group match against Iran on 25 June , Ronaldo missed a penalty in an eventual 1 -- 1 draw which saw Portugal progress to the second round as group runners - up behind Spain . On 30 June , Portugal were eliminated following a 2 -- 1 defeat to Uruguay in the last 16 . Player Profile Style of play Ronaldo in action for Real Madrid against Espanyol during the 2012 -- 13 season A versatile attacker , Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch , and , while ostensibly right - footed , is very strong with both feet . He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers , both with and without the ball . Tactically , Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career . While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United , he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield , where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area . In this position , he was able to use his pace and acceleration , agility , and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations . Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair , often displaying an array of tricks and feints , such as the step overs that became his trademark . Ronaldo controlling the ball on his chest during a 2010 -- 11 La Liga game against Almería As Ronaldo matured , he underwent a major physical transformation , developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball . His strength , combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) , gives him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls . These attributes allow him to function as a target - man , and makes him an aerial goal threat in the penalty area ; consequently , many of his goals have been headers . Allied with his increased stamina and work - rate , his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks . He also increasingly played a creative role for his team , often dropping deep to pick up the ball , participate in the build - up of plays , and create chances for his teammates , courtesy of his good vision and passing ability . Pictured during El Clásico in 2011 , Ronaldo in his familiar pose before striking a free kick In his final seasons at United , Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role , functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward , or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion . He developed into a prolific goalscorer , capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot , courtesy of his striking ability . An accurate penalty kick taker , he also became a set piece specialist , renowned for his powerful , bending free kicks , though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career . At Real Madrid , Ronaldo continued to play a more offensive role , while his creative and defensive duties became more limited , although not entirely diminished . Initially deployed as a centre forward , he was later moved back onto the left wing , though in a free tactical role ; this position allowed him to drift into the centre at will to get onto the end of crosses and score , or draw out defenders with his movement off the ball and leave space for teammates to exploit . Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play also allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player , as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats . However , while he mainly drew praise in the media for his prolific goalscoring , he also demonstrated his ability as an effective creator in this role . From 2013 onwards , he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement , completing fewer dribbles and passes per game , and instead focusing on short - distance creating and goalscoring . Since 2017 , Ronaldo has adapted his style of play yet again to become more of a free - roaming centre forward , a role in which he has continued to excel and maintain a prolific goalscoring record ; in this position , he has earned praise in the media for his intelligent movement , excellent positional sense , link - up play , clinical finishing , and opportunism , as well as his ability to lose or anticipate his markers , find space in the box , and score from few opportunities . Reception `` In the six years ( Manchester United ) had him , you just saw his game grow all the time , and he was a fantastic player . Now you see the complete player . His decision - making , his maturity , his experience , plus all the great skills he has got , they all make him the complete player . '' -- Former manager Alex Ferguson , January 2013 Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation , alongside Lionel Messi . Ronaldo quickly established himself among the world 's best players in his early 20s , featuring as the core component for Manchester United in the mid-to - late 2000s . However , after winning his first Ballon d'Or by a record - high vote count at age 23 , the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history . Universally acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability , he is considered a decisive player , who stands out in games and who can be a game changer , especially in important and high - pressured situations . Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic , elite body conditioning , and dedication to improvement on the training pitch , as well being regarded as a natural leader . His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to be talked about alongside Pelé and Diego Maradona once retiring . Ronaldo has at times , however , been criticised for simulating when tackled . In addition to this , he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson , teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player . During his career , Ronaldo has also been described as having an `` arrogant image '' on the pitch , with Ronaldo stating that he had become a `` victim '' , because of how he was portrayed in the media . He is often seen moaning , gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory , with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance . His managers , teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him . In 2014 , Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a `` mistake '' when he said in 2011 , `` People are jealous of me as I am young , handsome and rich '' , adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better . Comparisons to Lionel Messi Main article : Messi -- Ronaldo rivalry Ronaldo with Lionel Messi before an international friendly between Portugal and Argentina in Geneva , Switzerland , on 9 February 2011 Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season . Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football . It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing , the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis , and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing . `` It 's part of my life now . People are bound to compare us . He tries to do his best for his club and for his national team , as I do , and there is a degree of rivalry with both of us trying to do the best for the teams we represent . '' -- Cristiano Ronaldo commenting on his rivalry with Messi . Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two , while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players : Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff , while Messi is portrayed as a shy , humble character . In a 2012 interview , Ronaldo commented on the rivalry , saying `` I think we push each other sometimes in the competition , this is why the competition is so high '' , while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United , Alex Ferguson , opined that `` I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them . I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best '' . Messi himself denied any rivalry , saying that it was `` only the media , the press , who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano '' . Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level , Ronaldo commented , `` We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football , just as we do n't with a lot of other players '' , before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together , stating ; `` We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit , because it 's a good thing . '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid , the two players faced each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game , El Clásico , which is among the world 's most viewed annual sporting events . In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013 , when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo , Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo , claiming `` one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other '' . Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology , and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla , after Blatter had described him as a `` commander '' on the pitch . Outside Football See also : Museu CR7 and Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport The Cristiano Ronaldo Museum , CR7 , in Funchal , Madeira . It was opened on 15 December 2013 . Ronaldo 's CR7 Museum -- front view As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United , Ronaldo has signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products , including sportswear , football boots ( since November 2012 Ronaldo has worn the Nike Mercurial Vapor personalized CR7 edition ) , soft drinks , clothing , automotive lubricants , financial services , electronics and computer video games . Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and was heavily involved in the game 's promotion . He was also the face of Pro Evolution Soccer , appearing on the cover in 2008 , 2012 and 2013 . Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on its list of the world 's highest - paid football players ; his combined income from salaries , bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15 . The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather , Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes . In 2016 , he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes , with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16 . He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17 . Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes : SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012 , and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013 , with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists . Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014 . He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100 , Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world . ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 , 2017 and 2018 . Ronaldo has established a strong online presence ; the most popular sportsperson on social media , he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook , Twitter and Instagram by June 2015 . As of June 2015 , he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers : he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010 , and in October 2014 , he became the first sportsperson , and the second person after Shakira , to reach 100 million followers . By June 2017 , Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media . His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017 . Ronaldo has released two mobile apps : in December 2011 , he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano , created by developer RockLive , and in December 2013 , he launched Viva Ronaldo , a dedicated social networking website and mobile app . Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website , with Ronaldo 's name first on the list . Ronaldo statue in Madeira Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works . His autobiography , titled Moments , was published in December 2007 . His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo : Tested to the Limit , in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas ; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011 . Cristiano Ronaldo : The World at His Feet , a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch , was released via Vimeo in June 2014 . A documentary film about his life and career , titled Ronaldo , was released worldwide on 9 November 2015 . Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke , the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures , while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer . Ronaldo opened his first fashion boutique under the name CR7 ( his initials and shirt number ) on the island of Madeira , Portugal , in 2006 . Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008 . In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai , Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line , released in November 2013 . He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014 . In September 2015 , Ronaldo -- in a partnership with Eden Parfums -- released his own fragrance , `` Legacy '' . Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport in Madeira In 2007 , C.D. Nacional renamed its youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol ( Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus ) . In December 2013 , Ronaldo opened a museum , Museu CR7 , in his hometown of Funchal , Madeira , to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career ; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira . At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014 , President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry , `` to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally , contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations '' . A bronze statue of Ronaldo , designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso , was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014 . In June 2010 , during the build - up to the World Cup , Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard , Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London . Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013 . In June 2015 , astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 ( Cosmos Redshift 7 ) in tribute to Ronaldo . On 23 July 2016 , following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016 , Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport . The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017 , which included a bust of his head being presented . The bust and the name change were controversial , with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridiculed by comedians , including Saturday Night Live , while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens , who even started a petition against the move , an action criticised by President of Madeira Miguel Albuquerque . A year later , sports website Bleacher Report commissioned sculptor Emanuel Santos to create another bust . However , this bust was never used ; instead , a new one was made by a Spanish sculptor , shown to the public on 15 June 2018 . Personal life Family and relationships Ronaldo 's children Via a surrogate mother Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Junior ( born 2010 ) Via a surrogate mother Eva Maria ( born 2017 ) Mateo ( born 2017 ) By Georgina Rodriguez Alana Martina ( born 2017 ) Ronaldo 's father , José Dinis Aveiro , died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20 . Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol , and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008 . Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010 , announcing that he had full custody of the child and would not be publicly revealing the identity of his son 's mother . In January 2015 , Ronaldo announced his five - year relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk ended . In June 2017 , Ronaldo announced he had become the father to twins , a daughter Eva Maria and a son Mateo . Five months later , his girlfriend Georgina Rodríguez gave birth to their daughter Alana Martina . Philanthropy Ronaldo has made contributions to various charitable causes throughout his career . Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed . Following this , Ronaldo visited Aceh , Indonesia , to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction . After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008 , Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira . In 2009 , Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer , so that they could build a cancer centre on the island . In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood , Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional . In 2012 , Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer . In November 2012 , Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza . In December 2012 , Ronaldo joined FIFA 's `` 11 for Health '' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction , HIV , malaria and obesity . In January 2013 , Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador , in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity . In March , Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia , an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation . In November 2014 , Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's `` 11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world , including Neymar , Gareth Bale , Xavi and Didier Drogba . Under the slogan `` Together , we can beat Ebola '' , FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts , with the players holding up 11 messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it . He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015 . In June 2016 , Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League . In August 2016 , Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie , a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses . In the app , fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses , and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies . Controversies In April 2017 , a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo , stating the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into , resulting in the alleged charges being dropped . Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims , labelling them `` journalistic fiction '' , with Ronaldo stating it was consensual sex . Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial , alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed he was aware of the legal negotiations . According to Der Spiegel , the woman received US $375,000 in the settlement . In July 2017 , Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014 , a claim he denies . In May 2018 , Spanish tax authorities rejected Ronaldo 's settlement offer of € 14 million . It was reported on 15 June , just before Spain played Portugal in the 2018 World Cup , Ronaldo had been sentenced to two years in jail ( suspended ) and fined € 18.8 million after reaching a deal with Spanish authorities . The sentence can be served under probation , without any jail time , so long as he does not reoffend . On 15 June 2018 , Ronaldo paid $21.7 million in restitution regarding his past tax frauds in order to avoid jail time . The Spanish government would later reduce the amount by € 2 million . Career Statistics Club As of match played 25 August 2018 Appearances and goals by club , season and competition Club Season League Cup League Cup Europe Other Total Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Sporting CP B 2002 -- 03 Segunda Divisão 0 -- -- -- -- 0 Sporting CP 2002 -- 03 Primeira Liga 25 -- 0 0 0 31 5 Manchester United 2003 -- 04 Premier League 29 5 0 5 0 0 0 40 6 2004 -- 05 Premier League 33 5 7 0 8 0 0 0 50 9 2005 -- 06 Premier League 33 9 0 8 -- 47 12 2006 -- 07 Premier League 34 17 7 0 11 -- 53 23 2007 -- 08 Premier League 34 31 0 0 11 8 0 49 42 2008 -- 09 Premier League 33 18 12 53 26 Total 196 84 26 13 12 55 16 292 118 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 La Liga 29 26 0 0 -- 6 7 -- 35 33 2010 -- 11 La Liga 34 40 8 7 -- 12 6 -- 54 53 2011 -- 12 La Liga 38 46 5 -- 10 10 55 60 2012 -- 13 La Liga 34 34 7 7 -- 12 12 55 55 2013 -- 14 La Liga 30 31 6 -- 11 17 -- 47 51 2014 -- 15 La Liga 35 48 -- 12 10 5 54 61 2015 -- 16 La Liga 36 35 0 0 -- 12 16 -- 48 51 2016 -- 17 La Liga 29 25 -- 13 12 46 42 2017 -- 18 La Liga 27 26 0 0 -- 13 15 44 44 Total 292 311 30 22 -- 101 105 15 12 438 450 Juventus 2018 -- 19 Serie A 0 0 0 -- 0 0 0 0 0 Career total 517 398 59 37 12 159 121 18 13 765 573 Notes Jump up ^ Includes the Taça de Portugal , FA Cup , Copa del Rey , and Coppa Italia Jump up ^ All appearance ( s ) in UEFA Champions League , unless where noted . Jump up ^ Includes the FA Community Shield , Supercopa de España , Supercoppa Italiana , UEFA Super Cup , and FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Champions League , two appearances in UEFA Cup Jump up ^ Appearance in FA Community Shield ^ Jump up to : All appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ Does not include one goal scored on 18 September 2010 against Real Sociedad . Marca , which awards the Pichichi Trophy , attribute it to Ronaldo , while La Liga and UEFA attribute it to Pepe . ^ Jump up to : All appearances in Supercopa de España Jump up ^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup , two appearances in Supercopa de España , two appearances in FIFA Club World Cup Jump up ^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup , one appearance and one goal in Supercopa de España , two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup International For a comprehensive listing of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo , see List of international goals scored by Cristiano Ronaldo . As of match played 30 June 2018 National team Year Competitive Friendly Total Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Portugal 2003 0 0 0 0 11 7 5 0 16 7 2005 7 0 11 2006 10 14 6 2007 9 5 0 10 5 2008 5 0 8 2009 5 0 7 6 5 0 11 2011 6 5 8 7 2012 9 13 5 2013 6 7 9 10 2014 5 9 5 2015 0 5 2016 10 10 13 13 2017 10 10 11 11 2018 7 6 Total 107 68 47 17 154 85 Honours and achievements For a comprehensive listing of Ronaldo 's achievements , see List of career achievements by Cristiano Ronaldo . Ronaldo presenting his third Ballon d'Or to fans at the Santiago Bernabéu in January 2015 Club As of 26 May 2018 Sporting CP Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira : 2002 Manchester United Premier League : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 FA Cup : 2003 -- 04 Football League Cup : 2005 -- 06 , 2008 -- 09 FA Community Shield : 2007 UEFA Champions League : 2007 -- 08 FIFA Club World Cup : 2008 Real Madrid La Liga : 2011 -- 12 , 2016 -- 17 Copa del Rey : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 Supercopa de España : 2012 , 2017 UEFA Champions League : 2013 -- 14 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Super Cup : 2014 , 2017 FIFA Club World Cup : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 International Portugal UEFA European Championship : 2016 Individual Awards FIFA Ballon d'Or / Ballon d'Or : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFA World Player of the Year : 2008 FIFPro World Player of the Year : 2008 The Best FIFA Men 's Player : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award : 2014 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Club Footballer of the Year : 2007 -- 08 World Soccer Player of the Year : 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 FIFPro Special Young Player of the Year : 2003 -- 04 , 2004 -- 05 PFA Portuguese Player of the Year : 2016 , 2017 European Golden Shoe : 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 FIFA Puskás Award : 2009 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Team of the Year : 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season : 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament : 2004 , 2012 , 2016 UEFA European Championship Silver Boot : 2016 UEFA Euro All Time XI FIFA World Cup Dream Team : 2018 PFA Young Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 PFA Players ' Player of the Year : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 Premier League Player of the Season : 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 PFA Premier League Team of the Year : 2005 -- 06 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 Premier League Golden Boot : 2007 -- 08 Performances FIFA Club World Cup top assist provider : 2014 FIFA Club World Cup top goal scorer : 2016 , 2017 UEFA Champions League top goalscorer : 2007 -- 08 , 2012 -- 13 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 , 2015 -- 16 , 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League top assist provider : 2013 -- 14 UEFA European Championship top goalscorer : 2012 La Liga top scorer : 2010 -- 11 , 2013 -- 14 , 2014 -- 15 Orders Medal of Merit , Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa ( House of Bragança ) Grand officer of the Order of Prince Henry Commander of the Order of Merit Cordão Autonómico de Distinção Records As of 14 July 2018 World Most ( FIFA ) Ballon d'Or awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most World Soccer Player of the Year awards : 5 ( 2008 , 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most IFFHS World 's Best Top Goal Scorer awards : 4 ( 2013 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) The most expensive footballer in history : 2009 -- 2013 Most FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) trophies : 4 ( shared with Toni Kroos ) Top goalscorer in the history of FIFA Club World Cup or Intercontinental Cup ( football ) : 7 goals ( shared with Pelé ) Most FIFA Club World Cup final goals : 4 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most appearances in the FIFPro World XI : 11 times ( 2007 -- 2017 ) ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Only player who has scored in 8 consecutive major international tournaments : the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the European Championship ; and the 2006 , 2010 , 2014 and 2018 editions of the World Cup First footballer to reach 40 goals in a professional league for two consecutive seasons Only player to score 50 goals or more in six different seasons ( done consecutively ) Only player to score 50 goals or more in 7 consecutive calendar years Only player in history to have scored 60 or more goals in a calendar year four times ( consecutively from 2011 to 2014 ) Continental Most career goals in Europe 's top six leagues : 398 goals Most goals scored in all UEFA competitions : 158 goals Most goals scored in UEFA club competitions : 123 goals Most goals scored in the UEFA Champions League : 120 goals Most assists in the UEFA Champions League : 34 assists Most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League / European Cup season : 17 goals in 2013 -- 14 Most hat - tricks in the UEFA Champions League : 7 ( shared with Lionel Messi ) Most goals scored in the UEFA European Championship , including qualifying : 29 goals , for Portugal Most goals scored in UEFA European Championship and European FIFA World Cup qualifiers : 50 goals Most UEFA Best Player in Europe awards : 4 ( 2008 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) Most goals scored in European World Cup Qualifiers : 30 goals Europe 's all - time leading international goalscorer : 85 goals Spain Most hat - tricks in La Liga history : 34 Most goals scored from penalty kicks in La Liga history : 61 Fastest La Liga player to score 150 league goals ( 140 games ) Portugal Portugal 's most capped player of all time : 154 caps Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer : 85 goals Real Madrid Real Madrid all - time top goalscorer : 451 goals Top goalscorer in La Liga : 311 goals Top goalscorer in UEFA Champions League : 105 goals Most assists in La Liga : 85 assists Most assists in UEFA Champions League : 25 assists See also Association football portal Portugal portal List of men 's footballers with 50 or more international goals List of footballers with 100 or more caps List of men 's footballers with 500 or more goals References Notes Jump up ^ Though there was no third place playoff , UEFA decided in the 2012 edition to award the semi-final losers ( Germany and Portugal ) bronze medals for the first time : `` Regulations for UEFA Euro 2012 '' Jump up ^ The terminology for the award has varied . Ronaldo received three Ballon d'Or ( 2008 , 2016 , 2017 ) and two FIFA Ballon d'Or ( 2013 , 2014 ) , as well as the 2008 FIFA World Player of the Year and 2016 and 2017 Best FIFA Men 's Player awards . Jump up ^ Since surpassed by Gareth Bale 's fee of € 100.8 million in 2013 ( also to Real Madrid ) , Paul Pogba 's € 105 million transfer fee to Manchester United in 2016 , and Neymar 's € 222 million transfer fee to Paris Saint - Germain in 2017 . Jump up ^ Record shared with Lionel Messi , who recorded 8 hat - tricks in the 2011 -- 12 La Liga season . Jump up ^ Real Madrid had previously recognized Ronaldo as their all - time top scorer after he scored a brace against Malmö FF on 30 September 2015 . The club 's official record book attributes to Ronaldo a 74th - minute goal in a 2 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 18 September 2010 , despite his free - kick having been deflected by Pepe . Jump up ^ Bayern Munich had previously won three consecutive European Cups , the predecessor of the Champions League . Jump up ^ Macdonald , Paul . `` A future without Messi and Ronaldo '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Staunton , Peter . `` Messi and Ronaldo : Changing the face of football '' . Goal . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Haugstad , Thore ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` Whoever wins the Ballon d'Or , the Messi - Ronaldo duopoly is coming to an end '' . Official website of Eurosport . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Brewin , John ( 16 July 2018 ) . `` Will Cristiano Ronaldo 's Madrid departure hasten the end of the ' Greatest ' era ? '' . Tifo Football . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Danny ( 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the world 's greatest ever goal scorer '' . GiveMeSport . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . `` From a flashy winger to the greatest goal scorer Europe ever produced '' . Sportskeeda. 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Ruthven , Graham ( 7 June 2017 ) . `` ' Cristiano Ronaldo is the greatest goalscorer of all time ' '' . Marca English . Retrieved 21 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Alan ( 13 April 2018 ) . `` We analysed who the better big - game player is , Cristiano Ronaldo or Lionel Messi -- and the stats show the winner is clear '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Weiner , David ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Scary proof Ronaldo is the ultimate big game player '' . The Queensland Times . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jones , Robert ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo has become king of the big - game occasion for Real Madrid '' . Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Bradley , Ciaran ( 15 February 2018 ) . `` Giles : Ronaldo is a genius and made for big games '' . Off the Ball . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Tom ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` 10 Biggest Divers in World Football 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Pickup , Oliver ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` Arjen Robben joins list of top 9 football divers of all time , but where does he rank compared to the others ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 December 2017 . 6 . Cristiano Ronaldo `` Sir Alex Ferguson admits Cristiano Ronaldo was a diver '' . Sport English . 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Citations Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2017 : List of players : Real Madrid CF '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 16 December 2017 . p. 5 . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 8 June 2008 ) . `` He 's got the world at his feet '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 5 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia -- List of Players '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 10 June 2018 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FourFourTwo 's 100 Greatest Footballers EVER '' . FourFourTwo. 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pelé has been voted the greatest footballer of all time '' . The Independent . 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 31 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo first to win five Champions League titles '' . UEFA . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo goal , Portugal vs Morocco World Cup 2018 : Real Madrid forward breaks record with header '' . The Independent . 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Desporto -- Pelos caminhos de Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano turns 32 '' . Marca . Spain . 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiebre Maldini : Los inicios de Cristiano Ronaldo ( flv ) ( Television production ) ( in Spanish ) . Madrid : Canal+ ( a division of PRISA TV ) . 22 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Richard ( 1 October 2012 ) . El Clasico : Barcelona V Real Madrid : Football 's Greatest Rivalry . A&C Black . p. 122 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo tem ' costela ' cabo - verdiana '' . Sapo Expresso ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo spills all to his ' close friend ' Jasmine about women , football , cars ... and money '' . Daily Mirror. 3 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bola de Ouro -- Ronaldo conquistou primeiro prémio aos oito anos no Andorinha '' ( in Portguese ) . Diário de Notícias. 2 December 2008 . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Hayward ( 23 June 2017 ) . `` The ' little bee ' who always cried -- the story of young Ronaldo 's path to greatness in Madeira '' . goal.com . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clash of the Titans '' . Manchester Evening News . 18 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of Ronaldo at about.com '' . about.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I was expelled from school for throwing a chair at the teacher '' . Now Magazine . 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Biography & Facts '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Conte , Peter ( 8 May 2018 ) . `` What you did n't know about Cristiano Ronaldo '' . NewsComAu . Retrieved 11 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester United winger Cristiano Ronaldo needed heart operation to save career '' . The Telegraph . 29 January 2009 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boloni își amintește de debutul lui Ronaldo la Sporting : `` Nu reușeam să îl opresc să facă driblinguri '' `` . DigiSport. 13 January 2015 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Famous players featured in U17 c'ships '' . uefau17.com . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool ' turned down Ronaldo ' '' . Eurosport. 6 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2010 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 19 January 2011 ) . `` The brightest star in Europe and £ 1m to a mysterious agent '' . The Guardian . London . 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Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo vows to justify price tag '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 17 August 2003 ) . `` Only one Ronaldo as United find new idol '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Justin ( 12 June 2014 ) . `` George Best on Ronaldo 's Debut For Man Utd '' . Sabotage Times . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd see off Pompey '' . BBC Sport. 1 November 2003 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 22 March 2004 ) . `` United rediscover form and put Arsenal on red alert '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Ridley , Ian ( 15 May 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo 's good and bad day '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport. 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 1 Aston Villa '' . BBC . 22 January 2005 . 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Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 27 December 2006 ) . `` Ferguson giddy with glee as Ronaldo stretches United 's lead '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo stretches United 's advantage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo lands back - to - back accolades '' . inthenews.com. 11 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins monthly award again '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 11 April 2007 ) . `` Seven wonders of sublime United dazzle and destroy helpless Roma '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Man Utd 3 -- 2 AC Milan '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FA Cup final -- Chelsea 1 -- 0 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport. 19 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 19 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Paul ( 6 May 2007 ) . `` Misfiring Ronaldo gets a kick out of giving City the runaround '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins PFA double '' . World Soccer. 23 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckingham , Mark ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Writers award for Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo secures PFA awards double '' . BBC Sport. 22 April 2007 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 14 April 2007 ) . `` Ferguson lets rip at Madrid after Ronaldo signs £ 31m deal '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 16 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo pledges to keep his cool '' . BBC Sport. 15 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kaká 's year capped by Ballon d'Or '' . UEFA. 2 December 2007 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : Going the right way '' . FIFA. 17 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 18 December 2007 . Retrieved 18 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 6 -- 0 Newcastle '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Kay , Oliver ( 20 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo revels in role of Captain Fantastic as United stretch lead '' . The Times . London . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Best 's crown intact until Ronaldo cures his travel sickness '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo & Ferguson win top awards '' . BBC Sport. 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scoops ESM Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Oliver ( 5 March 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts Man Utd into quarters '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Ian ( 2 April 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo and Rooney combine to leave Roma in ruins again '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Hodges , Vicki ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's penalty technique ' unacceptable ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 22 May 2008 ) . `` Man Utd earn dramatic Euro glory '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . UEFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 27 April 2008 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo wins writers ' award again '' . BBC Sport. 2 May 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 16 June 2008 ) . `` Fifa decline to take action against Real '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Dall , James ( 10 July 2008 ) . `` Blatter -- Let Ronaldo leave '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 11 July 2008 ) . `` I am a slave , says Ronaldo as he pushes for Madrid move '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sticks with United '' . ESPN . 7 August 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ankle surgery a ' success ' '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2008 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Hart , Simon ( 17 September 2008 ) . `` Villarreal return to frustrate United '' . UEFA . Retrieved 18 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Paul ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` United swear by Ronaldo as Stoke can only curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stat Attack '' . The United Review . Manchester United . 70 ( 11 ) : 65 . 15 November 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Richard ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` United secure final date '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 21 December 2008 ) . `` Liga de Quito 0 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rooney crowned best player '' . FIFA Official Website. 21 December 2008 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Roughley , Gregg ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo beats off Messi and Torres to scoop Ballon d'Or '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Fifa player of 2008 '' . BBC Sport. 12 January 2009 . Retrieved 2 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo 's ' incredible , fantastic ' goal '' . FIFA. 21 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo stunner thrills Ferguson '' . BBC Sport. 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` United cruise into final '' . Sky Sports . 5 May 2009 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo in a mess as Lionel Messi takes lead role on grand stage '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Player Profile Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Premier League . 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Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo To Wear No. 9 at Real Madrid -- Report '' . goal.com. 6 June 2009 . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo aims shot at English game '' . BBC Sport. 6 July 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo in winning start for Real '' . BBC Sport. 29 August 2009 . Retrieved 29 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo makes Real Madrid history '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Champions League review '' . BBC Sport. 15 September 2009 . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Glendenning , Barry ( 3 November 2009 ) . `` Champions League : Milan v Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo forced out of Milan meetings '' . UEFA. 11 October 2009 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores and sent off in Real victory '' . BBC Sport. 5 December 2009 . 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London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Chadband , Ian ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` Messi , Ronaldo and Neymar are Ballon d'Or nominees '' . Reuters . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2010 -- 11 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Madrid clinch Copa del Rey Sky Sports Retrieved 20 April 2011 Archived 23 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 4 as Madrid thrash Sevilla '' . CNN . 8 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid delay coronation of Barcelona as La Liga champions '' . The Independent . 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo equals La Liga goal - scoring record '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 16 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sets new Primera Liga scoring record '' . BBC . 21 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo wins 2010 / 11 Golden Shoe '' . UEFA Official Website. 23 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid Squad Stats ( Spanish Primera División ) -- 2011 -- 12 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 7 September 2014 Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 3 Real Madrid 2 ; agg 5 -- 4 , match report '' . The Telegraph . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Zaragoza 6 -- 0 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat tricks for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 24 September 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs hat - trick as Real go top in Spain '' . CNN . 22 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 25 May 2013 ) . `` Bayern Munich hold nerve to beat Real Madrid on penalties in semi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's sixth hat - trick of the season sees Real Madrid open 10 - point lead over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid and Barca victorious '' . ESPN Soccernet. 24 March 2011 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid defeat Atletico 4 -- 1 to maintain four = point cushion over Barcelona '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi : Barcelona striker 's goal record in numbers '' . BBC . 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history scoring against every La Liga team '' . footballzz.com . Retrieved 14 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Barcelona 3 -- 2 Real Madrid -- as it happened '' . The Guardian . 23 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 3 September 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' sad ' at Real Madrid and upset with ' people in the club ' after choosing not to celebrate goals '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 22 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Tynan , Gordon ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo grabs another Real Madrid hat - trick '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jenson , Pete ( 8 October 2012 ) . `` Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo : a class apart in el Clasico '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi crowned world 's best for record fourth time '' . CNN . 8 January 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Marioni , Massimo ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Iker Casillas rejects captain 's armband gesture from Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Metro . UK . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 1 Barcelona Copa del Rey semi-final first leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo scores 300th club goal '' . Independent Online . South Africa . 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat - trick as Real Madrid thrash Celta Vigo '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 4 -- 1 Sevilla La Liga match report '' . The Guardian . London . 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 200 goals for Real Madrid with Malaga strike '' . goal.com. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores twice as Real Madrid crush Barcelona '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid vs. Atletico Madrid , 2013 Copa del Rey : Final score 1 -- 2 in thrilling extra time upset '' . sbnation.com. 18 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Chris ( 17 May 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo Red Card : Real Madrid Star Scores Opening Goal In Copa Del Rey Final , Gets Sent Off '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo rises to big occasion with impeccable timing '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 March 2013 ) . `` Nani 's red card opens door and Real Madrid defeat Manchester United '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Zac Lee ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid ties up loose ends early against Galatasaray '' . Aol.sportingnews.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Galatasaray 3 -- 2 Real Madrid ( agg 3 -- 5 ) '' . The Guardian . London . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` Ronaldo to miss Madrid derby '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 16 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Real Madrid 2 -- 0 Borussia Dortmund Champions League semi-final , second leg match report '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Monaco set to make world record £ 85m bid for Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 24 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tells Manchester United he is keen on a return to club '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo agrees £ 76m Real Madrid deal to end hopes of Manchester United return '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Bale contract leak sparks panic at Real Madrid -- and agent 's fury '' . The Telegraph ( 21 January 2016 ) . 21 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 200 goals for the BBC '' . Real Madrid Club de Fútbol. 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : This is the form of my life '' . Yahoo Sport . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick sees Portugal beat Northern Ireland 4 -- 2 '' . Sky Sports . 7 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unstoppable Ronaldo fires Portugal to Brazil '' . ESPN . 19 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits hat - trick as Real Madrid hammer Galatasaray '' . Sky Sports . 17 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo and Bale among the goals as Real Madrid win 10 - goal thriller '' . CNN . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CR7 : 19 league hat - tricks and 20 goals from free kicks '' . As.com. 9 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's goal - den 2013 , month by month '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : first player in history to score 10 + goals in 3 consecutive Uefa Champions League campaigns '' . Inagist. 27 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Equals Messi 's Record For Most Goals in One UEFA Champions League Season '' . World Soccer Talk . 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 Real Madrid : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Messi 's Champions League record '' . ESPN . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Collett , Mike ( 24 May 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo first to score for two different European Cup winners '' . Reuters . Retrieved 25 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo ' risked career ' by playing through pain barrier '' . ESPN . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking Ronaldo takes scoring honours '' . UEFA. 24 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Oliver , Pete ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid 1 -- 0 Bayern Munich '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo named UEFA Best Player in Europe '' . Union of European Football Associations. 28 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 June 2016 . After being named the winner of the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for 2013 / 14 in Monaco , Cristiano Ronaldo gave his reaction to UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo tops Aragonés record '' . Marca . Spain . 11 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Treadaway , Dan ( 12 February 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo Has Scored a Goal in Every Minute of a Game Throughout His Career '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to miss Copa del Rey final against Barcelona with injury '' . The Guardian . London . 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 16 April 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suarez claims top billing with Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reaches 400 - goal milestone and dedicates achievement to Eusébio after Real Madrid win '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 7 January 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , winner of the ' Best Goal in the 2013 -- 14 Liga BBVA ' '' . LFP. 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Rigg , Nicholas ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Atletico Madrid snubbed at La Liga awards despite winning league ahead of Spanish giants Real Madrid and Barcelona '' . The Independent . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo beats his personal best for a single season '' . AS ( English ) . 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo flaunts Real Madrid pedigree in defeat of Sevilla '' . The Guardian . London . 12 August 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` With 15 goals in first eight matches , Ronaldo sets best scoring start in Spanish league '' . independent.com.mt. 18 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits 25th hat - trick for Real Madrid with four against Elche '' . The Guardian . London . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deportivo de La Coruña 2 -- 8 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 20 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Madrid 5 -- 0 Athletic Bilbao '' . BBC News . 5 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo breaks La Liga hat trick record '' . ESPN FC. 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid claim FIFA Club World Cup '' . UEFA. 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup awards '' . FIFA . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Awards -- adidas Golden Ball -- 1 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol Sergio RAMOS 2 Real Madrid Club de Fútbol CRISTIANO RONALDO 3 Auckland City FC Ivan VICELICH Jump up ^ `` Ramos outshines the rest '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . 20 December 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . adidas Silver Ball : Cristiano Ronaldo ( Real Madrid ) Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Kessler , Low and Kellermann triumph at FIFA Ballon d'Or 2014 '' . FIFA . Retrieved 13 January 2015 Jump up ^ Simon , Thomas ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dans la troisième dimension '' . France Football . Retrieved 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo slump hurts Real as in - form Messi drives Barca '' . Reuters. 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid fall short of world - record winning run as they lose 2 -- 1 to Valencia '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo eclipses his best in an up - and - down Real Madrid campaign '' . ESPN FC. 28 May 2015 . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano levels Raúl and Messi in Europe with Schalke goal '' . 19 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets new all - time UEFA scoring record '' . 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo ties Alfredo Di Stefano in Real Madrid scoring chart '' . ESPN FC. 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Neymar , Messi and Ronaldo top scoring charts '' . UEFA. 6 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 9 -- 1 Granada '' . BBC . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rayo Vallecano 0 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 8 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sevilla 2 -- 3 Real Madrid '' . BBC . 2 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo banned for two matches after dismissal '' . 28 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores hat trick to end year with personal - best 61 goals '' . ESPN FC. 23 May 2015 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Un histórico Ronaldo lidera la goleada al Espanyol '' ( A historic Ronaldo leads the thrashing at Espanyol ) . laliga.es. 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crisitano Ronaldo sets real madrid la liga scoring record '' . ESPN . 12 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 0 Levante '' . BBC Sport. 17 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid celebrate Cristiano Ronaldo all time record '' . Sky Sports . 3 October 2015 . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores a hat - trick as Real Madrid beat Shakhtar '' . Sky Sports . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th career goal '' . ESPN FC. 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid cruise past Malmo and Cristiano Ronaldo moves level with Raúl '' . The Guardian . 30 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo rampant as Madrid put eight past Malmö '' . Union of European Football Associations. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets goals record for Champions League group stage '' . Reuters. 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi wins Ballon d'Or over Cristiano Ronaldo and Neymar '' . BBC Sport. 11 January 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits back at critics after hat - trick : ' Goals are in my DNA ' '' . The Guardian . 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Balague , Guillem ( 13 April 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo was back to his best against Wolfsburg '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Sid ( 14 April 2016 ) , `` Sid Lowe 's Notes from Spain : a great week for Spain and a fantastic one for Madrid '' , World Soccer , retrieved 21 April 2016 Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 7 Celta Vigo 1 : Ronaldo hits four to beat Zarra mark '' . FourFourTwo. 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 1 -- 2 Real Madrid '' . 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3 -- 0 : Comeback accomplished , now for the semi-finals ; Real Madrid overcome Wolfsburg courtesy of a Cristiano Ronaldo hat - trick , to take their place in Friday 's Champions League draw '' . 12 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo takes scoring prize again '' . UEFA . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Samuel ( 30 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo brands his critics ' jealous ' after third Champions League triumph '' . The Independent . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 29 May 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo seals UCL for Real Madrid despite not being at his best '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo named Best Player in Europe '' . UEFA. 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo set to miss Real Madrid 's first three games of season with knee injury '' . sportskeeda. 8 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Announcement : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 6 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , all - time top scorer in the derby against Atlético '' . Real Madrid C.F. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Following his hat - trick at the Calderón , the Portuguese has now scored 18 goals against Atlético , surpassing Di Stéfano 's record ( 17 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo becomes top scorer in Madrid derby history '' . fourfourtwo.com. 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid forward Cristiano Ronaldo scores 500th club goal '' . ESPN FC. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid see off spirited Kashima in electric extra time final '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo , Modric and Shibasaki sweep awards '' . FIFA. 18 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fourth Ballon d'Or '' . Real Madrid C.F. 12 December 2016 . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world at Cristiano Ronaldo 's feet '' . FIFA. 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo passes Hugo Sanchez 's La Liga penalty record '' . ESPN FC. 28 February 2017 . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . Jump up ^ OptaJose ( @ OptaJose ) ( 26 February 2017 ) . `` 57 -- Cristiano Ronaldo is now the player with most penalties scored in La Liga history , surpassing Hugo Sanchez ( 56 ) . Punisher '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 26 February 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Leal , Antonio M. ( 27 February 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid have scored more than 5,900 goals in the league '' . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 28 February 2017 . The Cristiano penalty saw the total top another hundred . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100th European goal '' . Union of European Football Associations. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo has become the first player to reach a century of goals in UEFA club competition after scoring twice for Real Madrid at Bayern München . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores 100th Champions League goal '' . Goal. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ UEFA.com . `` Ronaldo hat - trick leaves Real Madrid on brink of final '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo smashes Jimmy Greaves ' all - time goal record '' . Sky Sports . 17 May 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Real Madrid , campeón de LaLiga Santander 2016 / 17 '' . laliga.es. 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid win La Liga title with victory at Malaga '' . BBC . 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Das and Rory Smith ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Champions League Final : Real Madrid Confirms Its Spot as World 's Best '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo nets 600th goal , hails ' unique moment ' '' . espnfc.com. 3 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Taylor ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Real Madrid win Champions League as Cristiano Ronaldo double defeats Juve '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew Haslam ( 3 June 2017 ) . `` Majestic Real Madrid win Champions League in Cardiff '' . UEFA . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronado , sent off for diving and pushes the referee '' . Sport English . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2017 . Ronaldo then pushed the referee , who reported it in his match report . `` After being shown the red card the player pushed me lightly to show his dissatisfaction '' he wrote . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo handed five - match ban after red card against Barcelona '' . The Guardian . Press Association . 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Roger Gonzalez ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 5 - game ban upheld after Real Madrid appeal denied ; out vs. Barca '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Gareth Bale score as Real Madrid beat Borussia Dortmund '' . The Guardian . 26 September 2017 . Retrieved 27 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best FIFA Men 's Player '' . FIFA . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 3 -- 2 Borussia Dortmund '' . BBC . 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or 2017 : Cristiano Ronaldo beats Lionel Messi to win fifth award '' . BBC . 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dermot Corrigan ( 3 March 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes fastest to score 300th goal in La Liga '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 4 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 6 -- 3 Girona '' . BBC . 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kyle Morientes ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo scores overhead kick against Juventus '' . BT Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pat Nevin ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo bicycle kick : Night Juventus Stadium rose to applaud Real Madrid forward '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ NDTVSports.com . `` Watch : Cristiano Ronaldo 's Goal Leaves Sporting World In Awe -- NDTV Sports '' . NDTVSports.com . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Short , Joe ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Was Ronaldo 's goal better than Zidane 's ? Real Madrid boss REFUSES to concede defeat '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Silva , Jose ( 4 April 2018 ) . `` Ronaldo Has More UCL Goals Than 465 European Teams '' . SoccerLaDuma . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Hits 650th Career Goal as Incredible Scoring Run Continues '' . Goal . Retrieved 9 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League : Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo edges Real Madrid past Juventus '' . uefa.com. 11 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Saffer , Paul ( 26 May 2018 ) . `` Three in a row : Real Madrid make more history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Madrid beat Liverpool to complete hat - trick '' . uefa.com. 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo puts future in doubt : ' It 's been very nice playing for Real Madrid ' '' . ESPN . 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo signs for Juventus ! '' . juventus.com ( Press release ) . 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo to Juventus : Is £ 99m signing a good deal for Italian champions ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks transfer record '' . Football Italia. 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Juventus sign Real Madrid forward for £ 99.2 m '' . BBC . 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's farewell letter '' . Realmadrid.com. 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chievo thriller on CR7 debut '' . Football Italia. 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Finlândia '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo is chosen for the Olympics '' . CNN . 21 July 2004 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Sam ( 24 July 2004 ) . `` Ronaldo keen to play at Olympics '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Cazaquistão '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece spoil party for hosts Portugal '' . uefa.com. 13 June 2004 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Harte , Adrian ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Portugal hold their nerve against England '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarra , Kevin ( 1 July 2004 ) . `` Portugal have the final word '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Szreter , Adam ( 5 July 2004 ) . `` Greece are crowned kings of Europe '' . UEFA . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2004 Statistics : Assists '' . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Paktribune . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal Vs Iran match '' . FIFA. 17 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo cleared over Rooney red card '' . Soccernet. 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Spanton , Tim ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Ronaldo : I never asked for Rooney red card '' . The Sun . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Matches -- England - Portugal '' . 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany . FIFA.com . Jump up ^ Chick , Alex ( 6 July 2006 ) . `` Scolari 's fortunes take a dive '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Podolski beats Ronaldo to award '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2006 . Retrieved 10 July 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Azerbaijão '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal -- Cazaquistão '' . fpf.com . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo : I could leave United '' . Metro . UK . 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Scolari delighted with Portugal victory over Brazil '' . Rediff. 7 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . UEFA Official Website . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top scorers for Euro 2008 European Qualifying campaign '' . ESPN FC . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Czech Republic - Portugal '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Pete Sanderson ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Ronaldo show seals Portugal progress '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 1 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Winter , Henry ( 20 June 2008 ) . `` Euro 2008 : German power leaves Portugal in despair '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Queiroz appointed Portugal coach '' . FIFA. 11 July 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Asante , Angela ( 15 October 2008 ) . `` Queiroz 's belief in Ronaldo as captain of Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 24 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Liew , Jonathan ( 20 November 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star player at World Cup 2010 '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Côte d'Ivoire - Portugal '' . FIFA. 15 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report North Korea - Portugal '' . FIFA. 21 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Full - time report Brazil - Portugal '' . FIFA. 25 June 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 May 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup Match Results : Portugal vs North Korea -- FIFA World Cup 2010 '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Clegg , Jonathan ( 21 June 2010 ) . `` Portugal Beats North Korea in 7 -- 0 Rout '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : David Villa raises the roof as Spain push past Portugal '' . The Guardian ( London ) . Retrieved 28 May 2014 Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Who will survive the Group of Death ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Messi chants shake Cristiano Ronaldo further , Portugal ... '' Daily News . New York . 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2012 . Jump up ^ James , Stuart ( 14 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo aims dig at Lionel Messi '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 17 June 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo downs a double to join the party spirit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What did Ronaldo REALLY say after scoring for Portugal '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's header sends Portugal into semi-finals with 1 -- 0 win over Czech Republic '' . Daily News . New York . 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 Full - time Report : Portugal - Netherlands ( 2 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 17 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CZECH REPUBLIC - PORTUGAL ( 0 -- 1 ) '' ( PDF ) . UEFA. 21 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Defending champion Spain advances to another final after beating Portugal 4 -- 2 on penalties '' . Daily News . New York . 27 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo 's save - it - for - later approach hurts Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Euro 2012 : Cristiano Ronaldo says coach told him to take fifth penalty '' . The Guardian . London . 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Frank ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Portugal vs. Spain Euro 2012 : 5 Most to Blame for Portugal 's Penalty Collapse ( 5 of 7 -- Cristiano Ronaldo ) '' . bleacherreport.com . Turner Broadcasting System , Inc . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal winger Nani suggests that Ronaldo demanded the fifth penalty against Spain to take the glory '' . foxsports.com.au . News Corp Australia . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship '' ( PDF ) . 3.08 : UEFA . p. 10 . Retrieved 4 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Centurion Ronaldo honoured by UEFA '' . Union of European Football Associations. 17 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Real Madrid C.F. -- Official Web Site Archived 22 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Philip ( 20 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo showed ' I am here ' after stunning hat - trick for Portugal in World Cup play - off against Sweden '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 19 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's hat - trick fires Portugal past battling Sweden '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Records come naturally to me , says Ronaldo '' . ESPN . 5 March 2014 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo suffering from tendinosis before World Cup '' . The Guardian . London . 4 June 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal fret over Ronaldo fitness '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 Jump up ^ Krishnan , Joe ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Portugal star defies medics who warn playing against USA could end his career '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo film captures giant ego and strange , lonely world of being CR7 '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Gill , Kieran ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo cuts training short and leaves with ice pack on knee ... so will Portugal 's star be fit for World Cup opener ? '' . Daily Mail . DMG Media Limited . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2014 : Cristiano Ronaldo limps out of training '' . BBC . 19 June 2014 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' 100 percent fit ' for U.S. game '' . ESPN . 18 June 2014 . Retrieved 21 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 23 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo produces last gasp moment of magic to keep hopes alive '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Portugal 2 -- 1 Ghana '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 26 June 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the first Portuguese to score in three final stages '' . Diário de Notícias . Retrieved 26 June 2014 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo deemed unfit , will miss Portugal Euro 2016 qualifier '' . sbnation.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo grabs last - gasp winner as Portugal beat Denmark '' . Eurosport.yahoo.com . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo adds to impressive record collection '' . UEFA.com . Retrieved 15 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Armenia 2 -- 3 Portugal '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` European Championship 's all - time top scorers '' . UEFA. 14 November 2014 . Retrieved 14 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brassell , Andy ( 21 June 2016 ) . `` Euro 2016 : What 's wrong with Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo ? '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes first to score in four European Championships '' . espnfc.com. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo sets record for all - time EURO appearances '' . UEFA. 22 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Keel , Toby ( 22 June 2016 ) . `` Third place at Euro 2016 : How it works , who qualified and last 16 draw '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal beat Croatia with Ricardo Quaresma goal in extra time '' . ESPN FC. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 2 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Piotr Koźmiński ; Joseph Walker ( 30 June 2016 ) . `` Poland 1 -- 1 Portugal '' . UEFA . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 's Cristiano Ronaldo the first to play in three Euro semi-finals '' . ESPN FC. 6 July 2016 . Retrieved 8 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Michel Platini 's Euros goal - scoring recorde '' . ESPN FC. 7 July 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal striker Cristiano Ronaldo forced off injured in Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC. 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA EURO 2016 Team of the Tournament revealed '' . UEFA. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` France forward Antoine Griezmann wins Golden Boot '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo hits four in Portugal 's 6 -- 0 rout of nine - man Andorra '' . The Guardian . 8 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo bagged four goals Portugal thrash Andorra 6 -- 0 '' . Sky Sports . 7 October 2016 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo goes fourth on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 13 November 2016 . Retrieved 18 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Steve ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bittersweet return for Ronaldo as Portugal beaten by Sweden in Madeira , Russia fight back against Belgium '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick Ames ( 18 June 2017 ) . `` Héctor Moreno 's stoppage - time header earns Mexico draw against Portugal '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo header earns Portugal Confederations Cup win over Russia '' . The Guardian . 21 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Confederations Cup : Ronaldo helps Portugal into semi-final as hosts Russia out '' . BBC Sport. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo second on all - time list of international scorers '' . UEFA. 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 24 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Awards Man of the Match '' . FIFA . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Corrigan , Dermot ( 29 June 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms birth of twins , leaves Portugal at Confed Cup '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal come from behind to finish third '' . FIFA. 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pele congratulates Cristiano Ronaldo on surpassing his goals record '' . beIN Sports . 1 September 2017 . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Saffer ( 1 September 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals European Qualifiers goal record '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ' desbloqueia ' e Portugal vence em Andorra '' . Correio da Manhã. 7 October 2017 . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal 3 Algeria 0 : Guedes at the double in Ronaldo 's 150th outing '' . FourFourTwo. 7 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain vs. Portugal final score : Crazy draw as Cristiano Ronaldo becomes oldest to score World Cup hat trick '' . www.cbssports.com . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo World Cup 2018 goal : Real Madrid man makes history scoring Portugal penalty against Spain '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Sen , Debayan ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` 33 years , 84 goals : Ronaldo equals Puskas ; becomes oldest to bag World Cup hat - trick '' . ESPN . Retrieved 16 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Henry , Matthew ( 25 June 2018 ) . `` Iran 1 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Rose , Gary ( 30 June 2018 ) . `` Uruguay 2 -- 1 Portugal '' . BBC . Retrieved 1 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo is better than Lionel Messi ! '' . Zeenews.india.com. 26 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Wilson ( 24 March 2010 ) . `` Why are so many wingers playing on the ' wrong ' wings ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` E ' Ronaldo il Bolt del calcio '' ( in Italian ) . Sport mediaset . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Portogallo '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Mike L. ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` The Evolution of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Grantland . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Named Fittest Man Alive By Men 's Health Magazine '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 3 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : John Molinaro . `` Ronaldo Vs. Messi : The Case For Ronaldo As World 's Best Player '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Ronaldo , Portugal accept manager 's challenge to reach Euro 2016 final '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How did Cristiano Ronaldo score his incredible header against Manchester United ? '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mechanization of Cristiano Ronaldo : How his style of play has changed '' . O - Posts. 13 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` # EUROfantasy Tipster : Paolo 's team '' . UEFA. 10 June 2016 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eden Hazard the new penalty taker king ; Julio Cesar the best stopper '' . ESPN FC. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` From Messi to Ronaldo -- the world 's best free kick takers '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 14 April 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo free - kick goals are rare '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ David Salazar ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Time to Sell Declining Cristiano Ronaldo Is Now '' . Latin Post . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The argument for playing Cristiano Ronaldo centrally at Real Madrid '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` How Liverpool can stop Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo : The Most Underrated Man in Football ? '' . BleacherReport . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Did Jose Mourinho 's Tactics Help Cristiano Ronaldo Flourish at Real Madrid ? '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Gabriele Marcotti ( 25 May 2018 ) . `` Real Madrid v Liverpool : The five phases of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Times . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Adam Bate ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's evolution : Could he really play beyond the age of 40 ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Graham Hunter ( 23 October 2014 ) . `` Real Madrid vs. Barcelona : Clasico promises goals aplenty '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thore Haugstad ( 13 February 2018 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo has been Real Madrid 's major problem this season ... but he can also be their solution '' . Four Four Two . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo can become great centre - forward , says Gary Neville '' . Sky Sports . 20 April 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo joins illustrious list of players who reinvented themselves in a new position '' . The Telegraph . 10 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the ' complete player ' , admits Sir Alex Ferguson '' . The Guardian . London . 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten years ago an unknown baby - faced kid from Portugal was signed by Fergie for £ 12.2 m ... and the rest , as they say , is history '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Greatest Footballers of All - Time -- Pelé , Maradona , Messi And Ronaldo Included in the Best Soccer Players Ever List '' . IBT. 10 July 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . CR7 comes in at No. 7 and for good reason . He has shown little sign that he wo n't continue to be the brightest of stars on a Real Madrid squad filled with world - class players . Once criticized for lacking end product , he has developed into the world 's most effective player , a testament to his relentless desire for self - improvement , which can also be seen in his phenomenal athleticism . Jump up ^ Purnell , Gareth ( 21 August 2009 ) . `` Manchester United will miss Ronaldo says Lampard '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 22 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How Ronaldo became the world 's best : the inside story '' . Yahoo !. 5 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Is Euro 2016 triumph his greatest achievement ? '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Heta , Marco ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Blood , sweat and toil : The foundations for the legacy of Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Football Paradise . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo says he has no idea how much money he has '' . Daily Mirror ( London ) . Retrieved 5 September 2014 Jump up ^ Jim Daly ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Rio Ferdinand claims Cristiano Ronaldo was once blasted by Sir Alex Ferguson for playing selfishly '' . Daily Mirror . London . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wayne Rooney Hits Out At ' Selfish ' Cristiano Ronaldo , Shrugs Off Scholes ' ' Strange ' Criticism '' . Retrieved 14 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ronaldo admits perceived arrogance has cost him '' . CNN . 8 November 2012 . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho claims Cristiano Ronaldo deserved to win Ballon d'Or '' . ESPN FC. 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe : `` Cristiano is a symbol '' `` . Marca . Madrid , Spain . 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 10 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets an unfair press , claims his former team - mate Patrice Evra '' . The Guardian . London . 30 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ballon d'Or : Cristiano Ronaldo 's improved image helped win , says Guillem Balague '' . Sky Sports . 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thierry Henry : Talks Arsenal , Man Utd , Messi and more on Sky Sports '' . Sky Sports . 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo regrets ' jealousy ' remark '' . ESPN . 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Mendes , Chris ( 24 June 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's personal duel with Lionel Messi is affecting his performances for Portugal '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Graham ( 28 November 2010 ) . `` The game 's best rivalry '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Messi v Ronaldo '' . Sky Sports . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Messi and I are colleagues , work friends `` . Marca ( Spain ) . Retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 26 May 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo versus Lionel Messi pits showman against shy man '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Tim ( 24 November 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : he 's got a god - given talent -- and he knows it '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Calvin , Michael ( 15 June 2014 ) . `` Crunch time for Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Storey , Daniel ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Ronaldo : The world 's best ? '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Montague , James ; Pinto , Pedro ( 29 May 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo : I 'm better than Messi '' . CNN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Kevin ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Fergie : Ronaldo and Messi are equals '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Lionel Messi blames media for inventing rivalry with Real Madrid 's Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi Reaches $50 Million - A-Year Deal With Barcelona '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Sepp Blatter 's apology to Real Madrid '' . BBC Sport. 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NIKE 'S CR7 COLLECTION REFLECTS ATTITUDE AND IRREVERENCE OF A GLOBAL ICON '' . Nike. 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo expands his brand with the launch of Legacy fragrance '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Booth , Robert ( 11 June 2009 ) . `` From £ 175 to £ 80m in 14 years -- but can Cristiano Ronaldo earn it like Beckham ? '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 7 November 2012 ) . `` Is Cristiano Ronaldo The World 's Most Marketable Athlete ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo offered $9 million Nike deal '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 26 February 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo displays Dad dancing skills in new advert '' . The Daily Telegraph . 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornwell , Alexander ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and KFC show how branding has changed '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo becomes Emirates ambassador '' . Gulf News . 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Why Cristiano Ronaldo 's $1 Billion Nike Deal May Be A Bargain For Sportswear Giant '' . Forbes . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` EA Unveil new FIFA 18 trailer and official cover art '' . Goal. 22 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa 18 release date confirmed with Cristiano Ronaldo as cover star '' . Evening Standard . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Settimi , Christina ( 7 May 2014 ) . `` The world 's highest paid football players '' . Forbes . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's highest paid football players 2015 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Reynolds ( 8 June 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo first footballer to top Forbes rich list of highest - earning athletes '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Produced Nearly $1 Billion In Value For Sponsors On Social Media '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 August 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` MS Dhoni , Mary Kom world 's 16th , 38th most marketable athletes '' . The Times of India . 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Most Marketable 2013 -- Cristiano Ronaldo '' . SportsProMedia. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Marketable Footballers in the World '' ( PDF ) . Repucom ( press release ) . 28 May 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo by Pelé : TIME 100 '' . Time . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN World Fame 100 '' . ESPN . 30 May 2017 . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN ranks the 100 most famous athletes '' . USA Today . 31 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo Heads Most Popular Athletes on Social Media '' . Forbes . 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 15 October 2012 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo tops 50 million ' Likes ' on Facebook '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo makes history with 100m followers on Facebook '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 14 October 2014 Jump up ^ `` How Mobile Games Are Sports Stars ' Newest Marketing Channel '' . Mashable . Jump up ^ `` ' Viva Ronaldo ' -- Cristiano creates his own online community '' . AS.com. 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McAfee Names Most Dangerous Football Team in Europe '' . Infosecurity. 28 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Moments '' . Chapters. 27 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 13 September 2011 ) . `` Ronaldo May Look Like the Best , but There Is Someone Better '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Brigid ( June 2014 ) . `` WATCH : Benedict Cumberbatch Narrates Cristiano Ronaldo Documentary '' . BBC America . Retrieved 10 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Footballer Cristiano Ronaldo awarded with Guinness World Records certificates at London film premiere '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 10 November 2015 Jump up ^ Denham , Jess ( 10 June 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms film being made about his life with Amy and Senna director on board '' . Independent . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New CR7 store in London '' . Football Shirt Culture . 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Tilley , Jonathan ( 1 November 2013 ) . `` M&C Saatchi launches underwear range with giant image of Ronaldo in pants '' . PR Week . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Is Working With Richard Chai to Add Shirts to His CR7 Underwear Line '' . Complex. 15 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo launches SHOE range as he branches out into fashion '' . Irish Mirror. 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo Fragrances '' . Retrieved 28 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus '' . CD Nacional . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alice ( 25 February 2014 ) . `` Inside Cristiano Ronaldo 's museum : ' I have room for more trophies ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Maisfutebol.iol.pt . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo associa - se ao União da Madeira '' . Tvi24.iol.pt. 20 November 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry '' . El País. 21 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo immortalized in bronze statue outside his personal museum '' . CNN . 22 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Statue Has Bulky Lump in Pants Which Sparks Comments '' . NDTV Sports . 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2010 : Cristiano Ronaldo gets Madam Tussauds waxwork '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 10 June 2010 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo sends stylist to museum to brush waxwork 's hair '' . BBC Sport. 5 March 2015 . Retrieved 4 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : CR7 name given to discovered galaxy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Former Man United star Cristiano Ronaldo ' over the moon ' with new CR7 galaxy '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The World Game . Special Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Corrigan , Dermot ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo airport rename critics slammed by Madeira president '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . The renaming will take place on March 29 after Portugal host Sweden in a friendly in Funchal -- the first time Ronaldo has played an official senior match on his home island . Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 9 April 2017 ) . `` Weekend Update : Cecilia Gimenez on Cristiano Ronaldo Bust -- SNL '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Madeira airport preparing to be renamed after Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo statue : Sculptor Emanuel Santos takes another shot at bust '' . BBC News . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aeroporto da Madeira tem novo busto de Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Diário de Notícias Madeira. 17 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Davies , Hunter ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` The Fan : Cristiano Ronaldo the tarnished icon '' . New Statesman . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 14 September 2005 ) . `` Forlán reborn in Spanish soccer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo receives libel damages over drink story '' . USA Today . 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 12 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Fast Facts '' . CNN . 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 17 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo names son Cristiano Ronaldo '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 8 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby ' joy ' for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . BBC Sport. 4 July 2010 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Bergin , Olivia ( 14 January 2014 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo and Irina Shayk : a very modern family '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 20 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks up with girlfriend Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo breaks up with Irina Shayk '' . Jump up ^ Sharland , Pete . `` Cristiano Ronaldo confirms he is a father of twins '' . Eurosport . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo , Georgina Rodriguez confirm birth of baby girl '' . ESPN . 12 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo raises funds for tsunami - hit Aceh '' . People 's Daily . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 2 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tsunami Survivors : New Life For A Decimated Football Club '' . FIFA. 9 January 2008 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo accepts Daily Telegraph libel payout '' . BBC News . 8 November 2010 . Retrieved 6 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo donates to Cancer - stricken mums saviors '' . cristianoronaldofan.net. 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo to play in charity match for Madeira '' . Reuters. 22 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 22 February 2010 . Retrieved 22 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo funds cancer treatment for 9 - year - old boy '' . AS.com. 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo reportedly donates € 1.5 m to children in Gaza '' . Russia : RT . 26 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Messi and Ronaldo join forces for FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' '' . Marca . Spain . 31 December 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo Kicks Off the New Year as Save the Children 's New Global Artist Ambassador for Child Hunger and Nutrition '' . Save the Children . 27 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo ambassador for mangrove '' . The Jakarta Post . 17 March 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top players , FIFA , CAF and health experts unite against Ebola '' . FIFA . Retrieved 4 March 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Real Madrid forward donates € 600,000 Champions League win bonus to charity '' . The Independent . 3 June 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Griner , David ( 9 August 2016 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's New Charity App Lets You Post Selfies With Him , Topless or Otherwise '' . Adweek . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Soccer Superstar Cristiano Ronaldo Launches New Selfie App , Donation for Every Download Helps Kids in Need '' . savethechildren.org . Save the Children . 9 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo 's Secret '' . Der Spiegel . 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Jack ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo representatives strongly deny rape allegations and label them ' journalistic fiction ' '' . Independent . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo gets right up your nose '' . The Guardian . 31 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish tax authorities reject Cristiano Ronaldo 's offer '' . As . 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Jack de Menezes ( 15 June 2018 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo ' agrees ' two - year suspended jail sentence and € 18.8 m fine over tax evasion case '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo pays $21.7 million to avoid jail time in tax fraud case '' . MSN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain taxman knocks € 2 million off Cristiano Ronaldo tax settlement : Report '' . Channel News Asia . Retrieved 10 August 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . footballzz.co.uk . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . StretfordEnd.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pepe 's goal is awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Marca ( in Spanish ) . Spain . 18 September 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2011 -- 12 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2012 -- 13 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Cristiano Ronaldo Dos Santos Aveiro : 2013 -- 14 '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerway . Perform Group . Retrieved 8 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . fpf.pt . Portuguese Football Federation . Archived from the original on 12 May 2014 . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Mamrud , Roberto ( 29 August 2013 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro -- Century of International Appearances '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo '' . National Football Teams . Benjamin Strack - Zimmerman . Retrieved 18 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo : Overview '' . Premier League . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo ( CR7 ) '' . Madrid : Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayward , Paul ( 12 January 2015 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins third Fifa Ballon d'Or '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Ballon d'Or for the fourth time '' . The Guardian . 12 December 2015 . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins his fifth Ballon d'Or '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA 2008 World Player of the Year : Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Soccerlens. 13 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo voted FIFPro World Player of the Year '' . Union of European Football Associations. 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named 2016 / 17 Men 's Player of the Year '' . UEFA. 24 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Club Footballer of the Year '' . UEFA. 1 May 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo leads Real Madrid 's clean sweep of World Soccer awards '' . World Soccer . Time ( UK ) . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo -- Career '' . cristianoronaldo.com . Official website of Cristiano Ronaldo . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Career timeline Jump up ^ `` Ronaldo named Portugal 's player of the year ; Sanches best young player '' . Jump up ^ `` History '' . FIFA . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . 2009 -- PUSKÁS AWARD -- CRISTIANO RONALDO ( POR ) Jump up ^ `` The Best named at FIFA Football Awards '' . FIFA. 9 January 2017 . Retrieved 12 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA FIFPro World11 '' . FIFA. 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultimate Team of the Year : the all - time XI '' . UEFA. 22 November 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA.com Fans ' Team of the Year 2017 announced '' . UEFA. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 2 June 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Cristiano Ronaldo , who registered a season - record 17 goals in the campaign , is joined by Marco Reus , Arjen Robben and Zlatan Ibrahimović . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 9 June 2015 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League squad of the season '' . UEFA. 30 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Antoine Griezmann all feature in the UEFA technical observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` Eight Real Madrid players in the Champions League team of the season for 2016 / 17 '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Carvajal , Ramos , Marcelo , Casemiro , Kroos , Modric , Isco and Cristiano Ronaldo are amongst the 18 players chosen . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . Cristiano Ronaldo , Lionel Messi and Robert Lewandowski all feature in the UEFA Technical Observers ' Squad of the Season , but who else has made the 18 - man selection ? Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Squad of the Season '' . UEFA. 27 May 2018 . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . UEFA 's Technical Observers select their 18 - man squad from this season 's UEFA Champions League . Jump up ^ `` All - star squad revealed '' . UEFA.com ( Union of European Football Associations ) . 5 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2004 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Spain players in Team of the Tournament '' . UEFA. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Your All - time EURO 11 revealed '' . UEFA. 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fan Dream Team and prize winners revealed ! '' . FIFA. 23 July 2018 . Retrieved 18 August 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Duncan ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo wins Fifa World Player of the Year '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 28 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gerrard named player of the year '' . BBC Sport. 23 April 2006 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Giggs earns prestigious PFA award '' . BBC Sport. 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 FIFA Club World Cup statistics and leaders '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved 5 July 2018 Jump up ^ `` Champions League 2013 / 2014 '' Assists `` . WorldFootball . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2012 Statistics '' . UEFA. 16 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` D. Duarte condecora selecção nacional '' ( in Portuguese ) . Correio da Manhã. 31 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo made ' Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry ' '' . Real Madrid C.F. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Presidente da República condecora jogadores com grau de comendador da Ordem do Mérito '' . Record.pt . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo receberá Cordão Autonómico de Distinção '' . Assembleia Legislativa da Região Autónoma da Madeira. 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bale 's transfer fee revealed '' . FIFA . Agence France - Presse. 15 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 15 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup : Players & Coaches '' . FIFA . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ballon d'Or trio 's remarkable records '' . Goal.com. 12 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo breaks another record '' . Madrid , Spain : Real Madrid C.F. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2016 . He is the only player in the world who has scored in the last three World Cups and last four Euros ... Following his two goals against Hungary , he is the only player to have scored for his national team in the last seven major international tournaments . The madridista forward has made his mark in the 2004 , 2008 , 2012 and 2016 editions of the Euro ; and in the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 editions of the World Cup . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN News . Retrieved 15 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 30 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What records does Cristiano Ronaldo hold ? '' . UEFA. 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 19 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal star Ronaldo becomes second leading international scorer with Morocco goal '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga All time -- Hat Tricks '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spain '' Primera División '' All - time best penalty takers '' rank 1 -- 50 `` . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cristiano Ronaldo is the player who hits the 150 goal mark the fastest in Liga history '' . Real Madrid C.F. 23 September 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Played for Portugal national team '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal national football team goal scorers '' . EU-Football.info . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CRISTIANO RONALDO ALL - TIME TOP GOALSCORER '' . Realmadrid.com . Real Madrid C.F . Retrieved 27 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Leading Scorers '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League Real Madrid All time -- Most Assists '' . Statbunker . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . Further Reading Balagué , Guillem ( 2015 ) . Cristiano Ronaldo : The Biography . Orion . ISBN 978 - 1409155041 . External links Find more aboutCristiano Ronaldoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website Real Madrid official profile Cristiano Ronaldo -- La Liga competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FPF competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- UEFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo -- FIFA competition record Cristiano Ronaldo at National-Football-Teams.com Cristiano Ronaldo at BDFutbol Juventus F.C. -- current squad 1 Szczęsny 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini ( c ) 4 Benatia 5 Pjanić 6 Khedira 7 Ronaldo 10 Dybala 11 Douglas Costa 12 Alex Sandro 14 Matuidi 15 Barzagli 16 Cuadrado 17 Mandžukić 18 Kean 19 Bonucci 20 Cancelo 21 Pinsoglio 22 Perin 23 Can 24 Rugani 30 Bentancur 33 Bernardeschi 37 Spinazzola Manager : Allegri Portugal squads Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 runners - up 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Rui Jorge 4 Andrade 5 F. Couto ( c ) 6 Costinha 7 Figo 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 Rui Costa 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Beto 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Moreira 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal men 's football squad -- 2004 Summer Olympics 1 Moreira 2 M. Sérgio 3 Meireles 4 B. Alves 5 R. Costa ( c ) 6 Meira 7 C. Ronaldo 8 Viana 9 H. Almeida 10 C. Martins 11 J. Ribeiro 12 Frechaut 13 Boa Morte 14 Bosingwa 15 Lourenço 16 João Paulo 17 Danny 18 Vale Coach : Romão Portugal squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 Caneira 4 Costa 5 Meira 6 Costinha 7 Figo ( c ) 8 Petit 9 Pauleta 10 H. Viana 11 Simão 12 Quim 13 Miguel 14 N. Valente 15 Boa Morte 16 Carvalho 17 C. Ronaldo 18 Maniche 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes 22 Santos 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Ricardo 2 Ferreira 3 B. Alves 4 Bosingwa 5 Meira 6 Meireles 7 Ronaldo 8 Petit 9 H. Almeida 10 J. Moutinho 11 Simão 12 Nuno 13 Miguel 14 Ribeiro 15 Pepe 16 Carvalho 17 Quaresma 18 Veloso 19 Nani 20 Deco 21 Nuno Gomes ( c ) 22 Patrício 23 H. Postiga Coach : Scolari Portugal squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Ferreira 4 Rolando 5 Duda 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 P. Mendes 9 Liédson 10 Danny 11 Simão 12 Beto 13 Miguel 14 Veloso 15 Pepe 16 Meireles 17 Amorim 18 H. Almeida 19 Tiago 20 Deco 21 Costa 22 D. Fernandes 23 Coentrão Coach : Queiroz Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 semi-finalists 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 Custódio 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Quaresma 11 Oliveira 12 Patrício 13 R. Costa 14 Rolando 15 Micael 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 M. Lopes 20 Viana 21 J. Pereira 22 Beto 23 Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Eduardo 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Veloso 5 Coentrão 6 William 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 H. Almeida 10 Vieirinha 11 Eder 12 Patrício 13 Costa 14 Neto 15 Rafa 16 Meireles 17 Nani 18 Varela 19 A. Almeida 20 Amorim 21 Pereira 22 Beto 23 H. Postiga Coach : Bento Portugal squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Patrício 2 B. Alves 3 Pepe 4 Fonte 5 Guerreiro 6 Carvalho 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 Eder 10 J. Mário 11 Vieirinha 12 Lopes 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Sanches 17 Nani 18 Rafa 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Eduardo 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 Neto 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 B. Silva 11 Semedo 12 Sá 13 Danilo 14 William 15 Gomes 16 Pizzi 17 Nani 18 Gelson 19 Eliseu 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos Portugal squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup 1 Patrício 2 Alves 3 Pepe 4 M. Fernandes 5 Guerreiro 6 Fonte 7 Ronaldo ( c ) 8 Moutinho 9 A. Silva 10 João Mário 11 B. Silva 12 Lopes 13 Dias 14 William 15 Ricardo 16 B. Fernandes 17 Guedes 18 Gelson 19 Rui 20 Quaresma 21 Cédric 22 Beto 23 Adrien Coach : Santos BIBSYS : 10046491 BNE : XX4898197 BNF : cb15712322w ( data ) GND : 140422390 ISNI : 0000 0001 1460 7485 LCCN : no2007130960 NDL : 01129904 NKC : xx0161225 SELIBR : 382857 SUDOC : 178619000 VIAF : 42170021 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cristiano_Ronaldo&oldid=856964583 '' Categories : Cristiano Ronaldo 1985 births Living people People from Funchal Portuguese Roman Catholics Portuguese footballers Madeiran footballers Association football forwards Association football wingers Primeira Liga players Sporting CP footballers Portuguese Second Division players Sporting CP B players Premier League players Manchester United F.C. players La Liga players Real Madrid C.F. players Juventus F.C. players Portugal youth international footballers Portugal under - 21 international footballers Portugal international footballers UEFA Euro 2004 players UEFA Euro 2008 players UEFA Euro 2012 players 2006 FIFA World Cup players 2010 FIFA World Cup players 2014 FIFA World Cup players Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics Olympic footballers of Portugal Golden Globes ( Portugal ) winners Grand Officers of the Order of Prince Henry First Division / Premier League top scorers Pichichi Trophy winners Ballon d'Or winners FIFA World Player of the Year winners World Soccer Magazine World Player of the Year winners FIFA Century Club Portuguese expatriate footballers Expatriate footballers in England Expatriate footballers in Spain Portuguese male models Portuguese people of Cape Verdean descent Portuguese expatriates in England Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Spain Portuguese expatriates in Italy UEFA Euro 2016 players UEFA European Championship - winning captains UEFA European Championship - winning players 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup players UEFA Champions League winning players Commanders of the Order of Merit ( Portugal ) 2018 FIFA World Cup players Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Portuguese - language external links CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) NFT template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2017 Use British English from August 2016 Articles with short description UEFA player template using Wikidata FIFA player template using Wikidata NFT template using Wikidata BDFutbol template using Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Walon Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 डोटेली 113 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 17 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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how many goals scored ronaldo in his career

Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH ComM ( European Portuguese : ( kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu ) ; born 5 February 1985 ) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Italian club Juventus and the Portugal national team . Often considered the best player in the world and regarded by many as one of the greatest players of all time , Ronaldo has a record - tying five Ballon d'Or awards , the most for a European player , and is the first player to win four European Golden Shoes . He has won 26 trophies in his career , including five league titles , five UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship . A prolific goalscorer , Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in Europe 's top - five leagues ( 395 ) , the UEFA Champions League ( 120 ) , the UEFA European Championship ( 9 ) , as well as those for most assists in the UEFA Champions League ( 34 ) and the UEFA European Championship ( 6 ) . He has scored over 670 senior career goals for club and country .

Tyler Perry 's House of Payne - wikipedia Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Jump to : navigation , search Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Created by Tyler Perry Presented by Tyler Perry Starring Allen Payne LaVan Davis Cassi Davis Lance Gross Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw China Anne McClain Denise Burse Demetria McKinney Keshia Knight Pulliam Palmer Williams Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 254 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Tyler Perry Camera setup Multiple Running time 20 to 23 minutes Production company ( s ) Tyler Perry Studios Georgia Media Distributor Debmar - Mercury 20th Television Release Original network TBS Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) -- August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Paynes Meet the Browns Love Thy Neighbor External links Website Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright , director , and producer Tyler Perry . The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella . The show premiered in syndication on June 21 , 2006 , and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6 , 2007 , until August 10 , 2012 . While primarily a comedy sitcom , House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter , such as substance abuse and addiction . It also had elements of slapstick . The storyline of the show is serialized , with many references to past episodes , creating a continuing story arc . With a total of 254 episodes , House of Payne aired more episodes than any other television series with a predominantly African American cast , surpassing The Jeffersons with 253 episodes , Family Matters with 215 episodes , and The Cosby Show with 202 episodes . In 2017 , the Oprah Winfrey Network ordered a spin - off series titled The Paynes , with 38 episodes and the original cast returning to reprise their roles . The series premiered on January 16 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production history 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 3.2. 1 The Hernandez family 4 Setting 5 Other Cast 6 NAACP Image Awards & Nominations 7 Special appearances 8 Syndicated reruns 8.1 Madea connections 8.2 Meet the Browns crossovers 9 Releases 10 References 11 External links Production history ( edit ) The sitcom ran in first - run syndication for 10 episodes during mid-2006 on the Atlanta - area broadcast of WPCH - TV , along with nine other broadcast outlets across the country , as a limited run , with additional episodes to be available for national distribution on TBS in June 2007 . An order of 100 episodes was later requested by TBS . A cable record for sitcom airings was broken with 5.2 and 5.8 million for the two premiere episodes on TBS on June 6 , 2007 . However , the audience declined to 4.3 million as of the week ending September 30 , 2007 and 2.260 and 2.099 as of May 19 , 2010 . The principal cast remained the same ( with the exception of Lance Gross being added ) , led by LaVan Davis . The original format of the series centred around C.J. ( Allen Payne ) and his family moving in with his Aunt Ella and Uncle Curtis ( Cassi Davis and LaVan Davis ) . Robinne Lee had a recurring guest stint in Season 1 -- 2 as Malik and Jazmine 's principal , Nicole Jamieson , whom C.J. soon began dating . Rochelle Aytes originally portrayed Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes as Malik 's math teacher . In the test run , Ella and Curtis were originally C.J. 's parents , but in its televised format , Calvin is their son and C.J. their nephew . Despite his top billing , Allen Payne is not considered the main actor of the series , especially due to his long absence in the fifth season . The show was recorded in front of a live studio audience but sometimes used a laugh track . At the beginning of the fifth season , China Anne McClain ( Jazmine ) and Denise Burse ( Claretha ) were removed from the series . The characters were written out , with Jazmine going away to a school for gifted children in North Carolina and Claretha marrying a prince and moving away . In real life , McClain and Burse left the series for undisclosed reasons . In the beginning of Season 6 , both McClain and Burse returned . Some of the cast members of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne were on The Mo'Nique Show in October 2009 . Beginning with the seventh season , China Anne McClain appeared infrequently due to her work schedule for A.N.T. Farm . Denise Burse was no longer credited as a regular cast member ; she appeared in a recurring role . Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw , who portrayed Malik , appeared infrequently after the sixth season . This was due to Shaw 's work schedules for The Suite Life on Deck and Pair of Kings . He remained a cast member throughout the series . Tyler Perry directed every episode of the first 5 seasons . Throughout Season 6 , each episode was directed by actress Kim Fields or her mother Chip Hurd. Tyler Perry directed some of the episodes in seasons 7 and 8 while other episodes were directed by Kim Fields , Chip Hurd , and producer Roger M. Bobb . During the first 5 seasons , the show was rated TV - PG but due to a rapid increase of strong language and mature content ( particularly sexual ) , later episodes are rated TV - 14 . On September 28 , 2011 , TBS ordered 42 episodes . Newer episodes have been aired on TBS since October 21 , 2011 with season 8 , and concluded the series with a total of 254 episodes . The show aired its final two episodes on August 10 , 2012 . On January 30 , 2017 , a spin - off follow - up series entitled The Paynes was ordered by Oprah Winfrey Network . It will follow Ella and Curtis Payne as they enjoy retirement in Florida only to get caught in a real estate deal that will turn their lives upside down . The series was greenlighted for 38 episodes and premiered in early 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 37 June 6 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 06 ) September 26 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 26 ) 22 December 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 05 ) January 30 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) 16 March 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 03 - 05 ) April 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 23 ) 25 June 4 , 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 04 ) August 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 06 ) 5 26 December 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 03 ) June 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 03 ) 6 46 November 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 04 ) January 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 19 ) 7 20 March 30 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 30 ) June 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) 8 62 October 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 21 ) August 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 10 ) Cast ( edit ) House of Payne revolves around the Payne family who reside in the suburban Atlanta . It is noted that all main cast members are credited only for the episodes in which they appear . Actor Character Seasons Pilot 5 6 7 8 Allen Payne Clarence `` C.J. '' Payne , Jr Main Lavan Davis Curtis Booker T. Payne Main Cassi Davis Ella Williams - Payne Main Lance Gross Calvin Payne Main Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw Malik Payne Main China Anne McClain Jazmine Sierra Payne Main Main Denise Burse Claretha Jenkins Main Recurring Demetria McKinney Janine Shelton - Payne Recurring Main Keshia Knight - Pulliam Miranda Lucas - Payne Guest Main Palmer Williams Jr . Floyd Jackson Recurring Main Main ( edit ) Curtis Payne ( LaVan Davis ) is the show 's main protagonist . He is often referred to as Uncle Curtis by his nephew C.J. , his nephew 's wife Janine , and their children , Malik and Jazmine . Curtis is known for his hackneyed jokes , overly loud delivery , and acting like a negative racial stereotype . He is overweight and has fainted once from a blocked artery , but he ignored the diet his wife Ella set for him , and is unable to stay away from his usual fatty foods . A noticeable running gag is when he jokingly pushes Ella to the side with one arm when he wants to go by , she usually lands on the sofa . Despite his immaturity in this matter , his maturity and responsibility are apparent in his job as the chief of the local fire department . In one episode , his middle name was revealed as Booker T. In the sixth season , Curtis was forced to retire which left him depressed and humiliated for a period of time ; he eventually embraced it and his nephew C.J. took over his old job . LaVan Davis won an NAACP Image Awards in 2008 for Outstanding Actor In A Comedy Series for this role . In the first part of the series finale , `` The Call Back '' , CJ asks Curtis to come out of retirement to oversee three stations that CJ runs . At first Curtis refuses to do it , and yells at CJ saying how they already forced him into retirement , and that he was n't going back , but at the end of the episode , after talking with Ella , he decided to return . Ella Payne ( née Ella Williams ) ( known as Ella Williams in episode `` Til Payne Do We Part '' ) ( Cassi Davis ) , is Curtis 's wife . She is a stay - at - home mother and the voice of reason . Curtis has been known to take advantage of Ella 's good nature -- and to be punished for it . Ella is the family 's religious voice and the glue that holds it together . A good cook , she had a restaurant service in one episode . She is quick to offer emotional and moral support to everyone in the family , such as when Janine returned home . In the fifth season , she briefly worked in retail . In Season 6 , she quits to go back to school . Ella graduated from college and finally got her degree in Season 7 . It is revealed that her middle name is Naomi . She tries to keep the family at peace the best she can , whether it 's big or small . In the Season 8 episode `` RIP : Rest in Payne '' , she keeps complete faith for her son Calvin , when she hears that he got shot in C.J. and Janine 's home . She loves her family and wants her husband to keep her safe and stand by her which he does . Clarence James ( C.J. ) Payne , Jr . ( Allen Payne ) is Curtis and Ella 's nephew . C.J. and his family moved into the home of his Uncle Curtis and Aunt Ella when their own house burned down after his wife Janine accidentally started a fire while under the influence of drugs . C.J. is the father of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . These last two are the twin son and daughter born to Janine and C.J. after they reconciled and remarried . In the fourth season , C.J. found out he was adopted . He works at the firehouse with Curtis . At the end of the fifth season , he , Janine , and the twins moved to Chicago , but they returned in the sixth season after he was offered Curtis ' job , and the family moved in next to Curtis and Ella . Despite being angry with and hostile towards Janine upon her return , C.J. never stopped loving her . In the early seasons , C.J. often has difficulty enforcing discipline with his children , but it is apparent that he is slightly more strict and hot - headed , often jumping to the wrong conclusions . In the Season 6 episode `` Who 's Your Daddy Now ? '' , C.J. finally met his real father who happened to be white , making C.J. biracial . In the seventh season , he was promoted to fire chief commissioner , and also became the boss of Janine and Roland in the public relations department . C.J. was portrayed as Curtis and Ella 's son in the series ' original format , but his character was changed to being their nephew . Calvin Payne ( Lance Gross ) is Ella and Curtis 's college - age son who rarely attends the same courses Curtis often complains about financing . Calvin liked to think of himself as a player until he married Miranda . Like his cousin C.J. , Calvin spends much time working with Curtis at the firehouse until he becomes a partner at the barbershop . In the fifth season , he gets a job working for the same company as Mercedes and she accidentally kisses him twice : once while they are chaperoning Malik and Alexandra 's date ; the other , after Calvin has a fight with Miranda . He finds out that he has a son , Calvin Jr. , from his former girlfriend Tracy . He and Miranda are expecting a child when she decides they should separate , but they agree to try counseling . They get stuck in an elevator and solve their problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi , who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin was arrested for back child support , but was bailed out of jail before the birth of his child with Miranda in the episode Payneful Resolution Resolution . In the seventh season , Calvin briefly had a job as a manager of a supermarket . He then started working in the public relations department with C.J. , Janine and Roland in Season 8 . Calvin is the only main character who was originally not included in the show . In the season 8 episode `` God Bless the Paynes '' , Calvin gets shot by a man who had harassed Miranda . The man saw the shooting as a way to get revenge at Calvin for beating him up . Calvin is later found by Janine and is rushed to the hospital in `` Do or Die '' . He survives , but with serious injuries . In the series finale , `` All 's Well '' , his wife , Miranda , demands a divorce . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing a vase of flowers at the wall , and the series ends with the camera zoomed in on broken glass and rose petals . Malik Payne ( Larramie `` Doc '' Shaw ) is C.J. and Janine 's college - aged son . He is a young adult whose interest in young women in his class is so extreme that he 'll resort to desperate measures , such as trying out for the cheerleading squad , just to associate with them . Initially , he was often bullied in school as a result of his mother 's drug problems . As a result , he is reluctant to welcome her back to the household . It is hinted that he is allergic to peanuts and knows how to cut hair . Beginning with the sixth season , Malik has appeared infrequently , due to Larramie Shaw 's work schedule , as he also starred on The Suite Life on Deck on Disney Channel and Pair of Kings on Disney XD . His absence is incorporated into the storyline , as he goes to the ROTC during Season 6 and off to college during Season 7 , which is a major continuity error as he advanced from elementary school to college in 4 years . As he prepared to go to college , C.J. , Calvin , Curtis , and Floyd bought him three boxes of condoms because they were sure he would be experimenting with sex in college . His sister Jazmine was upset about him leaving for college . While in college , he dates a girl named Summer ( Makeda Declet ) . Malik then marries Summer just that they can have sex . Summer then wants a divorce from Malik to transfer to a college in New England . But since Malik and Summer have only been married for a few weeks , they are qualified for an annulment and that 's how their marriage ended. ( Seasons 1 -- 8 ) Jazmine Payne ( China Anne McClain ) is C.J. and Janine 's daughter . She constantly feels invisible and acts out to get her father 's attention while her mother is in rehab . At one point , Jazmine had a brief crush on Malik 's friend Kevin . Despite her apparent innocence and youth , throughout the series , she was known to act cruel and mean toward Malik and Kevin and schemed to make them miserable . She is also known to have sarcastic comments and sly plans to get what she wants . For undisclosed reasons , China Anne McClain was written out of the series during the fifth season , which made her the only cast member to not appear in Season 5 . She was re-introduced into the series when she returned in the sixth season . It is hinted that she has a fear of mimes that wear hats . On the premiere of the seventh season , she is 12 years old , and Janine lets her wear lip gloss , and she falls in with the wrong crowd . Jazmine has made infrequent appearances since the seventh season , due to China Anne McClain 's work schedule , as she also starred in A.N.T. Farm on Disney Channel . ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 -- 8 ) Janine Payne ( née Janine Shelton ) ( Demetria McKinney ) , is C.J. 's wife and the mother of Malik , Jazmine , Jayden , and Hayden Payne . A seemingly responsible adult and mother at the very beginning of the series , she is later revealed to be a drug addict and the arsonist who burned down her and C.J. 's home . She and C.J. divorce after she leaves her family . Initially , she was only a recurring character and was rarely seen in the series except in episodes where she associates with Ella Payne , who helps her enter a rehab program and return to the family . Later in the series , she is often criticized by C.J. , Curtis , and Malik for her irresponsible actions . She is apparently impregnated by her boyfriend , until an episode reveals that he 's sterile . Since C.J. is the only other person , she has had intercourse with ( in an earlier episode , where they were intimate when C.J. was drunk ) , she realizes that C.J. is the father of the coming child . C.J. and Janine remarry at Calvin and Miranda 's wedding ; almost immediately , her water breaks and she gives birth to twins Jayden and Hayden Payne . Janine 's parents are Larry and Liz Shelton . She and C.J. now live in their own home with their four children . In seasons 6 - 7 , her role in the series has grown more central as she focuses more on her career than her home life -- and becomes the target of romantic interest from her boss Roland until C.J. gets promoted to commissioner and becomes both Janine and Roland 's boss and makes them keep their relationship professional . From that point on , C.J. and Janine both have the same job together and are able focus on both their career and home life together . Miranda Payne ( née Miranda Lucas ) ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) is Calvin 's girlfriend - turned - wife . She was first introduced in Season 1 as a con artist who stole all of Calvin and Curtis ' money for an art gallery . The character returned eventually , but what she did to Calvin and Curtis is only very briefly mentioned . She and Calvin married in the Season 4 conclusion . Miranda has a very troubled and bratty nephew ; when Calvin was supposed to be in charge of the boy , it was actually the boy who ordered Calvin around . Miranda and Calvin began to have problems in the fifth season . In the beginning of the sixth season , a pregnant Miranda disappears ; a couple of episodes later , Miranda says there is no baby , making Calvin believe she had an abortion , but she did n't . She is actually thinking about giving the baby up for adoption . Then , while all three couples ( C.J and Janine , Curtis and Ella , Calvin and Miranda ) go to a marriage retreat , Miranda asks Calvin for a divorce . But when she and Calvin go to a divorce mediator and get stuck in an elevator , they resolve their marriage problems with help from an `` elevator lady '' Edi who turns out to be Dr. Marcos , the marriage - retreat counselor . Calvin and Miranda had their baby in Season 7 . In the series finale `` All 's Well ' , Janine , Miranda , CJ , and Calivin celebrate their wedding anniversary , but Miranda and Calvin never show up . Then Calvin shows up at the Payne House to take Miranda to the anniversary dinner , with a dress and a vase of roses . She interrupts him , and demands a divorce , saying that she 'd been waiting for the right moment to tell him , but could n't find one . The very last scene shows Calvin throwing the vase of roses at the wall , and it shatters . The series ends with the camera zoomed in on the broken glass and rose petals . ( Seasons 3 - 8 , guest star in Season 1 ) Claretha Jenkins ( Denise Burse ) is Ella 's friend and the Paynes ' former next - door neighbor . Curtis constantly jokes about her annoyance at his presence . Claretha has a big mouth ; she even rats out the family business to the media in a crime misconception . She is known for having a collection of wigs . She left at the beginning of Season 5 after marrying a `` prince . '' In Season 6 , she suddenly leaves the prince and now goes out with Floyd . She has an exceedingly obese daughter named Huretha and was furious and disgusted when she went out with C.J. In the early seasons after Janine left , although Huretha was never seen on the show . In the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' , it is revealed that she has leukemia . Since Season 7 , she is no longer credited as a regular cast member . She appeared in a recurring role . ( Seasons 1 -- 6 , recurring role in Seasons 7 & 8 ) Floyd Jackson ( Palmer Williams Jr . ) is Curtis ' friend and the self - absorbed , proud owner of the Barber Shop . He shows little affection towards individual people , but in times of great need will come out and show affection . His first wife disappeared on him , but after he remarried , the first wife returned looking for a divorce . When he did sign the divorce papers , it turned out she 'd written a book , and since he 's divorced from her he gets nothing . He has a daughter named Olivia who was dating Zack , one of his barbers . In the sixth season , Floyd 's second wife kicks him out so he moves into Curtis and Ella 's back yard and started dating Claretha , until his second wife returned , having lost fifty pounds because she was depressed that they were splitting up . While Floyd had been hoping to string both along without either finding out about the other , until they bumped into each other in the Payne house and both subsequently broke up with him and Claretha kicked him out . Floyd 's middle name is revealed to be Stanley . He is the longest running recurring character on House of Payne . In mid Season 8 , he joined the main cast . ( recurring role , Seasons 3 -- 7 , main role in Season 8 ) Recurring ( edit ) Larry and Liz Shelton ( Dorian Harewood and Anne - Marie Johnson ) are Janine 's parents and have so far appeared in 5 episodes of the series . Curtis hates their visits . They are upper - class and appear snobbish towards the Payne family . Upon their first appearance , Claretha identifies Janine 's father as a `` dancer '' known as Dimples , though no one believes her . Liz comes off as judgmental . Her relationship with her daughter is usually tested . In a Season 3 episode she stays with the Paynes after being kicked out of her house ; she annoys everyone , mostly Ella , Curtis , and Janine . In a later episode , she visits the new twins and constantly criticizes Janine 's parenting skills , going as far as to try to change the babies ' names . When Janine finally confronts her , Liz reveals that her mother was the same way with her . Liz shows a more compassionate side during her visit in Season 6 after reading a letter to C.J. written by a deceased comrade 's child Eunice Williams ( Aloma Wright ) : is Ella 's mother who shows signs of Alzheimer 's during her visit with the family . She shows strong dislike toward Curtis , but takes a liking to everyone else . Her last name is only revealed in Season 6 when Ella 's maiden name is finally revealed . She reappeared in the Season 8 premiere episode `` A Mother 's Payne '' , where Ella and her sister Evie decided to put her in a nursing home after a frightening episode resulting from her Alzheimer 's disease . It is then shown that she did take more favor for Ella over Evelyn after she leaves Ella a life insurance policy of $100,000 and Evelyn was going to be left with nothing . In the episode `` Amazing Matriarchs '' , Eunice passes away offscreen . Though the cause of her demise is not mentioned , she most likely succumbed to Alzheimer 's . Ella fought off her grief until Eunice 's memorial service where she finally breaks down and is comforted by Curtis , as a silent Calvin looks on . Evelyn `` Evie '' Williams ( played by Janet Hubert - Whitten ) is Ella 's older sister who helps takes care of her sick mother and wants what 's best for her . Jeffrey and Sandra Lucas ( Wendell Pierce ) and ( Valarie Pettiford ) : Miranda 's wealthy parents who have appeared in Seasons 4 -- 7 . Jeffrey is a doctor and Sandra is a lawyer . In season 6 , Sandra thought Calvin had something to do with Miranda 's disappearance until she resurfaces . In the aftermath , she acts cold towards Calvin but Miranda makes her see reason and change her ways . Tracie Evans ( played by Eva Marcille ) , is the mother of Calvin 's first son Calvin Jr. and Kyle 's aunt . Initially , C.J. developed a love interest in her shortly after his break up with Nicole . However , she later confessed to C.J. that she has been dating Calvin . She then breaks up with Calvin to reconcile with her old boyfriend . In Season 5 , she returned and tells Calvin that they have a son named Calvin Jr. , which upsets Miranda more when she already discovered that Calvin kissed Mercedes . In Season 6 , she was in a car accident which claimed the life of her husband . She then asks Calvin and Miranda to take care of Calvin Jr. while she gets herself in order . Eventually she recuperated . She make a pass at Calvin on two occasions : once after Calvin and Miranda intervenes on her visiting unannounced ; and the other was in Calvin 's `` man shower '' , indicating that she wanted him back . After Calvin pushes her away , she takes Calvin Jr. away from Calvin and Miranda . She then clears Calvin 's bank account for back child support , the latter of which Calvin then gets arrested for . Her son is with Calvin for the weekend and when he goes to work and Miranda is asleep , Calvin Jr. plays with matches and sets the condo on fire . Tracie shows up at the hospital , with her new boyfriend , after she gets a call and tells Calvin she 's getting full custody of their son and she attempts to fight Miranda and Janine . But soon her son wakes up from the coma , and she neutralizes her problems with Calvin . Until she checks him out and makes it difficult for Calvin to be a father to their son . Nicole Jamieson ( played by Robinne Lee ) was C.J. 's ex-girlfriend and Malik and Jazmine 's assistant principal . She first appeared in the Season 1 episode `` Teacher 's Pet '' where she visited the Payne household to bring back a hamster Jazmine took from the school . C.J. in the following episode went to the school to pick up the kids home from school only to find Nicole in her office telling him they already left . They were trapped inside the school building due to a storm that hit Atlanta . From there , sparks started to fly between her and C.J. Their relationship soon hit a bump when it is shown that Nicole is mentally unstable . It is most evident as she extremely jealous when C.J. speaks to another woman and even mentions another woman 's name . In one episode , it was shown she even gets upset when C.J. says Jazmine 's name while on the phone with her , which makes C.J. and Ella believes she is crazy . When C.J. breaks up with her after a huge argument , she gets destructive and breaks dishes at the Payne 's house , she even threatened to stab him . Nicole has not been seen since Season 2 . In her last appearance , she revealed that she was dating Calvin but that was never addressed again , and she has n't mentioned since . In the test pilot episodes , Nicole Jamieson was originally portrayed by Rochelle Aytes , where she was Malik 's math teacher and was normal and rather soft - spoken . Kevin ( played by Kyre Batiste - Loftin ) , was Malik 's best friend who was a recurring character from Seasons 1 -- 6 . He was much like Malik in personality though slightly more dimwitted . He was very kind - hearted and generous despite the rare times he behaved selfishly . He often was involved in Malik 's crazy schemes to get girls . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Drinking Game '' where he and Malik were drinking when they were left alone in the house . He has n't been seen or mentioned since . Pookie ( played by Quincy Bonds ) , was one of Calvin 's closest friends since childhood ; he and his younger brother Peanut act nothing like Calvin as they are both ghetto and appear to be thugs . They are still friendly but can be rough at times . He is last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' , in which Curtis throws a `` man shower '' for Calvin . In the Meet The Browns series , Nurse Renee is seen talking on the phone to `` Pookie '' -- this is probably him because the Browns and the Paynes knew each other . Peanut ( played by Clayton English ) , is Pookie 's younger brother ; unlike Pookie , Peanut actually has a real name , Clayton . He , along with Pookie , was last seen in the Season 6 episode `` Payne Showers '' . He has n't been seen since . Kyle Thompson ( played by Dale Neal ) , was Tracie 's nephew and Malik 's friend . He appeared from Seasons 1 -- 2 . He is originally from Bronx , NY . Like Malik 's mother Janine , Kyle 's mother had a drug problem , and he was living with Aunt Tracie while his mother was battling her addiction . He and Malik stole Curtis ' motorcycle and Curtis pressed charges against both of them , later dropping the charges when he realized that they were too extreme . It is hinted that Kyle dropped out of school . He was last seen in the Season 2 episode `` It 's a Boy , '' playing video games with Malik . Tanya ( played by Robin Givens ) was C.J. 's girlfriend who appeared from Season 2 - 4 . She started dating C.J. after running into each other in a mutual friend 's anniversary ( in the episode `` It 's Getting Hot in Here '' ) . C.J. found out that Tanya danced in an old rap music video when she was younger . Although C.J. and Janine had sex before he and Tanya became a couple , Tanya breaks up with C.J. after she found out he impregnated Janine . Bryan Dawson ( played by Michael Jai White ) was Janine 's boyfriend in the test pilot episodes and Season 3 . He was a former star football player turned investment banker . His first appearance was in `` Stop Being All Funky '' , when he was taking Janine out to dinner with Malik and Jazmine and tries to favor the kids , which irritates C.J. Originally , believed to be the father of Janine 's unborn child , Janine revealed that he is sterle which the baby is C.J. 's . Revealed by Janine , Bryan breaks up with her after learning that C.J. impregnated her . Calvin Jr. ( played by Cornelius Benton ) is the son of Calvin and Tracie , and half - brother to Christian . He was introduced in the Season 5 episode `` Surprise ! ( Part 1 ) '' . In Season 6 , he stayed with Calvin and Miranda while Tracie was recovering from an accident . However , Tracie takes him back home after Calvin rejected her advances . He returned in the Season 7 episode `` So Hard To Say Goodbye '' . He was playing with matches while Miranda was sleeping , which caused a fire in Calvin and Miranda 's condo . Tracie checked him out of the hospital when he awoke from his coma . Roland ( played by Rick Fox ) is Janine 's boss , and head of public relations for the fire department . He was introduced in Season 6 . His romantic interest in Janine has caused some clashes between him and C.J. Then C.J. becomes his boss after receiving a promotion and after C.J. tells him to keep his relationship with Janine professional , he agrees to do so . C.J. also tells him to hire Calvin after finding out that he needs a new member of the department , but he starts to regret hiring Calvin after having to correct his mistakes , like sending out a press release revealing the wrong day of when the elementary schools are supposed to tour the fire house . It is revealed that Roland is a widower and a recovering alcoholic . Monica ( played by Essence Atkins ) is an old friend of Janine who appeared in 5 episodes of the 6th season . She first stayed at Curtis and Ella 's house when Ella bought her home from the help center . She was a victim of domestic abuse from her ex-husband . She then stayed with C.J. and Janine until she was able to get back on her feet . She was last seen in the Season 6 finale where she told C.J. she found a new job and moments later , C.J. kisses her just before Janine came home . Jayden Payne is the older twin brother of Hayden Payne , the younger son of C.J. and Janine . He was born 3 1 / 2 minutes before Hayden . In the later seasons after his birth , he has grown more than Hayden . He is seen more than Hayden . In Season 7 , he is seen with Hayden where it was discovered that he may have autism . Hayden Payne is the younger twin sister of Jayden Payne , the younger daughter of C.J and Janine . She was born 3 1 / 2 minutes after Jayden . She was the baby of the Payne family until Miranda and Calvin 's baby was born . She is seen less than Jayden . In Season 7 , she is seen with Jayden where she appears normal . Christian Payne is Calvin and Miranda 's newborn baby boy . He is also Calvin Jr. 's half - brother . His name was revealed in the Season 7 episode `` Payneful Visit '' . His name was not revealed when Miranda gave birth , but Calvin is heard saying his name when he tells Miranda that Christian is sleeping . Angel O. Reilz ( Joyce Giraud ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan , and Bart at the engine 5 company firehouse . Angel is the only female of the firehouse and at times get upset with the guys for being inconsiderate of that fact . At one point she got so upset that she thinks about switching to another engine company and suing them . Angel and Calvin had a tendency to argue all the time ; according to Calvin it was because she loved him . When Angel was upset she usually began to speak Spanish . Angel was also known as the best firefighter as evidenced by her several awards and medals . When the guys first meet her they assumed she was going to be a man ( Curtis had read the `` O '' of her middle name with Angel , making it appear as `` Angelo '' ) and threw water on her as a joke . The character has not been seen or mentioned since Season 4 . Bart Holmes ( Bart Hansard ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Keenan and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 6 episode `` How Do You Like Your Roast ? '' , in which he helped honor Curtis for his service as Fire Chief . The character has not been seen since . Keenan Jared ( Cedric Pendleton ) was the co-worker of Curtis , C.J. , Calvin , Bart and Angel . He last appeared in the Season 8 episode `` Number Five 's Fight '' , in which he protested against C.J. 's decision to close down engine 5 company firehouse . Delante ( Jason Dirden ) used to cut hair at the barbershop . He was also one of Calvin 's friends . In later episodes , Delante lived in the barbershop until Floyd found him and invited him to live with him . He had a brief relationship with Dana . He got married to some girl he met at the skating rink and moves away to Arizona at the beginning of Season 5 . He has not been seen since . Kiki ( Bobbi Baker ) is a barber at the Barber Shop . She is n't afraid to ask questions that others are thinking and is very abrupt . In Season 5 , she helped get her brother hired , but he turned out to be a drug dealer , dealing drugs in the Barber Shop . She finds out in a later episode that he was shot . Kiki has n't been seen or mentioned since Season 5 , except for a brief appearance in the Season 6 episode `` Rehabilitation '' . Dana Carter ( Denyce Lawton ) has her own manicure stand at the Barber Shop . She is usually seen watching clients storm off angrily , not knowing what she said to anger them . In one episode her parents visited , thinking she was a doctor on vacation . She is of African American and Korean ethnicity . Dana has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Zack ( Gary Owen ) ( Season 5 ) is the white barber who replaced Delante . He is a nice guy but he has trouble fitting in with black people , although they do like him . It was revealed that he had a date with Kiki prior to working at the barber shop . He was interested in Floyd 's daughter Olivia . He is somewhat similar to Isaac Rosenberg ( Troy Garity ) in the films Barbershop and Barbershop 2 : Back in Business . Zack has n't been seen or mentioned since season 5 . Deshawn Spears ( Bobb'e J. Thompson ) is Curtis and Ella 's recently acquired foster child . Deshawn comes from a broken home , and was initially hostile towards the Paynes , as he has had trouble with foster homes in the past . He later comes to accept that the Paynes are nice people that will take care of him . In the Season 8 episode `` Mentoring Paynes '' , Curtis and Ella officially become his foster parents . However , in the episode `` In Payne '' , he decides to live with his mother . The Hernandez family ( edit ) The Hernandez family were the Paynes ' new Hispanic next - door neighbors who move into Claretha 's old house , bringing their own family drama in the fifth season . Carlos Hernandez ( Mel Rodriguez ) is the patriarch of the family . He works as a police officer and he and Curtis often fight over petty things but eventually , the two began to bond and they show some similarities to each other . He was last seen in the episode `` I Do n't Know This Payne '' . Rosalita `` Rosie '' Hernandez ( Marlene Forte ) Carlos ' wife and the mother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex . Her and Ella became friends and they briefly worked together in a boutique retail store called `` Ginger Pink '' . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Consuela Hernandez ( Renee Victor ) Rosie 's mother and the grandmother of Diego , Mercedes , and Alex. She is usually seen drinking beer and watching TV , who shows some similarities to Curtis . In the episode `` Slightly Payneful Truth '' , Curtis and Malik helped her get her citizenship . She was last seen in the episode `` Moving Out '' . Diego Hernandez ( J.R. Ramirez ) is the eldest Hernandez child . He had problems with his father ; mainly due to his anger and depression from being in the war in Iraq . He also becomes a close friend to Calvin . He was last seen in the season 6 episode `` Seal of Approval '' , giving advice to Malik about joining the ROTC . Alexandra `` Alex '' Hernandez ( Veronica Sixtos ) is the youngest Hernandez child , who Malik has a crush on . In the episode `` A Sister 's Payne '' , Alex becomes Malik 's girlfriend . She was last seen in the episode `` A Grand Payne '' . Mercedes Hernandez ( Susie Castillo ) is the middle Hernandez child . She becomes a friend and confidant of Calvin when he was having marital issues with Miranda . She and Calvin becomes co-partners at business in marketing . Her and Calvin have their shared kisses with each other , keeping it from Miranda until Diego revealed the truth . She was last seen in the episode `` Surprise : ( Part 2 ) '' . Setting ( edit ) Locations in Atlanta , Georgia include the Payne 's home , a firehouse located across the street from the Paynes ' house , a barbershop , the help center , and the schools Malik and Jazmine attend . The Payne home is a one - story building , and 5 rooms are featured throughout the series : Curtis and Ella 's bedroom , Malik and Jazmine 's shared bedroom , the spare bedroom ( which was Calvin 's until he moved out ) , the kitchen , and the living room , and the outside patio . Calvin , C.J. and Janine 's rooms were never seen . The only part of the firehouse seen on camera was its day room . The firehouse and its characters were phased out around Seasons 3 and 4 . The barbershop is a setting often used from Seasons 2 - 5 , and it is similar to that of Ice Cube 's Barbershop movies . Miranda and Calvin 's condo was added . The living room was the only room that was shown . C.J. and Janine 's house is another setting added on to the series . The kitchen and the living were always seen on camera . None of the bedrooms were ever shown . The university Malik attended was a more recent setting and various areas were shown . And C.J. 's office where him and Janine work was another setting that was added to the series . Also , the Help Center where Ella works was shown in various forms . Other Cast ( edit ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Eva Marcille as Tracie ( Seasons 1 -- 2 and Season 5 - 7 ) Bart Hansard as Bart Holmes ( Seasons 1 -- 4 and 6 ) Cedric Pendleton as Keenan Jared ( Seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 and 8 ) Joyce Giraud as Angel ( Seasons 1 -- 4 ) Dorian Harewood as Larry Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , and 5 ) Anne - Marie Johnson as Liz Shelton ( Seasons 1 , 3 , 5 and 6 ) Robinne Lee as Nicole Jamieson ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Rochelle Aytes as Nicole Jamieson ( 2006 Test Pilot episodes ) Sierra Aylina McClain as Jasmine ( Season 1 ) Katie Rowlett as Beverly ( Season 1 ) Arvell Poe as Fishbone ( Season 1 ) Quincy Bonds as Pookie ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Clayton English as Peanut ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Kyre Batiste - Loftin as Kevin ( Seasons 1 -- 6 ) Jamie Moore as Walter ( Season 1 ) Dale Neal as Kyle ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bill ( Season 1 ) Robin Givens as Tanya ( Seasons 2 -- 4 ) Michael Jai White as Bryan ( 2006 Test Pilot Episode and Season 3 ) Femi Emiola as Sheila ( Season 3 ) Jason Dirden as Delante ( Seasons 3 -- 4 ) Denyce Lawton as Dana Carter ( Seasons 3 -- 5 ) Bobbi Baker as KiKi ( Seasons 3 -- 6 ) Iona Morris as Bernice ( Season 3 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Wendell Pierce as Jeffrey Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 5 ) Valarie Pettiford as Sandra Lucas ( Seasons 4 -- 7 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 -- 5 , and 8 ) Demille Cole - Heard as Calvin Jr . ( Seasons 5 -- 8 ) Marlene Forte as Rosalita Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Mel Rodriguez as Carlos Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Renée Victor as Consuela Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Susie Castillo as Mercedes Hernandez ( Season 5 ) J.R. Ramirez as Diego Hernandez ( Seasons 5 -- 6 ) Veronica Sixtos as Alexandra Hernandez ( Season 5 ) Gary Owen as Zack ( Season 5 ) Roberto Roman as Andy Rodriguez ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Aloma Wright as Eunice ( Seasons 5 and 8 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Kinnik Sky as Nurse Jones ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Penny Johnson Jerald as Maxine Bannet ( Season 6 ) Essence Atkins as Monica ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 8 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Janet Hubert - Whitten as Evie ( Evelyn ) ( Season 8 ) Corey Holcomb as Damon ( Season 8 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T. as Mo Pex ( Season 8 ) Troy Winbush as Travis Harris ( Season 8 ) Makeda Declet as Summer ( Season 8 ) NAACP Image awards & nominations ( edit ) 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 : Outstanding Comedy Series 2008 , 2009 : Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lavan Davis ) ; nominated in 2010 and 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series ( Cassi Davis ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2009 , 2010 , 2012 : Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series ( Keshia Knight Pulliam ) ; nominated in 2011 . 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 : Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series ( Lance Gross ) ; nominated in 2011 . Special appearances ( edit ) Tyler Perry as Madea ( Seasons 1 -- 3 ) Keke Palmer as Nikki Grady - Simmons ( Season 1 ) Tamela Mann as Cora Simmons ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) David Mann as Mr. Leroy Brown ( Seasons 1 and 6 ) Lamman Rucker as Will Brown ( Season 1 ) Marvin Winans as Pastor Richards ( Seasons 4 − 5 , and 8 ) Dorien Wilson as Andrew ( Season 4 ) Gladys Knight as Herself ( Season 5 ) Boris Kodjoe as David ( Season 5 ) Ben Vereen as Clarence ( Season 6 ) Rick Fox as Roland ( Seasons 6 -- 7 ) Jacob Latimore as Dante ( Season 7 ) Shameik Moore as Andre ( Season 7 ) Heavy D as P - Rock ( Season 7 ) Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson ( Season 8 ) Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston ( Season 8 ) Sheryl Lee Ralph as Felicia Starr ( Season 8 ) Shaun T as himself ( Season 8 ) Syndicated reruns ( edit ) The CW began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on its CW Plus stations on September 22 , 2008 . This series reran in broadcast syndication on the Fox , My Network TV , and The CW affiliations . Caribbean Broadcasting Corporation , began airing reruns of Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on CBC TV - 8 , Barbados in 2012 . House of Payne was the only situation comedy to be sold into broadcast syndication for the 2008 -- 2009 television season . BET began airing re-runs in November 2015 . Madea connections ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's claim to fame is with the popularity of character Madea , who has appeared in numerous Tyler Perry plays and their film adaptations . When the series debuted on TBS in June 2007 , Perry made a guest appearance as Madea . Actor David Mann reprised his Mr. Brown role , and Keke Palmer returned as Nikki , a bully who stole $20 worth of Malik 's lunch money over a period of time , money which Madea , Nikki 's foster mother , used at a casino . Perry returned as Madea for a Christmas episode of the show on December 5 , 2007 . Perry again returned as Madea to act as Curtis 's wife on March 5 , 2008 . She has appeared in one episode every season , save seasons 4 and 5 . She is one of Curtis ' arch enemies . In the series , Janine 's drug problem and going to rehab are possible references to Diary of a Mad Black Woman . The events of the episodes `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown '' parts 1 and 2 came directly before the movie Meet the Browns , when Brown learns his father has died . The events of the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' happened somewhere in the middle , directly after the funeral and the reading of the will , where Brown found out that his father left him a broken - down house which Brown turned into a retirement home . Even though in the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , the Paynes claim to have attended the funeral of Brown 's father , in Meet the Browns , they are nowhere to be seen . This may be because Lance Gross , who plays Calvin Payne in the series , plays a character named Michael in the film and LaVan Davis , who plays Curtis Payne , plays a bus driver . Curtis claimed Brown made them wait in the cemetery for two hours while he gave his father a tour of Atlanta ( his last request ) , but in the movie , Brown stayed the entire time . The episodes serve as a backdoor pilot to Tyler Perry 's Meet the Browns , a spin - off of the film and play as well as House of Payne . Meet the Browns crossovers ( edit ) There have been crossovers on House of Payne from Meet the Browns : In the episode `` I Can Cry If I Want To '' , Brown attended Curtis 's 50th birthday party and stresses the Paynes out while he is there . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 1 ) '' , when Brown 's house burnt down and he gets kicked out of Cora 's best friend 's house . He stays at the Paynes ' residence , much to Curtis 's dismay and soon becomes a pestering houseguest . In the episode `` Sad , Sad , Leroy Brown ( Part 2 ) '' , when the Paynes tries to kick Brown out of the house , Brown claimed that Curtis broke his back , but Curtis knows the truth that Brown 's back was not in pain , and he only faked it to get the Paynes to let him stay with them . However , Ella believes Brown and insisted on him staying with them until his back gets better . In the episode `` Weeping May Endure for a Night '' , Brown , Cora , and Will come by the Paynes ' residence after Pop Brown 's funeral . Brown is upset because Pop Brown left him a run - down house which makes Brown think his daddy hates him until he realizes that Pop Brown wanted him to open up a retirement home . In the episode `` Meet the Christmas Spirit '' ( Meet the Browns ) , Curtis and Ella Payne drop in for a visit at the hospital to put on a play for the children . In the episode `` Oh Christmas Payne '' , Brown and Cora drop in for a visit . In the episodes `` What You Know About Me '' and `` Payneful Divorce '' , Cora 's former high school student , Milo Jackson , attended the same college as Malik . Releases ( edit ) Lionsgate Home Entertainment has released the first 10 volumes on DVD in Region 1 . It is unknown about the release of the two remaining volumes . According to listings of the previous volumes through Amazon.com , the series DVD releases has been put out of print . DVD Title Ep # Release Date Blu - ray Disc Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 1 1 -- 20 December 4 , 2007 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 2 21 -- 40 July 1 , 2008 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 3 41 -- 60 January 13 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 4 61 -- 80 June 16 , 2009 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 5 81 -- 100 January 13 , 2010 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 6 101 -- 124 February 8 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 7 125 -- 148 April 5 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 8 149 -- 172 June 14 , 2011 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 9 173 -- 192 June 19 , 2012 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 10 193 -- 212 March 5 , 2013 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 11 213 -- 233 TBA Tyler Perry 's House of Payne Volume 12 234 -- 254 TBA References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ' signs for distribution with TBS , FOX Station Group '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Braxton ( June 13 , 2007 ) . `` How far will he push it ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Should the TV Series End ? '' . tvseriesfinale.com . August 10 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` OWN Picks Up ' House Of Payne ' Spinoff From Tyler Perry , More ' Haves ' & ' If Loving You ' , Ends ' Neighbor ' & ' Better or Worse ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne Scores Big for TBS ; CBS News ; More TubeTime and Fresh Prince News '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of May 20 '' . USATODAY.COM . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2017/01/30/house-of-payne-spinoff-the-paynes-tyler-perry-own/ Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne , Vol. 6 : Tyler Perry 's House of Payne : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Delay for House of Payne - Volume 9 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House of Payne DVD news : Announcement for House of Payne - Volume 10 : Episodes 193 - 212 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . External links ( edit ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne on IMDb Tyler Perry 's House of Payne at TV.com Tyler Perry 's `` House of Payne '' on TBS Tyler Perry Stage I Know I 've Been Changed I Can Do Bad All by Myself Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea 's Class Reunion Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns Madea Goes to Jail What 's Done in the Dark The Marriage Counselor Laugh to Keep from Crying Madea 's Big Happy Family A Madea Christmas Aunt Bam 's Place I Do n't Want to Do Wrong ! The Haves and the Have Nots Madea Gets a Job Hell Hath No Fury Like a Woman Scorned Madea 's Neighbors from Hell Madea on the Run Films Daddy 's Little Girls Why Did I Get Married ? Meet the Browns The Family That Preys Why Did I Get Married Too ? For Colored Girls Good Deeds Peeples Temptation : Confessions of a Marriage Counselor The Single Moms Club Acrimony The List Madea series Diary of a Mad Black Woman Madea 's Family Reunion Madea Goes to Jail I Can Do Bad All by Myself Madea 's Big Happy Family Madea 's Witness Protection A Madea Christmas Madea 's Tough Love Boo ! A Madea Halloween Boo 2 ! A Madea Halloween A Madea Family Funeral Television House of Payne Meet the Browns For Better or Worse The Haves and the Have Nots Love Thy Neighbor If Loving You Is Wrong Too Close to Home The Paynes Books Do n't Make a Black Woman Take Off Her Earrings See also Madea Tyler Perry Studios TBS original programming Former 1970s debuts Best of World Championship Wrestling ( 1973 -- 87 ) Braves TBS Baseball ( 1973 -- 2007 ) Georgia Championship Wrestling ( 1972 -- 84 ) WCW Saturday Night ( 1971 -- 2000 ) 1980s debuts The Baseball Bunch ( 1980 -- 85 ) The Catlins ( 1983 -- 85 ) College Football on TBS ( 1982 -- 2006 ) Clash of the Champions ( 1988 -- 97 ) Down to Earth ( 1984 -- 87 ) G - Force : Guardians of Space ( 1986 ) Kid 's Beat ( 1983 -- 97 ) NASCAR on TBS ( 1983 -- 2000 ) National Geographic Explorer ( 1986 -- 99 ) NBA on TBS ( 1984 -- 2002 ) The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1986 -- 89 ) Night Tracks ( 1983 -- 92 ) Rocky Road ( 1985 -- 87 ) Safe at Home ( 1985 -- 88 ) Starcade ( 1982 -- 83 ) Tom and Jerry 's Funhouse on TBS ( 1986 -- 95 ) Tush ( 1980 -- 81 ) WCW Main Event ( 1988 -- 98 ) WCW Power Hour ( 1989 -- 94 ) 1990s debuts 2 Stupid Dogs ( 1993 -- 95 ) Between the Lines ( 1991 -- 94 ) Captain Planet and the Planeteers ( 1990 -- 96 ) Cartoon Planet ( 1995 ) The Chimp Channel ( 1999 ) Dinner and a Movie ( 1995 -- 2011 ) Live from the House of Blues ( 1995 ) Monkey - ed Movies ( ( 1998 ) The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest ( 1996 -- 97 ) SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 94 ) WCW Pro ( 1994 -- 98 ) WCW Thunder ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 2000s debuts 10 Items or Less ( 2006 -- 09 ) The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 09 ) Daisy Does America ( 2005 -- 06 ) Frank TV ( 2007 -- 08 ) He 's a Lady ( 2004 ) House Rules ( 2003 ) Lopez Tonight ( 2009 -- 11 ) Meet the Browns ( 2009 -- 11 ) Midnight Money Madness ( 2006 ) Minding the Store ( 2005 ) My Boys ( 2006 -- 10 ) Outback Jack ( 2004 ) The Real Gilligan 's Island ( 2004 -- 05 ) Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! ( 2000 -- 03 ) Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( 2007 -- 12 ) Worst Case Scenarios ( 2002 ) 2010s debuts America 's Greatest Makers ( 2016 ) Are We There Yet ? ( 2010 -- 13 ) Bam 's Bad Ass Game Show ( 2014 ) CeeLo Green 's The Good Life ( 2014 ) Clipped ( 2015 ) Cougar Town ( 2013 -- 15 ) Deal with It ( 2013 -- 14 ) Deon Cole 's Black Box ( 2013 ) Funniest Wins ( 2014 ) Funny or Die Presents : America 's Next Weatherman ( 2015 ) Glory Daze ( 2010 -- 11 ) Ground Floor ( 2013 -- 15 ) King of the Nerds ( 2013 -- 15 ) Meet the Smiths ( 2015 ) Men at Work ( 2012 -- 14 ) Neighbors from Hell ( 2010 ) The Pete Holmes Show ( 2013 -- 14 ) Sullivan & Son ( 2012 -- 14 ) Separation Anxiety ( 2016 ) Tarantula ( 2017 ) Trust Me , I 'm a Game Show Host ( 2013 ) Tyler Perry 's For Better or Worse ( 2011 -- 12 ) Wedding Band ( 2012 -- 13 ) Who Gets the Last Laugh ? ( 2013 ) Your Family or Mine ( 2015 ) Current American Dad ! ( since 2014 ) Angie Tribeca ( since 2016 ) Conan ( since 2010 ) The Detour ( since 2016 ) Drop the Mic ( since 2017 ) Final Space ( since 2018 ) Full Frontal with Samantha Bee ( since 2016 ) The Guest Book ( since 2017 ) The Joker 's Wild ( since 2017 ) The Last O.G. ( since 2018 ) Major League Baseball on TBS ( since 2008 ) Movie and a Makeover ( since 2006 ) NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship ( since 2016 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) People of Earth ( since 2016 ) Search Party ( since 2016 ) Wrecked ( since 2016 ) Upcoming Close Enough ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tyler_Perry%27s_House_of_Payne&oldid=831246943 '' Categories : 2006 American television series debuts 2012 American television series endings 2000s American comedy - drama television series 2010s American comedy - drama television series 2000s American black sitcoms 2010s American black sitcoms English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States TBS ( U.S. TV channel ) programs Television series by Lionsgate Television Television series by 20th Century Fox Television Television shows set in Atlanta Television series created by Tyler Perry Hidden categories : Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 15 : 56 . 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how long has house of payne been on tv

Tyler Perry 's House of Payne is an American sitcom television series created and produced by playwright , director , and producer Tyler Perry . The show revolved around a multi-generational family living under one roof in Atlanta led by patriarch Curtis Payne and his wife Ella . The show premiered in syndication on June 21 , 2006 , and new episodes of a retooled version were broadcast exclusively on TBS from June 6 , 2007 , until August 10 , 2012 . While primarily a comedy sitcom , House of Payne was known for featuring dark themes and subject matter , such as substance abuse and addiction . It also had elements of slapstick . The storyline of the show is serialized , with many references to past episodes , creating a continuing story arc .

Della Reese - wikipedia Della Reese Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Della Reese Reese in 1961 Delloreese Patricia Early ( 1931 - 07 - 06 ) July 6 , 1931 Detroit , Michigan , U.S. November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) ( aged 86 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Education Wayne State University ( attended ) Occupation Singer actress producer minister Spouse ( s ) Vermont Taliaferro ( m . 1952 ; div. 1958 ) Leroy Basil Gray ( m . 1959 ; div. 1961 ) Mercer Ellington ( m . 1961 ; ann. 1961 ) Franklin Lett Jr . ( m . 1983 -- 2017 ) Children Musical career Genres Gospel Pop Jazz R&B Traditional pop Instruments Vocals Years active 1944 -- 2014 Labels Jubilee RCA Associated acts Mahalia Jackson Erskine Hawkins Albertina Walker Aretha Franklin Dorothy Norwood Cissy Houston Website dellareese.com Delloreese Patricia Early ( July 6 , 1931 -- November 19 , 2017 ) , known professionally as Della Reese , was an American jazz and gospel singer , actress , and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades . Reese 's long career began as a singer , scoring a hit with her 1959 single `` Do n't You Know ? '' . In the late -- 1960s , Reese hosted her own talk show , Della , which ran for 197 episodes . She also starred in films beginning in 1975 , including playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights ( 1989 ) , Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary ( 2010 ) . She achieved continuing success in the television religious supernatural drama Touched by an Angel ( 1994 -- 2003 ) , in which Reese played the leading role of Tess . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Musical career 3 Television and film career 3.1 Television guest appearances 3.2 Touched by an Angel 4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Marriages 4.3 Health 4.4 Ministry 5 Death 6 Discography 7 Filmography 7.1 Film 7.2 Television films 7.3 Television series 8 Awards and nominations 9 References 10 External links Early years ( edit ) Della Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6 , 1931 , in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit , Michigan , to Richard Thaddeus Early , an African American steelworker , and Nellie ( Mitchelle ) , a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe . Her mother had had several children before Reese 's birth , none of whom lived with her ; hence , Reese grew up as an only child . At six years old , Reese began singing in church . From this experience , she became an avid gospel singer . On weekends in the 1940s , she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford , Bette Davis , and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen . Afterwards , Reese would act out the scenes from the films . In 1944 , she began her career directing the young people 's choir , after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent . She was often chosen , on radio , as a regular singer . At the age of 13 , she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson 's gospel group . Delloreese entered Detroit 's popular Cass Technical High School ( where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly , later known as Ellen Burstyn ) . She also continued with her touring with Jackson . With higher grades , she was the first in her family to graduate from high school in 1947 , at only 15 . Afterwards , she formed her own gospel group , the Meditation Singers . However , due in part to the death of her mother and her father 's serious illness , Reese had to interrupt her schooling at Wayne State University to help support her family . Faithful to the memory of her mother , Delloreese moved out of her father 's house when she disapproved of him taking up with a new girlfriend . She then took on odd jobs , such as truck driver , dental receptionist , and elevator operator , after 1949 . Performing in clubs , Early soon decided to shorten her name from `` Delloreese Early '' to `` Della Reese '' . Musical career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Reese , circa 1961 . Reese was discovered by the gospel singer Mahalia Jackson , and her big break came when she won a contest , which gave her a week to sing at Detroit 's well - known Flame Show Bar . Reese remained there for eight weeks . Although her roots were in gospel music , she now was being exposed to and influenced by such jazz artists as Ella Fitzgerald , Sarah Vaughan and Billie Holiday . In 1953 , she signed a recording contract with Jubilee Records , for which she recorded six albums . Later that year , she also joined the Hawkins Orchestra . Her first recordings for Jubilee were songs such as `` In the Still of the Night '' ( originally published in 1937 ) , `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' and `` Time After Time '' ( 1947 ) . The songs were later included on the album And That Reminds Me ( 1959 ) . In 1957 , Reese released a single called `` And That Reminds Me '' . After years of performing , she gained chart success with this song . It became a Top Twenty pop hit and a million - seller record . That year , Reese was voted by Billboard , Cashbox and various other magazines , as `` The Most Promising Singer '' . In 1959 , Reese moved to RCA Records and released her first RCA single , called `` Do n't You Know ? , '' which was adapted from Giacomo Puccini 's music for La bohème , specifically , the aria `` Quando m'en vo ' '' ( Musetta 's Waltz ) . It became her biggest hit to date , reaching the number 2 spot on the pop charts and topping the R&B charts ( then called the `` Hot R&B Sides '' ) that year . It sold over one million copies , and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA . Eventually , the song came to be widely considered the signature song of her early career . She then released a successful follow - up single called `` Not One Minute More '' ( number 16 ) . She remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with `` And Now '' ( number 69 ) . In 1960 she released `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' ( number 56 ) which was drawn from her Grammy - nominated album Della . The album rose in the pop album charts to number 35 . In November 1960 , Reese appeared in advertisements in Ebony magazine for the newly launched AMI Continental jukebox . Reese recorded regularly throughout the 1960s , releasing singles and several albums . Two of the most significant were The Classic Della ( 1962 ) and Waltz with Me , Della ( 1963 ) , which broadened her fan base internationally . She recorded several jazz - focused albums , including Della Reese Live ( 1966 ) , On Strings of Blue ( 1967 ) and One of a Kind ( 1978 ) . She also performed in Las Vegas for nine years and toured across the country . Reese continued to record albums in the following decades , receiving two more Grammy nominations in the gospel category for the album Della Reese and Brilliance ( 1991 ) and for the live recorded album , My Soul Feels Better Right Now ( 1999 ) . Motown singer Martha Reeves cites Reese as a major influence and says she named her group The Vandellas after Van Dyke Street in Detroit and Della Reese . Television and film career ( edit ) Reese appearing in a Kraft Foods commercial , 1977 . In 1969 , Reese began a transition into acting work which would eventually lead to her highest profile . Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series , Della , which was cancelled after 197 episodes ( June 9 , 1969 -- March 13 , 1970 ) . In 1970 , Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries , was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B.A. Baracus in The A-Team episode `` Lease with an Option to Die '' . In 1991 , she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom , The Royal Family , but his death halted production of the series for several months . Reese also did voice - over for the late 1980s Hanna - Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby - Doo on ABC . In 1989 , she starred alongside Eddie Murphy , Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights , in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy . Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the popular television game show Match Game . Television guest appearances ( edit ) Reese has had a wide variety of guest - starring roles , beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad . This led to other roles in such series as : The Bold Ones : The New Doctors , Getting Together , Police Woman , Petrocelli , Joe Forrester , Police Story , The Rookies , McCloud , Sanford and Son with old friend Redd Foxx , Vega $ , Insight and two episodes of The Love Boat . She also had a recurring role on It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke , three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox , four episodes of Charlie & Co. opposite Flip Wilson , 227 with best friend Marla Gibbs , MacGyver , Night Court , Dream On , Designing Women , Picket Fences , Disney Channel 's That 's So Raven and The Young and the Restless . Touched by an Angel ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After coping with the death of one of her best friends , Redd Foxx , in 1991 , she was reluctant to play an older female lead in the inspirational television drama Touched by an Angel , but went ahead and auditioned for the role of Tess . She wanted to have a one - shot agreement between CBS and producer Martha Williamson , but ordered more episodes . Reese was widely seen as a key component of the show 's success . Already starring on Touched by an Angel was the lesser - known Irish actress Roma Downey , who played the role of case worker Tess 's angel / employee , Monica . In numerous interviews , there was an on - and off - screen chemistry between both Reese and Downey . The character of Tess was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God 's love , while at the same time , she was sassy and had a no - nonsense attitude . The show often featured a climactic monologue delivered by the angel Monica in which she reveals herself as an angel to a human with the words : `` I am an angel sent by God to tell you that He loves you . '' The character of Tess was portrayed by Reese as down - to - earth , experienced and direct . Reese also sang the show 's theme song , `` Walk with You '' , and was featured prominently on the soundtrack album produced in conjunction with the show . During its first season in 1994 , many critics were skeptical about the show , it being the second overtly religious prime - time fantasy series , after Highway to Heaven . The show had a rocky start , low ratings and was cancelled 11 episodes into the first season . However , with the help of a massive letter - writing campaign , the show was resuscitated the following season and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons . At the beginning of the fourth season in 1997 , Reese threatened to leave the show because she was making less than her co-stars ; CBS ended up raising her salary . Touched by an Angel was cancelled in 2003 , but it continued re-running heavily in syndication and on Ion Television ( formerly PAX - TV ) , The Hallmark Channel , Up , and later MeTV . Roma Downey said of her on - and off - screen relationship with Reese : `` She 's very wise . She 's very loving . She can be a little gruff at times , but she 's always adoring and adorable . I lost my mother when I was very young , and during my whole adolescence and into my twenties , I 'd been looking for a mother figure , and I really think I can say with absolute truth and sincerity that I feel that I finally found her in Della Reese . '' Downey later also said : `` I think I 'll just always remember the feel of her neck against my cheek when she hugs me and the love I know that she has for me and the love that I feel for her and the love that she has for God . To know Della is to know that she loves God . '' Personal life ( edit ) In 2005 , Reese was honored by Oprah Winfrey at her Legends Ball ceremony , along with 25 other black women . On July 6 , 2011 , Reese celebrated her 80th birthday at the Catalina Jazz Club in Los Angeles . In 2015 , a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her . Della Reese was the godmother of Roma Downey 's daughter Reilly Marie . Reese officiated at the marriage ceremony of Roma Downey and Mark Burnett in the absence of Downey 's late mother . Family ( edit ) Reese 's mother , Nellie Mitchelle Early , died in 1949 of an intracerebral hemorrhage . Reese 's father , Richard Early , died ten years later . Reese had an adoptive daughter whom she acquired from a family member unable to care for her , named Delorese Daniels Owens , in 1961 . Owens died on March 14 , 2002 . She passed away from complications stemming from pituitary disease . Reese said about the painful experience , sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders : `` When it happened , I thought , ' It 's such an odd thing to die from , ' because pituitary problems are n't something you hear about . It makes it harder because you do n't understand what happened . It seemed so strange and hard to explain . It still is , to be honest . '' Marriages ( edit ) In 1952 , Reese married factory worker Vermont Adolphus Bon Taliaferro , nineteen years her senior , and adopted the stage name Pat Ferro for a week , before introducing the stage name she used for the rest of her life -- though sources differ as to whether this was after the failure of the marriage , or simply a show - business decision . A second marriage ceremony , on December 28 , 1959 , to accountant Leroy Basil Gray , who had two children by a previous marriage , was kept secret for some time . This marriage either ended in divorce or was annulled on the basis that Gray 's previous divorce was invalid . Reese appears to have been briefly married to Mercer Ellington ( who was then her manager ) in 1961 , before this was annulled later that year due to Ellington 's Mexican divorce being ruled invalid.In 1983 , she married Franklin Thomas Lett , Jr. , a concert producer and writer . Health ( edit ) In 1979 , after taping a guest spot for The Tonight Show , she suffered a near - fatal brain aneurysm , but made a full recovery after two surgeries by neurosurgeon Charles Drake at University Hospital in London , Ontario . In 2016 , shortly after her 85th birthday , Reese was said to be in poor health , and had undergone multiple surgeries . She further disclosed that she had neglected her health for years , which had contributed to her developing diabetes . After her last appearance on Signed , Sealed , Delivered , she had retired from acting . While Reese sometimes used a wheelchair , she avoided using one often , because it would make her condition worse . Ministry ( edit ) In the 1980s , Reese was ordained as a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity , after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church , Understanding Principles for Better Living . The `` Up Church '' is under Universal Foundation for Better Living , a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev. Johnnie Colemon , a close friend of Rev. Reese - Lett . As of 2009 , they meet at First Lutheran Church in Inglewood , California . In her ministerial work , she was known as the Rev. Dr. Della Reese Lett . Death ( edit ) Reese died on November 19 , 2017 , at her Los Angeles , California , home at the age of 86 . No cause was given , although she had suffered from Type 2 - diabetes. . Her representative Lynda Blensky told USA Today , `` We lost a magnificent woman who was a trailblazer in many ways . '' Longtime friends Roma Downey ( with whom she worked on Touched by an Angel ) and Jackee Harry ( with whom she worked on 227 and The Royal Family ) reflected on her death . Downey said , `` On behalf of her husband , Franklin Lett , and all her friends and family , I share with you the news that our beloved Della Reese has passed away peacefully at her California home last evening surrounded by love , '' She then said : `` She was an incredible wife , mother , grandmother , friend , and pastor , as well as an award - winning actress and singer . Through her life and work , she touched and inspired the lives of millions of people . She was a mother to me and I had the privilege of working with her side by side for so many years on Touched by an Angel . I know heaven has a brand new angel this day . Della Reese will be forever in our hearts . Rest In Peace , sweet angel . We love you . '' Harry tweeted , `` I am completely devastated by the loss of Della Reese . She was a great co-star , sparring partner , drinking buddy , and friend . She taught me the power of prayer and the importance of humility . I 'll be forever grateful to call her my friend . '' Discography ( edit ) Main article : Della Reese discography Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Psychic Killer Mrs. Gibson 1989 Harlem Nights Vera Walker Thin Line Between Love and Hate , AA Thin Line Between Love and Hate Ma Wright 2000 Dinosaur Eema ( voice ) 2005 Beauty Shop Mrs. Towner 2007 If I Had Known I Was a Genius Nana Expecting Mary Doris Dorkus 2012 Meant to Be Mave 2012 Me Again Muriel 2012 Christmas Angel Elsa Way Television films ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1973 Voyage of the Yes Opal Parker 1973 Daddy 's Girl Diane Twice in a Lifetime Flo Cop on the Beat Claudine 1976 Flo 's Place Flo 1976 Nightmare in Badham County Sarah 1990 Kid Who Loved Christmas , The The Kid Who Loved Christmas Alicia Slater 1992 You Must Remember This Ella DuChamps Voice 1997 Match Made in Heaven , AA Match Made in Heaven Katie Beale 1997 Miracle in the Woods Lilly Cooper 1998 Emma 's Wish Mona Washburn 1998 Mama Flora 's Family Nana Fleming 1999 Secret Path , The The Secret Path Honey 1999 Having Our Say : The Delany Sisters First 100 Years Martha Logan 1999 Anya 's Bell Anya Herpick 2000 Moving of Sophia Myles , The The Moving of Sophia Myles Sophia Myles 2011 Hallelujah Dulcie Prejean 2012 Christmas Angel Elsie Waybright 2013 Dear Secret Santa Linda 2013 Miracle at Gate 213 Alma Peddington Television series ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Reference 1968 Mod Squad , The The Mod Squad Paula Episode : `` Find Tara Chapman ! '' 1970 Bold Ones : The New Doctors , The The Bold Ones : The New Doctors Grace Dayton Episode : `` Killer on the Loose '' Police Woman Tina Thompson Episode : `` Requiem for Bored Wives '' 1974 -- 1976 McCloud Police Sgt . Gladys Harris 2 episodes Petrocelli Angela Damon Episode : `` Once Upon a Victim '' Rookies , The The Rookies Landers Episode : `` Ladies Day '' Sanford and Son Herself Episode : `` Della , Della , Della '' 1975 -- 1978 Chico and the Man Della Rogers 27 episodes 1976 Medical Center Capt . Sykes Episode : `` Major Annie , MD '' 1979 Welcome Back , Kotter Mrs. Tremaine Episodes : `` Come Back , Little Arnold '' , `` The Gang Show '' 1980 Insight Judge Roberta Lynn Episode : `` God in the Dock '' 1982 Love Boat , The The Love Boat Millie Washington 2 episodes 1982 -- 1983 It Takes Two Judge Caroline Phillips 5 episodes 1985 A-Team , The The A-Team Mrs. Baracus Episode : `` Lease with an Option to Die '' 1985 -- 1986 Crazy Like a Fox Nurse Flood 3 episodes 1986 Charlie & Co . Aunt Rachel 4 episodes 1986 ABC Afterschool Special Aunt Faith Episode : `` The Gift of Amazing Grace '' 1987 -- 1990 227 Grace / Rita Clark 2 episodes 1989 Night Court Aunt Ruth Episode : `` Auntie Maim '' 1990 Young Riders , The The Young Riders Stagecoach Sally Episode : `` Born to Hang '' 1990 -- 1991 MacGyver Mama Colton 2 episodes 1991 Married People Annette Episode : `` Dance Ten , Friends Zero '' 1991 -- 1992 Royal Family , The The Royal Family Victoria Royal 15 episodes 1992 Dream On Receptionist Episode : `` No Deposit , No Return '' 1993 Designing Women Mrs. Toussant Episode : `` Wedding Redux '' 1993 L.A. Law Lucille Lake Episode : `` Vindaloo in the Villows '' 1993 Picket Fences Naomi Grand Episode : `` The Lullaby League '' 1994 -- 2003 Touched by an Angel Tess 211 episodes NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series ( 1997 -- 98 ) 1996 -- 1998 Promised Land Tess 6 episodes 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child The Blues Fairy ( voice ) Episode : `` Pinocchio '' 2006 That 's So Raven Miss Rhonnie Wilcox Episode : `` The Four Aces '' 2009 Young and the Restless , The The Young and the Restless Aunt Virginia 2 episodes Detroit 1 - 8 - 7 Lorraine Henderson Episode : `` Shelter '' 2014 Signed , Sealed , Delivered Cora Brandt 2 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards 1994 : Hollywood Walk of Fame : 7060 Hollywood Boulevard -- Television 1996 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2000 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2001 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 2002 : Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel Nominations 1960 : Grammy Award -- Do n't You Know 1961 : Grammy Award -- Della ( Album ) 1997 : Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1997 : Golden Globe Award for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Made for TV Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1998 : Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series -- Touched by an Angel 1999 : Grammy Award -- My Soul Feels Better Right Now 2000 : Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting By a Female Performer in an Animated Feature -- Dinosaur References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Della ( 1969 ) '' . Internet Movie Database. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ ( Video ) . Della Reese interview with Tavis Smiley . June 12 , 2009 . Tavis Smiley Late Night . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Biography '' . filmreference. 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Hilary de Vries ( June 14 , 1998 ) . `` Della Reese : Earning Her Wings '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Andrea LeVasseur ( 2009 ) . `` Della Reese : Biography '' . All Movie Guide . MSN . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20512 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . dellareese.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Della '' Talk Show on IMDb Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese Presenting Her Accomplished 80 Years of Life in Song for ' I 'm Still Here ' Performance at Catalina Jazz Club `` 94.7 The WAVE '' . 947thewave.cbslocal.com. 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . Web.archive.org . October 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , Touched by an Angel Star and Legendary Singer , Dead at 86 '' . E ! News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Deloreese Daniels Owens 's Story '' , Cushing 's . ^ Jump up to : Jessie Carney Smith ( 1996 ) . Notable Black American Women . VNR AG . p. 546 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 9177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Clarke ( 1977 ) . Pseudonyms . BCA . p. 138 . Jump up ^ Jet , 25 August 1977 , page 58 Jump up ^ Jet , 11 February 1960 Jump up ^ Andy Gregory ( 2002 ) . The International Who 's Who in Popular Music 2002 . Psychology Press . p. 425 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 161 - 2 . Jump up ^ Victoria Uwumarogie ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Della Reese Reportedly in Bad Shape : `` I Do n't Have Type 2 Diabetes -- Type 2 Diabetes Has Me '' `` . Madamenoire . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Radar Staff ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Calling All Angels ! Sickly Della Reese Admits : ' My Life is at State ' '' . Radar Online . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Local News Della Reese Is No Angel , But She 's Real Reverend -- In Dual Roles Of Minister And Actress , She Has A Big Following Seattle Times Newspaper '' . Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry '' . dellareese.com. 2009 . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Ministry : Biography '' . Understanding Principles for Better Living Church . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Mazur , Marcia Levine ( July 1 , 2004 ) . `` Della Reese : `` Diabetes will not make me a victim . '' Della Reese has type 2 diabetes , but you 'll never hear her complain about her life `` . Diabetes Forecast. 57 ( 7 ) : 56 -- 60 . PMID 15295806 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 -- via PubMed . Jump up ^ Morris , Chris ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Della Reese , ' Touched by an Angel ' Star and R&B Singer , Dies at 86 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , star of TV 's ' Touched By An Angel , ' dies at 86 '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , singer and Touched by an Angel star , dies '' . EW.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86 , Actors Praise Exemplary Life '' . Christian Post.com . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Filmography for Della Reese '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scheib , Ronnie ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` Expecting Mary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Meant to Be ' - Chicago Tribune '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Della Reese : ' God 's Had a Bad Agent ' '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` COP ON THE BEAT '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` HALLELUJAH ( 2011 ) '' . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Dear Secret Santa ( TV ) ( 2013 ) '' . FilmAffinity . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Della Reese , Singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' Star , Dies at 86 '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : Biography.com Editors . `` Della Reese '' . The Biography.com website . A&E Networks . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese , ' Touched By an Angel ' Star , Dies at 86 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese Biography ( 1931 - ) '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INSIGHT '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Touched by an Angel ' Star Della Reese Dies at 86 '' . billboard . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DETROIT 1 - 8 - 7 Preview : December 7 on ABC '' . Broadway World . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese , singer and ' Touched by an Angel ' star , dies at 86 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Della Reese - Hollywood Walk of Fame '' . Hollywood Walk of Fame . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese - Awards & Nominations '' . Awards and Winners . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Della Reese '' . Grammy.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ News , A.B.C. ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Touched by an Angel ' star Della Reese has died '' . ABC News . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominations Search '' . Emmy Awards . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 3rd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CNN - Nominees for Golden Globe Awards - December 18 , 1997 '' . CNN . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 4th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards - Screen Actors Guild Awards '' . Screen Actors Guild . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Awards '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Book : Della Reese Wikimedia Commons has media related to Della Reese . Official website Della Reese on IMDb Della Reese at the TCM Movie Database Della Reese Interview at The Archive of American Television Understanding Principles for Better Living Church Della Reese 's Tough TV Career Della Reese 's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project Appearances on C - SPAN ( hide ) Della Reese Studio albums Amen ! What Do You Know About Love ? The Story of the Blues Della Della by Starlight Della Della Cha - Cha - Cha The Classic Della Live albums Della Reese at Basin Street East Compilations The Best of Della Reese ( 1962 ) The Best of Della Reese ( 1972 ) Singles `` And That Reminds Me '' `` Do n't You Know ? '' `` Not One Minute More '' `` Someday ( You 'll Want Me to Want You ) '' `` After Loving You '' `` It Was a Very Good Year '' `` Games People Play '' `` Compared to What '' Related articles Discography Touched by an Angel Book : Della Reese VIAF : 84975278 LCCN : no91017360 ISNI : 0000 0003 6846 8374 GND : 135244668 BNF : cb138374591 ( data ) MusicBrainz : f9328e7e - 889f - 4cc7 - b56a - 8d94cf0b8fe2 IATH : w6cr9sb7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Della_Reese&oldid=815372483 '' Categories : 1931 births 2017 deaths 20th - century American singers 20th - century Christians 21st - century American singers 21st - century American writers 21st - century Christians 21st - century women writers Actresses from Detroit African - American actresses American actresses African - American Christians African - American female singers African - American musicians African - American television talk show hosts African - American writers American writers American Christian writers American evangelists American female jazz singers American film actresses American people of Native American descent American people of Cherokee descent American performers of Christian music American stage actresses American television actresses American television talk show hosts American voice actresses American women writers Cass Technical High School alumni Disease - related deaths in California Singers from Detroit American gospel singers Grammy Award winners Jubilee Records artists Musicians from Detroit New Thought writers Nondenominational Christianity RCA Victor artists Stroke survivors Traditional pop music singers Wayne State University alumni Writers from Michigan Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2014 Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles containing potentially dated statements Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 12 : 49 . 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who played tess on touched by an angel

Delloreese Patricia Early ( July 6 , 1931 -- November 19 , 2017 ) , known professionally as Della Reese , was an American jazz and gospel singer , actress , and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades . Reese 's long career began as a singer , scoring a hit with her 1959 single `` Do n't You Know ? '' . In the late -- 1960s , Reese hosted her own talk show , Della , which ran for 197 episodes . She also starred in films beginning in 1975 , including playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights ( 1989 ) , Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate ( 1996 ) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary ( 2010 ) . She achieved continuing success in the television religious supernatural drama Touched by an Angel ( 1994 -- 2003 ) , in which Reese played the leading role of Tess .

New Orleans Pelicans - wikipedia New Orleans Pelicans Jump to : navigation , search For the former minor league baseball team , see New Orleans Pelicans ( baseball ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2017 -- 18 New Orleans Pelicans season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 2002 History New Orleans Hornets 2002 - 2013 New Orleans Pelicans 2013 -- present Arena Smoothie King Center Location New Orleans , Louisiana Team colors Navy blue , gold , red President Dennis Lauscha General manager Dell Demps Head coach Alvin Gentry Ownership Tom Benson Affiliation ( s ) None Championships 0 Conference titles 0 Division titles 1 ( 2008 ) Retired numbers 1 ( 7 ) Website www.nba.com/pelicans Uniforms Home Away Third Smoothie King Center , home arena of the New Orleans Pelicans The New Orleans Pelicans are an American professional basketball team based in New Orleans , Louisiana . The Pelicans compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) as a member club of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays their home games in the Smoothie King Center ( formerly known as the New Orleans Arena ) . The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season . The Charlotte Hornets name , history and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 . In 14 seasons of play since the original franchise relocated from North Carolina , the Louisiana franchise has achieved an overall regular season record of 528 -- 604 , and has qualified for the playoffs six times . Their achievements include one playoff series victory and one division title . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 Relocation to New Orleans 1.2 2002 -- 2005 : Early years in New Orleans 1.3 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era 1.4 2011 -- 2013 : CP3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era 1.5 2013 -- present : The Pelicans take flight 1.5. 1 2015 : Return to the playoffs 1.5. 2 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era 2 Logos and uniforms 3 Players 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retained draft rights 3.3 Retired numbers 4 Franchise records 5 Seasons 5.1 Head coaches 6 Home arenas 7 Mascot 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the New Orleans Pelicans Relocation to New Orleans ( edit ) While the Charlotte Hornets put a competitive team on the court throughout the 1990s , the team 's attendance began falling dramatically . Many attributed this lapse in popularity to the team 's owner , George Shinn , who was slowly becoming despised by the people of the city . In 1997 , a Charlotte woman claimed that Shinn had raped her , and the resulting trial severely tarnished his reputation in the city . The consensus was that while Charlotte was as basketball - crazy as ever , fans took out their anger at Shinn on the team . Shinn had also become discontented with the Charlotte Coliseum , which , although considered state - of - the - art when it opened in 1988 , had by then been considered obsolete due to a limited number of luxury boxes . On March 26 , 2001 , both the Hornets and the Vancouver Grizzlies applied for relocation to Memphis , Tennessee , which was ultimately won by the Grizzlies . Shinn issued an ultimatum : unless the city built a new arena at no cost to him , the Hornets would leave town . The city initially refused , leading Shinn to consider moving the team to either Norfolk , Louisville , or St. Louis . Of the cities in the running , only St. Louis had an NBA - ready arena ( Savvis Center , now known as Scottrade Center ) already in place and was a larger media market than Charlotte at the time ; also , it was the only one of the four to have previously hosted an NBA franchise -- the St. Louis Hawks , who moved to Atlanta in 1968 . Finally , a new arena in Uptown , which would eventually become the Charlotte Bobcats Arena ( now known as Spectrum Center ) , was included in a non-binding referendum for a larger arts - related package , and Shinn withdrew his application to move the team . Polls showed the referendum on its way to passage . However , just days before the referendum , Mayor Pat McCrory vetoed a living wage ordinance . The veto prompted many of the city 's black ministers to oppose the referendum ; they felt it was immoral for the city to build a new arena when city employees were n't paid enough to make a living . After the referendum failed , city leaders devised a plan to build a new arena in a way that did not require voter support , but made it known that they would not even consider building it unless Shinn sold the team . While even the NBA acknowledged that Shinn had alienated fans , league officials felt such a demand would anger other owners . The city council refused to remove the statement , leading the Hornets to request a move to New Orleans -- a move which would eventually return the NBA to that city since the Jazz moved to Salt Lake City in 1979 . Before the Hornets were eliminated from the playoffs , the NBA approved the move . As part of a deal , the NBA promised that Charlotte would get a new team , which took the court two years later as the Charlotte Bobcats . In a 2008 interview with the Charlotte Observer , Shinn , who has not returned to Charlotte since the Hornets moved , admitted that the `` bad judgment I made in my life '' played a role in the Hornets ' departure . He also said that if he had it to do all over again , he would not have withdrawn from the public after the sexual assault trial . Shinn emphasized how he was making amends by committing to New Orleans saying , `` I 've made enough mistakes in my life . I 'm not going to make one here . This city needs us here . We 're going to make this ( New Orleans ) thing work . '' 2002 -- 2005 : early years in New Orleans ( edit ) The Hornets opened their inaugural season in New Orleans on October 30 , 2002 , against New Orleans ' original NBA franchise , the now - Utah Jazz . In the first regular season NBA game played in New Orleans in over 17 years , the Hornets defeated the Jazz 100 -- 75 , and posthumously retired # 7 of `` Pistol '' Pete Maravich during halftime . The Hornets finished the season with a 47 -- 35 record but were defeated by the Philadelphia 76ers in the first round of the playoffs . Following the season , the team unexpectedly fired head coach Paul Silas and replaced him with Alan Bristow . The Hornets began the 2003 -- 04 season strong with a 17 -- 7 start but sputtered at the end and finished 41 -- 41 . They lost to the Miami Heat in the first round of the 2004 playoffs . After the season , Floyd was fired and the team hired Byron Scott as its new head coach . During the first two seasons in New Orleans the Hornets competed in the NBA 's Eastern Conference . The 2004 -- 05 season saw the team moved to the Western Conference 's Southwest Division . In a season marred by injury to the team 's three all - stars , the team finished the year with a franchise - worst record of 18 -- 64 . 2005 -- 2011 : Chris Paul era ( edit ) In the subsequent draft , the Hornets used their first round pick to select point guard Chris Paul out of Wake Forest University . Chris Paul , selected by the Hornets as the 4th pick of the 2005 NBA draft Because of the catastrophic devastation brought by Hurricane Katrina upon the communities of southeastern Louisiana , the Hornets franchise temporarily relocated its base of operations to Oklahoma City , Oklahoma , in 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 , posting records of 38 -- 44 and 39 -- 43 respectively . During this time , the franchise was known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . In these two seasons , most home games were played at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , while a few remained at New Orleans Arena . One year after the Hornets moved back to New Orleans permanently , the Seattle SuperSonics relocated to Oklahoma City and became the Thunder . The Hornets franchise returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season , with all 41 home games in the New Orleans Arena . The 2008 NBA All - Star Game and its accompanying festivities were awarded to New Orleans and a serious marketing campaign was commenced in February 2007 . Healthier than previous seasons , the Hornets raced to a 29 -- 12 record at the halfway mark , completing the regular season with a record of 56 -- 26 , making the season their most successful ever . The Hornets also won their first - ever division title , winning the Southwest Division . Having clinched the 2nd overall seed for the Western Conference in the 2008 playoffs , the Hornets beat the Dallas Mavericks in the first round but eventually lost to the defending - champion San Antonio Spurs in seven games in the conference semifinals . In August 2008 the Hornets unveiled a modified logo and new uniforms with the colors of Creole blue , purple , and Mardi Gras gold . Pinstripes were also added to the uniforms . The Hornets also introduced a new gold alternate uniform in 2010 which was used mostly in games played on Saturday at home and on the road . The Hornets finished the 2008 -- 09 season with a 49 -- 33 record . Paired up with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the 2009 NBA Playoffs , the Hornets were eliminated in five games . The Hornets started the 2009 -- 10 season in a disappointing fashion , and head coach Byron Scott was fired after a 3 -- 6 start to the season . General manager Jeff Bower took over the head coaching duties for the remainder of the season . The Hornets finished the season with a 37 -- 45 record , finishing last in the Southwest division they had won only two seasons before . Jeff Bower later resigned as head coach , and Monty Williams was brought in as new head coach . The team finished the 2010 -- 11 season with a 46 -- 36 record and qualified for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , where they lost to the Lakers 4 -- 2 . In December 2010 the NBA purchased the Hornets from George Shinn for an estimated $300 million . 2011 -- 2013 : cp3 's departure ; beginning the Anthony Davis era ( edit ) Before the 2011 -- 12 NBA season , the Hornets were considering trade offers for Chris Paul . Paul eventually requested a trade to the New York Knicks . The Hornets looked at many teams , including the Boston Celtics and the Golden State Warriors as trade partners , but Paul had made it clear he wanted to be traded to New York or Los Angeles . A three - team trade involving the Los Angeles Lakers and the Houston Rockets was agreed upon , but commissioner David Stern vetoed the trade . On December 14 , 2011 , the Hornets agreed to a deal with the Los Angeles Clippers that would send Paul to L.A. in exchange for Eric Gordon , Chris Kaman , Al - Farouq Aminu , and a first - round draft pick acquired by the Clippers from a trade with the Minnesota Timberwolves in 2004 . At the end of the 66 - game lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 NBA season , the Hornets had the worst record in the West , 21 -- 45 . On April 13 , 2012 , it was announced that Tom Benson , owner of the New Orleans Saints , had purchased the franchise from the NBA for $338 million . In addition , Benson announced that he would change the team name to something that would better suit the region , fueling rumors that the Hornets name could one day return to Charlotte , where the Bobcats play . In June 2012 , Benson appointed two senior Saints executives to supervise the Hornets as well : Saints general manager Mickey Loomis became head of basketball operations , overseeing general manager Dell Demps , and Saints business operations head Dennis Lauscha took on the same role with the Hornets . The Hornets traded Emeka Okafor and Trevor Ariza to the Wizards for Rashard Lewis , whom they bought out , and a draft pick . On May 30 , 2012 , the Hornets were awarded the first overall pick in the 2012 NBA draft and subsequently drafted Anthony Davis . They also drafted Austin Rivers with the 10th pick ( acquired from the Clippers as part of the Chris Paul trade ) . On July 11 , 2012 , Ryan Anderson , 2012 's Most Improved Player and three - point field goals leader , was acquired in a sign - and - trade by the New Orleans Hornets , with the Orlando Magic , for Gustavo Ayón . 2013 -- present : the Pelicans take flight ( edit ) New owner Tom Benson had indicated early in his ownership that he wished to change the team 's name to something more local , even preferring that the Utah Jazz -- founded in New Orleans in 1974 and played there until 1979 , give up the `` Jazz '' name . But the Jazz indicated they had no interest in returning the name due to over 30 years of history associated with it . Benson had also heavily favored the names `` Brass '' and `` Krewe '' . However , on December 4 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their name to the New Orleans Pelicans beginning with the 2013 -- 14 season . The team name is inspired by Louisiana 's state bird , the brown pelican . The name `` Pelicans '' previously had been used by a minor - league baseball team that played in New Orleans from 1901 to 1957 . The Hornets organization officially confirmed the name change in a press conference held on January 24 , 2013 , where officials unveiled the team 's new logos and navy blue -- gold -- red color scheme . On April 18 , 2013 , after the end of the team 's 2012 -- 13 season , the team 's name was officially changed to the Pelicans . Following the New Orleans franchise 's 2013 disestablishment of the `` Hornets '' name , on May 21 , 2013 , Charlotte Bobcats owner Michael Jordan officially announced the organization had submitted an application to change the name of his franchise to the Charlotte Hornets for the 2014 -- 15 NBA season pending a majority vote for approval by the NBA Board of Governors at a meeting in Las Vegas , on July 18 , 2013 . Then - NBA Deputy Commissioner and COO Adam Silver had previously pointed out the fact that the league owns the rights to the name Hornets and that could speed up the process . The NBA unanimously approved the name change starting with 2014 -- 15 . On June 27 , 2013 , during the 2013 NBA draft , the Pelicans selected Nerlens Noel 6th overall , and traded him along with a 2014 protected first - round pick for All - Star point guard Jrue Holiday of the Philadelphia 76ers and the 42nd pick , Pierre Jackson . At a May 20 , 2014 press conference announcing the Charlotte Bobcats ' official team name change to Hornets , it was also announced that the Pelicans agreed to transfer the records and statistics of the original Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) to the current Charlotte franchise , thus unifying all of Charlotte 's NBA basketball history under one franchise ; the team records and statistics since the 2002 move to New Orleans would be retained by the Pelicans , retroactively turning the Pelicans into a 2002 expansion team . To restate and clarify a confusing series of events : after the 2002 season , the original Hornets moved to New Orleans . In 2004 , Charlotte was granted a new franchise , the Bobcats . After the 2013 -- 14 season , the Bobcats changed their name to the Hornets and reclaimed the history and records of the 1988 -- 2002 Hornets . As a result , the Hornets are now reckoned as having suspended operations from 2002 to 2004 , while the Pelicans are now reckoned as having joined the league in 2002 . 2015 : return to the playoffs ( edit ) Alvin Gentry is the New Orleans Pelicans current head coach . For the first time under the name Pelicans , the team qualified for the playoffs with a 45 -- 37 record as the number 8 seed in the Western Conference . They owned the tie - breaker over the Oklahoma City Thunder by winning the regular season head - to - head series 3 -- 1 , and they faced the Golden State Warriors in the first round ; the Warriors swept the Pelicans in four games . After the season , the Pelicans fired coach Monty Williams despite qualifying for the playoffs . On May 31 , 2015 , the Pelicans hired Alvin Gentry as the franchise 's 6th head coach . 2017 -- present : Davis and Cousins era ( edit ) On February 20 , 2017 , Pelicans acquired DeMarcus Cousins in a trade with the Sacramento Kings when they traded Buddy Hield , Tyreke Evans , Langston Galloway , a 2017 1st round pick , and a 2017 2nd round pick in exchange for Cousins and Omri Casspi . Logos and uniforms ( edit ) The New Orleans Hornets were sold to Tom Benson on April 13 , 2012 . After purchasing the team , Benson indicated that he wanted to change the club 's nickname to something more regionally appropriate . On December 14 , 2012 , it was reported that the Hornets would change their nickname to the New Orleans Pelicans . On January 24 , 2013 , the team held a press conference , where it unveiled its new nickname , logos and colors . The name Pelicans is a reference to the brown pelican , the state bird of Louisiana . The team said in a press release that its colors would be navy , gold and red ; each color is represented in the city flag of New Orleans . The team formally adopted its new brand identity at the end of the 2012 -- 13 NBA season . On August 1 , 2013 , the Pelicans released their new uniforms . The ' New Orleans ' wordmark logo across the front of the jerseys is inspired by French Quarter street signs ; the Pelicans are one of three NBA teams to wear the city name across the front of both home and road jerseys . The partial logo is featured on the sides of the shorts , and the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo ( a combination mark of the pelican , fleur - de-lis and crescent basketball shape ) is featured on the back neck . NBA teams were not allowed to have alternate uniforms during their first season of operation . On September 23 , 2014 , the Pelicans unveiled a red alternate uniform for the 2014 -- 15 season that would be worn four times in the year . Prior to the red alternate uniform unveiling , the NBA announced that its league logo would be moved to the back neck of game jerseys for all 30 clubs ; as a result , the NBA league logo replaced the `` Bird - de-Lis '' logo on the back neck . On September 17 , 2015 , the Pelicans unveiled a new alternate uniform , introduced as part of the NBA 's `` Pride '' uniforms for the 2015 -- 16 season . The short - sleeved uniforms feature Mardi Gras ' signature colors -- purple , green and gold . The tops are purple with green accents on the sleeves and sport ' NOLA ' ( a local acronym for New Orleans , Louisiana ) across the chest in the Pelicans ' signature font in gold letters trimmed in green . The Pelicans ' NO ' logo is featured at the bottom of the v - neck and the Crescent City basketball logo is on the left sleeve in Mardi Gras colors . Additionally , the trim around the neckline is purple , green and gold - striped . Additionally , on the back of the jersey , the players ' numbers will be gold with green trim , last name in white traditional lettering and the NBA logo will be featured at the base of the neck . The purple shorts will have green and gold stripes down the side with a small secondary logo -- the `` Bird - de-Lis '' in gold centered on the waistband . The Pelicans ' partial logo is on both sides of the shorts in Mardi Gras colors . Players ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans all - time roster See also : New Orleans Pelicans draft history Current roster ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 6.0 ! C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Ajinça , Alexis 7000218440000000000 ♠ 7 ft 2 in ( 2.18 m ) 248 lb ( 112 kg ) 1988 - 05 - 06 INSEP ( FRA ) 4.0 ! F 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Alexander , Cliff 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1995 -- 11 -- 16 Kansas 2.5 ! G / F 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Allen , Tony 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 213 lb ( 97 kg ) 1982 - 01 - 11 Oklahoma State 6.0 ! C 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Aşık , Ömer 7000213360000000000 ♠ 7 ft 0 in ( 2.13 m ) 255 lb ( 116 kg ) 1986 - 07 - 04 Turkey 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Clark , Ian 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 07 Belmont 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Cooke , Charles ( TW ) 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 196 lb ( 89 kg ) 1994 -- 07 -- 01 Dayton 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Cousins , DeMarcus 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 270 lb ( 122 kg ) 1990 - 08 - 13 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Crawford , Jordan 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 195 lb ( 88 kg ) 1988 - 10 - 23 Xavier 4.0 ! F 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Cunningham , Dante 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 230 lb ( 104 kg ) 1987 - 04 - 22 Villanova 5.5 ! F / C 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 Davis , Anthony ( C ) 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 253 lb ( 115 kg ) 1993 - 03 - 11 Kentucky 4.0 ! F 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Diallo , Cheick 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 - 09 - 13 Kansas 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 Hill , Solomon 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1991 - 03 - 18 Arizona 1.5 ! G 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Holiday , Jrue 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1990 - 06 - 12 UCLA 1.5 ! G 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Jackson , Frank 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1998 - 05 - 04 Duke 4.0 ! F 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Jones , Jalen ( TW ) 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1993 -- 05 -- 27 Texas A&M 4.0 ! F 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Jones , Perry 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 235 lb ( 107 kg ) 1991 -- 09 -- 24 Baylor 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Miller , Darius 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1990 - 03 - 21 Kentucky 1.5 ! G 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Moore , E'Twaun 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 191 lb ( 87 kg ) 1989 - 02 - 25 Purdue 1.5 ! G 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Rondo , Rajon 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 186 lb ( 84 kg ) 1986 - 02 - 22 Kentucky Head coach Alvin Gentry Assistant coach ( es ) Darren Erman Chris Finch Dave Hanners Kevin Hanson Robert Pack Fred Vinson Phil Weber Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2017 - 07 - 27 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pelicans hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2011 59 Majok , Ater Ater Majok F / C Australia Free agent Acquired from the Los Angeles Lakers ( via Chicago ) 48 Williams , Latavious Latavious Williams United States Valencia Basket ( Spain ) Acquired from the Miami Heat ( via Oklahoma City ) Retired numbers ( edit ) New Orleans Pelicans retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 7 Pete Maravich 1974 -- 1979 The New Orleans Hornets retired Maravich 's number during their first game in New Orleans in honor of his basketball contributions to the state of Louisiana , both during his college career at Louisiana State University ( LSU ) and his professional career with the city 's former NBA team , the New Orleans Jazz . Franchise records ( edit ) Main article : New Orleans Pelicans accomplishments and records Seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans seasons Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of New Orleans Pelicans head coaches Name Tenure Totals Regular season Playoffs PCT PCT PCT Paul Silas 2002 -- 2003 88 49 39 . 557 82 47 35 . 573 6 . 333 Tim Floyd 2003 -- 2004 89 44 45 . 494 82 41 41 . 500 7 . 429 Byron Scott 2004 -- 2009 436 211 225 . 484 419 203 216 . 484 17 8 9 . 471 Jeff Bower 2009 -- 2010 73 34 39 . 487 73 34 39 . 487 0 0 0 -- Monty Williams 2010 -- 2015 404 175 229 . 433 394 173 221 . 439 10 8 . 200 Alvin Gentry 2015 -- present 164 64 100 . 390 82 64 100 . 390 0 0 0 -- Home arenas ( edit ) Smoothie King Center ( 2002 -- present ) , formerly known as New Orleans Arena ( 2002 -- 2014 ) One other temporary facility due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina : Chesapeake Energy Arena ( Oklahoma City , formerly known as Ford Center ) ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Mascot ( edit ) Pierre the Pelican is the official mascot for the Pelicans . He was introduced on October 30 , 2013 , the opening night of regular season for the team at home against the Indiana Pacers . The name for the mascot was selected by the fans through an online poll on the team 's website . However , Pierre 's unconventional design frightened some fans . The mascot 's redesigned head was released on February 11 . The Pelicans ' prior mascot was Hugo the Hornet , who was part of the organization from 2002 -- 13 . Hugo returned as the mascot for the Charlotte Hornets starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats -- New Orleans Pelicans seasons '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2016 - 17 . National Basketball Association . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Miscellaneous '' ( PDF ) . New Orleans Pelicans 2016 - 17 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Reproduction Guideline Sheet '' . NBA Properties , Inc . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Benson Family Unveils New Orleans Pelicans Colors and Logos '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets ( 1988 -- 2002 ) '' . SportsECyclopedia.com . February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CNNSI.com -- NBA Basketball -- Hornets to apply for relocation to Memphis -- Monday March 26 , 2001 05 : 47 PM '' . SportsIllustrated.CNN.com . March 26 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ World Class City , Third World Paycheck . Creative Loafing , 2001 - 12 - 29 Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com -- Council willing to amend ' new owner ' statement '' . ESPN.Go.com . Associated Press . 2002 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Green , Ron Jr . Shinn : I messed up in Charlotte . Charlotte Observer , 2008 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Eye for victory '' . ESPN.Go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets to Play in Oklahoma City '' . National Basketball Association . September 21 , 2005 . Retrieved September 21 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Bennett , Dashiell ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Larry Ellison Confirms He Tried To Buy The New Orleans Hornets , But Was Beaten Back By The NBA '' . Business Insider . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBA completes Hornets purchase '' . National Basketball Association . December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( 8 December 2011 ) . `` N.B.A. Rejects Trade Sending Paul to Lakers '' . New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Saints owner Benson buys Hornets from NBA '' . National Basketball Association . Associated Press . April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jimmy ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` New Orleans Hornets to be purchased by New Orleans Saints ' owner Tom Benson for $338 million '' . New Orleans Times - Picayune . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hornets seeking name change , set to build new practice facility '' . WWL - TV . 2012 - 04 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ We Beelive : Charlotte ... take back your Hornets ! Facebook Page Jump up ^ `` Mickey Loomis takes on top New Orleans Hornets job '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . 19 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , Matt ( 2008 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Report : Hornets to change name to New Orleans Pelicans in 2013 - 14 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Louisiana State symbols '' . Louisiana Division of Administration . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eichenhofer , Jim ( 27 September 2013 ) . `` Pelicans nickname has century - plus history in New Orleans '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Logos Unveiled '' . New Orleans Pelicans . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Pelicans Officially Adopt New Namesake '' . New Orleans Pelicans. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bobcats Sports & Entertainment Applies to Change Team 's Name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan : Bobcats changing name to Hornets '' . NBA Media Ventures , LLC . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NBA approves Charlotte 's name change '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keith Pompey ; Marc Narducci ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Holiday - Noel trade becomes official '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved September 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Name Alvin Gentry Head Coach '' . New Orleans Pelicans . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Uniform Unveiling '' . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW ORLEANS PELICANS UNVEIL NEW UNIFORMS '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Creamer , Chris ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil New Uniforms '' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Uni Watch on Pelicans ' jersey reveal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Pelicans Unveil Alternate Red Uniform '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 23 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New NBA Swingman Jersey Features -- Guide to New 2014 -- 2015 Swingman Jerseys '' . National Basketball Association . December 19 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` NBA to move league logo to back of jerseys '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Unveil Pride Uniforms in Celebration of the Spirit of Mardi Gras '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . If the player is already under contract to , or signs a contract with a non-NBA team , the team retains the player 's draft rights for one year after the player 's obligation to the non-NBA team ends . Essentially , the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA . Jump up ^ `` BULLS TRADE JOSE CALDERON TO LOS ANGELES LAKERS '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pelicans Acquire Ish Smith '' . NBA.com . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pierre the Pelican introduced in first quarter '' . New Orleans Pelicans . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Golliver , Ben ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` New Orleans Pelicans introduce new mascot ' Pierre ' as part of rebranding effort '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PIERRE THE PELICAN INJURY UPDATE '' ( Press release ) . New Orleans Pelicans . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Hornet Comes Home '' . Charlotte Hornets . June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Orleans Pelicans . 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The Pelicans were established as the New Orleans Hornets in the 2002 -- 03 season when then - owner of the Charlotte Hornets , George Shinn , relocated the franchise to New Orleans . Due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 , the franchise temporarily relocated to Oklahoma City , where they spent two seasons officially known as the New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets . The team returned to New Orleans full - time for the 2007 -- 08 season . On January 24 , 2013 , the franchise announced it would rename itself the Pelicans , effective after the conclusion of the 2012 -- 13 season . The Charlotte Hornets name , history and records from 1988 to 2002 were returned to its original city to be used by the then -- Charlotte Bobcats franchise , which subsequently became the Charlotte Hornets , starting May 20 , 2014 .

11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory - wikipedia 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory Jump to : navigation , search 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory Studio album by Dropkick Murphys Released January 6 , 2017 Recorded 2016 El Paso , TX Genre Celtic punk folk punk Length 38 : 40 Label Born & Bred Producer Ted Hutt Dropkick Murphys chronology Rose Tattoo : For Boston Charity ( 2013 ) 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ( 2017 ) Deluxe Edition cover 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory : Deluxe Edition Singles from 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory `` Blood '' Released : November 3 , 2016 `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' Released : December 2 , 2016 `` Paying My Way '' Released : December 16 , 2016 `` Until the Next Time '' Released : June 6 , 2017 Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 76 / 100 Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Newsday ( A ) PopMatters 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory is the ninth studio album by American band Dropkick Murphys and was released on January 6 , 2017 , on the band 's Born & Bred Records label . It was the band 's first studio album in four years since 2013 's Signed and Sealed in Blood . The album made its debut at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 200 album charts giving the band their second highest debuting album of their career behind 2011 's Going Out in Style which made its debut at number 6 . The album is also the first since 2003 's Blackout to not feature bagpipe player Scruffy Wallace who left the band in 2015 . While not an official member , Lee Forshner plays bagpipes on the album and also serves as the band 's touring bagpipe player . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 3.1 Dropkick Murphys 3.2 Additional musicians 4 Charts 5 References Background ( edit ) In May 2016 , the band started posting videos from the recording of the album in El Paso , Texas which they said expected to have released by the end of the year or early 2017 . `` To me , the whole journey starts with the fact we actually agreed to go -- and then went -- to Texas . Because we 've never left home to make a record . As everyone 's lives have become crazier and busier with kids and families , it 's gotten harder to buckle down at home . We decided to leave Boston , go down to literally the middle of nowhere and lock ourselves in a room '' Ken Casey said . 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory was officially announced as the album 's title on November 3 , 2016 , and a video for the song `` Blood '' was released on the same day . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' and `` Paying My Way '' , which also had a music video , followed as singles . All three songs were given away as digital downloads to people who pre-ordered the album . The album was influenced the band 's work with The Claddagh Fund , a charity the band established in 2009 to help support addiction recovery as well as children 's and veterans ' organizations . `` Rebels with a Cause '' was written about kids who are given up on , and left behind by a system that has written them off as hopeless . `` Paying My Way '' is about the way up and out of addiction and the dream of bigger and better things in life . `` 4 - 15 - 13 '' pays homage to the victims of the Boston Marathon Bombing , most of whom the band grew to know personally after visits to their hospital rooms in the aftermath . `` Since that day , we felt like not taking the challenge to write a song about what we all went through would be taking the coward 's way out . We put more importance on writing that piece of music than anything we 've ever done , because if you 're going to touch that day , it has to be done right . We went through so many emotions with that whole experience , as did everyone in Boston . It changed the city forever , '' Casey said . Tim Brennan said of the album `` we 've stayed true to what the band is and has always been . And we 're still expanding on our sound and lyrical content . '' In a December 2 , 2016 video , Ken Casey discussed the reasons behind the band covering `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' . `` As you may know , opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in ( the Boston ) area . I 've been to thirty wakes in two years , three this week , one being my cousin , Al 's lost a brother in law . It 's hit home close to us . I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling . Sad , but knowing there is hope . You never have to be alone . I hope you like our version '' Casey said . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Lonesome Boatman '' 2 : 42 2 . `` Rebels with a Cause '' 3 : 00 3 . `` Blood '' 4 : 01 4 . `` Sandlot '' 3 : 44 5 . `` First Class Loser '' 2 : 55 6 . `` Paying My Way '' 3 : 54 7 . `` I Had a Hat '' 3 : 02 8 . `` Kicked to the Curb '' 3 : 26 9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( Rodgers and Hammerstein ) 3 : 22 10 . `` 4 - 15 - 13 '' 4 : 47 11 . `` Until the Next Time '' 3 : 47 Total length : 38 : 40 Deluxe edition bonus disc No . Title Length 1 . `` Blood '' 2 . `` Sandlot ( Acoustic ) '' The deluxe edition of the album is limited to 5,000 copies and includes a 26 - page book featuring the band 's hand - written lyrics , behind the scenes photos , guitar tabs , bagpipe notation and a 2 - song picture disc featuring `` Blood '' and an exclusive acoustic version of `` Sandlot '' . The album is also available on Kelly Green vinyl which is limited to 1,000 copies . A limited edition yellow & blue splatter version of the album on vinyl was also released as an exclusive to Newbury Comics . Personnel ( edit ) Dropkick Murphys ( edit ) Al Barr -- lead vocals Tim Brennan -- guitars , accordion , Mellotron , tin whistle , vocals Ken Casey -- lead vocals , bass guitar Jeff DaRosa -- banjo , bouzouki , mandolin , harmonica , acoustic guitars , vocals Matt Kelly -- drums , percussion , vocals James Lynch -- guitars , vocals Additional musicians ( edit ) Ted Hutt -- percussion Lee Forshner -- bagpipes ( tracks 3 , 9 , and 11 ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 15 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 22 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 59 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 21 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 36 French Albums ( SNEP ) 71 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) New Zealand Heatseekers Albums ( RMNZ ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 36 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 6 UK Albums ( OCC ) 68 US Billboard 200 8 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory by Dropkick Murphys '' . Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory - Dropkick Murphys - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` The Dropkicks ' ' 11 Short Stories ' a potent album '' . Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys : 11 Short Stories of Pain and Glory '' . Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory by Dropkick Murphys on Apple Music '' . Itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Lane . `` For Dropkick Murphys , Kennedy award is ' an extreme honor ' '' . The Hingham Journal . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys announce 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory '' . TeamRock.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DROPKICK MURPHYS Announce New Album and Brixton Academy Show '' . PlanetMosh.com. 2015 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 11 Short Stories Of Pain And Glory Deluxe LP ( Green ) & Album T - Shirt ( Blue ) Bundle - The Official Dropkick Murphys Webstore '' . Kingsroadmerch.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Dropkick Murphys 11 Short Stories Of Pain & Glory Exclusive LP Newbury Comics '' . Newbury Comics . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On the Charts This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums Fusionnes - SNEP ( Week 2 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Heatseekers Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dropkick Murphys -- 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dropkick Murphys Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Soundtrack Dances to No. 2 on Billboard 200 Chart , The Weeknd Spends Third Week at No. 1 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . ( hide ) Dropkick Murphys Ken Casey Matt Kelly Al Barr James Lynch Tim Brennan Jeff DaRosa Current touring members Lee Forshner Past members Mike McColgan Rick Barton Jeff Erna Marc Orrell Robbie `` Spicy McHaggis '' Mederios Ryan Foltz Scruffy Wallace Past touring members Joe Delaney Stephanie Dougherty Studio albums Do or Die ( 1998 ) The Gang 's All Here ( 1999 ) Sing Loud , Sing Proud ! ( 2001 ) Blackout ( 2003 ) The Warrior 's Code ( 2005 ) The Meanest of Times ( 2007 ) Going Out in Style ( 2011 ) Signed and Sealed in Blood ( 2013 ) 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory ( 2017 ) EPs Boys on the Docks ( 1997 ) Tessie ( 2004 ) Rose Tattoo : For Boston Charity ( 2013 ) Compilation albums The Early Years ( 1998 ) The Singles Collection , Volume 1 ( 2000 ) Singles Collection , Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Live albums Live on St. Patrick 's Day from Boston , MA ( 2002 ) Live on Lansdowne , Boston MA ( 2010 ) Live at Fenway ( 2012 ) Split releases / other Dropkick Murphys / Ducky Boys Split 7 inch ( 1996 ) Anti-Heros vs Dropkick Murphys ( 1997 ) Tattoos and Scally Caps ( 1997 ) Fire and Brimstone ( 1997 ) The Bruisers / Dropkick Murphys Split 7 inch ( 1997 ) German Lager vs. Irish Stout ( 1998 ) Curse of a Fallen Soul ( 1998 ) Mob Mentality ( 1999 ) Unity ( 1999 ) Live on a Five ( 2000 ) This Is the East Coast ( ... Not L.A. ) ( 2000 ) Back on the Streets ( 2000 ) Face to Face vs. Dropkick Murphys ( 2002 ) Back to the Hub ( 2003 ) Fat City Presents ... One For the Ages ! ( 2003 ) Time to Go ( Boston Bruins promotional CD ) ( 2003 ) Fields of Athenry : Andrew Farrar Memorial ( 2005 ) Video albums On the Road with the Dropkick Murphys ( 2004 ) Give ' Em the Boot ( 2005 ) Singles `` 10 Years of Service '' ( 1999 ) `` Good Rats '' ( 2000 ) `` The Spicy McHaggis Jig '' ( 2001 ) `` The Gauntlet '' ( 2001 ) `` The Wild Rover '' ( 2002 ) `` Walk Away '' ( 2003 ) `` The Fields of Athenry '' ( 2004 ) `` Tessie '' ( 2004 ) `` Sunshine Highway '' ( 2005 ) `` The Warrior 's Code '' ( 2005 ) `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' ( 2006 ) `` The State of Massachusetts '' ( 2008 ) `` Surrender '' ( 2008 ) `` Johnny I Hardly Knew Ya '' ( 2008 ) `` Going Out in Style '' ( 2011 ) `` Memorial Day '' ( 2011 ) `` Sunday Hardcore Matinee ( Live ) '' ( 2012 ) `` Rose Tattoo '' ( 2012 ) `` The Season 's Upon Us '' ( 2012 ) `` The Boys Are Back '' ( 2013 ) `` Rose Tattoo ( featuring Bruce Springsteen ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Out of Our Heads '' ( 2013 ) `` Blood '' ( 2016 ) `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( 2016 ) `` Paying My Way '' ( 2016 ) Discography The Outlets The Bruisers The Ducky Boys Everybody Out ! Street Dogs The Mahones Danny O'Connor Spike O'Sullivan Patriots Day Book : Dropkick Murphys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=11_Short_Stories_of_Pain_%26_Glory&oldid=822810187 '' Categories : 2017 albums Dropkick Murphys albums Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018 , at 16 : 59 . About Wikipedia

dropkick murphys 11 short stories of pain & glory songs

No . Title Length 1 . `` The Lonesome Boatman '' 2 : 42 2 . `` Rebels with a Cause '' 3 : 00 3 . `` Blood '' 4 : 01 4 . `` Sandlot '' 3 : 44 5 . `` First Class Loser '' 2 : 55 6 . `` Paying My Way '' 3 : 54 7 . `` I Had a Hat '' 3 : 02 8 . `` Kicked to the Curb '' 3 : 26 9 . `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' ( Rodgers and Hammerstein ) 3 : 22 10 . `` 4 - 15 - 13 '' 4 : 47 11 . `` Until the Next Time '' 3 : 47 Total length : 38 : 40

Bulgaria - wikipedia Bulgaria This article is about the country . For other uses , see Bulgaria ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 42 ° 45 ′ N 25 ° 30 ′ E  /  42.750 ° N 25.500 ° E  / 42.750 ; 25.500 Republic of Bulgaria Република България ( Bulgarian ) Republika Bǎlgariya Flag Coat of arms Motto : Съединението прави силата ( Bulgarian ) `` Sǎedinenieto pravi silata '' ( transliteration ) `` Unity makes strength '' Anthem : Мила Родино ( Bulgarian ) Mila Rodino ( transliteration ) Dear Motherland Location of Bulgaria ( dark green ) -- in Europe ( green & dark grey ) -- in the European Union ( green ) -- ( Legend ) Capital and largest city Sofia 42 ° 41 ′ N 23 ° 19 ′ E  /  42.683 ° N 23.317 ° E  / 42.683 ; 23.317 Official languages Bulgarian Official script Cyrillic Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 84.8 % Bulgarians , 8.8 % Turks , 4.9 % Romani , 0.7 % others Demonym Bulgarian Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional republic President Rumen Radev Prime Minister Boyko Borisov Legislature National Assembly Formation First Bulgarian Empire 681 -- 1018 Second Bulgarian Empire 1185 -- 1396 Principality of Bulgaria 3 March 1878 Declaration of Independence from the Ottoman Empire 5 October 1908 Area Total 110,993.6 km ( 42,854.9 sq mi ) ( 103rd ) Water ( % ) 0.3 Population 31 December 2017 estimate 7,050,034 ( 103rd ) Density 64 / km ( 165.8 / sq mi ) ( 155th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $152.374 billion ( 76th ) Per capita $21,578 ( 62nd ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $55.954 billion ( 81st ) Per capita $7,924 ( 75th ) Gini ( 2017 ) 40.2 medium HDI ( 2016 ) 0.794 high 56th Currency Lev ( BGN ) Time zone EET ( UTC + 2 ) Summer ( DST ) EEST ( UTC + 3 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 359 ISO 3166 code BG Internet TLD . bg Bulgaria ( / bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl - / ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , tr . Bǎlgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , tr . Republika Bǎlgariya , IPA : ( rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ) ) , is a country in southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th - largest country . Organised prehistoric cultures appeared in Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period . In Antiquity , the region was a battleground for Thracians , Persians , Celts and Macedonian Greeks until it was conquered by the Roman Empire in 45 AD . The Eastern Roman Empire lost some of these territories to an invading Bulgar horde , which founded the first unified Bulgarian state in 681 AD . It dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavs during the Middle Ages . After numerous exhausting wars and feudal strife , the Second Bulgarian Empire disintegrated in 1396 and its territories fell under Ottoman rule for nearly five centuries . The Russo - Turkish War of 1877 -- 78 resulted in the formation of the current Third Bulgarian State . Many ethnic Bulgarian populations were left outside its borders , which led to several conflicts with its neighbours and an alliance with Germany in both world wars . In 1946 Bulgaria became a one - party socialist state and part of the Soviet - led Eastern Bloc . The ruling Communist Party gave up its monopoly on power after the Revolutions of 1989 and allowed multi-party elections . Bulgaria then transitioned into a democracy and a market - based economy . Since the adoption of a democratic constitution in 1991 , Bulgaria has functioned as a unitary parliamentary republic with a high degree of political , administrative , and economic centralisation . Most commercial and administrative activities are concentrated in its capital and largest city of Sofia . The predominantly urbanised population of seven million people mainly inhabits the primary cities of the 28 provinces . Bulgaria 's market economy is part of the European Single Market and is largely based on services , agriculture , and a sizeable industrial sector focused on mining and machine building . Bulgaria is a member of the European Union , NATO , and the Council of Europe ; it is a founding state of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) and has taken a seat at the UN Security Council three times . It is also notable for its biodiversity , its achievements in sports and science , particularly space exploration , and its historical influence on Slavic cultures through its Medieval literary schools and the Cyrillic script . However , it continues to struggle with crippling corruption and severe demographic decline . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and antiquity 2.2 First Bulgarian Empire 2.3 Second Bulgarian Empire 2.4 Ottoman rule 2.5 Third Bulgarian state 3 Geography 3.1 Biodiversity and environment 4 Politics 4.1 Legal system 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations and security 5 Economy 5.1 Sectors 5.2 Science and technology 5.3 Infrastructure 6 Demographics 7 Culture 7.1 Sports 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology The name Bulgaria is derived from the Bulgars , a tribe of Turkic origin that established the country . Their name is not completely understood and difficult to trace back earlier than the 4th century AD , but it is possibly derived from the Proto - Turkic word bulģha ( `` to mix '' , `` shake '' , `` stir '' ) and its derivative bulgak ( `` revolt '' , `` disorder '' ) . The meaning may be further extended to `` rebel '' , `` to incite '' , or `` to produce a state of disorder '' , i.e. the `` disturbers '' . `` To mix '' or `` of mixed stock '' is a disputed interpretation of the word referring to the supposed mixing of the Oghurs and the Huns that initiated the Bulgars ' ethnogenesis . Such mixing , however , may have occurred earlier . Scholar Sanping Chen has noted analogous groups in Inner Asia , with phonologically similar names , who were frequently described in similar terms : during the 4th century , the Buluoji , a component of the `` Five Barbarian '' groups in Ancient China , were portrayed as both a `` mixed race '' and `` troublemakers '' . Alternate etymologies include derivation from a compound of Proto - Turkic bel ( `` five '' ) and gur ( `` arrow '' in the sense of `` tribe '' ) , a proposed division within the Utigurs or Onogurs ( `` ten tribes '' ) . History Main article : History of Bulgaria Prehistory and Antiquity Further information : Neolithic Europe , Odrysian kingdom , Thracians , and Slavs Thracian golden wreath in the National Historical Museum Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic . Organised agricultural societies , like the Vinča culture , arose in the Neolithic . The eneolithic Varna culture ( fifth millennium BC ) is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation . The associated Varna Necropolis treasure contains the oldest golden jewellery in the world with an approximate age of over 6,000 years . The treasure has been valuable for understanding social hierarchy and stratification in the earliest European societies . One of the three primary ancestral groups of modern Bulgarians were the Thracians , who appeared in the region during the Iron Age . The Persians conquered most of present - day Bulgaria in the 6th century BC and retained control over the region until 479 BC . The bulk of the Thracian tribes united under king Teres to form the Odrysian kingdom in the 470s BC . It was weakened and vassalised by Philip II of Macedon in 341 BC , attacked by Celts in the 3rd century , and finally became a province of the Roman Empire in 45 AD . After the split of the Roman Empire in the 5th century AD the area fell under Byzantine control . By this time , Christianity had already spread in the region . Wulfila 's Bible , the first book written in a Germanic language , was created by bishop Wulfila in the small Gothic community at Nicopolis ad Istrum in the 4th century . The first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria . The partly Romanised or Hellenised Thracians were assimilated by the South Slavs , who gradually settled in the region in the 6th century . First Bulgarian Empire Main article : First Bulgarian Empire Khan Krum feasts with his nobles after the battle of Pliska . His servant ( far right ) brings the wine - filled skull cup of Nicephorus I . The area between the lower Danube and the Balkan Mountains was again invaded in 680 , this time by the Bulgar horde of Khan Asparukh , a remnant of Old Great Bulgaria . A peace treaty with the Byzantine Empire was signed the following year , and the First Bulgarian Empire was established . The Bulgars gradually mixed with the local population , forging a common language based on Slavic dialects . Succeeding rulers strengthened the Bulgarian state throughout the 8th and 9th centuries . Krum introduced a written code of law and checked a major Byzantine incursion at the Battle of Pliska where Byzantine emperor Nicephorus I was killed . Boris I abolished paganism in favour of Eastern Orthodox Christianity in 864 . The conversion was followed by a Byzantine recognition of the Bulgarian church and the adoption of the Cyrillic alphabet developed at the capital of Preslav . The new religion and script strengthened central authority and helped the Slavs and Bulgars fuse into a unified people . A cultural golden age began during the 34 - year rule of Simeon the Great , who also oversaw the largest territorial expansion of the state . After Simeon 's death , wars with Magyars and Pechenegs and the spread of the Bogomil heresy weakened Bulgaria . Preslav was seized by the Byzantine army in 971 after consecutive Rus ' and Byzantine invasions . Under Samuil , the empire briefly recovered from the attacks , but this recovery ended when Byzantine emperor Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army at Klyuch in 1014 . Samuil died shortly after the battle , and by 1018 the Byzantines had ended the First Bulgarian Empire . Second Bulgarian Empire Main article : Second Bulgarian Empire After the conquest of Bulgaria , Basil II prevented revolts by retaining the rule of local nobility and relieving their lands of the obligation to pay taxes in gold , allowing payment in kind instead . The Bulgarian Patriarchate was reduced to an archbishopric , but retained its autocephalous status and its dioceses . Byzantine domestic policies changed after Basil 's death and a series of unsuccessful rebellions broke out , the largest being led by Peter Delyan . In 1185 Asen dynasty nobles Ivan Asen I and Peter IV organised a major uprising which resulted in the re-establishment of the Bulgarian state . Ivan Asen and Peter laid the foundations of the Second Bulgarian Empire with Tarnovo as the capital . The walls of Tsarevets fortress in Veliko Tarnovo , the capital of the second empire Kaloyan , the third of the Asen monarchs , extended his dominion to Belgrade and Ohrid . He acknowledged the spiritual supremacy of the pope and received a royal crown from a papal legate . The empire reached its zenith under Ivan Asen II ( 1218 -- 1241 ) , when its borders expanded as far as Albania and Epirus while commerce and culture flourished . Tarnovo became a `` Third Rome '' because of its influence in commercial and religious matters , overshadowing a declining Constantinople . The Asen dynasty 's downfall in 1257 was followed by internal conflicts , incessant Byzantine and Hungarian attacks and Mongol suzerainty . In 1277 , swineherd Ivaylo led a great peasant revolt that chased the Mongols out of Bulgaria and briefly made him emperor . Ivaylo was overthrown in 1280 by the feudal landlords , whose factional conflicts caused the Second Bulgarian Empire to disintegrate into small feudal dominions by the 14th century . These fragmented rump states -- two tsardoms at Vidin and Tarnovo and the Despotate of Dobrudzha -- became easy prey for a new threat arriving from the Southeast : the Ottoman Turks . Ottoman rule Main article : Ottoman Bulgaria Fragmentation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the 14th century The Ottomans were employed as mercenaries by the Byzantines in the 1340s but later became invaders in their own right . Sultan Murad I took Adrianople from the Byzantines in 1362 ; Sofia fell in 1382 , followed by Shumen in 1388 . The Ottomans completed their conquest of Bulgarian lands in 1393 when Tarnovo was sacked after a three - month siege , and then the Battle of Nicopolis which brought about the fall of the Vidin Tsardom in 1396 . Bulgarian nobility was subsequently eliminated and the peasantry was enserfed to Ottoman masters , while much of the educated clergy fled to other countries . Christians were considered an inferior class of people under the Ottoman system . Bulgarians were thus subjected to heavy taxes ( including devshirme , or blood tax ) , their culture was suppressed , and they experienced partial Islamisation . Ottoman authorities established a religious administrative community called the Rum Millet , which governed all Orthodox Christians regardless of their ethnicity . Most of the local population then gradually lost its distinct national consciousness , identifying only by its faith . However , the clergy remaining in some isolated monasteries kept their ethnic identity alive , enabling its survival in remote rural areas , and in the militant Catholic community in the northwest of the country . As Ottoman power began to wane , Habsburg Austria and Russia saw Bulgarian Christians as potential allies . The Austrians first backed an uprising in Tarnovo in 1598 , then a second one in 1686 , the Chiprovtsi Uprising in 1688 and finally Karposh 's Rebellion in 1689 . The Russian Empire also asserted itself as a protector of Christians in Ottoman lands with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca in 1774 . The Russo - Bulgarian defence of Shipka Pass The Western European Enlightenment in the 18th century influenced the initiation of a national awakening of Bulgaria . It restored national consciousness and provided an ideological basis for the liberation struggle , resulting in the 1876 April Uprising . Up to 30,000 Bulgarians were killed as Ottoman authorities put down the rebellion . The massacres prompted the Great Powers to take action . They convened the Constantinople Conference in 1876 , but their decisions were rejected by the Ottomans . This allowed the Russian Empire to seek a military solution without risking confrontation with other Great Powers , as had happened in the Crimean War . In 1877 Russia declared war on the Ottomans and defeated them with the help of Bulgarian rebels , particularly during the crucial Battle of Shipka Pass . Third Bulgarian state Main articles : History of Bulgaria ( 1878 -- 1946 ) , People 's Republic of Bulgaria , and History of Bulgaria since 1989 The Treaty of San Stefano was signed on 3 March 1878 by Russia and the Ottoman Empire , and included a provision to set up an autonomous Bulgarian principality roughly on the territories of the Second Bulgarian Empire . The other Great Powers immediately rejected the treaty out of fear that such a large country in the Balkans might threaten their interests . It was superseded by the Treaty of Berlin , signed on 13 July , which provided for a much smaller state comprising Moesia and the region of Sofia , leaving large populations of ethnic Bulgarians outside the new country . This significantly contributed to Bulgaria 's militaristic foreign affairs approach during the first half of the 20th century . The Bulgarian principality won a war against Serbia and incorporated the semi-autonomous Ottoman territory of Eastern Rumelia in 1885 , proclaiming itself an independent state on 5 October 1908 . In the years following independence , Bulgaria increasingly militarised and was often referred to as `` the Balkan Prussia '' . It became involved in three consecutive conflicts between 1912 and 1918 -- two Balkan Wars and World War I. After a disastrous defeat in the Second Balkan War , Bulgaria again found itself fighting on the losing side as a result of its alliance with the Central Powers in World War I. Despite fielding more than a quarter of its population in a 1,200,000 - strong army and achieving several decisive victories at Doiran and Monastir , the country capitulated in 1918 . The war resulted in significant territorial losses and a total of 87,500 soldiers killed . More than 253,000 refugees from the lost territories immigrated to Bulgaria from 1912 to 1929 , placing additional strain on the already ruined national economy . Tsar Boris III The resulting political unrest led to the establishment of a royal authoritarian dictatorship by Tsar Boris III ( 1918 -- 1943 ) . Bulgaria entered World War II in 1941 as a member of the Axis but declined to participate in Operation Barbarossa and saved its Jewish population from deportation to concentration camps . The sudden death of Boris III in the summer of 1943 pushed the country into political turmoil as the war turned against Germany and the communist guerrilla movement gained momentum . The government of Bogdan Filov subsequently failed to achieve peace with the Allies . Bulgaria did not comply with Soviet demands to expel German forces from its territory , resulting in a declaration of war and an invasion by the USSR in September 1944 . The communist - dominated Fatherland Front took power , ended participation in the Axis and joined the Allied side until the war ended . Bulgaria suffered little war damage and the Soviet Union demanded no reparations ; however , all wartime gains , with the notable exception of Southern Dobrudzha , were lost . The left - wing uprising of 9 September 1944 led to the abolition of monarchic rule , but it was not until 1946 that a one - party people 's republic was established . It fell into the Soviet sphere of influence under the leadership of Georgi Dimitrov ( 1946 -- 1949 ) . He laid the foundations of a rapidly industrialising Stalinist state which saw the executions of thousands of war criminals and dissidents . By the mid-1950s standards of living rose significantly and political repressions were lessened . The Soviet - style planned economy saw some market - oriented policies emerging on an experimental level under Todor Zhivkov ( 1954 -- 1989 ) . Both national and per capita GDPs quadrupled by the 1980s , although severe debt spikes took place in 1960 , 1977 and 1980 . Zhivkov 's daughter Lyudmila bolstered national pride by promoting Bulgarian heritage , culture and arts worldwide . Facing declining birth rates among the ethnic Bulgarian majority , in 1984 Zhivkov 's government forced the minority ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names in an attempt to erase their identity and assimilate them . These policies resulted in the emigration of some 300,000 ethnic Turks to Turkey . The Communist Party gave up its political monopoly on 10 November 1989 under the influence of the Revolutions of 1989 . Zhivkov resigned and Bulgaria embarked on a transition to a parliamentary democracy . The first free elections in June 1990 were won by the Communist Party , now rebranded as the Bulgarian Socialist Party . A new constitution that provided for a relatively weak elected president and for a prime minister accountable to the legislature was adopted in July 1991 . The new system initially failed to improve living standards or create economic growth -- the average quality of life and economic performance remained lower than under communism well into the early 2000s . A 1997 reform package restored economic growth , but living standards continued to suffer . After 2001 economic , political and geopolitical conditions improved greatly , and Bulgaria achieved high Human Development status in 2003 . It became a member of NATO in 2004 and participated in the War in Afghanistan . After several years of reforms it joined the European Union and single market in 2007 despite concerns about government corruption . Bulgaria hosted the 2018 Presidency of the Council of the European Union at the National Palace of Culture in Sofia . Geography Main article : Geography of Bulgaria Bulgaria occupies a portion of the eastern Balkan peninsula , bordering five countries -- Greece and Turkey to the south , Macedonia and Serbia to the west , and Romania to the north . The land borders have a total length of 1,808 kilometres ( 1,123 mi ) , and the coastline has a length of 354 kilometres ( 220 mi ) . Its total area of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) ranks it as the world 's 105th - largest country . Bulgaria 's geographic coordinates are 43 ° N 25 ° E . The most notable topographical features are the Danubian Plain , the Balkan Mountains , the Thracian Plain , and the Rhodope Mountains . The southern edge of the Danubian Plain slopes upward into the foothills of the Balkans , while the Danube defines the border with Romania . The Thracian Plain is roughly triangular , beginning southeast of Sofia and broadening as it reaches the Black Sea coast . Left : Pirin Mountain in western Bulgaria Right : Maslen nos on the Black Sea coast The Balkan mountains run laterally through the middle of the country . The mountainous southwest has two distinct alpine ranges -- Rila and Pirin , which border the lower but more extensive Rhodope Mountains to the east . Musala peak , at 2,925 metres ( 9,596 ft ) , is the highest point in both Bulgaria and the Balkan peninsula , and the Black Sea coast is the country 's lowest point . Plains occupy about one - third of the territory , while plateaus and hills occupy 41 per cent . The country has a dense network of about 540 rivers , most of which are relatively small and with low water levels . The longest river located solely in Bulgarian territory , the Iskar , has a length of 368 kilometres ( 229 mi ) . Other major rivers include the Struma and the Maritsa in the south . Bulgaria has a dynamic climate , which results from its being positioned at the meeting point of Mediterranean and continental air masses and the barrier effect of its mountains . Northern Bulgaria averages 1 ° C ( 1.8 ° F ) cooler and registers 200 millimetres ( 7.9 in ) more precipitation annually than the regions south of the Balkan mountains . Temperature amplitudes vary significantly in different areas . The lowest recorded temperature is − 38.3 ° C ( − 36.9 ° F ) , while the highest is 45.2 ° C ( 113.4 ° F ) . Precipitation averages about 630 millimetres ( 24.8 in ) per year , and varies from 500 millimetres ( 19.7 in ) in Dobrudja to more than 2,500 millimetres ( 98.4 in ) in the mountains . Continental air masses bring significant amounts of snowfall during winter . Biodiversity and Environment Lacerta viridis in Ropotamo , one of Bulgaria 's 16 biosphere reserves The interaction of climatic , hydrological , geological and topographical conditions have produced a relatively wide variety of plant and animal species . Bulgaria 's biodiversity , one of the richest in Europe , is conserved in three national parks , 11 nature parks , 16 biosphere reserves and 565 protected areas . More than 35 per cent of its land area is covered by forests , where some of the oldest trees in the world , such as Baikushev 's pine and the Granit oak , grow . Most of the plant and animal life is central European , although representatives of Arctic and alpine species are present at high altitudes . Flora includes more than 3,800 vascular plant species of which 170 are endemic and 150 are considered endangered . A checklist of larger fungi of Bulgaria reported that more than 1,500 species occur in the country . Fauna is primarily represented by owls , rock partridges , wallcreepers , red deer , pheasants and jackals . In 1998 , the Bulgarian government approved the National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy , a comprehensive programme seeking the preservation of local ecosystems , protection of endangered species and conservation of genetic resources . Bulgaria has some of the largest Natura 2000 areas in Europe covering 33.8 per cent of its territory . It also adopted the Kyoto Protocol and achieved its objective of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 30 per cent from 1990 to 2009 . However , pollution from factories and metallurgy works and severe deforestation continue to cause major problems to the health and welfare of the population . Particulate matter levels are the highest in Europe , especially in urban areas affected by automobile traffic and coal - based power stations . One of these , the lignite - fired Maritsa Iztok - 2 station , is causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment in the entire European Union . Pesticide usage in the agriculture and antiquated industrial sewage systems produce extensive soil and water pollution with chemicals and detergents . Over 75 per cent of surface rivers meet the standards for good quality . An improvement of water quality began in 1998 and has maintained a sustainable trend of moderate improvement . According to Yale University 's 2012 Environmental Performance Index , Bulgaria is a `` modest performer '' in protecting the environment . Politics Main article : Politics of Bulgaria The National Assembly in Sofia Bulgaria is a parliamentary democracy where the prime minister is the most powerful executive position . The political system has three branches -- legislative , executive and judicial , with universal suffrage for citizens at least 18 years old . The Constitution of Bulgaria also provides possibilities of direct democracy , namely petitions and national referenda . Elections are supervised by an independent Central Election Commission that includes members from all major political parties . Parties must register with the commission prior to participating in a national election . Normally , the prime minister -- elect is the leader of the party receiving the most votes in parliamentary elections , although this is not always the case . Political parties gather in the National Assembly , a body of 240 deputies elected to four - year terms by direct popular vote . The National Assembly has the power to enact laws , approve the budget , schedule presidential elections , select and dismiss the prime minister and other ministers , declare war , deploy troops abroad , and ratify international treaties and agreements . The president serves as the head of state and commander - in - chief of the armed forces , and has the authority to return a bill for further debate , although the parliament can override the presidential veto by a simple majority vote of all members of parliament . Overall , Bulgaria displays a pattern of unstable governments . Rumen Radev President of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov Prime Minister of Bulgaria Boyko Borisov is serving his third term as prime minister since 2009 , when his centre - right , pro-EU party GERB won the general election and ruled as a minority government with 117 seats in the National Assembly . However , his first government resigned on 20 February 2013 after nationwide protests caused by high costs of utilities , low living standards , corruption and the failure of the democratic system . The protest wave was notable for self - immolations , spontaneous demonstrations and a strong sentiment against political parties . The subsequent snap elections in May resulted in a narrow win for GERB , but the Bulgarian Socialist Party eventually formed a government led by Plamen Oresharski after Borisov failed to secure parliamentary support . The Oresharski government resigned in July 2014 amid continuing large - scale protests . A caretaker government took over and called the October 2014 elections which resulted in a third GERB victory , but a total of eight parties entered parliament . Borisov 's party formed a coalition with several right - wing parties . Borisov resigned again after the candidate backed by his party failed to win the 2016 Presidential election . The March 2017 snap election was again won by GERB , but with 95 seats in Parliament . They formed a coalition with the far - right United Patriots , who hold 27 seats . Freedom House has reported a continuing deterioration of democratic governance after 2009 , citing reduced media independence , stalled reforms , abuse of authority at the highest level and increased dependence of local administrations on the central government . Bulgaria is still listed as `` Free '' , with a political system designated as a semi-consolidated democracy , albeit with deteriorating scores . The Democracy Index defines it as a `` Flawed democracy '' . Legal system Bulgaria has a typical civil law legal system . The judiciary is overseen by the Ministry of Justice . The Supreme Administrative Court and the Supreme Court of Cassation are the highest courts of appeal and oversee the application of laws in subordinate courts . The Supreme Judicial Council manages the system and appoints judges . The legal system is one of Europe 's most inefficient , and the lack of transparency and corruption are pervasive . Law enforcement is carried out by organisations mainly subordinate to the Ministry of the Interior . The General Directorate of National Police ( GDNP ) combats general crime and maintains public order . GDNP fields 26,578 police officers in its local and national sections . The bulk of criminal cases are transport - related , followed by theft and drug - related crime ; homicide rates are low . The Ministry of the Interior also heads the Border Police Service and the National Gendarmerie -- a specialised branch for anti-terrorist activity , crisis management and riot control . Counterintelligence and national security are the responsibility of the State Agency for National Security , established in 2008 . Administrative divisions Main articles : Provinces of Bulgaria and Municipalities of Bulgaria Bulgaria is a unitary state . Since the 1880s , the number of territorial management units has varied from seven to 26 . Between 1987 and 1999 the administrative structure consisted of nine provinces ( oblasti , singular oblast ) . A new administrative structure was adopted in parallel with the decentralisation of the economic system . It includes 27 provinces and a metropolitan capital province ( Sofia - Grad ) . All areas take their names from their respective capital cities . The provinces subdivide into 264 municipalities . Municipalities are run by mayors , who are elected to four - year terms , and by directly elected municipal councils . Bulgaria is a highly centralised state where the Council of Ministers directly appoints regional governors and all provinces and municipalities are heavily dependent on it for funding . Blagoevgrad Burgas Dobrich Gabrovo Haskovo Kardzhali Kyustendil Lovech Montana Pazardzhik Pernik Pleven Plovdiv Razgrad Ruse Shumen Silistra Sliven Smolyan Sofia Province Stara Zagora Targovishte Varna Veliko Tarnovo Vidin Vratsa Yambol Foreign relations and Security Main articles : Foreign relations of Bulgaria and Military of Bulgaria Bulgaria became a member of the United Nations in 1955 and since 1966 has been a non-permanent member of the Security Council three times , most recently from 2002 to 2003 . It was also among the founding nations of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ( OSCE ) in 1975 . Euro - Atlantic integration has been a priority since the fall of Communism , although the Communist leadership also had aspirations of leaving the Warsaw Pact and joining the European Communities by 1987 . Bulgaria signed the European Union Treaty of Accession on 25 April 2005 , and became a full member of the European Union on 1 January 2007 . In addition , it has a tripartite economic and diplomatic collaboration with Romania and Greece , good ties with China and Vietnam and a historical relationship with Russia . Mikoyan MiG - 29 jet fighters of the Bulgarian Air Force Bulgaria deployed significant numbers of both civilian and military advisors in Soviet - allied countries like Nicaragua and Libya during the Cold War . The first deployment of foreign troops on Bulgarian soil since World War II occurred in 2001 , when the country hosted six KC - 135 Stratotanker aircraft and 200 support personnel for the war effort in Afghanistan . International military relations were further expanded with accession to NATO in March 2004 and the US - Bulgarian Defence Cooperation Agreement signed in April 2006 . Bezmer and Graf Ignatievo air bases , the Novo Selo training range , and a logistics centre in Aytos subsequently became joint military training facilities cooperatively used by the United States and Bulgarian militaries . Domestic defence is the responsibility of the all - volunteer Bulgarian army , branched into land forces , navy and an air force . The land forces consist of two mechanised brigades and eight independent regiments and battalions ; the air force operates 106 aircraft and air defence systems in six air bases , and the navy operates various ships , helicopters and coastal defence weapons . Active troops dwindled from 152,000 in 1988 to 31,300 in 2017 , supplemented by 3,000 reservists and 16,000 paramilitary . The inventory consists mostly of Soviet equipment like Mikoyan MiG - 29 and Sukhoi Su - 25 jets , S - 300PT air defence systems and SS - 21 Scarab short - range ballistic missiles . Economy Main article : Economy of Bulgaria Economic growth ( green ) and unemployment ( blue ) statistics since 2001 Bulgaria has an open , upper middle income range market economy where the private sector accounts for more than 70 % of GDP . From a largely agricultural country with a predominantly rural population in 1948 , by the 1980s Bulgaria had transformed into an industrial economy with scientific and technological research at the top of its budgetary expenditure priorities . The loss of COMECON markets in 1990 and the subsequent `` shock therapy '' of the planned system caused a steep decline in industrial and agricultural production , ultimately followed by an economic collapse in 1997 . The economy largely recovered during a period of rapid growth several years later , but the average salary of 1,036 leva ( € 529 ) per month remains the lowest in the EU . More than a fifth of the labour force are employed on a minimum wage of € 1 per hour . A balanced budget was achieved in 2003 and the country began running a surplus the following year . Expenditures amounted to $21.15 billion and revenues were $21.67 billion in 2017 . Most government spending on institutions is earmarked for security . The ministries of defence , the interior and justice are allocated the largest share of the annual government budget , whereas those responsible for the environment , tourism and energy receive the least amount of funding . Taxes form the bulk of government revenue at 30 per cent of GDP . Bulgaria has some of the lowest corporate income tax rates in the EU at a flat 10 per cent rate . The tax system is two - tier . Value added tax , excise duties , corporate and personal income tax are national , whereas real estate , inheritance , and vehicle taxes are defined by local authorities . Bulgaria also has the third - lowest public debt in the Union at 28.7 per cent of GDP in 2016 . Strong economic performance in the early 2000s reduced government debt from 79.6 per cent in 1998 to 14.1 per cent in 2008 . The Yugozapaden planning area is the most developed region with a per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $26,580 in 2016 . It includes the capital city and the surrounding Sofia Province , which alone generate 42 per cent of national gross domestic product . PPP GDP per capita and the cost of living in 2017 stood at 49 and 48.4 per cent of the EU average , respectively . National PPP GDP was estimated at $143.1 billion in 2016 , with a per capita value of $20,116 . Economic growth statistics take into account illegal transactions from the informal economy , which is the largest in the EU as a percentage of economic output . The Bulgarian National Bank issues the national currency , lev , which is pegged to the euro at a rate of 1.95583 levа per euro . After several consecutive years of high growth , repercussions of the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 resulted in a 3.6 per cent contraction of GDP in 2009 and increased unemployment . Industrial output declined 10 per cent , mining by 31 per cent , and ferrous and metal production marked a 60 per cent drop . Positive growth was restored in 2010 but intercompany debt exceeded € 51 billion , meaning that 60 per cent of all Bulgarian companies were mutually indebted . By 2012 , it had increased to € 83 billion , or 227 per cent of GDP . The government implemented strict austerity measures with IMF and EU encouragement to some positive fiscal results , but the social consequences of these measures have been `` catastrophic '' according to the International Trade Union Confederation . Siphoning of public funds to the families and relatives of politicians from incumbent parties has also resulted in fiscal and welfare losses to society . Bulgaria ranks 71st in the Corruption Perceptions Index and experiences the worst levels of corruption in the European Union , a phenomenon that remains a source of profound public discontent . Along with organised crime , corruption has led to a rejection of the country 's Schengen Area application and withdrawal of foreign investment . Government officials reportedly engage in embezzlement , influence trading , government procurement violations and bribery with impunity . Government procurement in particular is a critical area in corruption risk . An estimated 10 billion leva ( $5.99 billion ) of state budget and European cohesion funds are spent on public tenders each year ; nearly 14 billion ( $8.38 billion ) were spent on public contracts in 2017 alone . A large share of these contracts are awarded to a few politically connected companies amid widespread irregularities , procedure violations and tailor - made selection or award criteria . Despite repeated criticism from the European Commission , EU institutions abstain from taking measures against Bulgaria because it is not seen by Brussels as a `` problem country '' like Poland or Hungary . Sectors The labour force is 3.36 million people , of whom 6.8 per cent are employed in agriculture , 26.6 per cent are employed in industry and 66.6 per cent are employed in the services sector . Extraction of metals and minerals , production of chemicals , machine building , steel , biotechnology , tobacco and food processing and petroleum refining are among the major industrial activities . Mining alone employs 24,000 people and generates about five per cent of the country 's GDP ; the number of employed in all mining - related industries is 120,000 . Bulgaria is Europe 's fifth - largest coal producer . Local deposits of coal , iron , copper and lead are vital for the manufacturing and energy sectors . Two - thirds of food and agricultural exports go to OECD countries . Although cereal and vegetable yields dropped by 40 per cent between 1990 and 2008 , output has since increased , and the 2016 - 2017 season registered the biggest grain yields in a decade . Maize , barley , oats and rice are also grown . Quality Oriental tobacco is a significant industrial crop . Bulgaria is also the largest producer globally of lavender and rose oil , both widely used in fragrances . Of the services sector , tourism is a significant contributor to economic growth . Bulgaria has emerged as a travelling destination with its inexpensive resorts and beaches outside the reach of the tourist industry . Most of the visitors are Romanian , German , Turkish , British and Russian . Sofia , Plovdiv , Veliko Tarnovo , coastal resorts Golden Sands and Sunny Beach and winter resorts Bansko , Pamporovo and Borovets are some of the locations most visited by tourists . Science and technology Main article : Science and technology in Bulgaria Spending on research and development amounts to 0.78 per cent of GDP , and the bulk of public R&D funding goes to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ( BAS ) . Private businesses accounted for more than 73 per cent of R&D expenditures and employed 42 per cent of Bulgaria 's 22,000 researchers in 2015 . The same year , Bulgaria ranked 39th out of 50 countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index , the highest score being in education ( 24th ) and the lowest in value - added manufacturing ( 48th ) . Chronic government underinvestment in research since 1990 has forced many professionals in science and engineering to leave Bulgaria . The launch of BulgariaSat - 1 by SpaceX using a B1029 reusable booster , 2017 Despite the lack of funding , research in chemistry , materials science and physics remains strong . Three per cent of economic output is generated by the information and communication technologies sector where 40,000 to 51,000 software engineers are employed . More than a quarter of them are women , the highest percentage of females in ICT in any EU country . High levels of female participation are a legacy of the Soviet era , when the country was known as a `` Communist Silicon Valley '' due to its key role in COMECON computing technology production . Bulgaria is also a regional leader in high performance computing and operates Avitohol , the most powerful supercomputer in Southeast Europe . Bulgaria has made numerous contributions to space exploration . These include two scientific satellites , more than 200 payloads and 300 experiments in Earth orbit , as well as two cosmonauts since 1971 . Bulgaria was the first country to grow wheat and vegetables in space with its Svet greenhouses on the Mir space station . It was involved in the development of the Granat gamma - ray observatory and the Vega program , particularly in modelling trajectories and guidance algorithms for both Vega probes . Bulgarian instruments have been used in the exploration of Mars , including a spectrometer that took the first high quality spectroscopic images of Martian moon Phobos with the Phobos 2 probe . Cosmic radiation en route to and around the planet has been mapped by Liulin - ML dosimeters on the ExoMars TGO . Variants of these instruments have also been fitted to the Chandrayaan - 1 lunar probe and the International Space Station . Bulgaria 's first geostationary communications satellite -- BulgariaSat - 1 -- was launched by SpaceX in June 2017 . Infrastructure Main articles : Energy in Bulgaria and Transport in Bulgaria Trakia motorway Telephone services are widely available , and a central digital trunk line connects most regions . Vivacom ( BTC ) serves more than 90 per cent of fixed lines and is one of the three operators providing mobile services , along with A1 and Telenor . Internet penetration stood at 66 per cent , or 4.66 million users , in late 2017 . Bulgaria 's strategic geographic location and well - developed energy sector make it a key European energy centre despite its lack of significant fossil fuel deposits . Coal accounts for 40 % of national energy production , followed by nuclear power from the Kozloduy reactors ( 35 % ) and renewable sources ( 20 % ) . Biomass has become the primary source of renewable power after more than a decade of growth in the sector . The national road network has a total length of 19,512 kilometres ( 12,124 mi ) , of which 19,235 kilometres ( 11,952 mi ) are paved . Railroads are a major mode of freight transportation , although highways carry a progressively larger share of freight . Bulgaria has 6,238 kilometres ( 3,876 mi ) of railway track and currently a total of 81 kilometres ( 50 miles ) of high - speed lines are in operation . Rail links are available with Romania , Turkey , Greece , and Serbia , and express trains serve direct routes to Kiev , Minsk , Moscow and Saint Petersburg . Sofia and Plovdiv are the country 's air travel hubs , while Varna and Burgas are the principal maritime trade ports . Demographics Main article : Demographics of Bulgaria Population trend since 1961 The population of Bulgaria is 7,364,570 people according to the 2011 national census . The majority of the population , or 72.5 percent , reside in urban areas . As of 2017 , Sofia is the most populated urban centre with 1,325,429 people , followed by Plovdiv ( 345,000 ) , Varna ( 344,000 ) , Burgas ( 209,000 ) and Ruse ( 160,000 ) . Bulgarians are the main ethnic group and comprise 84.8 percent of the population . Turkish and Roma minorities comprise 8.8 and 4.9 percent , respectively ; some 40 smaller minorities comprise 0.7 percent , and 0.8 percent do not self - identify with an ethnic group . Former Statistics head Reneta Indzhova has disputed the 2011 census figures , suggesting the actual population is smaller than reported and a higher percentage of citizens are of Romani origin . The Roma minority is usually underestimated in census data and may represent up to 11 per cent of the population . Bulgaria is in a state of demographic crisis . It has had negative population growth since the early 1990s , when the economic collapse caused a long - lasting emigration wave . Some 937,000 to 1,200,000 people -- mostly young adults -- left the country by 2005 . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) was estimated at 1.46 children born per woman in 2017 . The majority of children are born to unmarried women . Furthermore , a third of all households consist of only one person and 75.5 percent of families do not have children under the age of 16 . The resulting birth rates are among the lowest in the world while death rates are among the highest . More than 80 % of all deaths are due to cancer and cardiovascular conditions . Mortality rates may be amenable with timely , adequate health care , which the current system fails to provide fully . Although healthcare in Bulgaria is universal , out - of - pocket expenses account for nearly half of all healthcare spending , and significantly limit access to medical care . Other problems disrupting care provision are the emigration of doctors due to low wages , understaffed and under - equipped regional hospitals , supply shortages and frequent changes to the basic service package for those insured . The Rectorate of Sofia University Public expenditures for education are far below the European Union average as well . Educational standards were once high , but have deteriorated significantly over the past decade . Bulgarian students were among the highest - scoring in the world in terms of reading in 2001 , performing better than their Canadian and German counterparts ; by 2006 , scores in reading , math and science had dropped . The PISA study of 2015 found 41.5 % of pupils in the 9th grade to be functionally illiterate in reading , maths and science . Average literacy stands at 98.4 % with no significant difference between sexes . The Ministry of Education and Science partially funds public schools , colleges and universities , sets criteria for textbooks and oversees the publishing process . Education in primary and secondary public schools is free . The process spans through 12 grades , where grades one through eight are primary and nine through twelve are secondary level . Higher education consists of a 4 - year bachelor degree and a 1 - year master 's degree . Bulgaria 's highest - ranked higher education institution is Sofia University . All ethnic groups speak Bulgarian , either as a first or as a second language . Bulgarian is the only language with official status and native for 85.2 percent of the population . The oldest written Slavic language , Bulgarian is distinguishable from the other languages in this group through certain grammatical peculiarities such as the lack of noun cases and infinitives , and a suffixed definite article . More than three - quarters of Bulgarians subscribe to Eastern Orthodoxy . Sunni Muslims are the second - largest community and constitute 10 percent of the religious makeup , although a majority of them are not observant and find the use of Islamic veils in schools unacceptable . Less than three percent are affiliated with other religions , 11.8 percent do not self - identify with a religion and 21.8 percent refused to state their beliefs . The Bulgarian Orthodox Church gained autocephalous status in 927 AD , and currently has 12 dioceses and over 2,000 priests . Bulgaria is a secular state with guaranteed religious freedom by constitution , but Orthodoxy is designated as a `` traditional '' religion . Culture Main article : Culture of Bulgaria Kuker in Lesichovo Contemporary Bulgarian culture blends a formal culture that helped forge a national consciousness towards the end of Ottoman rule , and millennium - old folk traditions . An essential element of Bulgarian folklore is fire , used to banish evil spirits and illnesses . Many of these are personified as witches , whereas other creatures like zmey and samodiva ( veela ) are either benevolent guardians or ambivalent tricksters . Some rituals against evil spirits have survived and are still practised , most notably kukeri and survakari . Martenitsa is also widely celebrated . Nestinarstvo , a ritual fire - dance of Thracian origin , is included in the list of UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage . Nine historical and natural objects have been inscribed in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites : Pirin National Park , Sreburna Nature Reserve , the Madara Rider , the Thracian tombs in Sveshtari and Kazanlak , the Rila Monastery , the Boyana Church , the Rock - hewn Churches of Ivanovo and the ancient city of Nesebar . The Rila Monastery was established by Saint John of Rila , Bulgaria 's patron saint , whose life has been the subject of numerous literary accounts since Medieval times . The Middle Ages were marked by the literary schools of Preslav and Ohrid . These were essentially the first Slavic scholarly institutions , and their establishment in the 10th century is associated with a golden period in Bulgarian literature . This emphasis on Christian scholarship made the Bulgarian Empire a centre of Slavic culture , bringing Slavic peoples under the influence of Christianity and providing them with a written language . Its alphabet , Cyrillic script , was developed by the Preslav Literary School . The Tarnovo Literary School , on the other hand , is associated with a Silver age of literature defined by historical and mystical themes under the Asen and Shishman dynasties . Many literary and artistic masterpieces were destroyed by the Ottoman conquerors , and artistic activities did not re-emerge until the National Revival in the 19th century . Ivan Vazov 's enormous body of work covered every genre and touched upon every facet of Bulgarian society , bridging pre-Liberation works with literature of the newly - established state . Notable later works are Bay Ganyo by Aleko Konstantinov , the Nietzschean poetry of Pencho Slaveykov , the Symbolist poetry of Peyo Yavorov and Dimcho Debelyanov , the Marxist - inspired works of Geo Milev and Nikola Vaptsarov , and the Socialist realism novels of Dimitar Dimov and Dimitar Talev . Tzvetan Todorov is a notable contemporary author , while Bulgarian - born Elias Canetti was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1981 . Christo 's Mastaba in Hyde Park , London А religious visual arts heritage includes frescoes , murals and icons , many produced by the medieval Tarnovo Artistic School . Like literature , it was not until the National Revival when Bulgarian visual arts began to reemerge . Zahari Zograf was a pioneer of the visual arts in the pre-Liberation era . After the Liberation , Ivan Mrkvička , Anton Mitov , Vladimir Dimitrov , Tsanko Lavrenov and Zlatyu Boyadzhiev introduced newer styles and substance , depicting scenery from Bulgarian villages , old towns and historical subjects . Christo is the most famous Bulgarian artist of the 21st century , known for his outdoor installations . Folk music is by far the most extensive traditional art and has slowly developed throughout the ages as a fusion of Far Eastern , Oriental , medieval Eastern Orthodox and standard Western European tonalities and modes . Bulgarian folk music has a distinctive sound and uses a wide range of traditional instruments , such as gadulka , gaida , kaval and tupan . A distinguishing feature is extended rhythmical time , which has no equivalent in the rest of European music . The State Television Female Vocal Choir won a Grammy Award in 1990 for its performances of Bulgarian folk music . Written musical composition can be traced back to the works of Yoan Kukuzel ( c. 1280 -- 1360 ) , but modern classical music began with Emanuil Manolov , who composed the first Bulgarian opera in 1890 . Pancho Vladigerov and Petko Staynov further enriched symphony , ballet and opera , which singers Ghena Dimitrova , Boris Hristov and Nikolay Gyaurov elevated to a world - class level . Bulgarian performers have also gained acclaim in other genres like electropop ( Mira Aroyo ) , jazz ( Milcho Leviev ) and blends of jazz and folk ( Ivo Papazov ) . Cultural events are advertised in the largest media outlets , including the Bulgarian National Radio , and daily newspapers Trud , Dnevnik and 24 Chasa . Bulgarian media were described as generally unbiased in their reporting in the early 2000s and print media had no legal restrictions . Since then , freedom of the press has deteriorated to the point where Bulgaria scores 111th globally in the World Press Freedom Index , lower than all European Union members and membership candidate states . The government has diverted EU funds to sympathetic media outlets and bribed others to be less critical on problematic topics , while attacks against individual journalists have increased . Collusion between politicians , oligarchs and the media is widespread . Bulgarian cuisine is similar to those of other Balkan countries and demonstrates a strong Turkish and Greek influence . Yogurt , lukanka , banitsa , shopska salad , lyutenitsa and kozunak are among the best - known local foods . Oriental dishes such as moussaka , gyuvech , and baklava are also present . Meat consumption is lower than the European average , given a notable preference for a large variety of salads . Bulgaria was the world 's second - largest wine exporter until 1989 , but has since lost its positions . The 2016 harvest yielded 128 million litres of wine , of which 62 million was exported mainly to Romania , Poland and Russia . Mavrud , Rubin , Shiroka melnishka , Dimiat and Cherven Misket are the typical grapes used in Bulgarian wine . Rakia is a traditional fruit brandy which was consumed in Bulgaria as early as the 14th century . Sports Main article : Sport in Bulgaria Grigor Dimitrov at the 2015 Italian Open Bulgaria 's first Olympic appearance was at the 1896 games , when it was represented by Charles Champaud . Since then , its athletes have won 52 gold , 89 silver , and 83 bronze models , ranking 25th in the all - time medal table . Weight - lifting is a signature sport for Bulgaria . Coach Ivan Abadjiev was instrumental in developing innovative training practices that have produced many Bulgarian world and Olympic champions in the sport since the 1980s . Bulgarian athletes have also excelled in wrestling , boxing , gymnastics , volleyball and tennis . Stefka Kostadinova is the reigning world record holder in the women 's high jump at 2.09 metres ( 6 feet 10 inches ) , achieved during the 1987 World Championships . Grigor Dimitrov is the only Bulgarian player to have reached the ATP Rankings Top 10 . Football is by far the most popular sport . A semi-final at the 1994 FIFA World Cup remains the best performance of the national football team , then spearheaded by forward Hristo Stoichkov . Stoichkov is the most successful Bulgarian player of all time , a winner of the Golden Boot , the Golden Ball and considered one of the best in the world while playing for FC Barcelona in the 1990s . CSKA and Levski , both based in Sofia , are the most successful clubs domestically and long - standing rivals . Ludogorets is remarkable for having advanced from the local fourth division to the 2014 -- 15 UEFA Champions League group stage in a mere nine years . Placed 39th in 2018 , it is Bulgaria 's highest - ranked club in UEFA . See also Outline of Bulgaria International rankings of Bulgaria List of twin towns and sister cities in Bulgaria Footnotes Jump up ^ These figures have been disputed due to methodological and procedural flaws reported in the 2011 census . In particular , the number of Romani citizens may be significantly lower than the actual number . See Demographics . Jump up ^ 19 February in the Julian calendar used at the time . Jump up ^ 22 September in the Julian calendar used at the time . References ^ Jump up to : Penin , Rumen ( 2007 ) . Природна география на България ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulvest 2000 . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 954 - 18 - 0546 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : NSI Census data 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income ( source : SILC ) '' . Eurostat Data Explorer . Retrieved 31 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . HDRO ( Human Development Report Office ) United Nations Development Programme . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Golden 1992 , p. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Bowersock , Glen W. ( 1999 ) . Late Antiquity : a Guide to the Postclassical World . Harvard University Press . p. 354 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 51173 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chen 2012 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Petersen , Leif Inge Ree ( 2013 ) . Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States ( 400 - 800 AD ) : Byzantium , the West and Islam . Brill . p. 369 . ISBN 9789004254466 . Jump up ^ Golden 1992 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Karatay 2003 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Chen 2012 , p. 92 -- 95 , 97 . Jump up ^ Karatay 2003 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , John ( 2000 ) . Fragmentation in Archaeology : People , Places , and Broken Objects . Routledge . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15803 - 9 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Benjamin W. ; Thornton , Christopher P. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of metallurgy in Eurasia '' . Department of Prehistory and Europe , British Museum . p. 1015 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . In contrast , the earliest exploitation and working of gold occurs in the Balkans during the mid-fifth millennium BC , several centuries after the earliest known copper smelting . This is demonstrated most spectacularly in the various objects adorning the burials at Varna , Bulgaria ( Renfrew 1986 ; Highamet al. 2007 ) . In contrast , the earliest gold objects found in Southwest Asia date only to the beginning of the fourth millennium BC as at Nahal Qanah in Israel ( Golden 2009 ) , suggesting that gold exploitation may have been a Southeast European invention , albeit a short - lived one . Jump up ^ Laet , Sigfried J. de ( 1996 ) . History of Humanity : From the Third Millennium to the Seventh Century BC . UNESCO / Routledge . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 3 - 102811 - 3 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . The first major gold - working centre was situated at the mouth of the Danube , on the shores of the Black Sea in Bulgaria ... Jump up ^ Grande , Lance ( 2009 ) . Gems and gemstones : Timeless natural beauty of the mineral world . The University of Chicago Press . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 30511 - 0 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . The oldest known gold jewelry in the world is from an archaeological site in Varna Necropolis , Bulgaria , and is over 6,000 years old ( radiocarbon dated between 4,600 BC and 4,200 BC ) . Jump up ^ Anthony ( ed ) , David W. ; Chi ( ed . ) , Jennifer ( 2010 ) . The Lost World of Old Europe : The Danube Valley , 5000 - 3500 BC . Institute for the Study of the Ancient World . pp. 39 , 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14388 - 0 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 ... grave 43 at the Varna cemetery , the richest single grave from Old Europe , dated about 4600 - 4500 BC . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Gumelnita Culture '' . Government of France . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . The Necropolis at Varna is an important site in understanding this culture . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria Factbook '' . United States Central Command . December 2011 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenberger , Erica ( 2015 ) . Nature , Choice and Social Power . Routledge . p. 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 83386 - 8 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . The graves at Varna range from poor to richly endowed , suggesting a rather high degree of social differentiation . Their discovery has led to a re-evaluation of the form of social organization characteristic of the Varna culture and of the onset of social stratification in Neolithic cultures . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgar '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Boardman , John ; Edwards , I.E.S. ; Sollberger , E. ( 1982 ) . The Cambridge Ancient History -- part1 : The Prehistory of the Balkans , the Middle East and the Aegean World , Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC . 3 . Cambridge University Press . p. 53 . ISBN 0521224969 . Yet we can not identify the Thracians at that remote period , because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then . It is safer to speak of Proto - Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age ... Jump up ^ Kidner , Frank ; et al. ( 2013 ) . Making Europe : The Story of the West . Cengage Learning . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 1111841317 . ( ... ) In addition , the Persians gained Thrace ( modern - day Bulgaria ) Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington 2011 , pp. 135 -- 138 , 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Roisman & Worthington , pp. 135 -- 138 , 343 -- 345 . Jump up ^ Nagle , D. Brendan ( 2006 ) . Readings in Greek History : Sources and Interpretations . Oxford University Press . p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517825 - 4 . However , one of the Thracian tribes , the Odrysians , succeeded in unifying the Thracians and creating a powerful state Jump up ^ Ashley , James R. ( 1998 ) . The Macedonian Empire : The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great , 359 - 323 B.C. McFarland & Company , Inc . pp. 139 -- 140 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1918 - 0 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ O Hogain , Daithi ( 2002 ) . The Celts : A History . The Boydell Press . pp. 69 -- 71 . ISBN 1 - 903464 - 21 - 8 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Gagarin , Michael , ed. ( 2010 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome . 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517072 - 6 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ivanov , Lyubomir ( 2007 ) . Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages . Bulgarian Academy of Sciences . p. 2 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . In particular , in the mid-4th century a group of Goths settled in the region of Nikopolis ad Istrum ( present Nikyup near Veliko Tarnovo in northern Bulgaria ) , where their leader Bishop Wulfila ( Ulfilas ) invented the Gothic alphabet and translated the Holy Bible into Gothic to produce the first book written in Germanic language . Jump up ^ Hock , Hans Heinrich ; Joseph , Brian D. ( 1996 ) . Language History , Language Change and Language Relationship : an introduction to historical and comparative linguistics . Walter de Gruyter & Co. p. 49 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 014784 - X . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . The oldest extensive text is a Gothic Bible translation produced by the Gothic bishop Wulfilas ( meaning ' Little Wolf ' ) in the 4th century Jump up ^ `` The monastery in the village of Zlatna Livada -- the oldest in Europe '' ( in Bulgarian ) . LiterNet. 30 April 2004 . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Formation of the Bulgarian Nation '' . Наука и изкуство , `` Векове '' . 1971 . pp. 409 -- 410 . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert ( 1988 ) . Byzantium and Bulgaria . Studia Slavico - Byzantina et Mediaevalia Europensia . I . pp. 32 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Trever , Albert Augustus . History of Ancient Civilization . Harcourt , Brace . p. 571 . The Thracian interior , however , was never really Romanized or even Hellenized Jump up ^ Zlatarski , Vasil ( 1938 ) . History of the First Bulgarian Empire . Period of Hunnic - Bulgarian domination ( 679 -- 852 ) ( in Bulgarian ) . p. 188 . Retrieved 23 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Runciman , Steven ( 1930 ) . A History of the First Bulgarian Empire . G. Bell and Sons . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 404 - 18916 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vlasto , Alexis P. ( 1970 ) . The Entry of the Slavs Into Christendom : An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs . Cambridge University Press . p. 157 . ISBN 9780521074599 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Krum '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Spread of Christianity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Although Boris 's baptism was into the Eastern church , he subsequently wavered between Rome and Constantinople until the latter was persuaded to grant de facto autonomy to Bulgaria in church affairs . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Bulgaria . Oxford University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reign of Simeon I '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Bulgaria 's conversion had a political dimension , for it contributed both to the growth of central authority and to the merging of Bulgars and Slavs into a unified Bulgarian people . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Bulgaria . Oxford University Press . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4 . No single act did more , in the long run , to weld Christian Slav and Proto - Bulgar into a Bulgarian people than the conversion of 864 . Jump up ^ The First Golden Age . Jump up ^ Browning , Robert ( 1975 ) . Byzantium and Bulgaria . Temple Smith . pp. 194 -- 5 . ISBN 0 - 85117 - 064 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Samuel '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Scylitzae , Ioannis ( 1973 ) . Synopsis Historiarum . Corpus Fontium Byzantiae Historiae ( Hans Thurn ed . ) . p. 457 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 002285 - 8 . Jump up ^ Plamen Pavlov ( 2005 ) . `` The plots of ' master Presian the Bulgarian ' '' . Rebels and adventurers in medieval Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian ) . LiterNet . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . And , in the Spring of 1018 , `` the party of capitulation '' prevailed and Basil II freely entered the then capital of Bulgaria Ochrid . ^ Jump up to : Ostrogorsky , Georgije ( 1969 ) . History of the Byzantine State . Rutgers University Press . p. 311 . ISBN 9780813511986 . Jump up ^ Cameron , Averil ( 2006 ) . The Byzantines . Blackwell Publishing . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 9833 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Second Bulgarian Empire '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : James David Bourchier ( 1911 ) . `` History of Bulgaria '' . Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 . Retrieved 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Horde '' . Library of Congress Mongolia country study . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . The Mongols maintained sovereignty over eastern Russia from 1240 to 1480 , and they controlled the upper Volga area , the territories of the former Volga Bulghar state , Siberia , the northern Caucasus , Bulgaria ( for a time ) , the Crimea , and Khwarizm ^ Jump up to : Martin , Michael ( 2017 ) . City of the Sun : Development and Popular Resistance in the Pre-Modern West . Algora Publishing . p. 344 . ISBN 9781628942798 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Ottoman rule '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . With the capture of a rump Bulgarian kingdom centred at Bdin ( Vidin ) in 1396 , the last remnant of Bulgarian independence disappeared ... The Bulgarian nobility was destroyed -- its members either perished , fled , or accepted Islam and Turkicization -- and the peasantry was enserfed to Turkish masters . ^ Jump up to : Jireček , K.J. ( 1876 ) . Geschichte der Bulgaren ( in German ) . Nachdr . d . Ausg . Prag . ISBN 3 - 487 - 06408 - 1 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Minkov , Anton ( 2004 ) . Conversion to Islam in the Balkans : Kisve Bahası -- Petitions and Ottoman Social Life , 1670 -- 1730 . BRILL . p. 193 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 13576 - 6 . Jump up ^ Detrez , Raymond ( 2008 ) . Europe and the Historical Legacies in the Balkans . Peter Lang Publishers . p. 36 . ISBN 90 - 5201 - 374 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fishman , Joshua A. ( 2010 ) . `` Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity , '' Disciplinary and Regional Perspectives . Oxford University Press . p. 276 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 537492 - 4 . There were almost no remnants of a Bulgarian ethnic identity ; the population defined itself as Christians , according to the Ottoman system of millets , that is , communities of religious beliefs . The first attempts to define a Bulgarian ethnicity started at the beginning of the 19th century . Jump up ^ Roudometof , Victor ; Robertson , Roland ( 2001 ) . Nationalism , globalization , and orthodoxy : the social origins of ethnic conflict in the Balkans . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 68 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31949 - 9 . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J. ( 1987 ) . Modern Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27323 - 4 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Carvalho , Joaquim ( 2007 ) . Religion and Power in Europe : Conflict and Convergence . Edizioni Plus . p. 261 . ISBN 88 - 8492 - 464 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- Ottoman administration '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The Final Move to Independence . Jump up ^ `` Reminiscence from Days of Liberation * '' . Novinite. 3 March 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : San Stefano , Berlin and Independence . Jump up ^ Blamires , Cyprian ( 2006 ) . World Fascism : A historical encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 107 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 941 - 4 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . The `` Greater Bulgaria '' re-established in March 1878 on the lines of the medieval Bulgarian empire after liberation from Turkish rule did not last long . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Bulgaria -- A chronology of key events '' . BBC News . 6 May 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Historical Setting . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J. ( 2007 ) . Bulgaria . Oxford University Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954158 - 4 . Jump up ^ Dillon , Emile Joseph ( 1920 ) . The Inside Story of the Peace Conference . Harper . p . Not available . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8424 - 7594 - 6 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . The territorial changes which the Prussia of the Balkans was condemned to undergo are neither very considerable nor unjust . Jump up ^ Pinon , Rene ( 1913 ) . L'Europe et la Jeune Turquie : les aspects nouveaux de la question d'Orient ( in French ) . Perrin et cie . p. 411 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 41381 - 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . On a dit souvent de la Bulgarie qu'elle est la Prusse des Balkans Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C ; Wood , Laura ( 1996 ) . The European Powers in the First World War : An Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0399 - 8 . Jump up ^ Broadberry , Stephen ; Klein , Alexander ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` Aggregate and Per Capita GDP in Europe , 1870 -- 2000 : Continental , Regional and National Data with Changing Boundaries '' ( PDF ) . Department of Economics at the University of Warwick , Coventry . p. 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WWI Casualty and Death Tables '' . PBS . Archived from the original on 3 October 2016 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Mintchev , Veselin ( October 1999 ) . `` External Migration in Bulgaria '' . South - East Europe Review ( 3 / 99 ) : 124 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Chenoweth , Erica ( 2010 ) . Rethinking Violence : States and Non-State Actors in Conflict . Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01420 - 5 . Bulgaria , for example , had a net surplus of refugees and was faced with the daunting task of absorbing thousands of Bulgarian refugees from Greece over a relatively short period . While international loans from the Red Cross and other organizations helped to defray the substantial costs of accommodating surplus populations , it placed a strenuous financial burden on states that were still recovering from the war an experiencing economic downturn as well as political upheaval . Jump up ^ Bulgaria in World War II : The Passive Alliance . Jump up ^ Wartime Crisis . Jump up ^ Pavlowitch , Stevan K. ( 2008 ) . Hitler 's new disorder : the Second World War in Yugoslavia . Columbia University Press . pp. 238 -- 240 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 70050 - 4 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . When Bulgaria switched sides in September ... ^ Jump up to : The Soviet Occupation . Jump up ^ Crampton , R.J. ( 2005 ) . A concise history of Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . p. 271 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Valentino , Benjamin A. ( 2005 ) . Final solutions : mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century . Cornell University Press . pp. 91 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 3965 - 0 . Jump up ^ Domestic Policy and Its Results Quote : `` ... real wages increased 75 percent , consumption of meat , fruit , and vegetables increased markedly , medical facilities and doctors became available to more of the population ... '' Jump up ^ After Stalin . Jump up ^ The Economy . Jump up ^ Stephen Broadberry ; Alexander Klein ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` Aggregate and per capita GDP in Europe , 1870 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . pp. 23 , 27 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Vachkov , Daniel ; Ivanov , Martin ( 2008 ) . Bulgarian Foreign Debt 1944 -- 1989 . Siela . pp. 103 , 153 , 191 . ISBN 9789542803072 . Jump up ^ The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s . Jump up ^ Bulgaria in the 1980s . Jump up ^ Bohlen , Celestine ( 17 October 1991 ) . `` Vote Gives Key Role to Ethnic Turks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . in 1980s ... the Communist leader , Todor Zhivkov , began a campaign of cultural assimilation that forced ethnic Turks to adopt Slavic names , closed their mosques and prayer houses and suppressed any attempts at protest . One result was the mass exodus of more than 300,000 ethnic Turks to neighboring Turkey in 1989 Jump up ^ `` Cracks show in Bulgaria 's Muslim ethnic model '' . Reuters. 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 30 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Government and Politics . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Politicians Discuss First Democratic Elections 20y After '' . Novinite. 5 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Prodanov , Vasil ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` The destructive Bulgarian transition '' . Le Monde diplomatique ( in Bulgarian ) . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ex-King Simeon II named new prime minister of Bulgaria '' . World Socialist Web Site. 24 July 2001 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Human Development Index Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 2005 . p. 224 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NATO Update : Seven new members join NATO '' . NATO . 29 March 2004 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria , Romania Join European Union '' . Voice of America . 1 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Absolutely Ready to Take Over EU Presidency , Minister Says '' . Bulgarian Telegraph Agency . 2 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Country comparison : Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Topography . Jump up ^ Donchev , D. ( 2004 ) . Geography of Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian ) . Ciela . p. 68 . ISBN 954 - 649 - 717 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Extreme temperature records worldwide '' . MeteorologyClimate . Archived from the original on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Climate . Jump up ^ `` Характеристика на флората и растителността на България '' . Bulgarian - Swiss program by biodiversity . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Видово разнообразие на България '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian ) . UNESCO report . 2013 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ NSI Brochure 2018 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` The future of Bulgaria 's natural parks and their administrations '' . Gora Magazine . June 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Europe & North America : 297 biosphere reserves in 36 countries '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Environmental Summary , UNData , United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' The living eternity '' tells about the century - old oak in the village of Granit '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Stara Zagora Local Government . Archived from the original on 23 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria : Plant and animal life '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Characteristics of the flora and vegetation in Bulgaria '' . Bulgarian - Swiss Foundation for the Protection of Biodiversity . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ( in Bulgarian ) Jump up ^ Denchev , C. & Assyov , B. Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes ın Bulgaria . Mycotaxon 111 : 279 -- 282 ( 2010 ) . Jump up ^ NSI Brochure 2018 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Biodiversity in Bulgaria '' . GRID - Arendal . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report on European Environment Agency about the Nature protection and biodiversity in Europe '' . European Environment Agency . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 7 . a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' . United Nations Treaty Collection . Retrieved 4 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Achieves Kyoto Protocol Targets -- IWR Report '' . Novinite. 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kanev , Petar ( 2009 ) . `` Bulgaria from space : Logging , concrete and hope '' . * 8 * Magazine ( in Bulgarian ) ( 2 / 09 ) . Jump up ^ Hakim , Danny ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Bulgaria 's Air Is Dirtiest in Europe , Study Finds , Followed by Poland '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` High Air Pollution to Close Downtown Sofia '' . Novinite. 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Sofia , Plovdiv Suffer Worst Air Pollution in Europe '' . Novinite. 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial facilities causing the highest damage costs to health and the environment '' . European Environment Agency . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's quest to meet the environmental acquis '' . European Stability Initiative . 10 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report on European Environment Agency about the quality of freshwaters in Europe '' . European Environment Agency . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Environmental Performance Index '' . Yale University . Archived from the original on 5 May 2012 . Retrieved 21 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Overview of direct democratic instruments in Bulgaria '' . Navigator to Direct Democracy . Archived from the original on 16 January 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fitch : Early Bulgaria Elections Would Create Fiscal Uncertainty '' . Reuters. 23 November 2016 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria 's government will include far - right nationalist parties for the first time '' . The Washington Post . 25 April 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Cabinet Faces No - Confidence Vote Over Atomic Plant '' . Bloomberg Businessweek. 6 April 2012 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 1 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian government resigns amid growing protests '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protests in Bulgaria and the new practice of democracy '' . Al Jazeera. 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Protests in Bulgaria and the new practice of democracy '' . Al Jazeera. 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rightist GERB holds lead in Bulgaria 's election '' . Reuters. 12 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PM Hopeful : New Bulgarian Cabinet Will Be ' Expert , Pragmatic ' '' . Novinite. 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Neil ( 29 May 2013 ) . `` Bulgaria parliament votes for a ' Mario Monti ' to lead government '' . The Financial Times . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Seiler Bistra ; Emiliyan Lilov ( 26 June 2013 ) . `` Bulgarians protest government of ' oligarchs ' '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Oresharski 's Cabinet : A Government in Constant Jeopardy '' . Novinite. 24 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Plamen Oresharski resigns '' . Novinite. 23 July 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's President Names Georgi Bliznashki as Prime Minister '' . Novinite. 5 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's 42nd Parliament Dissolved , Elections on October 5 '' . Novinite. 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Grand Parliament Chessboard Might Be Both Ailment and Cure '' . Novinite. 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Borisov plasters together coalition government '' . Reuters. 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria Country Profile '' . Freedom House . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2017 : Free speech under attack '' . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Legal System and Legal Research '' . 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Portraits '' . Ministry of Regional Development . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The United Nations Security Council '' . The Green Papers Worldwide . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todor Zhivkov 's dream -- Bulgaria in the EC in ' 87 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Dnes.bg. 15 August 2008 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Todor Zhivkov was thinking of joining Bulgaria to the EC '' . Vsekiden. 3 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` '' Deutsche Welle `` : Todor Zhivkov wanted Bulgaria to join the EC '' . Vesti ( in Bulgarian ) . 3 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission Enlargement Archives : Treaty of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania '' . European Commission . 25 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 19 February 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- relations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Bilateral Relations '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC . Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Thanks Bulgaria for University Graduates '' . Novinite. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Old ties with Russia weigh on Bulgarian decision in spy poisoning case '' . Reuters. 29 March 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Grows Uneasy as Trump Complicates Its Ties to Russia '' . The New York Times . 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . For many reasons , including economic necessity , a common culture and deep historical ties ... Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria torn between Russia and the West '' . Deutsche Welle. 31 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria - Russia Relations '' . GlobalSecurity . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Arms Sales . Jump up ^ Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Factbook '' . Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` US , Bulgaria sign defence co-operation agreement '' . Southeast European Times . 28 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Armed Forces Development Plan '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Defence of Bulgaria . 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Military Personnel . Jump up ^ Hackett , James , ed. ( 2017 ) . The Military Balance 2017 . Routledge . p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 1857439007 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Will Modernize Its Army . `` Fighters , infantry fighting vehicles '' `` . Defence24. 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` S - 300 Surface - to - air Missile System '' ( PDF ) . Aerospace Daily & Defense Report . 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SS - 21 Scarab : Russia 's Forgotten ( But Deadly ) Ballistic Missile '' . The National Interest . 12 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Country and Lending Groups '' . The World Bank Group . 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Overview '' . USAID. 2002 . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Late Communist rule '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Bulgaria gave the highest priority to scientific and technological advancement and the development of trade skills appropriate to an industrial state . In 1948 approximately 80 percent of the population drew their living from the soil , but by 1988 less than one - fifth of the labour force was engaged in agriculture , with the rest concentrated in industry and the service sector . ^ Jump up to : `` The economies of Bulgaria and Romania '' . European Commission . January 2007 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ OECD Economic Surveys . OECD. 1999 . p. 24 . The previous 1997 Economic Survey of Bulgaria documented how a combination of difficult initial conditions , delays in structural reforms , ... culminated in the economic crisis of 1996 -- 97 . Jump up ^ `` Average monthly wages and salaries in March 2017 '' . BTV . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` One out of six employees in the EU27 was a low - wage earner in 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat. 20 December 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 December 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hawkesworth , Ian ( 2009 ) . `` Budgeting in Bulgaria '' ( PDF ) . OECD Journal on Budgeting . OECD ( 3 / 2009 ) : 137 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Budget '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 Budget : More for salaries , health and pensions '' . Kapital Daily . 23 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Taxes and other revenue '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` These are the 29 countries with the world 's lowest levels of tax '' . Business Insider '. 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of Bulgarian Tax System '' . Ministry of Finance of Bulgaria . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` General government gross debt - annual data '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Regional gross domestic product ( PPS per inhabitant ) , by NUTS 2 regions '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP - regional level '' . National Statistical Institute . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita in PPS '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Comparative price levels '' . Eurostat . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU : Countries to Begin Counting Drugs , Prostitution in Economic Growth '' . Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project . 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow Economy '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat. 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fixed currency exchange rates '' . Bulgarian National Bank . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : GDP growth ( annual % ) '' . The World Bank . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : Unemployment , total ( % of total labor force ) ( modeled ILO estimate ) '' . The World Bank . 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Economist : financial crisis brewed by U.S. market fundamentalism '' . Xinhua News Agency . 12 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Inter-company debt -- one of Bulgarian economy 's serious problems '' . Bulgarian National Radio . 17 June 2010 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Business points to a major disproportion in Bulgaria '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Dir.bg. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ITUC Frontlines Report 2012 : Section on Bulgaria '' . Novinite. 10 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria , Romania Rapped for Public Procurement Fraud '' . Novinite. 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Center for the Study of Democracy ( 2007 ) . Anti-corruption Reforms in Bulgaria : Key Results and Risk . Center for the Study of Democracy . p. 44 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Corruption Perceptions Index : Transparency International '' . Transparency International . 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency '' . The Guardian . 28 December 2017 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian corruption at 15 - year high '' . The Telegraph . 12 December 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian border officers suspended over airport security lapse '' . Reuters. 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria savors EU embrace despite critics '' . Reuters. 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria 's government faces no - confidence vote over corruption '' . Reuters. 17 January 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 bln . leva are spent on public procurement every year '' . 24 Chasa. 21 February 2016 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A record in public procurement : tenders worth nearly 14 billion lv unveiled '' . Kapital Daily . 29 December 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Stefanov , Ruslan ( 2015 ) . `` The Bulgarian Public Procurement Market : Corruption Risks and Dynamics in the Construction Sector '' ( PDF ) . Government Favouritism in Europe : The Anticorruption Report 3 . Barbara Budrich Publishers ( 3 / 2015 ) : 35 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Public procurement in Bulgaria '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 2015 . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Labor force '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 16 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Labor force by occupation '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Manufacturing '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Industries '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : Selling off steel '' . Oxford Business Group . 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mining Industry Accounts for 5 % of Bulgaria 's GDP -- Energy Minister '' . Novinite. 29 August 2015 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria 's ore exports rise 10 % in H1 2011 -- industry group '' . The Sofia Echo. 18 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Total Primary Coal Production ( Thousand Short Tons ) '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Resource Base . Jump up ^ `` Agricultural Policies in non-OECD countries : Monitoring and Evaluation '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 2007 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Natural conditions , farming traditions and agricultural structures '' . Food and Agriculture Organization . Archived from the original on 28 March 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Economic Summary , UNData , United Nations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Experts : Bumper Year for Wheat Producers in Dobrich Region '' . Bulgarian Telegraph Agency . 4 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Agriculture '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian lavender producers worried about demand drop '' . The China Post . 14 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian rose oil keeps its top place on world market '' . Bulgarian National Radio . 31 May 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria is Again the World 's First Producer of Lavender Oil '' . Novinite. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Europe ( without the euro ) '' . The Guardian . 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arrivals of foreigners in 2017 by month and country of origin '' . National Statistical Institute . 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Tourism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ NSI Brochure 2018 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU Presidency Puts Lagging Bulgarian Science in the Spotlight '' . Novinite. 22 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R&D Spending in Bulgaria Up in 2015 , Mostly Driven by Businesses '' . Novinite. 31 October 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2015 Bloomberg Innovation Index '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Shopov , V. ( 2007 ) . `` The impact of the European scientific area on the ' Brain leaking ' problem in the Balkan countries '' . Nauka ( in Bulgarian ) . Structmedia ( 1 / 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria strives to become tech capital of the Balkans '' . The Financial Times . 17 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's ICT Sector Turnover Trebled over Last Seven Years - Deputy Economy Minister '' . Bulgarian Telegraph Agency . 12 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Girls and women under - represented in ICT '' . Eurostat. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria builds on legacy of female engineering elite '' . The Financial Times . 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Bulgarian BrainDrain '' . Delft Technical University . 2 October 2003 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's small computing army '' . Kapital Daily . 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Burgess , Colin ; Vis , Bert ( 2016 ) . Interkosmos : The Eastern Bloc 's Early Space Program . Springer . pp. 247 -- 250 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 24161 - 6 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cosmonauts Eager , Hopeful for Reboot of Bulgaria 's Space Program '' . Novinite. 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Ivanova , Tanya ( 1998 ) . `` Six - month space greenhouse experiments -- a step to creation of future biological life support systems '' . Acta Astronautica . Space Research Institute . 42 ( 1 - 8 ) : 11 -- 23 . Bibcode : 1998AcAau ... 42 ... 11I . doi : 10.1016 / S0094 - 5765 ( 98 ) 00102 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mishev , Dimitar ( 2004 ) . Space Research in Bulgaria ( in Bulgarian ) . Bulgarian Academy of Sciences ( via the Marin Drinov publishing house ) . p. 162 . ISBN 954 - 430 - 994 - 2 . 16 June 1990 : Onboard research on the Mir Space Station under the Interkosmos program begin with the Bulgarian - developed SVET space greenhouse ... ^ Jump up to : Harland , David M. ; Ulivi , Paolo ( 2009 ) . Robotic Exploration of the Solar System : Part 2 : Hiatus and Renewal , 1983 - 1996 . Springer . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 78904 - 0 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Dimitrova , Milena ( 2008 ) . The Golden Decades of Bulgarian Electronics . Trud . pp. 257 -- 258 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Badescu , Viorel ; Zacny , Kris ( 2015 ) . Inner Solar System : Prospective Energy and Material Resources . Springer . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 19568 - 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Semkova , Jordanka ; Dachev , Tsvetan ( 2015 ) . `` Radiation environment investigations during ExoMars missions to Mars -- objectives , experiments and instrumentation '' . Comptes Rendus de l'Academie Bulgare des Sciences . 47 ( 25 ) : 485 -- 496 . ISSN 1310 - 1331 . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Radiation Dose Monitor Experiment ( RADOM ) '' . ISRO . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dachev , Yu. ; Dimitrov , F. ; Tomov , O. ; Matviichuk ; Spurny ; Ploc ( 2011 ) . `` Liulin - type spectrometry - dosimetry instruments '' . Radiation Protection Dosimetry . Oxford University Press . 144 ( 1 - 4 ) : 675 -- 679 . doi : 10.1093 / rpd / ncq506 . ISSN 1742 - 3406 . PMID 21177270 . Jump up ^ `` BulgariaSat - 1 Mission '' . SpaceX . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : 2011 Telecommunication Market and Regulatory Developments '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 2011 . p. 2 . Retrieved 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Opens Tender for Fourth Mobile Operator '' . Novinite. 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Internet Usage Stats and Market Report '' . Internetworldstats.com. 2 June 2018 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Energy Hub '' . Oxford Business Group . 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria joins Poland in appeal against EU pollution crackdown '' . Reuters. 10 January 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kozloduy NPP EAD 2016 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . AETs Kozloduy EAD . p. 18 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria - Power Generation '' . International Trade Administration . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria among EU countries with highest consumption of electricity from renewables '' . Bulgarian National Radio . 12 February 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country comparison : Total road length '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The trains from Plovdiv to Dimitrovgrad now with 160 km / h '' . Dariknews . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria to Turkey wiring underway '' . Railway Gazette International . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bozhkov is building the `` Maritsa '' high - speed rail line `` . Standart . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Plovdiv - Burgas train will travel with 200 km / h '' . Snews.bg . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trains in Bulgaria '' . EuRail . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ NSI Census data 2011 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ NSI Census data 2011 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Census results : population by residence , ethnic group and age '' . National Statistical Institute . 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NSI : The 2011 census is incorrect , a new one needed '' . Vesti. 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scandalous claims of inaccuracies in the 2011 census '' . Bulgarian National Television . 25 March 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Field listing : Ethnic Groups '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 21 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank : The demographic crisis is Bulgaria 's most serious problem '' . Klassa. 15 November 2012 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening '' . Bulgarian National Radio . 12 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria 's Population Even More ? '' . Deutsche Welle. 26 December 2006 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Roth , Klaus ; Lauth Bacas , Jutta ( 2004 ) . Migration In , From , and to Southeastern Europe . The British Library . ISBN 9783643108968 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Total Fertility Rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Eurostat -- Tables , Graphs and Maps Interface ( TGM ) table '' . Eurostat. 17 October 2013 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 25 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Population growth rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Birth rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Country Comparison : Death rate '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Country Health Profile , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : Health Care & Long - Term Care Systems '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Georgieva , Lidia ; Salchev , Petko ( 2007 ) . `` Bulgaria Health system review '' ( PDF ) . Health Systems in Transition . European observatory on health systems and policies . 9 ( 1 ) : xvi , 12 . ISSN 1817 - 6127 . Jump up ^ Country Health Profile , p. 7 Jump up ^ Country Health Profile , pp. 8 , 11 , 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgaria 2012 Review : Health and Healthcare '' . Novinite. 7 January 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Education in Bulgaria '' ( PDF ) . UNICEF. 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Library of Congress 2006 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` International study : 40 % of Bulgarian ninth - graders functionally illiterate in science , maths and reading '' . The Sofia Globe . 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listing : Literacy '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Structure of the Education System in Bulgaria '' . Ministry of Education , Youth and Science of Bulgaria . Archived from the original on 11 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria : University Ranking '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Study in Bulgaria '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Robert Magocsi ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Canada 's peoples . University of Toronto Press . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ James David Bourchier ( 1911 ) . `` Bulgaria -- Language '' . Encyclopædia Britannica 1911 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : NSI Census data 2011 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria 's Muslims not deeply religious : study '' . Hürriyet Daily News . 9 December 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Kiminas , D. ( 2009 ) . The Ecumenical Patriarchate . Wildside Press LLC . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4344 - 5876 - 6 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Carvalho , Joaquim ( 2007 ) . Religion and power in Europe : conflict and convergence . Pisa University Press . p. 257 . ISBN 978 - 88 - 8492 - 464 - 3 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgarian Orthodox Church '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Constitution '' . Parliament of Bulgaria . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria -- The arts '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century , and many early masterpieces were destroyed ... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov , an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country ... At the beginning of the 21st century , the best - known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo , an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures Jump up ^ MacDermott , Mercia ( 1998 ) . Bulgarian folk customs . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . pp. 64 -- 70 . ISBN 1 - 85302 - 485 - 6 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Creed , Gerald W. ( 2011 ) . Masquerade and Postsocialism : Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria . Indiana University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 22261 - 9 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Bulgarian Tradition of Martenitsa '' . Bulgarian National Television . 1 March 2018 . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ MacDermott , Mercia ( 1998 ) . Bulgarian Folk Customs . Jessica Kingsley Publishers . p. 226 . ISBN 1 - 85302 - 485 - 6 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . While dancing round fires and jumping over fires forms part of many Slav customs , dancing on fire does not , and it is therefore likely that nestinarstvo was inherited by the Bulgarians from the Hellenized Thracians who inhabited the land before them . Jump up ^ `` Nestinarstvo , messages from the past : the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria -- Profile '' . UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgarian Literature '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Giatzidis , Emil ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria : Political , economic and social transformation . Manchester University Press . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7190 - 6094 - X . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Thus , with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship , Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture Jump up ^ Riha , Thomas ( 1964 ) . Readings in Russian Civilization . University of Chicago press . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 71853 - 0 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres . Jump up ^ McNeill , William Hardy ( 1963 ) . The Rise of the West . The University of Chicago Press . p. 49 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 56141 - 0 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Accordingly , when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity ( after 865 ) , bringing massive Slavic - speaking populations within the pale of Christendom , a new literary language , Old Church Slavonic , directly based upon Bulgarian speech , developed for their use . Jump up ^ Ertl , Alan W ( 2008 ) . Toward understanding Europe : A political précis of continental integration . Universal Publishers , Inc. p. 436 . ISBN 1 - 59942 - 983 - 7 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . At the beginning of the 10th century a new alphabet -- the Cyrillic alphabet -- was developed on the basis of Greek and Glagolitic cursive at the Preslav Literary School . Jump up ^ `` French - Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award '' . Novinite. 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Lorenz , Dagmar C.G. ( 17 April 2004 ) . `` Elias Canetti '' . Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company Limited . 1.4. 1 . ISSN 1747 - 678X . Jump up ^ Grabar , André ( 1928 ) . La peinture religiouse en Bulgarie . P. Geuthner . p. 95 . ASIN : B005ZI4OV8 Jump up ^ Kremenliev , Boris A. ( 1952 ) . Bulgarian - Macedonian Folk Music . University of California Press . p. 52 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Bulgaria 's scales are numerous , and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences ... first , Oriental scales ; second , church modes : the osmoglasie ... third , the conventional scales of Western Europe ... Among the scales which have comes to the Balkans from Asia , the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria . Whether it came from China or Japan , as Dobri Hristov suggests ... Jump up ^ `` 32nd Grammy Awards Winners '' . Grammy Awards . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , David Marshall ( 1976 ) . The Bulgarians : from pagan times to the Ottoman conquest . Westview Press . p. 145 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89158 - 530 - 5 . John Kukuzel , the eminent Bulgarian / born reformer of Byzantine music . Jump up ^ `` The 2011 / 2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House '' . Bulgarian National Radio . 25 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Ghena Dimitrova '' . The Telegraph . 13 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Forbes , Elizabeth ( 29 June 1993 ) . `` Obituary : Boris Christoff '' . The Independent . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( 29 June 1993 ) . `` Boris Christoff , Bass , Dies at 79 ; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Midgette , Anne ( 3 June 2004 ) . `` Nicolai Ghiaurov , Operatic Bass , Dies at 74 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Media Landscape -- Bulgaria '' . European Journalism Centre . Retrieved 2 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress 2006 , pp. 18 , 23 . Jump up ^ Media Landscape -- Bulgaria , European Journalism Centre Archived 22 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria '' . Reporters Without Borders . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Why Bulgaria is the EU 's lowest ranked country on press freedom index '' . The Guardian . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Albala , Ken ( 2011 ) . Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 61 , 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37626 - 9 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria Bounces Back '' . Novinite. 7 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria ranks 22nd in wine '' . Novinite. 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria wine production 2016 '' . See news . 14 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wines of Bulgaria '' . Chicago Now . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archeological Find Proves Rakia Is Bulgarian Invention '' . Novinite. 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Athens 1896 '' . Bulgarian Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 28 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria '' . Official website of the Olympic movement . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bulgaria - Sport and recreation '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . In international sports competition , Bulgarians have excelled in tennis , wrestling , boxing , and gymnastics , but the country 's greatest repute may be in weight - lifting ... Fans of football ( soccer ) , the most popular sport in Bulgaria , were buoyed by the success of the national team in the 1994 World Cup , when it advanced to the semi-final match under the leadership of forward Hristo Stoichkov . The premier league in Bulgaria has 16 teams , of which four play in Sofia : CSKA , Levski , Slavia , and Lokomotiv . Jump up ^ `` Highest high jump ( female ) '' . The Guinness World Records . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grigor Dimitrov : Bulgaria 's best in men 's tennis making waves '' . Lob and Smash . December 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hristo Stoichkov -- Bulgarian League Ambassador '' . Professional Football Against Hunger . Archived from the original on 6 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eternal + Derby '' `` Levski , CSKA Score Emphatic Wins Before `` Eternal Derby '' `` . Novinite. 1 April 2007 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Plucky Ludogorets ' rise to the Champions League group stage '' . ESPN . 16 September 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Club Coefficients '' . UEFA . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . Bibliography `` Population by Province , Municipality , Address and Sex as of 31.12. 2017 '' ( in Bulgarian ) . National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria . 2017 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . `` Final Results of the 2011 census '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian ) . National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria . 2011 . Retrieved 22 July 2018 . `` Bulgaria 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Bulgarian and English ) . National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria . 2018 . Retrieved 23 July 2018 . Chen , Sanping ( 2012 ) . Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages . University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0812206282 . Crampton , R.J. ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61637 - 9 ... Bell , John ( 1998 ) . Bulgaria in Transition : Politics , Economics , Society , and Culture after Communism . Westview . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 9010 - 9 . Ghodsee , Kristen R. ( 2011 ) . Lost in Transition : Ethnographies of Everyday Life After Communism . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0822351023 . Ghodsee , Kristen R. ( 2009 ) . Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe : Gender , Ethnicity and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria . Princeton University Press . ASIN B015X41JMA . Ghodsee , Kristen R. ( 2005 ) . The Red Riviera : Gender , Tourism and Postsocialism on the Black Sea . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0822336624 . Golden , Peter Benjamin ( 1992 ) . An introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples : ethnogenesis and state formation in medieval and early modern Eurasia and the Middle East . Otto Harrassowitz . ISBN 9783447032742 . Karatay , Osman ( 2003 ) . In Search of the Lost Tribe : The Origins and Making of the Croation Nation . Ayse Demiral . ISBN 9789756467077 . Country Profile : Bulgaria ( PDF ) . Library of Congress Country Studies . Library of Congress . 2006 . Retrieved 1 April 2016 . Curtis , Glenn E. ; Mitova , Pamela ; Marsteller , William ; Soper , Karl Wheeler ( 1992 ) . Country Study : Bulgaria . Library of Congress Country Studies . Library of Congress . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . `` Historical Setting '' . Chapter 1 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` The First Golden Age '' . Chapter 1 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . `` The Final Move to Independence '' . The Bulgarian Independence Movement . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` San Stefano , Berlin , and Independence '' . The Bulgarian Independence Movement . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Bulgaria in World War II : The Passive Alliance '' . World War II . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Wartime Crisis '' . World War II . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` The Soviet Occupation '' . World War II . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . `` After Stalin '' . Communist Consolidation . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . `` Domestic Policy and Its Results '' . Communist Consolidation . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s '' . The Zhivkov Era . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` The Political Atmosphere in the 1970s '' . The Zhivkov Era . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Bulgaria in the 1980s '' . The Zhivkov Era . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . `` Topography '' . The Society and its Environment . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Climate '' . The Society and its Environment . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` The Economy '' . Chapter 3 . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Resource Base '' . The Economy . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Government and Politics '' . Chapter 4 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Arms Sales '' . National Security . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 December 2011 . `` Military Personnel '' . National Security . Archived from the original on 21 September 2008 . Retrieved 20 December 2011 . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 - 14 - 4435 - 163 - 7 . `` State of Health in the EU . Country Health Profile : Bulgaria 2017 '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . 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Bulgaria ( / bʌlˈɡɛəriə , bʊl - / ( listen ) ; Bulgarian : България , tr . Bǎlgariya ) , officially the Republic of Bulgaria ( Bulgarian : Република България , tr . Republika Bǎlgariya , IPA : ( rɛˈpublikɐ bɐɫˈɡarijɐ ) ) , is a country in southeastern Europe . It is bordered by Romania to the north , Serbia and Macedonia to the west , Greece and Turkey to the south , and the Black Sea to the east . The capital and largest city is Sofia ; other major cities are Plovdiv , Varna and Burgas . With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres ( 42,855 sq mi ) , Bulgaria is Europe 's 16th - largest country .

Evolution of fish - wikipedia Evolution of fish Jump to : navigation , search Fish Fossil range : Mid Cambrian -- Recent PreЄ Є Pg The Devonian period 419 -- 359 Ma ( Age of Fishes ) saw the development of early sharks , armoured placoderms and various lobe - finned fishes including the tetrapod transitional species Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( unranked ) Craniata Included groups Jawless fish † Armoured fish † Spiny sharks Cartilaginous fish Bony fish Ray - finned fish Lobe - finned fish Cladistically included but traditionally excluded groups Tetrapods The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion . It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column , leading to the first craniates and vertebrates . The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha , or jawless fish . Early examples include Haikouichthys . During the late Cambrian , eel - like jawless fish called the conodonts , and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms , first appeared . Most jawless fish are now extinct ; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish . Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata , which includes the extant hagfish , and this group may have split early on from other agnathans . The first jawed vertebrates probably developed during the late Ordovician period . They are first represented in the fossil record from the Silurian by two groups of fish : the armoured fish known as placoderms , which evolved from the ostracoderms ; and the Acanthodii ( or spiny sharks ) . The jawed fish that are still extant in modern days also appeared in late Silurian : the Chondrichthyes ( or cartilaginous fish ) and the Osteichthyes ( or bony fish ) . The bony fish evolved into two separate groups : the Actinopterygii ( or ray - finned fish ) and Sarcopterygii ( which includes the lobe - finned fish ) . During the Devonian period a great increase in fish variety occurred , especially that of the ostracoderms and placoderms , as well as lobe - finned fish and early sharks . This has led to the Devonian being known as the age of fishes . It was from the lobe - finned fish that the tetrapods evolved , the four - limbed vertebrates , represented today by amphibians , mammals , reptiles and birds . Transitional tetrapods first appeared during the early Devonian , and by the late Devonian the first tetrapods appeared . The diversity of jawed vertebrates may indicate the evolutionary advantage of a jawed mouth ; but it is unclear if the advantage of a hinged jaw is greater biting force , improved respiration , or a combination of factors . Fish do not represent a monophyletic group , but a paraphyletic one , as they exclude the tetrapods . Fish , like many other organisms , have been greatly affected by extinction events throughout natural history . The Ordovician -- Silurian extinction events led to the loss of many species . The late Devonian extinction led to the extinction of the ostracoderms and placoderms by the end of the Devonian , as well as other fish . The spiny sharks became extinct at the Permian -- Triassic extinction event ; the conodonts became extinct at the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . The Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , and the present day Holocene extinction , have also affected fish variety and fish stocks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Jawless fish 2.1 Conodonts 2.2 Ostracoderms 3 Jawed fish 3.1 Placoderms 3.2 Spiny sharks 3.3 Cartilaginous fishes 3.4 Bony fishes 3.4. 1 Lobe - finned fishes 3.4. 2 Ray - finned fishes 4 Timeline 4.1 Pre Devonian : Origin of fish 4.2 Devonian : Age of fishes 4.3 Fish to tetrapods 4.4 Post Devonian 5 Prehistoric fish 6 Living fossils 7 Fossil sites 8 Fossil collections 9 Paleoichthyologists 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations 11.2 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links Overview ( edit ) Vertebrate classes Spindle diagram for the evolution of fish and other vertebrate classes . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . Conventional classification has living vertebrates as a subphylum grouped into eight classes based on traditional interpretations of gross anatomical and physiological traits . In turn , these classes are grouped into the vertebrates that have four limbs ( the tetrapods ) and those that do not : fishes . The extant vertebrate classes are : Fish : jawless fishes ( Agnatha ) cartilaginous fishes ( Chondrichthyes ) ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) lobe - finned fishes ( Sarcopterygii ) Tetrapods : amphibians ( Amphibia ) reptiles ( Reptilia ) birds ( Aves ) mammals ( Mammalia ) In addition to these are two classes of extinct jawed fishes , the armoured placoderms and the spiny sharks . Further information : Vertebrate paleontology and List of transitional fossils § Invertebrates to Fish Fish may have evolved from an animal similar to a coral - like sea squirt ( a tunicate ) , whose larvae resemble early fish in important ways . The first ancestors of fish may have kept the larval form into adulthood ( as some sea squirts do today ) , although this path can not be proven . Vertebrates , among them the first fishes , originated about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion , which saw the rise in organism diversity . The lancelet , a small , translucent , fish - like animal , is the closest living invertebrate relative of the olfactoreans ( vertebrates and tunicates ) . The early vertebrate Haikouichthys , from about 518 million years ago in China , may be the `` ancestor to all vertebrates '' and is one of the earliest known fish . Somewhat dated view of continuous evolutionary gradation ( click to animate ) The first ancestors of fish , or animals that were probably closely related to fish , were Pikaia , Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia . These three genera all appeared around 530 Ma . Pikaia had a primitive notochord , a structure that could have developed into a vertebral column later . Unlike the other fauna that dominated the Cambrian , these groups had the basic vertebrate body plan : a notochord , rudimentary vertebrae , and a well - defined head and tail . All of these early vertebrates lacked jaws in the common sense and relied on filter feeding close to the seabed . These were followed by indisputable fossil vertebrates in the form of heavily armoured fishes discovered in rocks from the Ordovician Period 500 -- 430 Ma . The first jawed vertebrates appeared in the late Ordovician and became common in the Devonian , often known as the `` Age of Fishes '' . The two groups of bony fishes , the actinopterygii and sarcopterygii , evolved and became common . The Devonian also saw the demise of virtually all jawless fishes , save for lampreys and hagfish , as well as the Placodermi , a group of armoured fish that dominated much of the late Silurian . The Devonian also saw the rise of the first labyrinthodonts , which was a transitional between fishes and amphibians . The colonisation of new niches resulted in diversification of body plans and sometimes an increase in size . The Devonian Period ( 395 to 345 Ma ) brought in such giants as the placoderm Dunkleosteus , which could grow up to seven meters long , and early air - breathing fish that could remain on land for extended periods . Among this latter group were ancestral amphibians . The reptiles appeared from labyrinthodonts in the subsequent Carboniferous period . The anapsid and synapsid reptiles were common during the late Paleozoic , while the diapsids became dominant during the Mesozoic . In the sea , the bony fishes became dominant . The later radiations , such as those of fish in the Silurian and Devonian periods , involved fewer taxa , mainly with very similar body plans . The first animals to venture onto dry land were arthropods . Some fish had lungs and strong , bony fins and could crawl onto the land also . Jawless fish ( edit ) A modern jawless fish , the lamprey , attached to a modern jawed fish Lamprey mouth Main article : Agnatha Jawless fishes belong to the superclass Agnatha in the phylum Chordata , subphylum Vertebrata . Agnatha comes from the Greek , and means `` no jaws '' . It excludes all vertebrates with jaws , known as gnathostomes . Although a minor element of modern marine fauna , jawless fish were prominent among the early fish in the early Paleozoic . Two types of Early Cambrian animal apparently having fins , vertebrate musculature , and gills are known from the early Cambrian Maotianshan shales of China : Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia . They have been tentatively assigned to Agnatha by Janvier . A third possible agnathid from the same region is Haikouella . A possible agnathid that has not been formally described was reported by Simonetti from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia . Many Ordovician , Silurian , and Devonian agnathians were armoured with heavy bony - spiky plates . The first armoured agnathans -- the Ostracoderms , precursors to the bony fish and hence to the tetrapods ( including humans ) -- are known from the middle Ordovician , and by the Late Silurian the agnathans had reached the high point of their evolution . Most of the ostracoderms , such as thelodonts , osteostracans , and galeaspids , were more closely related to the gnathostomes than to the surviving agnathans , known as cyclostomes . Cyclostomes apparently split from other agnathans before the evolution of dentine and bone , which are present in many fossil agnathans , including conodonts . Agnathans declined in the Devonian and never recovered . The agnathans as a whole are paraphyletic , because most extinct agnathans belong to the stem group of gnathostomes . Recent molecular data , both from rRNA and from mtDNA strongly supports the theory that living agnathans , known as cyclostomes , are monophyletic . In phylogenetic taxonomy , the relationships between animals are not typically divided into ranks , but illustrated as a nested `` family tree '' known as a cladogram . Phylogenetic groups are given definitions based on their relationship to one another , rather than purely on physical traits such as the presence of a backbone . This nesting pattern is often combined with traditional taxonomy , in a practice known as evolutionary taxonomy . Evolution of jawless fishes . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . The cladogram below for jawless fish is based on studies compiled by Philippe Janvier and others for the Tree of Life Web Project . ( † = group is extinct ) Jawless fish Hyperoartia ( lampreys ) ? † Euconodonta ( eel like animals ) unnamed † Pteraspidomorphi ( jawless fishes ) ? † Thelodonti ( jawless fishes with scales ) unnamed ? † Anaspida ( jawless ancestors of lampreys ) unnamed † Galeaspida ( jawless fishes with bone head shields ) unnamed ? † Pituriaspida ( armoured jawless fishes with large rostrums ) † Osteostraci ( bony armoured jawless fish with bone head shields ) Jawed vertebrates → continued in section below Conodonts ( edit ) Conodonts ( extinct ) resembled primitive jawless eels Conodonts resembled primitive jawless eels . They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma . Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements . These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array '' . Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum . Their large eyes had a lateral position , which makes a predatory role unlikely . The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed . In 2012 researchers classified the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays , chevron - shaped muscles and notochord . Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys , though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups . Ostracoderms ( edit ) Ostracoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawless fishes Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are armoured jawless fishes of the Paleozoic . The term does not often appear in classifications today because it is paraphyletic or polyphyletic , and has no phylogenetic meaning . However , the term is still used informally to group together the armoured jawless fishes . The ostracoderm armour consisted of 3 -- 5 mm polygonal plates that shielded the head and gills , and then overlapped further down the body like scales . The eyes were particularly shielded . Earlier chordates used their gills for both respiration and feeding , whereas ostracoderms used their gills for respiration only . They had up to eight separate pharyngeal gill pouches along the side of the head , which were permanently open with no protective operculum . Unlike invertebrates that use ciliated motion to move food , ostracoderms used their muscular pharynx to create a suction that pulled small and slow moving prey into their mouths . The first fossil fishes that were discovered were ostracoderms . The Swiss anatomist Louis Agassiz received some fossils of bony armored fish from Scotland in the 1830s . He had a hard time classifying them as they did not resemble any living creature . He compared them at first with extant armored fish such as catfish and sturgeons but later realizing that they had no movable jaws , classified them in 1844 into a new group `` ostracoderms '' . Ostracoderms existed in two major groups , the more primitive heterostracans and the cephalaspids . Later , about 420 million years ago , the jawed fish evolved from one of the ostracoderms . After the appearance of jawed fish , most ostracoderm species underwent a decline , and the last ostracoderms became extinct at the end of the Devonian period . Jawed fish ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) External video Evolution Of Jaws 1 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 2 of 5 Animal Planet Evolution Of Jaws 3 of 5 Animal Planet Further information : Jawed fish and Evolution of jaws The vertebrate jaw probably originally evolved in the Silurian period and appeared in the Placoderm fish , which further diversified in the Devonian . The two most anterior pharyngeal arches are thought to have become the jaw itself and the hyoid arch , respectively . The hyoid system suspends the jaw from the braincase of the skull , permitting great mobility of the jaws . Already long assumed to be a paraphyletic assemblage leading to more derived gnathostomes , the discovery of Entelognathus suggests that placoderms are directly ancestral to modern bony fish . As in most vertebrates , fish jaws are bony or cartilaginous and oppose vertically , comprising an upper jaw and a lower jaw . The jaw is derived from the most anterior two pharyngeal arches supporting the gills , and usually bears numerous teeth . The skull of the last common ancestor of today 's jawed vertebrates is assumed to have resembled sharks . It is thought that the original selective advantage garnered by the jaw was not related to feeding , but to increased respiration efficiency . The jaws were used in the buccal pump ( observable in modern fish and amphibians ) that pumps water across the gills of fish or air into the lungs in the case of amphibians . Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws ( to humans ) , in feeding , was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates . Many teleost fish have substantially modified their jaws for suction feeding and jaw protrusion , resulting in highly complex jaws with dozens of bones involved . Jawed vertebrates and jawed fish evolved from earlier jawless fish , and the cladogram below for jawed vertebrates is a continuation of the cladogram in the section above . ( † = group is extinct ) Jawed vertebrates † Placodermi ( armoured fishes ) unnamed Acanthodians and Chondrichthyes ( cartilaginous fishes ) Bony fishes Actinopterygii ( ray - finned fishes ) < dominant class of fish today Lobe - finned fishes ? † Onychodontiformes ( lobe - finned ) Actinistia ( coelacanths ) unnamed † Porolepiformes ( lobe - finned ) Dipnoi ( lungfishes ) unnamed † Rhizodontimorpha ( predatory lobe - finned ) † Tristichopteridae ( tetrapodomorphs ) Tetrapods ( four - legged animals ) Placoderms ( edit ) Evolution of the ( now extinct ) placoderms . The diagram is based on Michael Benton , 2005 . Placoderms ( extinct ) were armoured jawed fishes ( compare with the ostracoderms above ) Further information : Placodermi and List of placoderms Placoderms , class Placodermi ( plate skinned ) , are extinct armoured prehistoric fish , which appeared about 430 Ma in the Early to Middle Silurian . They were mostly wiped out during the Late Devonian Extinction event , 378 Ma , though some survived and made a slight recovery in diversity during the Famennian epoch before dying out entirely at the close of the Devonian , 360 mya ; they are ultimately ancestal to modern vertebrates . Their head and thorax were covered with massive and often ornamented armoured plates . The rest of the body was scaled or naked , depending on the species . The armour shield was articulated , with the head armour hinged to the thoratic armour . This allowed placoderms to lift their heads , unlike ostracoderms . Placoderms were the first jawed fish ; their jaws likely evolved from the first of their gill arches . The chart on the right shows the rise and demise of the separate placoderm lineages : Acanthothoraci , Rhenanida , Antiarchi , Petalichthyidae , Ptyctodontida and Arthrodira . Spiny sharks ( edit ) Spiny sharks ( extinct ) were the earliest known jawed fishes . They resembled sharks and were indeed ancestral to them . Further information : Acanthodii and List of acanthodians Spiny sharks , class Acanthodii , are extinct fishes that share features with both bony and cartilaginous fishes , though ultimately more closely related to and ancestral to the latter . Despite being called `` spiny sharks '' , acanthodians predate sharks , though they gave rise to them . They evolved in the sea at the beginning of the Silurian Period , some 50 million years before the first sharks appeared . Eventually competition from bony fishes proved too much , and the spiny sharks died out in Permian times about 250 Ma . In form they resembled sharks , but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteans ( gars , bowfins ) . Cartilaginous fishes ( edit ) Radiation of cartilaginous fishes , derived from work by Michael Benton , 2005 . Further information : List of transitional fossils § Chondrichthyes , and List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish Cartilaginous fishes , class Chondrichthyes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared by about 395 million years ago , in the middle Devonian , evolving from acanthodians . The class contains the sub classes Holocephali ( chimaera ) and Elasmobranchii ( sharks and rays ) . The radiation of elasmobranches in the chart on the right is divided into the taxa : Cladoselache , Eugeneodontiformes , Symmoriida , Xenacanthiformes , Ctenacanthiformes , Hybodontiformes , Galeomorphi , Squaliformes and Batoidea . Bony fishes ( edit ) Further information : Osteichthyes , List of transitional fossils § Bony fish , and List of prehistoric bony fish External video Chordate Evolution and Bony Fish YouTube Bony fishes , class Osteichthyes , are characterised by bony skeleton rather than cartilage . They appeared in the late Silurian , about 419 million years ago . The recent discovery of Entelognathus strongly suggests that bony fishes ( and possibly cartilaginous fishes , via acanthodians ) evolved from early placoderms . A subclass of the Osteichthyes , the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) , have become the dominant group of fishes in the post-Paleozoic and modern world , with some 30,000 living species . The bony ( and cartilaginous ) fish groups that emerged after the Devonian , were characterised by steady improvements in foraging and locomotion . Lobe - finned fishes ( edit ) Further information : Sarcopterygii and List of lobe - finned fishes The Queensland lungfish is a lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil . Lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs . They developed the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ) , and have remained virtually the same for over 100 million years . Phylogenomic analysis has shown that `` the closest living fish to the tetrapod ancestor is the lungfish , not the coelacanth '' . Lobe - finned fishes , fish belonging to the class Sarcopterygii , are mostly extinct bony fishes , basally characterised by robust and stubby lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton , cosmoid scales and internal nostrils . Their fins are fleshy , lobed , paired fins , joined to the body by a single bone . The fins of lobe - finned fish differ from those of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy , lobelike , scaly stalk extending from the body . The pectoral and pelvic fins are articulated in ways resembling the tetrapod limbs they were the precursors to . The fins evolved into the legs of the first tetrapod land vertebrates , amphibians . They also possess two dorsal fins with separate bases , as opposed to the single dorsal fin of ray - finned fish . The braincase of lobe - finned fishes primitively has a hinge line , but this is lost in tetrapods and lungfish . Many early lobe - finned fishes have a symmetrical tail . All lobe - finned fishes possess teeth covered with true enamel . Lobe - finned fishes , such as coelacanths and lungfish , were the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian . Taxonomists who subscribe to the cladistic approach include the grouping Tetrapoda within the Sarcopterygii , and the tetrapods in turn include all species of four - limbed vertebrates . The fin - limbs of lobe - finned fishes such as the coelacanths show a strong similarity to the expected ancestral form of tetrapod limbs . The lobe - finned fish apparently followed two different lines of development and are accordingly separated into two subclasses , the Rhipidistia ( including the lungfish , and the Tetrapodomorpha , which include the Tetrapoda ) and the Actinistia ( coelacanths ) . The first lobe - finned fishes , found in the uppermost Silurian ( ca 418 Ma ) , closely resembled spiny sharks , which became extinct at the end of the Paleozoic . In the early -- middle Devonian ( 416 - 385 Ma ) , while the predatory placoderms dominated the seas , some lobe - finned fishes came into freshwater habitats . The coelacanth is another lobe - finned fish that is a living fossil . It is thought to have evolved into roughly its current form about 408 million years ago , during the early Devonian , and has not essentially evolved further from its ancient form . In the Early Devonian ( 416 - 397 Ma ) , the lobe - finned fishes split into two main lineages -- the coelacanths and the rhipidistians . The former never left the oceans and their heyday was the Late Devonian and Carboniferous , from 385 to 299 Ma , as they were more common during those periods than in any other period in the Phanerozoic ; coelacanths still live today in the oceans ( genus Latimeria ) . The Rhipidistians , whose ancestors probably lived in estuaries , migrated into freshwater habitats . They in turn split into two major groups : the lungfish and the tetrapodomorphs . The lungfish 's greatest diversity was in the Triassic period ; today there are fewer than a dozen genera left . The lungfish evolved the first proto - lungs and proto - limbs ; developing the ability to live outside a water environment in the middle Devonian ( 397 - 385 Ma ) . The first tetrapodomorphs , which included the gigantic rhizodonts , had the same general anatomy as the lungfish , who were their closest kin , but they appear not to have left their water habitat until the late Devonian epoch ( 385 - 359 Ma ) , with the appearance of tetrapods ( four - legged vertebrates ) . Tetrapods are the only tetrapodomorphs that survived after the Devonian . Lobe - finned fishes continued until towards the end of Paleozoic era , suffering heavy losses during the Permian - Triassic extinction event ( 251 Ma ) . Ray - finned fishes ( edit ) Ray - finned fishes , class Actinopterygii , differ from lobe - finned fishes in that their fins consist of webs of skin supported by spines ( `` rays '' ) made of bone or horn . There are other differences in respiratory and circulatory structures . Ray - finned fishes normally have skeletons made from true bone , though this is not true of sturgeons and paddlefishes . Ray - finned fishes are the dominant vertebrate group , containing half of all known vertebrate species . They inhabit abyssal depths in the sea , coastal inlets and freshwater rivers and lakes , and are a major source of food for humans . Timeline ( edit ) Preceded by Proterozoic Eon Phanerozoic Eon Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era Cenozoic Era Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene 4ry Pre Devonian : origin of fish ( edit ) Cambrian Cambrian ( 541 -- 485 Ma ) : The beginning of the Cambrian was marked by the Cambrian explosion , the sudden appearance of nearly all of the invertebrate animal phyla ( molluscs , jellyfish , worms and arthropods , such as crustaceans ) in great abundance . The first vertebrates appeared in the form of primitive fish , which were subsequently greatly diversified in the Silurian and Devonian . Pikaia External video Pikaia gracilens animation The Burgess Shale Pikaia , along with Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys ercaicunensis immediately below , are all candidates in the fossil record for the titles of `` first vertebrate '' and `` first fish '' . Pikaia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma during the Cambrian explosion of multicellular life . Pikaia gracilens ( pictured ) is a transitional fossil between invertebrates and vertebrates , and may be the earliest known chordate . In this sense it may have been the original ancestor of fishes . It was a primitive creature with no evidence of eyes , without a well defined head , and less than 2 inches ( 5 centimetres ) long . Pikaia was a sideways - flattened , leaf - shaped animal that swam by throwing its body into a series of S - shaped , zig - zag curves , similar to movement of snakes . Fish inherited the same swimming movement , but they generally have stiffer backbones . It had a pair of large head tentacles and a series of short appendages , which may be linked to gill slits , on either side of its head . Pikaia shows the essential prerequisites for vertebrates . The flattened body is divided into pairs of segmented muscle blocks , seen as faint vertical lines . The muscles lie on either side of a flexible structure resembling a rod that runs from the tip of the head to the tip of the tail . Haikouichthys Haikouichthys ( fish from Haikou ) is another genus that also appears in the fossil record about 530 Ma , and also marks the transition from invertebrate to vertebrates . Haikouichthys are craniates ( animals with backbones and distinct heads ) . Unlike Pikaia , they had eyes . They also had a defined skull and other characteristics that have led paleontologists to label it a true craniate , and even to be popularly characterized as one of the earliest fishes . Cladistic analysis indicates that the animal is probably a basal chordate or a basal craniate ; but it does not possess sufficient features to be included uncontroversially even in either stem group . Myllokunmingia Myllokunmingia is a genus that appeared about 530 Ma . It is a chordate , and it has been argued that it is a vertebrate , It is 28 mm long and 6 mm high , and is among the oldest possible craniates . Conodont Conodonts ( cone - teeth ) resembled primitive eels . They appeared 495 Ma and were wiped out 200 Ma . Initially they were known only from tooth - like microfossils called conodont elements . These `` teeth '' have been variously interpreted as filter - feeding apparatuses or as a `` grasping and crushing array '' . Conodonts ranged in length from a centimeter to the 40 cm Promissum . Their large eyes had a lateral position of which makes a predatory role unlikely . The preserved musculature hints that some conodonts ( Promissum at least ) were efficient cruisers but incapable of bursts of speed . In 2012 researchers classify the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays , chevron - shaped muscles and notochord . Some researchers see them as vertebrates similar in appearance to modern hagfish and lampreys , though phylogenetic analysis suggests that they are more derived than either of these groups . Ostracoderms Ostracoderms ( shell - skinned ) are any of several groups of extinct , primitive , jawless fishes that were covered in an armour of bony plates . They appeared in the Cambrian , about 510 million years ago , and became extinct towards the end of the Devonian , about 377 million years ago . Initially Ostracoderms had poorly formed fins , and paired fins , or limbs , first evolved within this group . They were covered with a bony armour or scales and were often less than 30 cm ( 0.98 ft ) long . Ordov - ician Ordovician ( 485 -- 443 Ma ) : Fish , the world 's first true vertebrates , continued to evolve , and those with jaws ( Gnathostomata ) may have first appeared late in this period . Life had yet to diversify on land . Arandaspis Arandaspis are jawless fish that lived in the early Ordovician period , about 480 -- 470 Ma . It was about 15 cm ( 6 in ) long , with a streamlined body covered in rows of knobbly armoured scutes . The front of the body and the head were protected by hard plates with openings for the eyes , nostrils and gills . Although it was jawless , Arandaspis might have had some moveable plates in its mouth , serving as lips , sucking in food particles . The low position of its mouth suggests it foraged the ocean floor . It lacked fins and its only method of propulsion was its horizontally flattened tail . As a result , it probably swam in a fashion similar to a modern tadpole . Astraspis Astraspis ( star shield ) is an extinct genus of primitive jawless fish related to other Ordovician fishes , such as Sacabambaspis and Arandaspis . Fossils show clear evidence of a sensory structure ( lateral line system ) . The arrangement of these organs in regular lines allows the fish to detect the direction and distance from which a disturbance in the water is coming . Arandaspis are thought to have had a mobile tail covered with small protective plates and a head region covered with larger plates . A specimen described by Sansom et al. had relatively large , lateral eyes and a series of eight gill openings on each side . Pteraspidomorphi Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish . The fossils show extensive shielding of the head . Many had hypocercal tails to generate lift to increase ease of movement through the water for their armoured bodies , which were covered in dermal bone . They also had sucking mouth parts and some species may have lived in fresh water . Thelodonts Thelodonts ( nipple teeth ) are a class of small , extinct jawless fishes with distinctive scales instead of large plates of armour . There is debate over whether these represent a monophyletic grouping , or disparate stem groups to the major lines of jawless and jawed fish . Thelodonts are united by their characteristic `` thelodont scales '' . This defining character is not necessarily a result of shared ancestry , as it may have been evolved independently by different groups . Thus the thelodonts are generally thought to represent a polyphyletic group . If they are monophyletic , there is no firm evidence on what their ancestral state was . These scales were easily dispersed after death ; their small size and resilience makes them the most common vertebrate fossil of their time . The fish lived in both freshwater and marine environments , first appearing during the Ordovician , and perishing during the Frasnian -- Famennian extinction event of the Late Devonian . They were predominantly deposit - feeding bottom dwellers , although some species may have been pelagic . The Ordovician ended with the Ordovician -- Silurian extinction event ( 450 -- 440 Ma ) . Two events occurred that killed off 27 % of all families , 57 % of all genera and 60 % to 70 % of all species . Together they are ranked by many scientists as the second largest of the five major extinctions in Earth 's history in terms of percentage of genera that became extinct . Silurian Silurian ( 443 -- 419 Ma ) : Many evolutionary milestones occurred during this period , including the appearance of armoured jawless fish , jawed fish , spiny sharks and ray - finned fish . While it is traditional to refer to the Devonian as the age of fishes , recent findings have shown the Silurian was also a period of considerable diversification . Jawed fish developed movable jaws , adapted from the supports of the front two or three gill arches Anaspida Anaspida ( without shield ) is an extinct class of primitive jawless vertebrates that lived during the Silurian and Devonian periods . They are classically regarded as the ancestors of lampreys . Anaspids were small , primarily marine agnathans that lacked heavy bony shield and paired fins , but have highly exaggerated hypocercal tails . They first appeared in the early Silurian , and flourished until the Late Devonian extinction , where most species , save for lampreys , became extinct . Unusually for an agnathan , anaspids did not possess a bony shield or armour . The head is instead covered in an array of smaller , weakly mineralised scales . Osteostraci Osteostraci ( `` bony shields '' ) was a class of bony - armored jawless fish that lived from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian . Anatomically speaking , the osteostracans , especially the Devonian species , were among the most advanced of all known agnathans . This is due to the development of paired fins , and their complicated cranial anatomy . The osteostracans were more similar to lampreys than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear , as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates . Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield , but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced , thinner , and often micromeric dermal skeleton . They were probably relatively good swimmers , possessing dorsal fins , paired pectoral fins , and a strong tail . Spiny sharks Spiny sharks , more formally called `` Acanthodians '' ( having spines ) , constitute the class Acanthodii . They first appeared by the late Silurian ~ 420 Ma , and were among the first fishes to evolve jaws . They share features with both cartilaginous fish and bony fish , but they are not true sharks , though leading to them . They became extinct before the end of the Permian ~ 250 Ma . However , scales and teeth attributed to this group , as well as more derived jawed fish , such as cartilaginous and bony fish , date from the Ordovician ~ 460 Ma . Acanthodians were generally small shark - like fishes varying from toothless filter - feeders to toothed predators . They were once often classified as an order of the class Placodermi , but recent authorities tend to place the acanthodians as a paraphyletic assemblage leading to modern cartilaginous fish . They are distinguished in two respects : they were the earliest known jawed vertebrates , and they had stout spines supporting all their fins , fixed in place and non-movable ( like a shark 's dorsal fin ) , an important defensive adaptation . Their fossils are extremely rare . Placoderms Placoderms , ( plate - like skin ) , are a group of armoured jawed fishes , of the class Placodermi . The oldest fossils appeared during the late Silurian , and became extinct at the end of the Devonian . Recent studies suggest that the placoderms are possibly a paraphyletic group of basal jawed fishes , and the closest relatives of all living jawed vertebrates . Some placoderms were small , flattened bottom - dwellers , such as antiarchs . However many , particularly the arthrodires , were active midwater predators . Dunkleosteus , which appeared later in the Devonian below , was the largest and most famous of these . The upper jaw was firmly fused to the skull , but there was a hinge joint between the skull and the bony plating of the trunk region . This allowed the upper part of the head to be thrown back and , in arthrodires , allowed them to take larger bites . Guiyu oneiros Guiyu oneiros , the earliest known bony fish . It has the combination of both ray - finned and lobe - finned features , although analysis of the totality of its features place it closer to lobe - finned fish . Andreolepis The extinct genus Andreolepis includes the earliest known ray finned fish Andreolepis hedei , which appeared in the late Silurian , around 420 Ma . Devonian : Age of fishes ( edit ) Events of the Devonian Period view discuss edit - 420 -- -- - 415 -- -- - 410 -- -- - 405 -- -- - 400 -- -- - 395 -- -- - 390 -- -- - 385 -- -- - 380 -- -- - 375 -- -- - 370 -- -- - 365 -- -- - 360 -- -- - 355 -- l o z o i Silurian o n i n Carboniferous r l y i d d l Lochkovian Pragian Emsian Eifelian Givetian Frasnian Famennian ← Rhynie chert ← Hangenberg event ; last placoderms disappear ← Kellwasser event ( s ) ← first tetrapods ← most jawless fish disappear ← Hunsrück fauna Key events of the Devonian Period . Axis scale : millions of years ago . The Devonian Period is broken into the Early , Middle and Late Devonian . By the start of the Early Devonian 419 mya , jawed fishes had divided into four distinct clades : the placoderms and spiny sharks , both of which are now extinct , and the cartilaginous and bony fishes , both of which are still extant . The modern bony fishes , class Osteichthyes , appeared in the late Silurian or early Devonian , about 416 million years ago . Both the cartilaginous and bony fishes may have arisen from either the placoderms or the spiny sharks . A subclass of bony fishes , the ray - finned fishes ( Actinopterygii ) , have become the dominant group in the post-Paleozoic and modern world , with some 30,000 living species . Sea levels in the Devonian were generally high . Marine faunas were dominated by bryozoa , diverse and abundant brachiopods , the enigmatic hederelloids , microconchids and corals . Lily - like crinoids were abundant , and trilobites were still fairly common . Among vertebrates , jawless armoured fish ( ostracoderms ) declined in diversity , while the jawed fish ( gnathostomes ) simultaneously increased in both the sea and fresh water . Armoured placoderms were numerous during the lower stages of the Devonian Period but became extinct in the Late Devonian , perhaps because of competition for food against the other fish species . Early cartilaginous ( Chondrichthyes ) and bony fishes ( Osteichthyes ) also become diverse and played a large role within the Devonian seas . The first abundant genus of shark , Cladoselache , appeared in the oceans during the Devonian Period . The great diversity of fish around at the time have led to the Devonian being given the name `` The Age of Fish '' in popular culture . The first ray - finned and lobe - finned bony fish appeared in the Devonian , while the placoderms began dominating almost every known aquatic environment . However , another subclass of Osteichthyes , the Sarcopterygii , including lobe - finned fishes including coelacanths and lungfish ) and tetrapods , was the most diverse group of bony fishes in the Devonian . Sarcopterygians are basally characterized by internal nostrils , lobe fins containing a robust internal skeleton , and cosmoid scales . During the Middle Devonian 393 -- 383 Ma , the armoured jawless ostracoderm fishes were declining in diversity ; the jawed fish were thriving and increasing in diversity in both the oceans and freshwater . The shallow , warm , oxygen - depleted waters of Devonian inland lakes , surrounded by primitive plants , provided the environment necessary for certain early fish to develop essential characteristics such as well developed lungs and the ability to crawl out of the water and onto the land for short periods of time . Cartilaginous fishes , class Chondrichthyes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared by about 395 million years ago , in the middle Devonian During the Late Devonian the first forests were taking shape on land . The first tetrapods appear in the fossil record over a period , the beginning and end of which are marked with extinction events . This lasted until the end of the Devonian 359 mya . The ancestors of all tetrapods began adapting to walking on land , their strong pectoral and pelvic fins gradually evolved into legs ( see Tiktaalik ) . In the oceans , primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician . The first ammonite mollusks appeared . Trilobites , the mollusk - like brachiopods and the great coral reefs , were still common . The Late Devonian extinction occurred at the beginning of the last phase of the Devonian period , the Famennian faunal stage , ( the Frasnian - Famennian boundary ) , about 372.2 Ma . Many fossil agnathan fishes , save for the psammosteid heterostracans , make their last appearance shortly before this event . The Late Devonian extinction crisis primarily affected the marine community , and selectively affected shallow warm - water organisms rather than cool - water organisms . The most important group affected by this extinction event were the reef - builders of the great Devonian reef - systems . A second extinction pulse , the Hangenberg event closed the Devonian period and had a dramatic impact on vertebrate faunas . Placoderms mostly became extinct during this event , as did most members of other groups including lobe - finned fishes , acanthodians and early tetrapods in both marine and terrestrial habitats , leaving only a handful of survivors . This event has been related to glaciation in the temperate and polar zones as well as euxinia and anoxia in the seas . Devonian ( 419 -- 359 mya ) : The start of Devonian saw the first appearance of lobe - finned fish , precursors to the tetrapods ( animals with four limbs ) . Major groups of fish evolved during this period , often referred to as the age of fishes . See Category : Devonian fish . o n i n Early Devonian Early Devonian ( 419 -- 393 Ma ) : Psarolepis Psarolepis ( speckled scale ) is a genus of extinct lobe - finned fish that lived around 397 to 418 Ma . Fossils of Psarolepis have been found mainly in South China and described by paleontologist Xiaobo Yu in 1998 . It is not known for certain which group Psarolepis belongs , but paleontologists agree that it probably is a basal genus and seems to be close to the common ancestor of lobe - finned and ray - finned fishes . Holoptychius Holoptychius is an extinct genus from the order of porolepiform lobe - finned fish , extant from 416 to 359 Ma . It was a streamlined predator about 50 centimetres ( 20 in ) long ( though it could grow up to 2.5 m ) , which fed on other bony fish . Its rounded scales and body form indicate that it could have swum quickly through the water to catch prey . Similar to other rhipidistians , it had fang - like teeth on its palate in addition to smaller teeth on the jaws . Its asymmetrical tail sported a caudal fin on its lower end . To compensate for the downward push caused by this fin placement , Holoptychius 's pectoral fins were placed high on the body . Ptyctodontida The ptyctodontids ( beak - teeth ) are an extinct monotypic order of unarmored placoderms , containing only one family . They were extant from the start to the end of the Devonian . With their big heads , big eyes , and long bodies , the ptyctodontids bore a strong resemblance to modern day chimaeras ( Holocephali ) . Their armor was reduced to a pattern of small plates around the head and neck . Like the extinct and related acanthothoracids , and the living and unrelated holocephalians , most of the ptyctodontids are thought to have lived near the sea bottom and preyed on shellfish . Petalichthyida The Petalichthyida was an order of small , flattened placoderms that existed from the beginning of the Devonian to the Late Devonian . They were typified by splayed fins and numerous tubercles that decorated all of the plates and scales of their armour . They reached a peak in diversity during the Early Devonian and were found throughout the world . Because they had compressed body forms , it is supposed they were bottom - dwellers that chased after or ambushed smaller fish . Their diet is not clear , as none of the fossil specimens found have preserved mouth parts . Laccognathus Laccognathus ( pitted jaw ) was a genus of amphibious lobe - finned fish that existed 398 -- 360 Ma . They were characterized by the three large pits ( fossae ) on the external surface of the lower jaw , which may have had sensory functions . Laccognathus grew to 1 -- 2 metres ( 3 -- 7 ft ) in length . They had very short dorsoventrally flattened heads , less than one - fifth the length of the body . The skeleton was structured so large areas of skin were stretched over solid plates of bone . This bone was composed of particularly dense fibers -- so dense that exchange of oxygen through the skin was unlikely . Rather , the dense ossifications served to retain water inside the body as Laccognathus traveled on land between bodies of water . Middle Devonian Middle Devonian ( 393 -- 383 Ma ) : Cartilaginous fishes , consisting of sharks , rays and chimaeras , appeared about 395 Ma . Dipterus Dipterus ( two wings ) is an extinct genus of lungfish from 376 -- 361 Ma . It was about 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) long , mostly ate invertebrates , and had lungs , not an air bladder . Like its ancestor Dipnorhynchus it had tooth - like plates on its palate instead of real teeth . However , unlike its modern relatives , in which the dorsal , caudal , and anal fin are fused into one , its fins were still separated . Otherwise Dipterus closely resembled modern lungfish . Cheirolepis Cheirolepis ( hand fin ) was a genus of ray - finned fishes . It was among the most basal of the Devonian ray - finned fishes and is considered the first to possess the `` standard '' dermal cranial bones seen in later ray - finned fish . It was a predatory freshwater fish about 55 centimetres ( 22 in ) long , and based on the size of its eyes it hunted by sight . Cladoselache Cladoselache was the first abundant genus of primitive shark , appearing about 370 Ma . It grew to 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) long , with anatomical features similar to modern mackerel sharks . It had a streamlined body almost entirely devoid of scales , with five to seven gill slits and a short , rounded snout that had a terminal mouth opening at the front of the skull . It had a very weak jaw joint compared with modern - day sharks , but it compensated for that with very strong jaw - closing muscles . Its teeth were multi-cusped and smooth - edged , making them suitable for grasping , but not tearing or chewing . Cladoselache therefore probably seized prey by the tail and swallowed it whole . It had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin , with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior . This combination helped with its speed and agility , which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator , the heavily armoured 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus . Coccosteus Coccosteus ( seed bone ) is an extinct genus of arthrodire placoderm . The majority of fossils have been found in freshwater sediments , though they may have been able to enter saltwater . They grew up to 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long . Like all other arthrodires , Coccosteus had a joint between the armour of the body and skull . In addition , it also had an internal joint between its neck vertebrae and the back of the skull , allowing it to open its mouth even wider . Along with the longer jaws , this allowed Coccosteus to feed on fairly large prey . As with all other arthrodires , Coccosteus had bony dental plates embedded in its jaws , forming a beak . The beak was kept sharp by having the edges of the dental plates grind away at each other . Bothriolepis External video Bothriolepis -- Animal Planet Bothriolepis ( pitted scale ) was the most successful genus of antiarch placoderms , if not the most successful genus of any placoderm , with over 100 species spread across Middle to Late Devonian strata across every continent . Pituriaspida Pituriaspida ( hallucinogenic shield ) is a class containing two bizarre species of armoured jawless fishes with tremendous nose - like rostrums . They lived in estuaries around 390 Ma . The paleontologist Gavin Young , named the class after the hallucinogenic drug pituri , since he thought he might be hallucinating upon viewing the bizarre forms . The better studied species looked like a throwing - dart - like , with an elongate headshield and spear - like rostrum . The other species looked like a guitar pick with a tail , with a smaller and shorter rostrum and a more triangular headshield . Late Devonian extinction : 375 -- 360 Ma . A prolonged series of extinctions eliminated about 19 % of all families , 50 % of all genera and 70 % of all species . This extinction event lasted perhaps as long as 20 Ma , and there is evidence for a series of extinction pulses within this period . Late Devonian Late Devonian ( 383 -- 359 Ma ) : Dunkleosteus External video Dunkleosteus -- Animal Planet Dunkleosteus is a genus of arthrodire placoderms that existed from 380 to 360 Ma . It grew up to 10 metres ( 33 ft ) long and weighed up to 3.6 tonnes . It was a hypercarnivorous apex predator . Apart from its contemporary Titanichthys ( below ) , no other placoderm rivalled it in size . Instead of teeth , Dunkleosteus had two pairs of sharp bony plates , which formed a beak - like structure . Apart from megalodon , it had the most powerful bite of any fish , generating bite forces in the same league as Tyrannosaurus rex and the modern crocodile . Titanichthys Titanichthys is a genus of giant , aberrant marine placoderm that lived in shallow seas . Many of the species approached Dunkleosteus in size and build . Unlike its relative , however , the various species of Titanichys had small , ineffective - looking mouth - plates that lacked a sharp cutting edge . It is assumed that Titanichthys was a filter feeder that used its capacious mouth to swallow or inhale schools of small , anchovy - like fish , or possibly krill - like zooplankton , and that the mouth - plates retained the prey while allowing the water to escape as it closed its mouth . Materpiscis External video The mother fish -- Nature Materpiscis ( mother fish ) is a genus of ptyctodontid placoderm from about 380 Ma . Known from only one specimen , it is unique in having an unborn embryo present inside , and with remarkable preservation of a mineralised placental feeding structure ( umbilical cord ) . This makes Materpiscis the first known vertebrate to show viviparity , or giving birth to live young . The specimen was named Materpiscis attenboroughi in honour of David Attenborough . Hyneria Hyneria is a genus of predatory lobe - finned fish , about 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) long , that lived 360 million years ago . Rhizodonts Rhizodonts were an order of lobe - finned fish that survived to the end of the Carboniferous , 377 -- 310 Ma . They reached huge sizes . The largest known species , Rhizodus hibberti grew up to 7 metres in length , making it the largest freshwater fish known . Fish to tetrapods ( edit ) Further information : Tetrapod § Evolution , and List of transitional fossils § Fish to Tetrapods A cladogram of the evolution of tetrapods showing some of the best - known transitional fossils . It starts with Eusthenopteron at the bottom , indisputably still a fish , through Panderichthys , Tiktaalik , Acanthostega and Ichthyostega to Pederpes at the top , indisputably a tetrapod ( show ) From fins to limbs Illustration showing shows how much the hindlimb attachments in lobe - finned fishes need to change in transitioning from lobe - finned fishes ( A ) to early tetrapods ( B ) if the fish was to become a terrestrial animal . Comparison between the fins of lobe - finned fishes and the legs of early tetrapods : 1 . Tiktaalik 2 . Panderichthys 3 . Eusthenopteron 4 . Acanthostega 5 . Ichthyostega ( hindleg ) The first tetrapods are four - legged , air - breathing , terrestrial animals from which the land vertebrates descended , including humans . They evolved from lobe - finned fish of the clade Sarcopterygii , appearing in coastal water in the middle Devonian , and giving rise to the first amphibians . The group of lobe - finned fishes that were the ancestors of the tetrapod are grouped together as the Rhipidistia , and the first tetrapods evolved from these fish over the relatively short timespan 385 -- 360 Ma . The early tetrapod groups themselves are grouped as Labyrinthodontia . They retained aquatic , fry - like tadpoles , a system still seen in modern amphibians . From the 1950s to the early 1980s it was thought that tetrapods evolved from fish that had already acquired the ability to crawl on land , possibly so they could go from a pool that was drying out to one that was deeper . However , in 1987 , nearly complete fossils of Acanthostega from about 363 Ma showed that this Late Devonian transitional animal had legs and both lungs and gills , but could never have survived on land : its limbs and its wrist and ankle joints were too weak to bear its weight ; its ribs were too short to prevent its lungs from being squeezed flat by its weight ; its fish - like tail fin would have been damaged by dragging on the ground . The current hypothesis is that Acanthostega , which was about 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) long , was a wholly aquatic predator that hunted in shallow water . Its skeleton differed from that of most fish , in ways that enabled it to raise its head to breathe air while its body remained submerged , including : its jaws show modifications that would have enabled it to gulp air ; the bones at the back of its skull are locked together , providing strong attachment points for muscles that raised its head ; the head is not joined to the shoulder girdle and it has a distinct neck . Until the 1980s early transitional lobe - finned fishes , such as the Eusthenopteron shown here , were depicted as emerging onto land . Paleontologists now widely agree this did not happen , and they were strictly aquatic . External video Tetrapod Evolution Animal Planet 1 2 3 4 5 Evolution fish with fingers Transitional fossils -- YouTube The Devonian proliferation of land plants may help to explain why air - breathing would have been an advantage : leaves falling into streams and rivers would have encouraged the growth of aquatic vegetation ; this would have attracted grazing invertebrates and small fish that preyed on them ; they would have been attractive prey but the environment was unsuitable for the big marine predatory fish ; air - breathing would have been necessary because these waters would have been short of oxygen , since warm water holds less dissolved oxygen than cooler marine water and since the decomposition of vegetation would have used some of the oxygen . There are three major hypotheses as to how tetrapods evolved their stubby fins ( proto - limbs ) . The traditional explanation is the `` shrinking waterhole hypothesis '' or `` desert hypothesis '' posited by the American paleontologist Alfred Romer . He believed limbs and lungs may have evolved from the necessity of having to find new bodies of water as old waterholes dried up . The second hypothesis is the `` inter-tidal hypothesis '' put forward in 2010 by a team of Polish paleontologists led by Grzegorz Niedźwiedzki . They argued that sarcopterygians may have first emerged unto land from intertidal zones rather than inland bodies of water . Their hypothesis is based on the discovery of the 395 million - year - old Zachełmie tracks in Zachełmie , Poland , the oldest ever discovered fossil evidence of tetrapods . The third hypothesis , the `` woodland hypothesis '' , was proposed by the American paleontologist Gregory J. Retallack in 2011 . He argues that limbs may have developed in shallow bodies of water in woodlands as a means of navigating in environments filled with roots and vegetation . He based his conclusions on the evidence that transitional tetrapod fossils are consistently found in habitats that were formerly humid and wooded floodplains . Research by Jennifer A. Clack and her colleagues showed that the very earliest tetrapods , animals similar to Acanthostega , were wholly aquatic and quite unsuited to life on land . This is in contrast to the earlier view that fish had first invaded the land -- either in search of prey ( like modern mudskippers ) or to find water when the pond they lived in dried out -- and later evolved legs , lungs , etc . Two ideas about the homology of arms , hands and digits have existed in the past 130 years . First that digits are unique to tetrapods and second that antecedents were present in the fins of early sarcopterygian fish . Until recently it was believed that `` genetic and fossil data support the hypothesis that digits are evolutionary novelties '' . However new research that created a three - dimensional reconstruction of Panderichthys , a coastal fish from the Devonian period 385 million years ago , shows that these animals already had many of the homologous bones present in the forelimbs of limbed vertebrates . For example , they had radial bones similar to rudimentary fingers but positioned in the arm - like base of their fins . Thus there was in the evolution of tetrapods a shift such that the outermost part of the fins were lost and eventually replaced by early digits . This change is consistent with additional evidence from the study of actinopterygians , sharks and lungfish that the digits of tetrapods arose from pre-existing distal radials present in more primitive fish . Controversy still exists since Tiktaalik , a vertebrate often considered the missing link between fishes and land - living animals , had stubby leg - like limbs that lacked the finger - like radial bones found in the Panderichthys . The researchers of the paper commented that it `` is difficult to say whether this character distribution implies that Tiktaalik is autapomorphic , that Panderichthys and tetrapods are convergent , or that Panderichthys is closer to tetrapods than Tiktaalik . At any rate , it demonstrates that the fish -- tetrapod transition was accompanied by significant character incongruence in functionally important structures . '' . From the end of the Devonian to the Mid Carboniferous a 30 million year gap occurs in the fossil record . This gap , called Romer 's gap , is marked by the absence of ancestral tetrapod fossils and fossils of other vertebrates that look well - adapted for life on land . Transition from lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods ~ 385 Ma Eusthenopteron External video Eusthenopteron -- Animal Planet Genus of extinct lobe - finned fishes that has attained an iconic status from its close relationships to tetrapods . Early depictions of this animal show it emerging onto land , however paleontologists now widely agree that it was a strictly aquatic animal . The genus Eusthenopteron is known from several species that lived during the Late Devonian period , about 385 Ma . It was the object of intense study from the 1940s to the 1990s by the paleoichthyologist Erik Jarvik . Gogonasus Gogonasus ( snout from Gogo ) was a lobe - finned fish known from 3 - dimensionally preserved 380 million - year - old fossils found in the Gogo Formation . It was a small fish reaching 30 -- 40 cm ( 0.98 -- 1.31 ft ) in length . Its skeleton shows several tetrapod - like features . They included the structure of its middle ear , and its fins show the precursors of the forearm bones , the radius and ulna . Researchers believe it used its forearm - like fins to dart out of the reef to catch prey . Gogonasus was first described in 1985 by John A. Long . For almost 100 years Eusthenopteron has been the role model for demonstrating stages in the evolution of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods . Gogonasus now replaces Eusthenopteron in being a better preserved representative without any ambiguity in interpreting its anatomy . ~ 385 Ma Panderichthys Adapted to muddy shallows , and capable of some kind of shallow water or terrestrial body flexion locomotion . Had the ability to prop itself up . They had large tetrapod - like heads , and are thought to be the most crownward stem fish - tetrapod with paired fins . ~ 375 Ma Tiktaalik A fish with limb - like fins that could take it onto land . It is an example from several lines of ancient sarcopterygian fish developing adaptations to the oxygen - poor shallow - water habitats of its time , which led to the evolution of tetrapods . Paleontologists suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates ( fish ) such as Panderichthys , known from fossils 380 million years old , and early tetrapods such as Acanthostega and Ichthyostega , known from fossils about 365 million years old . Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers , Neil Shubin , to characterize Tiktaalik as a `` fishapod '' . 365 Ma Acanthostega A fish - like early labyrinthodont that occupied swamps and changed views about the early evolution of tetrapods . It had eight digits on each hand ( the number of digits on the feet is unclear ) linked by webbing , it lacked wrists , and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land . Subsequent discoveries revealed earlier transitional forms between Acanthostega and completely fish - like animals . 374 -- 359 Ma Ichthyostega External video Ichthyostega -- Animal Planet Pierce et al. Vertebral Architecture 1 2 3 4 5 -- YouTube Until finds of other early tetrapods and closely related fishes in the late 20th century , Ichthyostega stood alone as the transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods , combining a fishlike tail and gills with an amphibian skull and limbs . It possessed lungs and limbs with seven digits that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps . 359 -- 345 Ma Pederpes Pederpes is the earliest known fully terrestrial tetrapod . It is included here to complete the transition of lobe - finned fishes to tetrapods , even though Pederpes is no longer a fish . By the late Devonian , land plants had stabilized freshwater habitats , allowing the first wetland ecosystems to develop , with increasingly complex food webs that afforded new opportunities . Freshwater habitats were not the only places to find water filled with organic matter and choked with plants with dense vegetation near the water 's edge . Swampy habitats like shallow wetlands , coastal lagoons and large brackish river deltas also existed at this time , and there is much to suggest that this is the kind of environment in which the tetrapods evolved . Early fossil tetrapods have been found in marine sediments , and because fossils of primitive tetrapods in general are found scattered all around the world , they must have spread by following the coastal lines -- they could not have lived in freshwater only . Fossil Illuminates Evolution of Limbs from Fins Scientific American , 2 2 April 2004 . Post Devonian ( edit ) The Mesozoic Era began about 250 million years ago in the wake of the Permian - Triassic event , the largest mass extinction in Earth 's history , and ended about 66 million years ago with the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event , another mass extinction that killed off non-avian dinosaurs , as well as other plant and animal species . It is often referred to as the Age of Reptiles because reptiles were the dominant vertebrates of the time . The Mesozoic witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses . The climate alternated between warming and cooling periods ; overall the Earth was hotter than it is today . Carbon - iferous Carboniferous ( 359 -- 299 Ma ) : Sharks underwent a major evolutionary radiation during the Carboniferous . It is believed that this evolutionary radiation occurred because the decline of the placoderms at the end of the Devonian period caused many environmental niches to become unoccupied and allowed new organisms to evolve and fill these niches . Coastal seas during the Carboniferous c. 300 Ma The first 15 million years of the Carboniferous has very few terrestrial fossils . This gap in the fossil record , is called Romer 's gap after the American palaentologist Alfred Romer . While it has long been debated whether the gap is a result of fossilisation or relates to an actual event , recent work indicates the gap period saw a drop in atmospheric oxygen levels , indicating some sort of ecological collapse . The gap saw the demise of the Devonian fish - like ichthyostegalian labyrinthodonts , and the rise of the more advanced temnospondyl and reptiliomorphan amphibians that so typify the Carboniferous terrestrial vertebrate fauna . The Carboniferous seas were inhabited by many fish , mainly Elasmobranchs ( sharks and their relatives ) . These included some , like Psammodus , with crushing pavement - like teeth adapted for grinding the shells of brachiopods , crustaceans , and other marine organisms . Other sharks had piercing teeth , such as the Symmoriida ; some , the petalodonts , had peculiar cycloid cutting teeth . Most of the sharks were marine , but the Xenacanthida invaded fresh waters of the coal swamps . Among the bony fish , the Palaeonisciformes found in coastal waters also appear to have migrated to rivers . Sarcopterygian fish were also prominent , and one group , the Rhizodonts , reached very large size . Most species of Carboniferous marine fish have been described largely from teeth , fin spines and dermal ossicles , with smaller freshwater fish preserved whole . Freshwater fish were abundant , and include the genera Ctenodus , Uronemus , Acanthodes , Cheirodus , and Gyracanthus . Stethacanthidae As a result of the evolutionary radiation , carboniferous sharks assumed a wide variety of bizarre shapes -- including sharks of the family Stethacanthidae , which possessed a flat brush - like dorsal fin with a patch of denticles on its top . Stethacanthus ' unusual fin may have been used in mating rituals . Apart from the fins , Stethacanthidae resembled Falcatus ( below ) . Falcatus Falcatus is a genus of small cladodont - toothed sharks that lived 335 -- 318 Ma . They were about 25 -- 30 cm ( 10 -- 12 in ) long . They are characterised by the prominent fin spines that curved anteriorly over their heads . Orodus Orodus is another shark of the Carboniferous , a genus from the family Orodontidae that lived into the early Permian from 303 to 295 Ma . It grew to 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) in length . Permian Permian ( 298 -- 252 Ma ) : Acanthodes Acanthodes are an extinct genus of spiny shark . It had gills but no teeth , and was presumably a filter feeder . Acanthodes had only two skull bones and were covered in cubical scales . Each paired pectoral and pelvic fins had one spine , as did the single anal and dorsal fins , giving it a total of six spines , less than half that of many other spiny sharks . Acanthodians share qualities of both bony fish ( osteichthyes ) and cartilaginous fish ( chondrichthyes ) , and it has been suggested that they may have been stem chondrichthyans and stem gnathostomes . The Permian ended with the most extensive extinction event recorded in paleontology : the Permian - Triassic extinction event . 90 % to 95 % of marine species became extinct , as well as 70 % of all land organisms . It is also the only known mass extinction of insects . Recovery from the Permian - Triassic extinction event was protracted ; land ecosystems took 30M years to recover , and marine ecosystems took even longer . Triassic Triassic ( 252 -- 201 Ma ) : The fish fauna of the Triassic was remarkably uniform , reflecting the fact that very few families survived the Permian extinction . A considerable radiation of ray - finned fishes occurred during the Triassic , laying the foundation for many modern fishes . See Category : Triassic fish . Perleidus Perleidus was a ray - finned fish from the Early Triassic . About 15 centimetres ( 5.9 in ) in length , it was a freshwater predatory fish with jaws that hung vertically under the braincase , allowing them to open wide . Perleidus had highly flexible dorsal and anal fins , with a reduced number of fin rays , which would have made the fish more agile in the water . Pachycormiformes Pachycormiformes are an extinct order of ray - finned fish that existed from the Middle Triassic to the K - Pg extinction ( below ) . They were characterized by serrated pectoral fins , reduced pelvic fins and a bony rostrum . Their relations with other fish are unclear . Pholidophorus Pholidophorus was an extinct genus of teleost , around 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long , from about 240 -- 140 Ma . Although not closely related to the modern herring , it was somewhat like them . It had a single dorsal fin , a symmetrical tail , and an anal fin placed towards the rear of the body . It had large eyes and was probably a fast swimming predator , hunting planktonic crustaceans and smaller fish . A very early teleost , Pholidophoris had many primitive characteristics such as ganoid scales and a spine that was partially composed of cartilage , rather than bone . The Triassic ended with the Triassic -- Jurassic extinction event . About 23 % of all families , 48 % of all genera ( 20 % of marine families and 55 % of marine genera ) and 70 % to 75 % of all species became extinct . Non-dinosaurian archosaurs continued to dominate aquatic environments , while non-archosaurian diapsids continued to dominate marine environments . Jurassic Jurassic ( 201 -- 145 Ma ) : During the Jurassic period , the primary vertebrates living in the seas were fish and marine reptiles . The latter include ichthyosaurs who were at the peak of their diversity , plesiosaurs , pliosaurs , and marine crocodiles of the families Teleosauridae and Metriorhynchidae . Numerous turtles could be found in lakes and rivers . See Category : Jurassic fish . Leedsichthys Along with its close pachycormid relatives Bonnerichthys and Rhinconichthys , Leedsichthys is part of a lineage of large - sized filter - feeders that swam the Mesozoic seas for over 100 million years , from the middle Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous period . Pachycormids might represent an early branch of Teleostei , the group most modern bony fishes belong to ; in that case Leedsichthys is the largest known teleost fish . In 2003 , a fossil specimen 22 meters ( 72 feet ) long was unearthed . Ichthyodectidae This fossil Ichthyodectidae from the Lower Jurassic is one of the best conserved fossil fishes worldwide The family Ichthyodectidae ( literally `` fish - biters '' ) was a family of marine actinopterygian fish . They first appeared 156 Ma during the Late Jurassic and disappeared during the K - Pg extinction event 66 Ma . They were most diverse throughout the Cretaceous period . Sometimes classified in the primitive bony fish order Pachycormiformes , they are today generally regarded as members of the `` bulldog fish '' order Ichthyodectiformes in the far more advanced Osteoglossomorpha . Most ichthyodectids ranged between 1 and 5 meters ( 3.3 and 16.4 ft ) in length . All known taxa were predators , feeding on smaller fish ; in several cases , larger Ichthyodectidae preyed on smaller members of the family . Some species had remarkably large teeth , though others , such as Gillicus arcuatus , had small ones and sucked in their prey . The largest Xiphactinus was 20 feet long , and appeared in the Late Cretaceous ( below ) . Cret - aceous Cretaceous ( 145 -- 66 Ma ) : See Category : Cretaceous fish . Sturgeon True sturgeons appear in the fossil record during the Upper Cretaceous . Since that time , sturgeons have undergone remarkably little morphological change , indicating their evolution has been exceptionally slow and earning them informal status as living fossils . This is explained in part by the long generation interval , tolerance for wide ranges of temperature and salinity , lack of predators due to size , and the abundance of prey items in the benthic environment . Cretoxyrhina Cretoxyrhina mantelli was a large shark that lived about 100 to 82 million years ago , during the mid Cretaceous period . It is commonly known as the Ginsu Shark . This shark was first identified by a famous Swiss Naturalist , Louis Agassiz in 1843 , as Cretoxyhrina mantelli . However , the most complete specimen of this shark was discovered in 1890 , by the fossil hunter Charles H. Sternberg , who published his findings in 1907 . The specimen consisted of a nearly complete associated vertebral column and over 250 associated teeth . This kind of exceptional preservation of fossil sharks is rare because a shark 's skeleton is made of cartilage , which is not prone to fossilization . Charles dubbed the specimen Oxyrhina mantelli . This specimen represented a 20 - foot - long ( 6.1 m ) shark . Enchodus Enchodus is an extinct genus of bony fish . It flourished during the Upper Cretaceous and was small to medium in size . One of the genus ' most notable attributes are the large `` fangs '' at the front of the upper and lower jaws and on the palatine bones , leading to its misleading nickname among fossil hunters and paleoichthyologists , `` the saber - toothed herring '' . These fangs , along with a long sleek body and large eyes , suggest Enchodus was a predatory species . Xiphactinus External video Xiphactinus -- YouTube Xiphactinus is an extinct genus of large predatory marine bony fish of the Late Cretaceous . They grew more than 4.5 metres ( 15 feet ) long . Ptychodus Ptychodus is a genus of extinct hybodontiform shark that lived from the late Cretaceous to the Paleogene . Ptychodus mortoni ( pictured ) was about 32 feet ( 9.8 metres ) long and was unearthed in Kansas , United States . The end of the Cretaceous was marked by the Cretaceous -- Paleogene extinction event ( K - Pg extinction ) . There are substantial fossil records of jawed fishes across the K -- T boundary , which provides good evidence of extinction patterns of these classes of marine vertebrates . Within cartilaginous fish , approximately 80 % of the sharks , rays , and skates families survived the extinction event , and more than 90 % of teleost fish ( bony fish ) families survived . There is evidence of a mass kill of bony fishes at a fossil site immediately above the K -- T boundary layer on Seymour Island near Antarctica , apparently precipitated by the K -- Pg extinction event . However , the marine and freshwater environments of fishes mitigated environmental effects of the extinction event , and evidence shows that there was a major increase in size and abundance of teleosts immediately after the extinction , apparently due to the elimination of their ammonite competitors ( there was no similar change in shark populations across the boundary ) . Cenozoic Era Cenozoic Era ( 66 Ma to present ) : The current era has seen great diversification of bony fishes . Over half of all living vertebrate species ( about 32,000 species ) are fishes ( non-tetrapod craniates ) , a diverse set of lineages that inhabit all the world 's aquatic ecosystems , from snow minnows ( Cypriniformes ) in Himalayan lakes at elevations over 4,600 metres ( 15,100 feet ) to flatfishes ( order Pleuronectiformes ) in the Challenger Deep , the deepest ocean trench at about 11,000 metres ( 36,000 feet ) . Fishes of myriad varieties are the main predators in most of the world 's water bodies , both freshwater and marine . Amphistium Amphistium is a 50 - million - year - old fossil fish that has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish , and as a transitional fossil . In a typical modern flatfish , the head is asymmetric with both eyes on one side of the head . In Amphistium , the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete , with one eye placed near the top of the head . Megalodon External video Megalodon Giant Shark -- National Geographic ( full documentary ) Megalodon battle History Channel The Nightmarish Megalodon Discovery Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma . It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark , but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres ( 67 ft ) . Found in all oceans it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history , and probably had a profound impact on marine life . Prehistoric fish ( edit ) See also : Lists of prehistoric fish External video Fossil Fishes American Museum of Natural History Prehistoric fish are early fish that are known only from fossil records . They are the earliest known vertebrates , and include the first and extinct fish that lived through the Cambrian to the Tertiary . The study of prehistoric fish is called paleoichthyology . A few living forms , such as the coelacanth are also referred to as prehistoric fish , or even living fossils , due to their current rarity and similarity to extinct forms . Fish that have become recently extinct are not usually referred to as prehistoric fish . Living fossils ( edit ) The jawless hagfish is a living fossil that essentially has not changed for 300 million years . Bony fishes Arowana and Arapaima Bowfin Coelacanth Gar Queensland lungfish Sturgeons and paddlefish Bichir Polypterus retropinnis Sharks Blind shark Bullhead shark Elephant shark Frilled shark Goblin shark Gulper shark Jawless fishes Hagfish Northern brook lamprey Eels Protoanguilla palau The coelacanth was thought to have gone extinct 66 million years ago , until a living specimen belonging to the order was discovered in 1938 Fossil sites ( edit ) Miguasha National Park : outcrop of Devonian beds rich in fossil fish See also : List of fossil sites Some fossil sites that have produced notable fish fossils Abbey Wood SSSI Bracklesham Beds Bear Gulch Limestone Burgess Shale Canowindra Crato Formation Dura Den Feltville Formation Fossil Butte National Monument Fur Formation Gogo Formation Green 's Creek Green River Formation Kakwa Provincial Park Land Grove Quarry Maotianshan Shales Matanuska Formation McAbee Fossil Beds Miguasha National Park MoClay Monte Bolca Mount Ritchie Orcadian Basin Portishead Pier to Black Nore SSSI Santana Formation Southerham Grey Pit Thanet Formation Towaco Formation Weydale Zhoukoudian Fossil collections ( edit ) Part of a series on Paleontology Fossils ( show ) Fossilization Trace fossil Index fossil List of fossils List of fossil sites Lagerstätte fossil beds List of transitional fossils List of human evolution fossils Natural history ( show ) Biogeography Extinction event Geochronology Geologic time scale Geologic record History of life Origin of life Timeline of evolution Transitional fossil Organs and processes ( show ) Avian flight Cells Multicells Eyes Flagella Hair Mammalian auditory ossicles Mosaic evolution Nervous systems Sex Evolution of various taxa ( show ) Birds Butterflies Cephalopods Cetaceans Dinosaurs Fishes Fungi Humans Insects Mammals Molluscs Plants Reptiles Sea cows Spiders Tetrapods Evolution ( show ) Introduction to evolution Common descent Phylogeny Cladistics Biological classification History of paleontology ( show ) History of paleontology Timeline of paleontology Branches of paleontology ( show ) Biostratigraphy Ichnology Invertebrate paleontology Micropaleontology Molecular paleontology Palaeoxylology Paleobiology Paleobotany Paleoecology Paleogenetics Paleolimnology Paleopedology Paleotempestology Paleozoology Palynology Sclerochronology Taphonomy Vertebrate paleontology Paleontology Portal Category Some notable fossil fish collections . Fossil fish collection Natural History Museum , Britain . Collection and expertise Museum für Naturkunde , Germany . Fossil fishes The Field Museum , United States . Paleoichthyologists ( edit ) Paleoichthyology is the scientific study of the prehistoric life of fish . Listed below are some researchers who have made notable contributions to paleoichthyology . Louis Agassiz Mary Anning Michael Benton Derek Briggs Hans C. Bjerring John Samuel Budgett Frederick Chapman Jenny Clack Ted Daeschler Bashford Dean Robert Dick Philip Grey Egerton Edwin Sherbon Hills Jeffrey A. Hutchings Thomas Henry Huxley Johan Aschehoug Kiær Philippe Janvier Erik Jarvik George V. Lauder John A. Long Hugh Miller Charles Moore Paul E. Olsen Heinz Christian Pander Elizabeth Philpot Jean Piveteau Colin Patterson Alfred Romer Ira Rubinoff Neil Shubin Franz Steindachner Erik Stensiö Ramsay Heatley Traquair Thomas Stanley Westoll Tiberius Cornelis Winkler Arthur Smith Woodward See also ( edit ) Evolutionary biology portal Fish portal Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution in fish Evolution of paired fins Ichthyolith List of years in paleontology Old Red Sandstone Parodies of the ichthys symbol Prehistoric life Walking fish - fish with tetrapod - like features Vertebrate paleontology References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lecointre & Le Guyader 2007 Jump up ^ Benton , M.J. ( 2005 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology John Wiley , 3rd edition , page 14 . ISBN 9781405144490 . Jump up ^ Romer 1970 . ^ Jump up to : Dawkins 2004 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Gewin , V ( 2005 ) . `` Functional genomics thickens the biological plot '' . PLOS Biology . 3 ( 6 ) : e219 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0030219 . PMC 1149496 . 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Jump up ^ Fossils ( Smithsonian Handbooks ) by David Ward ( Page 200 ) Jump up ^ The paleobioloy Database Ptychodus entry accessed on 8 / 23 / 09 Jump up ^ `` BBC - Earth News - Giant predatory shark fossil unearthed in Kansas '' Jump up ^ MacLeod , N , Rawson , PF , Forey , PL , Banner , FT , Boudagher - Fadel , MK , Bown , PR , Burnett , JA , Chambers , P , Culver , S , Evans , SE , Jeffery , C , Kaminski , MA , Lord , AR , Milner , AC , Milner , AR , Morris , N , Owen , E , Rosen , BR , Smith , AB , Taylor , PD , Urquhart , E & Young , JR ( 1997 ) . `` The Cretaceous -- Tertiary biotic transition '' . Journal of the Geological Society . 154 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 292 . doi : 10.1144 / gsjgs. 154.2. 0265 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Patterson , C ( 1993 ) . Osteichthyes : Teleostei . In : The Fossil Record 2 ( Benton , MJ , editor ) . Springer . pp. 621 -- 656 . ISBN 0 - 412 - 39380 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zinsmeister WJ ( 1 May 1998 ) . `` Discovery of fish mortality horizon at the K -- T boundary on Seymour Island : Re-evaluation of events at the end of the Cretaceous '' . Journal of Paleontology. 72 ( 3 ) : 556 -- 571 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Robertson DS , McKenna MC , Toon OB , Hope S , Lillegraven JA ( 2004 ) . `` Survival in the first hours of the Cenozoic '' ( PDF ) . GSA Bulletin . 116 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 760 -- 768 . Bibcode : 2004GSAB ... 116 ... 760R . doi : 10.1130 / B25402. 1 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Sibert , E.C. ; Norris , R.D. ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) . `` New Age of Fishes initiated by the Cretaceous − Paleogene mass extinction '' . PNAS. 112 : 201504985 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1504985112 . PMC 4507219 . Jump up ^ `` Odd Fish Find Contradicts Intelligent - Design Argument '' . National Geographic . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Matt Friedman ( 2008 - 07 - 10 ) . `` The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry '' . Nature . 454 ( 7201 ) : 209 -- 212 . Bibcode : 2008Natur. 454 ... 209F . doi : 10.1038 / nature07108 . PMID 18615083 . ^ Jump up to : Wroe , S. ; Huber , D.R. ; Lowry , M. ; McHenry , C. ; Moreno , K. ; Clausen , P. ; Ferrara , T.L. ; Cunningham , E. ; Dean , M.N. ; Summers , A.P. ( 2008 ) . `` Three - dimensional computer analysis of white shark jaw mechanics : how hard can a great white bite ? '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Zoology. 276 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 342 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.2008. 00494. x . Jump up ^ Pimiento , Catalina ; Dana J. Ehret ; Bruce J. MacFadden ; Gordon Hubbell ( May 10 , 2010 ) . Stepanova , Anna , ed . `` Ancient Nursery Area for the Extinct Giant Shark Megalodon from the Miocene of Panama '' . PLoS ONE . Panama : PLoS.org. 5 ( 5 ) : e10552 . Bibcode : 2010PLoSO ... 510552P . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0010552 . PMC 2866656 . PMID 20479893 . Retrieved 12 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Olivier ; Giovanni Bianucci ; Klaas Post ; Christian de Muizon ; Rodolfo Salas - Gismondi ; Mario Urbina ; Jelle Reumer ( 1 July 2010 ) . `` The giant bite of a new raptorial sperm whale from the Miocene epoch of Peru '' . Nature . Peru . 466 ( 7302 ) : 105 -- 108 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 466 ... 105L . doi : 10.1038 / nature09067 . PMID 20596020 . Jump up ^ Myxini - University of California Museum of Paleontology Bibliography ( edit ) Ahlberg , Per Erik ( 2001 ) . Major events in early vertebrate evolution : palaeontology , phylogeny , genetics , and development . Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23370 - 4 . Benton , Michael J ( 2005 ) : Vertebrate Palaeontology Benton , Michael ( 2009 ) Vertebrate Palaeontology Edition 3 , John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781405144490 . Berg , Linda R. ; Eldra Pearl Solomon ; Diana W. Martin ( 2004 ) . Biology . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 534 - 49276 - 2 . Haines , Tim ; Chambers , Paul ( 2005 ) . `` The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life '' . Firefly Books . Cloudsley - Thompson , J.L. ( 2005 ) . Ecology and behaviour of Mesozoic reptiles. 9783540224211 : Springer . Dawkins , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Ancestor 's Tale : A Pilgrimage to the Dawn of Life . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 00583 - 8 . Donoghue , P.C. , P.L. Forey & R.J. Aldridge ( 2000 ) . `` Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny '' . Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society . 75 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 251 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 185X. 1999. tb00045. x . PMID 10881388 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1954 ) . Encyclopædia Britannica : A new survey of universal knowledge . 17 . Forey , Peter L ( 1998 ) History of the Coelacanth Fishes . London : Chapman & Hall . Hall , Brian Keith ; Hanken , James ( 1993 ) . The Skull . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31568 - 1 . Helfman G , Collette BB , Facey DH and Bowen BW ( 2009 ) The Diversity of Fishes : Biology , Evolution , and Ecology Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2494 - 2 Janvier , Philippe ( 2003 ) . Early Vertebrates . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 852646 - 9 . Lecointre , G ; Le Guyader , H ( 2007 ) . `` The Tree of Life : A Phylogenetic Classification '' . Harvard University Press Reference Library . Long , John A . The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 Nelson , Joseph S. ( 2006 ) . Fishes of the World . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25031 - 7 . Palmer , D. , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals . London : Marshall Editions . p. 26 . ISBN 1 - 84028 - 152 - 9 . Palmer , D. ( 2000 ) . `` The Atlas of the Prehistoric World '' . Philadelphia : Marshall Publishing Ltd . Patterson , Colin ( 1987 ) . Molecules and morphology in evolution : conflict or compromise ? . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 32271 - 5 . Sarjeant , William Antony S. ; L.B. Halstead ( 1995 ) . Vertebrate fossils and the evolution of scientific concepts : writings in tribute to Beverly Halstead . ISBN 978 - 2 - 88124 - 996 - 9 . Romer , AS ( 1970 ) . `` The Vertebrate Body '' ( 4 ed . ) . London : W.B. Saunders . Turner , S. ( 1999 ) . `` Early Silurian to Early Devonian thelodont assemblages and their possible ecological significance '' . In A.J. Boucot ; J. Lawson . Palaeocommunities , International Geological Correlation Programme 53 , Project Ecostratigraphy , Final Report . Cambridge University Press . Further reading ( edit ) External video Feeding Mechanism of Conodonts -- YouTube Chordate evolution -- YouTube Benton MJ ( 1998 ) `` The quality of the fossil record of the vertebrates '' Pages 269 -- 303 in Donovan , SK and Paul CRC ( eds ) , The adequacy of the fossil record . Wiley . ISBN 9780471969884 . Cloutier R ( 2010 ) . `` The fossil record of fish ontogenies : Insights into developmental patterns and processes '' ( PDF ) . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 21 ( 4 ) : 400 -- 413 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2009.11. 004 . Janvier , Philippe ( 1998 ) Early Vertebrates , Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 854047 - 7 Long , John A. ( 1996 ) The Rise of Fishes : 500 Million Years of Evolution Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5438 - 5 McKenzie DJ , Farrell AP and Brauner CJ ( 2011 ) Fish Physiology : Primitive Fishes Academic Press . ISBN 9780080549521 . Maisey JG ( 1996 ) Discovering fossil fishes Holt . ISBN 9780805043662 . Near , T.J. ; Dornburg , A. ; Eytan , R.I. ; Keck , B.P. ; Smith , W.L. ; Kuhn , K.L. ; Moore , J.A. ; Price , S.A. ; Burbrink , F.T. ; Friedman , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny - rayed fishes '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 ( 31 ) : 12738 -- 12743 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1304661110 . PMC 3732986 . PMID 23858462 . Shubin , Neil ( 2009 ) Your inner fish : A journey into the 3.5 - billion - year history of the human body Vintage Books . ISBN 9780307277459 . Introduction to the Vertebrates Museum of Palaeontology , University of California . External links ( edit ) Fossil Fish Origins of Fish Overview of evolution -- Carl Sagan The Origin of Vertebrates Marc W. Kirschner , iBioSeminars . 150 Million Years of Fish Evolution in One Handy Figure ScientificAmerican , 29 August 2013 . Fish About fish Diversity Ethnoichthyology Evolution Diseases and parasites Fisheries Fishing Fish as food Fear of fish FishBase Fish kill Hypoxia in fish Ichthyology Anatomy and physiology Fish anatomy Fish physiology Age determination Anguilliformity Bone dermal intramembranous ossification Cleithrum Chromatophore Fins dorsal fin Gill branchial arch gill raker gill slit pharyngeal arch pharyngeal slit pseudobranch Glossohyal Jaw hyomandibula pharyngeal jaw Leydig 's organ Mauthner cell Meristics Operculum papillare Papilla Photophore Root effect Shark cartilage Scales ganoine Spiral valve Suckermouth Swim bladder physoclisti physostome Teeth pharyngeal teeth shark teeth Teleost leptins Digital Library Sensory systems Sensory systems in fish Ampullae of Lorenzini Barbel Hydrodynamic reception Electrocommunication Electroreception Jamming avoidance response Lateral line Otolith Passive electrolocation Capacity for pain Schreckstoff Surface wave detection Vision Weberian apparatus Reproduction Fish reproduction Bubble nest Clasper Egg case Fish development Ichthyoplankton Juvenile fish Life history theory Milt Mouthbrooder Polyandry in fish Pregnancy Roe Sequential hermaphroditism Spawning triggers Locomotion Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Amphibious fish Walking fish Flying fish Undulatory locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water RoboTuna Other behaviour Aquatic predation Aquatic respiration Bait ball Bottom feeders Cleaner fish Corallivory Diel vertical migration Electric fish Filter feeders Forage fish Migrating fish Paedophagy Predatory fish Salmon run Sardine run Scale eaters Schooling fish Sleep in fish Venomous fish Fish intelligence By habitat Cave Coastal Coldwater Coral reef Deep sea Demersal Euryhaline Freshwater Groundfish Pelagic Tropical Other types Bait Coarse Diversity Game Genetically modified Hallucinogenic Oily Poisonous Rough Whitefish Commercial Fish farming Carp Salmonids Tilapia Wild fisheries Predatory fish billfish mackerel salmon tuna Forage fish anchovy herring sardine sprats Demersal fish cod flatfish pollock Major groups Jawless fish hagfish lampreys Cartilaginous fish chimaeras sharks rays Bony fish spiny - finned fleshy - finned Lists Aquarium life Blind fish Fish common names Fish families Fish on stamps Glossary of ichthyology Large fish Threatened rays sharks Prehistoric fish more lists ... Category Portal WikiProject ( hide ) Evolution of fish Forerunners Cephalochordate † Pikaia † Cathaymyrus Lancelet Olfactores † Haikouella Tunicate † Myllokunmingiidae ? † Zhongxiniscus ? Jawless fish Cyclostomata Hagfish Hyperoartia † Haikouichthys Lamprey † Conodonts † Protoconodonta ? † Paraconodontida † Prioniodontida † Promissum † Ostracoderms † Pteraspidomorphi † Thelodonti † Anaspida † Cephalaspidomorphi † Galeaspida † Pituriaspida † Osteostraci Jawed fish † Placoderms † Antiarchi † Arthrodira † Brindabellaspida † Petalichthyida † Phyllolepida † Ptyctodontida † Rhenanida † Acanthothoraci † † Pseudopetalichthyida ? † Stensioellida ? † Spiny sharks † Climatiiformes † Ischnacanthiformes Cartilaginous Elasmobranchii Holocephali Bony Lobe - finned † Onychodontida Actinistia Coelacanth Dipnomorpha † Porolepiformes Lungfish Tetrapodomorpha Ray - finned Cladistii Chondrostei Neopterygii † Semionotiformes Holostei Teleostei Lists Lists of prehistoric fish spiny sharks placoderms cartilaginous bony lobe - finned List of transitional fossils Related Prehistoric life Transitional fossils Vertebrate paleontology † extinct Evolutionary biology Evolutionary history of life Index of evolutionary biology articles Introduction Outline of evolution Timeline of evolution Evolution Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Cladistics Coevolution Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of common descent Extinction Event Gene - centered view Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Prehistoric Autopsy Speciation Taxonomy Population genetics Biodiversity Gene flow Genetic drift Mutation Natural selection Variation Development Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity Of taxa Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses influenza Of organs Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain Of processes Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation / sexes Life cycles / nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex - determination Snake venom Tempo and modes Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism Micromutation / Macromutation Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism Speciation Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric History Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis Philosophy Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology Related Biogeography Ecological genetics Molecular evolution Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Category Commons Portal WikiProject Fins , limbs and wings Fins Aquatic locomotion Cephalopod fin Fish locomotion Fin and flipper locomotion Caudal fin Dorsal fin Fish fin flipper Lobe - finned fish Ray - finned fish Pectoral fins Pelvic fin Limbs Limb development Limb morphology digitigrade plantigrade unguligrade uniped biped facultative biped triped quadruped Arthropod Cephalopod Tetrapod dactyly Digit Wings Flying and gliding animals Bat wing Bird wing keel skeleton feathers Insect wing Pterosaur wing Wingspan Evolution Evolution of fish Evolution of tetrapods Evolution of birds Origin of birds Origin of avian flight Evolution of cetaceans Comparative anatomy Convergent evolution Analogous structures Homologous structures Related Animal locomotion Gait Robot locomotion Samara Terrestrial locomotion Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water Rotating locomotion Undulatory locomotion Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_fish&oldid=841438947 '' Categories : Evolution of vertebrates Prehistoric fish Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2014 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 21 : 12 . 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fish appeared in the fossil record during the

The evolution of fish began about 530 million years ago during the Cambrian explosion . It was during this time that the early chordates developed the skull and the vertebral column , leading to the first craniates and vertebrates . The first fish lineages belong to the Agnatha , or jawless fish . Early examples include Haikouichthys . During the late Cambrian , eel - like jawless fish called the conodonts , and small mostly armoured fish known as ostracoderms , first appeared . Most jawless fish are now extinct ; but the extant lampreys may approximate ancient pre-jawed fish . Lampreys belong to the Cyclostomata , which includes the extant hagfish , and this group may have split early on from other agnathans .

Faith No More - Wikipedia Faith No More Jump to : navigation , search Faith No More Faith No More performing in Portugal in 2009 Background information Also known as Faith No Man Sharp Young Men Origin San Francisco , California , United States Genres Alternative metal funk metal experimental rock Years active 1979 -- 1998 2009 -- present Labels Slash London Mordam Reclamation ! Ipecac Associated acts Mr. Bungle Pop - O - Pies Website fnm.com Members Mike Bordin Roddy Bottum Billy Gould Mike Patton Jon Hudson Past members List of Faith No More band members Faith No More ( sometimes abbreviated as FNM ) is an American rock band from San Francisco , California , formed in 1979 . Before settling on their current name in 1982 , the band performed under the names Sharp Young Men and later Faith No Man . Bassist Billy Gould and drummer Mike Bordin are the longest remaining members of the band , having been involved with Faith No More since its inception . The band underwent several lineup changes early in their career , along with some major changes later on . The current lineup of Faith No More consists of Gould , Bordin , keyboardist / rhythm guitarist Roddy Bottum , lead guitarist Jon Hudson and vocalist / lyricist Mike Patton . After releasing six studio albums , including their best - selling records The Real Thing ( 1989 ) and Angel Dust ( 1992 ) , Faith No More officially announced their breakup on April 20 , 1998 . They have since reunited , embarked on The Second Coming Tour from 2009 to 2012 , and released their seventh studio album , Sol Invictus , in May 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) 1.2 We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) 1.3 Mike Patton joins and The Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) 1.4 Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) 1.5 King for a Day ... , Album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) 1.6 Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.7 Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Musical style and influences 3 Legacy 3.1 Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers 4 Concert tours 5 Members 6 Awards and nominations 7 Discography 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Notes 10 Bibliography 11 External links History ( edit ) Early days ( 1979 -- 1984 ) ( edit ) Vocalist Chuck Mosley joined Faith No More in 1983 , and during his five - year tenure with the band , he appeared on their first two studio albums . Faith No More was originally formed as Sharp Young Men in 1979 by bassist Billy Gould , drummer Mike Bordin , vocalist Mike Morris , and keyboardist Wade Worthington . Mike Morris described the name as `` a piss - take on all the ' elegant ' groups at the time . '' Later on , Morris proposed the name Faith In No Man , but , eventually , the band settled on Bordin 's suggestion Faith No Man ( stylized as Faith . No Man ) . The band 's classic logo , used on their 1985 debut We Care a Lot . It was originally designed by Billy Gould as an homage to the Symbol of Chaos . They recorded `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '' , released in 1983 . The songs were recorded in Matt Wallace 's parents ' garage , where Wallace had set up and been running a recording studio while the band was still recording under the name Sharp Young Men , with Mike Morris , Billy Gould , Mike Bordin and Wade Worthington . Worthington left shortly thereafter . They changed their name to Faith No Man for the release of the single , which featured two of the three songs recorded in Wallace 's garage , and hired Roddy Bottum to replace Worthington . Bottum , Gould and Bordin quit the band shortly after and formed Faith No More . They chose the name to accentuate the fact that `` The Man '' ( Mike Morris ) was `` No More '' . They did n't have any constant guitarists or vocalists until they eventually settled on Chuck Mosley in 1983 and later Jim Martin . We Care a Lot and Introduce Yourself ( 1985 -- 1988 ) ( edit ) After the name change , the band initially started recording We Care a Lot without backing from a record label and , after pooling their money , recorded five songs . This gained the attention of Ruth Schwartz , who was then forming the independent label Mordam Records , under which the band , after getting the necessary financial support , finished and released the album . It was the first official release for both the band and the label . `` Why Do You Bother '' ( 1985 ) 30 second sample of the We Care a Lot song `` Why Do You Bother '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In late 1986 , Faith No More was signed to Los Angeles label Slash Records by Anna Statman . The label had recently been sold to the Warner Music Group subsidiary London Records , ensuring a widespread release for the band 's following albums . Introduce Yourself was released in 1987 , and a revamped version of their debut album 's title track `` We Care a Lot '' saw minor success on MTV . Mosley 's behaviour had started to become increasingly erratic , particularly during a troubled tour of Europe in 1988 . Incidents include him allegedly punching Billy Gould on stage , the release party for the album Introduce Yourself -- during which he fell asleep on stage -- and one of Mosley 's roadies getting into a fist fight with guitarist Jim Martin during the European tour . Mosley was eventually fired after the band returned home from Europe . Billy Gould reflected `` There was a certain point when I went to rehearsal , and Chuck wanted to do all acoustic guitar songs . It was just so far off the mark . The upshot was that I got up , walked out and quit the band . I Just said : ' I 'm done -- I ca n't take this any longer . It 's just so ridiculous ' . The same day , I talked to Bordin , and he said : ' Well , I still want to play with you ' . Bottum did the same thing . It was another one of these ' firing somebody without firing them ' scenarios . '' Faith No More in a promotional photo for The Real Thing , c. 1989 - 1990 Mike Patton joins and the Real Thing ( 1989 -- 1991 ) ( edit ) Chuck Mosley was replaced with singer Mike Patton in 1988 . Patton , who was singing with his high school band , Mr. Bungle , was recruited at Martin 's suggestion after he heard a demo of Mr. Bungle . According to Patton , he first met the band during a 1986 gig at `` a pizza parlour '' in his hometown of Eureka , California . Two weeks after joining Faith No More , he had written all the lyrics for the songs that would make up the Grammy award - nominated The Real Thing . `` Epic '' ( 1989 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` Epic '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Epic '' was released in January 1990 and was a top 10 hit . The music video for `` Epic '' received extensive airplay on MTV in 1990 , despite anger from animal rights activists for a slow motion shot of a fish flopping out of water . That same year , Faith No More performed at the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards ( September 6 ) and on the 293rd episode of Saturday Night Live ( December 1 ) `` From Out of Nowhere '' and `` Falling to Pieces '' saw releases as singles , and a cover of Black Sabbath 's `` War Pigs '' was also produced for non-vinyl releases . In 1990 , the band went on an extensive US tour , sending The Real Thing to Platinum status in Canada , the US , and South America . The album also had big sales numbers in Australia , UK , and the rest of Europe , pushing the total sales well above 4 million worldwide . Vocalist Mike Patton joined Faith No More in 1988 , replacing Chuck Mosley . In February 1991 , Faith No More released their only official live album , Live at the Brixton Academy . The album also included two previously unreleased studio tracks , `` The Grade '' and `` The Cowboy Song '' . That same year , the band contributed a track for the motion picture soundtrack to Bill & Ted 's Bogus Journey with the song `` The Perfect Crime '' . Jim Martin also made a brief cameo in the film as `` Sir James Martin '' as the head of the `` Faith No More Spiritual and Theological Center '' . Mike Patton 's original band Mr. Bungle would go on to sign with Slash / London 's parent label Warner Bros. Records in 1991 , following the worldwide success of The Real Thing . Angel Dust ( 1992 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) Faith No More displayed an even more experimental effort on their next album , Angel Dust . One critic writes that the album is `` one of the more complex and simply confounding records ever released by a major label '' and another writes that the single `` ' A Small Victory ' , which seems to run Madame Butterfly through Metallica and Nile Rodgers ( ... ) reveals a developing facility for combining unlikely elements into startlingly original concoctions . '' Aside from `` A Small Victory '' ( which received a nomination for Best Art Direction at the MTV Video Music Awards ) , the tracks `` Midlife Crisis '' and `` Everything 's Ruined '' were also released as singles . The album included a re-recording of the theme to the film Midnight Cowboy , and later pressings included a cover of The Commodores `` Easy '' , which in some parts of the world became the band 's biggest hit . Angel Dust , though not as successful as The Real Thing in the US , sold 665,000 copies there , and managed to outsell The Real Thing in many other countries . In Germany , the record was certified Gold for sales of more than 250,000 copies . The album also matched the sales of The Real Thing in Canada ( Platinum ) , Australia ( Gold ) , and surpassed it in the Netherlands , France , Russia , and the UK . Worldwide sales are around 3.1 million copies . `` Midlife Crisis '' ( 1992 ) 30 second sample from Faith No More 's `` MidLife Crisis '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . After touring to support Angel Dust in the summer of 1993 , long - time guitarist Jim Martin left the band due to internal conflicts . He was reportedly unhappy with the band 's change in musical direction on Angel Dust , describing it as `` gay disco '' . According to Roddy Bottum , Martin was fired via fax . However , Martin himself states it was his decision to leave . Both Godflesh guitarist Justin Broadrick and Killing Joke guitarist Geordie Walker were reportedly offered to join Faith No More after Martin 's departure , but declined to join . The position was filled by Mike Patton 's bandmate from Mr. Bungle , Trey Spruance , who left soon after recording 1995 's King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime and just before the band was to begin their world tour . Spruance was replaced by Dean Menta , the band 's keyboard tech . King for a Day ... , album of the Year and break - up ( 1995 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) The alternate `` barking dog logo '' , based on the artwork for Faith No More 's 1995 album King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime 1995 's King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime varies greatly from song to song in style ; post-hardcore / punk , country , jazz , bossa nova , thrash metal , gospel music , along with other signature FNM elements , are woven together throughout the album . Singles included `` Digging the Grave '' , `` Evidence '' , and `` Ricochet '' . The album featured Mr. Bungle 's Trey Spruance on guitar . The record went Gold in the UK , Australia , New Zealand , Netherlands and Germany , which gave the album a respectable sales figure of around 1.5 million copies ; this was significantly lower than sales of their previous albums . A 7 x 7 - inch box set of singles was released , which included the B - sides and some interviews between the songs . Album of the Year was released in 1997 and featured yet another new guitarist , Jon Hudson , who was a former roommate of Billy Gould . The album debuted much higher than expected in some countries ( for example , in Germany , the album debuted at No. 2 and stayed in the chart for 5 months ) . In Australia , Album of the Year went to No. 1 and was certified Platinum . The album charted in many countries in Europe . To date , Album of the Year has sold around 2 million copies worldwide . The singles `` Ashes to Ashes '' and `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' had minimal success ( notably , the music video for `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' , which featured actress Jennifer Jason Leigh , was inspired by the Alfred Hitchcock film Vertigo ) . `` Stripsearch '' was released as a single in various countries ( excluding the US and UK ) . The album received largely negative reviews from US - based critics at the time . Rolling Stone magazine wrote in their original review `` ( They ) are floundering around desperately , groping for a sense of identity and direction in a decade that clearly finds them irrelevant '' , while Pitchfork Media stated `` Album Of The Year leaves one feeling like waking up and finding last night 's used condom -- sure , the ride was fun while it lasted , but what remains is just plain icky . And you definitely do n't want it in your CD player . '' `` Helpless '' ( 1997 ) 30 second sample of the Album of the Year song `` Helpless '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . In early 1998 , rumors of Faith No More 's imminent demise began . Starting with a rumor posted to the Faith No More newsgroup alt. music. faith - no - more claiming Mike Patton had quit the band in favor of side projects , this rumor , although denied at the time , proved to be at least partly true . Faith No More played their last show in Lisbon , Portugal on April 7 , 1998 . The band cancelled their planned support tour for Aerosmith and on April 20 , Billy Gould released a statement by email and fax , saying `` ( T ) he decision among the members is mutual '' and `` the split will now enable each member to pursue his individual project ( s ) unhindered . '' The band `` thank ( ed ) all of those fans and associates that have stuck with and supported the band throughout its history . '' Immediately after the dissolution of Faith No More , the members went on to numerous different projects . Mike Patton notably co-founded the supergroups Fantômas and Tomahawk in 1998 - 99 , as well as continuing his original band Mr. Bungle , who were still signed with Warner Bros. Records . The sound of Tomahawk in particular has often been compared to Faith No More 's mid-late 1990s output . When Faith No More was brought up in a 1999 interview with The A.V. Club , Patton ( then fronting Mr. Bungle ) stated `` I 'm definitely glad it 's over : It was a great thing while it lasted , but it really had to end . I think if it had continued it would have gotten really ugly . No fistfights or bloody noses or anything like that , but the music would have been substandard . So the line must be drawn there . '' In another interview from 2001 , he similarly stated that the band had broken up `` because we were starting to make bad music . '' However , Gould did not share the same sentiment as Patton on the quality of the band 's late material , stating in 1998 `` However many records we sold or did n't , we maintained over a long period of time a high standard of music that we 're proud of , and we never sucked . Whatever shit that happened to us on the way , thank God it did n't get in the way of the music . '' Reformation ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Rumours that Faith No More would reunite for shows in the UK in the summer of 2009 were circulating in late November 2008 , but were originally dismissed by bassist Billy Gould . He explained : `` If anything like this were to happen , it would have to come from the band , and I have n't spoken with any of them in over a year . So as far as I know , there is n't anything to talk about , and I 'm pretty sure that if you were to contact Patton , he would tell you the same thing . '' However , on February 24 , 2009 after months of speculation and rumors , Faith No More announced they would be reforming with a line - up identical to the Album of the Year era , embarking on a reunion tour called The Second Coming Tour . To coincide with the band 's reunion tour , Rhino released the sixth Faith No More compilation , The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection , a double album that includes their hit singles and b sides & rarities , in the UK on June 8 . Faith No More then played in major European festivals including Download Festival in the UK in June , Hurricane and Southside festivals in Germany , Greenfield Festival in Switzerland , Hove Festival in Norway and Roskilde Festival in Denmark , among other dates . The tour continued into 2010 with appearances at the Soundwave Festival in Australian cities throughout February and March . During their tour , the band added covers to their repertoire including `` Switch '' by Siouxsie and the Banshees . After an eleven - month hiatus , Faith No More played four shows in South America in November 2011 . On the first date ( November 8 , 2011 ) , the band played a `` mystery song , '' which led to speculation of new material . They played Sonisphere France on July 7 , 2012 . Following several more shows in Europe during 2012 , Faith No More became temporarily inactive again . Mike Patton spent 2013 touring with his reformed rock supergroup Tomahawk , while the band 's other members also pursued their own side projects . In July 2013 , Billy Gould confirmed that the band 's hiatus would not be permanent , saying `` We will do something again only when all members are with the focus on that , and ready for the challenge . This is not the time ... yet . '' Sol Invictus and hiatus ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) `` Black Friday '' ( 2015 ) 30 second sample of the Sol Invictus song `` Black Friday '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . On May 29 , 2014 , Faith No More posted a message ( along with a photograph of Mike Patton ) on their Twitter account , saying that `` the reunion thing was fun , but now it 's time to get a little creative . '' On July 4 , Faith No More played their first show in two years at Hyde Park in London , supporting Black Sabbath . At that show , Faith No More debuted two new songs `` Motherfucker '' and `` Superhero '' ( also known by fans as `` Leader of Men '' ) . On August 20 , the band posted `` The Reunion Tour is over ; in 2015 things are going to change . '' These tweets led to speculation that the band was working on new material . On August 30 , Gould said that the band is `` considering doing something new '' , and may begin work on a new studio album at some point in the not - too - distant future , explaining , `` to do something creative would be a really good thing to do . '' On September 2 , Bill Gould revealed to Rolling Stone that the band had begun work on a new album . Faith No More headlined the final edition of Australia 's Soundwave in February and March 2015 . The band released their seventh studio album , Sol Invictus , in May 2015 . The songs on the album were influenced by The Cramps , Link Wray and Siouxsie and the Banshees . Speaking to Revolver , Gould described the song `` Cone of Shame '' as `` blues - based rock and roll '' . Describing the song `` Matador '' , he said : `` parts of it remind me of the first Siouxsie and the Banshees album . We used real pianos and that brings this organic quality to it to the music '' . The second single from the album , `` Superhero '' , was shared by the band on March 1 , 2015 . In a June 2016 interview , guitarist Jon Hudson stated that he has been `` working on a few ideas '' for the next Faith No More album , and added that `` it 's something that ( he ) wanted to focus on after the tour ended . '' When asked about the prospect of more music from Faith No More , Patton told Australian newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald , `` I do n't know whether or not we 're going to attack it , but there is some stuff we wrote around the time of the last one and said , ' Why do n't we save this for the next record ? ' . So we 'll see . '' In August 2016 , the band performed two concerts with former lead singer Chuck Mosley to celebrate the reissue of their debut album We Care a Lot . The band was billed as `` Chuck Mosley & Friends '' for the two shows and featured the lineup of Mosley , Mike Bordin , Billy Gould , Jon Hudson and Roddy Bottum . In a September 2017 interview on Full Metal Jackie Radio , Patton revealed that Faith No More has been `` on an extended break . '' He added that he does not rule out more shows with the band , explaining , `` If something happens , it 'll happen organically and naturally . But I kind of do n't think it will . I kind of feel like we 've tipped the scales a little bit . But we 'll see . Who knows ? I 've learned my lesson not to say ' no . ' '' Former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley died on November 9 , 2017 , due to `` the disease of addiction . '' He was 57 years old . Musical style and influences ( edit ) While Faith No More 's music is generally considered as alternative metal , experimental rock , and funk metal , as Faith No Man , their sound was described as post-punk . The band 's first single from 1983 , `` Quiet in Heaven / Song of Liberty '' , was labelled as a `` solid post-punk / pre-goth single . '' During their tenure with Chuck Mosley in the mid-1980s , Billy Gould stated the band were in a `` weird spot '' , as their eclectic sound did n't fit in with the burgeoning hardcore punk and alternative rock movements of the era . Upon Mike Patton 's arrival in 1989 , the band began to expand their sound range even further , merging disparate genres such as synthpop , thrash metal and carousel music on The Real Thing . Rolling Stone states that during the 1990s , the band were `` too heavy for the post-grunge pop hits of The Verve and Third Eye Blind ( and ) too arty to work comfortably with the nu metal knuckle - draggers they spawned . '' Over the course of their career , they have experimented with heavy metal , funk , hip hop , progressive rock , alternative rock , hardcore punk , polka , easy listening , jazz , samba , ska , bossa nova , hard rock , pop , soul , gospel , and lounge music . `` Ugly in the Morning '' ( 1995 ) 30 second sample of the King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime song `` Ugly in the Morning '' . It is one of many Faith No More songs predominantly influenced by heavy metal . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Faith No More 's lyrics have been described as `` bizarrely humorous '' . When interviewed about his lyrics , Patton responded , `` I think that too many people think too much about my lyrics . I am more a person who works more with the sound of a word than with its meaning . Often I just choose the words because of the rhythm , not because of the meaning '' . Bordin acknowledged certain bands as early influences , including Killing Joke , PiL , Black Sabbath , and Theatre of Hate , and upon reforming , Faith No More returned to their early post-punk / goth influences on Sol Invictus . Legacy ( edit ) In a 2015 article by Artistdirect , Duff McKagan , Chino Moreno , Serj Tankian , Corey Taylor , Max Cavalera and Jonathan Davis praised the band for their significance and influence . Nirvana bassist , and co-founder , Krist Novoselic cited Faith No More as a band that `` paved the way for Nirvana '' in the late 1980s . Robert Plant , singer of Led Zeppelin , mentioned the then Chuck Mosley - led Faith No More as one of his current favorite bands in a 1988 interview with Rolling Stone . Plant and Faith No More subsequently toured together following The Real Thing 's release . Scott Ian of Anthrax has also named Faith No More as one of his favorite bands . Corey Taylor ( frontman for both Slipknot and Stone Sour ) told Loudwire in 2015 that if it was n't for Faith No More , he `` would n't be here today . '' While recovering from an attempted suicide at his grandmother 's house , he saw the band perform `` Epic '' live on the 1990 MTV Video Music Awards and the performance inspired him to begin writing and performing music again . They were voted No. 52 on VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock '' . The band is credited for inventing the alternative metal genre which began in the 1980s and that fuses metal with other genres , including alternative rock . Tim Grierson of About.com said the band `` helped put alternative metal on the map . '' Faith No More has also been credited for influencing nu metal bands , such as Limp Bizkit , Korn , and Sevendust , primarily due to the popularity of `` Epic '' , and other early material that featured rap and rock crossovers . Papa Roach vocalist Jacoby Shaddix , a self - confessed fan of the band , stated in a 2015 interview `` They fused some of that hip - hop and rock together . They were one of the earliest bands to do that , and definitely pioneers to a whole genre . If you listen to Korn , if you listen to how the bass and the drums lock up , it 's quite similar to how Faith No More was doing it in their early years . '' Faith No More have been covered by prominent metal acts such as 36 Crazyfists , Apocalyptica , Atreyu , Between the Buried and Me , Disturbed , Five Finger Death Punch , Helloween , Ill Niño , Korn , Machine Head , Papa Roach , Redemption , Revocation , Sentenced , Slaves on Dope and Trail of Tears . In 2002 , a tribute album titled Tribute of the Year ( a reference to Faith No More 's Album of the Year ) was released by Underground Inc . It featured 30 Faith No More songs covered by mostly unknown independent hardcore , industrial and alternative metal acts . The band and their 1989 single `` Epic '' have frequently been cited as an example of an ' 80s or ' 90s one - hit wonder . Flavorwire stated in 2014 `` Although the band always had a loyal fan base and Patton remains an indie hero , they only cracked the Billboard Hot 100 once , with Epic . '' Others have noted that after `` Epic '' 's success , the band still managed to remain highly popular in regions outside North America : including Australia , South America , Europe and the UK . The band 's original final record Album of the Year notably experienced high sales in countries such as Australia ( where it went platinum ) , New Zealand and Germany , while being deemed a critical and commercial failure in their native USA . Relationship with Red Hot Chili Peppers ( edit ) Main article : Anthony Kiedis § Feud with Mike Patton After the release of The Real Thing , Faith No More developed somewhat of a rivalry with fellow Californian funk rock group Red Hot Chili Peppers , whom they had previously played with on The Uplift Mofo Party Tour . Singer Anthony Kiedis accused Mike Patton of stealing his `` style '' in the `` Epic '' music video . He told Kerrang ! magazine `` My drummer says he 's gon na kidnap ( Patton ) , shave his hair off and cut off one of his feet , just so he 'll be forced to find a style of his own '' . In a separate interview , he clarified his comment , remarking `` I love The Real Thing , and I liked his vocals on that record . I mean , when I heard the record I noticed subtle similarities , but when I saw that video it was like , ' Wait a second here , what the fuck ? . ' '' Roddy Bottum responded by saying `` To me , our band sounds nothing like Red Hot Chili Peppers . If you 're talking about long hair , rapping with his shirt off , then yeah , I can see similarities . But beyond that , I ca n't see any . I have n't talked to them since this whole thing started . We 're really good friends with that band and i 'd like to think they 're doing it ... like as a favour '' . Mike Patton finally addressed the allegations from Kiedis in 1990 , commenting that `` It just kind of came out of the blue . It does n't bother me a bit . I got a real big kick out of it to tell you the truth . I mean , if he 's gon na talk about me in interviews , that 's fine - it 's free press ! Either he 's feeling inadequate or old or I do n't know , but I have no reason to talk shit about him . '' Later in 2001 , Patton also theorized that `` I think Anthony , deep down , feels like I 'm a better dancer than he is . I think I shake my booty just a little bit fresher than he does . And if he would stop doing drugs I think he could outdance me . Maybe one day we 'll have a breakoff , just breakdance . '' Following a period of silence , the feud between Patton and Kiedis quickly escalated again in 1999 with Patton 's other band Mr. Bungle , culminating in an infamous Halloween show during 1999 in which Patton ( dressed as Kiedis ) and his bandmates parodied the Red Hot Chili Peppers and their hit singles . The performance was in response to getting kicked off a series of lucrative festival gigs shared with Red Hot Chili Peppers , due to Kiedis 's staunch refusal to perform with Mike Patton . Despite this , other members of both groups appear to have remained on good terms since the initial controversy . Regarding the perceived conflict , Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea stated `` There was never any fight between us , that was a bunch of bullshit created by the media . I mean I think they 're a good band . Maybe there was some things said between Anthony and the singer ( Patton ) , but it all means nothing to me . Those guys in the band are nice people and there 's no fight . '' At a 2014 show in Brooklyn , the band also notably covered a portion of the Chuck Mosley - era song `` We Care a Lot '' . Fox News commentator Greg Gutfeld attracted media attention in 2016 when he stated `` You 're either a Faith No More fan , or a Red Hot Chili Peppers fan . You can not love Mike Patton and Anthony Kiedis , because they are two different people . You have to love Mike Patton , you can not love Anthony Kiedis . So that is why the Red Hot Chili Peppers are the worst band in the universe , because Faith No More is the greatest band in the universe . '' Concert tours ( edit ) 1979 -- 1984 : Early shows 1985 -- 1986 : We Care a Lot Tour 1987 -- 1988 : Introduce Yourself Tour 1989 -- 1991 : The Real Thing Tour 1992 -- 1993 : Angel Dust Tour 1995 : King for a Day Tour 1997 -- 1998 : Album of the Year Tour 2009 -- 2012 : The Second Coming Tour 2015 : Soundwave Tour 2015 : Sol Invictus Tour Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Faith No More band members Current members Mike Bordin -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Billy Gould -- bass , backing vocals ( 1979 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Roddy Bottum -- keyboards , rhythm guitar , backing vocals ( 1983 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Mike Patton -- lead vocals ( 1988 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Jon Hudson -- lead guitar , backing vocals ( 1996 -- 1998 ; 2009 -- present ) Timeline Awards and nominations ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` The Real Thing '' Best Metal Performance Nominated 1991 `` Epic '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated 1993 `` Angel Dust '' Best Hard Rock Performance Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Year Nominee / work Award Result 1990 `` Epic '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Heavy Metal / Hard Rock Video Nominated 1991 `` Falling to Pieces '' Best Visual Effects in a Video Won 1993 `` A Small Victory '' Best Art Direction in a Video Nominated Discography ( edit ) Main article : Faith No More discography Studio albums We Care a Lot ( 1985 ) Introduce Yourself ( 1987 ) The Real Thing ( 1989 ) Angel Dust ( 1992 ) King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime ( 1995 ) Album of the Year ( 1997 ) Sol Invictus ( 2015 ) See also ( edit ) Book : Faith No More List of bands from the San Francisco Bay Area List of alternative metal artists List of funk rock bands References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Greatest Lefties in Hard Rock + Heavy Metal '' . VH1 News . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No Man Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . RIAA.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facebook '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Mike . `` Faith No Man bio by Mike Morris '' . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Faith No More logo '' . faithnoman.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chirazi 1994 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska . `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions '' . Fnm.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chirazi 1994 , pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( June 1992 ) . `` Faith No More : Angel Dust in the wind '' . Issue 25 . Reflex Magazine . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` FAITH NO MORE BAND OF THE YEAR 1990 '' . Faithnomorefollowers.com . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faith No More : The Real Story '' . teamrock.com. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More BIOGRAPHY '' . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cee , Gary ( November 30 , 1990 ) . `` Faith No More : Inside the insatiable Mike Patton '' . Circus Magazine ( # 369 ) : 62 -- 64 . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Patton And The Mr Bungle Tape '' . Faithnomorefollowers.com. 4 October 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Faith No More Biography '' . Faith No More Official Site . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory : 9 Music Videos Featuring Animals In Prominent Roles '' . The A.V. Club . 9 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lowell , Travis ( 20 June 2001 ) . `` Faith No More : The Real Thing Review '' . Toxic Universe . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Mick Funz ( 2011 - 05 - 07 ) , Faith No More Perform ' Epic ' on the 1990 MTV Awards , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 Jump up ^ `` Metal Insider 's Top 10 : Heaviest SNL Musical GuestsMetal Insider '' . Metal Insider. 2015 - 02 - 15 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ GOLDSTEIN , PATRICK ( 3 February 1991 ) . `` Warner Records Stays Faithful to Mike Patton 's Bungle '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Faith No More Biography '' . allmusic . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Ira . `` Faith No More Biography '' . Trouser Press . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : The Real Story '' . Teamrock.com. 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Story Behind The Album : Faith No More '' . Metalhammer.co.uk. 2009 - 03 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Garry Sharpe - Young ( 2007 ) . Metal : The Definitive Guide . London , England : Jawbone Press . p. 483 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Album Of The Year : Music Reviews : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . April 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stomberg , Jeremy . `` Faith No More : Album of the Year : Pitchfork Review '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2001 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tomahawk - Tomahawk - Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Hear Tomahawk 's Hypnotic ' Oddfellows ' Title Track '' . Spin.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Stratton , Jeff ( October 20 , 1999 ) . `` Mike Patton of Mr. Bungle '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Patton , June 30th 2001 , Wâldrock Festival Jump up ^ Kerrang ! , Issue 698 ( 09.05. 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Reunion In The Works ? '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2008 - 11 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Not Reuniting Music News '' . Ultimate-guitar.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived March 25 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : ' The Very Best ' Greatest - Hits Collection Due In June '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hurricane Festival in Scheeßel - Bands , Tickets , alle Infos zum Hurricane - Hurricane Festival '' . Hurricane.de. 2015 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Greenfield Festival : Intro '' . Greenfieldfestival.ch. 2015 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Confirmed For Denmark 's Roskilde Festival '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 04 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More , Jane 's Addiction , Him Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave Festival '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2009 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Switch and Stripsearch Live Melbourne 25 / 02 / 2010 '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Performs Mystery Song In Argentina ( Video ) '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com. 2011 - 11 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview : Duane Denison ( of Tomahawk ) '' . Consequence of Sound . 29 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More - Could there be more ? ~ Faith No More Blog '' . Faithnomoreblog.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Black Sabbath to headline Barclaycard British Summer Time '' . Nme.com. 2014 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Debuts New Music At London 's Hyde Park ; Video Available '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Perform Two New Songs in Concert '' . Loudwire.com. 2014 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Is Faith No More Gearing Up For A New Album ? '' . Bloody-disgusting.com. 2014 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Official Faith No More Twitter feed '' . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Is ' Considering Doing Something New , ' Says Bassist Billy Gould '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Release First Album in 18 Years , Plot U.S. Tour '' . Rollingstone.com. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Faith No More Begins Recording First Studio Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Slipknot , Faith No More , Judas Priest , Soundgarden Confirmed For Australia 's Soundwave '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2014 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Wiederhorn , Jon ( 4 November 2014 ) . `` Interview : Faith No More Give Update from the Studio '' . Revpmver . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Coughlan , Jamie . `` Faith No More Share `` Superhero '' `` . overblown.co.uk . Overblown . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson : ' I 'm Working On A Few Ideas Right Now ' '' . Theprp.com . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More 's Jon Hudson working on fresh material '' . Teamrock.com . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Major Update On Faith No More 's Next Album '' . Alternativenation.net . June 14 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Annabel ( 19 September 2016 ) . `` Mike Patton speaks about his latest project , tetema , and hints at new Faith No More album '' . Smh.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More reuniting with original singer Chuck Mosley for pair of shows '' . Consequence of Sound . 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More to Reunite with Original Singer Chuck Mosley for Two Shows '' . Diffuser.fm . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MIKE PATTON Does n't Rule Out More FAITH NO MORE Shows : ' If Something Happens , It 'll Happen Organically And Naturally ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former FAITH NO MORE Singer CHUCK MOSLEY Dead At 57 '' . Blabbermouth.net . November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page 9 of Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back - Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Hear Faith No More 's Brand New Single `` Superhero '' `` . Rolling Stone India . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More preview new album at Soundwave '' . Rockhampton Morning Bulletin . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Plant : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Jump up ^ Darzin , Daina ; Spencer , Lauren ( January 1991 ) . `` The Thrash - Funk scene proudly presents Primus , along with a host of others . Go for the funk , do n't get your dreds stomped in the metal mosh pit '' . Spin. 6 ( 10 ) : 39 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Rotondi , James ( July 2000 ) . `` Sacramento Kings -- the deftones rule '' . CMJ New Music Monthly ( 83 ) : 46 . ISSN 1074 - 6978 . Jump up ^ Bogdanov , Vladimir ; Woodstra , Chris ; Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( 2001 ) . All Music Guide : The Definitive Guide to Popular Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. 145 . ISBN 9780879306274 . Jump up ^ Wurtzel , Elizabeth ( September 3 , 1990 ) . `` Sounds : The Rap of the New '' . New York Magazine . 23 ( 34 ) : 46 . ISSN 0028 - 7369 . Jump up ^ Blush , Steven ( August 1990 ) . `` Obscure No More '' . Spin . Vol. 6 no . 5 . p. 16 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . Jump up ^ Torreano , Bradley . `` Song of Liberty / All Quiet in Heaven -- Overview '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More founding member Bill Gould talks about We Care A Lot '' . Independent.co.uk. 26 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Gittins , Ian ( 2015 ) . The Periodic Table of Heavy Rock . Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78503 - 165 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Stephen . `` Faith No More Biography on Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 15 . With their fusion of heavy metal , funk , hip - hop , and progressive rock , Faith No More has earned a substantial cult following . Jump up ^ Neil Strauss ( April 23 , 1998 ) . `` The Pop Life ; Horde Festival Offers a Surprise '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Faith No More , the 15 - year - old San Francisco rock band known for its energetic mix of punk , jazz , heavy metal , alternative rock , samba , polka and easy - listening , has broken up . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More : Sol Invictus - Album Review - Slant Magazine '' . Slantmagazine.com . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Agatha Samborska ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More Frequently Asked Questions '' . Old.fnm.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Greg Prato . `` Album of the Year review '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 14 . Outstanding tracks blend hard rock and pop melodicism the way only FNM can . Album of the Year was a fitting way for one of alternative rock 's most influential and important bands to end its career . Jump up ^ `` Evidence is the quiet moment , a piece of easy listening and soul masterfully played ( Translated from Spanish ) '' . Hoyesarte.com . June 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Greg Prato . `` King for a Day , Fool for a Lifetime -- Faith No More '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ Ned Raggett . `` The Real Thing - Faith No More Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Samborska , Agatha ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More Frequently Answered Questions '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Zildjian Artists Mike Bordin Artist Page '' . Zildjian.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Christopher R. ( ed . ) . `` Faith No More : How Rock 's Most Contrarian Band Made Up and Came Back '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More Get Praise from Deftones , Slipknot , System of a Down and More @ ARTISTdirect '' . Artistdirect.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Published Wednesday , Mar 11 2009 , 2 : 50pm EDT ( 2009 - 03 - 11 ) . `` Novoselic : ' FNM paved way for Nirvana ' -- Music News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Roddy Bottum Fan Q and A - The Answers '' . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Scott Ian ( Anthrax ) '' . Wikimetal.com.br . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` SKY magazine December 1992 '' . Negele.org. 2001 - 07 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Corey Taylor - Wikipedia : Fact or Fiction ? ( Part 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` 100 greatest artists of hard rock ( 60 -- 41 ) '' . VH1 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Garry Sharpe - Young ( 2007 ) . Metal : The Definitive Guide . London , England : Jawbone Press . p. 482 . ISBN 1 - 906002 - 01 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Patton Does n't See a Future for Faith No More '' . Rock.about.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ Essi Berelian ( 2005 ) , The Rough Guide to Heavy Metal , p. 259 , `` Faith No More must be counted among the pioneers ( of nu metal ) '' Jump up ^ `` Jacoby Shaddix of Papa Roach : Songwriter Interviews '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digging the Grave - 36 Crazyfists - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Apocalyptica - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Epic - Atreyu - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Malpractice - Between the Buried and Me - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Disturbed Stream Faith No More Cover , `` Midlife Crisis , '' From ' The Lost Children ' `` . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From Out of Nowhere - Five Finger Death Punch - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Metal Jukebox - Helloween - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Zombie Eaters - Ill Niño - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KORN Covers FAITH NO MORE , ASKING ALEXANDRIA Covers SLIPKNOT On METAL HAMMER 's ' Decades Of Destruction ' CD '' . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MACHINE HEAD Cover METALLICA 's ' Battery ' For ' Master Of Puppets ' Tribute '' . 31 January 2006 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naked in Front of the Computer - Papa Roach - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` REDEMPTION : New Album Samples Posted Online '' . blabbermouth.net. 22 April 2005 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Revocation Release Cover of Faith No More 's `` Surprise ! You 're Dead ! '' `` . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digging the Grave ( Bonus Track ) - Sentenced - Song Info - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SLAVES ON DOPE To Release ' Covers EP Vol. 1 ' Tomorrow '' . 22 April 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TRAIL OF TEARS To Issue Third Album '' . blabbermouth.net. 9 September 2002 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute of the Year : Tribute to Faith No More - Various Artists - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 100 Greatest One - Hit Wonders '' , VH1 Channel , reported by VH1.com . Jump up ^ `` 5 One - Hit Wonders Who Deserve Your Respect '' . cracked.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best One - Hit Wonders of the ' 90s '' . flavorwire.com. 7 September 2011 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Return of the Unique One - Hit Wonder Stories '' . lyricinterpretations.com . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 1997 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Apter , Jeff . Fornication : The Red Hot Chili Peppers Story . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 065 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Kangas , Chaz ( 21 April 2015 ) . `` Do Faith No More and the Red Hot Chili Peppers Still Hate Each Other ? '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mr. Bungle Frequently Asked Questions '' . bunglefever.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kerrang magazine ( August 1990 ) Jump up ^ `` FAITH NO MORE VS RED HOT CHILI PEPPERS '' . faithnomorefollowers.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Penny L ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Patton ( Fantômas ) on Anthony Kiedis '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flea . `` Flea talks about Faith No More '' . M6 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers now called `` worst band in the universe '' by FOX News - News - Alternative Press `` . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Brett ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Fox News Debates Red Hot Chili Peppers Vs. Faith No More : ' You Ca n't Love Kiedis & Patton ' '' . Retrieved 9 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Needham , Alex ( 5 August 2017 ) . `` Bigfoot and me : Roddy Bottum on his avant garde monster opera '' . Theguardian.com . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Notes ( edit ) 1 . The song was recorded in 1988 and first appeared on 1989 's The Real Thing , although it gained popularity after being released as a single in 1990 . Bibliography ( edit ) Chirazi , Steffan ( 1994 ) . Faith No More : The Real Story . Penguin USA . ISBN 1 - 8981411 - 5 - 0 . Prato , Greg ( 2013 ) . The Faith No More & Mr. Bungle Companion . Createspace . ISBN 1 - 4936966 - 6 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Faith No More at Wikimedia Commons Official website Faith no More in Concert ( hide ) Faith No More Mike Bordin Billy Gould Roddy Bottum Mike Patton Jon Hudson Mike Morris Wade Worthington Chuck Mosley Jim Martin Trey Spruance Dean Menta Studio albums We Care a Lot Introduce Yourself The Real Thing Angel Dust King for a Day ... Fool for a Lifetime Album of the Year Sol Invictus Live albums Live at the Brixton Academy Compilations Who Cares a Lot ? This Is It : The Best of Epic and Other Hits The Platinum Collection The Works The Very Best Definitive Ultimate Greatest Hits Collection Singles `` Quiet in Heaven '' / `` Song of Liberty '' ( as Faith No Man ) `` We Care a Lot '' `` Anne 's Song '' `` From Out of Nowhere '' `` Epic '' `` Falling to Pieces '' `` Midlife Crisis '' `` A Small Victory '' `` Everything 's Ruined '' `` ( I 'm ) Easy '' `` Another Body Murdered '' `` Digging the Grave '' `` Ricochet '' `` Evidence '' `` Ashes to Ashes '' `` Last Cup of Sorrow '' `` Stripsearch '' `` I Started a Joke '' `` Motherfucker '' Other songs `` New Improved Song '' `` The World Is Yours '' Videos You Fat Bastards : Live at the Brixton Academy Video Croissant Who Cares a Lot ? : The Greatest Videos You Fat Bastards / Who Cares a Lot ? ( DVD ) Related bands Brujeria Dead Cross Fantômas General Patton vs. The X-Ecutioners Imperial Teen Mr. Bungle Ozzy Osbourne Peeping Tom Primitive Race Tomahawk Related articles Discography Songs recorded Members Tribute of the Year : A Tribute to Faith No More The Second Coming Tour Book VIAF : 145554794 LCCN : n91127579 ISNI : 0000 0001 2177 9453 GND : 10291326 - 2 SUDOC : 160202620 BNF : cb13903420k ( data ) MusicBrainz : b15ebd71 - a252 - 417d - 9e1c - 3e6863da68f8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faith_No_More&oldid=824901034 '' Categories : Faith No More American alternative metal musical groups Heavy metal musical groups from California American funk metal musical groups American experimental rock groups Musical groups disestablished in 1998 Musical groups established in 1979 Musical groups from San Francisco Slash Records artists Ipecac Recordings artists Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Mission District , San Francisco Musical quintets Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 February 2018 , at 06 : 12 . 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who died from the band faith no more

Former Faith No More singer Chuck Mosley died on November 9 , 2017 , due to `` the disease of addiction . '' He was 57 years old .

Gun Control Act of 1968 - wikipedia Gun Control Act of 1968 Jump to : navigation , search Gun Control Act of 1968 Other short titles State Firearms Control Assistance Act Long title An Act to amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms . Acronyms ( colloquial ) GCA , GCA68 Enacted by the 90th United States Congress Effective October 22 , 1968 Citations Public law 90 - 618 Statutes at Large 82 Stat. 1213 - 2 Codification Titles amended 18 U.S.C. : Crimes and Criminal Procedure U.S.C. sections amended 18 U.S.C. ch. 44 § 921 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 17735 Passed the House on July 24 , 1968 ( 305 - 118 ) Passed the Senate on September 18 , 1968 ( 70 - 17 , in lieu of S. 3633 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on October 10 , 1968 ; agreed to by the House on October 10 , 1968 ( 161 - 129 ) and by the Senate on Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 Major amendments Firearm Owners Protection Act Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Gun Control Act of 1968 ( GCA or GCA68 ) is a U.S. federal law that regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners . It primarily focuses on regulating interstate commerce in firearms by generally prohibiting interstate firearms transfers except among licensed manufacturers , dealers and importers . The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 , and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws . The National Firearms Act of 1934 ( NFA ) is Title II . Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Prohibited persons 3 Federal Firearms License ( FFL ) system 3.1 Gunsmith and Factory Repair Exception 4 Import restrictions 5 Marking requirements 6 Commentary 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) Passage of the Gun Control Act was initially prompted by the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1963 . The President was shot and killed with a rifle purchased by mail - order from an ad in the magazine American Rifleman . Congressional hearings followed and a ban on mail - order gun sales was discussed , but no law was passed until 1968 . At the hearings NRA Executive Vice-President Franklin Orth supported a ban on mail - order sales , stating , `` We do not think that any sane American , who calls himself an American , can object to placing into this bill the instrument which killed the president of the United States . '' Precursors of the passage of the Gun Control Act were Senate Bill 1975 in 1963 , `` A Bill to Regulate the Interstate Shipment of Firearms , '' and Senate Bill 1592 in 1965 , `` A Bill to Amend the Federal Firearms Act of 1938 . '' Both were introduced by Senator Thomas J. Dodd and met with fierce opposition on the floor but the bills also paved the way for the creation of the Gun Control Act of 1968 . The deaths of Martin Luther King Jr. in April 1968 and U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy in June 1968 , along with fears of armed uprising in black cities , renewed efforts to pass the bill . On June 11 , 1968 , a tie vote in the House Judiciary Committee halted the bill 's passage . On reconsideration nine days later , the bill was passed by the committee . The Senate Judiciary Committee similarly brought the bill to a temporary halt , but as in the House , it was passed on reconsideration . House Resolution 17735 , known as the Gun Control Act , was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 banning mail order sales of rifles and shotguns and prohibiting most felons , drug users and people found mentally incompetent from buying guns . Prohibited persons ( edit ) The Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act . The Brady Act created a background check system which required licensed sellers to inspect the criminal history background of prospective gun purchasers , and the Brady Act created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited . As quoted from 18 U.S.C. 922 ( d ) : It shall be unlawful for any person to sell or otherwise dispose of any firearm or ammunition to any person knowing or having reasonable cause to believe that such person -- ( 1 ) is under indictment for , or has been convicted in any court of , a crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding one year ; ( 2 ) is a fugitive from justice ; ( 3 ) is an unlawful user of or addicted to any controlled substance ( as defined in section 102 of the Controlled Substances Act ( 21 U.S.C. 802 ) ) ; ( 4 ) has been adjudicated as a mental defective or has been committed to any mental institution ; ( 5 ) who , being an alien -- ( A ) is illegally or unlawfully in the United States ; or ( B ) except as provided in subsection ( y ) ( 2 ) , has been admitted to the United States under a nonimmigrant visa ( as that term is defined in section 101 ( a ) ( 26 ) of the Immigration and Nationality Act ( 8 U.S.C. 1101 ( a ) ( 26 ) ) ) ; ( 6 ) who ( 2 ) has been discharged from the Armed Forces under dishonorable conditions ; ( 7 ) who , having been a citizen of the United States , has renounced his citizenship ; ( 8 ) is subject to a court order that restrains such person from harassing , stalking , or threatening an intimate partner of such person or child of such intimate partner or person , or engaging in other conduct that would place an intimate partner in reasonable fear of bodily injury to the partner or child , except that this paragraph shall only apply to a court order that -- ( A ) was issued after a hearing of which such person received actual notice , and at which such person had the opportunity to participate ; and ( B ) ( i ) includes a finding that such person represents a credible threat to the physical safety of such intimate partner or child ; or ( ii ) by its terms explicitly prohibits the use , attempted use , or threatened use of physical force against such intimate partner or child that would reasonably be expected to cause bodily injury ; or ( 9 ) has been convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence . Exceptions as quoted from 18 U.S.C. 921 ( a ) ( 33 ) ( B ) : ( ii ) A person shall not be considered to have been convicted of such an offense for purposes of this chapter if the conviction has been expunged or set aside , or is an offense for which the person has been pardoned or has had civil rights restored ( if the law of the applicable jurisdiction provides for the loss of civil rights under such an offense ) unless the pardon , expungement , or restoration of civil rights expressly provides that the person may not ship , transport , possess , or receive firearms . Many states automatically reinstate gun ownership rights upon completion of sentence . Some states reinstate rights depending on the crime convicted of , and others have a petition process . Those convicted of a federal offense must contact the Office of the Pardon Attorney , Department of Justice , to receive a presidential pardon . Under the Department 's rules governing petitions for executive clemency , 28 C.F.R. § § 1.1 et seq. , an applicant must satisfy a minimum waiting period of five years before he becomes eligible to apply for a presidential pardon of his federal conviction . According to a 21 Sep 2011 `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' from ATF , holders of state - issued medical marijuana cards are automatically `` prohibited persons '' under 18 U.S.C 922 ( g ) ( 3 ) and `` shipping , transporting , receiving or possessing firearms or ammunition '' by a medical marijuana card holder is a violation . Additionally , 18 U.S.C 922 ( x ) generally prohibits persons under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment , target practice , education , and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest . The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited persons . Federal firearms license ( FFL ) system ( edit ) Main article : Federal Firearms License The Gun Control Act mandated the licensing of individuals and companies engaged in the business of selling firearms . This provision effectively prohibited the direct mail order of firearms ( except antique firearms ) by consumers and mandated that anyone who wants to buy a gun in an interstate transaction from a source other than a private individual must do so through a federally licensed firearms dealer . The Act also banned unlicensed individuals from acquiring handguns outside their state of residence . The interstate purchase of long guns ( rifles and shotguns ) was not impeded by the Act so long as the seller is federally licensed and such a sale is allowed by both the state of purchase and the state of residence . Private sales between residents of two different states are also prohibited without going through a licensed dealer , except for the case of a buyer holding a Curio & Relic license purchasing a firearm that qualifies as a curio or relic . Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws . While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license , private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law . A person who does not have a Federal Firearms License may not be in the business of buying or selling firearms . Individuals buying and selling firearms without a federal license must be doing so from their own personal collection . Under the Gun Control Act , a federally licensed importer , manufacturer , dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age , nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age . Gunsmith and factory repair exception ( edit ) While the Gun Control Act prohibits the direct mail - ordering of firearms , a person may ship a gun via contract carrier ( such as United Parcel Service - UPS , United States Postal Service or FedEx ) to a gunsmith ( who has an FFL ) or the gunmaker 's factory for repairs or modification . After the repair work is done , the gunsmith or the factory can ship the gun directly back to the customer . Import restrictions ( edit ) ATF Form 4590 ( `` Factoring Criteria for Weapons '' ) The GCA created what is known as the `` sporting purposes '' standard for imported firearms , saying that they must `` be generally recognized as particularly suitable for or readily adaptable to sporting purposes . '' GCA sporting purposes includes hunting and organized competitive target shooting , but does not include `` plinking '' or `` practical shooting '' ( which the ATF says is closer to police / combat - style competition and not comparable to more traditional types of sports ) , nor does it allow for collection for historical or design interest . Marking requirements ( edit ) The law also required that all newly manufactured firearms produced by licensed manufacturers in the United States and imported into the United States bear a serial number . Firearms manufactured prior to the Gun Control Act and firearms manufactured by non-FFLs remain exempt from the serial number requirement . Defacement or removal of the serial number ( if present ) is a felony offense . Commentary ( edit ) In a June 1966 essay , Neal Knox wrote that what was then called the Dodd Bill was opposed by outdoorsmen and conservationists Harry R. Woodward , C.R. Gutermuth of the Wildlife Management Institute , Richard H. Stroud of the Sport Fishing Institute , Howard Carter Jr. of the National Shooting Sports Foundation , E.C. Hadley of the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers ' Institute , Robert T. Dennis of the Izaak Walton League , `` and countless other sportsmen , and sportsmen and industry groups '' because it would have a far - reaching and damaging effect on the hunting and shooting sports , while failing to reduce crime . In his remarks upon signing the act in October 1968 , Johnson said : Congress adopted most of our recommendations . But this bill -- as big as this bill is -- still falls short , because we just could not get the Congress to carry out the requests we made of them . I asked for the national registration of all guns and the licensing of those who carry those guns . For the fact of life is that there are over 160 million guns in this country -- more firearms than families . If guns are to be kept out of the hands of the criminal , out of the hands of the insane , and out of the hands of the irresponsible , then we just must have licensing . If the criminal with a gun is to be tracked down quickly , then we must have registration in this country . The voices that blocked these safeguards were not the voices of an aroused nation . They were the voices of a powerful lobby , a gun lobby , that has prevailed for the moment in an election year . At the time of its passage in 1968 , NRA executive vice president Franklin Orth wrote in American Rifleman that `` the measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with '' . In the May 1993 issue of Guns & Ammo magazine , Jews for the Preservation of Firearms Ownership ( JPFO ) compared the GCA to Nazi gun laws . In a 2011 article noting the death of former U.S. Senator James A. McClure , the NRA called provisions of the GCA `` draconian . '' McClure was cosponsor of the Firearm Owners Protection Act ( FOPA ) of 1986 , also called the McClure - Volkmer Act . Political scientist Robert Spitzer wrote in 2011 that the Gun Control Act of 1968 `` provides an ideal case study to highlight the political processes affecting a direct effort to regulate firearms . '' He also stated in his book that President Johnson 's proposal called for national registration of all guns as well as licensing for all gun carriers , but his influence over the enacted law was small . House Rules Committee chair William Colmer only released H.R. 177735 to the floor after Judiciary Committee chair Emanuel Celler promised to oppose efforts to add licensing and registration provisions . See also ( edit ) Gun law in the United States Gun politics in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michaud , Jon ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` The Birth of the Modern Gun Debate '' . The New Yorker . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugliosi , Vincent ( 2007 ) . Reclaiming History : The Assassination of John F. Kennedy . W.W. Norton & Co. p. 200 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04525 - 3 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenfeld , Steven ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` The NRA once supported gun control '' . Salon . Salon Media Group . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Osha Gray ( 1998 ) . Under Fire : The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control . University of Iowa Press . p. 30 . ISBN 9781587290428 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sources for Connecticut 's role in the gun control debate '' . University of Connecticut . 2014 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Common Sense '' . Retrieved 10 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( June 12 , 1968 ) . `` Gun Control Bill Blocked In House ; Panel Deadlocks on Johnson Plan to Curb Rifle Sales -- New Vote Is Scheduled '' . New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Finney , John W. ( June 21 , 1968 ) . `` Senate Due To Act Today ; House Unit Votes Gun Bill , But Senate Panel Delays It House Committee Vote '' . New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved March 16 , 2011 . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Lyndon B. ( October 22 , 1968 ) . `` 553 -- Remarks Upon Signing the Gun Control Act of 1968 '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Dolak , Kevin ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Gun Debate Spurred by Kennedy Assassination Rages on Today '' . ABC News Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. gun control : A history of tragedy , legislative action '' . CBS Interactive . April 13 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbert , Arthur ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Open Letter to All Federal Firearms Licensees '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov . U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 18 U.S. Code § 922 -- Unlawful acts '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute ( LII ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide 2005 '' ( PDF ) . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Defining the type of weapon under review , The Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Jump up ^ `` Department of the Treasury Study on the Sporting Suitability of Modified Semiautomatic Assault Rifles '' ( PDF ) . atf.gov. April 1998 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1966 ) . `` The Dodd Bill Both Fact ... and Fantasy '' . In Knox , Chris . The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines . MacFarlane . ISBN 9780976863304 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Michael ( 2014 ) . The Second Amendment : A Biography . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9781476747460 . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Achenbach , Joel ; Higham , Scott ; Horwitz , Sari ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` How NRA 's true believers converted a marksmanship group into a mighty gun lobby '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , Neal ( 2009 ) ( 1993 ) . `` JPFO Proves Me Wrong '' . In Knox , Chris . The Gun Rights War : Dispatches from the Front Lines . MacFarlane . ISBN 9780976863304 . OCLC 423586835 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Adam ( 2011 ) . Gunfight : The Battle Over the Right to Bear Arms in America . Norton . ISBN 9780393077414 . ^ Jump up to : Norell , James O.E. ( 2011 ) . `` Passing of a Legend '' . nrapublications.org . National Rifle Association . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth ? '' . In Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics . M.E. Sharpe . p. 175 . ISBN 9780765627452 . Jump up ^ Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2011 ) . `` Gun Control : Constitutional Mandate or Myth ? '' . In Tatalovich , Raymond ; Daynes , Byron W. Moral Controversies in American Politics . M.E. Sharpe . p. 176 . ISBN 9780765627452 . Further reading ( edit ) Zimring , Frank ( 1968 ) . `` Is Gun Control Likely to Reduce Violent Killings ? '' . The University of Chicago Law Review . 35 ( 4 ) : 721 -- 737 . doi : 10.2307 / 1598883 . JSTOR 1598883 . OCLC 65016157 . Hahn , Robert A. ; Bilukha , Oleg ; Crosby , Alex ; Fullilove , Mindy T. ; Liberman , Akiva ; Moscicki , Eve ; Snyder , Susan ; Tuma , Farris ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Firearms laws and the reduction of violence '' ( PDF ) . American Journal of Preventive Medicine . 28 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 71 . doi : 10.1016 / j. amepre. 2004.10. 005 . PMID 15698747 . External links ( edit ) Text of H.R. 17735 ( 90th ) : An Act to amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill ) -- GovTrack.us ( hide ) Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. Johnson National Grassland Lyndon B. Johnson National Historical Park Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Lyndon Baines Johnson Day Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs Memorial Grove on the Potomac U.S. Postage stamp Books Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives special elections , 1937 United States House of Representatives elections , 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 United States Senate special elections , 1941 United States Senate elections , 1948 1954 1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 1964 United States presidential election , 1960 1964 Popular culture Lyndon B. Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. Kennedy Richard Nixon → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_Control_Act_of_1968&oldid=834109706 '' Categories : 1968 in law 90th United States Congress Gun politics in the United States Legal history of the United States United States federal criminal legislation United States federal firearms legislation Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 00 : 13 . About Wikipedia

who signed the gun control act of 1968

The GCA was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on October 22 , 1968 , and is Title I of the U.S. federal firearms laws . The National Firearms Act of 1934 ( NFA ) is Title II . Both GCA and NFA are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) .

Frankenstein - wikipedia Frankenstein Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a novel by Mary Shelley . For the characters , see Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein 's monster . For the historic German castles and other uses , see Frankenstein ( disambiguation ) . Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus Volume I , first edition Author Mary Shelley Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Gothic novel , horror fiction , soft science fiction Published 1 January 1818 ( Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor & Jones ) Pages 280 Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley ( 1797 -- 1851 ) that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein , a young scientist who creates a grotesque but sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment . Shelley started writing the story when she was 18 , and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818 , when she was 20 . Her name first appeared on the second edition , published in France in 1823 . Shelley travelled through Europe in 1814 , journeying along the river Rhine in Germany with a stop in Gernsheim which is 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) away from Frankenstein Castle , where , two centuries before , an alchemist was engaged in experiments . Later , she travelled in the region of Geneva ( Switzerland ) -- where much of the story takes place -- and the topic of galvanism and other similar occult ideas were themes of conversation among her companions , particularly her lover and future husband , Percy Shelley . Mary , Percy , Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story . After thinking for days , Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made ; her dream later evolved into the novel 's story . Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement . At the same time , it is an early example of science fiction . Brian Aldiss has argued that it should be considered the first true science fiction story because , in contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction , the central character `` makes a deliberate decision '' and `` turns to modern experiments in the laboratory '' to achieve fantastic results . It has had a considerable influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories , films and plays . Since the novel 's publication , the name `` Frankenstein '' has often been used to refer to the monster itself . This usage is sometimes considered erroneous , but usage commentators regard it as well - established and acceptable . In the novel , the monster is identified by words such as `` creature '' , `` monster '' , `` demon '' , `` wretch '' , `` abortion '' , `` fiend '' and `` it '' . Speaking to Victor Frankenstein , the wretch refers to himself as `` the Adam of your labours '' , and elsewhere as someone who `` would have ( been ) your Adam '' , but is instead `` your fallen angel '' ( which ties to Lucifer in Paradise Lost , which the monster reads , and which relates to the disobedience of Prometheus in the book 's subtitle ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 1.1 Captain Walton 's Introductory Frame Narrative 1.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative 1.3 The Creature 's Narrative 1.4 Victor Frankenstein 's Narrative Resumes 1.5 Captain Walton 's Concluding Frame Narrative 2 Characters 3 Composition 4 Publication 5 Frankenstein and the Monster 5.1 The Creature 5.2 Victor Frankenstein 's Surname 5.3 Victor Frankenstein 's Given Name 5.4 Modern Prometheus 6 Shelley 's sources 7 Reception 8 Derivative works 9 Films , plays and television 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Editions 13.1. 1 1818 text 13.1. 2 1831 text 14 External links Summary A variety of different editions Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister . It takes place at an unspecified time in the 18th century , as the letters ' dates are given as `` 17 -- '' . Captain Walton 's introductory frame narrative The novel Frankenstein is written in epistolary form , documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister , Margaret Walton Saville . Walton is a failed writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole and expand his scientific knowledge in hopes of achieving fame . During the voyage , the crew spots a dog sled driven by a gigantic figure . A few hours later , the crew rescues a nearly frozen and emaciated man named Victor Frankenstein . Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Walton 's crew . Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion ; he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him , and recounts a story of his life 's miseries to Walton as a warning . The recounted story serves as the frame for Frankenstein 's narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's narrative Victor begins by telling of his childhood . Born in Naples , into a wealthy Genevan family , Victor and his brothers , Ernest and William , all three being sons of Alphonse Frankenstein by the former Caroline Beaufort , are encouraged to seek a greater understanding of the world through chemistry . As a young boy , Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders . When Victor is five years old , his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza , the orphaned daughter of an expropriated Italian nobleman , with whom Victor later falls in love . During this period , Victor 's parents , Alphonse and Caroline , take in yet another orphan , Justine Moritz , who becomes William 's nanny . Weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany , his mother dies of scarlet fever ; Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief . At the university , he excels at chemistry and other sciences , soon developing a secret technique to impart life to non-living matter . Eventually , he undertakes the creation of a humanoid , but due to the difficulty in replicating the minute parts of the human body , Victor makes the Creature tall , about 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) in height and proportionally large . Despite his intentions , the beautiful creation of his dreams is instead hideous , with yellow eyes and skin that barely conceals the muscle tissue and blood vessels underneath . Repulsed by his work , Victor flees and dismisses him when it awakens . While wandering the streets , he meets his childhood friend , Henry Clerval , and takes Henry back to his apartment , fearful of Henry 's reaction if he sees the monster . Victor does not have to deal with that issue , however , because the monster has escaped . Victor falls ill from the experience and is nursed back to health by Henry . After a four - month recovery , he returns home when he learns of the murder of his brother William . Upon arriving in Geneva , Victor sees the Creature near the crime scene and climbing a mountain , leading him to believe his creation is responsible . Justine Moritz , William 's nanny , is convicted of the crime after William 's locket , which had contained a miniature portrait of Caroline , is found in her pocket . Victor is helpless to stop her from being hanged , as he knows no one would believe his story . Ravaged by grief and guilt , Victor retreats into the mountains . The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale . The Creature 's narrative Intelligent and articulate , the Creature relates his first days of life , living alone in the wilderness and finding that people were afraid of and hated him due to his appearance , which led him to fear and hide from them . While living in an abandoned structure connected to a cottage , he grew fond of the poor family living there , and discreetly collected firewood for them . Secretly living among the family for months , the Creature learned to speak by listening to them and he taught himself to read after discovering a lost satchel of books in the woods . When he saw his reflection in a pool , he realized his physical appearance was hideous , and it terrified him as it terrifies normal humans . Nevertheless , he approached the family in hopes of becoming their friend . Initially he was able to befriend the blind father figure of the family , but the rest of them were frightened and they all fled their home , resulting in the Creature burning the cottage in a fit of rage . He then swore revenge on his creator for bringing him into a world that hated him . He traveled to Victor 's family estate using details from Victor 's journal , murdered William , and framed Justine . The Creature demands that Victor create a female companion like himself . He argues that as a living being , he has a right to happiness . The Creature promises that he and his mate will vanish into the South American wilderness , never to reappear , if Victor grants his request . Should Victor refuse his request , The Creature also threatens to kill Victor 's remaining friends and loved ones and not stop until he completely ruins him . Fearing for his family , Victor reluctantly agrees . The Creature says he will watch over Victor 's progress . Victor Frankenstein 's narrative resumes Clerval accompanies him to England , but they separate at Victor 's insistence at Perth , Scotland . Victor suspects that the Creature is following him . Working on the female creature on the Orkney Islands , he is plagued by premonitions of disaster , such as the female hating the Creature or becoming more evil than him , but more particularly the two creatures might lead to the breeding of a race that could plague mankind . He tears apart the unfinished female creature after he sees the Creature , who had indeed followed Victor , watching through a window . The Creature later confronts and tries to threaten Victor into working again , but Victor is convinced that the Creature is evil and that its mate would be evil as well , and the pair would threaten all humanity . Victor destroys his work and the Creature vows that he will `` be with ( him ) on ( his ) wedding night '' . Victor interprets this as a threat upon his life , believing that the Creature will kill him after finally becoming happy . When Victor lands in Ireland , he is soon imprisoned for Clerval 's murder , as the Creature had strangled Clerval to death and left the corpse to be found where his creator had arrived , causing the latter to suffer another mental breakdown in prison . After being acquitted , Victor returns home with his father , who has restored to Elizabeth some of her father 's fortune . In Geneva , Victor is about to marry Elizabeth and prepares to fight the Creature to the death , arming himself with pistols and a dagger . The night following their wedding , Victor asks Elizabeth to stay in her room while he looks for `` the fiend '' . While Victor searches the house and grounds , the Creature strangles Elizabeth to death . From the window , Victor sees the Creature , who tauntingly points at Elizabeth 's corpse ; Victor tries to shoot him , but the Creature escapes . After getting back to Geneva , Victor 's father , weakened by age and by the death of his precious Elizabeth , dies a few days later . Seeking revenge , Victor pursues the Creature to the North Pole , but collapses from exhaustion and hypothermia before he can find his quarry . Captain Walton 's concluding frame narrative At the end of Victor 's narrative , Captain Walton resumes the telling of the story , closing the frame around Victor 's recounting . A few days after the Creature vanished , the ship becomes trapped in pack ice and multiple crewmen die in the cold , before the rest of Walton 's crew insists on returning south once it is freed . Walton sees Victor 's story as a warning , and decides to turn the ship around . Victor dies shortly thereafter , but not before telling Walton to `` avoid ambition '' . Walton discovers the Creature on his ship , mourning over Victor 's body . The Creature tells Walton that Victor 's death has not brought him peace ; rather , his crimes have left him completely alone . The Creature vows to kill himself so that no others will ever know of his existence . Walton watches as the Creature drifts away on an ice raft that is soon lost in darkness and distance , never to be seen again . Characters Victor Frankenstein - Protagonist and narrator of most of the story . Creates the monster . The creature ( Frankenstein 's monster ) - The hideous creature created by Victor Frankenstein . Mrs. Margaret Saville - Resident of England . Sister of Robert Walton . Addressee of letters written by him . Captain Robert Walton - Captain of the boat which picked up Victor . Brother of Mrs. Margaret Saville , and writer of letters addressed to her . Beaufort - A Merchant . Caroline Beaufort 's father . One of the most intimate friends of Victor 's father . Caroline Beaufort - Beaufort 's daughter , Victor 's mother . Ernest - Victor 's brother . Seven years younger than Victor . Henry Clerval - Victor 's best friend from childhood . The son of a merchant of Geneva . Justine Moritz - Daughter of Madame Moritz . Moved in with the Frankenstein family at age of 12 , and hanged for the murder of William . Elizabeth Lavenza - Daughter of a Milanese nobleman . Her mother was a German and had died on giving birth to her . Raised as Victor 's `` cousin '' in the Frankenstein home . William - Victor 's youngest brother . M. Krempe - professor of natural philosophy at university of Ingolstadt . He was an uncouth man , but deeply imbued in the secrets of his science . Influenced Victor . M. Waldman - A professor , at Ingolstadt . Influenced Victor . Agatha - Daughter of De Lacey . Felix 's sister . Felix - Son of De Lacey . De Lacey - Blind old man descended from a good family in France . Father of Agatha and Felix . His family was observed by the monster , and unbeknownst to them , taught him to speak and read . Safie - Daughter of a Turkish Merchant and a Christian Arab . Mr. Kirwin - A magistrate . Daniel Nugent - A witness against Victor in his murder trial . Composition Draft of Frankenstein ( `` It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ... '' ) `` How I , then a young girl , came to think of , and to dilate upon , so very hideous an idea ? '' -- Mary Shelley During the rainy summer of 1816 , the `` Year Without a Summer '' , the world was locked in a long cold volcanic winter caused by the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815 . Mary Shelley , aged 18 , and her lover ( and later husband ) Percy Bysshe Shelley , visited Lord Byron at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in Switzerland . The weather was consistently too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned , so the group retired indoors until dawn . Sitting around a log fire at Byron 's villa , the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book Fantasmagoriana , then Byron proposed that they `` each write a ghost story '' . Unable to think of a story , young Mary became anxious : `` Have you thought of a story ? I was asked each morning , and each morning I was forced to reply with a mortifying negative . '' During one evening in the middle of summer , the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life . `` Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated '' , Mary noted , `` galvanism had given token of such things '' . It was after midnight before they retired , and unable to sleep , she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the grim terrors of her `` waking dream '' . I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together . I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out , and then , on the working of some powerful engine , show signs of life , and stir with an uneasy , half vital motion . Frightful must it be ; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world . In September 2011 , astronomer Donald Olson , after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year , and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars , concluded that her `` waking dream '' took place `` between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. '' on 16 June 1816 , several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story . She began writing what she assumed would be a short story . With Percy Shelley 's encouragement , she expanded the tale into a full - fledged novel . She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment `` when I first stepped out from childhood into life '' . Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half - sister Fanny . This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley 's work . Shelley 's first child died in infancy , and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816 , she was likely nursing her second child , who would also be dead at Frankenstein 's publication . Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans , and from this John Polidori created The Vampyre ( 1819 ) , the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre . Thus two legendary horror tales originated from the conclave . The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well . Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly ; however , she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society ( Bennett 36 -- 42 ) . Mary 's and Percy Bysshe Shelley 's manuscripts for the first three - volume edition in 1818 ( written 1816 -- 1817 ) , as well as Mary Shelley 's fair copy for her publisher , are now housed in the Bodleian Library in Oxford . The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004 , and they belong now to the Abinger Collection . In 2008 , the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley 's original text with Percy Shelley 's additions and interventions alongside . Publication Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell ( 1840 -- 41 ) Shelley completed her writing in April / May 1817 , and Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818 by the small London publishing house Lackington , Hughes , Harding , Mavor , & Jones . It was issued anonymously , with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher William Godwin , her father . It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes , the standard `` triple - decker '' format for 19th - century first editions . The second edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1822 in two volumes ( by G. and W.B. Whittaker ) following the success of the stage play Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein by Richard Brinsley Peake . This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book 's author on its title page . On 31 October 1831 , the first `` popular '' edition in one - volume appeared , published by Henry Colburn & Richard Bentley . This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley , partially to make the story less radical . It included a lengthy new preface by the author , presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story . This edition is the one most widely published and read now , although a few editions follow the 1818 text . Some scholars prefer the original version , arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley 's vision ( see Anne K. Mellor 's `` Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach '' in the W.W. Norton Critical edition ) . In 2008 , a new edition of the novel , titled The Original Frankenstein , edited by Charles E. Robinson , was published . Robinson examined the original manuscript by Mary Shelley and noted the edits that Percy Bysshe Shelley made to it . Frankenstein and the monster The Creature Main article : Frankenstein 's monster An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish Fenian movement as akin to Frankenstein 's creature , in the wake of the Phoenix Park murders . Illustration from an 1882 issue of Punch Part of Frankenstein 's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give it a name , which causes a lack of identity . Instead it is referred to by words such as `` wretch '' , `` monster '' , `` creature '' , `` demon '' , `` devil '' , `` fiend '' , and `` it '' . When Frankenstein converses with the creature in Chapter 10 , he addresses it as `` vile insect '' , `` abhorred monster '' , `` fiend '' , `` wretched devil '' , and `` abhorred devil '' . During a telling of Frankenstein , Shelley referred to the creature as `` Adam '' . Shelley was referring to the first man in the Garden of Eden , as in her epigraph : Did I request thee , Maker , from my clay To mould Me man ? Did I solicit thee From darkness to promote me ? John Milton , Paradise Lost ( X . 743 -- 5 ) Although the creature would be described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and reanimated by the use of electricity , this description is not entirely consistent with Shelley 's work ; both the use of electricity and the cobbled - together image of Frankenstein 's monster were more the result of James Whale 's popular 1931 film adaptation of the story , and other early motion - picture works based upon the creature . In Shelley 's original work , Dr. Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life , and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter , though the exact nature of the process is left largely ambiguous . After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power , Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the creature 's body ( one anatomical feature at a time , from raw materials supplied by `` the dissecting room and the slaughter - house '' ) , which he then brings to life using his unspecified process . The creature has often been mistakenly called `` Frankenstein '' . In 1908 one author said `` It is strange to note how well - nigh universally the term `` Frankenstein '' is misused , even by intelligent people , as describing some hideous monster `` . Edith Wharton 's The Reef ( 1916 ) describes an unruly child as an `` infant Frankenstein . '' David Lindsay 's `` The Bridal Ornament '' , published in The Rover , 12 June 1844 , mentioned `` the maker of poor Frankenstein . '' After the release of Whale 's cinematic Frankenstein , the public at large began speaking of the creature itself as `` Frankenstein '' . This also occurs in Frankenstein films , including Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) and several subsequent films , as well as in film titles such as Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . Furthermore , future renditions and adaptations of the story include an evil laboratory assistant Igor or Ygor , who does not actually exist within the original narrative . Victor Frankenstein 's surname Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream - vision . Despite her public claims of originality , however , a number of other sources have been suggested as Shelley 's actual inspiration . The German name Frankenstein means `` stone of the Franks '' , and it is associated with various places in Germany , including Frankenstein Castle ( Burg Frankenstein ) in Darmstadt , Hesse , and Frankenstein Castle in Frankenstein , a town in the Palatinate . There is also a castle called Frankenstein in Bad Salzungen , Thuringia , and a municipality called Frankenstein in Saxony . Until 1945 , Ząbkowice Śląskie , now a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship , Poland , was mainly populated by Germans and named Frankenstein in German , and was the site of a scandal involving gravediggers in 1606 , which has been suggested as an inspiration to the author . Finally , the name is borne by the aristocratic House of Franckenstein from Franconia . Radu Florescu argues that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814 during their return to England from their elopement to Switzerland . It was at this castle that a notorious alchemist , Conrad Dippel , had experimented with human bodies , and Florescu reasons that Mary suppressed mention of her visit in order to maintain her public claim of originality . A literary essay by A. J. Day supports Florescu 's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel . Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle that exists in Mary Shelley 's ' lost ' journals . According to Jörg Heléne , the ' lost journals ' , as well as Florescu 's claims , can not be verified . Victor Frankenstein 's given name Main article : Victor Frankenstein A possible interpretation of the name Victor is derived from Paradise Lost by John Milton , a great influence on Shelley ( a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley even has the monster himself read it ) . Milton frequently refers to God as `` the Victor '' in Paradise Lost , and Shelley sees Victor as playing God by creating life . In addition , Shelley 's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost ; indeed , the monster says , after reading the epic poem , that he empathizes with Satan 's role in the story . There are many similarities between Victor and Percy Shelley , Mary 's husband . Victor was a pen name of Percy Shelley 's , as in the collection of poetry he wrote with his sister Elizabeth , Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire . There is speculation that one of Mary Shelley 's models for Victor Frankenstein was Percy , who at Eton had `` experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions '' , and whose rooms at Oxford were filled with scientific equipment . Percy Shelley was the first - born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir Bysshe Shelley , 1st Baronet of Castle Goring , and Richard Fitzalan , 10th Earl of Arundel . Victor 's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counselors and syndics . Percy had a sister named Elizabeth ; Victor had an adopted sister named Elizabeth . On 22 February 1815 , Mary Shelley gave birth to a baby two months prematurely , and the baby died two weeks later . Percy did not care about the condition of this premature infant and left with Claire , Mary 's stepsister , for a lurid affair . When Victor saw the creature come to life he fled the apartment , though the newborn creature approached him , as a child would a parent . The question of Victor 's responsibility to the creature is one of the main themes of the book . Modern Prometheus The Modern Prometheus is the novel 's subtitle ( though some modern editions now drop the subtitle , mentioning it only in an introduction ) . Prometheus , in later versions of Greek mythology , was the Titan who created mankind at the behest of Zeus . He made a being in the image of the gods that could have a spirit breathed into it . Prometheus taught man to hunt , read , and heal their sick , but after he tricked Zeus into accepting poor - quality offerings from humans , Zeus kept fire from mankind . Prometheus , being the creator , took back the fire from Zeus to give to man . When Zeus discovered this , he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of Caucasus , where each day an eagle would peck out his liver , only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god . He was intended to suffer alone for eternity , but eventually Heracles ( Hercules ) released him . Prometheus was also a myth told in Latin , but was a very different story . In this version Prometheus makes man from clay and water , again a very relevant theme to Frankenstein , as Victor rebels against the laws of nature ( how life is naturally made ) and as a result is punished by his creation . In 1910 , Edison Studios released the first motion - picture adaptation of Shelley 's story . The Titan in the Greek mythology of Prometheus parallels Victor Frankenstein . Victor 's work by creating man by new means reflects the same innovative work of the Titan in creating humans . Some have argued that Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil , and blamed him for bringing fire to man and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat ( fire brought cooking which brought hunting and killing ) . Byron was particularly attached to the play Prometheus Bound by Aeschylus , and Percy Shelley would soon write his own Prometheus Unbound ( 1820 ) . The term `` Modern Prometheus '' was actually coined by Immanuel Kant in reference to Benjamin Franklin and his experiments with electricity . Shelley 's sources Shelley incorporated a number of different sources into her work , one of which was the Promethean myth from Ovid . The influence of John Milton 's Paradise Lost , and Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner , are also clearly evident within the novel . Mary is likely to have acquired some ideas for Frankenstein 's character from Humphry Davy 's book Elements of Chemical Philosophy , in which he had written that `` science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative ; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ... '' . References to the French Revolution run through the novel ; a possible source may lie in François - Félix Nogaret ( fr ) 's Le Miroir des événemens actuels , ou la Belle au plus offrant ( 1790 ) : a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn who creates a life - sized automaton . Within the past thirty years or so , many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then popular natural philosophers ( now called physical scientists ) with Shelley 's work on account of several notable similarities . Two of the most notable natural philosophers among Shelley 's contemporaries were Giovanni Aldini , who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London and Johann Konrad Dippel , who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans . While Shelley was obviously aware of both these men and their activities , she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes . Reception Illustration by Theodor von Holst from the frontispiece of the 1831 edition Frankenstein has been both well received and disregarded since its anonymous publication in 1818 . Critical reviews of that time demonstrate these two views , along with confused speculation as to the identity of the author . The Belle Assemblee described the novel as `` very bold fiction '' ( 139 ) . The Quarterly Review stated that `` the author has the power of both conception and language '' ( 185 ) . Sir Walter Scott , writing in Blackwood 's Edinburgh Magazine congratulated `` the author 's original genius and happy power of expression '' ( 620 ) , although he is less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language . The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany hoped to see `` more productions from this author '' ( 253 ) . On the other hand , the Quarterly Review described it `` a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity '' . In two other reviews where the author is known as the daughter of William Godwin , the criticism of the novel makes reference to the feminine nature of Mary Shelley . The British Critic attacks the novel 's flaws as the fault of the author : `` The writer of it is , we understand , a female ; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel ; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex , it is no reason why we should ; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment '' ( 438 ) . The Literary Panorama and National Register attacks the novel as a `` feeble imitation of Mr. Godwin 's novels '' produced by the `` daughter of a celebrated living novelist '' ( 414 ) . Despite the reviews , Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success . It became widely known especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations -- Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption ; or The Fate of Frankenstein , a play by Richard Brinsley Peake , in 1823 . A French translation appeared as early as 1821 ( Frankenstein : ou le Prométhée Moderne , translated by Jules Saladin ) . Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century . Major critics such as M.A. Goldberg and Harold Bloom have praised the `` aesthetic and moral '' relevance of the novel , although there are also critics such as Germaine Greer , who criticized the novel as terrible due to technical and narrative defects ( such as it featuring three narrators that speak in the same way ) . In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism : Lawrence Lipking states ' even the Lacanian subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism , for instance , has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel ' The novel today is generally considered to be a landmark work of romantic and gothic literature , as well as science fiction . Film director Guillermo del Toro describes Frankenstein as `` the quintessential teenage book '' , adding `` You do n't belong . You were brought to this world by people that do n't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering , and tears and hunger . It 's an amazing book written by a teenage girl . It 's mind blowing . '' Professor of philosophy Patricia MacCormack says the creature , brought to life by Victor Frankenstein , addresses the most fundamental human questions : `` It 's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is . Why are we here , what can we do ? '' Derivative works There are numerous novels retelling or continuing the story of Frankenstein and his monster . Further information on derivative works : Frankenstein in popular culture Films , plays and television See also : List of films featuring Frankenstein 's monster A photo of Charles Ogle as the monster in Frankenstein ( 1910 ) A promotional photo of Boris Karloff , as Frankenstein 's monster , using Jack Pierce 's makeup design 1823 : Richard Brinsley Peake 's adaptation , Presumption ; or , the Fate of Frankenstein , was seen by Mary Shelley and her father William Godwin at the English Opera House . 1826 : Henry M. Milner 's adaptation , The Man and The Monster ; or The Fate of Frankenstein opened on 3 July at the Royal Coburg Theatre , London . 1887 : Frankenstein , or The Vampire 's Victim was a musical burlesque written by Richard Henry ( a pseudonym of Richard Butler and Henry Chance Newton ) . 1910 : Edison Studios produced the first Frankenstein film , directed by J. Searle Dawley . 1915 : Life Without Soul , the second film adaptation of Mary Shelley 's novel , was released . No known print of the film has survived . 1920 : The Monster of Frankenstein , Directed by Eugenio Testa , starring Luciano Albertini and Umberto Guarracino . 1931 : Universal Studios ' Frankenstein , directed by James Whale , starring Colin Clive , Mae Clarke , John Boles , Edward Van Sloan , Dwight Frye , and Boris Karloff as the monster . 1935 : James Whale directed the sequel Bride of Frankenstein , starring Colin Clive as Frankenstein , and Boris Karloff as the monster once more . This incorporated the novel 's plot motif of Frankenstein creating a bride for the monster omitted from Whale 's earlier film . There were two more sequels , prior to the Universal `` monster rally '' films combining multiple monsters from various movie series or film franchises . 1939 : Son of Frankenstein was another Universal monster movie with Boris Karloff as the Creature . Also in the film were Basil Rathbone as the title character and Bela Lugosi as the sinister assistant Ygor . Karloff ended playing the Frankenstein monster with this film . 1942 : The Ghost of Frankenstein featured brain transplanting and a new monster , played by Lon Chaney Jr . The film also starred Evelyn Ankers and Bela Lugosi . 1942 -- 1948 : Universal did `` monster rally '' films featuring Frankenstein 's Monster , Dracula and the Wolf Man . Included would be Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man , House of Frankenstein , House of Dracula and Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein . The last three films introduced Glenn Strange as Frankenstein 's monster . 1957 -- 1974 : Hammer Films in England did a string of Frankenstein films starring Peter Cushing , including The Curse of Frankenstein , The Revenge of Frankenstein and Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed . Co-starring in these films were Christopher Lee , Hazel Court , Veronica Carlson and Simon Ward . Another Hammer film , The Horror of Frankenstein , starred Ralph Bates as the main character , Victor Frankenstein . 1965 : Toho Studios created the film Frankenstein Conquers the World or Frankenstein vs. Baragon , followed by The War of the Gargantuas . 1972 : A comedic stage adaptation , Frankenstein 's Monster , was written by Sally Netzel and produced by the Dallas Theater Center . 1973 : The TV film Frankenstein : The True Story appeared on NBC . The movie starred Leonard Whiting , Michael Sarrazin , James Mason , and Jane Seymour . 1981 : A Broadway adaptation by Victor Gialanella played for one performance ( after 29 previews ) and was considered the most expensive flop ever produced to that date . 1984 : The flop Broadway production yielded a TV film starring Robert Powell , Carrie Fisher , David Warner , and John Gielgud . 1992 : Frankenstein became a Turner Network Television film directed by David Wickes , starring Patrick Bergin and Randy Quaid . John Mills played the blind man . 1994 : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein appeared in theatres , directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh , with Robert De Niro and Helena Bonham Carter . Its all - star cast also included John Cleese , Ian Holm , and Tom Hulce . 2004 : Frankenstein A two - episode mini-series starring Alec Newman , with Luke Goss and Donald Sutherland . This is the only T.V. or movie adaption that is faithful to the novel . 2011 : In March , BBC3 broadcast Colin Teague 's live production from Kirkstall Abbey , Leeds , billed as Frankenstein 's Wedding , Live in Leeds . About the same time , the National Theatre , London presented a stage version of Frankenstein , which ran until 2 May 2011 . The play was written by Nick Dear and directed by Danny Boyle . Jonny Lee Miller and Benedict Cumberbatch alternated the roles of Frankenstein and the Creature . The National Theatre broadcast live performances of the play worldwide on 17 March . 2012 : An interactive ebook app created by Inkle and Profile Books that retells the story with added interactive elements . 2014 : Penny Dreadful is a horror TV series that airs on Showtime , that features Victor Frankenstein as well as his creature . 2015 : Frankenstein , a modern - day adaptation written and directed by Bernard Rose . 2015 : Victor Frankenstein is an American film directed by Paul McGuigan . 2016 : Frankenstein , a full length ballet production by Liam Scarlett . Some performances were also live simulcasts worldwide . 2019 : Bride of Frankenstein , the currently postponed second film in the Dark Universe , a reboot of the Universal series in which Javier Bardem is currently slated to portray Frankenstein 's monster . Loose adaptations 1967 : I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night and its sequel , Frankenstein Unbound ( Another Monster Musical ) , are a pair of musical comedies written by Bobby Pickett and Sheldon Allman . The casts of both feature several classic horror characters including Dr. Frankenstein and his monster . 1973 : The Rocky Horror Show , is a British horror comedy stage musical written by Richard O'Brian in which Dr. Frank N. Furter has created a creature ( Rocky ) , to satisfy his ( pro ) creative drives . Elements are similar to I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night . 1973 : Andy Warhol 's Frankenstein . Usually , Frankenstein is a man whose dedication to science takes him too far , but here his interest is to rule the world by creating a new species that will obey him and do his bidding . 1974 : Young Frankenstein . Directed by Mel Brooks , this sequel - spoof has been listed as one of the best movie comedies of any comedy genre ever made , even prompting an American film preservation program to include it on its listings . It reuses many props from James Whale 's 1931 Frankenstein and is shot in black - and - white with 1930s - style credits . Gene Wilder portrayed the descendant of Dr. Frankenstein , with Peter Boyle as the Monster . 1975 : The Rocky Horror Picture Show is the 1975 film adaptation of the British rock musical stageplay , The Rocky Horror Show ( 1973 ) , written by Richard O'Brien . 1984 : Frankenweenie is a parody short film directed by Tim Burton , starring Barrett Oliver , Shelley Duvall and Daniel Stern . 1985 : The Bride starring Sting as Baron Charles Frankenstein and Jennifer Beals as Eva , a woman he creates in the same fashion as his infamous monster . 1986 : Gothic , directed by Ken Russell , is the story of the night that Mary Shelley gave birth to Frankenstein . Starring Gabriel Byrne , Julian Sands , Natasha Richardson . 1988 : Frankenstein ( フランケン シュタイン ) is a manga adaptation of Shelley 's novel by Junji Ito . 1989 : Frankenstein the Panto . A pantomime script by David Swan , combining elements of Frankenstein , Dracula , and traditional British panto . 1990 : Frankenstein Unbound . Combines a time - travel story with the story of Shelley 's novel . Scientist Joe Buchanan accidentally creates a time - rift which takes him back to the events of the novel . Filmed as a low - budget independent film in 1990 , based on a novel published in 1973 by Brian Aldiss . This novel bears no relation to the 1967 stage musical with the same name listed above . 1991 : Khatra ( film ) is a Hindi movie of Bollywood made by director H.N. Singh loosely based on the story , Frankenstein . 1995 : Monster Mash is a film adaptation of I 'm Sorry the Bridge Is Out , You 'll Have to Spend the Night starring Bobby Pickett as Dr. Frankenstein . The film also features Candace Cameron Bure , Anthony Crivello and Mink Stole . 1998 : Billy Frankenstein is a very loose adaptation about a boy who moves into a mansion with his family and brings the Frankenstein monster to life . The film was directed by Fred Olen Ray . 2003 : Reading Frankenstein , a new media performance work in which Mary Shelley is a genetic engineer and artificial life scientist and her Creature a hybrid form of computational a-life . It was co-created by director Annie Loui and artist - writer Antoinette LaFarge for UC Irvine . 2004 : Frankenstein made - for - TV film based on Dean Koontz 's Frankenstein . 2005 : Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove , a 90 - minute feature film homage of classic monsters and Atomic Age creature features , shot in black and white , and directed by William Winckler . The Frankenstein Monster design and make - up was based on the character descriptions in Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley 's novel . 2009 : The Diary of Anne Frankenstein , a short film from Chillerrama . 2009 : Anuman Interactive ( French publisher ) launches Frankestein , a hidden objects game freely inspired by Mary Shelley 's book , on iPhone and iPad . 2011 : Frankenstein : Day of the Beast is an independent horror film based loosely on the original book . 2011 : Victor Frankenstein appears in the ABC show Once Upon a Time , a fantasy series on ABC that features multiple characters from fairy tales and classic literature trapped in the real world . 2012 : Frankenweenie , Tim Burton 's feature film remake of his 1984 short film of the same name . 2012 : In the Adventure Time episode `` Princess Monster Wife '' , the Ice King removes body parts from all the princesses that rejected him and creates a jigsaw wife to love him . 2012 : A Nightmare on Lime Street , Fred Lawless 's comedy play starring David Gest staged at the Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool . 2014 : I , Frankenstein is a 2014 fantasy action film . The film stars Aaron Eckhart as Adam Frankenstein and Bill Nighy . The film is based on the graphic novel . 2014 : Frankenstein , MD , A web show by Pemberly Digital starring Victoria , a female adaptation of Victor . 2015 : The Supernatural season 10 episodes Book of the Damned , Dark Dynasty and The Prisoner feature the Styne Family which member Eldon Styne identifies as the descendants of the house of Frankenstein . According to Eldon , Mary Shelley had learned their secrets while on a visit to Castle Frankenstein and wrote a book based on her experiences , forcing the Frankensteins underground as the Stynes . The Stynes , through bioengineering and surgical enhancements , feature many of the superhuman features of Frankenstein 's monster . 2015 : The Frankenstein Chronicles , is a British television drama series - starring Sean Bean as John Marlott and Anna Maxwell Martin as Mary Shelley 2016 : Second Chance , a TV series known at one point as Frankenstein , was inspired by the classic . See also United Kingdom portal Books portal Frankenstein argument Frankenstein complex Frankenstein in Baghdad Frankenstein in popular culture Frankenstein 's monster Golem Homunculus Johann Conrad Dippel List of dreams Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 1 January 1818 ) . `` Books Published This Day '' . The Times ( 10342 ) . London , England . p. 4 -- via Newspapers.com . This day is published , in 3 vols. , price 16s . 6d. , a Work of Imagination , to be entitled Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus . Jump up ^ Hobbler , Dorthy and Thomas . The Monsters : Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein . Back Bay Books ; 20 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Martin . Mary Shelley . Oxford University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ Seymour , Miranda . Mary Shelley . Atlanta , GA : Grove Press , 2002 . pg 110 - 111 Jump up ^ The Detached Retina : Aspects of SF and Fantasy by Brian Aldiss ( 1995 ) , page 78 . Jump up ^ Bergen Evans , Comfortable Words , New York : Random House , 1957 Jump up ^ Bryan Garner , A Dictionary of Modern American Usage , New York , Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster 's Dictionary of American English , Merriam - Webster : 2002 Jump up ^ `` Preface '' , 1831 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ Sunstein , 118 . Jump up ^ Dr. John Polidori , `` The Vampyre '' 1819 , The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register ; London : H. Colburn , 1814 -- 1820 . Vol. 1 , No. 63 . Jump up ^ paragraph 7 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 8 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ paragraph 10 , Introduction , Frankenstein 1831 edition Jump up ^ Shelley , Mary . Paragraphs 11 -- 13 , `` Introduction '' Frankenstein ( 1831 edition ) Gutenberg Jump up ^ Quoted in Spark , 157 , from Mary Shelley 's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein . Jump up ^ Radford , Tim , Frankenstein 's hour of creation identified by astronomers , The Guardian , Sunday 25 September 2011 ( retrieved 5 January 2014 ) Jump up ^ Bennett , An Introduction , 30 -- 31 ; Sunstein , 124 . Jump up ^ Sunstein , 117 . Jump up ^ Hay , 103 . Jump up ^ Lepore , Jill ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Strange and Twisted Life of ' Frankenstein ' '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ `` OX.ac.uk '' . Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary Shelley , with Percy Shelley ( 2008 ) . Charles E. Robinson , ed . The Original Frankenstein . Oxford : Bodleian Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 851 - 24396 - 9 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Charles ( 1996 ) . The Frankenstein Notebooks : A Facsimile Edition . 1 . Garland Publishing , Inc. p. xxv . She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old , she finished it as Mary Shelley in April / May 1817 when she was nineteen ... and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty . Jump up ^ Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft . Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 Jump up ^ D.L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf , `` A Note on the Text '' , Frankenstein , 2nd ed. , Peterborough : Broadview Press , 1999 . Jump up ^ Wollstonecraft Shelley , Mary ( 2000 ) . Frankenstein . Bedford Publishing . p. 3 . Jump up ^ See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition . Jump up ^ The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text , as is the `` Ignatius Critical Edition '' . Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions . Jump up ^ James Grande ( 2008 - 11 - 25 ) . `` The Original Frankenstein , By Mary Shelley with Percy Shelley ed Charles E Robinson '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Frankenstein : Celluloid Monster at the National Library of Medicine website of the ( U.S. ) National Institutes of Health Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text '' ( PDF ) . National Library of Medicine and ALA Public Programs Office . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 31 December 2007 . from the traveling exhibition Frankenstein : Penetrating the Secrets of Nature Archived 9 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Author 's Digest : The World 's Great Stories in Brief , by Rossiter Johnson , 1908 Jump up ^ The Reef , page 96 . Jump up ^ zapomniana , Historia ( 24 January 2016 ) . `` Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein '' . Jump up ^ Florescu 1996 , pp. 48 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Day , A.J. ( 2005 ) . Fantasmagoriana ( Tales of the Dead ) . Fantasmagoriana Press . pp. 149 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4116 - 5291 - 0 . Jump up ^ Helene , Jorge ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel '' . Darmstadt . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Wade , Phillip . `` Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein . '' Milton and the Romantics , 2 ( December , 1976 ) , 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Jones 1952 , pp. 496 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Sandy , Mark ( 20 September 2002 ) . `` Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire '' . The Literary Encyclopedia . The Literary Dictionary Company . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Bysshe Shelley ( 1792 -- 1822 ) '' . Romantic Natural History . Department of English , Dickinson College . Retrieved 2 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Percy Shelley # Ancestry Jump up ^ `` Journal 6 December -- Very Unwell . Shelley & Clary walk out , as usual , to heaps of places ... A letter from Hookham to say that Harriet has been brought to bed of a son and heir . Shelley writes a number of circular letters on this event , which ought to be ushered in with ringing of bells , etc. , for it is the son of his wife . '' Quoted in Spark , 39 . Jump up ^ For example , the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education Jump up ^ In the best - known versions of the Prometheus story , by Hesiod and Aeschylus , Prometheus merely brings fire to mankind . But in other versions , such as several of Aesop 's fables ( See in particular Fable 516 ) , Sappho ( Fragment 207 ) , and Ovid 's Metamorphoses , Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity . Jump up ^ ( Leonard Wolf , p. 20 ) . Jump up ^ RoyalSoc.ac.uk `` Benjamin Franklin in London . '' The Royal Society . Retrieved 8 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Douthwaite , `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution '' chapter 2 of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France ( Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Ruston , Sharon ( 25 November 2015 ) . `` The Science of Life and Death in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . The Public Domain Review . Jump up ^ This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the 2008 edition of Frankenstein Jump up ^ `` Crossref-it.info '' . Crossref-it.info . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Review of Frankenstein , or the Modern Prometheus '' . The Quarterly Review . 18 : 379 -- 385 . January 1818 . Jump up ^ `` Enotes.com '' . Enotes.com . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` KCTCS.edu '' . Octc.kctcs.edu . Retrieved 28 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Germaine Greer ( 2007 - 04 - 09 ) . `` Yes , Frankenstein really was written by Mary Shelley . It 's obvious - because the book is so bad '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ L Lipking Frankenstein the True Story ; or Rousseau Judges Jean - Jacques . ( Published in the Norton critical edition. 1996 ) Jump up ^ UTM.edu Lynn Alexander , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frankenstein : Behind the monster smash '' . BBC . 1 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Shanon ( 11 February 1998 ) . `` A Chronology of the Life of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : 1825 -- 1835 '' . umd.edu . Retrieved 8 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Blood on the Stage , 1950 -- 1975 : Milestone Plays of Crime , Mystery and Detection , by Amnon Kabatchnik . Scarecrow Press , 2011 , p. 300 Jump up ^ Lawson , Carol ( 7 January 1981 ) . `` '' FRANKENSTEIN '' NEARLY CAME BACK TO LIFE `` . New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hickling , Alfred ( 20 March 2011 ) . `` Frankenstein 's Wedding -- review '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference BBc 2018 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Announcing FRANKENSTEIN , a new interactive literary app for iPad and iPhone '' . Profile Books . Retrieved 6 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hello Igor ... Daniel Radcliffe gets into character on the set of the brand new Frankenstein movie , The Daily Mail Jump up ^ `` Frankenstein 4 -- 27 May 2016 . Main Stage . The world premiere of Liam Scarlett 's new full - length ballet , inspired by Mary Shelley 's Gothic masterpiece '' . roh.org.uk . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 24 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Slavin , Rose ( 11 May 2016 ) . `` Frankenstein to be relayed live to BP Big Screens in the UK and cinemas around the world on 18 May 2016 '' . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Universal Pictures ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Universal Pictures Unveils `` Dark Universe '' With Name , Mark and Musical Theme for its Classic Monsters Series of Films `` . PR Newswire . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` ' Bride Of Frankenstein ' Back To Lab As London Pre-Production Postponed ; Javier Bardem & Angelina Jolie Expected To Wait '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Laughs '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ LaFarge , Antoinette , and Annie Loui . `` Excerpts from Reading Frankenstein : Mary Shelley as 21st Century Artificial Life Scientist '' . Ada : A Journal of Gender , New Media & Technology , Fall 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Communiqués officiels des jeux vidéo '' . AFJV . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare On Lime Street -- Royal Court Theatre , Liverpool '' . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( 2 March 2015 ) . `` Rob Kazinsky Is Fox 's ' Frankenstein ' Monster '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . References Aldiss , Brian W. `` On the Origin of Species : Mary Shelley '' . Speculations on Speculation : Theories of Science Fiction . Eds . James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow , 2005 . Baldick , Chris . In Frankenstein 's Shadow : Myth , Monstrosity , and Nineteenth - Century Writing . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1987 . Bann , Stephen , ed . `` Frankenstein '' : Creation and Monstrosity . London : Reaktion , 1994 . Behrendt , Stephen C. , ed . Approaches to Teaching Shelley 's `` Frankenstein '' . New York : MLA , 1990 . Bennett , Betty T. and Stuart Curran , eds . Mary Shelley in Her Times . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 2000 . Bennett , Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley : An Introduction . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5976 - X . Bohls , Elizabeth A. `` Standards of Taste , Discourses of ' Race ' , and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster : Critique of Empire in Frankenstein '' . Eighteenth - Century Life 18.3 ( 1994 ) : 23 -- 36 . Botting , Fred . Making Monstrous : `` Frankenstein '' , Criticism , Theory . New York : St. Martin 's , 1991 . Chapman , D. That Not Impossible She : A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein , UK : Concept , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1480047617 Clery , E.J. Women 's Gothic : From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley . Plymouth : Northcote House , 2000 . Conger , Syndy M. , Frederick S. Frank , and Gregory O'Dea , eds . Iconoclastic Departures : Mary Shelley after `` Frankenstein '' : Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley 's Birth . Madison , New Jersey : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press , 1997 . Donawerth , Jane . Frankenstein 's Daughters : Women Writing Science Fiction . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1997 . Douthwaite , Julia V . `` The Frankenstein of the French Revolution , '' chapter two of The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 2012 . Dunn , Richard J. `` Narrative Distance in Frankenstein '' . Studies in the Novel 6 ( 1974 ) : 408 -- 17 . Eberle - Sinatra , Michael , ed . Mary Shelley 's Fictions : From `` Frankenstein '' to `` Falkner '' . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2000 . Ellis , Kate Ferguson . The Contested Castle : Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology . Urbana : University of Illinois Press , 1989 . Florescu , Radu ( 1996 ) . In Search of Frankenstein : Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley 's Monster ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Robson Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 861 - 05033 - 5 . Forry , Steven Earl . Hideous Progenies : Dramatizations of `` Frankenstein '' from Mary Shelley to the Present . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , 1990 . Freedman , Carl . `` Hail Mary : On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Science Fiction Studies 29.2 ( 2002 ) : 253 -- 64 . Gigante , Denise . `` Facing the Ugly : The Case of Frankenstein '' . ELH 67.2 ( 2000 ) : 565 -- 87 . Gilbert , Sandra and Susan Gubar . The Madwoman in the Attic : The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth - Century Literary Imagination . New Haven : Yale University Press , 1979 . Hay , Daisy `` Young Romantics '' ( 2010 ) : 103 . Heffernan , James A.W. `` Looking at the Monster : Frankenstein and Film '' . Critical Inquiry 24.1 ( 1997 ) : 133 -- 58 . Hodges , Devon . `` Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel '' . Tulsa Studies in Women 's Literature 2.2 ( 1983 ) : 155 -- 64 . Hoeveler , Diane Long . Gothic Feminism : The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës . University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press , 1998 . Holmes , Richard . Shelley : The Pursuit. 1974 . London : Harper Perennial , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 720458 - 2 . Jones , Frederick L. ( 1952 ) . `` Shelley and Milton '' . Studies in Philology. 49 ( 3 ) : 488 -- 519 . JSTOR 4173024 . Knoepflmacher , U.C. and George Levine , eds . The Endurance of `` Frankenstein '' : Essays on Mary Shelley 's Novel . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1979 . Lew , Joseph W . `` The Deceptive Other : Mary Shelley 's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 30.2 ( 1991 ) : 255 -- 83 . Lauritsen , John . `` The Man Who Wrote Frankenstein '' . Pagan Press , 2007 . London , Bette . `` Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , and the Spectacle of Masculinity '' . PMLA 108.2 ( 1993 ) : 256 -- 67 . Mellor , Anne K. Mary Shelley : Her Life , Her Fiction , Her Monsters . New York : Methuen , 1988 . Michaud , Nicolas , Frankenstein and Philosophy : The Shocking Truth , Chicago : Open Court , 2013 . Miles , Robert . Gothic Writing 1750 -- 1820 : A Genealogy . London : Routledge , 1993 . Milner , Andrew . Literature , Culture and Society . London : Routledge , 2005 , ch. 5 . O'Flinn , Paul . `` Production and Reproduction : The Case of Frankenstein '' . Literature and History 9.2 ( 1983 ) : 194 -- 213 . Poovey , Mary . The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer : Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft , Mary Shelley , and Jane Austen . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1984 . Rauch , Alan . `` The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' . Studies in Romanticism 34.2 ( 1995 ) : 227 -- 53 . Selbanev , Xtopher . `` Natural Philosophy of the Soul '' , Western Press , 1999 . Schor , Esther , ed . The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 . Scott , Grant F. ( 1934 ) . `` Victor 's Secret : Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward 's Illustrations to Frankenstein '' . Word & Image - 28 ( April -- June 2012 ) . pp. 206 -- 232 . Smith , Johanna M. , ed . Frankenstein . Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 1992 . Spark , Muriel . Mary Shelley . London : Cardinal , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 7474 - 0318 - X . Stableford , Brian . `` Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction '' . Anticipations : Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors . Ed . David Seed . Syracuse : Syracuse University Press , 1995 . Sunstein , Emily W. Mary Shelley : Romance and Reality. 1989 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 4218 - 2 . Tropp , Martin . Mary Shelley 's Monster . Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1976 . Veeder , William . Mary Shelley & Frankenstein : The Fate of Androgyny . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1986 . Williams , Anne . The Art of Darkness : A Poetics of Gothic . Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1995 . Further reading Richard Holmes , `` Out of Control '' ( review of Mary Shelley , Frankenstein , Or , The Modern Prometheus : Annotated for Scientists , Engineers , and Creators of All Kinds , edited by David H. Guston , Ed Finn , and Jason Scott Robert , MIT Press , 277 pp. ; and Mary Shelley , The New Annotated Frankenstein , edited and with a foreword and notes by Leslie S. Klinger , Liveright , 352 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXIV , no . 20 ( 21 December 2017 ) , pp. 38 , 40 -- 41 . Editions 1818 text Shelley , Mary Frankenstein : 1818 text ( Oxford University Press , 2009 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by Marilyn Butler . 1831 text Fairclough , Peter ( ed . ) Three Gothic Novels : Walpole / Castle of Otranto , Beckford / Vathek , Mary Shelley / Frankenstein ( Penguin English Library , 1968 ) . With an introductory essay by Mario Praz . Shelley , Mary Frankenstein ( Oxford University Press , 2008 ) . Edited with an introduction and notes by M.K. Joseph . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankenstein . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Frankenstein Wikisource has original text related to this article : Frankenstein Frankenstein at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein 1818 edition at Project Gutenberg Frankenstein public domain audiobook at LibriVox Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley Chronology and Resource Site `` On Frankenstein '' , review by Percy Bysshe Shelley `` 13 Ways of Looking at Frankenstein '' , slideshow by Life `` My Hideous Progeny : Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein '' Frankenstein : a new reality ! Inside look at the `` Frankenstein Phenomenon '' Inside look at the `` Read original Frankenstein by Mary Shelley '' Crash Course Literature - Frankenstein ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenstein Characters Frankenstein 's monster Victor Frankenstein Bride of Frankenstein Doctor Waldman Elizabeth Lavenza Films ( expands on the right ) Film characters Igor Doctor Septimus Pretorius Wolf Frankenstein Universal series Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series The Curse of Frankenstein ( 1957 ) The Revenge of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Evil of Frankenstein ( 1964 ) Frankenstein Created Woman ( 1967 ) Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed ( 1969 ) The Horror of Frankenstein ( 1970 ) Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell ( 1974 ) Toho series Frankenstein Conquers the World ( 1965 ) The War of the Gargantuas ( 1966 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? 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where do frankenstein and the monster first meet

Ravaged by grief and guilt , Victor retreats into the mountains . The Creature finds him and pleads for Victor to hear his tale .

Mirroring ( psychology ) - wikipedia Mirroring ( psychology ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mirroring in an argument . Mirroring is the behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture , speech pattern , or attitude of another . Mirroring often occurs in social situations , particularly in the company of close friends or family . The concept often affects other individuals ' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors , which can lead to the individual building rapport with others . Mirroring is the subconscious replication of another person 's nonverbal signals . This concept takes place in everyday interactions , and often goes unnoticed by both the person enacting the mirroring behaviors as well as the individual who is being mirrored . The activation of mirror neurons takes place within the individual who begins to mirror another 's movements , and allows them a greater connection and understanding with the individual who they are mirroring , as well as allowing the individual who is being mirrored to feel a stronger connection with the other individual . Mirroring is distinct from conscious imitation under the premise that while the latter is a conscious , typically overt effort to copy another person , mirroring is subconsciously done during the act and often goes unnoticed . The display of mirroring often begins as early as infancy , as babies begin to mimic individuals around them and establish connections with particular body movements . The ability to mimic another person 's actions allows the infant to establish a sense of empathy and thus begin to understand another person 's emotions . The infant continues to establish connections with other individual 's emotions and subsequently mirror their movements . Mirroring can establish rapport with the individual who is being mirrored , as the similarities in nonverbal gestures allow the individual to feel more connected with the person exhibiting the mirrored behavior . As the two individuals in the situation display similar nonverbal gestures , they may believe that they share similar attitudes and ideas as well . Mirror neurons react to and cause these movements , allowing the individuals to feel a greater sense of engagement and belonging within the situation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Occurrence 1.1 Interviews 1.2 Effects of lacking 2 Development 2.1 Self - concept 2.2 Empathy 3 Rapport 3.1 Power dynamics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Occurrence ( edit ) Mirroring taking place during a meeting with President Reagan . Mirroring generally takes place subconsciously as individuals react with the situation . Mirroring is common in conversation , as the listeners will typically smile or frown along with the speaker , as well as imitate body posture or attitude about the topic . Individuals may be more willing to empathize with and accept people whom they believe hold similar interests and beliefs , and thus mirroring the person with whom one is speaking may establish connections between the individuals involved . Interviews ( edit ) Additionally , mirroring may play a role in how well an individual fares in a job interview . Within a study conducted by Word , Zanna and Cooper , interviewers were instructed to follow specific types of body language in different experimental conditions . In one condition , interviewers were instructed to demonstrate distant and uninterested body language ( such as leaning away or avoiding eye contact ) , and in another condition they were asked to demonstrate more welcoming body language ( such as smiling and making eye contact ) . As a result , the individuals being interviewed began to mirror the actions of the interviewer , and thus the individuals in the condition with less friendly body language fared worse within the interview than did individuals in the friendly condition . The study demonstrates that the initial attitudes that an interviewer may have of the individual being interviewed may affect the performance of the interviewee due to mirroring . Effects of lacking ( edit ) Individuals with autism or other social difficulties may be less likely to exhibit mirroring , as they may be less subconsciously and consciously aware of the actions of others . This factor may cause additional difficulties for the individuals , as without mirroring , establishing connections with other people may be more difficult . Additionally , other individuals may be less likely to build rapport with the person , as without mirroring the person may seem more dissimilar and less friendly . Individuals who are not subconsciously aware of gesture may have difficulties in social situations , as they may be less able to understand another person 's perspective without it being explicitly stated , and thus may not understand covert cues that are often used in the social world . It is possible , though very rare , for some of these individuals to deliberately learn and become aware of these cues . This , however , is the exception to the rule , not the norm . Development ( edit ) A young boy mirrors the gesture of his grandmother . In infant - parent interactions , mirroring consists of the parent imitating the infant 's expressions while vocalizing the emotion implied by the expression . This imitation helps the infant to associate the emotion with their expression , as well as feel validated in their own emotions as the parent shows approval through imitation . Studies have demonstrated that mirroring is an important part of child and infant development . According to Kohut 's theories of self - psychology , individuals need a sense of validation and belonging in order to establish their concepts of self . When parents mirror their infants , the action may help the child develop a greater sense of self - awareness and self - control , as they can see their emotions within their parent 's faces . Additionally , infants may learn and experience new emotions , facial expressions , and gestures by mirroring expressions that their parents utilize . The process of mirroring may help infants establish connections of expressions to emotions and thus promote social communication later in life . Infants also learn to feel secure and valid in their own emotions through mirroring , as the parent 's imitation of their emotions may help the child recognize their own thoughts and feelings more readily . Self - concept ( edit ) Main article : Self - concept Mirroring has been shown to play a critical role in the development of an infant 's notion of self . The importance of mirroring suggests that infants primarily gather their social skills from their parents , and thus a household that lacks mirroring may inhibit the child 's social development . Without mirroring , it may be difficult for the child to relate their emotions to socially learned expressions and thus have a difficult experience in expressing their own emotions . Empathy ( edit ) Main article : Empathy The inability to properly mirror other individuals may strain the child 's social relationships later in life . This strain may exist because others may feel more distant from the child due to a lack of rapport , or because the child may have a difficult time feeling empathy for others without mirroring . Mirroring helps to facilitate empathy , as individuals more readily experience other people 's emotions through mimicking posture and gestures . This empathy may help individuals create lasting relationships and thus excel in social situations . The action of mirroring allows individuals to believe they are more similar to another person , and perceived similarity can be the basis for creating a relationship . Rapport ( edit ) Main article : Rapport Rapport may be an important part of social life , as establishing rapport with an individual is generally the initial route to becoming friends or acquaintances with another person . Mirroring can help establish rapport , as exhibiting similar actions , attitudes , and speech patterns as another person may lead them to believe that one is more similar to them and thus more likely to be a friend . Individuals may believe that because one replicates the individual 's gestures , that one may hold similar beliefs and attitudes as the individual . Mirroring may be more pervasive in close friendships or romantic relationships , as the individuals regard each other highly and thus wish to emulate or appease them . Additionally , individuals who are friends may have more similarities than two strangers , and thus may be more likely to exhibit similar body language regardless of mirroring . Power dynamics ( edit ) Main article : Power ( social and political ) Additionally , individuals are likely to mirror the person of higher status or power within the situation . Mirroring individuals of higher power may create an illusion of higher status , or create rapport with the individual in power , thus allowing the person to gain favor with the individual in power . This mechanism may be helpful for individuals in situations where they are in a position of bargaining with an individual who possesses more power , as the rapport that mirroring creates may help to persuade the higher status individual to help the person of lower status . These situations include job interviews , other work situations such as requesting promotions , parent - child interactions , and asking professors for favors . Each of these situations involve one party who is in a more powerless position for bargaining , and another party who has the ability to fulfill the person of lower status 's needs , but may not necessarily wish to . Thus , mirroring can be a useful tool for individuals of lower status in order to persuade the other party to relinquish goods or privileges for the lower status party . See also ( edit ) Eye contact Facial expression Gesture Kinesthetic learning Nonverbal communication Mirror stage Mirror neuron Posture References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chartrand , T. ; Bargh , J. `` The Chameleon Effect : The Perception - Behavior Link and Social Interaction '' ( PDF ) . yale.edu . New York University . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Pineda , J. ( 2007 ) . Mirror neuron systems : The role of mirroring processes in social cognition . Atlanta , GA : Emory University . pp. 191 -- 212 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Iacoboni , M. ( 2008 ) . Mirroring people : The new science of how we connect with others . New York , NY : Picador . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Word , C.O. ; Zanna , M.P. ; Cooper , J. ( 1974 ) . `` The nonverbal mediation of self - fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction '' . Journal of Experimental Social Psycholocy. 10 : 109 -- 120 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1031 ( 74 ) 90059 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Meltzoff , A. ( 1990 ) . Foundations for developing a concept of self : The role of imitation in relating self to other and the value of social mirroring , social modeling , and self practice in infancy . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . pp. 139 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Gergely , G. ; Watson , J. ( 1996 ) . `` The social biofeedback theory of parental affect - mirroring : The development of emotional self - awareness and self - control in infancy '' ( PDF ) . The International Journal of Psychoanalysis. 77 : 1181 -- 1212 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kohut , H. ( 1985 ) . Self Psychology and the Humanities . New York & London : W.W. Norton & Co . Jump up ^ Jermann , P. ; Soller , A. ; Muehlenbrock , M. ( 2001 ) . From mirroring to guiding : A review of the state of art technology for supporting collaborative learning ( PDF ) . Maastricht , Netherlands : European Conference on Computer - Supported Collaborative Learning . pp. 324 -- 331 . Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 1985 ) . Sweetness and Power . Harmondsworth : Penguin . Jump up ^ Talley , L. ; Temple , S. ( 2015 ) . `` How Leaders Influence Followers Through the Use of Nonverbal Communication '' . Leadership & Organizational Development Journal . 36 : 69 -- 80 . doi : 10.1108 / lodj - 07 - 2013 - 0107 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . External links ( edit ) Mirroring a tool for Rapport Imitation / Exercise NLP and Social Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mirroring_(psychology)&oldid=841220971 '' Categories : Human communication Interpersonal relationships Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 17 : 19 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

the human tendency to mimic other people’s behavior is an example of

Mirroring is the behaviour in which one person subconsciously imitates the gesture , speech pattern , or attitude of another . Mirroring often occurs in social situations , particularly in the company of close friends or family . The concept often affects other individuals ' notions about the individual that is exhibiting mirroring behaviors , which can lead to the individual building rapport with others .

The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) - wikipedia The Killing ( U.S. TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Killing Genre Serial drama Crime drama Mystery Based on Forbrydelsen by Søren Sveistrup Developed by Veena Sud Starring Mireille Enos Billy Campbell Joel Kinnaman and others Theme music composer We Fell to Earth Composer ( s ) Frans Bak Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Veena Sud Mikkel Bondesen Søren Sveistrup Piv Bernth Ingolf Gabold Dawn Prestwich Nicole Yorkin Producer ( s ) Aaron Zelman Jeremy Doner Kristen Campo Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Running time 42 -- 59 minutes Production company ( s ) Fox Television Studios Fuse Entertainment KMF Films Fabrik Entertainment Release Original network AMC ( 2011 -- 13 ) Netflix ( 2014 ) Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- 13 ) 1080p ( HD ) ( 2014 ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) -- August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) The Killing is an American crime drama television series that premiered on April 3 , 2011 , on AMC , based on the Danish television series Forbrydelsen ( The Crime ) . The American version was developed by Veena Sud and produced by Fox Television Studios and Fuse Entertainment . Set in Seattle , Washington , the series follows the various murder investigations by homicide detectives Sarah Linden ( Mireille Enos ) and Stephen Holder ( Joel Kinnaman ) . AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012 , but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix . The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013 , but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series . The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Series overview 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2013 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2014 ) 3 Production 3.1 First cancellation and revival 3.2 Second cancellation and revival 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.1. 1 Season 1 4.1. 2 Season 2 4.2 Ratings 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Distribution 6 Online promotion 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing characters Main ( edit ) Actor Character Seasons Mireille Enos Sarah Linden Main Billy Campbell Darren Richmond Main Does not appear Guest Joel Kinnaman Stephen Holder Main Michelle Forbes Mitch Larsen Main Does not appear Brent Sexton Stan Larsen Main Does not appear Kristin Lehman Gwen Eaton Main Does not appear Eric Ladin Jamie Wright Main Does not appear Brendan Sexton III Belko Royce Main Does not appear Jamie Anne Allman Terry Marek Main Does not appear Annie Corley Regi Darnell Main Recurring Guest Liam James Jack Linden Recurring Main Guest Main Elias Koteas James Skinner Does not appear Main Does not appear Hugh Dillon Francis Becker Does not appear Main Does not appear Amy Seimetz Danette Leeds Does not appear Main Guest Bex Taylor - Klaus Bullet Does not appear Main Does not appear Julia Sarah Stone Lyric Does not appear Main Does not appear Max Fowler Twitch Does not appear Main Does not appear Peter Sarsgaard Ray Seward Does not appear Main Does not appear Gregg Henry Carl Reddick Does not appear Recurring Main Tyler Ross Kyle Stansbury Does not appear Main Sterling Beaumon Lincoln Knopf Does not appear Main Levi Meaden AJ Fielding Does not appear Main Joan Allen Margaret Rayne Does not appear Main Recurring ( edit ) Evan Bird as Tom Larsen , Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Seth Isaac Johnson as Denny Larsen , Rosie 's brother ( season 1 -- 2 ) Tom Butler as Lesley Adams , the mayor ( season 1 -- 2 ) Garry Chalk as Lt. Michael Oakes , the detectives ' boss ( season 1 -- 2 ) Katie Findlay as Rosie Larsen , the teenage girl who was found dead ( season 1 -- 2 ) Brandon Jay McLaren as Bennet Ahmed , a teacher at Rosie 's high school ( season 1 -- 2 ) Ashley Johnson as Amber Ahmed , Bennet Ahmed 's wife ( season 1 -- 2 ) Callum Keith Rennie as Rick Felder , Sarah 's fiancée ( season 1 -- 2 ) Kacey Rohl as Sterling Fitch , Rosie 's best friend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Alan Dale as Senator Eaton , Gwen 's father ( season 1 -- 2 ) Richard Harmon as Jasper Ames , Rosie 's ex-boyfriend ( season 1 -- 2 ) Barclay Hope as Michael Ames , Jasper 's father ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Claudia Ferri as Nicole Jackson , the manager of the Wapi Eagle Casino ( season 1 -- 2 ) Don Thompson as Janek Kovarsky , a figure from Stan Larsen 's shady past ( season 1 -- 2 ) Mark Moses as Lt. Erik Carlson , Linden 's new boss at the police department ( season 2 ) Brian Markinson as Gil Sloane , Holder 's NA sponsor ( season 2 ) Ben Cotton as Pastor Mike , director of Beacon House , the youth homeless shelter ( season 3 ) Aaron Douglas as Evan Henderson , a death row prison guard ( season 3 ) Nicholas Lea as Dale Daniel Shannon , a death row inmate ( season 3 ) Jewel Staite as Caroline Swift , Holder 's girlfriend and a District Attorney ( season 3 -- 4 ) Katherine Evans as Bethany Skinner , James Skinner 's daughter ( seasons 3 -- 4 ) Series overview ( edit ) See also : List of The Killing episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired Network 13 April 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 03 ) June 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 19 ) AMC 13 April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) June 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 17 ) 12 June 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 02 ) August 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 04 ) 6 August 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 01 ) Netflix Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 1 ) The first season covers the first two weeks of the investigation of the murder of local teenager Rosie Larsen and has three main storylines : the police investigation into Rosie 's murder , the Larsen family 's attempts to deal with their grief , and the fluctuating electoral fortunes of a political campaign that becomes embroiled in the case . Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 2 ) The season resumes the investigation into the murder and reveals secrets about the Larsen family as well as a possible conspiracy within the campaign race and the Seattle police department . The Larsen murder case gets closed with the discovery of those involved in it . Season 3 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 3 ) A year after the Rosie Larsen case , Stephen Holder searches for a runaway girl and uncovers a string of murders connected to one of Sarah Linden 's previous murder investigations . Linden , no longer a detective , must return to both a career and a case she had put behind her . Season 4 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Killing ( season 4 ) The fourth season features detectives Sarah Linden and Stephen Holder handling the fallout of their actions from the previous season while investigating the murder of a family whose only survivor is a member of an all - boys military academy . Production ( edit ) The pilot was ordered by AMC in January 2010 and then was picked up for a full series order in August 2010 . The series is filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , with some scenes in season two filmed in Coquitlam , British Columbia , at Riverview Hospital . Production began on the pilot episode on December 2 , 2010 . The pilot is written by series creator and executive producer Veena Sud and is directed by Patty Jenkins . In contrast to the original Danish series , executive producer Veena Sud explained , `` We 're creating our own world . We are using the Danish series as a blueprint , but we are kind of diverging and creating our own world , our world of suspects and , potentially , ultimately who killed Rosie Larsen . '' Sud describes the series as `` slow - burn storytelling in a sense that every moment that we do n't have to prettify or gloss over or make something necessarily easy to digest , that we 're able to go to all sorts of places that are honest , and dark , and beautiful and tragic , in a way that is how a story should be told . '' First cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC announced on July 27 , 2012 that the series would not be renewed for a third season . However , Fox Television Studios announced that they were attempting to shop the show to other networks . In August 2012 , it was revealed that Fox Television Studios was in talks with both DirecTV and Netflix in an attempt to revive the series . In November 2012 , it was confirmed that Fox Television Studios was in final negotiations with Netflix to continue the series for a third season . AMC , which had originally canceled the show , was also included in the deal , which would gain the network the privilege of airing the new episodes before being hosted by Netflix , in return for sharing any associated production costs with Netflix . Variety reported on November 30 , 2012 , that the show would be returning to AMC , planning for a May 2013 debut , with production set to begin months before that . Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman were confirmed to return , with Veena Sud as showrunner and returning writers including executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin . On December 12 , 2012 , it was confirmed that cast members Billy Campbell , Michelle Forbes , and Brent Sexton would not return for the third season . On January 15 , 2013 , AMC and Fox Television Studios announced that the series had been renewed for a 12 - episode third season . Production started on February 25 , 2013 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada , and ended on June 25 , 2013 . Second cancellation and Revival ( edit ) AMC ultimately canceled the series after the third season in September 2013 . However , in November 2013 , two months after its cancellation , Netflix announced it had picked up The Killing for a fourth and final season consisting of six episodes . Cast members Mireille Enos and Joel Kinnaman returned , with Veena Sud as showrunner , and executive producers Dawn Prestwich and Nicole Yorkin returning as writers . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Reviewers and fans of three seasons of Veena Sud 's U.S. TV series , The Killing , have noted similarities and borrowed elements from David Lynch 's TV series Twin Peaks and the follow - up film Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me , and compared and contrasted Sud and Lynch 's works . Season 1 ( edit ) The series premiere was praised by most critics , Metacritic gave it a score of 84 / 100 based on reviews from 29 critics , indicating `` Universal acclaim '' . Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter gave the series a very positive review , calling it `` excellent , absorbing and addictive . When each episode ends , you long for the next -- a hallmark of great dramas . '' Goodman also praised Mireille Enos 's performance as the lead character Sarah , saying , `` It 's not until you watch Enos play Sarah for a while that it sinks in -- there has n't been a female American character like her probably ever . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker gave it a B+ , saying , `` The acting is strikingly good '' and that `` ( s ) ome viewers may find The Killing a little too cold and deliberate , but give it time . Its intensity builds steadily , giving the series unexpected power . '' Alex Strachan of The Vancouver Sun said the series `` is soaked in atmosphere and steeped in the stark realism of Scandinavian crime novelists Henning Mankell and Stieg Larsson '' and that it `` is not as much about a young girl 's murder as it is a psychological study of what happens afterward , how a tight - knit community tries to recover and how a dead child 's mother , father and siblings learn to deal with their pain in their own private ways . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide applauded the series , calling the acting `` tremendous '' and saying that he `` was instantly hooked by the moody atmosphere of this season - long murder mystery set in Seattle . '' He went on to say , `` What really stands out for me , in this age of cookie - cutter procedurals , is how The Killing dramatizes the devastation a violent death has on a family , a community , on the people involved in the investigation . Nothing about this show is routine . '' Subsequent episodes were met with lesser praise by some critics , criticizing the show 's reliance upon increasingly implausible red herrings to drive each episode and the withholding of details about each character 's background , especially Rosie 's , thus making them difficult to relate to or empathize with . The first - season finale was met with negative reviews from some critics . The Los Angeles Times called it `` one of the most frustrating finales in TV history , '' with Alan Sepinwall of HitFix.com calling the end `` insulting . '' Finally , Maureen Ryan of AOL TV said that the finale `` killed off any interest I had in ever watching the show again . '' `` ( The show ) began last spring looking like the smartest , most stylish pilot in years , '' complained Heather Havrilevsky in The New York Times Magazine . `` Fast - forward to the finale , in which we learn that what we 've been watching is actually a 26 - hour - long episode of Law & Order , and we 're only halfway through it . '' Season 2 ( edit ) The early seasonal episodes received generally favorable reviews from critics , with Metacritic giving it a score of 68 / 100 based on reviews from 23 critics . Lori Rackl of the Chicago Sun - Times stated : `` Few television shows are as addictive as this pensive , wonderfully paced suspenser . '' The Washington Post 's Hank Stuever stated : `` My own enjoyment of The Killing begins and ends with the gloom so brilliantly conveyed by its pace and performances . '' Brian Lowry of Variety stated the series remained `` compelling , '' adding that `` the writers ... are adept at overcoming the stodgy pace by dangling tantalizing clues near each hour 's end , creating a strong pull to see what transpires next . '' HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall compared this season to the first and called it `` better . '' He added : `` The performances are still good , and now the characterization is a bit better . When you add that to the fine atmosphere ... and you view the mystery itself as a kind of necessary evil that allows you to see the parts of the show that do work , then it 's not bad . '' The season finale , `` What I Know , '' received mixed reviews . Sepinwall stated : `` I 'd like to say that season 2 of The Killing was an improvement on season 1 , and in some ways , it probably was . The second season certainly did a better job of doing what Veena Sud claimed to be doing last year , in that it took advantage of the extra time to sketch in some of the characters ... I honestly feel like any kinder feelings I have for the second season came from the complete lack of investment I had in it . '' Sean McKenna of TV Fanatic rated the finale 4.7 out of 5 stars , but , upon first viewing , `` was n't sure what to feel . I was n't elated . I was n't excited '' but after watching it again was `` sucked into the world , mesmerized not by the victory of our hero cops ... but by the gut - wrenching moments that unfolded . '' CraveOnline 's William Bibbiani called the finale `` an odd duck . '' After citing Jamie 's early revelation as `` melodramatic silliness , '' Bibbiani added : `` The rest of the episode gets its job done , with one major , glaring flaw . The characters end up more or less where they need to be , but some nearly ridiculous loose ends remain . '' Brandon Nowalk of The A.V. Club rated this finale a C - , calling it `` so unconvincing , '' adding `` I could n't believe how little all this resolution affected me after The Killing so thrillingly took my grudging engagement for a ride a few weeks ago . This is the same show that delivered Richmond 's hospital nightmare , the hunt for Holder , the anti-Western standoff `` Sayonara , Hiawatha , '' and the crazy train of the last two weeks ? No , this is the full - circle episode , the one that takes the show back to its roots . Wah wah . '' Ratings ( edit ) When it premiered , the pilot was AMC 's second - highest original series premiere , following The Walking Dead . The premiere drew 2.7 million viewers and a 2 household rating . The two encores of the premiere episode brought the ratings of the premiere up to a total of 4.6 million total viewers and a 3.7 household rating . The UK premiere on Channel 4 brought in 2.2 million viewers . In the second season , the viewership and ratings dipped to a series low 1.59 million viewers and 0.6 rating with adults aged 18 -- 49 . The following table shows viewer numbers , in millions , for the first airings : The Killing : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 2.72 2.72 2.56 2.51 2.25 1.81 1.83 1.98 1.69 1.97 1.98 1.83 2.32 1.80 1.80 1.81 1.65 1.59 1.35 1.34 1.61 1.31 1.31 1.67 1.84 1.45 1.76 1.76 1.47 1.36 1.67 1.37 1.62 1.52 1.35 1.47 1.48 1.48 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research Awards and nominations ( edit ) Awards and nominations for The Killing Year Association Category Nominated work Result 2011 1st Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated 63rd Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Mireille Enos Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Michelle Forbes Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Patty Jenkins ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Veena Sud ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Elizabeth Kling ( Episode : `` Pilot '' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series The Killing Nominated 2012 38th Saturn Awards Best Television Presentation The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated Best Supporting Actor in Television Joel Kinnaman Nominated Best Supporting Actress in Television Michelle Forbes Won 64th Writers Guild of America Awards Best New Series The Killing Nominated 69th Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Mireille Enos Nominated Directors Guild of America Award Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Dramatic Series Patty Jenkins Won 2013 39th Saturn Awards Best Syndicated Cable Television Series The Killing Nominated Best Actress in Television Mireille Enos Nominated 34th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series -- Supporting Young Actor Seth Isaac Johnson Nominated 2nd Annual Social TV Awards Best Drama Social TV The Killing Story Sync Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Television Award Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Peter Sarsgaard Nominated Distribution ( edit ) In March 2013 , Netflix closed negotiations with Fox Television Studios with a deal to be the exclusive subscription service for the series ' third season . Netflix streamed the season approximately three months after its finale . It already provides the first two seasons . In November 2013 , Netflix announced it picked up the series for a fourth and final season after AMC had canceled it . Online promotion ( edit ) Season - one promotion on AMC 's The Killing website included `` Rosie 's Room '' , a virtual simulation of murder victim Rosie Larsen 's bedroom that users could explore in order to learn more about Rosie 's life and search for secrets and clues that could help lead to the discovery of who is responsible for her untimely death . Users could peek inside Rosie 's dresser , look under her bed , listen to her answering machine messages , flip through her vinyl record collection , and explore her laptop computer to access her social networking profile , vlogs , photos , and emails . Season - one promotion also included an interactive application called the `` Suspect Tracker '' whereby users could vote each week for who they think is the prime suspect in the murder investigation and discuss their theories about the case and its suspects with other fans . A personality quiz titled `` How Would You Be Cast in a Crime Thriller ? '' telling users what part they would be cast in on The Killing based on their reactions to various crime - related situations was also released prior to season one . AMC 's The Killing website also featured exclusive sneak - peek and behind - the - scenes videos , trivia games , numerous photo galleries , episode and character guides , a blog , and a community forum . For season two 's promotion , AMC 's The Killing website added the `` Rosie Larsen Interactive Case File , '' which gave a glimpse into the suspects , evidence , crime scene photographs , and documents related to the case . Television portal Washington portal Seattle portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' shock : Netflix revives twice - canceled show for FINAL season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Announces Premiere Date for ' The Killing ' Final Season '' . Variety . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` Gregg Henry Upped To Regular On ' The Killing ' , Sarah - Jane Potts Joins ' Gracepoint ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The Killing ' Adds Tyler Ross , Sterling Beaumon & Levi Meaden '' . Deadline Hollywood . February 5 , 2014 . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Joan Allen Joins ' The Killing 's Final Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC and Fox Television Studios Partner on `` The Killing '' Season Three `` . The Futon Critic . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 26 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Releases First Image of Joan Allen from ' The Killing ' '' ( Press release ) . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AMC Orders Two Pilots , Building on Network 's Original Programming Strategy '' ( Press release ) . AMC . January 20 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` AMC Picks up Next Original Series -- Untitled Project Formerly Known as The Killing '' . AMC . August 11 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` AMC Begins Production on The Killing '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 10 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing Brings Murder to AMC '' . IGN . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AMC Cancels ' The Killing ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing ' cancelled by AMC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : The Killing Lives ? Netflix and DirecTV Each Eye Revival of Axed AMC Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` AMC And Netflix Near Deal To Resurrect ' The Killing ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Writers back at work on AMC 's ' The Killing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Stuart ( December 12 , 2012 ) . `` Campbell departs ' The Killing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BCFC Film List -- TV Series -- The Killing Season 3 '' . British Columbia Film Commission . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cancelled By AMC After Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing Lives ! Netflix Orders 6 - Episode Final Season of AMC 's Cancelled Drama '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Cheats Death A Second Time With 6 - Episode Final Season On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing : The Jungle '' / That You Fear The Most `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Dyess - Nugent , Phil ( June 9 , 2013 ) . `` The Killing : Seventeen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` How The Killing Channeled Twin Peaks Last Night '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' : A ' Twin Peaks ' for a new generation ? The network 's dark thriller is drawing comparisons to David Lynch 's show -- and getting rave reviews . What makes it so good ? '' . The Week . April 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Troy ( April 1 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing : A new crime show has some of that Twin Peaks flair '' . Slate . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Can ' The Killing ' Make a Comeback ? '' . The New York Times . March 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewit , Meghan ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` From ' Twin Peaks ' to ' The Killing , ' the Problem of Noir on TV '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bianculli , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' : ' Twin Peaks ' Meets ' 24 ' On AMC '' . NPR . Retrieved July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` The Killing '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strachan , Alex ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's The Killing a taut psychological study '' . The Vancouver Sun . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Matt : SNL , Castle , Fringe , Glee , Being Human and More ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` How `` The Killing '' killed itself `` . Salon.com . Retrieved May 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' recap : One of the most frustrating finales in TV history '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' -- ' Orpheus Descending ' : Reviewing the season finale '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' Season 1 Finale Recap '' . AOL TV . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Havrilevsky , Heather ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Clues That Lead to More Clues That Add Up to Nothing ' '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season 2 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic. April 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing ' promises answers , finally '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Killing 's ' second season : Not guilty as charged '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Variety Reviews -- The Killing '' . Variety . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` Review : AMC 's ' The Killing ' returns , slightly improved , for season 2 '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Season finale review : ' The Killing ' -- ' What I Know ' : Who done it ? '' . HitFix . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McKenna , Sean ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Killing Season Finale Review : Who Killed Rosie ? '' . TVFanatic.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibbiani , William ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` THE KILLING 2.13 ' What I Know ' '' . CraveOnline . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Norwalk , Brandon ( June 18 , 2012 ) . `` What I Know '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 4 , 2011 ) . `` AMC 's ' The Killing ' Premieres Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` ' The Killing ' debuts with 2.2 m on Channel 4 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones , ' + ' Real Housewives ATL ' ' Mad Men , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 20 , 2012 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Mad Men , Fringe , Good Wife , Modern Family , Community , Justified Lead Critics Choice Kudos '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Nominations 2011 : Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Saturn Award Nominations Announced ; HUGO and HARRY POTTER Lead with 10 Nominations Each '' . Collider . Retrieved March 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Writers Guild Awards Television , News , Radio , Promotional Writing , and Graphic Animation Nominees Announced '' ( Press release ) . Writers Guild of America . December 7 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Globe TV nominations list : ' Homeland , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' American Horror Story ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 29 , 2012 ) . `` The Artist and Curb Your Enthusiasm Win Top Prizes at Directors Guild Awards '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Hobbit ' leads Saturn Awards with nine nominations '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 2nd Annual Social TV Awards '' . Social TV Awards . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcast TV Journalists Association Unveils Critics ' Choice Television Awards Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Netflix Pacts For ' The Killing ' Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie 's Room '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Suspect Tracker '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Crime Thriller Quiz '' . AMC . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing : Rosie Larsen Case File '' . AMC . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Killing on Netflix The Killing on IMDb The Killing at TV.com The Killing Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Cage '' `` El Diablo '' `` A Soundless Echo '' `` Super 8 '' `` What You Have Left '' `` Vengeance '' `` Stonewalled '' `` Undertow '' `` I 'll Let You Know When I Get There '' `` Missing '' `` Beau Soleil '' `` Orpheus Descending '' Season 2 `` Reflections '' `` My Lucky Day '' `` Numb '' `` Ogi Jun '' `` Ghosts of the Past '' `` Openings '' `` Keylela '' `` Off the Reservation '' `` Sayonara , Hiawatha '' `` 72 Hours '' `` Bulldog '' `` Donnie or Marie '' `` What I Know '' Season 3 `` The Jungle '' `` That You Fear the Most '' `` Seventeen '' `` Head Shots '' `` Scared and Running '' `` Eminent Domain '' `` Hope Kills '' `` Try '' `` Reckoning '' `` Six Minutes '' `` From Up Here '' `` The Road to Hamelin '' Season 4 Other Characters Forbrydelsen Category AMC original programming Former 1980s debuts The Movie Masters ( 1989 -- 90 ) 1990s debuts The Lot ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Remember WENN ( 1996 -- 98 ) 2000s debuts Breaking Bad ( 2008 -- 13 ) Broken Trail ( 2006 ) Celebrity Charades ( 2005 ) DVD TV ( 2002 -- 08 ) Mad Men ( 2007 -- 15 ) Movies That Shook the World ( 2005 ) The Prisoner ( 2009 ) Shootout ( 2003 -- 08 ) 2010s debuts 4th and Loud ( 2014 ) The American West ( 2016 ) Feed the Beast ( 2016 ) Freakshow ( 2013 -- 14 ) Game of Arms ( 2014 ) Halt and Catch Fire ( 2014 -- 17 ) Hell on Wheels ( 2011 -- 16 ) The Killing ( 2011 -- 13 ) Low Winter Sun ( 2013 ) The Making of the Mob ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Night Manager ( 2016 ) Owner 's Manual ( 2013 ) The Pitch ( 2012 -- 13 ) Rubicon ( 2010 ) Small Town Security ( 2012 -- 14 ) Talking Bad ( 2013 ) TURN : Washington 's Spies ( 2014 -- 17 ) Current Better Call Saul ( since 2015 ) Comic Book Men ( since 2012 ) Fear the Walking Dead ( since 2015 ) Geeking Out ( since 2016 ) Humans ( since 2015 ) Into the Badlands ( since 2015 ) McMafia ( since 2018 ) Preacher ( since 2016 ) Ride with Norman Reedus ( since 2016 ) The Son ( since 2017 ) Talking Dead ( since 2011 ) Talking Preacher ( since 2016 ) Talking Saul ( since 2016 ) Talking with Chris Hardwick ( since 2017 ) The Terror ( since 2018 ) The Walking Dead ( since 2010 ) Upcoming Dietland ( 2018 ) NOS4A2 ( 2019 ) Lodge 49 ( TBA ) The Spy Who Came in from the Cold ( TBA ) Netflix original series Current Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Residue Sense8 Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Narcos Master of None Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship Flaked Lost & Found Music Studios The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Marseille Voltron : Legendary Defender Word Party World of Winx Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Luke Cage Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Abstract : The Art of Design Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Iron Fist Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E El Chapo Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes American Vandal Neo Yokio Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things Blazing Transfer Student The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! 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when does season five of the killing come out

AMC announced the series ' cancellation in July 2012 , but picked it up for a third season after a renegotiation with Fox Television Studios and Netflix . The Killing was again cancelled by AMC in September 2013 , but Netflix announced in November 2013 that it had ordered a fourth season consisting of six episodes to conclude the series . The complete fourth season was released on Netflix on August 1 , 2014 .

Google Street View - wikipedia Google Street View Jump to : navigation , search Google Street View A road junction in Manchester , England , showing nine different angles Initial release May 25 , 2007 ; 10 years ago ( 2007 - 05 - 25 ) Stable release Release 230 ( see list ) / February 5 , 2018 ; 24 days ago ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) Platform Android , iOS Available in Multiple languages Website Google Street View Google Street View is a technology featured in Google Maps and Google Earth that provides panoramic views from positions along many streets in the world . It was launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States , and has since expanded to include cities and rural areas worldwide . Streets with Street View imagery available are shown as blue lines on Google Maps . Google Street View displays panoramas of stitched images . Most photography is done by car , but some is done by trekker , tricycle , walking , boat , snowmobile , and underwater apparatus . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and features 2 Implementation 3 Data capturing equipment 4 Pegman 5 Privacy concerns 6 Third - party use of images 7 Coverage 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History and features Street View had its inception in 2001 with The Stanford CityBlock Project , a Google - sponsored Stanford University research project . The project ended in June 2006 , and its technology was folded into StreetView . 2007 : Launched on May 25 in the United States using Immersive Media technology . 2008 : In May Google announces that it was testing face - blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan . The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google 's image database for faces and blurs them . Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3 , the Maps application on the Apple iPhone , and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition . In November , the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps 's 2D view into Street View 's 3D view . When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available , Street View opens and takes over the whole map window . 2009 : Introduction of full - screen option . Smart Navigation introduced allowing users to navigate around the panoramas by double - clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see . 2010 : Indoor views of businesses available . Google invites users to contribute panoramas of their own using gadgets with Android 4.2 . Google highlights user - contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps . The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them . 2013 : Business interior views are shown as small orange circles . Businesses such as shops , cafés and other premises can pay a photographer to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises which are then included in Street View . Google sets up program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker ( a backpack mounted camera ) and contribute imagery to Google Maps . 2014 : Street - level imagery from the past can now be seen , if available for a given street view . 2015 : A partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima . Cars began carrying sensors to detect pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide , ozone , and particulate matter . In October , support for Google Cardboard was announced allowing users to explore street view in 360 degree virtual reality . 2017 : Imagery inside the International Space Station is added to Street View . 2017 : Starting in August , Google allows users to create their own street view - like blue paths , for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another . 2017 : On September 5 , Google announced that they are improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo revamping its mapping vehicles with all - new high resolution camera systems and AI to capture even better imagery . The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017 as well as in Japan since August. . The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 13 . 2017 : Since October , Google allows users to capture Street View imagery using Insta360 Pro . Because of this , several years from now , Google Street View could be available in all countries of the world . Implementation Street View is available as a component of Google Maps , as a web application , and as a mobile application for Android and iOS . Originally , Google Maps used Adobe Flash for Street View . Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013 . The newer version uses JavaScript extensively and provides a JavaScript application programming interface . At the time of their release , the new Google Maps and Street View are measured slower than the old version in various setups . A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps , which is especially useful when Google Maps is more sluggish than usual . Data Capturing equipment The Google street View car in New York City A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on the Google campus in Mountain View , California in October 2010 Cameras : Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems from Immersive Media ( 1 ) , Point Grey Research ( now FLIR Systems ) ( 2 ) and developed in - house . The cameras contain no mechanical parts , including the shutter , instead using CMOS sensors and an electronic rolling shutter . Widely deployed versions are : R2 : the earliest after Immersive Media , photos were captured with a ring of eight 11 - megapixel CCD sensors with commercial photographic wide - angle lenses , cameras with the same specs as those used for the Google Books project . Ladybug2 cameras ( resolution 1024 x 768 pixels ) by Point Grey Research . R5 : uses a ring of eight 5 - megapixel CMOS cameras by Elphel with custom low - flare lenses , plus a camera with fisheye lens on top to capture upper levels of buildings . R7 : is the first completely in - house built camera , it uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5 , but no fish - eye . 2017 : uses 8 20MP cameras . Includes two facing left and right to read street signs and business names . Positioning : recorded photographs must be associated with accurate positioning . This is done via a Global Positioning System , wheel speed sensor , and inertial navigation sensor data . Laser range scanners from Sick AG for the measuring of up to 50 meters 180 ° in the front of the vehicle . These are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed . LIDAR scanners from Velodyne were added in the 2017 update . Mounted at 45 ° to capture 3D depth information , and used for additional positional information . Vehicles : data recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car . A Trike ( tricycle ) was developed to record pedestrian routes including Stonehenge , and other UNESCO World Heritage sites . In 2010 a snowmobile - based system captured the 2010 Winter Olympics sites . Trolleys have been used to shoot the insides of museums , and in Venice the narrow roads were photographed with backpack - mounted cameras , and canals were photographed from boats . A portable back - pack Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain . For instance , the six main paths up Snowdon were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015 . Pegman See also : List of Google Easter eggs § Pegman As noted above , the drag - and - drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View . His name comes from his resemblance to a clothespeg . When not in use , Pegman sits atop the Google Maps zoom controls . Occasionally Pegman `` dresses up '' for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps . When dragged into Street View near Area 51 , he becomes a flying saucer . When viewing older views , the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from Back to the Future . Pegman has occasionally appeared as a costumed character at Google events , such as the launch of Street View in France in 2008 . Privacy concerns A Street View car parked at a Subaru Service Center in Jersey City , New Jersey Main article : Google Street View privacy concerns Google Street View will blur houses for any user who makes a request , in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates . Privacy advocates have objected to the Google Street View , pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs , protesters at an abortion clinic , sunbathers in bikinis , and people engaging in activities visible from public property in which they do not wish to be seen publicly . Another concern is the height of the cameras , and in at least two countries , Japan and Switzerland , Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges . The service also allows users themselves to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove . Police Scotland received an apology for wasting police time in 2014 from a local business owner in Edinburgh who in 2012 had staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road `` while his colleague stood over him with a pickaxe handle '' . In May 2010 , it was revealed that Google had collected and stored payload data from unencrypted Wi - Fi connections as part of Street View . German authorities are considering legal action while the Foreign Minister said `` I will do all I can to prevent it . '' Australian police have also been ordered to investigate . The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world . Austria : Google Street View was banned in Austria because Google was found to collect Wifi data unauthorized in 2010 . After the ban was lifted rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria . Google has yet to resume service . Officially it welcomed the new guidelines but has ruled out operating under them . As of 2016 Google Street View is still unavailable . Australia : In 2010 , Google Street View ceased operations in Australia , following months of investigations from Australian authorities . However , this cessation has since ended , with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4 , 2011 and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27 , 2011 . Germany : In 2011 , after having put online the pictures of the 20 largest cities , Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany . India : In 2011 , Google stopped taking street images in India , after receiving a letter from police authorities in Bangalore . Canada : Street View cars had been spotted as early as September 2007 , in Montréal , though service for Canada was delayed while attempting to settle with the Canadian government over its privacy laws . Privacy and town beauty concerns were dealt with and Street View is available in Montréal and other Canadian cities ( as of 2016 ) . Third - party use of images Fine - art photographers have selected images for use in their own work . Although the images may be pixelated , the colours muddy , and the perspective warped , the photographs have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries , such as the work of Jon Rafman at the Saatchi Gallery , London . In his personal appreciation of Street View material , Rafman sees images which evoke the `` gritty urban life '' depicted in American street photography and the images commissioned by the Farm Security Administration . He also invokes the `` decisive moment '' esthetic of Henri Cartier - Bresson `` as if I were a photojournalist responding instantaneously to an emerging event '' . Michael Wolf won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 World Press Photo competition for some of his work using Google Street View . Mishka Henner was short - listed for the 2013 Deutsche Börse Photography Prize in November 2012 for his series ' No Man 's Land ' , which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations . Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called GeoGuessr , which places players into a Google Street View and has them guess its location . Canadian artist , Sylvia Grace Borda , worked in conjunction with John M Lynch between 2013 - 14 to insert the first staged tableaux into the Google Street View engine . Their efforts won them the Lumen Prize in 2016 . Borda has continued independently to author in the Google Street View engine and in 2017 created the tableaux series , the Kissing Project . Coverage Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage Countries and dependencies with partial coverage Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( official ) Countries and dependencies with full or partial coverage planned ( unofficial ) Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and / or tourist attractions only Countries and dependencies with views of private businesses only Countries and dependencies with no current or planned coverage Main article : Coverage of Google Street View In June 2012 , Google announced that it has captured 20 petabytes of data for Street View , comprising photos taken along 5 million miles of roads , covering 39 countries and about 3,000 cities . Coverage includes much of North and South America , from Cambridge Bay , Nunavut to Half Moon Island in the South Shetland Islands . Maps also include panoramic views taken under water such as in West Nusa Tenggara underwater coral , in the Grand Canyon , inside museums , and Liwa Desert in United Arab Emirates which are viewed from camelback . In a ten - day trek with Apa Sherpa , Google documented Khumbu , Nepal with its Mount Everest , Sherpa communities , monasteries and schools . Google also added landmarks in Egypt , including the Pyramids of Giza , Cairo Citadel , Saqqara , Monastery of Saint Mina , and the Citadel of Qaitbay in the 9 September 2014 release . Many places still have limited or no coverage , including : The Caribbean except Puerto Rico , limited coverage in the United States Virgin Islands , and some touristic places in Martinique : Boucle d'Absalon , Habitation Clément and the south - western coast of Sainte - Anne Central America except Guatemala French Guiana , Guyana , Paraguay , Suriname and Venezuela in South America Africa except Botswana , Ghana , Lesotho , Nigeria , Réunion , Senegal , South Africa , Swaziland , Tunisia , Uganda and some city views in Madagascar Austria , Belarus , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Moldova and much of Germany in Europe Asia except Bangladesh , Bhutan , Cambodia , Hong Kong , Japan , Macau , Malaysia , Philippines , Singapore , South Korea , Sri Lanka , Taiwan , Thailand , much of Indonesia , Kyrgyzstan , Laos , Mongolia and Russia The Middle East except Israel , Turkey and the United Arab Emirates The South Pacific , except American Samoa , Australia , New Zealand and Pitcairn Islands ( Pitcairn and Henderson Island ) Gallery Street View camera showcased on campus Google Street View camera mounted on a `` trike '' , on display at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View , California The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the roof rack . The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window . Google Trike in Cambridge Bay , Nunavut , August 2012 Chevrolet Captiva Street View in Patagonia , Argentina , February 2014 The Google street View car in Japan See also List of street view services Aspen Movie Map ( oldest project of this type ) Route inspection problem ( algorithmic problem related to the planning of Street View car routes ) Historypin : a user - generated archive of historical photos , videos , audio recordings and personal recollections . VR photography References Jump up ^ `` The Stanford CityBlock Project : multi-perspective panoramas of city blocks '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frome , Andrea . `` Google 's LatLong Blog '' . Google-latlong.blogspot.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CNet article `` Google begins blurring faces in Street View '' `` . News.cnet.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PC World article `` Google Street View Gets Smart Navigation '' `` . Pcworld.com . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` An easier way to find panoramic interior imagery in Google Maps '' . Google-latlong.blogspot.co.il. 2012 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Contribuiți -- Street View -- Hărţi Google '' . Google . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mark ( 2013 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Google Street View gets peek inside Sheffield university buildings Technology guardian.co.uk '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Treks '' . Google . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Google introduces ' time machine ' feature in Street View '' . The Guardian . 23 April 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Gershgorn , Dave ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Google Will Start Mapping Pollution The Same Way They Map Streets '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lopez , Napier ( 12 Oct 2015 ) . `` Google Street View adds virtual reality support '' . NextWeb . Jump up ^ `` Google 's New Street View Cameras Will Help Algorithms Index The Real World '' . Jump up ^ Ghoshal , Abhimanyu ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` Google is improving Street View with better cameras and AI '' . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Google 's Street View cameras get a high - res update focused on AI '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Rika Aug 22 , 2017 at 1 : 36am UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Frances Mar 16 , 2017 at 11 : 52pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Jump up ^ `` Google gives Insta360 Pro the Street View stamp of approval '' . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Google to let anyone add to Street View , starting with Insta360 's Pro camera '' . Jump up ^ `` You can now capture Google Street View scenery with your car for $3,500 '' . Jump up ^ `` Now You Can Capture Images for Google Street View , But It 'll Cost You '' . Jump up ^ `` Insta360 Pro is the $3,500 ' Street View auto ready ' camera you 've always wanted '' . October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( 20 March 2009 ) . `` Where the Streets All Have Google 's Name '' . The Guardian.com ( US ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Street View Service '' . Google Developers . 25 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ The new Street View on Google Maps is very slow ( Google Maps Help Forum , 26 February 2014 ) Jump up ^ Tired of new , slow Google Maps ? This is how you can switch to the old version ! ( Geoawesomeness , June 12 , 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Switch back to the classic version of Maps '' . Google . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Switching Back to the Old Google Maps ( Netvantage Marketing , 2 January 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Google Street View : Capturing the world at street level '' . Computer . 43 ( 6 ) : 32 -- 38 . June 2010 . doi : 10.1109 / mc. 2010.170 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ White , Charlie . `` Google Streetview Cars Rocking Ladybug2 Spherical Camera '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog '' . Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog . 2007 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ GoogleTechTalks ( 2007 - 10 - 08 ) , PhotoTechEDU Day 25 : Open - source - based high - resolution ... , retrieved 2017 - 10 - 01 ^ Jump up to : Amadeo , Ron ( 6 September 2017 ) . `` Google 's Street View cars are now giant , mobile 3D scanners '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Cummins , Mark . `` Google Street View -- Soon in 3D ? '' . Educating Silicon . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Google Street View takes Venice by foot '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Crump , Eryl ( 11 December 2015 ) . `` Take a tour of Snowdonia - with Google Street View '' . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Tan , Alicia Marie ( October 22 , 2015 ) Hop into the Google Maps time machine with Doc Brown Mashable , Retrieved June 2016 Jump up ^ `` Mansion Map : a guide to rich people 's houses , until Google blurs them out '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Calum ( June 4 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's Street View site raises alarm over privacy '' . The Herald . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wenkart , Michael ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) . You are the target ! : Or do you believe your government is always watching the others ? . BoD -- Books on Demand . p. 171 . ISBN 9783735793553 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Kevin ( 2012 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View '' . New York Times . New York , NY . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mills , Elinor ( June 3 , 2007 ) . `` Google 's street - level maps raising privacy concerns '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Garage owner fakes Google ' murder ' in Edinburgh street '' . BBC News . June 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google admits it sniffed out people 's data '' . TechEye . May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Google accused of criminal intent over StreetView data '' . BBC Online . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Datenschutz : Kein Google Street View für Österreich '' . Jump up ^ `` Google street view cars no longer operational in Australia -- Computer world.com -- November 9 , 2010 '' . Computer world.com . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eustace , Alan . `` Privacy Impact Assessment for Street View in Australia '' . Google Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Foster , Andrew . `` Updates to Street View in Australia '' . Google Inc . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCracken , Harry ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alas , There Will Be No More Google Street View in Germany '' . Techland.time.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` India IT hub orders Google to suspend Street View service -- International Business Times '' . Hken.ibtimes.com . June 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Google Street View goes live in Canadian cities '' . CBC News . Retrieved October 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rickard , Doug ( 2010 ) . A New American Picture . Köln : White Press . OCLC 727797183 . Jump up ^ `` The street views Google was n't expecting you to see -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . London . February 20 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jon Rafman , The Nine Eyes of Google Street View , Introduction , Jean Boîte Editions , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 36568 - 001 - 1 . Jump up ^ Laurent , Olivier ( February 11 , 2011 ) . `` World Press Photo : Is Google Street View Photojournalism ? '' . British Journal of Photography . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Börse Photography Prize '' Archived June 13 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed 15 March 2013 Jump up ^ Hartnett , Kevin ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` If dropped randomly on earth , would you know where you were ? '' . The Boston Globe . Boston . Retrieved May 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Parhar , Katherine ( July 2016 ) . `` Farm Tableaux - Review '' . Photomonitor UK . Jump up ^ Travis , Rebecca ( July 2016 ) . `` The only thing that 's changed is everything : An essay by Rebecca Travis on Sylvia Grace Borda : Camera Histories '' . Scottish Society for the History of Photography . Jump up ^ Arva - Toth , Zoltan ( October 29 , 2013 ) . `` Photographers Create First Artworks in Google Street View '' . Digital News : Photography . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Lumen Prize Winners Announced '' . Lumen Prize . Jump up ^ Collins , Leah . `` On Google Street View , this small town in B.C. is a work of art : Peace , Love and Google Maps : these 360 - degree portraits of a community aim to be an example for the world '' `` . Jump up ^ Farber , Dan . `` Google takes Street View off - road with backpack rig '' . CNET . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News -- Google Street View hits Antarctic '' . BBC . October 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adi Kurniawan ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Pakai Unta , Google Petakan Padang Pasir '' . Jump up ^ Apa Sherpa . `` Growing up in the shadow of Everest '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Google Street View . 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how do i get to street view on google maps

2008 : In May Google announces that it was testing face - blurring technology on its photos of the busy streets of Manhattan . The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google 's image database for faces and blurs them . Street View integrated into Google Earth 4.3 , the Maps application on the Apple iPhone , and the Maps application for S60 3rd Edition . In November , the drag and drop Pegman icon is introduced as the primary user interface element for connecting from Maps 's 2D view into Street View 's 3D view . When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available , Street View opens and takes over the whole map window .